အောင်လ အေန်သာန်

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      <text bytes="19044" sha1="lb0r7t4eusmxqi3nbtm1s0nfcncj1hn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = အောင်လ အေန်သာန်&lt;br&gt;Aung La Nsang
| nickname = Burmese Python&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aung La N Sang Profile|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Aung-La-N-Sang-13029|website=Sherdog|accessdate=October 17, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion = Christianity (Baptist)
| image = Aung La N Sang.jpg
| image_size      = 
| birth_name = Aung La Nsang
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|5|21}}
| birth_place = [[:en:Myitkyina|မျေတ်ကျဳနာ]], [[:en:Kachin State|ကချေန်]], ဍုင်ဗၟာ
| nationality = အမေရိကာန်]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.onefc.com/world-champions/aung-la-n-sang/ Aung La Nsang profile at ONE Championship]&lt;/ref&gt;
| residence =
| ethnicity= [[:en:Kachin people|ကချေန်]]
| height = ၆ ပေ၊ ၁ ၝောအ်တဲ
| weight = 184 lb (83.5 ကဳလဝ်)
| weight_class = [[:en:Middleweight (MMA)|Middleweight]]&lt;br&gt;[[:en:Light heavyweight (MMA)|Light Heavyweight]]&lt;br&gt;[[:en:Cruiserweight (MMA)|Cruiserweight]]
| reach           =
| style = [[:en:Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu|Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]], [[:en:Lethwei|Lethwei]], [[:en:Muay Thai|Muay Thai]]
| stance = Orthodox
| fighting_out_of = [[:en:Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], United States
| team = Hard Knocks 365
| rank            = 
| years_active = 2005–present
| mma_kowin       = 12
| mma_subwin      = 12
| mma_decwin      = 2
| mma_koloss      = 4
| mma_subloss     = 2
| mma_decloss     = 4
| mma_draw        =
| mma_nc          = 1
| occupation      =
| university      = 
| spouse          = 
| relatives       =
| students        =
| club            =
| school          = 
| url             =
| sherdog         = 13029
| footnotes       =
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'''အောင်လသာန်'''{{Lang-en|'''Aung La Nsang'''}} (Burmese:အောင်လအန်ဆန်း)(ၜံင် ၂၁ မေ ၁၉၈၅) ဝွံ ဒှ်သၟာလက်ပၠုဲ ကောန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ဂကူကချေန်မွဲရ။ အောင်လသာန် ကလိဂွံ ဆာမ်ဗိယာမ် [[:en:ONE Championship|ONE]] လျိုင်လဒေါဝ် (middleweight) ကေုာံ လျိုင်ဇြိုင် သၟဝ် (light heavyweight champion) ရ။ ညးတေအ် ဂွံတတ်ၜက်အာ ကဆံင် MMA ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၅ တုဲ ကတဵုဒှ် သၞံင်ဇမၞော် ကြဴနူ လုပ်တက် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ONE Championship တုဲဂွံဇၞးကေတ်ၜါအလန်ဆက်ဆက် နကဵုယၟု  promotion ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/lifestyle/22946-a-day-in-the-life-of-aung-la-nsang.html/|title=Everybody wants a piece of Aung La Nsang|date=2016-10-07|work=Myanmar Times|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-15|archivedate=2019-04-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419234248/https://www.mmtimes.com/lifestyle/22946-a-day-in-the-life-of-aung-la-nsang.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_asia/article/wj8qw9/myanmars-biggest-mma-star-wants-his-people-to-be-free/|title=Myanmar's Biggest MMA Star Wants His People to Be Free|date=2017-06-30|work=Vice.com|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/trentreinsmith/2018/04/22/one-championship-two-division-champion-aung-la-n-sang-to-defend-middleweight-title-in-june/#39f87a9f2870|title=ONE Championship Two-Division Champion Aung La N Sang To Defend Middleweight Title In June|date=2017-06-30|work=Forbes.com|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ပထမ အဝဲ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ပညာ==
အောင်လသာန် ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မျေတ်ကျဳနာ တွဵုရးဍုင်ကချေန် မဒှ်ဂကူကချေန် မိမ အပါ ညးသွံရာန်မတ် သာန်တူအောင် (Nsang Tu Awng) မိShadan Nang Bu ရ။ ပၞောဝ်ကဵု ကောန်ဒေအ်ဂမၠိုင်မသုန်တၠဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဒှ်ကောန်ဇၞော်အိုတ်ရ။ ညးတေအ်တိုန်ဘာ တန်သမၠုင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင် ပ္ဍဲဘာအေန်တာနေရှေန်နာ [[:en:International School Yangon|International School Yangon]]။ သၞာံ ၂၀၀၄ ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ပြံင်အာမံင် ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် သွက်ဂွံတိုန်ဘာ သိပ္ပံတဵုလွဳ ပ္ဍဲတက္ကသိုလ်[[:en:Andrews University|Andrews University]] ပ္ဍဲဍုင်[[:en:Berrien Springs|Berrien Springs]], [[:en:Michigan|Michigan]]ရ။ ညးတေအ်ဘာတုဲ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၇ တုဲ လုပ်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲလွဳသာဲ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ညးတေအ် မလုပ်ပကေင်ပကတ်ဒၟံင် ကွတ်လက်ပၠုဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/07/sports/asian-american-mma-fighters-surprise-stars.html|title=Asian-American Fighters Return to Ancestral Homelands, and Find Fans Waiting|date=2016-10-06|work=New York Times|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ဘဝလက်ပၠုဲ==
အောင်လသာန် စလုပ်တက် လက်ပၠုဲ နဒဒှ်ကဆံင်အစာကွတ်မွဲဂှ် စနူသၞာံ ၂၀၀၅၊ တုဲ ခြာဟွံလအ်ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ယၟုမြဟ်တိုန်တုဲ ညးဂမၠိုင်ကော်စ “''The Burmese Python''&quot; ရ။ ဗွဲကိုပ်ကၠာဂှ် အောင်လသာန် လုပ်ပြိုင် သွက်တဆိပ် [[:en:King of the Cage|King of the Cage]] ကေုာံ Ring of Combat တအ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် ကဆံင်လက်ပၠုဲ promotion တၞဟ်ဟ်တအ်ရ။ ညးတေအ် ဂွံမာန်ကေတ် ကဆံင်ဆာမ်ဗိယာံ ONE Championship ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဂျောန် သၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ မတက်ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဝိုင်သုဝဏ္ဏ ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ရ။ ကြဴနူ ညးတေအ် ထပက်စၟတ်တဲ သွက်ဂွံတက် ပ္ဍဲ ONE Championship ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ တုဲ ညးတေအ် စဴပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာရ။ ဂတဂှ် ၜါသၞာံ ပ္ဍဲ ''ONE: UNION OF WARRIORS'' ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံဇၞးကေတ် အဆက်ဆက် ၜါအလန်တုဲ ဂွံဒှ် အာဇာနဲကောန်ဂကူမွဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/aung-la-n-sangs-first-title-defense-june.html|title=Aung La N Sang’s first title defense in June|publisher=[[The Myanmar Times|The Myanmar Times]]|date=|accessdate=|language=|archivedate=2021-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627221509/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/aung-la-n-sangs-first-title-defense-june.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၇ ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံမာန်ကေတ် သၟာလက်ပၠုဲဒယှ် Vitaly Bigdash တုဲ ကလိဂွံ တဆိပ် ဝါန် ဆာမ်ဗိယာမ် လျိုင်လဒေါဝ် (ONE Championship middleweight)တုဲ ပ္ဍဲမွဲဝင်ဍုင်ဗၟာမ္ဂး ညးတေအ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် မကလိဂွံ တဆိပ်လက်ပၠုဲသၠုင်အိုတ်မွဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/other-sport/article/2100839/myanmar-hails-hero-burmese-python-aung-la-nsang-crowned-nations|title=Myanmar hails a hero as MMA fighter Aung La Nsang is crowned world champion – believed to be the nation’s first in any mainstream sport|date=2017-06-30|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;ပ္ဍဲသၞာံဂှ်ရ ညးတေအ် အာဆဵု ကဵု ညးမကဵုကသပ်ဍုင် ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ သွက်ဂွံဟီု ပရူပြသၞာ ပရေင်ပၞာန် မကတဵုဒှ်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု တွဵုရးကချေန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.mizzima.com/lifestyle-news/%E2%80%98i-am-stronger-ever%E2%80%99-says-aung-la-n-sang|title=‘I am stronger than ever,’ says Aung La N Sang|date=2017-11-01|work=Mizzima.com|access-date=2018-02-24|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101053301/http://www.mizzima.com/lifestyle-news/%E2%80%98i-am-stronger-ever%E2%80%99-says-aung-la-n-sang|archive-date=2017-11-01|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၁၈ မာတ် ၂၀၁၆ ညးတေအ် တက်ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ကၠာအိုတ် တက်ကဵု Mohamed Ali ဆဂး ညးတေအ် ဒးကမျ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/sports/martial-arts/19552-myanmar-s-fans-are-strength-for-the-burmese-python.html|title=Myanmar’s fans are strength for the ‘Burmese Python’|date=2016-03-18|work=Myanmar Times|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-15|archivedate=2021-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907155011/https://www.mmtimes.com/sports/martial-arts/19552-myanmar-s-fans-are-strength-for-the-burmese-python.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Aung-La-N-Sang-Guillotines-Mohamed-Ali-in-One-Championship-Union-of-Warriors-Main-Event-102167|title=Aung La N Sang Guillotines Mohamed Ali in One Championship ‘Union of Warriors’ Main Event|date=2016-03-18|work=Sherdog|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ပ္ဍဲ ၃၀ ဂျောန် ၂၀၁၇ ညးတေအ် တက်ကဵု Vitaly Bigdash ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင် ဂှ် ဂွံဇၞးကေတ် နကဵု ဒေင်မဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်တုဲ ကလိဂွံတဆိပ် ဝါန်ဆာမ်ဗိယာမ် လျိုင်လဒေါဝ် (ONE Championship middleweight title)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/other-sport/article/2100839/myanmar-hails-hero-burmese-python-aung-la-nsang-crowned-nations|title=Myanmar hails a hero as MMA fighter Aung La Nsang is crowned world champion – believed to be the nation’s first in any mainstream sport|date=2017-06-30|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၂၃ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၀၁၈ ညးတေအ် တက်ကဵု Alexandre Machado ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံမာန်ကေတ် နကဵု ONE Championship titles ပၠန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://sports.abs-cbn.com/onechampionship/news/2018/02/24/aung-la-n-sang-captures-one-light-heavyweight-championship-38077|title=ONE Championship: Aung La N Sang stops Alexandre Machado to become two-divison champion|date=2017-06-30|work=ABS-CBN|access-date=2018-02-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၂၆ အံက်တဝ်ပါ ၂၀၁၈ ညးတေအ် တက်ကဵု Mohammad Karaki ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင် ဂွံမာန်ကေတ် တဆိပ် ONE Championship middleweight title ပၠန်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/aung-la-n-sang-defeats-mohammad-karaki.html|title=Aung La N Sang defeats Mohammad Karaki|publisher=[[:en:The Myanmar Times|The Myanmar Times]]|date=29 October 2018|accessdate=|language=|archivedate=17 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017153036/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/aung-la-n-sang-defeats-mohammad-karaki.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၃၁ မာတ် ၂၀၁၉ ညးတေအ် တက်ကဵု Ken Hasegawa သွက်ဂွံဆက်ထိင်အာ တဆိပ်ဇကုဂှ်လေဝ် ဂွံဆက်မာန် နကဵု မတက်ပဒေါမ်ထောအ် မၞိဟ်မပြိုင်ကဵုဇကုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/3/31/18289105/one-championship-a-new-era-results-shinya-aoki-chokes-eduard-folayang-xiong-jin-nan-stops-angela-lee|title=ONE Championship: A New Era results: Shinya Aoki chokes out Eduard Folayang to win title, Xiong Jing Nan stops Angela Lee|last=Lee|first=Alexander K.|date=2019-03-31|website=MMA Fighting|access-date=2019-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ကြဴနူ ညးတေအ် ဆက်ထိင်လဝ် တဆိပ်ညးတေအ်မာန်အာတုဲ အောင်လသာန် ထပက်စၟတ်တဲ လိက်ကသုက်တၟိ ကု ONE Championship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/09/aung-la-n-sang-one-championship-perfect-fit|title=Perfect fit: Why ONE Championship's Aung La N Sang is right where he belongs|date=September 3, 2019|publisher=mmajunkie.com|author=John Morgan}}&lt;/ref&gt; သွက်ဂွံ တက် ကဆံင်လတူဂှ်ရ။

သွက်တဆိပ်လက်ပၠုဲ လျိုင်ဇြိုင် သၟဝ် (Light Heavyweight title)ဂှ် ညးတေအ် တက်ကဵု[[:en:Brandon Vera|Brandon Vera]] ပ္ဍဲ ၁၃ အံက်တဝ်ပါ ၂၀၁၉ ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံဇၞးကေတ် နကဵုမတက်ပဒေါမ်ဖျေဟ် ပ္ဍဲဟလေဟ်ဒုတိယဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/6/30/20545421/angela-lee-aung-la-nsang-bibiano-fernandes-title-fights-announced-for-one-championships-100th-show|title=Angela Lee, Aung La Nsang, Bibiano Fernandes title fights announced for ONE Championship’s 100th show|author=Alexander K. Lee|publisher=mmafighting.com|date=June 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onefc.com/news/aung-la-n-sang-imperious-with-magnificent-ko-of-brandon-vera/|title=Aung La N Sang Imperious With Magnificent KO Of Brandon Vera|website=www.onefc.com|access-date=2019-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ပရေင်စဵုဒၞာ သတ်ဂြိုပ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာ==
အောင်လဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မဆာန်တိရစ္ဆာန် သတ်ဂြိုပ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာဂမၠိုင်တုဲ ညးတေအ် ထံက်ပင် ဂကောံမင်မဲသတ်ဂြိုပ် Voices for momos ကေုာံ ပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲအရာမဒစဵုဒစး ပရေင်သွံရာန်သတ်ဂြိုပ် မၞးသၞောဝ် စတမ်နူ မစဒက်ပ္တန် နူကဵု နဝ်ဝေန်ပါ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၇ တေအ်ရ။ 

ပ္ဍဲ ၉ နဝ်ဝေန်ပါ ၂၀၁၈ ဂှ် အောင်လ ဂွံခပတန် နဒဒှ် မၞိဟ်စၞး မဗတိုက် ကမၠောန်ရာဇာဝတ် လတူသတ်ဂြိုပ်ဂမၠိုင် (Fighting Wildlife Crime) နူကဵု ဂကောံသြန်ဗွဝ်အလုံလိုက် သွက်သဘာဝ (ဌာန ဍုင်ဗၟာ)([[:en:World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wide Fund for Nature, Myanmar]])ရ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news-eleven.com/article/56290|title=ကမ္ဘာ့ချန်ပီယံ အောင်လအား တောရိုင်းတိရစ္ဆာန်ဆိုင်ရာ ရာဇဝတ်မှုများ တိုက်ဖျက်မှုဆိုင်ရာသံတမန်အဖြစ် ခန့်အပ်|publisher=[[Eleven Media Group|Eleven Media Group]]|date=11 November 2018|accessdate=|language=my}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ကမၠောန် ပရဟိတ ==
စတမ်နူ အောင်လ ယၟုဒယှ်တှ်ကၠုင် နဒဒှ် ညးမပိုင်ပြဳ ဝါန် ဆာမ်ဗိယာမ် (ONE Championship)တုဲ အောင်လ ဒက်ပတန် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်ပတိုန် ကမၠောန်ပရဟိတ သွက်ဂွံရီုဗင် ကောန်ဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် မပ္တံကဵု ဘာဗတောန်လိက်လတူဂၠံင် &quot;Street School Initiative&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://yangonlife.com.mm/en/article/outreach-children-one-championship-and-aung-la-nsang|title=Outreach for Children by One Championship and Aung La Nsang|work=Yangon Life|access-date=2018-12-03|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-15|archivedate=2018-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101926/http://yangonlife.com.mm/en/article/outreach-children-one-championship-and-aung-la-nsang}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကေုာံ ယၟုဂကောံကောန်ဍုင်ညးဂၠးကဝ် (Global Citizen) မရီုဗင်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးကချေန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://fightnewsasia.com/aung-la-n-sang-overwhelmed-upon-returning-hometown-myanmar/|title=Aung La N Sang Was Overwhelmed Upon Returning To His Hometown In Myanmar - Fight News Asia|date=2017-06-13|work=Fight News Asia|access-date=2018-12-03|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-15|archivedate=2019-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017153052/http://fightnewsasia.com/aung-la-n-sang-overwhelmed-upon-returning-hometown-myanmar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==လာပ်ဆာမ်ဗိယာမ် မကလိဂွံလဝ်ဂမၠိုင်==
*'''[[:en:ONE Championship|ONE Championship]]'''
**[[:en:List of ONE Championship champions#Middleweight Championship|ONE Middleweight Championship]] (One time, current)
***Three successful title defenses
**[[:en:List of ONE Championship champions#Light Heavyweight Championship|ONE Light Heavyweight Championship]] (One time, current)
***One successful title defense
*'''[[:en:World MMA Awards|World MMA Awards]]'''
**2018 International Fighter of the Year&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/7/3/20681393/world-mma-awards-2019-results|title=World MMA Awards 2019 Results|date=October 14, 2019|publisher=mmafighting.com|author=Bryan Tucker}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==နိဿဲ==

[[Category:ကဏ္ဍအဓိက!]]
[[Category:BEHM]]
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      <text bytes="10794" sha1="gbfaipq0r2aj9tblpk7a6cd241r1ti9" xml:space="preserve">'''ပရေၚ်ပညာအရေဝ်ဘာသာဇဳ (Multilingual Education)''' ဗွဲတၟေၚ်ဆေၚ်စပ်ကဵု  ပရေၚ်ပညာ အရေဝ်ဘာသာပထမ &quot;first-language-first&quot; ရ။ ဣဏအ်ဂှ် ဘာဗ္တောန်ပညာ မပ္တံကဵု အရေဝ်ဘာသာမိ (အရေဝ်ပထမ) ကေုာံ ပြံၚ်ကၠောံအာ ထပ်စုတ်ဏာအရေဝ်ဘာသာတၞဟ်ဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ရ။  ဗွဲတၟေၚ်  ကိုန်အစဳဇန်ပရေၚ်ပညာအရေဝ်ဘာသာဇဳ (MLE programs)ဂမၠိုၚ်ဝွံ နွံဒၟံၚ်ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုၚ်အဃောမဇၞော်မောဝ်ရာၚ်ဆာဲဂမၠိုၚ် ဒၞဲါမၞိဟ်ဟီုဂးအရေဝ်ဘာသာကောန်ဂကူလၟိဟ်မအောန်မတန်တဴ မပ္တံကဵု အရေဝ်ဘာသာဟွံမွဲကဵုဩဇာ မၞုံအယောၚ်အလာဟွံကလိဂွံဒုၚ်စဖဵုနူကဵု သၞောတ်ပရေၚ်ပညာအလဵုအသဳကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ရ။  တၚ်အာတ်မိက်ဂၠိုၚ်တိုန်ဒၟံၚ်စပ်ကဵု သ္ဂောံကဵုအရီုအဗၚ်ထံက်ပၚ် ပရေၚ်ပညာအရေဝ်ဘာသာပထမ ကုကောန်ၚာ်မဆုဲပြံၚ် နူကဵုမိမမဆုဲပြံၚ်အာ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မဇၞော်မောဝ်ရာၚ်ဆာဲ တအ်ရ။ 

== Components of Multilingual Education (MLE) ==

* '''သဇိုၚ်ခိုၚ်ဗိုန် &quot;Strong Foundation&quot;''' - Research shows that children whose early education is in the language of their home tend to do better in the later years of their education ([https://web.archive.org/web/20040627111339/http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/resource/effectiveness/ Thomas and Collier, 1997]).  For more information about the effect of &quot;Language of Instruction&quot;, see Bilingual education.
* '''ဒဒန်ခိုၚ်ဗိုန် &quot;Strong Bridge&quot;''' - an essential difference between MLE programs and rural &quot;mother tongue education&quot; programs is the inclusion of a guided transition from learning through the mother tongue to learning through another tongue.

Related to the emphasis on a child's mother tongue is the implicit validation of her cultural or ethnic identity by taking languages which were previously considered &quot;non-standard&quot; and making active use of them in the classroom.  Multilingual Education in that sense underscores the importance of the child's worldview in shaping his or her learning.

== Stages of an MLE Program ==
A widespread understanding of MLE programs (UNESCO, 2003, 2005) suggests that instruction take place in the following stages:

# '''Stage I''' - learning takes place entirely in the child's home language
# '''Stage II''' - building fluency in the mother tongue.  Introduction of oral L2.
# '''Stage III''' - building oral fluency in L2. Introduction of literacy in L2.
# '''Stage IV''' - using both L1 and L2 for lifelong learning.

MLE proponents stress that the second language acquisition component is seen as a &quot;two-way&quot; bridge, such that learners gain the ability to move back and forth between their mother tongue and the other tongue(s), rather than simply a transitional literacy program where reading through the mother tongue is abandoned at some stage in the education.

Based  on the  theories of  Multilingual Education  that are spelled out  here, Andhra Pradesh  and Orissa have adopted a thematic approach  to multilingual education. Using a seasonal calendar within a relevant cultural context has  provided a space to the tribal children of  Orissa  and Andhra Pradesh to rediscover their culture through their language. The Multilingual  Education  in this approach  emphasizes  first  language first  in the  child  taking  the  socio- cultural curriculum  in to classroom  culture  and   then  bridge  to  second  language.
In addition to the  basic theory of Paulo Freire on critical pedagogy, Gramscian  theory on education,  Lev  Vigostky's scaffolding  and Piaget's  theory  of cognition is applied in the  Multilingual Education. The unique  thing in  this  approach is to  involve the community   in creating their  own  curriculum  and  minimise the  theoretical hegemony, thereby  creating  a new set of people who believe in the ethics of creating  and  sharing knowledge for the society than to  limit  it to the  theoreticians.

=== Multilingual Education in Odisha ===
Odisha is a multilingual state having more than  40  ethnic languages among the 62  scheduled tribes, along with the   Modern  Indian  Languages like  Hindi, Bengali and  Telugu. To address the language-  education of ethnic minorities children in schools, the Odisha government started Multilingual Education programme, ten tribal languages. Led by  Dr Mahendra Kumar Mishra, as the  Director of Multilingual Education and guided by Prof. D P Pattanayak and  Prof Khageswar  Mahapatra, the eminent multilingual  Experts, the state government started  MLE  programme in te tribal languages in 547  schools. 10 tribal languages were adopted. These are Santali, Saora,  Kui, Kuvi, Koya, Kishan, Oroam, Juang, Bonda and Ho.  Culturally responsive curriculum and textbooks were prepared for class I to   Class  V  to maintain mother tongue-based multilingual education to educate the tribal children.  The state government appointed teachers from the same language community in the schools to teach the tribal children. Language policy was also formulated. The programme was also supported by Summer Institute of Linguistics led by Mr Steve Simpson and Vicky Simpson, Pamela Mackenzie.  The curriculum and textbooks were prepared by the tribal teachers guided by the MLE resource groups.  It was initiated in  2005 and is now running in   2250 schools with majority tribal children.  This is a sustained MLE programme in Asian countries. About  7  Asian countries have visited the  MLE schools. 

Scholars and educators have argued that embracing the diverse linguistic knowledge that immigrant students bring to the developed countries, such as the United States, and using students’ first-languages to help them learn English may be an inexpensive and effective way to integrate and socialize immigrant youth. Allowing code-switching in schools with high English learner (EL) populations can increase the potential for enhanced English-learning and academic performance. Code-switching between multi-lingual children can create an informal peer-mentorship structure that embraces immigrant children’s linguistic capabilities to drive learning, create a strong peer-network, and enhance the development of English as a Second Language skills for immigrant students in multi-ethnic schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tarım|first=Şeyda Deniz|date=2017-11-29|title=Breaking Barriers with Collaborative Language Practices in a Multiethnic Classroom: A Potential Model for Immigrant1 Children|journal=European Education|volume=50|issue=1|pages=27–41|doi=10.1080/10564934.2017.1394163|issn=1056-4934}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Dr Mahendra  Kumar Mishra started the MLE programme in Chhatisgarh adopting Durua language in  MLE programme. Dr Mishra conducted 2 NAtional Seminars and one international Seminar on MLE  during  2006-2019. Dr Tove Skutnabb Kangas, Prof Ofelia Gracia, Dr David Haugh, Dr Sitakanta Mahapatra, Dr KHageswar Mohapatra were some of the linguists and multilingual educators attended these conferences.

== See also ==

* Language education
* Multilingualism
* Bilingual education
* [http://www.sil.org/literacy/multi.htm Multilingual Education Programs (SIL)]
* [http://www.unescobkk.org/index.php?id=222 Mother Tongue / Biliteracy Programs (UNESCO)]

Multilingual Education in India, The CAse For English  Edited by  Dr MAhendra Kumar Mishra and Prof Anand Mahanand published by Viva Books, New Delhi  2016.{{Reflist}}

* For further information, please refer to the MLE Manual of Susan Malone, and Denis Malone published by UNESCO, Bangkok

id21 insights.  Available online at [https://web.archive.org/web/20071110054441/http://www.id21.org/insights/insights-ed05/art06.html]

* Cenoz, Jasone. 2009. ''Towards Multilingual Education''. Bristol: Multilingual Matters [http://www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?isb=9781847691927] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911011305/http://www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?isb=9781847691927 |date=2019-09-11 }}
* Hult, F.M.  (2012). Ecology and multilingual education. In C. Chapelle (Gen. Ed.), ''Encyclopedia of applied linguistics'' (Vol. 3, pp. 1835-1840).  Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
* NMRC - National Multilingual Education Resource Center (JNU, India) [http://www.nmrc-jnu.org/nmrc_about_us.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225110107/http://www.nmrc-jnu.org/nmrc_about_us.html |date=2019-12-25 }}
* UNESCO. 2003. ''Education in a multilingual world''.  Available online [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001297/129728e.pdf here].
* UNESCO. 2005. ''First Language First: community based literacy programmes for minority language contexts in Asia''.  Available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225720/http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/first_language/first_language.pdf here].
* Walter, Steven.  2000. ''Explaining Multilingual Education:. Information on Some Tough Questions'', University of North Dakota Working Papers in Linguistics.  Available online [http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/linguistics/wp/2000Walter.PDF here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207033030/http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/linguistics/wp/2000Walter.PDF |date=2012-02-07 }}.

== External links ==

* [http://ensemble.atlas.uiuc.edu/app/sites/ERAm8YzcnESnhC-Nkf6GSA.aspx?destinationID=ERAm8YzcnESnhC-Nkf6GSA&amp;contentID=zlb-en-DIkKHerK5cq6kjg Zsuzsanna Fagyal Lecture: Implementing M+2: Multilingual Education in the EU]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - European Union Center at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
* Carole Benson, [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001466/146632e.pdf The importance of mother tongue-based schooling for educational quality] (2004), UNESCO.
* Kosonen, Kimmo. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238093298_First_Language-Based_Multilingual_Education_Can_Help_Those_Excluded_by_Language First Language–Based Multilingual Education Can Help Those Excluded by Language.] Payap University. Chaing Mai.</text>
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      <text bytes="2589" sha1="bw165vxl8eesrz39xpmdlbklfleycg2" xml:space="preserve">'''၁၉ ဂျောန်''': တ္ၚဲသၠးပွး ပ္ဍဲဍုင် '''[[ကူဝိတ်]]''' (၁၉၆၁)၊ တ္ၚဲ '''[[ဂျောန်တိန်]]''' (Juneteenth) ပ္ဍဲ [[ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်]]။

* [[၁၈၆၅]] – သကိုပ်ပၞာန် ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ဂဝ်ဒန် ဂရန်ဂျာ (Gordon Granger) လလောင်တြး အမိင် မရနုက်ကဵု (၃) ပ္ဍဲ တွဵုရး တက်ဆက်သ် တုဲ သၞောတ်ဍိက် ပ္ဍဲ '''[[ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်]]''' ဒးအုပ်နိဂီုအာ ပေင်ပေင်ရ။
* [[၁၉၄၄]] – ပ္ဍဲ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိ ဒုတိယ၊ ပေါဲဗတိုက် မှာသၟိတ် '''[[ဖဳလိပ်ပေန်]]''' (Battle of the Philippine Sea) မဒှ် ပေါဲဗတိုက် က္ၜင်ကျာ ကေုာံ က္ၜင်ပၞာန် မဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဝင် စကတဵုဒှ် အကြာ ဒပ်ပၞာန် အမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ ဂျပေန် ရ။
* [[၁၉၆၁]] – ဍုင် '''[[ကူဝိတ်]]''' (Kuwait) လလောင်တြး ပရေင်သၠးပွး နူကဵု ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဨကရာဇ် ဗြိတိန်။
* [[၁၉၇၈]] – ရုပ်ကာတွန်း ဗ္ဂဲ '''[[ဂါဖဳ]]''' (Garfield) မချူလဝ် နကဵု ဂျေမ် ဒေဗေတ် (Jim Davis) စတိတ်တြး ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်ပရိုင်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။

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      <text bytes="2576" sha1="kv22j1l8wb3oqjx9cn3gww9cav15kiv" xml:space="preserve">'''၂၀ ဂျောန်''': '''[[တ္ၚဲ ညးဒးဒြေပ်ဒဴဘဲပၞာန် ဂၠးကဝ်]]''' (World Refugee Day)

* [[၁၈၃၇]] – '''[[ဂၞကျာ် ဝိတဝ်ရိယျာ]]''' (Queen Victoria) စတိုန်နန် နဒဒှ် ဂၞကျာ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဨကရာဇ် ဗြိတိန် ကေုာံ အာဲယျာလာန် ကြဴနူ သၟိင်ဝဳလဳယျာမ် မရနုက်ကဵု ၄ (William IV) စုတိအာ တုဲရ။
* [[၁၈၆၃]] – ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ပၞာန်အပ္ဍဲဍုင် အမေရိကာန်၊ တွဵုရး '''[[ဝေတ် ဗာဂျဳနဳယျာ]]''' (West Virginia) ပါ်တိတ် နူ ဗာဂျဳနဳယျာ တုဲ လုပ်ပါဝင် ပ္ဍဲ '''[[ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်]]''' နဒဒှ် တွဵုရး မရနုက်ကဵု (၃၅) ရ။
* [[၁၉၆၀]] – ဍုင် '''[[မာလဳ]]''' (Mali) ကေုာံ ဍုင် '''[[သေနဳဂေါဝ်]]''' (Senegal) ကလိဂွံ ပရေင်သၠးပွး နူကဵု ဍုင်ပြင်သေတ် နကဵု ယၟု ပံင်ကောံ ကၟိန်ဍုင် မာလဳ (Mali Federation) ရ။
* [[၁၉၉၀]] – တၠပညာ နက္ခတ္တဗေဒတအ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ဂြိုဟ်ဍောတ် (Asteroid) မၞုံယၟု '''[[၅၂၆၁ ယူရေကာ]]''' (5261 Eureka) မဒှ် အာသတာရိုက် ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် မဂေတ်ကၠောအ် ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠံင်တရဴ ဂြိုဟ်မာသ် (Mars) ရ။

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    <title>သာလ်ဝါဒေါရ် ဒလဳ</title>
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      <text bytes="135165" sha1="2a8myczc9o6ku5jze0jxe2zump222tp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox artist
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of Isabella the Catholic|gcYC]]
| name             = Salvador Dalí
| honorific_prefix = [[The Most Illustrious]]
| image            = Salvador Dalí 1939.jpg
| caption          = Dalí in 1939
| birth_name       = Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1904|5|11|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Figueres]], [[Catalonia]], Spain
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1989|01|23|1904|05|11|df=y}}
| death_place      = Figueres, Catalonia, Spain
| resting_place    = [[Crypt]] at [[Dalí Theatre and Museum]], Figueres
| field            = Painting, drawing, photography, sculpture, writing, film, and jewelry
| training         = [[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando|San Fernando School of Fine Arts]], [[Madrid]], Spain
| movement         = [[Cubism]], [[Dada]], [[Surrealism]]
| works            = {{plainlist|
* ''[[The Persistence of Memory]]'' (1931)
* ''[[Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)]]'' (1936)
* ''[[Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening]]'' (1944)
* ''[[Christ of Saint John of the Cross]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Galatea of the Spheres]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)]]'' (1954)
* ''[[The Ecumenical Council (painting)|The Ecumenical Council]]'' (1960)
* ''[[The Hallucinogenic Toreador]]'' (1970)}}
| spouse           = {{marriage|[[Gala Dalí]] (Elena Ivanovna Diakonova)|1934|1982|end={{abbr|d.|died}}}}
| patrons          = 
| awards           = 
| signature        = 
}}
'''သာလ်ဝါဒေါရ် ဒါလဳ''' ('''Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marquess of Dalí of Púbol''') {{Post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of Isabella the Catholic|gcYC]]}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑː|l|i|,_|d|ɑː|ˈ|l|iː}};&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dali &quot;Dalí&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308192432/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dali |date=8 March 2016 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.; [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dali &quot;Dalí&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829203633/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dali |date=29 August 2017 }}. ''[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; {{IPA-ca|səlβ̞əˈð̞o dəˈli|lang}}; {{IPA-es|salβ̞aˈð̞oɾ daˈli|lang}};&lt;ref&gt; ဒါလဳ ဝွံ ပ္ဍဲမွဲ ဒမြိပ်ဘဝညးဂှ် နွံကဵု ယၟုနာနာသာ်ရ။ ယၟုညး နူဂဝ် မစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ် ''Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí Doménech''။ ယၟုဂတညးဂှ် ဒှ်ယၟုဘာသာသပိန်တုဲ ယၟုလက်ကြဴ (ဝါ) ယၟုဗဳဇညးဂှ် ဒှ်ယၟုဂကူကာတ္တလောနာ ရ။ အရေဝ်ဘာသာကာတ္တလောနာဂှ် မဒးဒုင်စဵုဒၞာလဝ် ညံင်ဟွံဂွံစကာ ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်ရ။ ယၟုညး နကဵုဘာသာကာတ္တလောနာ ပေင်ပေင်ဂှ် ''Salvador Domènec Felip Jacint Dalí i Domènech''။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၇၇ ယၟုနကဵုဘာသာကာတ္တလောနဂှ် ကလေင်ကလိဂွံအခေါင် စကာတုဲ ညးစကာကၠုင် ယၟုညး သီုၜါဘာသာရ။ ယၟုညး နကဵုဘာသာကာတ္တလောနာကီု သီုကဵု ဘာသာသပိန်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲအကြာလိက်တအ် သီုၜါဘာသာရ။&lt;/ref&gt; (၁၁ မေ ၁၉၀၄ - ၂၃ ဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၁၉၈၉) ဝွံ ဒှ် သၟာအနုသုခုမရုပ်ပါန်ခဳ စိတ္တဇ (surrealist) ကောန်ဍုင်သပိန်၊ ဂကူကာတ္တလောနာမွဲတုဲ ယၟုပြာကတ်တဴ ပ္ဍဲလပါ်ရုပ်ကသူစိတ္တဇရ။

ဒါလဳ က္တဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲ ဖိဂုရေသ် (Figueres)၊ ကာတ္တလောနာ၊ ရးနိဂီုသပိန်။ ဒါလဳ ဂွံကတ်လ္ၚတ်ကေတ် ပညာ အနုသုခု ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော်မဒြိဒ် (Madrid)။ နကဵုလညာတ် ဝါဒပရေင်မဒုင်စသိုင် (Impressionism) ကဵု အနုသုခုမရေနာသောန် (Renaissance art) မပံင်နှဴတုဲ နူဘဝသၟတ်ဂှ် စိစောန် ချူဓဇက်လဝ် ရုပ်ကသူ ဝါဒကူဗိသ် (Cubism) ကေုာံ အာဝေန်-ဂါဒ် (avant-garde movements)ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian, The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí, London, Faber and Faber, 1997, Chs 2, 3&lt;/ref&gt; နူဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုကၞောတ်သၞာံ ၁၉၂၀တအ်ဂှ် စကြပ်ညောန်ကၠုင် လပါ်ဝါဒစိတ္တဇ (Surrealism) တုဲ လုပ်ပံင်တောဲ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံ သၟာအနုသုခုမစိတ္တဇ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၂၉ ဂှ်ရ။ ခြာဟွံလအ်ဂှ် ညးဂွံဒှ်ကေတ် မၞိဟ်အစာကသူစိတ္တဇ ဒယှ်မွဲတၠရ။ ရုပ်ကသူညး ယၟုမြဴအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ရုပ်ကသူ ''The Persistence of Memory'' မအာစိုပ်ဒတုဲ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၉၃၁ တုဲ ဒှ်ရုပ်ကသူ မလုပ်လၟိဟ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ရုပ်ကသူစိတ္တဇမခိုဟ်အိုတ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလပၞာန်အပ္ဍဲဍုင်သပိန် (၁၉၃၆ - ၁၉၃၉) ဂှ် ညးပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲပြင်သေတ်၊ တုဲ နူဂှ် ညးတိတ်အာပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်ပံင်ကောံအမေရိကာန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၀ ရ။ သၞာံ ၁၉၄၈ ဂှ် ညးကလေင်စဴကၠုင် သပိန်။ ညးလလောင်တြးလဝ် ညးကလေင်စဴ ဌာန်ဇာတိတၟိုပ်သုက် ကာတ္တလောနာ သွက်ဂွံကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် &quot;nuclear mysticism&quot;ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian, ''The Shameful Life of Salvador Dali'' (1997)&lt;/ref&gt;

ဒါလဳ နကဵုမပံင်ကၠောန် မွဲစွံ ကုသၟာအနုခုမတၞဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ပ္တိတ်လဝ် ကပေါတ်အနုသုခုမ မပ္တံကဵု ရုပ်ကသူ (painting)၊ ရုပ်သုခုမဂြာပ်ပိစ် (graphic arts)၊ ရုပ်ဒမျိုင် (film)၊ ရုပ်ပါန်ပွုတ် (sculpture)၊ ဒဳဇြာင် ကေုာံ ဗီုဓါတ်တအ်ရ။ ပါဲနူဂှ်တုဲ ညးချူလိက်ရသ၊ ကဗျ၊ အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိဇကု၊ လိက်ဇၟန် ကေုာံ လိက်ပရေင်မပါ်ပါဲဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ပရူအဓိက ညးမချူလဝ်တအ်ဂှ် မပ္တံ တင်ရန်တၟအ် (dreams)၊ (subconscious)၊ လိင်္ဂဗေဒ (sexuality)၊ ဘာသာ (religion)၊ သိပ္ပံ (science) ကေုာံ အရာမစုက်လုပ်ကုဘဝညးဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Saladyga |first=Stephen Francis |url=http://purple.niagara.edu/jlittle/lamplighter/saladyga.htm |title=The Mindset of Salvador Dalí |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906040713/http://purple.niagara.edu/jlittle/lamplighter/saladyga.htm |archive-date=6 September 2006 |work=Lamplighter |publisher=[[Niagara University]] |volume=1 |issue=3 |year=2006 |access-date=22 July 2006 |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=6 September 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906040713/http://purple.niagara.edu/jlittle/lamplighter/saladyga.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Meisler|first1=Stanley|title=The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/|website=Smithsonian.com|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=12 July 2014|date=April 2005|archive-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518170614/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His public support for the [[Francoist Spain|Francoist regime]], his commercial activities and the quality and authenticity of some of his late works have also been controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson, Ian 1997, passim&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), ''passim''&lt;/ref&gt; His life and work were an important influence on other Surrealists, [[pop art]] and contemporary artists such as [[Jeff Koons]] and [[Damien Hirst]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Salvador Dalí's iconic Lobster Telephone acquired by National Galleries of Scotland|url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/press-office/press-releases-2018|date=17 December 2018|website=National Galleries Scotland|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806210738/https://www.nationalgalleries.org/press-office/press-releases-2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

တိုက်ကပေါတ်တြေံ မထ္ၜးပြးလဝ် ကပေါတ်ကွတ်အနုသုခုမ သာလ်ဝါဒေါရ် ဒါလဳ ဗွဲဂမၠိုင်ဂှ် ဒှ်တိုက်ကပေါတ်တြေံ ပေါဲဇာတ်ဒါလဳ (Dalí Theatre-Museum) ပ္ဍဲ ဖိဂုရေသ်၊ သပိန်၊ ကဵု တိုက်ကပေါတ်တြေံသာလ်ဝါဒေါရ်ဒါလဳ၊ ပ္ဍဲ သင်ပဳတာဗဝ်၊ ဖလောရိဒါ (St. Petersburg, Florida)

== အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ ==
=== ဘဝသၟတ် ===
[[ဝှာင်: Familia Dalí (h 1910).jpg|thumb|The Dalí family in 1910: from the upper left, aunt Maria Teresa, mother, father, Salvador Dalí, aunt Caterina (later became the second wife of father), sister Anna Maria and grandmother Anna]]

သာလ်ဝါဒေါရ်ဒါလဳ က္တဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲ ၁၁ မေ ၁၉၀၄၊ အခိင်ဂယး ၈း၄၅&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 22&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိ ထပ်ပထမ မနွံ ဂၠံင်မောန်တူရိလ် (Carrer Monturiol) ဂၞန် ၂၀ ပ္ဍဲဍုင် ဖိဂုရေသ် (Figueres) ပ္ဍဲ ဒေသအေမ်ပေါရ်ဒါ (Empordà region)၊ မကြပ်ညောန် ကုပယျဵုပြင်သေတ် ပ္ဍဲ ကာတ္တလောနာ၊ သပိန်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2008/02/14/catalunya/1202954863_850215.html|title=Dalí recupera su casa natal, que será un museo en 2010|first=Ediciones El|last=País|date=14 February 2008|access-date=26 June 2017|newspaper=El País|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702002432/http://elpais.com/diario/2008/02/14/catalunya/1202954863_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကောညး မနွံယၟု သာလ်ဝါဒေါရ် ကီု (က္တဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ၁၂ အံက်တဝ်ဗါ ၁၉၀၁) မချိုတ် နကဵုယဲဂၞဴ (gastroenteritis) ပ္ဍဲ ၁ အဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၉၀၃ ကိုပ်ကၠာ ညးဟွံကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ဒစိတ်ဂိတုရ။ အပါညး မနွံယၟု Salvador Luca Rafael Aniceto Dalí Cusí (၁၈၇၂-၁၉၅၀)&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 6, 459, 633, 689&lt;/ref&gt;ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ကဆံင်လဒေါဝ် အစာသၞောဝ် (lawyer) ကေုာံ notary၊&lt;ref name=Llongueras&gt;Llongueras, Lluís. (2004) ''Dalí'', Ediciones B – Mexico. {{ISBN|84-666-1343-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; မၞိဟ်မဒစဵုဒစးတၠအဝဵုဘာသာ (an anti-clerical atheist) ကေုာံ ညးမနွံပၟိက်သၞောတ်ဖေက်ဒရေဝ်ကာတ္တလောနာ၊ သမ္ဘာညး Felipa Domènech Ferrés (1874–1921),&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 16, 82, 634, 644&lt;/ref&gt; ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် လညာတ်မတၞဟ်ခြာမွဲတုဲ သမ္ဘာညးဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မကဵုဒြဟတ် ညံင်ကောန်ဇကု ဂွံဒှ် သၟာအနုသုခုမမွဲရ။&lt;ref name=Rojas&gt;Rojas, Carlos. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MWF5s2yfFqwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Salvador Dalí, Or the Art of Spitting on Your Mother's Portrait] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419024412/https://books.google.com/books?id=MWF5s2yfFqwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=19 April 2016 }}'', Penn State Press (1993). {{ISBN|0-271-00842-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲကညင် သၞာံ ၁၉၁၂ ဂှ် ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ဂှ် ပြံင်အာမံင် ထပ်လတူအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂၠံင် Carrer Monturiol ဂၞန် ၂၄ (လၟုဟ် ဂၞန် ၁၀).&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson, Ian 1997&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dalí, ''[[The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí]]'', 1948, London: Vision Press, p. 33&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí later attributed his &quot;love of everything that is gilded and excessive, my passion for luxury and my love of oriental clothes&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author=Ian Gibson | title=The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí | year=1997 | publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company | url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/g/gibson-dali.html | access-date=12 February 2017 | archive-date=19 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219133318/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/g/gibson-dali.html | url-status=live }} Gibson found out that &quot;Dalí&quot; (and its many variants) is an extremely common surname in Arab countries like [[Morocco]], [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]] or [[Egypt]]. On the other hand, also according to Gibson, Dalí's mother's family, the Domènech of [[Barcelona]], had Jewish roots.&lt;/ref&gt; to an &quot;Arab lineage&quot;, claiming that his ancestors were descendants of the [[Moors]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-571-19380-3&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 238–39&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí was haunted by the idea of his dead brother throughout his life, mythologizing him in his writings and art. Dalí said of him, &quot;[we] resembled each other like two drops of water, but we had different reflections.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalí, Secret Life, p.2&quot;&gt;Dalí, Secret Life, p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; He &quot;was probably the first version of myself but conceived too much in the absolute&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalí, Secret Life, p.2&quot;/&gt; Images of his brother would reappear in his later works, including ''Portrait of My Dead Brother'' (1963).&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997). p. 23&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí also had a sister, Anna Maria, who was three years younger.&lt;ref name=Llongueras /&gt; In 1949, she published a book about her brother, ''Dalí as Seen by His Sister''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.artelino.com/articles/dali.asp |title=Dalí Biography 1904–1989 – Part Two |publisher=artelino.com |access-date=30 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025082142/http://www.artelino.com/articles/dali.asp |archive-date=25 October 2006 |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=25 October 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025082142/http://www.artelino.com/articles/dali.asp }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 454&lt;/ref&gt;

His childhood friends included future [[FC Barcelona]] footballers [[Emili Sagi-Barba]] and [[Josep Samitier]]. During holidays at the Catalan resort town of [[Cadaqués]], the trio played football together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7zKauiqMG8C|title=El fútbol tiene música|last=Martín Otín|first=José Antonio|publisher=Córner|year=2011|isbn=978-84-15242-00-0|chapter=Un tanguito de arrabal|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111944/https://books.google.com/books?id=C7zKauiqMG8C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí attended the Municipal Drawing School at Figueres in 1916 and also discovered modern painting on a summer vacation trip to Cadaqués with the family of [[Ramon Pichot]], a local artist who made regular trips to Paris.&lt;ref name=Llongueras /&gt; The next year, Dalí's father organized an exhibition of his charcoal drawings in their family home. He had his first public exhibition at the Municipal Theatre in Figueres in 1918,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dali.jp/en/collection/dali.php|title=Who was Salvador Dalí?｜Collection｜Morohashi Museum of Modern Art|website=dali.jp|access-date=15 December 2018|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223351/http://dali.jp/en/collection/dali.php|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; a site he would return to decades later. In early 1921 the Pichot family introduced Dalí to [[Futurism]]. That same year, Dalí's uncle Anselm Domènech, who owned a bookshop in Barcelona, supplied him with books and magazines on [[Cubism]] and contemporary art.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 78–81&lt;/ref&gt;

On 6 February 1921, Dalí's mother died of [[uterine cancer]].&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 82&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí was 16 years old and later said his mother's death &quot;was the greatest blow I had experienced in my life. I worshipped her... I could not resign myself to the loss of a being on whom I counted to make invisible the unavoidable blemishes of my soul.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dalí, Secret Life, pp. 152–53&lt;/ref&gt; After his wife's death, Dalí's father married her sister. Dalí did not resent this marriage, because he had great love and respect for his aunt.&lt;ref name=Llongueras /&gt;

=== Madrid, Barcelona and Paris ===
[[ဝှာင်:Salvador Dalí, Federico García Lorca, Barcelona, 1925.jpg|thumb|upright|Dalí with [[Federico García Lorca]], Turó Park de la Guineueta, Barcelona, 1925]]
In 1922, Dalí moved into the [[Residencia de Estudiantes]] (Students' Residence) in Madrid&lt;ref name=Llongueras /&gt; and studied at the [[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando]] (San Fernando Royal Academy of Fine Arts). A lean {{convert|1.72|m|ftin|frac=8}} tall,&lt;ref&gt;As listed in [http://www.gaudiclub.com/esp/e_links/dali/2004mar18_1.asp his prison record of 1924] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225164519/http://www.gaudiclub.com/esp/e_links/dali/2004mar18_1.asp |date=25 February 2021 }}, aged 20. However, his hairdresser and biographer, Luis Llongueras, stated Dalí was {{convert|1.74|m|ftin|frac=8}} tall.&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí already drew attention as an eccentric and dandy. He had long hair and sideburns, coat, stockings, and knee-breeches in the style of English [[artistic dress movement|aesthetes]] of the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;

At the Residencia, he became close friends with [[Pepín Bello]], [[Luis Buñuel]], [[Federico García Lorca]], and others associated with the Madrid avant-garde group Ultra.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 92–98&lt;/ref&gt; The friendship with Lorca had a strong element of mutual passion,&lt;ref&gt;For more in-depth information about the Lorca-Dalí connection see ''Lorca-Dalí: el Amor Que no pudo ser'' and ''The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí'', both by [[Ian Gibson (author)|Ian Gibson]].&lt;/ref&gt; but Dalí said he rejected the poet's sexual advances.&lt;ref name=&quot;conversations&quot;&gt;Bosquet, Alain, ''[http://www.ubu.com/historical/dali/dali_conversations.pdf Conversations with Dalí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728071536/http://www.ubu.com/historical/dali/dali_conversations.pdf |date=28 July 2011 }}'', 1969. pp. 19–20. (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí's friendship with Lorca was to remain one of his most emotionally intense relationships until the poet's death at the hands of [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] forces in 1936 at the beginning of the [[Spanish Civil War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson, Ian 1997, passim&quot;/&gt;

Also in 1922, he began what would become a lifelong relationship with the [[Museo del Prado|Prado Museum]], which he felt was, 'incontestably the best museum of old paintings in the world.'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/breaking-news/monographic-dali-raphael/salvador-dali-museo-del-prado/|title=Salvador Dalí and the Museo del Prado: A Prolonged Fascination &amp;#124; Fundació Gala - Salvador Dalí|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715151331/https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/breaking-news/monographic-dali-raphael/salvador-dali-museo-del-prado/|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=15 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715151331/https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/breaking-news/monographic-dali-raphael/salvador-dali-museo-del-prado/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each Sunday morning, Dalí went to the Prado to study the works of the great masters. 'This was the start of a monk-like period for me, devoted entirely to solitary work: visits to the Prado, where, pencil in hand, I analyzed all of the great masterpieces, studio work, models, research.'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/breaking-news/monographic-dali-raphael/salvador-dali-museo-del-prado/#nota-2|title=Salvador Dalí and the Museo del Prado: A Prolonged Fascination &amp;#124; Fundació Gala - Salvador Dalí|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715151331/https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/breaking-news/monographic-dali-raphael/salvador-dali-museo-del-prado/#nota-2|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=15 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715151331/https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/breaking-news/monographic-dali-raphael/salvador-dali-museo-del-prado/#nota-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ဝှာင်:Man Ray Salvador Dali.jpg|thumb|left|Dalí (left) and fellow [[surrealism|surrealist]] artist [[Man Ray]] in Paris on 16 June 1934]]
Dalí's paintings in which he experimented with Cubism earned him the most attention from his fellow students since there were no Cubist artists in Madrid at the time.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.fr/books?id=K0H3fYErskYC&amp;lpg=PA24&amp;ots=-ktQ5sQaeb&amp;dq=dali%20Cubist%20art%2C%20students%2C%20a%20catalog%20given%20to%20him%20by%20Pichot&amp;pg=PA24#v=onepage&amp;q=dali%20Cubist%20art,%20students,%20a%20catalog%20given%20to%20him%20by%20Pichot&amp;f=false Michael Elsohn Ross, ''Salvador Dalí and the Surrealists: Their Lives and Ideas, 21 Activities''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806230719/https://books.google.fr/books?id=K0H3fYErskYC&amp;lpg=PA24&amp;ots=-ktQ5sQaeb&amp;dq=dali%20Cubist%20art%2C%20students%2C%20a%20catalog%20given%20to%20him%20by%20Pichot&amp;pg=PA24#v=onepage&amp;q=dali%20Cubist%20art,%20students,%20a%20catalog%20given%20to%20him%20by%20Pichot&amp;f=false |date=6 August 2020 }}, Chicago Review Press, 2003, p. 24. {{ISBN|1-61374-275-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Cabaret Scene]]'' (1922) is a typical example of such work. Through his association with members of the Ultra group, Dalí became more acquainted with avant-garde movements, including [[Dada]] and [[Futurism]].  One of his earliest works to show a strong Futurist and Cubist influence was the watercolor ''Night-Walking Dreams'' (1922).&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 97–98&lt;/ref&gt; At this time, Dalí also read Freud and [[Comte de Lautréamont|Lautréamont]] who were to have a profound influence on his work.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 116–119&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 1925 Dalí exhibited eleven works in a group exhibition held by the newly formed ''Sociedad Ibérica de Artistas'' in Madrid. Seven of the works were in his Cubist mode and four in a more realist style. Several leading critics praised his work.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 123–25&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí held his first solo exhibition at [[Galeries Dalmau]] in Barcelona, from 14 to 27 November 1925.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fèlix Fanés&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.es/books?id=bDpziok_K7gC&amp;dq=galeries+dalmau&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Fèlix Fanés, ''Salvador Dalí: The Construction of the Image, 1925–1930''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422133234/https://books.google.es/books?id=bDpziok_K7gC&amp;dq=galeries+dalmau&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=22 April 2018 }}, Yale University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-300-09179-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934417&amp;view=dalmau&amp;lang=en| title = Exposició Salvador Dalí, Galeries Dalmau, 14–28 November 1925, exhibition catalog| access-date = 24 May 2018| archive-date = 2 May 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212540/http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934417&amp;view=dalmau&amp;lang=en| url-status = live| accessdate = 18 May 2022| archivedate = 2 May 2018| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212540/http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934417&amp;view=dalmau&amp;lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This exhibition, before his exposure to Surrealism, included twenty-two works and was a critical and commercial success.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 126–27&lt;/ref&gt;

In April 1926 Dalí made his first trip to Paris where he met [[Pablo Picasso]], whom he revered.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot;/&gt; Picasso had already heard favorable reports about Dalí from [[Joan Miró]], a fellow Catalan who later introduced him to many Surrealist friends.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt; As he developed his own style over the next few years, Dalí made some works strongly influenced by Picasso and Miró.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 130–31&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí was also influenced by the work of [[Yves Tanguy]], and he later allegedly told Tanguy's niece, &quot;I pinched everything from your uncle Yves.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 163&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí left the Royal Academy in 1926, shortly before his final exams.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt; His mastery of painting skills at that time was evidenced by his realistic ''[[The Basket of Bread]]'', painted in 1926.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dali-gallery.com/html/galleries/painting05.htm |title=Paintings Gallery No.&amp;nbsp;5 |publisher=Dali-gallery.com |access-date=22 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827234135/http://www.dali-gallery.com/html/galleries/painting05.htm |archive-date=27 August 2010 |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=27 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827234135/http://www.dali-gallery.com/html/galleries/painting05.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Later that year he exhibited again at Galeries Dalmau, from 31 December 1926 to 14 January 1927, with the support of the art critic {{Interlanguage link|Sebastià Gasch|es}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pàmies&quot;&gt;[https://repositori.upf.edu/bitstream/handle/10230/22029/Andres_13.pdf?sequence=1 Elisenda Andrés Pàmies, ''Les Galeries Dalmau, un project de modernist a la Ciutat de Barcelona''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809034049/https://repositori.upf.edu/bitstream/handle/10230/22029/Andres_13.pdf?sequence=1 |date=9 August 2017 }}, 2012–13, Facultat d’Humanitats, Universitat Pompeu Fabra&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934087&amp;view=dalmau&amp;lang=en| title = Exposició de Salvador Dalí, Galeries Dalmau, Passeig de Gràcia, 31 December 1926 – 14 January 1927, exhibition catalog (other versions)| access-date = 24 May 2018| archive-date = 2 May 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212327/http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934087&amp;view=dalmau&amp;lang=en| url-status = live| accessdate = 18 May 2022| archivedate = 2 May 2018| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212327/http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934087&amp;view=dalmau&amp;lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show included twenty-three paintings and seven drawings, with the &quot;Cubist&quot; works displayed in a separate section from the &quot;objective&quot; works. The critical response was generally positive with ''Composition with Three Figures (Neo-Cubist Academy)'' singled out for particular attention.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 147–49&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ဝှာင်: DaliGreatMasturbator.jpg|thumb|300 px|''The Great Masturbator'' (1929). oil on canvas, 110 cm × 150 cm., [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía]]]]

From 1927 Dalí's work became increasingly influenced by Surrealism. Two of these works, ''Honey is Sweeter than Blood'' (1927) and ''Gadget and Hand'' (1927), were shown at the annual Autumn Salon (Saló de tardor) in Barcelona in October 1927. Dalí described the earlier of these works, ''Honey is Sweeter than Blood'', as &quot;equidistant between Cubism and Surrealism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 162&lt;/ref&gt; The works featured many elements that were to become characteristic of his Surrealist period including dreamlike images, precise draftsmanship, idiosyncratic iconography (such as rotting donkeys and dismembered bodies), and lighting and landscapes strongly evocative of his native Catalonia. The works provoked bemusement among the public and debate among critics about whether Dalí had become a Surrealist.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 171&lt;/ref&gt;

Influenced by his reading of Freud, Dalí increasingly introduced suggestive sexual imagery and symbolism into his work. He submitted ''Dialogue on the Beach (Unsatisfied Desires)'' (1928) to the Barcelona Autumn Salon for 1928 but the work was rejected because &quot;it was not fit to be exhibited in any gallery habitually visited by the numerous public little prepared for certain surprises.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 287&lt;/ref&gt; The resulting scandal was widely covered in the Barcelona press and prompted a popular Madrid illustrated weekly to publish an interview with Dalí.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 186–190&lt;/ref&gt;

Some trends in Dalí's work that would continue throughout his life were already evident in the 1920s. Dalí was influenced by many styles of art, ranging from the most academically classic, to the most cutting-edge [[avant-garde]].&lt;ref&gt;Hodge, Nicola, and Libby Anson. ''The A–Z of Art: The World's Greatest and Most Popular Artists and Their Works''. California: Thunder Bay Press, 1996. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921144258/https://ucmshare.ucmerced.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-94961/Dali+Salvador.doc Online citation].&lt;/ref&gt; His classical influences included [[Raphael]], [[Bronzino]], [[Francisco de Zurbarán]], [[Johannes Vermeer|Vermeer]] and [[Diego Velázquez|Velázquez]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.artcyclopedia.com/feature-2005-03.html |title=Phelan, Joseph |publisher=Artcyclopedia.com |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313074331/http://www.artcyclopedia.com/feature-2005-03.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Exhibitions of his works attracted much attention and a mixture of praise and puzzled debate from critics who noted an apparent inconsistency in his work by the use of both traditional and modern techniques and motifs between works and within individual works.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6EvIx6zOuqgC&amp;lpg=PA319&amp;dq=%22August%20Agero%22%20%22galeries%20dalmau%22&amp;pg=PA317#v=snippet&amp;q=dalmau,%20dali&amp;f=false ''Roger Rothman, Tiny Surrealism: Salvador Dal and the Aesthetics of the Small''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806232725/https://books.google.fr/books?id=6EvIx6zOuqgC&amp;lpg=PA319&amp;dq=%22August%20Agero%22%20%22galeries%20dalmau%22&amp;pg=PA317#v=snippet&amp;q=dalmau,%20dali&amp;f=false |date=6 August 2020 }}, U of Nebraska Press, 2012. p. 202. {{ISBN|0-300-12106-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the mid-1920s Dalí grew a neatly trimmed mustache. In later decades he cultivated a more flamboyant one in the manner of 17th-century Spanish master painter [[Diego Velázquez]], and this mustache became a well known Dalí icon.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.thedali.org/mwebimages/MIMSY%20SUPPORTING%20DOC/Dali%20and%20the%20Spanish%20Baroque%20Guide.pdf ''Salvador Dali and the Spanish Baroque: From Still Life to Velazquez''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806232229/https://archive.thedali.org/mwebimages/MIMSY%20SUPPORTING%20DOC/Dali%20and%20the%20Spanish%20Baroque%20Guide.pdf |date=6 August 2020 }}, Salvado Dalí Museum, St. Petersburg, Fl. 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1929 to World War II ===
[[ဝှာင်: SalvadorDali-SoftConstructionWithBeans.jpg|thumb|300 px|''Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)'' 1936. oil on canvas, 100 x 99 cm., Philadelphia Museum of Art]]

In 1929, Dalí collaborated with Surrealist film director [[Luis Buñuel]] on the short film {{lang|fr|[[Un Chien Andalou]]}} (''An Andalusian Dog''). His main contribution was to help Buñuel write the script for the film. Dalí later claimed to have also played a significant role in the filming of the project, but this is not substantiated by contemporary accounts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Koller |first=Michael |url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/01/12/chien.html |language=fr |title=Un Chien Andalou |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225061923/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/01/12/chien.html |archive-date=25 December 2010 |work=Senses of Cinema |date=January 2001 |access-date=26 July 2006 |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=25 December 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225061923/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/01/12/chien.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 1929, Dalí met his lifelong muse and future wife [[Gala Dalí|Gala]],&lt;ref name=unbound&gt;Shelley, Landry. [http://www.tcnj.edu/~unbound/spring2005/articles/a2 &quot;Dalí Wows Crowd in Philadelphia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108082607/http://www.tcnj.edu/~unbound/spring2005/articles/a2 |date=8 November 2017 }}. ''Unbound'' ([[The College of New Jersey]]) Spring 2005. Retrieved on 22 July 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; born Elena Ivanovna Diakonova. She was a Russian immigrant ten years his senior, who at that time was married to Surrealist poet [[Paul Éluard]].&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 218–20&lt;/ref&gt;

In works such as ''[[The First Days of Spring]]'', ''[[The Great Masturbator]]'' and ''[[The Lugubrious Game]]'' Dalí continued his exploration of the themes of sexual anxiety and unconscious desires.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 206–08, 231–32&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí's first Paris exhibition was at the recently opened Goemans Gallery in November 1929 and featured eleven works. In his preface to the catalog, [[André Breton]] described Dalí's new work as &quot;the most hallucinatory that has been produced up to now&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson, Ian 1997 p 237&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 237&lt;/ref&gt; The exhibition was a commercial success but the critical response was divided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson, Ian 1997 p 237&quot;/&gt; In the same year, Dalí officially joined the Surrealist group in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris. The Surrealists hailed what Dalí was later to call his [[paranoiac-critical method]] of accessing the subconscious for greater artistic creativity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Llongueras&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rojas&quot; /&gt;

Meanwhile, Dalí's relationship with his father was close to rupture. Don Salvador Dalí y Cusi strongly disapproved of his son's romance with Gala and saw his connection to the Surrealists as a bad influence on his morals. The final straw was when Don Salvador read in a Barcelona newspaper that his son had recently exhibited in Paris a drawing of the ''Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ'', with a provocative inscription: &quot;Sometimes, I spit for fun on my mother's portrait&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-571-19380-3&quot; /&gt; Outraged, Don Salvador demanded that his son recant publicly. Dalí refused, perhaps out of fear of expulsion from the Surrealist group, and was violently thrown out of his paternal home on 28 December 1929. His father told him that he would be disinherited and that he should never set foot in Cadaqués again. The following summer, Dalí and Gala rented a small fisherman's cabin in a nearby bay at [[Port Lligat]]. He soon bought the cabin, and over the years enlarged it by buying neighboring ones, gradually building his beloved villa by the sea. Dalí's father would eventually relent and come to accept his son's companion.&lt;ref name=&quot;GalaGSDF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Gala Biography|url=http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia-gala.html|work=Dalí|publisher=Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation|access-date=27 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626181620/http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia-gala.html|archive-date=26 June 2012|url-status=dead|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=26 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626181620/http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia-gala.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1931, Dalí painted one of his most famous works, ''[[The Persistence of Memory]]'',&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.salvadordalimuseum.org/education/documents/clocking_in.pdf Clocking in with Salvador Dalí: Salvador Dalí's Melting Watches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921144258/http://www.salvadordalimuseum.org/education/documents/clocking_in.pdf |date=21 September 2006 }} (PDF) from the Salvador Dalí Museum. Retrieved on 19 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; which developed a surrealistic image of soft, melting pocket watches. The general interpretation of the work is that the soft watches are a rejection of the assumption that time is rigid or deterministic. This idea is supported by other images in the work, such as the wide expanding landscape, and other limp watches shown being devoured by ants.&lt;ref name=Conquete&gt;Salvador Dalí, {{lang|fr|La Conquête de l'irrationnel}} (Paris: Éditions surréalistes, 1935), p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí had two important exhibitions at the Pierre Colle Gallery in Paris in June 1931 and May–June 1932. The earlier exhibition included sixteen paintings of which ''The Persistence of Memory'' attracted the most attention. Some of the notable features of the exhibitions were the proliferation of images and references to Dalí's muse Gala and the inclusion of Surrealist Objects such as ''Hypnagogic Clock'' and ''Clock Based on the Decomposition of Bodies''.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 279–283, 299–300&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí's last, and largest, the exhibition at the Pierre Colle Gallery was held in June 1933 and included twenty-two paintings, ten drawings, and two objects. One critic noted Dalí's precise draftsmanship and attention to detail, describing him as a &quot;paranoiac of geometrical temperament&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 314–15&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí's first New York exhibition was held at Julien Levy's gallery in November–December 1933. The exhibition featured twenty-six works and was a commercial and critical success. The ''New Yorker'' critic praised the precision and lack of sentimentality in the works, calling them &quot;frozen nightmares&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 316&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí and Gala, having lived together since 1929, were civilly married on 30 January 1934 in Paris.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 323&lt;/ref&gt; They later remarried in a Church ceremony on 8 August 1958 at Sant Martí Vell.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 492&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to inspiring many artworks throughout her life, Gala would act as Dalí's business manager, supporting their extravagant lifestyle while adeptly steering clear of insolvency. Gala, who herself engaged in extra-marital affairs,&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 421–22, 508–10, 620–21&lt;/ref&gt; seemed to tolerate Dalí's dalliances with younger muses, secure in her own position as his primary relationship. Dalí continued to paint her as they both aged, producing sympathetic and adoring images of her. The &quot;tense, complex and ambiguous relationship&quot; lasting over 50 years would later become the subject of an opera, ''Jo, Dalí'' (''I, Dalí'') by Catalan composer Xavier Benguerel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Opera&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Amengual|first=Margalida|title=An opera on the relationship between Salvador Dalí and Gala arrives at Barcelona's Liceu|url=http://www.catalannewsagency.com/culture/item/an-opera-on-the-relationship-between-salvador-dali-and-gala-arrives-at-barcelonas-liceu|work=Catalan News Agency (CNA)|publisher=Intracatalònia, SA|access-date=27 May 2012|date=14 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220175608/http://www.catalannewsagency.com/culture/item/an-opera-on-the-relationship-between-salvador-dali-and-gala-arrives-at-barcelonas-liceu|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí's first visit to the United States in November 1934 attracted widespread press coverage. His second New York exhibition was held at the Julien Levy Gallery in November–December 1934 and was again a commercial and critical success. Dalí delivered three lectures on Surrealism at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA) and other venues during which he told his audience for the first time that &quot;[t]he only difference between me and a madman is that I am not mad.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 336–41&lt;/ref&gt; The heiress [[Caresse Crosby]], the inventor of the brassiere, organized a farewell fancy dress ball for Dalí on 18 January 1935. Dalí wore a glass case on his chest containing a brassiere and Gala dressed as a woman giving birth through her head. A Paris newspaper later claimed that the Dalís had dressed as the [[Lindbergh baby]] and his [[Bruno Hauptmann|kidnapper]], a claim which Dalí denied.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 342–43&lt;/ref&gt;
[[ဝှာင်:Portrait_of_Salvador_Dali,_Paris,_LOC_4483943847.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Salvador Dalí, Paris, 16 June 1934]]
While the majority of the Surrealist group had become increasingly associated with leftist politics, Dalí maintained an ambiguous position on the subject of the proper relationship between politics and art. Leading Surrealist [[André Breton]] accused Dalí of defending the &quot;new&quot; and &quot;irrational&quot; in &quot;the Hitler phenomenon&quot;, but Dalí quickly rejected this claim, saying, &quot;I am Hitlerian neither in fact nor intention&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Greeley, Robin Adèle (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2w1QddhP56wC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Surrealism and the Spanish Civil War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419062109/https://books.google.com/books?id=2w1QddhP56wC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=19 April 2016 }}'', Yale University Press. p. 81. {{ISBN|0-300-11295-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí insisted that Surrealism could exist in an apolitical context and refused to explicitly denounce fascism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MORRDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT62|title=The Creative Underground : Art, Politics and Everyday Life|last=Clements|first=Paul|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2016|isbn=978-1-317-50128-2|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206234545/https://books.google.com/books?id=MORRDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT62|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in 1934, Dalí was subjected to a &quot;trial&quot;, in which he narrowly avoided being expelled from the Surrealist group.&lt;ref&gt;Shanes, Eric (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eDQqcrMy8M8C&amp;pg=PA53 The Life and Masterworks of Salvador Dalí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209185600/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDQqcrMy8M8C&amp;pg=PA53 |date=9 February 2020 }}''. Parkstone. p. 53. {{ISBN|1-78042-879-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; To this, Dalí retorted, &quot;The difference between the Surrealists and me is that I am a Surrealist.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.es/books?id=vYcGAAAAMAAJ Salvador Dalí, Louis Pauwels, ''Les passions Selon Dalí''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917144729/https://books.google.es/books?id=vYcGAAAAMAAJ |date=17 September 2018 }}, Denoël, 1968&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.es/books?id=ub6fAAAAMAAJ Pierre Ajame, ''La Double vie de Salvador Dalí: récit''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917143252/https://books.google.es/books?id=ub6fAAAAMAAJ |date=17 September 2018 }}, Éditions Ramsay, 1984, p. 125&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ဝှာင်:Dali Harcourt 1936.jpg|thumb|upright|Dalí, photographed by [[Studio Harcourt]] in 1936]]
In 1936, Dalí took part in the ''[[London International Surrealist Exhibition]]''. His lecture, titled {{lang|fr|Fantômes paranoiacs authentiques}}, was delivered while wearing a deep-sea diving suit and helmet.&lt;ref&gt;Jackaman, Rob. (1989) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DV9_6DAOSscC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false The Course of English Surrealist Poetry Since the 1930s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419054822/https://books.google.com/books?id=DV9_6DAOSscC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=19 April 2016 }}'', Edwin Mellen Press. {{ISBN|0-88946-932-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He had arrived carrying a billiard cue and leading a pair of Russian wolfhounds and had to have the helmet unscrewed as he gasped for breath. He commented that &quot;I just wanted to show that I was 'plunging deeply into the human mind.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 359–60&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí's first solo London exhibition was held at the Alex, Reid, and Lefevre Gallery the same year. The show included twenty-nine paintings and eighteen drawings. The critical response was generally favorable, although the Daily Telegraph critic wrote: &quot;These pictures from the subconscious reveal so skilled a craftsman that the artist's return to full consciousness may be awaited with interest.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 358–59&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 1936 Dalí participated in the ''Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism'' exhibition at MoMA and a solo exhibition at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York. Both exhibitions attracted large attendances and widespread press coverage. The painting ''[[Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)]]'' (1936) attracted particular attention. Dalí later described it as, &quot;a vast human body breaking out into monstrous excrescences of arms and legs tearing at one another in a delirium of auto-strangulation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997). pp. 334, 364–67&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 December, Dalí, aged 32, was featured on the cover of ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' magazine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;

From 1933 Dalí was supported by Zodiac, a group of affluent admirers who each contributed to a monthly stipend for the painter in exchange for a painting of their choice.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 306–308&lt;/ref&gt; From 1936 Dalí's main patron in London was the wealthy [[Edward James]] who would support him financially for two years. One of Dalí's most important paintings from the period of James' patronage was ''[[Metamorphosis of Narcissus|The Metamorphosis of Narcissus]]'' (1937). They also collaborated on two of the most enduring icons of the Surrealist movement: the ''[[Lobster Telephone]]'' and the ''[[Mae West Lips Sofa]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nga.gov.au/International/Catalogue/Detail.cfm?IRN=2607|title=Salvador Dalí Lobster Telephone|date=August 1994|website=National Gallery of Australia|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319005929/http://nga.gov.au/International/Catalogue/Detail.cfm?IRN=2607|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí was in London when the [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out in July 1936.  When he later learned that his friend Lorca had been executed by [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] forces, Dalí's claimed response was to shout: &quot;Olé!&quot; Dalí was to include frequent references to the poet in his art and writings for the remainder of his life.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 361–63&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, Dalí avoided taking a public stand for or against the [[the Second Spanish Republic|Republic]] for the duration of the conflict.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 376-77, and ''passim''&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 1938, Dalí unveiled ''[[Rainy Taxi]]'', a three-dimensional artwork consisting of an automobile and two mannequin occupants being soaked with rain from within the taxi. The piece was first displayed at the Galerie Beaux-Arts in Paris at the ''[[Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme]]'', organized by [[André Breton]] and [[Paul Éluard]]. The Exposition was designed by artist [[Marcel Duchamp]], who also served as host.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia.html|title=Salvador Dalí's Biography – Gala|work=salvador-dali.org|publisher=Salvador Dalí Foundation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106020704/http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia.html|archive-date=6 November 2006|access-date=14 February 2015|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=6 November 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106020704/http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Herbert|first1=James D.|url=https://archive.org/details/paris1937worldso00herb|title=Paris 1937|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8014-3494-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/paris1937worldso00herb/page/27 27]|access-date=14 February 2015|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cohen-Solal|first1=Annie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDJL4MwVK10C&amp;pg=PA130|title=Leo and His Circle|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4000-4427-6|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213193246/http://books.google.com/books?id=nDJL4MwVK10C&amp;pg=PA130|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March that year, Dalí met [[Sigmund Freud]] thanks to [[Stefan Zweig]]. As Dalí sketched Freud's portrait, Freud whispered, &quot;That boy looks like a fanatic.&quot; Dalí was delighted upon hearing later about this comment from his hero.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt; The following day Freud wrote to Zweig &quot;...until now I have been inclined to regard the Surrealists, who have apparently adopted me as their patron saint, as complete fools.....That young Spaniard, with his candid fanatical eyes and his undeniable technical mastery, has changed my estimate. It would indeed be very interesting to investigate analytically how he came to create that picture [i.e. ''Metamorphosis of Narcissus''].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rubin (1968) &quot;&gt;Rubin, William S. 1968. ''Dada and Surrealist Art.'' Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 525 pp.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In September 1938, Salvador Dalí was invited by [[Coco Chanel|Gabrielle Coco Chanel]] to her house &quot;La Pausa&quot; in Roquebrune on the French Riviera. There he painted numerous paintings he later exhibited at Julien Levy Gallery in New York.&lt;ref&gt;''Salvador Dalí Exhibition'', Exhibition Catalogue – 16 February through 15 May 2005&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://philadelphia.about.com/od/salvador_dali/a/salvador_dali_a.htm |title=Salvador Dalí Exhibition |work=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075359/http://philadelphia.about.com/od/salvador_dali/a/salvador_dali_a.htm |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=12 May 2014 |last=Fischer |first=John |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=7 July 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075359/http://philadelphia.about.com/od/salvador_dali/a/salvador_dali_a.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; This exhibition in March–April 1939 included twenty-one paintings and eleven drawings. [[Life (magazine)|Life]] reported that no exhibition in New York had been so popular since Whistler's ''Mother'' was shown in 1934.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 389–90&lt;/ref&gt;

At the [[1939 New York World's Fair]], Dalí debuted his ''Dream of Venus'' Surrealist pavilion, located in the Amusements Area of the exposition. It featured bizarre sculptures, statues, mermaids, and live nude models in &quot;costumes&quot; made of fresh seafood, an event photographed by Horst P. Horst, George Platt Lynes, and Murray Korman.&lt;ref name=&quot;DrmVns&quot;/&gt; Dalí was angered by changes to his designs, railing against mediocrities who thought that &quot;a woman with the tail of a fish is possible; a woman with the head of a fish impossible.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 391-92&lt;/ref&gt;

Soon after [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s victory in the Spanish Civil War in April 1939, Dalí wrote to Luis Buñuel denouncing socialism and Marxism and praising Catholicism and the [[Falange Española de las JONS|Falange]]. As a result, Buñuel broke off relations with Dalí.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 395&lt;/ref&gt;

In the May issue of the Surrealist magazine ''Minotaure,'' André Breton announced Dalí's expulsion from the Surrealist group, claiming that Dalí had espoused race war and that the over-refinement of his [[paranoiac-critical method]] was a repudiation of Surrealist [[Surrealist automatism|automatism.]] This led many Surrealists to break off relations with Dalí.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 387, 396–97&lt;/ref&gt; In 1949 Breton coined the derogatory nickname &quot;Avida Dollars&quot; (avid for dollars), an [[anagram]] for &quot;Salvador Dalí&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 453&lt;/ref&gt; This was a derisive reference to the increasing commercialization of Dalí's work, and the perception that Dalí sought self-aggrandizement through fame and fortune.

=== World War II ===
The outbreak of [[World War II]] in September 1939 saw the Dalís in France. Following the German invasion, they were able to escape because on 20 June 1940 they were issued visas by [[Aristides de Sousa Mendes]], Portuguese consul in Bordeaux, France. They crossed into Portugal and subsequently sailed on the ''Excambion'' from Lisbon to New York in August 1940.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sousamendesfoundation.org/dali/ |title=Dalí |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102223907/http://sousamendesfoundation.org/dali/ |archive-date=2 November 2013 |work=Sousa Mendes Foundation |date=20 June 1940 |access-date=12 May 2014 |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=2 November 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102223907/http://sousamendesfoundation.org/dali/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dalí and Gala were to live in the United States for eight years, splitting their time between New York and the Monterey Peninsula, California.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/cover/a-world-class-salvador-dali-art-collection-comes-to-monterey/article_b1267eae-db3d-11e5-9e95-3f5ae7bc3619.html|title=A world-class Salvador Dalí art collection comes to Monterey.|last=Schmalz|first=David|website=Monterey County Weekly|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826071520/http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/cover/a-world-class-salvador-dali-art-collection-comes-to-monterey/article_b1267eae-db3d-11e5-9e95-3f5ae7bc3619.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 411–12&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí spent the winter of 1940–41 at Hampton Manor, the residence of [[Caresse Crosby]], in Caroline County, Virginia, where he worked on various projects including his autobiography and paintings for his upcoming exhibition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.virginialiving.com/%C2%A1hola,-dal%C3%AD!/ |title=¡Hola, Dalí! |last1=Crowder |first1=Bland |date=31 January 2014 |website=[[Virginia Living]] |publisher=Cape Fear Publishing |access-date=27 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701234130/http://www.virginialiving.com/%C2%A1hola,-dal%C3%AD!/ |url-status=live |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=1 July 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701234130/http://www.virginialiving.com/%C2%A1hola,-dal%C3%AD!/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 404–05&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí announced the death of the Surrealist movement and the return of classicism in his exhibition at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York in April–May 1941. The exhibition included nineteen paintings (among them ''[[Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire]] and'' ''[[The Face of War]]'') and other works''.'' In his catalog essay and media comments, Dalí proclaimed a return to form, control, structure and the [[Golden Section]]. Sales however were disappointing and the majority of critics did not believe there had been a major change in Dalí's work.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 409–11&lt;/ref&gt;

The Museum of Modern Art held two major, simultaneous retrospectives of Dalí&lt;ref name=&quot;Soby (1941)&quot;&gt;Soby, James Thrall. 1941. ''Salvador Dali: Paintings, Drawings, Prints.'' The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 87 pp.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Joan Miró]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweeney (1941)&quot;&gt;Sweeney, James Johnson. 1941. ''Joan Miro.'' The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 87 pp.&lt;/ref&gt; from November 1941 to February 1942, Dalí being represented by forty-two paintings and sixteen drawings. Dalí's work attracted significant attention of critics and the exhibition later toured eight American cities, enhancing his reputation in America.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 413–16&lt;/ref&gt;

In October 1942, Dalí's autobiography, ''[[The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí]]'' was published simultaneously in New York and London and was reviewed widely by the press. Time magazine's reviewer called it &quot;one of the most irresistible books of the year&quot;.  George Orwell later wrote a scathing review in the ''Saturday Book''.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 416–20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=orwell&gt;Orwell, George [http://theorwellprize.co.uk/george-orwell/by-orwell/essays-and-other-works/benefit-of-clergy-some-notes-on-salvador-dali/ &quot;Benefit of Clergy: Some Notes on Salvador Dalí&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421185848/http://theorwellprize.co.uk/george-orwell/by-orwell/essays-and-other-works/benefit-of-clergy-some-notes-on-salvador-dali/ |date=21 April 2016 }}. theorwellprize.co.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A passage in the autobiography in which Dalí claimed that Buñuel was solely responsible for the anti-clericalism in the film L'Age d'Or may have indirectly led to Buñuel resigning his position at MoMA in 1943 under pressure from the State Department.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Buñuel, ''My Last Sigh: The Autobiography of Luis Buñuel'' (Vintage, 1984) {{ISBN|0-8166-4387-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 419&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí also published a novel ''Hidden Faces'' in 1944 with less critical and commercial success.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 424–30&lt;/ref&gt;

In the catalog essay for his exhibition at the Knoedler Gallery in New York in 1943 Dalí continued his attack on the Surrealist movement, writing: &quot;Surrealism will at least have served to give experimental proof that total sterility and attempts at automatizations have gone too far and have led to a totalitarian system. ... Today's laziness and the total lack of technique have reached their paroxysm in the psychological signification of the current use of the college [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[collage]]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Descharnes (1993) p. 35.&quot;&gt;Descharnes, Robert and Nicolas. ''Salvador Dalí''. New York: Konecky &amp; Konecky, 1993. p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt; The critical response to the society portraits in the exhibition, however, was generally negative.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 423&lt;/ref&gt;

In November–December 1945 Dalí exhibited new work at the [[Bignou Gallery]] in New York. The exhibition included eleven oil paintings, watercolors, drawings, and illustrations. Works included ''[[Basket of Bread]]'', ''Atomic and Uranian Melancholic Ideal'', and ''My Wife Nude Contemplating her own Body Transformed into Steps, the Three Vertebrae of a Column, Sky and Architecture''. The exhibition was notable for works in Dalí's new classicism style and those heralding his &quot;atomic period&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, (Ian) (1997), pp. 434–36&lt;/ref&gt;

During the war years, Dalí was also engaged in projects in various other fields. He executed designs for a number of ballets including ''Labyrinth'' (1942), ''Sentimental Colloquy'', ''Mad Tristan'', and ''The Cafe of Chinitas'' (all 1944).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 431–43&lt;/ref&gt; In 1945 he created the dream sequence for Alfred Hitchcock's film ''Spellbound''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 434-45&lt;/ref&gt; He also produced artwork and designs for products such as perfumes, cosmetics, hosiery and ties.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 430–31&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Post War in United States (1946–48) ===
In 1946 Dalí worked with Walt Disney and animator John Hench on an unfinished animated film ''[[Destino]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 436–38&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí exhibited new work at the Bignou Gallery from November 1947 to January 1948. The 14 oil paintings and other works in the exhibition reflected Dalí's increasing interest in atomic physics. Notable works included ''Dematerialization Near the Nose of Nero (The Separation of the Atom)'', ''Intra-Atomic Equilibrium of a Swan's Feather'', and a study for ''[[Leda Atomica]]''. The proportions of the latter work were worked out in collaboration with a mathematician.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 440–42&lt;/ref&gt;

In early 1948 Dalí's ''50 Secrets of Magic Craftsmanship'' was published. The book was a mixture of anecdotes, practical advice on painting, and Dalínian polemics.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 442–44&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Later years in Spain ===
[[ဝှာင်:Dali Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of Dalí by [[Allan Warren]], 1972]]
In 1948 Dalí and Gala moved back into their house in Port Lligat, on the coast near Cadaqués. For the next three decades, they would spend most of their time there, spending winters in Paris and New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GalaGSDF&quot; /&gt; Dalí's decision to live in Spain under Franco and his public support for the regime prompted outrage from many anti-Francoist artists and intellectuals. Pablo Picasso refused to mention Dalí's name or acknowledge his existence for the rest of his life.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 470&lt;/ref&gt; In 1960, André Breton unsuccessfully fought against the inclusion of Dalí's ''Sistine Madonna'' in the ''Surrealist Intrusion in the Enchanter's Domain'' exhibition organized by Marcel Duchamp in New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;lopez&quot;&gt;{{Interlanguage link multi|Ignacio Javier López|es|Ignacio Javier López}}. ''The Old Age of William Tell (A study of Buñuel's ''Tristana'')''. ''[[Modern Language Notes|MLN]]'' 116 (2001): 295–314.&lt;/ref&gt;  Breton and other Surrealists issued a tract to coincide with the exhibition denouncing Dalí as &quot;the ex-apologist of Hitler... and friend of Franco&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 497-98&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 1949 Dalí's sister Anna Maria published her book ''Salvador Dalí Seen by his Sister''. Dalí was angered by passages that he considered derogatory towards his wife Gala and broke off relations with his family. When Dalí's father died in September 1950 Dalí learned that he had been virtually disinherited in his will. A two-year legal dispute followed over paintings and drawings Dalí had left in his family home, during which Dalí was accused of assaulting a public notary.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 454–61&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ဝှာင်: The_Hallucinogenic_Toreador.png|thumb|300 px|''The Hallucinogenic Toreador'' (1968–1970), oil on canvas, 398.8 cm × 299.7 cm., [[Salvador Dalí Museum]]]]

As Dalí moved further towards embracing Catholicism he introduced more religious iconography and themes in his painting. In 1949 he painted a study for ''[[The Madonna of Port Lligat]]'' (first version, 1949) and showed it to [[Pope Pius XII]] during an audience arranged to discuss Dalí 's marriage to Gala.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 450–53&lt;/ref&gt; This work was a precursor to the phase Dalí dubbed &quot;Nuclear Mysticism,&quot; a fusion of Einsteinian physics, classicism, and Catholic mysticism.  In paintings such as ''[[The Madonna of Port Lligat]],'' ''[[Christ of Saint John of the Cross|The Christ of Saint John on the Cross]]'' and ''[[The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory]],'' Dalí sought to synthesize Christian iconography with images of material disintegration inspired by nuclear physics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.arton5th.com/Dali/bio.html|title=Salvador Dalí Bio, Art on 5th|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504050531/http://www.arton5th.com/Dali/bio.html|archive-date=4 May 2006|access-date=22 July 2006|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=4 May 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504050531/http://www.arton5th.com/Dali/bio.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 461–63&lt;/ref&gt; His later Nuclear Mysticism works included ''[[La Gare de Perpignan]]'' (1965) and ''[[The Hallucinogenic Toreador]]'' (1968–70).

Dalí's keen interest in natural science and mathematics was further manifested by the proliferation of images of DNA and [[rhinoceros horn]] shapes in works from the mid-1950s. According to Dalí, the rhinoceros horn signifies divine geometry because it grows in a logarithmic spiral.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Elliott H. King in [[Dawn Ades]] (ed.), ''Dalí'', Bompiani Arte, Milan, 2004, p. 456.&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí was also fascinated by the [[Tesseract]] (a four-dimensional cube), using it, for example, in ''[[Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)]]''.

Dalí had been extensively using optical illusions such as double images, [[anamorphosis]], [[negative space]], [[visual pun]]s and ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'' since his Surrealist period and this continued in his later work. At some point, Dalí had a glass floor installed in a room near his studio in Port Lligat. He made extensive use of it to study foreshortening, both from above and from below, incorporating dramatic perspectives of figures and objects into his paintings.&lt;ref name=&quot;AdesOptical&quot; /&gt;{{rp|17–18, 172}} He also experimented with the [[bulletism|bulletist]] technique&lt;ref name=&quot;bp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bonjourparis.com/Articles/Museums_and_Sights/The_Phantasmagoric_Universe_%E2%80%94_Espace_Dal%C3%AD_%C3%80_Montmartre/|title=The Phantasmagoric Universe&amp;nbsp;– Espace Dalí À Montmartre|author=BP Editor|work=Bonjour Paris|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528084739/http://www.bonjourparis.com/Articles/Museums_and_Sights/The_Phantasmagoric_Universe_%E2%80%94_Espace_Dal%C3%AD_%C3%80_Montmartre/|archive-date=28 May 2006|access-date=22 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[pointillism]], enlarged [[half-tone]] dot grids and stereoscopic images.&lt;ref name=&quot;AdesOptical&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor-last=Ades|editor-first=Dawn|title=Dalí's optical illusions : [Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, January 21 – March 26, 2000 : Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, April 19 – June 18, 2000; Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, July 25 – October 1, 2000]|year=2000|publisher=Yale Univ. Press|location=New Haven, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-300-08177-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was among the first artists to employ [[holography]] in an artistic manner.&lt;ref name=&quot;holo&quot;&gt;[http://www.holophile.com/history.htm The History and Development of Holography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712214057/http://www.holophile.com/history.htm |date=12 July 2011 }}. ''Holophile''. Retrieved on 22 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; In Dalí's later years, young artists such as [[Andy Warhol]] proclaimed him an important influence on [[pop art]].&lt;ref name=&quot;warhol&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmag/bk_issue/1998/mayjun/feat2.htm |title=Hello, Dalí |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927105155/http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmag/bk_issue/1998/mayjun/feat2.htm |archive-date=27 September 2006 |work=Carnegie Magazine |access-date=22 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1960, Dalí began work on his [[Dalí Theatre and Museum|Theatre-Museum]] in his home town of Figueres. It was his largest single project and a main focus of his energy through to 1974, when it opened. He continued to make additions through the mid-1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pitxot&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Pitxot|first=Antoni | author-link = Antoni Pitxot|title=The Dalí Theatre-Museum|date=2007|publisher=Triangle Postals|location=Sant Lluís, Menorca|isbn=978-84-8478-288-9|author2=Montse Aguer Teixidor  |author3=photography, Jordi Puig |author4= translation, Steve Cedar }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FGSD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.salvador-dali.org/museus/figueres/en_historia.html|title=Figueres: Teatre Museu Dalí – History|year=2010|publisher=Fundació Gala-Salvador Dalí|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-date=3 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403010843/http://www.salvador-dali.org/museus/figueres/en_historia.html|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=3 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403010843/http://www.salvador-dali.org/museus/figueres/en_historia.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1955 Dalí met Nanita Kalaschnikoff, who was to become a close friend, muse, and model.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 483–97&lt;/ref&gt; At a French nightclub in 1965 Dalí met [[Amanda Lear]], a fashion model then known as Peki Oslo. Lear became his protégée and one of his muses.  According to Lear, she and Dalí were united in a &quot;spiritual marriage&quot; on a deserted mountaintop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prose&quot;&gt;Prose, Francine. (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0rJ2EPVYbFUC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false The Lives of the Muses: Nine Women and the Artists they Inspired] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418233621/https://books.google.com/books?id=0rJ2EPVYbFUC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=18 April 2016 }}''. Harper Perennial. {{ISBN|0-06-055525-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lear&quot;&gt;Lear, Amanda. (1986) ''My Life with Dalí''. Beaufort Books. {{ISBN|0-8253-0373-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Final years and death ===
[[ဝှာင်:20061227-Figueres Sant Pere MQ.jpg|thumb|Church of ''Sant Pere'' in [[Figueres]], site of Dalí's baptism, first communion, and funeral]]
[[ဝှာင်: Salvador Dali Crypt in Figueres.jpg|thumb|Dalí's crypt at the [[Dalí Theatre and Museum|Dalí Theatre-Museum]] in [[Figueres]] displays his name and title]]

In 1968, Dalí bought a castle in Púbol for Gala, and from 1971 she would retreat there for weeks at a time, Dalí having agreed not to visit without her written permission.&lt;ref name=&quot;GalaGSDF&quot; /&gt; His fears of abandonment and estrangement from his longtime artistic muse contributed to depression and failing health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;

In 1980, at age 76, Dalí's health deteriorated sharply and he was treated for depression, drug addiction, and Parkinson-like symptoms, including a severe tremor in his right arm. There were also allegations that Gala had been supplying Dalí with pharmaceuticals from her own prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 574–79&lt;/ref&gt;

Gala died on 10 June 1982, at the age of 87. After her death, Dalí moved from Figueres to the castle in Púbol, where she was entombed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GalaGSDF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 589–91&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1982, [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|King Juan Carlos]] bestowed on Dalí the title of ''Marqués de Dalí de Púbol''&lt;ref name=&quot;Marquess title&quot;&gt;[http://www.heraldaria.com/phorum/read.php?f=1&amp;i=25695&amp;t=25695 Excerpts from the BOE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105053225/http://www.heraldaria.com/phorum/read.php?f=1&amp;i=25695&amp;t=25695 |date=5 January 2012 }} – Website Heráldica y Genealogía Hispana&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;[http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1989-4234 Dalí as &quot;Marqués de Dalí de Púbol&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104224345/http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1989-4234 |date=4 January 2012 }} – Boletín Oficial del Estado, the official gazette of the Spanish government&lt;/ref&gt; (''Marquess of Dalí of Púbol'') in the nobility of Spain, [[Púbol]] being where Dalí then lived. The title was initially hereditary, but at Dalí's request was changed to life-only in 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marquess title&quot; /&gt;

In May 1983, what was said to be Dalí's last painting, ''[[The Swallow's Tail]]'', was revealed. The work was heavily influenced by the mathematical [[catastrophe theory]] of [[René Thom]]. However, some critics have questioned how Dalí could have executed a painting with such precision given the severe tremor in his painting arm.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 603–604&lt;/ref&gt;

From early 1984 Dalí's depression worsened and he refused food, leading to severe undernourishment.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 602, 610&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí had previously stated his intention to put himself into a state of suspended animation as he had read that some microorganisms could do.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.all-art.org/art_20th_century/dali-6-12.html|title=Salvador Dalí – Paths to Immortality|website=History of Art|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731220713/http://www.all-art.org/art_20th_century/dali-6-12.html|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=31 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731220713/http://www.all-art.org/art_20th_century/dali-6-12.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 1984 a fire broke out in Dalí's bedroom and he was hospitalized with severe burns. Two judicial inquiries found that the fire was caused by an electrical fault and no findings of negligence were made.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 604–10&lt;/ref&gt; After his release from hospital Dalí moved to the Torre Galatea, an annex to the Dalí Theatre-Museum.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 610&lt;/ref&gt;

There have been allegations that Dalí was forced by his guardians to sign blank canvases that could later be used in forgeries.&lt;ref name=&quot;scandal&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=The Dalí Scandal: An Investigation | author=Mark Rogerson | isbn=978-0-575-03786-1 | publisher=Victor Gollancz | year=1989 | url=https://archive.org/details/daliscandalinv00roge }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also alleged that he knowingly sold otherwise-blank lithograph paper which he had signed, possibly producing over 50,000 such sheets from 1965 until his death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt; As a result, art dealers tend to be wary of late graphic works attributed to Dalí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forde_170&quot;/&gt;

In July 1986, Dalí had a pacemaker implanted. On his return to his Theatre-Museum he made a brief public appearance, saying:

{{quote|When you are a genius, you do not have the right to die, because we are necessary for the progress of humanity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://somatemps.me/2017/03/26/video-ultima-entrevista-a-dali-viva-el-rey-viva-espana-viva-cataluna/| title = Somatemps Catalanitat és Hispanitat, ''Última entrevista a Dalí: &quot;¡Viva el Rey, viva España, viva Cataluña!&quot;'' (video), published 26 March 2017| date = 26 March 2017| access-date = 22 July 2017| archive-date = 9 July 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170709151952/https://somatemps.me/2017/03/26/video-ultima-entrevista-a-dali-viva-el-rey-viva-espana-viva-cataluna/| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = https://elpais.com/diario/1986/07/17/cultura/521935202_850215.html| title = El País, ''Dalí vuelve a casa'', 17 July 1986| newspaper = El País| date = 16 July 1986| last1 = País| first1 = El| access-date = 22 July 2017| archive-date = 14 September 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172118/https://elpais.com/diario/1986/07/17/cultura/521935202_850215.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

In November 1988, Dalí entered hospital with heart failure. On 5 December 1988, he was visited by King Juan Carlos, who confessed that he had always been a serious devotee of Dalí.&lt;ref&gt;[[Meredith Etherington-Smith|Etherington-Smith, Meredith]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=soncxLrkYX0C&amp;dq The Persistence of Memory: A Biography of Dalí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419054622/https://books.google.com/books?id=soncxLrkYX0C&amp;dq |date=19 April 2016 }} p. 411, 1995 Da Capo Press, {{ISBN|0-306-80662-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí gave the king a drawing, ''Head of Europa'', which would turn out to be Dalí's final drawing.

On the morning of 23 January 1989, Dalí died of cardiac arrest at the age of 84.&lt;ref name=&quot;Artner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Artner |first1=Alan G. |title=Surrealist painter Salvador Dali, flamboyant art revolutionary |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1015353001 |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=24 Jan 1989 |page=9|id={{ProQuest|1015353001}} }}&lt;/ref&gt; He is buried in the crypt below the stage of his [[Dalí Theatre and Museum|Theatre-Museum]] in Figueres. The location is across the street from the church of ''Sant Pere'', where he had his [[baptism]], [[first communion]], and [[funeral]], and is only {{convert|450|m|ft}} from the house where he was born.&lt;ref&gt;[[Meredith Etherington-Smith|Etherington-Smith, Meredith]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=soncxLrkYX0C ''The Persistence of Memory: A Biography of Dalí'']{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, pp. xxiv, 411–12, 1995, Da Capo Press, {{ISBN|0-306-80662-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation|The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation]] currently serves as his official estate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.salvador-dali.org/en_index.html|title=Salvador Dalí's Museums – Gala|publisher=Salvador Dalí Foundation|website=www.salvador-dali.org|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625173816/http://www.salvador-dali.org/en_index.html|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=25 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625173816/http://www.salvador-dali.org/en_index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The US [[copyright]] representative for the Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation is the [[Artists Rights Society]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arsny.com/requested.html |title=Most frequently requested artists list of the Artists Rights Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131151943/http://arsny.com/requested.html |archive-date=31 January 2009 |publisher=[[Artists Rights Society]] |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=6 February 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206001342/http://www.arsny.com/requested.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Exhumation ====
On 26 June 2017 it was announced that a judge in Madrid had ordered the exhumation of Dalí's body in order to obtain samples for a [[paternity suit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=La exhumación del cuerpo de Salvador Dalí se inicia hoy a partir de las 20 horas |url=http://www.marca.com/tiramillas/actualidad/2017/07/20/59706333ca474183398b4636.html |date=20 July 2017 |access-date=20 July 2017 |newspaper=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |language=es |archive-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720151240/http://www.marca.com/tiramillas/actualidad/2017/07/20/59706333ca474183398b4636.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Joan Manuel Sevillano, manager of the ''Fundación Gala Salvador Dalí''  (The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation), denounced the exhumation as inappropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Grael|first=Vanessa|url=http://www.elmundo.es/catalunya/2017/07/21/5971a29b22601d47788b45e0.html|title=La fundación Gala Salvador Dalí carga contra la exhumación del pintor: &quot;Queremos una compensación patrimonial&quot;|date=21 July 2017|newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|access-date=21 July 2017|location=Figueres|language=es}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; The exhumation took place on the evening of 20 July, and his DNA was extracted.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Redacción |title=Muelas, uñas y huesos: las pruebas que demostrarán la supuesta paternidad de Dalí |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20170720/424249280386/exhumacion-paternidad-salvador-dali-hija.html |date=20 July 2017 |access-date=20 July 2017 |newspaper=[[La Vanguardia]] |language=es |archive-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720022816/http://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20170720/424249280386/exhumacion-paternidad-salvador-dali-hija.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  On 6 September 2017 the Foundation stated that the tests carried out proved conclusively that Dalí and the claimant were not related.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41180146 &quot;Salvador Dalí: DNA test proves woman is not his daughter&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616172344/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41180146 |date=16 June 2018 }}, BBC News.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josep&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Josep |first=Fita |title=El bigote de Dalí sigue intacto, marcando las 10 y 10, es un milagro |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20170721/424276137999/salvador-dali-pelo-unas-dos-huesos-largos-exhumación.html |date=21 July 2017 |access-date=21 July 2017 |newspaper=[[La Vanguardia]] |location=Barcelona |language=es |archive-date=10 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110213611/https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20170721/424276137999/salvador-dali-pelo-unas-dos-huesos-largos-exhumaci%C3%B3n.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 May 2020 a Spanish court dismissed an appeal from the claimant and ordered her to pay the costs of the exhumation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Court dismisses appeal from woman claiming to be Salvador Daíi's daughter|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/may/19/court-dismisses-appeal-from-woman-claiming-to-be-salvador-dalis-daughter|date=19 May 2020|website=The Guardian|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520003654/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/may/19/court-dismisses-appeal-from-woman-claiming-to-be-salvador-dalis-daughter|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Symbolism ==
From the late 1920s, Dalí progressively introduced many bizarre or incongruous images into his work which invite symbolic interpretation. While some of these images suggest a straightforward sexual or Freudian interpretation (Dalí read Freud in the 1920s) others (such as locusts, rotting donkeys, and sea urchins) are idiosyncratic and have been variously interpreted.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 207–08&lt;/ref&gt; Some commentators have cautioned that Dalí's own comments on these images are not always reliable.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 478&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Food ===
Food and eating have a central place in Dalí's thoughts and work. He associated food with beauty and sex and was obsessed with the image of the female praying mantis eating her mate after copulation.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 312&lt;/ref&gt; Bread was a recurring image in Dalí's art, from his early work ''[[The Basket of Bread]]'' to later public performances such as in 1958 when he gave a lecture in Paris armed with a 12-meter-long baguette.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ivc.lib.rochester.edu/breaking-dalinian-bread-on-consuming-the-anthropomorphic-performative-ferocious-and-eucharistic-loaves-of-salvador-dali/|title=Breaking Dalinian Bread|last=Pine|first=Julia|date=1 January 2010|website=InVisible Culture|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730163221/https://ivc.lib.rochester.edu/breaking-dalinian-bread-on-consuming-the-anthropomorphic-performative-ferocious-and-eucharistic-loaves-of-salvador-dali/|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=30 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730163221/https://ivc.lib.rochester.edu/breaking-dalinian-bread-on-consuming-the-anthropomorphic-performative-ferocious-and-eucharistic-loaves-of-salvador-dali/}}&lt;/ref&gt; He saw bread as &quot;the elementary basis of continuity&quot; and &quot;sacred subsistence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dalí|first=Salvador|title=The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-0-486-27454-6|location=New York|page=306}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The egg is another common Dalínian image. He connects the egg to the prenatal and intrauterine, thus using it to symbolize hope and love.&lt;ref name=&quot;symb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.countyhallgallery.com/education/dali_symbols.htm|title=Salvador Dalí's symbolism|work=County Hall Gallery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202083808/http://www.countyhallgallery.com/education/dali_symbols.htm|archive-date=2 December 2006|access-date=28 July 2006|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=2 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202083808/http://www.countyhallgallery.com/education/dali_symbols.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; It appears in ''[[The Great Masturbator]],'' ''[[Metamorphosis of Narcissus|The Metamorphosis of Narcissus]]'' and many other works''.''  There are also giant sculptures of eggs in various locations at Dalí's house in Port Lligat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8ehi--t7EYC&amp;q=portlligat+house+dali+eggs&amp;pg=PA284|title=Frommer's Barcelona|date=7 May 2007|publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-0-470-09692-5|edition=2nd|page=284|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210185332/https://books.google.com/books?id=v8ehi--t7EYC&amp;q=portlligat+house+dali+eggs&amp;pg=PA284|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as at the Dalí Theatre-Museum in Figueres.

Both Dalí and his father enjoyed eating sea urchins, freshly caught in the sea near Cadaqués. The radial symmetry of the sea urchin fascinated Dalí, and he adapted its form to many artworks. Other foods also appear throughout his work.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/dali/salvador/food.html|title=Salvador Dalí: Liquid Desire|work=ngv.vic.gov.au|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324231014/http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/dali/salvador/food.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The famous &quot;melting watches&quot; that appear in ''The Persistence of Memory'' suggest Einstein's theory that time is relative and not fixed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conquete&quot; /&gt; Dalí later claimed that the idea for clocks functioning symbolically in this way came to him when he was contemplating Camembert cheese.&lt;ref&gt;Salvador Dalí, ''The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí'' (New York: Dial Press, 1942), p. 317.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Animals ===
The rhinoceros and rhinoceros horn shapes began to proliferate in Dalí's work from the mid-1950s. According to Dalí, the rhinoceros horn signifies divine geometry because it grows in a [[logarithmic spiral]]. He linked the rhinoceros to themes of chastity and to the Virgin Mary.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; However, he also used it as an obvious phallic symbol as in ''[[Young Virgin Auto-Sodomized by the Horns of Her Own Chastity]].''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 478&lt;/ref&gt;

Various other animals appear throughout Dalí's work: rotting donkeys and ants have been interpreted as pointing to death, decay, and sexual desire; the [[snail]] as connected to the human head (he saw a snail on a bicycle outside Freud's house when he first met Sigmund Freud); and locusts as a symbol of waste and fear.&lt;ref name=&quot;symb&quot; /&gt; The elephant is also a recurring image in his work; for example, ''[[Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening]]''. The elephants are inspired by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]'s sculpture base in Rome of an [[Santa Maria Sopra Minerva#Minerva's Pulcino|elephant carrying an ancient obelisk]].&lt;ref&gt;Michael Taylor in [[Dawn Adès]] (ed.), ''Dalí'' (Milan: Bompiani, 2004), p. 342&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Science ===
Dalí's life-long interest in science and mathematics was often reflected in his work. His soft watches have been interpreted as references to Einstein's theory of the relativity of time and space.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conquete&quot; /&gt; Images of atomic particles appeared in his work soon after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 433–34&lt;/ref&gt; and strands of D.N.A. appeared from the mid-1950s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In 1958 he wrote in his ''Anti-Matter Manifesto'': &quot;In the Surrealist period, I wanted to create the iconography of the interior world and the world of the marvelous, of my father Freud. Today, the exterior world and that of physics have transcended the one of psychology. My father today is [[Werner Heisenberg|Dr. Heisenberg]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;triangle&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2005/04/29/Entertainment/Dali-Explorations.Into.The.Domain.Of.Science-944328.shtml?norewrite200608080502 |title=Dalí: Explorations into the domain of science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208181828/http://media.www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2005/04/29/Entertainment/Dali-Explorations.Into.The.Domain.Of.Science-944328.shtml |archive-date=8 December 2010 |work=The Triangle Online |access-date=8 August 2006 |last=Datta |first=Suman |page=1 |publisher=College Publisher |accessdate=18 May 2022 |archivedate=8 December 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208181828/http://media.www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2005/04/29/Entertainment/Dali-Explorations.Into.The.Domain.Of.Science-944328.shtml }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Salvador Dalí, &quot;Anti-Matter Manifesto,&quot; Carstairs Gallery, New York, December 1958 – January 1959, quoted in Elliott H. King, ‘Nuclear mysticism’, Salvador Dalí: Liquid Desire, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, 2009, p. 247.&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory]]'' (1954) harks back to ''The Persistence of Memory'' (1931) and in portraying that painting in fragmentation and disintegration has been interpreted as a reference to Heisenberg's quantum mechanics.&lt;ref name=&quot;triangle&quot; /&gt;

== Endeavors outside painting ==
Dalí was a versatile artist. Some of his more popular works are sculptures and other objects, and he is also noted for his contributions to theater, fashion, and photography, among other areas.

=== Sculptures and other objects ===
[[ဝှာင်:Hommage à Newton.jpg|thumb|upright|''Homage to Newton'' (1985), Bronze with dark patina. [[UOB Plaza]], [[Singapore]]. Dalí's homage to [[Isaac Newton]], with an open torso and suspended heart to indicate &quot;open-heartedness,&quot; and an open head indicating &quot;open-mindedness&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Jeong-Hee Kim|title=Understanding Narrative Inquiry: The Crafting and Analysis of Stories as Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHvmBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA24|date=3 March 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-1324-5|page=24|access-date=24 May 2021|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524145727/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHvmBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
From the early 1930s, Dalí was an enthusiastic proponent of the proliferation of three-dimensional Surrealist Objects to subvert perceptions of conventional reality, writing: &quot;museums will fast fill with objects whose uselessness, size and crowding will necessitate the construction, in deserts, of special towers to contain them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 289–93&lt;/ref&gt; His more notable early objects include ''Board of Demented Associations'' (1930–31), ''Retrospective Bust of a Woman'' (1933), ''Venus de Milo with Chest of Drawers'' (1936) and ''Aphrodisiac Dinner Jacket'' (1936). Two of the most popular objects of the Surrealist movement were ''[[Lobster Telephone]]'' (1936) and ''[[Mae West Lips Sofa]]'' (1937) which were commissioned by art patron [[Edward James]].&lt;ref name=&quot;natgalaust&quot;&gt;[http://www.nga.gov.au/International/Catalogue/Detail.cfm?IRN=2607 Lobster telephone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723233243/https://nga.gov.au/international/catalogue/detail.cfm?IRN=2607 |date=23 July 2021 }}. ''National Gallery of Australia''. Retrieved on 4 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Lobsters and telephones had strong sexual connotations for Dalí who drew a close analogy between food and sex.&lt;ref name=&quot;tate&quot;&gt;[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?workid=2988 Tate Collection | Lobster Telephone by Salvador Dalí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009112103/http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?workid=2988 |date=9 October 2011 }}. ''Tate Online''. Retrieved on 4 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; The telephone was functional, and James purchased four of them from Dalí to replace the phones in his home. The ''Mae West Lips Sofa'' was shaped after the lips of actress Mae West, who was previously the subject of Dalí's watercolor, ''The Face of Mae West which may be used as a Surrealist Apartment (1934–35)''.&lt;ref name=&quot;natgalaust&quot; /&gt;  In December 1936 Dalí sent Harpo Marx a Christmas present of a harp with barbed-wire strings.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 370&lt;/ref&gt;

After World War II Dalí authorized many sculptures derived from his most famous works and images. In his later years other sculptures also appeared, often in large editions, whose authenticity has sometimes been questioned.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/the-dali-sculpture-mess-211/|title=The Dali Sculpture Mess|last=Peterson|first=Than|date=1 December 2008|website=Art News|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807012452/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/the-dali-sculpture-mess-211/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1941 and 1970, Dalí created an ensemble of 39 pieces of jewelry, many of which are intricate, some containing moving parts. The most famous assemblage, ''The Royal Heart'', is made of gold and is encrusted with 46 rubies, 42 diamonds, and four emeralds, created in such a way that the center &quot;beats&quot; like a heart.&lt;ref&gt;Owen Cheatham Foundation. ''Dalí, a study of his art-in-jewels: the collection of the Owen Cheatham Foundation''. New York: New York Graphic Society. 1959. p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí ventured into industrial design in the 1970s with a 500-piece run of ''Suomi'' tableware by Timo Sarpaneva that Dalí decorated for the German Rosenthal porcelain maker's &quot;Studio Linie&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Faenza-Goldmedaille für SUOMI | journal=Artis | year = 1976 | volume = 29 | page = 8| issn = 0004-3842}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1969 he designed the Chupa Chups logo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=H. Vázquez|first=Carlos|date=2 July 2015|title=Cuando Dalí reinventó Chupa Chups|url=http://forbes.es/business/7188/cuando-dali-reinvento-chupa-chups/|journal=[[Forbes]]|language=es|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604112133/http://forbes.es/business/7188/cuando-dali-reinvento-chupa-chups/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He facilitated the design of the advertising campaign for the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest and created a large on-stage metal sculpture that stood at the [[Teatro Real]] in Madrid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Calandria|first=Juan|date=29 March 2017|title=Madrid acoge el festival de Eurovisión de 1969|url=http://eurovisionplanet.com/madrid-acoge-el-festival-de-eurovision-de-1969|journal=Eurovision Planet|language=es|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232657/http://eurovisionplanet.com/madrid-acoge-el-festival-de-eurovision-de-1969|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232657/http://eurovisionplanet.com/madrid-acoge-el-festival-de-eurovision-de-1969 |date=17 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Jacques|date=26 April 2009|title=40 años de Eurovisión 1969 – Segunda parte: Canciones 1–5|url=http://olevision.com/2009/04/40-anos-de-eurovision-1969-segunda-parte-canciones-1-5/|journal=Ole Vision|language=es|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232704/http://olevision.com/2009/04/40-anos-de-eurovision-1969-segunda-parte-canciones-1-5/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232704/http://olevision.com/2009/04/40-anos-de-eurovision-1969-segunda-parte-canciones-1-5/ |date=17 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ဝှာင်: Dali Sundial in Paris.jpg|thumb|A sundial painted by Dalí, 27 [[Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris]]]]

=== Theater and film ===
In theater, Dalí designed the scenery for [[Federico García Lorca]]'s 1927 romantic play ''[[Mariana Pineda (play)|Mariana Pineda]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/fglorca.htm |title=Federico García Lorca |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210175324/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/fglorca.htm |archive-date=10 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; For ''[[Bacchanale]]'' (1939), a ballet based on and set to the music of Richard Wagner's 1845 opera ''Tannhäuser'', Dalí provided both the set design and the libretto.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 385, 398–99&lt;/ref&gt; He executed designs for a number of other ballets including ''Labyrinth'' (1942), ''Sentimental Colloquy'', ''Mad Tristan'', ''The Cafe of Chinitas'' (all 1944) and ''[[The Three-Cornered Hat]]''  (1949).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marquette.edu/haggerty/exhibitions/past/dalihat.html |title=Past Exhibitions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903014732/http://www.marquette.edu/haggerty/exhibitions/past/dalihat.html |archive-date=3 September 2006 |work=[[Haggerty Museum of Art]] |access-date=8 August 2006 |publisher=[[Marquette University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Dalí became interested in film when he was young, going to the theater most Sundays.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dalí &amp; Film&quot;  Edt. Gale, Matthew. Salvador Dalí Museum Inc. St Petersburg, Florida. 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; By the late 1920s he was fascinated by the potential of film to reveal &quot;the unlimited fantasy born of things themselves&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 174&lt;/ref&gt; and went on to collaborate with the director Luis Buñuel on two Surrealist films: the 17-minute short ''[[Un Chien Andalou]]'' (1929) and the feature film ''[[L'Age d'Or]]'' (1930). Dalí and Buñuel agree that they jointly developed the script and imagery of ''Un Chien Andalou'', but there is controversy over the extent of Dalí's contribution to ''L'Age d'Or''.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 248–49&lt;/ref&gt; ''Un Chien Andalou'' features a graphic opening scene of a human eyeball being slashed with a razor and develops surreal imagery and irrational discontinuities in time and space to produce a dreamlike quality.&lt;ref&gt;Eberwein, Robert T. (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EbD_AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83&amp;dq= Film and the Dream Screen: A Sleep and a Forgetting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217091955/https://books.google.com/books?id=EbD_AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83&amp;dq= |date=17 February 2020 }}''. Princeton University Press. p. 83. {{ISBN|1-4008-5389-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ''L'Age d'Or'' is more overtly anti-clerical and anti-establishment, and was banned after right-wing groups staged a riot in the Parisian theater where it was being shown.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 267–74&lt;/ref&gt; Summarizing the impact of these two films on the Surrealist film movement, one commentator has stated: &quot;If Un Chien Andalou stands as the supreme record of Surrealism's adventures into the realm of the unconscious, then L'Âge d'Or is perhaps the most trenchant and implacable expression of its revolutionary intent.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Short, Robert. &quot;The Age of Gold: Surrealist Cinema, Persistence of Vision&quot; Vol. 3, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;

After he collaborated with Buñuel, Dalí worked on several unrealized film projects including a published script for a film, ''Babaouo'' (1932); a scenario for Harpo Marx called ''Giraffes on Horseback Salad'' (1937); and an abandoned dream sequence for the film ''Moontide'' (1942).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dali: Painting and Film,&quot; Press release, Museum of Modern Art, June 2008&lt;/ref&gt; In 1945 Dalí created the dream sequence in Hitchcock's ''[[Spellbound (1945 film)|Spellbound]]'', but neither Dalí nor the director was satisfied with the result.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 434–35&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí also worked with Walt Disney and animator John Hench on the short film ''[[Destino]]'' in 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; After initially being abandoned, the animated film was completed in 2003 by Baker Bloodworth and Walt Disney's nephew Roy E. Disney. Between 1954 and 1961 Dalí worked with photographer [[Robert Descharnes]] on ''The Prodigious History of the Lacemaker and the Rhinoceros'', but the film was never completed.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 479&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 1960s Dalí worked with some directors on documentary and performance films including with [[Philippe Halsman]] on ''Chaos and Creation'' (1960), [[Jack Bond (director)|Jack Bond]] on ''Dalí in New York'' (1966) and [[Jean-Christophe Averty]] on ''Soft Self-Portrait of Salvador Dalí'' (1966).&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 519, 726&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí collaborated with director José-Montes Baquer on the pseudo-documentary film ''Impressions of Upper Mongolia'' (1975), in which Dalí narrates a story about an expedition in search of giant hallucinogenic mushrooms.&lt;ref&gt;Elliott H. King, [http://www.kamera.co.uk/article.php/895 ''Dalí, Surrealism, and Cinema''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621210510/http://www.kamera.co.uk/article.php/895 |date=21 June 2007 }}, Kamera Books 2007, p. 169.&lt;/ref&gt; In the mid-1970s film director [[Alejandro Jodorowsky]] initially cast Dalí in the role of the Padishah Emperor in a production of ''Dune'', based on the novel by Frank Herbert. However, Jodorowsky changed his mind after Dalí publicly supported the execution of alleged ETA terrorists in December 1975. The film was ultimately never made.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 562&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jodorowskysdune.com/synopsis.html|title=Jodorowsky's Dune – Official Website of the Documentary – Synopsis|work=jodorowskysdune.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217071152/http://jodorowskysdune.com/synopsis.html|archive-date=17 February 2015|access-date=14 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1972 Dalí began to write the scenario for an opera-poem called ''[[Être Dieu]]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140802151038/http://www.salvadorbrand.com/Salvador-Brand/opera.html ''To Be God'']). The Spanish writer [[Manuel Vázquez Montalbán]] wrote the libretto and [[Igor Wakhévitch]] the music. The opera poem was recorded in Paris in 1974 with Dalí in the role of the protagonist.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 556–557&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fashion and photography ===
[[ဝှာင်: Salvador Dali A (Dali Atomicus) 09633u.jpg|thumb|'' Dalí Atomicus'', photo by [[Philippe Halsman]] (1948), shown before support wires were removed from the image]]
Fashion designer [[Elsa Schiaparelli]] worked with Dalí from the 1930s and commissioned him to produce a [[Lobster dress|white dress with a lobster print]]. Other designs Dalí made for her include a shoe-shaped hat and a pink belt with lips for a buckle. He was also involved in creating textile designs and perfume bottles. In 1950, Dalí created a special &quot;costume for the year 2045&quot; with Christian Dior.&lt;ref name=&quot;designs&quot;&gt;[http://www.designws.com/pagina/1dalieng.htm Dalí Rotterdam Museum Boijmans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022112905/http://www.designws.com/pagina/1dalieng.htm |date=22 October 2006 }}. ''Paris Contemporary Designs''. Retrieved on 8 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Photographers with whom he collaborated include [[Man Ray]], [[Brassaï]], [[Cecil Beaton]], and [[Philippe Halsman]]. Halsman produced the ''Dalí Atomica'' series (1948)&amp;nbsp;–  inspired by Dalí's painting ''Leda Atomica''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;–  which in one photograph depicts &quot;a painter's easel, three cats, a bucket of water, and Dalí himself floating in the air&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;designs&quot; /&gt;

=== Architecture ===
[[ဝှာင်: Dali museum.jpg|thumb|[[Dalí Theatre and Museum|Dalí Theatre-Museum]] in [[Figueres]] also holds the crypt where Dalí is buried]]
Dalí's architectural achievements include his Port Lligat house near Cadaqués, as well as his Theatre Museum in [[Figueres]]. A major work outside of Spain was the temporary ''Dream of Venus'' Surrealist pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair, which contained several unusual sculptures and statues, including live performers posing as statues.&lt;ref name=DrmVns&gt;{{cite book|last=Schaffner|first=Ingrid, Photogr. by Eric Schaal|title=Salvador Dalí's &quot;Dream of Venus&quot;: the surrealist funhouse from the 1939 World's Fair|year=2002|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56898-359-2|edition=1. }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Literary works ===
In his only novel, ''Hidden Faces'' (1944), Dalí describes the intrigues of a group of eccentric aristocrats whose extravagant lifestyle symbolizes the decadence of the 1930s. The Comte de Grandsailles and Solange de Cléda pursue a love affair, but interwar political turmoil and other vicissitudes drive them apart. It is variously set in Paris, rural France, Casablanca in North Africa, and Palm Springs in the United States. Secondary characters include aging widow Barbara Rogers, her bisexual daughter Veronica, Veronica's sometime female lover Betka, and Baba, a disfigured U.S. fighter pilot.&lt;ref&gt;Salvador Dalí: ''Hidden faces'': London: Owen: 1973&lt;/ref&gt; The novel was written in New York, and translated by [[Haakon Chevalier]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

His other literary works include ''The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí'' (1942), ''Diary of a Genius'' (1966), and ''Oui: The Paranoid-Critical Revolution'' (1971). Dalí also published poetry, essays, art criticism, and a technical manual on art.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 710–13 and ''passim''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Graphic arts ===
Dalí worked extensively in the graphic arts, producing many drawings, etchings, and lithographs. Among the most notable of these works are forty etchings for an edition of Lautréamont's ''The Songs of Maldoror'' (1933) and eighty drypoint reworkings of Goya's ''Caprichos'' (1973–77).&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 308–13, 567&lt;/ref&gt; From the 1960s, however, Dalí would often sell the rights to images but not be involved in the print production itself. In addition, a large number of fakes were produced in the 1980s and 1990s, thus further confusing the Dalí print market.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forde_170&quot;&gt;Forde, Kevin (2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=diNmCP6irQkC&amp;pg=PA170 Investing in Collectables: An Investor's Guide to Turning Your Passion Into a Portfolio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204140832/https://books.google.com/books?id=diNmCP6irQkC&amp;pg=PA170 |date=4 February 2020 }}''. Wiley. p. 170. {{ISBN|1-74246-821-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Book illustrations were an important part of Dalí's work throughout his career. His first book illustration was for the 1924 publication of the Catalan poem ''{{Ill|Les bruixes de Llers|ca}}'' (&quot;The Witches of Liers&quot;) by his friend and schoolmate, poet [[Carles Fages de Climent]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.abebooks.fr/bruixes-Llers-Fages-Climent-Carles-Ilustra/22923917071/bd| title = ''Les bruixes de Llers'', Fages de Climent, Carles. Ilustra: Salvador Dalí. Editorial Políglota (imp. Altés), 1924| access-date = 20 March 2020| archive-date = 20 March 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200320172432/https://www.abebooks.fr/bruixes-Llers-Fages-Climent-Carles-Ilustra/22923917071/bd| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2019/livres-et-manuscrits-pf1903/lot.104.html Dalí, Salvador, Carles Fages de Climent, ''Les bruixes de Llers'', primera edición: Barcelona, Editorial Políglota, 1924] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320172432/https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2019/livres-et-manuscrits-pf1903/lot.104.html |date=20 March 2020 }}. Sotheby's Paris, 18 June 2019&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080130143238/http://sapiens.ya.com/fagesdecliment/subpages/gibson1.htm &quot;The shameful life of Salvador Dalí&quot; (the witches of Liars)&quot;]. Extract Ian Gibson on Dalí and the theme of ''Les bruixes de Llers''&lt;/ref&gt; His other notable book illustrations, apart from ''The Songs of Maldoror'', include 101 watercolors and engravings for ''The Divine Comedy'' (1960) and 100 drawings and watercolors for ''The Arabian Nights'' (1964).&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 496–97, 512&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politics and personality ==
=== Politics and religion ===
[[ဝှာင်:Salvador Dali NYWTS.jpg|thumb|upright|Dalí in the 1960s, sporting his characteristic flamboyant moustache, holding his pet ocelot, Babou ]]
As a youth, Dalí identified as Communist, anti-monarchist and anti-clerical&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 64–67, 83–84&lt;/ref&gt; and in 1924 he was briefly imprisoned by the [[Miguel Primo de Rivera|Primo de Rivera dictatorship]] as a person &quot;intensely liable to cause public disorder&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 113–14&lt;/ref&gt; When Dalí officially joined the Surrealist group in 1929 his political activism initially intensified. In 1931, he became involved in the [[Workers and Peasants' Bloc|Workers' and Peasants' Front]], delivering lectures at meetings and contributing to their party journal.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 287–89&lt;/ref&gt; However, as political divisions within the Surrealist group grew, Dalí soon developed a more apolitical stance, refusing to publicly denounce fascism. In 1934, Andre Breton accused him of being sympathetic to Hitler and Dalí narrowly avoided being expelled from the group.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 320–25&lt;/ref&gt; After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Dalí avoided taking a public stand for or against the Republic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; However, immediately after Franco's victory in 1939, Dalí praised Catholicism and the Falange and was expelled from the Surrealist group.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

After Dalí's return to his native Catalonia in 1948, he publicly supported Franco's regime and announced his return to the Catholic faith.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), pp. 448, 465–66&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí was granted an audience with Pope Pius XII in 1949 and with [[Pope John XXIII]] in 1959. He had official meetings with General Franco in June 1956, October 1968, and May 1974.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 486, 543, 553&lt;/ref&gt; In 1968, Dalí stated that on Franco's death there should be no return to democracy and Spain should become an absolute monarchy.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 525–27&lt;/ref&gt; In September 1975, Dalí publicly supported Franco's decision to execute three alleged Basque terrorists and repeated his support for an absolute monarchy, adding: &quot;Personally, I'm against freedom; I'm for the Holy Inquisition.&quot;  In the following days, he fled to New York after his home in Port Lligat was stoned and he had received numerous death threats.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 560–62&lt;/ref&gt; When King Juan Carlos visited the ailing Dalí in August 1981, Dalí told him: &quot;I have always been an anarchist and a monarchist.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 587&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí espoused a mystical view of Catholicism and in his later years he claimed to be a Catholic and an agnostic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Robert Descharnes, Gilles Néret|url=https://archive.org/details/salvadordali190400robe/page/166|title=Salvador Dalí, 1904–1989|publisher=Benedikt Taschen|year=1994|isbn=978-3-8228-0298-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/salvadordali190400robe/page/166 166]|quote=Dalí, dualist as ever in his approach, was now claiming to be both an agnostic and a Roman Catholic.}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was interested in the writings of the Jesuit priest and philosopher [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin|Teilhard de Chardin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=McNeese|first=Tim|title=Salvador Dalí|publisher=Chelsea House|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7910-8837-1|page=102}}&lt;/ref&gt; and his [[Omega Point]] theory. Dalí's painting ''[[Tuna Fishing (painting)|Tuna Fishing (Homage to Meissonier)]]'' (1967) was inspired by his reading of Chardin.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 525&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sexuality ===
Dalí's sexuality had a profound influence on his work. He stated that as a child he saw a book with graphic illustrations of venereal diseases and this provoked a life-long disgust of female genitalia and a fear of impotence and sexual intimacy. Dalí frequently stated that his main sexual activity involved voyeurism and masturbation and his preferred sexual orifice was the anus.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 71–74,166, 232, 280–81&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí said that his wife Gala was the only person with whom he had achieved complete coitus.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 231&lt;/ref&gt; From 1927 Dalí's work featured graphic and symbolic sexual images usually associated with other images evoking shame and disgust. Images of anality and excrement also abound in his work from this time. Some of the most notable works reflecting these themes include ''[[The First Days of Spring]]'' (1929), ''[[The Great Masturbator]]'' (1929), and ''[[The Lugubrious Game]]'' (1929). Several of Dalí's intimates in the 1960s and 1970s have stated that he would arrange for selected guests to perform choreographed sexual activities to aid his voyeurism and masturbation.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 534&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dali's surreal world of orgies and onanism: Dirty Dali: A Private View |url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/dalis-surreal-world-orgies-and-onanism-2462086 |website=The Scotsman |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129112906/https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/dalis-surreal-world-orgies-and-onanism-2462086 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Sewell|first=Brian|date=1 January 2007|title=The Dalí I knew|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/exhibitions/the-dali-i-knew-6587130.html|journal=[[This Is London (website)|This is London]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707184041/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/arts/article-23398918-details/The+Dali+I+knew/article.do|archive-date=7 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Personality===
Dalí was renowned for his eccentric and ostentatious behavior throughout his career. In 1941, the Director of Exhibitions and Publications at MoMA wrote: &quot;The fame of Salvador Dalí has been an issue of particular controversy for more than a decade...Dalí's conduct may have been undignified, but the greater part of his art is a matter of dead earnest.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) pp. 413–14&lt;/ref&gt; When Dalí was elected to the [[Académie des Beaux-Arts|French Academy of Fine Arts]] in 1979, one of his fellow academicians stated that he hoped Dalí would now abandon his &quot;clowneries&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997) p. 569&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936, at the premiere screening of [[Joseph Cornell]]'s film ''[[Rose Hobart (film)|Rose Hobart]]'' at Julien Levy's gallery in New York City, Dalí knocked over the projector in a rage. &quot;My idea for a film is exactly that,&quot; he said shortly afterward, &quot;I never wrote it down or told anyone, but it is as if he had stolen it!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://andel.home.mindspring.com/cornell_notes.htm|title=Program Notes by Andy Ditzler (2005) and Deborah Solomon, ''Utopia Parkway: The Life of Joseph Cornell'' (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2003)|publisher=Andel.home.mindspring.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408200021/http://andel.home.mindspring.com/cornell_notes.htm|archive-date=8 April 2005|access-date=22 August 2010|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=8 April 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408200021/http://andel.home.mindspring.com/cornell_notes.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1939, while working on a window display for Bonwit Teller, he became so enraged by unauthorized changes to his work that he pushed a display bathtub through a plate glass window.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt; In 1955, he delivered a lecture at the Sorbonne, arriving in a Rolls Royce full of cauliflowers.&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Ian (1997), p. 479&lt;/ref&gt; To promote Robert Descharnes' 1962 book ''The World of Salvador Dalí'', he appeared in a Manhattan bookstore on a bed, wired up to a machine that traced his brain waves and blood pressure. He would autograph books while thus monitored, and the book buyer would also be given the paper chart recording.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisler&quot; /&gt;

After World War II, Dalí became one of the most recognized artists in the world, and his long cape, walking stick, haughty expression, and upturned waxed mustache became icons of his brand. His boastfulness and public declarations of his genius became essential elements of the public Dalí persona: &quot;every morning upon awakening, I experience a supreme pleasure: that of being Salvador Dalí&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian&quot;&gt;[http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/issues/2005/april/dali.php?page=3 The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303165950/http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/issues/2005/april/dali.php?page=3 |date=3 March 2007 }}. ''Smithsonian Magazine.'' 2005. Retrieved 31 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí frequently traveled with his pet [[ocelot]] [[Babou (ocelot)|Babou]], even bringing it aboard the luxury ocean liner SS ''France''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBCSSFrance&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Retired cruise ship now asbestos battleground |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12702721 |access-date=7 May 2022 |work=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also known to avoid paying at restaurants by executing drawings on the checks he wrote. His theory was the restaurant would never want to cash such a valuable piece of art, and he was usually correct.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.artexpertswebsite.com/artist/dali/#1553751766883-5b3c70ae-929a Salvador Dalí (1904–1989): Mysteries of the Surreal—Questionable Art, Thieves, and Outrageous Claims] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301033433/https://www.artexpertswebsite.com/artist/dali/#1553751766883-5b3c70ae-929a |date=1 March 2020 }}. artexpertswebsite.com. Retrieved on 18 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalí's fame meant he was a frequent guest on television in Spain, France and the United States, including appearances on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson on 7 January 1963 &lt;ref&gt;[Cite https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1529195/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231194056/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1529195/ |date=31 December 2021 }}] on which he created a work of art out of his own name,&lt;/ref&gt;  ''The Mike Wallace Interview''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/dali_salvador.html|title=Mike Wallace Interviews Salvador Dalí|work=The Mike Wallace Interview|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203083758/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/dali_salvador.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the panel show ''What's My Line?''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.retronaut.co/2011/07/whats-my-line-featuring-salvador-dali/ |title=Dalí on Whats my Line |work=retronaut.co |access-date=14 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602185039/http://www.retronaut.co/2011/07/whats-my-line-featuring-salvador-dali/ |archive-date=2 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/29/art-television_n_7156450.html|title=The Early Days Of Television Were Way More Avant-Garde Than You Give Them Credit For|first=Priscilla|last=Frank|date=29 April 2015|access-date=26 June 2017|newspaper=Huffington Post|archive-date=4 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904132937/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/29/art-television_n_7156450.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalí appeared on ''The Dick Cavett Show'' on 6 March 1970 carrying an anteater.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CmM19jBdrI| title = Salvador Dalí on the Dick Cavett Show, Youtube| website = [[YouTube]]| access-date = 20 November 2017| archive-date = 28 January 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170128132312/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CmM19jBdrI&amp;app=desktop| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He also appeared in numerous advertising campaigns such for {{illm|Lanvin (chocolate)|lt=Lanvin|fr|Lanvin (chocolat)}} chocolates&lt;ref name=&quot;Augustin&quot;&gt;[http://ehotelier.com/browse/news_item.php?id=P12135 Salvador Dalí at Le Meurice Paris and St Regis in New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011211226/http://ehotelier.com/browse/news_item.php?id=P12135 |date=11 October 2007 }} Andreas Augustin, ehotelier.com, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{youtube|O0Zc1heZlwc|Salvador Dali – Chocolat Lanvin $}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Braniff International Airlines in 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;Namath&quot;&gt;''Namath: A Biography'', [[Mark Kriegel]] [[iarchive:namath00mark/page/290|p. 290]]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Legacy==
Two major museums are devoted to Dalí's work: the Dalí Theatre-Museum in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain, and the Salvador Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida, U.S.

Dalí's life and work have been an important influence on pop art, other Surrealists, and contemporary artists such as Jeff Koons and Damien Hirst.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/tate-etc/issue-3-spring-2005/who-paints-bread-better-dali|title=Who Paints Bread Better than Dali|last=Koons|first=Jeff|date=March 2005|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609111948/https://www.tate.org.uk/tate-etc/issue-3-spring-2005/who-paints-bread-better-dali|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; He has been portrayed on film by [[Robert Pattinson]] in ''[[Little Ashes]]'' (2008), and by [[Adrien Brody]] in ''[[Midnight in Paris]]'' (2011). The [[Salvador Dalí Desert]] in Bolivia and the [[Dali (crater)|Dalí crater]] on the planet Mercury are named for him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 December 2020|title=La Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa cumple 47 años de creación|url=http://sernap.gob.bo/la-reserva-nacional-de-fauna-andina-eduardo-avaroa-cumple-47-anos-de-creacion/|url-status=live|access-date=7 July 2021|website=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210185334/http://sernap.gob.bo/la-reserva-nacional-de-fauna-andina-eduardo-avaroa-cumple-47-anos-de-creacion/|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=10 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210185334/http://sernap.gob.bo/la-reserva-nacional-de-fauna-andina-eduardo-avaroa-cumple-47-anos-de-creacion/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dali|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14507|access-date=30 June 2012|work=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature|publisher=[[NASA]]|archive-date=2 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602091702/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14507|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Spanish television series ''[[Money Heist]]'' (2017–2021) includes characters wearing a costume of red jumpsuits and Dalí masks.&lt;ref name=&quot;newstatesman_180824&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bock|first=Pauline|date=24 August 2018|title=Spanish hit series 'La Casa de Papel' captures Europe's mood a decade after the crash|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/tv-radio/2018/08/spanish-hit-series-la-casa-de-papel-captures-europe-s-mood-decade-after|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808075610/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/tv-radio/2018/08/spanish-hit-series-la-casa-de-papel-captures-europe-s-mood-decade-after|archive-date=8 August 2019|access-date=11 August 2019|website=New Statesman}}&lt;/ref&gt; The creator of the series stated that the Dalí mask was chosen because it was an iconic Spanish image.&lt;ref name=&quot;elpais_180712&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Ruiz de Elvira|first=Álvaro|date=13 July 2018|title=Álex Pina: &quot;Hay que hacer avances en la ficción, el espectador es cada vez más experto&quot;|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/07/12/television/1531403342_602750.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702110351/https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/07/12/television/1531403342_602750.html|archive-date=2 July 2019|access-date=10 August 2019|work=El País|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation protested against the use of Dalí's image without the authorisation of the Dalí estate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Eva Leira y Yolanda Serrano buscan el alma del actor para sus series|url=https://www.20minutos.com.mx/noticia/476793/0/eva-leira-y-yolanda-serrano-buscan-el-alma-del-actor-para-sus-series/|access-date=15 July 2021|website=20 Minutos|date=4 February 2019|publisher=20 Minutos Editora, S.L.|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306143524/https://www.20minutos.com.mx/noticia/476793/0/eva-leira-y-yolanda-serrano-buscan-el-alma-del-actor-para-sus-series/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the popular success of the series, there were reports of people in various countries wearing the costume while participating in political protests, committing crimes or as [[fancy dress]].&lt;ref name=&quot;newstatesman_180824&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;elpais_180326&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Marcos|first=Natalia|date=29 March 2018|title=Por qué 'La casa de papel' ha sido un inesperado éxito internacional|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/03/26/television/1522083264_215034.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702110348/https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/03/26/television/1522083264_215034.html|archive-date=2 July 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|website=El País|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Honors ==

* '''1964''': Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.museuberardo.pt/collection/artists/138|title=Dalí – Museu Berardo|website=en.museuberardo.pt|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=27 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527130700/http://en.museuberardo.pt/collection/artists/138|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=27 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527130700/http://en.museuberardo.pt/collection/artists/138}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1972''': Associate member of the [[Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.academieroyale.be/fr/details-690/relations/salvador-dali/secorig593/|title=Salvador Dalí|website=www.academieroyale.be|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023174020/http://www.academieroyale.be/fr/details-690/relations/salvador-dali/secorig593/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''1978:''' Associate member of the [[Académie des Beaux-Arts]] of the [[Institut de France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.academiedesbeauxarts.fr/academiciens-depuis-1795?field_chair_target_id=All&amp;field_election_date_value=1978-12-31&amp;field_death_date_value=1978-01-01&amp;year=1978|title=Académiciens depuis 1795|website=Academy des Beaux-Arts|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806232229/https://www.academiedesbeauxarts.fr/academiciens-depuis-1795?field_chair_target_id=All&amp;field_election_date_value=1978-12-31&amp;field_death_date_value=1978-01-01&amp;year=1978|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-05-18|archivedate=2020-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806232229/https://www.academiedesbeauxarts.fr/academiciens-depuis-1795?field_chair_target_id=All&amp;field_election_date_value=1978-12-31&amp;field_death_date_value=1978-01-01&amp;year=1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1981''': Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/19/arts/major-retrospective-honors-dali-in-spain.html|title=Major Retrospective Honors Dalí in Spain|date=19 April 1983|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=26 June 2017|last1=Darnton|first1=John|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023175348/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/19/arts/major-retrospective-honors-dali-in-spain.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1982''': Created 1st Marquess of Dalí of Púbol, by [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|King Juan Carlos]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== List of selected works ==
{{Main|List of works by Salvador Dalí}}
Dalí produced over 1,600 paintings and numerous graphic works, sculptures, three-dimensional objects, and designs.&lt;ref&gt;Descharnes, Robert and Néret, Giles, ''Dalí'', Taschen, 2001 – 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Below is a sample of important and representative works.

* ''[[Landscape Near Figueras]]'' (1910–14)
* ''[[Vilabertran (Dalí)|Vilabertran]]'' (1910–14)
* ''[[Cabaret Scene]]'' (1922)
* ''Night Walking Dreams'' (1922)
* ''[[The Basket of Bread]]'' (1926)
* ''Composition with Three Figures (Neo-Cubist Academy)'' (1927)
* ''Honey is Sweeter than Blood'' (1927)
* ''[[Un Chien Andalou]]'' (''An Andalusian Dog'') (1929) (film in collaboration with [[Luis Buñuel]])
* ''[[The Lugubrious Game]]'' (1929)
* ''[[The Great Masturbator]]'' (1929)
* ''[[The First Days of Spring]]'' (1929)
* ''[[L'Age d'Or]]'' (''The Golden Age'') (1930) (film in collaboration with Luis Buñuel)
* ''Board of Demented Associations'' (1930–31) (Surrealist object)
* ''Premature Ossification of a Railway Station'' (1931)
* ''[[The Persistence of Memory]]'' (1931)
* ''Retrospective Bust of a Woman'' (1933) (mixed media sculpture [[collage]])
* ''[[The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table]]'' (c.1934)
* ''[[Lobster Telephone]]'' (1936)
* ''Venus de Milo with Drawers'' (1936)
* ''[[Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)]]'' (1936)
* ''[[Metamorphosis of Narcissus]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Swans Reflecting Elephants]]'' (1937)
* ''[[The Burning Giraffe]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Mae West Lips Sofa]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Apparition of Face and Fruit Dish on a Beach]]'' (1938)
* ''[[Shirley Temple, The Youngest, Most Sacred Monster of the Cinema in Her Time]]'' (1939)
* ''[[Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire]]'' (1940)
* ''[[The Face of War]] (also known as The Visage of the War)'' (1940)
* ''[[Geopoliticus Child Watching the Birth of the New Man]]'' (1943)
* ''[[Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening]]'' (c.1944)
* ''[[Basket of Bread|Basket of Bread – Rather Death than Shame]]'' (1945)
* ''[[The Temptation of St. Anthony (Dalí)|The Temptation of St. Anthony]]'' (1946)
* ''[[The Elephants]]'' (1948) (also known as ''Project for &quot;As You Like It&quot;'')
* ''[[Leda Atomica]]'' (1947–1949)
* ''[[The Madonna of Port Lligat]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Christ of Saint John of the Cross]]'' (also known as ''The Christ)'' (1951)
* ''[[Galatea of the Spheres]] (1952)'' (also known as ''Gala Placidia'')
* ''[[The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory]]'' (1952–54)
* ''[[Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)]]'' (c.1954) (also known as Hypercubic Christ)
* ''[[Young Virgin Auto-Sodomized by the Horns of Her Own Chastity]]'' (1954)
* ''[[The Sacrament of the Last Supper]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Still Life Moving Fast]]'' (c. 1956) (also known as ''Fast-Moving Still Life'')
* ''[[The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus]]'' (1958)
* [[La Gare de Perpignan|''Perpignan Railway Station'']] (c. 1965)
* ''[[Tuna Fishing]]'' (1966–67)
* ''[[The Hallucinogenic Toreador]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Nieuw Amsterdam (Salvador Dali)|Nieuw Amsterdam]]'' (1974 object/sculpture)
* ''[[The Swallow's Tail]]'' (c.1983)

== Dalí museums and permanent exhibitions ==

* [[Dalí Theatre and Museum|Dalí Theatre-Museum]] – [[Figueres]], [[Catalonia]], Spain, holds the largest collection of Dalí's work
*[[Castle of Púbol|Gala Dalí House-Museum]] – [[Castle of Púbol]] in [[Púbol]], Catalonia, Spain
* [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia]] (Reina Sofia Museum) – Madrid, Spain, holds a significant collection
* [[Salvador Dalí House Museum]] – [[Port Lligat]], Catalonia, Spain
* [[Salvador Dalí Museum]] – [[St Petersburg, Florida]], contains the collection of [[Reynolds and Eleanor Morse]], and over 1500 works by Dalí, including seven large &quot;masterworks&quot;.

== ဗီုရုပ်ဂမၠိုင် ==
&lt;!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: Reproduction rights to Dalí images are tightly controlled by his estate. Images of Dalí's work may only be used in Wikipedia subject to certain restrictions, which should be understood before adding them to this article. The scarcity of images of Dalí's art in this article is largely due to these restrictions. --&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Dalí. Gala.JPG|''Gala in the Window'' (1933), [[Marbella]]
Salvador Dali The Rainbow 1972.jpg|'' The Rainbow'' (1972), [[M.T. Abraham Foundation]]
Dalí.Rinoceronte.JPG|''Rinoceronte vestido con puntillas'' (1956), [[Puerto José Banús]]
Plaza de Dalí (Madrid) 08.jpg|Plaza de Dalí (Dalí Square), Madrid
Dalí.Perseo.JPG|''Perseo'' (''[[Perseus]]''), Marbella
Children-at-Dali-exibition.jpg|Children at Dalí exhibition in [[Sakıp Sabancı Museum]], Istanbul
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== See also ==
* [[List of Spanish artists]]
* [[Salvador Dalí and Dance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
Important books by or about Salvador Dalí readily available in English include:

* Ades, Dawn, ''Salvador Dalí'', Thames and Hudson, 1995 (2nd ed.)
* Dalí, Salvador, ''Oui: the paranoid-critical revolution: writings 1927–1933,'' (edited by Robert Descharnes, translated by Yvonne Shafir), Boston: Exact Change, 1998
*Dalí, Salvador, ''The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí'',  New York, Dover, 1993 (translated by Haakon M. Chevalier, first published 1942)
* Dalí, Salvador, ''The Diary of a Genius'', London, Hutchinson, 1990 (translated by Richard Howard, first published 1964)
* Dalí, Salvador, ''The Unspeakable Confessions of Salvador Dalí'', London, Quartet Books, 1977 (first published 1973)
* Descharnes, Robert, ''Salvador Dalí''   (translated by Eleanor R. Morse), New York, Abradale Press, 1993
* Gibson, Ian, ''The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí'', London, Faber and Faber, 1997
* Shanes, Eric, ''Salvador Dalí'', Parkstone International, 2014

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|d=Q5577|c=Category:Salvador Dalí|q=Salvador Dalí|b=no|wikt=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=no}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ebxk4N5qWMo  Salvador Dalí on What's My Line?]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ubu.com/sound/dali.html |website=UbuWeb|title=Sound: Salvador Dalí}} Interview and bank advertisement.
* {{cite web|url=https://www.ina.fr/recherche/search?search=Salvador+Dali|title=Video: Salvador Dalí |website=INA Archives}} A collection of interviews and footage of Dalí in the French television
*[http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/dali_salvador.html Mike Wallace interviews Salvador Dalí] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320070928/https://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/dali_salvador.html |date=2019-03-20 }} 15 December 2015. Harry Ransom Center, the [[University of Texas at Austin]] 
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p00nw1ls/panorama-salvador-dali ''Panorama'': Salvador Dali] - [[Malcolm Muggeridge]] BBC interview, first transmitted 4 May 1955</text>
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The '''GNU Free Documentation License''' ('''GNU FDL''' or simply '''GFDL''') is a [[copyleft]] [[license]] for free documentation, designed by the [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF) for the [[GNU Project]]. It is similar to the [[GNU General Public License]], giving readers the rights to copy, redistribute, and modify (except for &quot;invariant sections&quot;) a work and requires all copies and derivatives to be available under the same license. Copies may also be sold commercially, but, if produced in larger quantities (greater than 100), the original document or source code must be made available to the work's recipient.

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The GFDL was released in draft form for feedback in September 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite newsgroup |title=New Documentation License--Comments Requested |author=Richard Stallman |date=12 September 1999 |newsgroup=gnu.misc.discuss |message-id=gnusenet199909120759.DAA04152@psilocin.gnu.org |url=http://tech-insider.org/free-software/research/1999/0912.html |access-date=August 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; After revisions, version 1.1 was issued in March 2000, version 1.2 in November 2002, and version 1.3 in November 2008. The current state of the license is version 1.3.&lt;ref name=&quot;onepoint3faq&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3-faq.html |title=FDL 1.3 FAQ |publisher=Gnu.org |access-date=2011-11-07 |accessdate=2023-09-15 |archivedate=2021-05-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501220257/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3-faq.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first discussion draft of the GNU Free Documentation License version 2 was released on September 26, 2006, along with a draft of the new [[GNU Simpler Free Documentation License]].

On December 1, 2007, Wikipedia founder [[Jimmy Wales]] announced that a long period of discussion and negotiation between and amongst the Free Software Foundation, Creative Commons, the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] and others had produced a proposal supported by both the FSF and Creative Commons to modify the Free Documentation License in such a fashion as to allow the possibility for the Wikimedia Foundation to migrate the projects to the similar [[Creative Commons Attribution 2.5|Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike]] (CC BY-SA) license.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Lessig |first=Lawrence |url=http://lessig.org/blog/2007/12/some_important_news_from_wikip.html |title=Some important news from Wikipedia to understand clearly (Lessig Blog) |publisher=Lessig.org |date=2007-12-01 |access-date=2011-11-07 |archive-date=2011-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026061623/http://lessig.org/blog/2007/12/some_important_news_from_wikip.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-09-15 |archivedate=2011-10-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026061623/http://lessig.org/blog/2007/12/some_important_news_from_wikip.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |title=Wikimediafoundation.org |publisher=Wikimediafoundation.org |access-date=2011-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; These changes were implemented on version 1.3 of the license, which includes a new provision allowing certain materials released under the (GFDL) license to be used under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license also.&lt;ref name=&quot;onepoint3faq&quot;/&gt;

== Conditions ==
Material licensed under the current version of the license can be used for any purpose, as long as the use meets certain conditions.
* All previous authors of the work must be [[Attribution (copyright)|attributed]].
* All changes to the work must be logged.
* All [[derivative work]]s must be licensed under the same license.
* The full text of the license, unmodified invariant sections as defined by the author if any, and any other added warranty disclaimers (such as a general disclaimer alerting readers that the document may not be accurate for example) and copyright notices from previous versions must be maintained.
* Technical measures such as [[digital rights management|DRM]] may not be used to control or obstruct distribution or editing of the document.

=== Secondary sections ===
The license explicitly separates any kind of &quot;Document&quot; from &quot;Secondary Sections&quot;, which may not be integrated with the Document, but exist as front-matter materials or appendices. Secondary sections can contain information regarding the author's or publisher's relationship to the subject matter, but not any subject matter itself. While the Document itself is wholly editable and is essentially covered by a license equivalent to (but mutually incompatible with) the [[GNU General Public License]], some of the secondary sections have various restrictions designed primarily to deal with proper attribution to previous authors.

Specifically, the authors of prior versions have to be acknowledged and certain &quot;invariant sections&quot; specified by the original author and dealing with his or her relationship to the subject matter may not be changed. If the material is modified, its title has to be changed (unless the prior authors permit to retain the title).

The license also has provisions for the handling of front-cover and back-cover texts of books, as well as for &quot;History&quot;, &quot;Acknowledgements&quot;, &quot;Dedications&quot; and &quot;Endorsements&quot; sections. These features were added in part to make the license more financially attractive to commercial publishers of software documentation, some of whom were consulted during the drafting of the GFDL.&lt;ref name=why&gt;Richard Stallman: [https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-gfdl.html Why publishers should use the GNU FDL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701092440/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-gfdl.html |date=2009-07-01 }}  Accessed on 2009-07-17&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gnufaq&quot;&gt;GNU project: [https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#WhyNotGPLForManuals Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses: Why don't you use the GPL for manuals?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212181300/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#WhyNotGPLForManuals |date=2018-02-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Endorsements&quot; sections are intended to be used in official standard documents, where the distribution of modified versions should only be permitted if they are not labeled as that standard anymore.&lt;ref name=&quot;gnufaq&quot;/&gt;

=== Commercial redistribution ===
The GFDL requires the ability to &quot;copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially&quot; and therefore is incompatible with material that excludes commercial re-use. As mentioned above, the GFDL was designed with commercial publishers in mind, as Stallman explained:{{quote|The GFDL is meant as a way to enlist commercial publishers in funding free documentation without surrendering any vital liberty. The 'cover text' feature, and certain other aspects of the license that deal with covers, title page, history, and endorsements, are included to make the license appealing to commercial publishers for books whose authors are paid.&lt;ref name=why/&gt;}} Material that restricts commercial re-use is incompatible with the license and cannot be incorporated into the work. However, incorporating such restricted material may be [[fair use]] under United States copyright law (or [[fair dealing]] in some other countries) and does not need to be licensed to fall within the GFDL if such fair use is covered by all potential subsequent uses. One example of such liberal and commercial fair use is [[parody]].

===Compatibility with Creative Commons licensing terms===
Although the two licenses work on similar copyleft principles, the GFDL is not compatible with the [[Creative Commons]] [[Creative Commons licenses|Attribution-ShareAlike]] license.

However, at the request of the [[Wikimedia Foundation]],&lt;ref name=&quot;onepoint3faq&quot;/&gt; version 1.3 added a time-limited section allowing specific types of websites using the GFDL to additionally offer their work under the CC BY-SA license. These exemptions allow a GFDL-based collaborative project with multiple authors to transition to the CC BY-SA 3.0 license, without first obtaining the permission of every author, if the work satisfies several conditions:&lt;ref name=&quot;onepoint3faq&quot;/&gt;
* The work must have been produced on a &quot;Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site&quot; (MMC), such as a public [[wiki]] for example.
* If external content originally published on a MMC is present on the site, the work must have been licensed under Version 1.3 of the GNU FDL, or an earlier version but with the &quot;or any later version&quot; declaration, with no cover texts or invariant sections. If it was not originally published on an MMC, it can only be [[Software relicensing|relicensed]] if it were added to an MMC before November 1, 2008.

To prevent the clause from being used as a general compatibility measure, the license itself only allowed the change to occur before August 1, 2009. At the release of version 1.3, the FSF stated that all content added before November 1, 2008, to Wikipedia as an example satisfied the conditions. The Wikimedia Foundation itself after a public referendum, invoked this process to [[dual-license]] content released under the GFDL under the [[CC BY-SA]] license in June 2009, and adopted a foundation-wide attribution policy for the use of content from Wikimedia Foundation projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration/ |title=Wikimedia community approves license migration |work=Wikimedia Foundation|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=2009-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_update_approval Wikimedia license update approval]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/30/licensing-update-rolled-out-in-all-wikimedia-wikis/ Licensing update rolled out in all Wikimedia wikis] on wikimedia.org by Erik Moeller on June 30th, 2009 ''&quot;Perhaps the most significant reason to choose CC-BY-SA as our primary content license was to be compatible with many of the other admirable endeavors out there to share and develop free knowledge&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt;

==Enforcement==
There have currently been no cases involving the GFDL in a court of law, although its sister license for software, the [[GNU General Public License]], has been successfully enforced in such a setting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BusyBox and the GPL Prevail Again - Updated 4Xs |url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20100803132055210 |first=Pamela |last=Jones |work=[[Groklaw]] |date=2010-08-03 |access-date=2019-05-17 |accessdate=2023-09-15 |archivedate=2010-08-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804000246/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20100803132055210 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the content of [[Wikipedia]] has been plagiarized and used in violation of the GFDL by other sites, such as [[Baidu Baike]], no contributors have ever tried to bring an organization to court due to violation of the GFDL. In the case of Baidu, Wikipedia representatives asked the site and its contributors to respect the terms of the licenses and to make proper attributions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/135550/article.html
|title=Baidu May Be Worst Wikipedia Copyright Violator
|publisher=[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]
|date=6 August 2007
|access-date=10 September 2007
|archive-date=April 21, 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421051401/http://www.pcworld.com/article/135550/article.html
|url-status=dead
|accessdate=15 September 2023
|archivedate=21 April 2016
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421051401/http://www.pcworld.com/article/135550/article.html
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Criticism==
Some critics consider the GFDL a non-free license. Some reasons for this are that the GFDL allows &quot;invariant&quot; text which cannot be modified or removed, and that its prohibition against [[digital rights management]] (DRM) systems applies to valid usages, like for &quot;private copies made and not distributed&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;nerode2007&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175219/http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html |archive-date=2007-12-10 |title=Why You Shouldn't Use the GNU FDL |date=2007-12-10 |access-date=2011-11-07 |first=Nathanael |last=Nerode |accessdate=2023-09-15 |archivedate=2007-12-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175219/http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Notably, the [[Debian]] project,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://people.debian.org/~srivasta/Position_Statement.xhtml |title=Draft Debian Position Statement about the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)|year=2006|access-date=2007-09-25 |first=Manoj |last=Srivastava |quote=''It is not possible to borrow text from a GFDL'd manual and incorporate it in any free software program whatsoever. This is not a mere license incompatibility. It's not just that the GFDL is incompatible with this or that free software license: it's that it is fundamentally incompatible with any free software license whatsoever. So if you write a new program, and you have no commitments at all about what license you want to use, saving only that it be a free license, you cannot include GFDL'd text. The GNU FDL, as it stands today, does not meet the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There are significant problems with the license, as detailed above; and, as such, we cannot accept works licensed under the GNU FDL into our distribution.''}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thomas Bushnell]],&lt;ref name=&quot;lwn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/59147/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713142623/http://lwn.net/Articles/59147/ |archive-date=2012-07-13 |title=Thomas Bushnell dismissed from Hurd project for criticizing GFDL |publisher=archive.is |access-date=2017-04-16 |date=2003-11-19 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nathanael Nerode,&lt;ref name=&quot;nerode2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009105046/http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html |archive-date=2003-10-09 |title=Why You Shouldn't Use the GNU FDL |access-date=2011-11-07 |first=Nathanael |last=Nerode |date=2003-09-24 |accessdate=2023-09-15 |archivedate=2007-12-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175219/http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Bruce Perens]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruceperens2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/09/msg00091.html |publisher=lists.debian.org/debian-legal |title=stepping in between Debian and FSF |author=Bruce Perens |author-link=Bruce Perens |date=2 Sep 2003 |access-date=2016-03-20 |quote=''FSF, a Free Software organization, isn't being entirely true to the Free Software ethos while it is promoting a license that allows invariant sections to be applied to anything but the license text and attribution. FSF is not Creative Commons:the documentation that FSF handles is an essential component of FSF's Free Software, and should be treated as such. In that light, the GFDL isn't consistent with the ethos that FSF has promoted for 19 years.''}}&lt;/ref&gt; have raised objections. Bruce Perens saw the GFDL even outside the &quot;Free Software ethos&quot;:&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruceperens2003&quot;/&gt;
{{quote|&quot;FSF, a Free Software organization, isn't being entirely true to the [[Free Software]] ethos while it is promoting a license that allows invariant sections to be applied to anything but the license text and attribution. [...] the GFDL isn't consistent with the ethos that FSF has promoted for 19 years.&quot;}}

In 2006, Debian developers voted to consider works licensed under the GFDL to comply with their [[Debian Free Software Guidelines]] provided that the invariant section clauses are not used.&lt;ref name=debianresolution&gt;Debian Project: [http://www.debian.org/vote/2006/vote_001.en.html#amendmenttexta Resolution: Why the GNU Free Documentation License is not suitable for Debian]. Voted February–March 2006. (Accessed June 20, 2009)&lt;/ref&gt; However, their resolution stated that even without invariant sections, GFDL-licensed software documentation is considered to be &quot;still not free of trouble&quot; by the project, namely because of its incompatibility with the major free software licenses.&lt;ref name=debianresolution/&gt;

Those opposed to the GFDL have recommended the use of alternative licenses such as the [[BSD License]] or the GNU GPL.&lt;ref name=debianresolution/&gt;

The [[FLOSS Manuals]] foundation, an organization devoted to creating manuals for free software, decided to eschew the GFDL in favor of the GPL for its texts in 2007, citing the incompatibility between the two, difficulties in implementing the GFDL, and the fact that the GFDL &quot;does not allow for easy duplication and modification&quot;, especially for digital documentation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=FLOSS Manuals Foundation|author-link1=FLOSS Manuals|title=License Change|url=http://en.flossmanuals.net/bin/view/Blog/LicenseChange/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080228211105/http://en.flossmanuals.net/bin/view/Blog/LicenseChange/|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2008|website=FLOSS Manuals Blog|publisher=FLOSS Manuals Foundation|access-date=20 June 2009|date=6 June 2007|accessdate=15 September 2023|archivedate=28 February 2008|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20080228211105/http://flossmanuals.net/bin/view/Blog/LicenseChange}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===DRM clause===
The GNU FDL contains the statement:

{{quotation|You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.}}

A criticism of this language is that it is too broad, because it applies to private copies made but not distributed. This means that a licensee is not allowed to save document copies &quot;made&quot; in a proprietary file format or using encryption.

In 2003, [[Richard Stallman]] said about the above sentence on the debian-legal mailing list:&lt;ref&gt;Richard Stallman (2003-09-06), [http://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/09/msg00212.html Re: A possible GFDL compromise]. Accessed on 2007-09-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{quotation|This means that you cannot publish them under DRM systems to restrict the possessors of the copies. It isn't supposed to refer to use of encryption or file access control on your own copy. I will talk with our lawyer and see if that sentence needs to be clarified.}}

===Invariant sections===
A GNU FDL work can quickly be encumbered because a new, different title must be given and a list of previous titles must be kept. This could lead to the situation where there are a whole series of title pages, and dedications, in each and every copy of the book if it has a long lineage. These pages cannot be removed until the work enters the [[public domain]] after [[copyright]] expires.

[[Richard Stallman]] said about invariant sections on the ''debian-legal'' mailing list:&lt;ref&gt;Richard Stallman, (2003-08-23), [http://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/08/msg00807.html Re: A possible GFDL compromise]. Accessed on 2007-09-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{quotation|The goal of invariant sections, ever since the 80s when we first made the GNU Manifesto an invariant section in the Emacs Manual, was to make sure they could not be removed. Specifically, to make sure that distributors of Emacs that also distribute non-free software could not remove the statements of our philosophy, which they might think of doing because those statements criticize their actions.}}

===GPL incompatible in both directions===
The GNU FDL is [[License compatibility|incompatible]] in both directions with the GPL—material under the GNU FDL cannot be put into GPL code and GPL code cannot be put into a GNU FDL manual.&lt;ref&gt;[http://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/04/msg00258.html Richard Braakman on Debian-legal] about GFDL/GPL incompatibility&lt;/ref&gt; At the June 22nd and 23rd 2006 international GPLv3 conference in Barcelona, [[Eben Moglen]] hinted that a future version of the GPL could be made suitable for documentation:&lt;ref&gt;[http://fsfe.org/projects/gplv3/barcelona-moglen-transcript#lgpl Transcript of Eben Moglen at the 3rd international GPLv3 conference; 22nd June 2006]: LGPL, like merging electronic weak. Accessed on 2009-06-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{quotation|By expressing LGPL as just an additional permission on top of GPL we simplify our licensing landscape drastically. It's like for physics getting rid of a force, right? We just unified electro-weak, ok? The grand unified field theory still escapes us until the document licences too are just additional permissions on top of GPL. I don't know how we'll ever get there, that's gravity, it's really hard.}}

===Burdens when printing===
The GNU FDL requires that licensees, when printing a document covered by the license, must also include &quot;this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document&quot;. This means that if a licensee prints out a copy of an article whose text is covered under the GNU FDL, they must also include a copyright notice and a physical printout of the GNU FDL, which is a significantly large document in itself. Worse, the same is required for the standalone use of just one (for example, Wikipedia) image.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://notablog.notafish.com/post/2005/04/21/26-why-the-wikimedia-projects-should-not-use-gfdl-as-a-stand-alone-license-for-images |title=Why the Wikimedia projects should not use GFDL as a stand alone license for images |publisher=Notablog.notafish.com |date=2005-04-21 |access-date=2021-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several Wikimedia projects have over the years abandoned the use of GFDL, among them the English Wikipedia, which has relicensed the files.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/305892/ |first=Jonathan |last=Corbet |title=GFDL 1.3: Wikipedia's exit permit |date=5 November 2008 |access-date=2023-06-08 |newspaper=LWN.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wikivoyage]], a web site dedicated to [[free content]] travel guides, chose not to use the GFDL from the beginning because it considers it unsuitable for short printed texts.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikivoyage:Project:Why Wikivoyage isn't GFDL]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Other licenses for free works ==
Some of these were developed independently of the GNU FDL, while others were developed in response to perceived flaws in the GNU FDL.
* [[GNU Simpler Free Documentation License]]
* [[Creative Commons licenses]]
* [[Design Science License]]
* [[Free Art license]]
* [[FreeBSD Documentation License]]
* [[Open Content License]]
* [[Open Game License]]
* [[Open Publication License]]
* [[WTFPL]]

== List of projects that use the GFDL ==
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
* Most projects of the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], including [[Wikipedia]] (excluding [[Wikivoyage]] and [[Wikinews]]) - On June 15, 2009, the Section 11 clauses were used to dual-license the content of these wikis under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license and GFDL.
* An Anarchist FAQ
* [[Citizendium]] - the project uses GFDL for articles originally from Wikipedia.
* [[Free On-line Dictionary of Computing]]
* [[Last.fm]] - artists descriptions are under GFDL
* [[Marxists Internet Archive]]
* [[PlanetMath]] (now uses CC-BY-SA license)
* [[Rosetta Code]]
* [[SourceWatch]]
* The specification documents that define [[TRAK]], an [[enterprise architecture framework]], are released under the GFDL.
* ''Abstract Algebra'' by Thomas W. Judson.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last1=Judson | first1=Thomas W. | title=Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications | year=2015 | url=http://abstract.ups.edu/ | accessdate=2023-09-15 | archivedate=2013-07-01 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701030707/http://abstract.ups.edu/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* the [[Baseball-Reference]]'s BR Bullpen, a free user-contributed baseball wiki

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
&lt;!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order &amp; add a short description [[WP:SEEALSO]] --&gt;
{{div col|small=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* [[BSD license]]
* [[Copyleft]]
* [[Copyright]]
* [[Free software license]]
* [[GNU]]
* [[Non-commercial educational]]
* [[Open content]]
* [[Share-alike]]
* [[Software licensing]]
{{div col end}}
&lt;!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order --&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
{{listen|filename=GFDL (English).ogg|title=Listen to the GFDL (0:23:28) version 1.2, November 2002, (recorded 2005-05-28)|description=Audio recording of the full text of the GNU Free Documentation License.|format=[[Ogg]]}}
* [http://gplv3.fsf.org/doclic-dd1-guide.html FSF guide to the new drafts of documentation licenses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205175357/http://gplv3.fsf.org/doclic-dd1-guide.html |date=2012-02-05 }}
* [https://gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html GFDL official text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512061818/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html |date=2019-05-12 }}
* [https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html Free Software and Free Manuals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815064923/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html |date=2021-08-15 }}, essay by Richard Stallman
* [https://opensource.apple.com/cdl/ Apple's Common Documentation License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331154525/http://www.opensource.apple.com/cdl/ |date=2009-03-31 }}, an alternative license

{{GNU}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gnu Free Documentation License}}
[[Category:GNU Project]]
[[Category:Free content licenses]]
[[Category:Software documentation]]
[[Category:Copyleft]]
[[Category:Free Software Foundation]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software licenses]]
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| conflict          = Operation 1027
| partof            = the [[Myanmar civil war (2021–present)|Myanmar civil war]]
| image             = Operation 1027.svg
| caption           = Map as of 16 November 2023
{{leftlegend|#cae7c4|Gains made by anti-junta forces}}
| date              = 27 October 2023 – present&lt;br/&gt;({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|2023|10|27}})
| place             = [[Shan State]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mandalay Region]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sagaing Region]]&lt;br&gt;[[China–Myanmar border]]&lt;br&gt;[[India–Myanmar border]]
| territory         = Anti-junta forces capture 9 towns{{efn|name=settlements|[[Chinshwehaw]], [[Pang Hseng]], [[Hsenwi]], [[Rikhawdar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/nine-towns-occupied-by-myanmar-military-for-decades-lost-to-resistance-in-days.html | title=Nine Towns Occupied by Myanmar Military for Decades Lost to Resistance in Days | date=15 November 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Namhkam, Shan State|Namhkam]],&lt;ref name=namhkammn/&gt; [[Kawlin]], [[Kunlong]], [[Mong Ko]], [[Khampat]] and [[Pauktaw]].}}
| status            = Ongoing
| combatant1        = {{flagdeco|Myanmar}} [[State Administration Council]]
*{{flagicon image|Shoulder sleeve insignia of the Myanmar Border Guard Forces.svg|border=}}  [[Kokang SAZ|Kokang]] [[Border Guard Forces|BGF]]
| combatant2        = [[Three Brotherhood Alliance]] and other rebels
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
* {{flagdeco|Myanmar|military}} [[Min Aung Hlaing]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Kokang Self-Administered Zone.svg}} [[Tun Tun Myint]]&lt;ref name=sazmyanmarnow/&gt;
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon image|Infobox AA.png}} [[Twan Mrat Naing]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army.svg}} [[Peng Daxun]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ta'ang National Liberation Army.svg}} [[Tar Bone Kyaw]]
}}
| units1            = {{armed forces|Myanmar}}
* {{army|Myanmar}}
** {{flagicon image|Mm-north-eastern-rmc.svg}} [[Myanmar Army#Regional Military Commands (RMC)|Northeastern Command]]
* {{air force|Myanmar}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Myanmar Police Force.svg}} [[Myanmar Police Force]]
** {{flagicon image|Myanmar Police Emblem.png}} [[Border Guard Police]]
| units2            = '''Three Brotherhood Alliance:'''
* {{flagicon image|Infobox AA.png}} [[Arakan Army]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army.svg}} [[Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ta'ang National Liberation Army.svg}} [[Ta'ang National Liberation Army]]
'''Other anti-junta forces:'''
* {{flagicon image|Kachin Independence Army flag.svg}} [[Kachin Independence Army]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Bamar People's Liberation Army.svg}} [[Bamar People's Liberation Army]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AlJazeera-NorthernOffensive&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Fishbein |first1=Emily |last2=Hkawng |first2=Jaw Tu |last3=Awng |first3=Zau Myet |title=Northern offensive brings 'new energy' to Myanmar's anti-coup resistance |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/northern-offensive-brings-new-energy-to-myanmars-anti-coup-resistance |date=3 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105001619/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/northern-offensive-brings-new-energy-to-myanmars-anti-coup-resistance |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon image|Flag of PDF Myanmar.svg}} [[People's Defence Force (Myanmar)|Mandalay-People's Defence Force]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Liberation Army (Myanmar).png}} [[Communist Party of Burma#2021 reemergence|People's Liberation Army]]
* {{flagicon image|KNDF Flag.jpg}} [[Karenni Nationalities Defence Force]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=မြေပြင်စစ်ကူဝင်နိုင်သည့် လမ်းကြောင်းများကို မြောက်ပိုင်းမဟာမိတ် ထိန်းချုပ် |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/11/03/376045.html |access-date=3 November 2023 |work=The Irrawaddy|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104221117/https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/11/03/376045.html|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*  {{flagicon image|Flag of the Karenni Army.png}} [[Karenni Army]]
'''Supported by:'''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Myanmar.svg}} [[National Unity Government of Myanmar|National Unity Government]]
* {{CHN}}{{efn|name=Chn|China supports the rebels in their sweeping crackdown on [[Internet fraud|online scams]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/does-china-s-anti-fraud-fight-lead-to-the-conflict-in-myanmar-20231120/7362132.html|title=反电诈传捷报？缅北势力多受中共扶植，多民族矛盾下民主难产|work=VOAChinese|date=2023-11-20|language=zh-cn|access-date=20 November 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120114958/https://www.voachinese.com/a/does-china-s-anti-fraud-fight-lead-to-the-conflict-in-myanmar-20231120/7362132.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and took a hands-off approach to the offensives launched by the Three Brotherhood Alliance.&lt;ref name=diplomattacit/&gt;}}{{Dubious|Chinese Support|date=November 2023}}
| strength1         = Unknown
| strength2         = 20,000&lt;ref name=&quot;sevenpoints&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Seven Key Points About Myanmar Ethnic Alliance's 'Operation 1027' |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/seven-key-points-about-myanmar-ethnic-alliances-operation-1027.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |work=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104221125/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/seven-key-points-about-myanmar-ethnic-alliances-operation-1027.html|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| casualties1       = 298 killed&lt;ref name=&quot;irrawaddy1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=At Least 170 Myanmar Junta Troops Killed in Five Days of Resistance Attacks |date=30 October 2023  |website=The Irrawaddy |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/at-least-170-myanmar-junta-troops-killed-in-five-days-of-resistance-attacks.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104221132/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/at-least-170-myanmar-junta-troops-killed-in-five-days-of-resistance-attacks.html|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;englishdvb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://english.dvb.no/more-people-flee-in-sagaing-un-alarmed-about-fights-in-northern-shan-state/ |title=More people flee in Sagaing; UN alarmed about fights in northern Shan State |date=8 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-09 |archive-date=2023-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109043136/https://english.dvb.no/more-people-flee-in-sagaing-un-alarmed-about-fights-in-northern-shan-state/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;300+ captured
| casualties2       = Unknown
| casualties3       = 150 civilians killed&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/conflicts-in-numbers/myanmar-junta-killed-at-least-150-civilians-since-operation-1027-launch.html|title=Myanmar Junta killed at least 150 civilians since Operation 1027|date=17 November 2023|access-date=2023-11-17|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120160102/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/conflicts-in-numbers/myanmar-junta-killed-at-least-150-civilians-since-operation-1027-launch.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;, 94 injured (as of November 20)&lt;br /&gt;200,000 displaced&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231115-un-says-more-than-200-000-people-displaced-in-recent-myanmar-fighting  |title=UN says more than 200,000 people displaced in recent Myanmar fighting |date=15 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| notes             = 
| campaignbox       = 
}}

'''ပရေင်ပၞာန် ၁၀၂၇''' ({{lang-en| Operation 1027}}, {{lang-my|၁၀၂၇ စစ်ဆင်ရေး}}) ဂှ် ဒှ် ပရေင်ပၞာန် မကတဵုဒှ်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲရးနိဂီုဗၟာ မစဗတိုက် နကဵု ဂကောံမဟာမိတ်ကောဒေအ်ပိ (Three Brotherhood Alliance) မကော်ဂး ဒပ်ပၞာန်ယခေင်  (Arakan Army - AA) (ဒပ်ယခေင်)၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေတ္တေစ် ကောန်ဂကူမျာန်မာ (Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army - MNDAA) (ဒပ်ကဝ်က) ကေုာံ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၠးၜးကောန်ဂကူတအင် (Ta'ang National Liberation Army - TNLA) (ဒပ်တအင်) တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/myanmar-operation-1027-11102023122533.html|title=Operation 1027 poses rare challenge to Myanmar junta|date=10 November 2023|access-date=2023-11-10|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117024701/https://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/myanmar-operation-1027-11102023122533.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/new-escalation-armed-conflict-myanmar|title=A New Escalation of Armed Conflict in Myanmar|date=17 November 2023|access-date=2023-11-17|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118215814/https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/new-escalation-armed-conflict-myanmar|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဒပ်မဟာမိတ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲမွဲအခိင်ဓဝ် လုပ်ဗတိုက် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ၊ ရုပ်ဗၠာဲသၟိင်ဗၟာ ကေုာံ ရုင်အလဵုအသဳဗၟာ မနွံ ပ္ဍဲဒေသသၟဝ်ကျာ တွဵုရးသေံဇၞော် ပွိုင်ဍုင် ကောတ်ခါင် (Kutkai)၊ ကျောက်မေဝ် (Kyaukme)၊ မူသေဝ် (Muse)၊ ဏာမ်ခါမ် (Namhkam)၊ နောင်ချဝ် (Nawnghkio)၊ လာရှဝ် (Lashio) ကေုာံ ချေန်ယှိုယ်ဟဝ် (Chinshwehaw) တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ethnic rebels launch attacks across northern Myanmar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2023/oct/27/ethnic-rebels-launch-attacks-across-northern-myanmar-2627527.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |agency=AFP News |publisher=The New Indian Express|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104221142/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2023/oct/27/ethnic-rebels-launch-attacks-across-northern-myanmar-2627527.html|archivedate=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;alj&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ethnic rebel alliance attacks military positions across northern Myanmar. |language=en |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/ethnic-rebel-alliance-attacks-military-positions-across-northern-myanmar |date=27 October 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=2023-10-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027204447/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/ethnic-rebel-alliance-attacks-military-positions-across-northern-myanmar |archivedate=27 October 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; ကြဴနူဂှ် ဂကောံပၠန်ဂတးတအ်ဂှ် ဆက်သၠဲပ္တိတ် ထဍိုက်ပၞာန် မ္ၚး တွဵုရးသေံဇၞော် ဇရေင် ရးဇၞော်သကာင် (Sagaing Region)၊ တွဵုရးသေံသၠုင်ကျာ ဍုင်မဝ်ဂုက် (Mogok)၊ ရးဇၞော် မာန္တလေ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ထဳချာင် (Htigyaing)တုဲ သီဂွံအာ ဍုင်ကဝ်လေန် (Kawlin)ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2023-10-31 |title=Myanmar Ethnic Alliance Says 'Operation 1027' Has Spread to Sagaing |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-ethnic-alliance-says-operation-1027-has-spread-to-sagaing.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104221523/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-ethnic-alliance-says-operation-1027-has-spread-to-sagaing.html|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naing |first=Aung |date=2023-10-31 |title=Operation 1027 expands into Sagaing Region as PDF launches attacks in central Myanmar |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/operation-1027-expands-into-sagaing-region-as-pdf-launches-attacks-in-central-myanmar/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Myanmar Now |language=en-US|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104221546/https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/operation-1027-expands-into-sagaing-region-as-pdf-launches-attacks-in-central-myanmar/|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;/&gt; နူ စဗတိုက် စဵုကဵု စိုပ် ဂိတုနဝ်ဝေမ္ဗာ ၁၁ ၂၀၂၃ ဂှ် ဒပ်မဟာမိတ်ဂှ် သီဂွံ ဗဒိုပ် ကေုာံ ရုင်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ၁၆၈ ဒၞာဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zan |first=Hein Htoo |date=2023-11-11 |title=More Myanmar Junta Bases Fall in Shan Fighting: MNDAA |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/more-myanmar-junta-bases-fall-in-shan-fighting-mndaa.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114022726/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/more-myanmar-junta-bases-fall-in-shan-fighting-mndaa.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပရေင်ပၞာန်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဒစဵုဒစး အလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဗီုကဵု ဒပ်ဒစဵုဒနာညးဍုင်ကွာန် ပဳဒဳအေပ် တအ်လေဝ် ပါလုပ် ပံင်တောဲလဝ် နွံကီုရ။

နူစ နဝ်ဝေမ္ဗာ ၇ ဂှ် ဂကောံလွပ်လွဟ်ဂမၠိုင် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးကရေင်ဍာဲ တအ်လေဝ် နကဵု မထံက်ဂလာန် ပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ပၞာန်ဏအ်တုဲ လလောင်တြး ပရေင်ပၞာန် ၁၁၀၇ ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ကရင်နီဒေသ ၁၁၀၇ စစ်ဆင်ရေး တိုက်ပွဲ ဆင်နွှဲ |url=https://www.bbc.com/burmese/articles/cyx2379qdz9o |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=BBC News မြန်မာ |date=9 November 2023 |language=my |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110124854/https://www.bbc.com/burmese/articles/cyx2379qdz9o |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== တင်ရန်တၟအ် ==
ဒပ်မဟာမိတ်ကောဒေအ်ပိဂှ် ပ္တိတ် လိက်လလောင်တရးအပံင်တွောဲ နဒဒှ် လလောင်တြး သွက်ဂွံစ ပရေင်ပၞာန် ၁၀၂၇ ပ္ဍဲ ဂိတုအံက်တဝ်ဗာ ၂၇၊ ၂၀၂၃ ရ။ ဒပ်မဟာမိတ်ဂှ် နွံဒြဟတ် ကောန်ပၞာန် ၜိုတ် ၁၅,၀၀၀။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ethnic rebel groups launch Operation 1027 to seize areas on the Chinese border |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Ethnic-rebel-groups-launch-Operation-1027-to-seize-areas-on-the-Chinese-border-59450.html |date=28 October 2023 |work=PIME AsiaNews |language=en|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104221617/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Ethnic-rebel-groups-launch-Operation-1027-to-seize-areas-on-the-Chinese-border-59450.html|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲ လိက်လလောင်တရးဂှ် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် တင်ရန်တၟအ် အဓိက ပရေင်ပၞာန်ဂှ် အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံရ။ 

* တၞဟ်န မဂွံစဵုဒၞာ လမျီု၊ သ္ၚိဌာန် ကေုာံ ပိုန်ဒြပ် ညးဍုင်ကွာန် မာန် (''ပြည်သူလူထု၏ အသက်၊ အိုးအိမ်၊ စည်းစိမ်များကို ကာကွယ်နိုင်ရေး'')။
* တၞဟ်န မဂွံစဵုဒၞာဇကုဇကု မာန် (''မိမိကိုယ်မိမိ ခုခံကာကွယ်နိုင်ရေး'')။ 
* တၞဟ်န မဂွံဆက်ထိင်ဒဝ် တိဍာ်ဇကု ဂၠိုင်နူ လၟုဟ် မာန် (''မိမိတို့ ဒေသကို မိမိတို့ ယခုထက် ပိုမိုထိန်းချုပ်နိုင်ရေး'')။
* တၞဟ်န မဂွံစဵုဒၞာ လတူ ကံင်သဳပၞာန် အခိင်ဟွံရုဲ မကၠုင်ပန်ဒၟံင် နကဵုက္ၜင်ကျာ၊ လွဟ်ဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲဒေသဇကု မာန် (''မိမိတို့အဖွဲ့အစည်းများအပေါ် စစ်ကောင်စီမှ လေကြောင်း၊ လက်နက်ကြီးများဖြင့် နေ့၊ ည အချိန်မရွေး ပစ်ခတ်တိုက်ခိုက်နေမှုများအပေါ် ဟန့်တားမှု ရရှိနိုင်ရေး'')။
* တၞဟ်န မဂွံပဠက်ဗပိုတ်ရိုဟ်ကၞက် သၞောတ်တၠအဝဵု မဒှ်ကမၠောန် ကောန်ဍုင်ဗၟာတအ် သီုဖအိုတ် မနွံပၟိက် (မြန်မာပြည်သူတစ်ရပ်လုံး၏ လိုလားချက်ဖြစ်သော စစ်အာဏာရှင်စနစ် အမြစ်ပြတ်ရေး)။ 
* တၞဟ်န မဂွံဖအိုတ်ကၠေအ် ကမၠောန်ဝေင်ဇျင်အန်လာင်အလီ မကတဵုဒှ်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲမွဲဒမြိပ် ပယျဵုအကြာ ရးနိဂီုဗၟာ-ကြုက် ကေုာံ ဗတိုက်သရိုဟ် ကမၠောန်ဝေင်ဂါမ်အန်လာင် (ကျဖျင်) မကၠောန်ဒၟံင် နကဵု ကံင်သဳပၞာန် ကေုာံ ဂကောံပျဳသူသေတ်ဗၟာ တအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ULA / |first=AA |date=2023-10-27 |title=Statement |url=https://www.arakanarmy.net/post/statement-3 |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=ARAKAN ARMY |language=en |ref=aa statement|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104221652/https://www.arakanarmy.net/post/statement-3|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;abc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alliance of 3 ethnic rebel groups carries out coordinated attacks in northeastern Myanmar |website=[[ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/alliance-3-ethnic-rebel-groups-carries-coordinated-attacks-104431614|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104221713/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/alliance-3-ethnic-rebel-groups-carries-coordinated-attacks-104431614|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

နကဵု လညာတ် မာတ္တေဝ် အာနောလ်ဒ် (Matthew Arnold) ညးမသ္ၚေဝ်ဂၠေပ် ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ဗၟာ မ္ဂး ပရေင်ပၞာန်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဗျူဟာ ဂကောံလွပ်လွဟ်ကောန်ဍုင်အရင်ဂမၠိုင် မကော်ဂး EAOs တအ်တုဲ သွက်ဂွံဝေင်ပၞာန် ကုအလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ဗၟာ။ ရံင်ကဵု တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာ မဒးဆောမ်လေင် ဒၞာဲ ပ္ဍဲဒေသသၟဝ်ကျာ တွဵုရးသေံဇၞော် ကေုာံ ဒေသတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ မထ္ၜးဒၟံင် ဒဒှ်ရ ဒြဟတ်ပၞာန်် ဂကူဒြဟတ်ဇၞော်အိုတ် ဗၟာ ကဵု ကောန်ဍုင်အရင်တအ်တုဲ ဒြဟတ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဍိုန်စှ်ေဒၟံင်ရ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Revolution and the Escalating Collapse of Myanmar's junta |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/revolution-and-the-escalating-collapse-of-myanmars-junta.html |date=13 November 2023 |last=Arnold |first=Matthew |date=13 November 2023 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== လၟေင်အခိင် ==

=== အံက်တဝ်ဗာ ===

==== ၂၇ အံက်တဝ်ဗာ ====
အခိင် နူဂယး ၄း၀၀ ဒပ်ကဝ်က လုပ်ဗတိုက် ဗဒိုပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ မနွံ ပ္ဍဲ ကဝ်က (Kokang) တုဲ ပ္တိုန်ထ္ၜးလဝ် ဒဒှ်ရ ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာလ္ၚဵု ချိုတ်၊ ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ကေုာံ လွဟ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် သီဂွံ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Watch |first1=Dawei |title=၁၀၂၇ စစ်ဆင်ရေးအဖြစ် ရှမ်းမြောက်ပိုင်းရှိ စစ်ကောင်စီ၏ စစ်ရေးပစ်မှတ်များကိုဝင်တိုက် |url=http://www.daweiwatch.com/2023/10/27/news/66293/ |access-date=27 October 2023 |date=27 October 2023|language=my|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104222045/http://www.daweiwatch.com/2023/10/27/news/66293/|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပရိုင်တိတ်ကၠုင် ဒဒှ်ရ ဒပ်တအင် သီကေတ် ဗဒိုပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ၁၃ မာင် (13 Mile Camp) ကဵု ဗဒိုပ်မိက္ကြောဝေပ် (Microweave Camp) မနွံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂၠံင်ဇၞော်ဏာမ်ခါမ်-ဏာမ်ဖါတ် ပ္ဍဲ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ဏာမ်ခါမ်။&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=အောက်တိုဘာ ၂၇ ရက်ထိပ်တန်းသတင်းများ – စစ်ဆင်ရေး ၁၀၂၇ စတင်၊ ချင်းရွှေဟော်မြို့ကို ကိုးကန့်တပ် သိမ်းပိုက် |url=https://www.bbc.com/burmese/articles/c3grd2y7nd0o |work=BBC News မြန်မာ |date=27 October 2023 |language=my|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104222052/https://www.bbc.com/burmese/articles/c3grd2y7nd0o|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဒပ်ကဝ်က လလောင်တြး ဒဒှ်ရ ဒပ်ညးတအ် သီဂွံ ဍုင်ချေန်ယှိုယ်ဟဝ် တုဲ ဂၠံင်ဇၞော် လာရှဝ်-မူသေဝ်ဂှ် ကၟာတ်ထောအ်လဝ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;irrawaddy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ethnic Alliance Attacks Myanmar Junta Targets Across Northern Shan |agency=The Irrawaddy |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/ethnic-alliance-attacks-myanmar-junta-targets-across-northern-shan.html |access-date=October 27, 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231029065724/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/ethnic-alliance-attacks-myanmar-junta-targets-across-northern-shan.html|archive-date=29 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

နကဵု ဒပ်အလဵုအသဳ ကလေင်ပၠန် နကဵု မအာဗတိုက် နကဵု က္ၜင်ကျာ ကေုာံ အမၠံက်ဇၞော်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=Ethnic Rebel Groups Attack Military Targets in Myanmar |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/trio-of-ethnic-rebel-groups-attack-military-targets-in-myanmar-/7330775.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Voice of America |language=en|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104222113/https://www.voanews.com/a/trio-of-ethnic-rebel-groups-attack-military-targets-in-myanmar-/7330775.html|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ညးမနွံအခေါင်ဟီု ကံင်သဳပၞာန် ဂဥုပ်ဗိုလ် ဇြဝ်မေန်ထောန် ပဒတန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လံက်ကာင်၊ ချေန်ယှိုယ်ဟဝ်၊ လာရှဝ် ကဵု သန္နဳ တအ်ဂှ် ပေါဲဗတိုက် က္တဵုဒှ်တုဲ ဒပ်ဂီုကၠီုဗၠာဲသၟိင် ကဵု ဗဒိုပ်ပၞာန်ညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် လီုလာ်အာ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ရှမ်းမြောက်ဒေသတိုက်ပွဲ စစ်ကောင်စီတုံ့ပြန် |url=https://burmese.voanews.com/a/7329292.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |work=ဗွီအိုအေ |date=27 October 2023 |language=my|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104222153/https://burmese.voanews.com/a/7329292.html|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
တုဲပၠန် ညးသီုဟီု ဒဒှ်ရ ကောန်သ္ဂံင်လ္ၚဵုတအ် ပြဟ်လလုဲအာနွံ၊ ဆဂး လၟိဟ်ဂလိုင်လဵု ဟွံဟီုပ္တိတ်လဝ်။ အတိုင်ပရိုင် Al Jazeera ကေုာံ ပရိုင်ဂျာမနဳ Deutsch Press-Agentur မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲကဵု ချေန်ယှိုဲဟဝ်ဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ချိုတ်အာ ၜိုတ် ၂၀ ရ။&lt;ref name=alj/&gt; အတိုင် ဗၠာဲသၟိင်မွဲတၠ နူကဵု ရုင်ဗၠာဲသၟိင် လံက်ကာင် မလဴထ္ၜးမ္ဂး ဗၠာဲသၟိင် ချိုတ်အာ ၁၇ တၠ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ဒပ်ကဝ်က မလုပ်ဗတိုက် ဗဒိုပ်ကင်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;abc&quot;/&gt; ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပရေင်ပၞာန် ဒပ်မဟာမိတ်ပိဏအ်ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၠးၜးကောန်ဂကူဗၟာ (Bamar People's Liberation Army - BPLA) လေပ် ပါလုပ်ကီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;irawaddy1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-28 |title=Ethnic Alliance Report Rapid Gains From Myanmar Junta Along Chinese Border |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/ethnic-alliance-report-rapid-gains-from-myanmar-junta-along-chinese-border.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231029065119/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/ethnic-alliance-report-rapid-gains-from-myanmar-junta-along-chinese-border.html|archive-date=29 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဒပ်ယခေင် လုပ်ဗတိုက် ဒပ်ကင်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ မနွံ ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠံင်တောင်တာ-မျေန်ချာန် ပွိုင်ဍုင်တောင်တာ မဒှ်ပွိုင်ဍုင်ပယျဵု အကြာတွဵုရးသေံ ကဵု ရးသကာင်ရ။ ဒပ်ယခေင် ဟီု ဒပ်ညးတအ် ဒှ် ပေါဲဗတိုက် ကုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒဵုမဝ်ဂေါန်ဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန် ချိုတ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်။&lt;ref name=htigyaing&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-10-30 |title=၁၀၂၇စစ်ဆင်ရေး စစ်ကိုင်းအထက်ပိုင်းဝင်ရောက်လာ |language=Burmese |work=The Irrawaddy |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/10/30/375895.html |access-date=2023-10-30|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104221558/https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/10/30/375895.html|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ဂကောံလွပ်လွဟ် ဒစိတ် ပံင်ကောံတုဲ လုပ်ဗတိုက် ဒပ်ကင်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ မနွံ ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠံင်တောင်သာ-မျေန်ချာန် ပွိုင်ဍုင်တောင်တာဂှ် နကဵု ဂကောံလွပ်လွဟ်တအ် စကာဒြောန်တုဲ ထောအ်ဖျေဟ်ဗုမ်ဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ချိုတ်အာ ၜိုတ် ၂၀ ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;irrawaddy1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

က္ၜင်ကျာပၞာန်ဗၟာ ကၠုင်ပန် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဏာမ်ပခ ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဍုင်ကောတ်ခါင်ဂှ် ကောန်င္ၚာ်မွဲ ကဵု ညးဗြဴမွဲ ချိုတ်အာတုဲ အောန်အိုတ် မၞိဟ်မသုန်တၠ ဒးအာဝပ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt;

==== ၂၈ အံက်တဝ်ဗာ ====
အတိုင် တင်ဂၞင် နူကဵု ဒပ်ကဝ်ကမ္ဂး နကဵု ဒပ်ညးတအ် ကြတ်ဗတိုက် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ မတိတ် နူဟဝ်ပုမ်၊ တုဲပၠန် ဗဒိုပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာပိ (ၜါဂှ် နွံ ဗဒါဲပယျဵု ကြုက်-ဗၟာ) မနွံ ဗဒါဲ ဍုင်မုန်ကဝ်ဂှ်လေဝ် သီဂွံအာကီုရ။ တုဲပၠန် ညးတအ်ဟီု ဒပ်ပၞာန် မပလံင်နင် နကဵုက္ၜင်ကျာ ဗဒါဲ ဍုင်ချေန်ယှိုဲဟဝ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဗတိုက်မာန်အာကီုတုဲ လွဟ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်လေဝ် သီဂွံအာကီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;irrawaddy1&quot;/&gt; ဒပ်တအင် ဟီု ညးတအ် သီဂွံအာ ဗဒိုပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာပိ ပ္ဍဲ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ဏာမ်ခါမ် ကေုာံ ဗဒိုပ်ဗၟာၜါ ပ္ဍဲ ဒေသလာရှဝ်။ ကိစ္စ မဒးသီဏာလဝ်ဏအ်ဂှ် နူကဵု ညးမနွံအခေါင်ဟီု အလဵုအသဳပၞာန်လေဝ် ပဒတန်တုဲ ဟီုပ္တိတ်လဝ်တုဲ ဒဒှ်ရ ညးနွံပၟိက် ပရေင်ဂီုကၠီုဒေသရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu29oct&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Myanmar clashes stretch into second day |date=29 October 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/myanmar-clashes-stretch-into-second-day/article67470642.ece |language=en|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104222217/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/myanmar-clashes-stretch-into-second-day/article67470642.ece|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ တ္ၚဲအံက်တဝ်ဗာ ၂၇ ကဵု ၂၈ ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူပေါဲဗတိုက်တအ်တုဲ ကောန်ဍုင်ကွာန် နူဒေသ လာရှိ ၜိုတ် ၆၀၀ ဂှ် ဒးဒြေပ်ဒဴ နူသ္ၚိဌာန်ဇကုတုဲ ဒှ်ညးလဒဴပၞာန်အိုတ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=About 600 IDPs arrive in Lashio as clashes occur around Lashio and nearby some villages |url=https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/about-600-idps-arrive-in-lashio-as-clashes-occur-around-lashio-and-nearby-some-villages |work=[[Eleven Media Group]] |date=28 October 2023 |language=en|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104222247/https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/about-600-idps-arrive-in-lashio-as-clashes-occur-around-lashio-and-nearby-some-villages|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; လတူဂၠံင် မာန္တလေ-လာရှဝ်ဂှ် နူတ္ၚဲ ၂၇ ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ဒှ်လဝ် ပေါဲဗတိုက်ကီုလေဝ် ၂၈ ဂှ် ကလေင်စိုပ်အာ ဗီုဓမ္မတာပၠန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲ ကျောက်မေဝ်၊ သိန္နဳ ကဵု ကောတ်ခါင်ဂှ် ပေါဲဗတိုက် ဆက်က္တဵုဒှ်ဒၟံင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Traffic returns to normal on Mandalay-Lashio Union Highway and in Lashio town |url=https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/traffic-returns-to-normal-on-mandalay-lashio-union-highway-and-in-lashio-town |work=[[Eleven Media Group]] |date=28 October 2023 |language=en|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104222302/https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/traffic-returns-to-normal-on-mandalay-lashio-union-highway-and-in-lashio-town|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ၂၉ အံက်တဝ်ဗာ ====
ပေါဲဗတိုက် ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဍုင်ထဳချာင်ဂှ် ဆက်ကတဵုဒှ်ဒၟံင်တုဲ နကဵု အလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဗလးဏာ က္ၜင်ကျာပၞာန်။&lt;ref name=htigyaing/&gt; 

ဒပ်တအင် ကဵု ဒပ်ပဳဒဳအေပ် (မာန္တလေ) လုပ်ဗတိုက် ဗဒိုပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ မနွံ ပ္ဍဲ ကွာန်ကျောက်ကျာန်၊ မဒှ် ကွာန်ခြာကဵု ဍုင်နောင်ချဝ် ပိတိုင်ရ။ ကောန်ပၞာန် နူကဵု ဗဒိုပ်ဂှ် ဆုတ်တိတ်တုဲ ပြံင်အာ ဗဒိုပ်အမၠံက် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲဂၠံင် နောင်ချဝ်-ယျာတ်သောက်။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု အခိင်တုပ်တုပ်ဂှ် ပေါဲဗတိုက် က္တဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲဗဒါဲ ဒဒန်ဂုတ်ထိတ် မနွံ လတူ ဂၠံင်နောင်ချဝ်-ကျောက်မေဝ်တုဲ ဂၠံင်ဇၞော်မာန္တလေ-မူသေဝ် ဒးကၟာတ်ထောအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-10-30 |title=နောင်ချိုမြို့နဲ့ ဂုတ်တွင်းတံတားကို မဟာမိတ်တပ်တွေ စီးနင်းထိန်းချုပ် |language=Burmese |work=The Irrawaddy |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/10/30/375890.html |access-date=2023-10-30|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104222309/https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/10/30/375890.html|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဒပ်တအင်တၞဟ် ကဵု ပဳဒဳအေပ်တအ် ပံင်တောဲတုဲ လုပ်ဗတိုက် ဗဒိုပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ မနွံ ဗဒါဲ ကွာန်ညောင်ကုန်လတူ ပ္ဍဲ ပွိုင်ဍုင်မဝ်ကုတ် ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;irrawaddy1&quot;/&gt;

==== 30 October ====
Five clashes continued through northern Shan State within an outpost in Hsenwi Township and the Alliance destroyed the Hsenwi [[General Administration Department]] office. The Brotherhood alliance further claimed to have captured the junta forces in Mongli village, Hsenwi Township, and to have surrounded Nawnghkio Township. By the end of 30 October, the Brotherhood Alliance claimed to have captured a total of 67 army outposts and taken 34 junta personnel as prisoners.&lt;ref name=htigyaing/&gt; The rebel forces were also able to capture Ukrainian-made armored vehicles from the Junta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ဧရာဝတီ |date=2023-10-30 |title=ယူကရိန်းလုပ် သံချပ်ကာယာဉ်များ တိုင်းရင်းသားလက်နက်ကိုင်များ ဖမ်းမိ |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/10/30/375864.html |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=ဧရာဝတီ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; TNLA and MDY-PDF were also able to capture the areas around the town of [[Nawnghkio]] and goute htate bridge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=မိုင်းခြိူဝ်းဇာရ် |date=2023-10-30 |title=နောင်ချိုမြို့နဲ့ ဂုတ်တွင်းတံတားကို မဟာမိတ်တပ်တွေ စီးနင်းထိန်းချုပ် |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/10/30/375890.html |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=ဧရာဝတီ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A spokesperson for the [[Kachin Independence Army]] (KIA) stated that the group was collaborating with the Brotherhood Alliance as part of the operation, and reaffirmed their shared goal of toppling the military junta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The Alliance also announced that they were cooperating with the KIA in the battles in Sagaing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

==== 31 October ====
At around 5 am, joint KIA and AA forces attacked Maliyan camp near the {{ill|Kantawyang|my|ကန်တော်ယန်ရွာ၊ ဝိုင်းမော်မြို့နယ်}} junta base on the [[Myitkyina]]-[[Bhamo]] road in [[Waingmaw Township]]. The battle involved airstrikes from the [[Myanmar Air Force]] which reportedly destroyed six houses after attacks aimed towards Aungja. By 8 am, the junta had lost control of the camp and the joint forces moved in on Kantawyang base- capturing the base from a retreating Junta force. Heavy weapon firing and aerial attacks continued in the area- including strikes targeted towards [[Laiza]], the headquarters of the KIA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-10-31 |title=ကန်တော်ယန်အထိုင်စခန်းကို သိမ်းပိုက်လိုက်ပြီလို့ KIAပြော |language=Burmese |work=Kachin Waves |url=https://burmese.kachinnews.com/2023/10/31/zm1-127 |access-date=2023-10-31|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231105002736/https://burmese.kachinnews.com/2023/10/31/zm1-127/|archive-date=5 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the attack, the commander of the junta's 387th battalion was killed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=AA collaborates with northern allies to attack junta military sites in northern Myanmar |url=https://www.narinjara.com/news/detail/6542698fc006ac9d132f6f92 |website=Narinjara|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104222328/https://www.narinjara.com/news/detail/6542698fc006ac9d132f6f92|archive-date=4 November 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The 71st Infantry Battalion under the junta's command arrested around 20 refugees to use them as human shields and reportly mutilated 7 of them brutally in [[Tabayin]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ဧရာဝတီ |date=2023-10-31 |title=ဒီပဲယင်းတွင် စစ်ကြောင်းက အရပ်သား ၇ ဦးကို ဦးခေါင်းဖြတ် သတ်သွား |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/10/31/375937.html |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=ဧရာဝတီ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== November ===
==== 1 November ====

On the 1st of November, the Junta arrested around 200 foreign workers to use them as human shields at the front line of [[Laukkai]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ဧရာဝတီ |date=2023-11-01 |title=လောက်ကိုင်ရှေ့တန်းတွင် ထိုင်းနိုင်ငံသား ၂၀၀ နီးပါး စစ်တပ်က လူသားဒိုင်းလုပ်ထား |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/short-news/2023/11/01/375978.html |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=ဧရာဝတီ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:SAC convoy near Pyin Oo Lwin on 30 Oct 2023.ogg|thumb|A SAC convoy advances on Nawnghkio (30 October 2023)]]

==== 2 November ====
By 2 November, 92 junta bases and four towns had been captured by the Brotherhood Alliance and allies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Three More Myanmar Junta Bases Fall in Northern Shan: MNDAA |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/three-more-myanmar-junta-bases-fall-in-northern-shan-mndaa.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |work=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104222339/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/three-more-myanmar-junta-bases-fall-in-northern-shan-mndaa.html|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also reported that 14 civilians had been killed by junta shelling and airstrikes since the start of the operation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The Alliance claimed to be in &quot;complete control&quot; of both Chinshwehaw and Hsenwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pan |first=Myat |date=2023-11-02 |title=More than 25,000 displaced by fighting in northern Shan State |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/more-than-25000-displaced-by-fighting-in-northern-shan-state/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Myanmar Now |language=en-US|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104222343/https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/more-than-25000-displaced-by-fighting-in-northern-shan-state/|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Three Brotherhood Alliance also imposed a siege on Nawngkhio, blocking junta troops from all of northern Shan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sevenpoints&quot;/&gt; [[Pang Hseng|Peng Hseng]], a border town east of [[Muse, Myanmar|Muse]], also came under alliance control.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=2023-11-02 |title=Myanmar Military Says Lost Control of Strategic Border Town |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/myanmar-military-says-lost-control-of-strategic-border-town.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231104222359/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/myanmar-military-says-lost-control-of-strategic-border-town.html|archive-date=4 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 3 November ====
Rebel forces occupied Kawlin's police station on 3 November after simultaneous attacks on at least 10 junta positions in eight townships across Sagaing and Magwe regions as part of the operation. The [[National Unity Government of Myanmar|NUG]] Ministry of Defense said that at least six junta camps and police stations had been seized by rebel forces in northern Sagaing in Kawlin, Kantbalu, Kyunhla, Wuntho, Kalewa, Kale, Homalin and Tamu townships.&lt;ref name=saair/&gt;

==== 4 November ====
By 4 November, 106 junta bases and four towns has been captured by the anti-junta alliance in the states of Shan and Kachin.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/myanmar-junta-troops-lost-will-to-fight-brotherhood-alliance.html Myanmar Junta Troops Lost Will to Fight: Brotherhood Alliance]()&lt;/ref&gt; Myanmar's junta launched several airstrikes in [[Kawlin]], Sagaing Region, as rebel forces attacked regime strongholds, according to residents.&lt;ref name=&quot;saair&quot;&gt;[https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-uses-airstrikes-as-sagaing-resistance-attacks.html Myanmar Junta Uses Airstrikes as Sagaing Resistance Attacks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105214332/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-uses-airstrikes-as-sagaing-resistance-attacks.html |date=2023-11-05 }} ([https://archive.today/20231107030629/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-uses-airstrikes-as-sagaing-resistance-attacks.html?fbclid=IwAR3bIVqvhFBfar7wqRrcdzRWils-Ci8-enCX_91YOnbA2-bHzrCBzZp_KtA#selection-1045.0-1045.59 Archive])&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Kachin Independence Army|KIA]], [[Arakan Army|AA]] and [[All Burma Students' Democratic Front|ABSDF]] are fighting alongside [[People's Defence Force (Myanmar)|PDF]] and LPDF forces in the Sagaing-Magway front as part of the operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-03 |title=စစ်ကိုင်းနှင့် မကွေးရှိ မြို့နယ်(၇)ခုထက်မနည်းတွင် တိုက်ပွဲများ တစ်ပြိုင်နက်ဖြစ်နေ |language=Burmese |work=Myanmar Now |url=https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/44516/ |access-date=2023-11-03|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231107031733/https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/44516/|archive-date=7 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the conflict, a shell landed on the Chinese border, causing the death of one Chinese citizen and multiple injuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=緬北衝突升級據報有炮彈落入中國邊界釀死傷 北京強烈不滿|url=https://news.tvb.com/tc/world/654a2dfcc2017685fabebeba/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B-%E7%B7%AC%E5%8C%97%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81%E5%8D%87%E7%B4%9A%E6%93%9A%E5%A0%B1%E6%9C%89%E7%82%AE%E5%BD%88%E8%90%BD%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E9%87%80%E6%AD%BB%E5%82%B7-%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%BC%B7%E7%83%88%E4%B8%8D%E6%BB%BF|access-date=2023-11-13|work=TVB News|language=zh-HK|archive-date=2023-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113115547/https://news.tvb.com/tc/world/654a2dfcc2017685fabebeba/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B-%E7%B7%AC%E5%8C%97%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81%E5%8D%87%E7%B4%9A%E6%93%9A%E5%A0%B1%E6%9C%89%E7%82%AE%E5%BD%88%E8%90%BD%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E9%87%80%E6%AD%BB%E5%82%B7-%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%BC%B7%E7%83%88%E4%B8%8D%E6%BB%BF|accessdate=2023-11-25|archivedate=2023-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113115547/https://news.tvb.com/tc/world/654a2dfcc2017685fabebeba/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B-%E7%B7%AC%E5%8C%97%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81%E5%8D%87%E7%B4%9A%E6%93%9A%E5%A0%B1%E6%9C%89%E7%82%AE%E5%BD%88%E8%90%BD%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E9%87%80%E6%AD%BB%E5%82%B7-%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%BC%B7%E7%83%88%E4%B8%8D%E6%BB%BF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 6 November ====
After assaulting [[Kawlin]] for three days, [[Kachin Independence Army|KIA]], [[Arakan Army|AA]] and [[People's Defence Force (Myanmar)|PDF]] combined forces were finally able to capture the town.&lt;ref name=AP&gt;{{Cite news |title=Myanmar resistance claims first capture of a district capital from the military government |url=https://apnews.com/article/military-resistance-pdf-sagaing-kawlin-8168134789c1c26ec945afc82898e235 |work=AP News |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115041349/https://apnews.com/article/military-resistance-pdf-sagaing-kawlin-8168134789c1c26ec945afc82898e235 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-06 |title=Myanmar Resistance Seizes First District Level Town in Sagaing as Offensive Expands |language=English |work=The Irrawaddy |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/myanmar-resistance-seizes-first-district-level-town-in-sagaing-as-offensive-expands.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231107031740/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/myanmar-resistance-seizes-first-district-level-town-in-sagaing-as-offensive-expands.html|archive-date=7 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Namhkam]] was also taken by the [[Ta'ang National Liberation Army|TNLA]]. Only one junta base remains on a hill about two miles from the town.&lt;ref name=namhkammn&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-06 |title=နမ့်ခမ်းတစ်မြို့လုံးနီးပါး TNLAထိန်းချုပ် |language=Burmese |work=Myanmar Now |url=https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/44666/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231107031753/https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/44666/|archive-date=7 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Arakan Army|AA]] and [[Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army|MNDAA]] forces were also able to seize Panlong base in [[Kunlong|Kunlong Township]].  Colonel Aung Kyaw Lwin, commander of the 99th Infantry Division, was killed in the battle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-07 |title=မုံးကိုးတိုက်ပွဲတွင် တပ်မ(၉၉)ဗျူဟာမှူးအပါအဝင် အရာရှိစစ်သည် ၃၀ကျော် သေဆုံး |language=Burmese |work=DVB |url=https://burmese.dvb.no/post/623785 |access-date=2023-11-07 |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108131804/https://burmese.dvb.no/post/623785 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It's also reported that the Junta launched daily artillery strikes and air strikes on the city of [[Laiza]] as retaliation for its massive losses. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ဧရာဝတီ |date=2023-11-06 |title=စစ်တပ်က လိုင်ဇာကို လက်နက်ကြီးဖြင့် ဆက်တိုက်ပစ်နေ |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/11/06/376120.html |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=ဧရာဝတီ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It was reported that more than 20 civilians, including 3 children, had been killed by junta airstrikes and shelling since the beginning of the operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2023-11-06 |title=Six Shan Civilians Killed in Myanmar Junta Airstrikes: MNDAA |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/six-shan-civilians-killed-in-myanmar-junta-airstrikes-mndaa.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231107031802/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/six-shan-civilians-killed-in-myanmar-junta-airstrikes-mndaa.html|archive-date=7 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 7 November ====
The town of [[Khampat]] in [[Sagaing Region]] was taken by the [[People's Defence Force (Myanmar)|PDF]]. The battle for the town started on 4 November. In three days, all the police stations and military camps were captured by the rebel forces. The town came under the complete control of the PDF forces on the morning of 7 November. [[Kachin Independence Army|KIA]] and [[Chin National Defence Force|Chin National Defense Force]] (CNDF) forces also participated in the assault.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-07 |title=ကလေး- တမူးလမ်းပေါ်ရှိ ခါမ်းပါတ်မြို့ကို PDF သိမ်း |language=Burmese |work=The Irrawaddy |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/11/07/376153.html |access-date=2023-11-07|archive-date=7 November 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231107165647/https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/11/07/376153.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city of [[Mong Ko]] along the [[China-Myanmar border]] was captured by the MNDAA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=(၇) နှစ်တိုင်တိုင်ကျော်ဖြတ်ခဲ့ပြီးနောက် မုံးကိုးနယ်စပ်ဂိတ်မှာ MNDAA ၏ အလံကိုနောက်တစ်ကြိမ် ထပ်မံထူထောင်နိုင်ခဲ့ {{!}} By The Kokang {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/Kokang311/videos/%E1%81%87-%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA-%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC-mndaa-%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA/1048332043148167/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107152334/https://www.facebook.com/Kokang311/videos/%E1%81%87-%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA-%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC-mndaa-%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA/1048332043148167/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mongko base, one of the most important bases in Northern [[Shan State]], was also captured by the MNDAA. They captured ammunition and other military equipment, including an armored car.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-07 |title=စစ်တပ်အတွက် အရေးပါသည့် မုံးကိုးမြို့ရှိ ဗျူဟာကုန်းကို MNDAAသိမ်းပိုက် |language=Burmese |work=Myanmar Now |url=https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/44720/?fbclid=IwAR2OyGd0SZbsp-747hbw8y8PeFtpJQxPHEZ4WOQ4nxcdvbCuvTNxYOCIxro |access-date=2023-11-07|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231107165706/https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/44720/?fbclid=IwAR2OyGd0SZbsp-747hbw8y8PeFtpJQxPHEZ4WOQ4nxcdvbCuvTNxYOCIxro|archive-date=7 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Three junta bases in Maesae Township, [[Kayah State]] were also captured by [[Karenni Nationalities Defence Force|KNDF]] as a part of the [[Operation 1107]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=CJ014 |first1=MPA |title=ကရင်နီပြည်နယ်တွင် ၁၁၀၇ စစ်ဆင်ရေးစတင်၊စစ်တပ်စ |url=https://mpapress.com/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8/33554/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |work=MPA |date=7 November 2023 |language=my-MM |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108131807/https://mpapress.com/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8/33554/ |url-status=live |accessdate=25 November 2023 |archivedate=8 November 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108131807/https://mpapress.com/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8/33554/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the first skirmish to happen in the region since the start of the operation.

==== 8 November ====
Junta chief [[Min Aung Hlaing]] reportedly called up all military reservists to prepare for military operations after the high losses experienced in the fighting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ဧရာဝတီ |date=2023-11-09 |title=စစ်ကောင်စီ လက်ရုံးတပ်များ အားလုံး ရှေ့တန်းထွက်ရန် ဆင့်ခေါ် |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/11/09/376206.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109142848/https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/11/09/376206.html |archive-date=2023-11-09 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=ဧရာဝတီ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Military doctors still studying for degrees have also been called to front-line combat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2023-11-08 |title=Myanmar Junta Calls Up All Reservists as Resistance Offensive Spreads |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-calls-up-all-reservists-as-resistance-offensive-spreads.html |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108181807/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-calls-up-all-reservists-as-resistance-offensive-spreads.html|archive-date=November 8, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The TNLA gained control of the last remaining Tatmadaw base in [[Namhkam, Shan State|Namhkam]], killing 13 junta soldiers while capturing 3 others as well as 30 pieces of ammunition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/tnla-seizes-last-junta-base-in-northern-shan-state-town-of-namkham/ |title=TNLA seizes last junta base in northern Shan State town of Namkham |date=8 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-09 |archive-date=2023-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109072704/https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/tnla-seizes-last-junta-base-in-northern-shan-state-town-of-namkham/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 9 November ====
The junta lost control of the city of [[Kunlong]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ဧရာဝတီ |date=2023-11-07 |title=ကွမ်းလုံနှင့် နမ့်ခမ်းမြို့ကို ညီနောင်မဟာမိတ်တပ် ထိန်းချုပ် |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/11/07/376163.html |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=ဧရာဝတီ |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108135526/https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/11/07/376163.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Junta forces attacked a camp manned by TNLA and [[People's Defence Force (Myanmar)|MDY-PDF]] forces near Ommkha village near [[Nawnghkio]] with three armored cars. One of the armored cars was destroyed and captured by TNLA/MDY-PDF forces and the two remaining armored cars retreated. The KIA also captured three military bases in [[Hpakant|Hpakant Township]]. In [[Kalewa]], the PDF engaged the junta in a battle in which 10 Tatmadaw soldiers were killed, and 50 weapons were seized by the rebels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/44952/ |title=ကလေးဝတွင် တိုက်ပွဲဖြစ်၊ ကာကွယ်ရေးအဖွဲ့ဝင် ၁၀ ဦး ထက်မနည်း သေဆုံး |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-10 |archive-date=2023-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110223642/https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/44952/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The same day, the Junta summoned all its reserves into action. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ဧရာဝတီ |date=2023-11-09 |title=စစ်ကောင်စီ လက်ရုံးတပ်များ အားလုံး ရှေ့တန်းထွက်ရန် ဆင့်ခေါ် |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/11/09/376206.html |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=ဧရာဝတီ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 10 November ====
A junta group consisting of about 200 combatants were attacked on their way to [[Kawlin]] by local [[People's Defence Force (Myanmar)|PDF]] forces. The battle lasted for about three hours. The PDF claimed that they had seized about 50 firearms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-10 |title=ကောလင်းသို့သွားသည့် ပျူစောထီးများ ကြားဖြတ်တိုက်ခိုက်ခံရ |language=Burmese |work=Myanmar Now |url=https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/44971/?fbclid=IwAR0GYSpylxIj0QNSg138Q8oExzV7kuWPFyP3lERPP7bYOKdZu3jzfzqwPvg |access-date=2023-11-10 |archive-date=2023-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111001434/https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/44971/?fbclid=IwAR0GYSpylxIj0QNSg138Q8oExzV7kuWPFyP3lERPP7bYOKdZu3jzfzqwPvg |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The MNDAA skirmished with junta forces in [[Kunlong]]. A combined force of the PDF, [[Kachin Independence Army|KIA]], [[Arakan Army|AA]], and [[All Burma Students' Democratic Front|ABSDF]] continued to assault [[Htigyaing]]. The junta forces received support from aircraft bombing the town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-10 |title=ထီးချိုင့်မြို့သိမ်းတိုက်ပွဲ ဆက်လက်ပြင်းထန်၊ စစ်တပ်ကမြို့ပေါ်ဗုံးကြဲ |language=Burmese |work=Myanmar Now |url=https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/44958/?fbclid=IwAR181ZEw66L7ZU21bE7mPbEh_vvoaG0kgDx3esTKKHI8EHrG0OsJT8UAZCo |access-date=2023-11-10 |archive-date=2023-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111094711/https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/44958/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 11 November ====
The MNDAA bombarded the headquarters of North Eastern Command and the central police station in [[Lashio]] with artillery.

It was reported that more than 300 junta soldiers and allied junta-aligned militia members had surrendered to rebel forces since the beginning of the operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2023-11-11 |title=Conflict in Numbers {{!}} Operation 1027 in Visualizations |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/conflicts-in-numbers/operation-1027-in-visualizations.html |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111172652/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/conflicts-in-numbers/operation-1027-in-visualizations.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 12 November ====
The [[Ta'ang National Liberation Army|TNLA]] attacked a Kyinti military base on a bridge near [[Hsipaw]] in the morning and had completely captured it by 5:30 AM.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-12 |title=သီပေါ ကျင်တီတံတားတပ်စခန်းကို TNLAသိမ်းပိုက် |language=Burmese |work=The Irrawaddy |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/short-news/2023/11/12/376307.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112050203/https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/short-news/2023/11/12/376307.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Military bases on the western bank of the [[Salween River]] in [[Kunlong]] were taken by the [[Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army|MNDAA]] and both sides of the town came under its control. Equipment seized by the group included two D-30 howitzers, one 122mm MAM-01 MRLS, one 240mm MAM-02 MRLS, one BTR-3U armoured vehicle, one EE-9 armoured vehicle, one MT-LB armoured vehicle and several mortars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-12 |title=၁၂ရက်အကြာတွင် ကွမ်းလုံကို အပြီးတိုင်သိမ်းနိုင်ပြီဟု MNDAAထုတ်ပြန် |language=Burmese |work=The Irrawaddy |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/short-news/2023/11/12/376318.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112152715/https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/short-news/2023/11/12/376318.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=果敢资讯网 |title=捷报：光复历史辖区——同盟军全面夺回滚弄地区 |url=http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxMzMxNjI4NQ==&amp;mid=2650482119&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=09fe1675d14f068ee3349e19b6b866ca&amp;chksm=83abfc15b4dc75033e00b81ad4ad88dbf958c1403dbf4c9e4552f3f0c0752351d8df7f1fcfbb#rd |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Weixin Official Accounts Platform |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113115025/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxMzMxNjI4NQ==&amp;mid=2650482119&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=09fe1675d14f068ee3349e19b6b866ca&amp;chksm=83abfc15b4dc75033e00b81ad4ad88dbf958c1403dbf4c9e4552f3f0c0752351d8df7f1fcfbb#rd |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The military regime imposed martial law in Kunlong, Kutkai, Muse, Namhkan, Hsenwi, Lashio,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=စစ်အုပ်ချုပ်ရေး (Martial Law) အမိန့်အမှတ်၊ ၁၀ / ၂၀၂၃ |url=https://www.mdn.gov.mm/my/ccaupkhupre-martial-law-aminamtt-10-2023 |agency=Myanmar Digital News |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115041912/https://www.mdn.gov.mm/my/ccaupkhupre-martial-law-aminamtt-10-2023 |url-status=live |accessdate=25 November 2023 |archivedate=15 November 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115041912/https://www.mdn.gov.mm/my/ccaupkhupre-martial-law-aminamtt-10-2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laukkai and Konkyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=စစ်အုပ်ချုပ်ရေး(Martial Law) အမိန့်အမှတ်၊ ၁၁ / ၂၀၂၃ |url=https://www.mdn.gov.mm/my/ccaupkhupremartial-law-aminamtt-11-2023 |agency=Myanmar Digital News |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113015222/https://www.mdn.gov.mm/my/ccaupkhupremartial-law-aminamtt-11-2023 |url-status=live |accessdate=25 November 2023 |archivedate=13 November 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113015222/https://www.mdn.gov.mm/my/ccaupkhupremartial-law-aminamtt-11-2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 13 November ====
China issued arrest warrants for junta-aligned Ming Xuechang and three other Ming family members for their involvement in [[Fraud factory|online scamming operations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zuo |first1=Mandy |title=Chinese police order arrest of alleged Myanmar crime family over telecoms fraud |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3241258/chinese-police-order-arrest-alleged-myanmar-crime-family-over-vast-telecoms-fraud-operation |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=South China Morning Post |agency=South China Morning Post |date=12 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114010455/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3241258/chinese-police-order-arrest-alleged-myanmar-crime-family-over-vast-telecoms-fraud-operation |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to ''[[The Diplomat]]'', this move signals China's &quot;tacit support for the removal of the [[Kokang Self-Administered Zone|Kokang SAZ]]'s leadership&quot;.&lt;ref name=diplomattacit&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chinese Authorities Issue Arrest Warrants for Criminal Kingpins in Myanmar's Kokang Region |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/11/chinese-authorities-issue-arrest-warrants-for-criminal-kingpins-in-myanmars-kokang-region/ |date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113104145/https://thediplomat.com/2023/11/chinese-authorities-issue-arrest-warrants-for-criminal-kingpins-in-myanmars-kokang-region/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The MNDAA again, was able to capture more Ukaranian-made armored vehicles. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ဧရာဝတီ |date=2023-11-13 |title=ယူကရိန်းလုပ် သံချပ်ကာယာဉ်များကို MNDAA ထပ်မံသိမ်းဆည်းရမိ |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/11/13/376361.html |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=ဧရာဝတီ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mansion of the Ming family located in Shiyuanzi Village, Kokang SAZ, was bombed out. The MNDAA have denied responsibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2023-11-16/3117805.html|title=明国平、明珍珍等3人被抓，已移交中国公安！现场视频曝光！缅北当地消息：明学昌豪宅也被炸毁|work=National Business Daily|date=2023-11-16|language=zh-ch|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117124948/https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2023-11-16/3117805.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first fighting in Rakhine since the operation began took place in [[Rathedaung]] and [[Minbya]] townships. The AA reported that it had seized outposts and arrested some officers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Myanmar junta under attack on new front as opposition intensifies |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/world/2023/11/13/myanmar-junta-under-attack-on-new-front-as-opposition-intensifies.html |access-date=November 13, 2023 |agency=Reuters |publisher=The Jakarta Post |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113125057/https://www.thejakartapost.com/world/2023/11/13/myanmar-junta-under-attack-on-new-front-as-opposition-intensifies.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 14 November ====
43 Myanmar Army soldiers attempted to flee across [[India-Myanmar border|the border]] into the Indian state of [[Mizoram]]. Most of them were disarmed by the [[Assam Rifles]] and sent back to Myanmar.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu29oct&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters15nov&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/myanmar-rebels-says-dozens-junta-forces-surrender-captured-2023-11-15/|title=Myanmar rebels says dozens of junta forces surrender, captured|journal=Reuters|date=2023-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to reports from the MNDAA, the MNDAA began to attack the Myanmar army positions stationed in [[Mawhtike]], capturing two posts and killing 20 Myanmar soldiers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=果敢资讯网 |title=11月14日联军战况：同盟军再收复果敢北部据点，敏昂莱武装在崇岗遭重创 |url=http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxMzMxNjI4NQ==&amp;mid=2650482341&amp;idx=2&amp;sn=37f1cc4c70966103084060bd36969bab&amp;chksm=83abff77b4dc7661980acf834df21fcb83b4d2770ad3f296503413aa227f2c2220b1d1df0f13#rd |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Weixin Official Accounts Platform}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 15 November ====
Rebel forces reported that an entire battalion of army forces surrendered to them in [[Shan State]]. The surrender of more than 200 soldiers and family members would mark the largest such surrender since the conflict escalated after the 2021 coup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=An ethnic resistance group in northern Myanmar says an entire army battalion surrendered to it |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/entire-army-battalion-surrendered-myanmar-rcna125275 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116125104/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/entire-army-battalion-surrendered-myanmar-rcna125275 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Junta used air-strikes against the refugees in Loikaw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ဧရာဝတီ |date=2023-11-15 |title=လွိုင်ကော်စစ်ရှောင်များ လေကြောင်းမှ အပစ်ခံရ |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2023/11/15/376458.html |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=ဧရာဝတီ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[State Administration Council]] further announced that junta-alligned Kokang SAZ chairman Myint Swe would be temporarily replaced by Brigadier General [[Tun Tun Myint]]. Tun Tun Myint was previously the commander in charge of northern Shan State operations. The move is understood to be in anticipation of Operation 1027 moving towards Laukkai.&lt;ref name=sazmyanmarnow&gt;{{cite news |title=Struggling to maintain order, junta replaces Kokang leader with brigadier general |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/struggling-to-maintain-order-junta-replaces-kokang-leader-with-brigadier-general/ |date=17 November 2023 |language=en |work=Myanmar Now |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118230310/https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/struggling-to-maintain-order-junta-replaces-kokang-leader-with-brigadier-general/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 6th light infantry battalion and 425th light infantry battalion of the Junta's 66th light infantry division fighting in [[Loikaw University]] were completely annihalitated with the battalion commander and the second in command killed in both battalions despite the use of excessive air support and artillery support. The remaining 38 soldiers under the command of captain Kaung Myat Ko who happened to be the only officer left, surrendered to the KNDF .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ဧရာဝတီ |date=2023-11-15 |title=လွိုင်ကော်တွင် တပ်မ ၆၆ လက်အောက်ခံ တပ်ဖွဲ့ဝင် ၃၂ ဦး လက်နက်ချ |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/short-news/2023/11/15/376436.html |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=ဧရာဝတီ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 16 November ====
Cybercrime ringleader Ming Xuechang and his family were arrested by Myanmar junta authorities and handed over to China. Ming Xuechang died in police custody, and the [[List of diplomatic missions of Myanmar|Consulate General of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar in Kunming]] claims that Ming Guochang died of suicide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2023-11-17/3118050.html|title=最新消息！缅北电诈头目明学昌，已自杀身亡|work=National Business Daily|date=2023-11-17|language=zh-cn|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117142759/https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2023-11-17/3118050.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2023-11-25|archivedate=2023-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204173627/https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2023-11-17/3118050.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Former lawmaker dies in police custody after arrest for Myanmar scams |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/lawmaker-11162023165911.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Radio Free Asia |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117024551/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/lawmaker-11162023165911.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ming Julan was later found by rebel forces and was handed over as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.gmw.cn/2023-11/17/content_1303573447.htm|title=被公开通缉的&quot;明家&quot;3人落网！首犯畏罪自杀|website=光明网|language=zh|date=2023-11-17|access-date=2023-11-17|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117024558/https://m.gmw.cn/2023-11/17/content_1303573447.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-17 |title=China says ringleader in Myanmar telecom fraud committed suicide |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-says-ringleader-myanmar-telecom-fraud-committed-suicide-2023-11-17/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117193036/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-says-ringleader-myanmar-telecom-fraud-committed-suicide-2023-11-17/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{additional citation needed|reason=Chinese internet says that Ming Julan was found by the resistance, but I have yet to find reliable sources confirming it.|date=November 2023}}

The AA seized [[Pauktaw]] in Rakhine State, prompting Myanmar's military to launch air strikes and naval attacks on the town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Hein Htoo Zan |date=2023-11-16 |title=AA Captures Town in Rakhine, Prompting Bombardment by Myanmar Military |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/aa-captures-town-in-rakhine-prompting-bombardment-by-myanmar-military.html |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117203523/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/aa-captures-town-in-rakhine-prompting-bombardment-by-myanmar-military.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 17 November ====
[[Bai Xuoqian]], former deputy commander of the MNDAA and former head of the Kokang SAZ, was stopped by the [[Myanmar Army]] when he tried to leave Kokang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.ycwb.com/2023-11/17/content_52331990.htm|title=缅北&quot;四大家族&quot;之首头目白所成出逃时被拦|work=Yangcheng Evening News|date=2023-11-17|trans-title=Head of Northern Myanmar's &quot;Four Big Families,&quot; Bai Suocheng, Blocked from Leaving the Country|language=zh-cn|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118084017/https://news.ycwb.com/2023-11/17/content_52331990.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 18 November ====
The military launched a successful offensive to retake their Sakhan Thit Kone base in [[Namkham Township]], which had been captured by the TNLA the previous day. The TNLA accused the junta of using prohibited chemical weapons during their offensive by dropping bombs which caused 
&quot;dizziness, breathlessness, nausea, extreme agitation, fatigue, and low blood oxygen&quot; among its troops.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/myanmar-junta-loses-bases-scores-of-troops-in-four-days-of-resistance-attacks.html|title=Myanmar Junta Loses Bases, Scores of Troops in Four Days of Resistance Attacks|date=2023-11-20|website=The Irrawaddy|access-date=20 November 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120072342/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/myanmar-junta-loses-bases-scores-of-troops-in-four-days-of-resistance-attacks.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 20 November ====
Supporters of the junta staged a protest in [[Yangon]] outside [[Yangon City Hall|City Hall]] and the Chinese embassy, accusing China of aiding the Brotherhood Alliance and the PDF in their fight against the military regime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2023-11-20 |title=Myanmar Regime-Backed Rallies Denounce China, Accusing It of Backing Anti-Junta Alliance |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/myanmar-china-watch/myanmar-regime-backed-rallies-denounce-china-accusing-it-of-backing-anti-junta-alliance.html |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121024410/https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/myanmar-china-watch/myanmar-regime-backed-rallies-denounce-china-accusing-it-of-backing-anti-junta-alliance.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; China was also accused by the pro-regime protestors, who are members of the Patriotic Monks Union and the Myanmar Nationalist Organization, of purchasing rare earth elements from the KIA for cheap prices.

==== 24 November ====
TNLA retakes their Mine Kyat base in [[Lashio Township]] after a 28-day battle and seized  heavy equipment like [[howitzers]] from the junta after capturing the base. They had previously abandoned it after junta airstrikes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=TNLA hails seizure of major Myanmar junta base |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/ethnic-issues/tnla-hails-seizure-of-major-myanmar-junta-base.html |date=24 November 2023 |work=The Irrawaddy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== နိဿဲ ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>lhuc2s92df5ybmwl9ioi8i9q86p1onp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>သိင်မိုင်၊ နာဲ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55349</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-18T18:36:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Htawmonzel</username>
        <id>25</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ခၞံကၠောန်လဝ် မုက်လိက် နကု &quot;'''နာဲသိင်မိုင်''' (နိုင်သိန်းမောင်)ဝွံ ဒှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် ဂကူမန် ပ္ဍဲ ခေတ် ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိဒုတိယတုဲ၊ အခိင် ပရေင်တဝ်စၞေဟ် သွက်ဗၠးၜးဂကူမန် ခေတ်တၟိ မစကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3020" sha1="sasnoe22hpt5ytlrnyoilm86957s0yi" xml:space="preserve">'''နာဲသိင်မိုင်''' (နိုင်သိန်းမောင်)ဝွံ ဒှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် ဂကူမန် ပ္ဍဲ ခေတ် ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိဒုတိယတုဲ၊ အခိင် ပရေင်တဝ်စၞေဟ် သွက်ဗၠးၜးဂကူမန် ခေတ်တၟိ မစကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် ညး ကၠောန်ကၠုင် ကမၠောန် သွက်အခေါင်ဂကူမန် နကုနဲကဲ မလွပ်လွဟ်ကီု သီု နဲဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ကီုရ။ နာဲသိင်မိုင်ဝွံ ဒှ် ကောန်သေဌဳဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ပံင်မွဲတၠရ။ ဆဂး အလုံမွဲဘဝဂှ် ကၠောန်လဝ် ကမၠောန်ပၠန်ဂတး၊ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်တုဲ အခိင်ကာလ အာယုက်ဇၞော်ဗျုဂှ် ဒြပ်ရတ် ဟွံမဲ၊ ဒးပဓါန်စ ညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ်ရ။ 

== ပထမအဝဲ == 

နာဲသိင်မိုင် က္တဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲ သၞာံ ၁၉၂၀ ဇာန္နဝါရဳ ၆ (သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၂၈၁၊ ပုဟ် ၂ စွေက်) ဇရေင် မိမတၠဒြပ် နာဲကျအ်၊ မိတာန်တူ ပ္ဍဲ ကွာန်ဝါကပိုဟ် ပွိုင်ဍုင်ပံင်ရ။ နာဲသိင်မိုင် ဒှ် ကောန်ဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲ မွဲမိဂှ်တုဲ နွံ ဒေအ်ဗြဴမွဲတၠရ။ 

နာဲသိင်မိုင် ဂွံအံင်ကေတ် စှ်တန် ပ္ဍဲ ဘာတန်သၠုင် စၟတ် (၄) ဍုင်မတ်မလီု။ နာဲသိင်မိုင်ဝွံ ဒှ် မၞိဟ်မဆာန်ဂကူမွဲတၠတုဲ နူ ဍောတ်ဍောတ်ဂှ် ချဳဓရာင်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲ ဂကောံသၟတ်မန်၊ ပ္ဍဲ ဗော်မန်ကောန်ဍုင်အရင်၊ ဗော်ကေင်ကာမန်တအ်ရ။ 

စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၉၄၈ အလဵုအသဳဖဆပလ လလောင်တြး ဗော်စဵုဒၞာကောန်ဂကူမန် (MNDO) နဒဒှ် ဂကောံဟွံလုပ်သၞောဝ်မွဲတုဲ နာဲသိင်မိုင် မွဲစွံ ကုနာဲထောန်သိင် (ထဝ်သောန်)၊ မိဟံသာ၊ နာဲဆာန်မန်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒဴတိတ်ဂြိပ် ပ္ဍဲ ဗဒိုပ်ကအ်ကြိက်ဗြဝတဳရ။</text>
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    <title>ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/၁၉. ဂျောန်</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>11241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55351</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T00:25:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aue Nai</username>
        <id>24</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ခၞံကၠောန်လဝ် မုက်လိက် နကု &quot;'''၁၉ ဂျောန်''': တ္ၚဲသၠးပွး ပ္ဍဲဍုင် '''[[ကူဝိတ်]]''' (၁၉၆၁)၊ တ္ၚဲ '''[[ဂျောန်တိန်]]''' (Juneteenth) ပ္ဍဲ [[ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်]]။  * [[၁၈၆၅]] – သကိုပ်ပၞာန် ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ဂဝ်ဒန် ဂရန...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2589" sha1="bw165vxl8eesrz39xpmdlbklfleycg2" xml:space="preserve">'''၁၉ ဂျောန်''': တ္ၚဲသၠးပွး ပ္ဍဲဍုင် '''[[ကူဝိတ်]]''' (၁၉၆၁)၊ တ္ၚဲ '''[[ဂျောန်တိန်]]''' (Juneteenth) ပ္ဍဲ [[ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်]]။

* [[၁၈၆၅]] – သကိုပ်ပၞာန် ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ဂဝ်ဒန် ဂရန်ဂျာ (Gordon Granger) လလောင်တြး အမိင် မရနုက်ကဵု (၃) ပ္ဍဲ တွဵုရး တက်ဆက်သ် တုဲ သၞောတ်ဍိက် ပ္ဍဲ '''[[ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်]]''' ဒးအုပ်နိဂီုအာ ပေင်ပေင်ရ။
* [[၁၉၄၄]] – ပ္ဍဲ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိ ဒုတိယ၊ ပေါဲဗတိုက် မှာသၟိတ် '''[[ဖဳလိပ်ပေန်]]''' (Battle of the Philippine Sea) မဒှ် ပေါဲဗတိုက် က္ၜင်ကျာ ကေုာံ က္ၜင်ပၞာန် မဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဝင် စကတဵုဒှ် အကြာ ဒပ်ပၞာန် အမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ ဂျပေန် ရ။
* [[၁၉၆၁]] – ဍုင် '''[[ကူဝိတ်]]''' (Kuwait) လလောင်တြး ပရေင်သၠးပွး နူကဵု ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဨကရာဇ် ဗြိတိန်။
* [[၁၉၇၈]] – ရုပ်ကာတွန်း ဗ္ဂဲ '''[[ဂါဖဳ]]''' (Garfield) မချူလဝ် နကဵု ဂျေမ် ဒေဗေတ် (Jim Davis) စတိတ်တြး ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်ပရိုင်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။

'''တ္ၚဲဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်:''' 
'''တ္ၚဲစုတိဂမၠိုၚ်:''' 
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin-left: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Clickable button 2|ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/၁၈. ဂျောန်|တ္ၚဲကၠာတေံ|class=mw-ui-quiet}}
{{Clickable button 2|ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/၂၀. ဂျောန်|တ္ၚဲယးတေံ|class=mw-ui-quiet}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:ထာမ်ပလိက် ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံဂမၠိုင်|ဂျောန် ၁၉]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>55352</id>
      <parentid>55351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T00:26:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aue Nai</username>
        <id>24</id>
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      <text bytes="2589" sha1="n0ps8xoxfdrjjeg7z1h9prl85yv0rnz" xml:space="preserve">'''၁၉ ဂျောန်''': တ္ၚဲသၠးပွး ပ္ဍဲဍုင် '''[[ကူဝိတ်]]''' (၁၉၆၁)၊ တ္ၚဲ '''[[ဂျောန်တိန်]]''' (Juneteenth) ပ္ဍဲ [[ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်]]။

* [[၁၈၆၅]] – သကိုပ်ပၞာန် ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ဂဝ်ဒန် ဂရန်ဂျာ (Gordon Granger) လလောင်တြး အမိင် မရနုက်ကဵု (၃) ပ္ဍဲ တွဵုရး တက်ဆက်သ် တုဲ သၞောတ်ဍိက် ပ္ဍဲ '''[[ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်]]''' ဒးအုပ်နိဂီုအာ ပေင်ပေင်ရ။
* [[၁၉၄၄]] – ပ္ဍဲ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိ ဒုတိယ၊ ပေါဲဗတိုက် မှာသၟိတ် '''[[ဖဳလိပ်ပေန်]]''' (Battle of the Philippine Sea) မဒှ် ပေါဲဗတိုက် က္ၜင်ကျာ ကေုာံ က္ၜင်ပၞာန် မဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဝင် စကတဵုဒှ် အကြာ ဒပ်ပၞာန် အမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ ဂျပေန် ရ။
* [[၁၉၆၁]] – ဍုင် '''[[ကူဝိတ်]]''' (Kuwait) လလောင်တြး ပရေင်သၠးပွး နူကဵု ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဨကရာဇ် ဗြိတိန်။
* [[၁၉၇၈]] – ရုပ်ကာတောန် ဗ္ဂဲ '''[[ဂါဖဳ]]''' (Garfield) မချူလဝ် နကဵု ဂျေမ် ဒေဗေတ် (Jim Davis) စတိတ်တြး ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်ပရိုင်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။

'''တ္ၚဲဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်:''' 
'''တ္ၚဲစုတိဂမၠိုၚ်:''' 
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin-left: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Clickable button 2|ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/၁၈. ဂျောန်|တ္ၚဲကၠာတေံ|class=mw-ui-quiet}}
{{Clickable button 2|ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/၂၀. ဂျောန်|တ္ၚဲယးတေံ|class=mw-ui-quiet}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:ထာမ်ပလိက် ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံဂမၠိုင်|ဂျောန် ၁၉]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/၂၁. ဂျောန်</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>55355</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T00:28:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aue Nai</username>
        <id>24</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ခၞံကၠောန်လဝ် မုက်လိက် နကု &quot;'''၂၁ ဂျောန်''': တ္ၚဲမဂၠိင်အိုတ် (Summer solstice) ပ္ဍဲ လ္ပာ်သၟဝ်ကျာ ကေုာံ တ္ၚဲမဂၠေအ်အိုတ် (Winter solstice) ပ္ဍဲ လ္ပာ်သၠုင်ကျာ။ '''[[တ္ၚဲ ယောဂ ဂၠးကဝ်]]''' (International Day of Yoga)။  * [[၁၇၈၈]] – တွဵုရး '''န...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2582" sha1="9bfv769wga269zzc0ysfbntueszblhw" xml:space="preserve">'''၂၁ ဂျောန်''': တ္ၚဲမဂၠိင်အိုတ် (Summer solstice) ပ္ဍဲ လ္ပာ်သၟဝ်ကျာ ကေုာံ တ္ၚဲမဂၠေအ်အိုတ် (Winter solstice) ပ္ဍဲ လ္ပာ်သၠုင်ကျာ။ '''[[တ္ၚဲ ယောဂ ဂၠးကဝ်]]''' (International Day of Yoga)။

* [[၁၇၈၈]] – တွဵုရး '''[[နျူ ဟာမ်ရှာ]]''' (New Hampshire) ဒှ်အာ တွဵုရး မရနုက်ကဵု (၉) မပဒတန် သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေသဇိုင် '''[[ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်]]''' ရ။
* [[၁၉၄၅]] – ပ္ဍဲ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိ ဒုတိယ၊ '''[[ပေါဲဗတိုက် အဝ်ကဳနာဝါ]]''' (Battle of Okinawa) မဒှ် ပေါဲဗတိုက် အကြာ ဒပ်ပၞာန် အမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ ဂျပေန် ပ္ဍဲ မှာသၟိတ် ပါသဳဖေတ် ဂှ် အုပ်နိဂီုအာရ။
* [[၁၉၈၅]] – ဍုင် '''[[ဂရေန်လာန်]]''' (Greenland) စၟတ်သမ္တီ ကေုာံ စကာ အလာံ ဂရေန်လာန် နဒဒှ် အလာံ စၞးဍုင် တရားဝင် ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ်ရ။
* [[၂၀၀၄]] – က္ၜင်အာကာသ '''[[သပေတ်ရှိပ်ဝမ်း]]''' (SpaceShipOne) ဒှ်အာ က္ၜင်အာကာသ ပုဂ္ဂလိက ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် မဖန်ဇန် ကၠောန်ပတိတ်လဝ် နကဵု သြန်ပုဂ္ဂလိကတုဲ မာန်တိတ်အာ စိုပ် အာကာသ ရ။

'''တ္ၚဲဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်:''' 
'''တ္ၚဲစုတိဂမၠိုၚ်:''' 
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin-left: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Clickable button 2|ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/၂၀. ဂျောန်|တ္ၚဲကၠာတေံ|class=mw-ui-quiet}}
{{Clickable button 2|ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/၂၂. ဂျောန်|တ္ၚဲယးတေံ|class=mw-ui-quiet}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:ထာမ်ပလိက် ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံဂမၠိုင်|ဂျောန် ၂၁]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/၂၂. ဂျောန်</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>11243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55356</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T00:28:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aue Nai</username>
        <id>24</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ခၞံကၠောန်လဝ် မုက်လိက် နကု &quot;'''၂၂ ဂျောန်''':  * [[၁၆၃၃]] – ရုင်သၞောဝ်ဓဝ်သာသနာ အသီ ရဝ်မာန် ကာတ်သလေတ် (Roman Catholic Inquisition) ကဵု အမိင် ကု တၠပညာ နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ အဳတလဳ '''[[ဂါလဳလဳယဝ်]]''' (Galileo Galilei) ညံင်ဂွံ နုက်တိတ် ကေုာံ ဒ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2713" sha1="bt5y3i965yxoeu14pgdt6o9flovcjma" xml:space="preserve">'''၂၂ ဂျောန်''':

* [[၁၆၃၃]] – ရုင်သၞောဝ်ဓဝ်သာသနာ အသီ ရဝ်မာန် ကာတ်သလေတ် (Roman Catholic Inquisition) ကဵု အမိင် ကု တၠပညာ နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ အဳတလဳ '''[[ဂါလဳလဳယဝ်]]''' (Galileo Galilei) ညံင်ဂွံ နုက်တိတ် ကေုာံ ဒုင်ဝန် လ္တူ လညာတ်ညး မဟီုလဝ် တ္ၚဲဂှ် ဒှ် ဗဟဵု စက္ကဝါ မွဲရ။
* [[၁၈၁၅]] – ကြဴနူ ဒးကျအာ ပၞာန် ပ္ဍဲ ပေါဲဗတိုက် ဝါတာလူး တုဲ၊ ဨကရာဇ် ပြင်သေတ် '''[[နပိုလဳယောန် ဗောနာပါတ်]]''' (Napoleon Bonaparte) ဒးနုက်တိတ် နူ တာလျိုင် ဨကရာဇ် နဒဒှ် အလန် မရနုက်ကဵု (ၜါ) ရ။
* [[၁၉၄၁]] – ပ္ဍဲ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိ ဒုတိယ၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန် ဂျာမနဳ နာဇြဳ တအ် စလုပ်ဗတိုက် ကၟိန်ဍုင် သဵုဗိယေတ် နကဵု လၟေင်ကမၠောန်ပၞာန် မၞုံယၟု '''[[ကမၠောန်ပၞာန် ဗါဗါရဝ်သာ]]''' (Operation Barbarossa) ရ။
* [[၁၉၇၈]] – တၠပညာ နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ အမေရိကာန် ဂျေမ် ခရေတ်သတဳ (James W. Christy) ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ဂြိုဟ်သၟတ် '''[[ခါရွန် (ဂြိုဟ်သၟတ်)|ခါရွန်]]''' (Charon) မဒှ် ဂြိုဟ်သၟတ် ဂိတု မဇၞော်အိုတ် မဂေတ်ကၠောအ်ဒၟံင် ဂြိုဟ် '''[[ပလူတဝ်]]''' (Pluto) ရ။

'''တ္ၚဲဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်:''' 
'''တ္ၚဲစုတိဂမၠိုၚ်:''' 
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin-left: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Clickable button 2|ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/၂၁. ဂျောန်|တ္ၚဲကၠာတေံ|class=mw-ui-quiet}}
{{Clickable button 2|ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/၂၃. ဂျောန်|တ္ၚဲယးတေံ|class=mw-ui-quiet}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:ထာမ်ပလိက် ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံဂမၠိုင်|ဂျောန် ၂၂]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ကူဝိတ်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11244</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55361</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T02:43:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aue Nai</username>
        <id>24</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ခၞံကၠောန်လဝ် မုက်လိက် နကု &quot;{{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ဍုၚ် ကူဝိတ်&lt;br/&gt;(State of Kuwait) | native_name = دولة الكويت&lt;br/&gt;Dawlat al-Kuwayt | common_name = ကူဝိတ် (Kuwait) | image_flag = Flag of Kuwait.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Kuwait.svg | image_map = Kuwait in its region.svg | map_caption = ဒတန် ဍုၚ်ကူဝိတ် ပ္ဍဲ ဒေသ လဒေါဝ်ဗမံ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="26808" sha1="fohf1vhqds18gvf2n677k6751y1huv4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = ဍုၚ် ကူဝိတ်&lt;br/&gt;(State of Kuwait)
| native_name = دولة الكويت&lt;br/&gt;Dawlat al-Kuwayt
| common_name = ကူဝိတ် (Kuwait)
| image_flag = Flag of Kuwait.svg
| image_coat = Emblem of Kuwait.svg
| image_map = Kuwait in its region.svg
| map_caption = ဒတန် ဍုၚ်ကူဝိတ် ပ္ဍဲ ဒေသ လဒေါဝ်ဗမံက် ကေုာံ ဇိုၚ် ၜဳပါသျှာ
| capital = [[ဍုၚ်ကူဝိတ်]] (Kuwait City)
| largest_city = [[ဍုၚ်ကူဝိတ်]]
| official_languages = [[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ်]] (Arabic)
| ethnic_groups = ၃၂% ကူဝိတ်၊ ၆၈% ညးဍုၚ်သ္အာၚ် (အာရှ ကေုာံ အာရပ် တၞဟ်ဟ်)
| religion = ၇၄.၆% [[အေတ်သလာမ်]] (Islam), ၁၈.၂% [[ခရေတ်ယာန်]] (Christianity), ၇.၂% တၞဟ်ဟ်
| demonym = ကူဝိတ်တဳ (Kuwaiti)
| government_type = [[သၞောတ်ဨကရာဇ် သၟဝ်သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေသဇိုၚ်]] ကေုာံ သၞောတ်ပါလဳမာန် ပံၚ်စပ်
| leader_title1 = သၟိၚ်ဨကရာဇ် (Emir)
| leader_name1 = မဳရှာလ် အာလ်-အာမေတ် (Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah)
| leader_title2 = သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်
| leader_name2 = အာမေတ် အာလ်-အဗ္ဗဒူလာ (Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah)
| legislature = [[စၠတ်ထဝ် ကောန်ဂကူ]] (National Assembly)
| establishment_event1 = ဒက်ပတန် ဍုၚ်
| establishment_date1 = ၁၆၁၃ 
| establishment_event2 = လလောၚ်တြး သၠးပွး နူ ဗြိတိန်
| establishment_date2 = ၁၉ ဂျောန် ၁၉၆၁
| area_km2 = ၁၇,၈၁၈
| population_estimate = ၄,၂၉၄,၆၂၁ (၂၀၂၄)
| currency = သြန်ဒကေဝ် ကူဝိတ် (Kuwaiti Dinar - KWD)
| time_zone = AST (UTC+3)
| calling_code = +965
| cctld = .kw
}}

'''ကူဝိတ်''' ({{lang-en|Kuwait}}၊ {{lang-ar|الكويت}}) ယၟုပေၚ်ပေၚ် ဍုၚ် ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ ဒှ်ဍုၚ် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒေသ လဒေါဝ်ဗမံက် (Middle East) ကေုာံ နွံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု လ္ပာ်သၟဝ်ကျာ တကအ်ဒေသ အာရေဗဳယျာ (Arabian Peninsula) ရ။ ဍုၚ်ဏအ်ဝွံ ပါ်ပယျဵု တိဍာ် ကု ဍုၚ်[[အဳရက်]] (Iraq) ပ္ဍဲလ္ပာ်သၟဝ်ကျာ ကေုာံ ဍုၚ်[[သဴဒဳ အရေဗဳယျာ]] (Saudi Arabia) ပ္ဍဲလ္ပာ်သၠုၚ်ကျာ ရ။ လ္ပာ်ဗမံက်ဂှ် နွံ ဇိုၚ်မှာသၟိတ် ၜဳပါသျှာ (Persian Gulf) ရ။ ဍုၚ်ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ ၜိုန်ရ နွံကဵု ဇမၞော်တိဍာ် ဍောတ်သွတ်ကီုလေဝ်၊ နွံကဵု ဒြပ်သိုက် ကၠေၚ်ဍာ် (Oil reserves) ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်တုဲ ဒှ် ဍုၚ်မၞုံကဵု ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် သၠုၚ်အိုတ် မွဲ ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠးကဝ် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Crystal |first=Jill |title=Kuwait: The Transformation of an Oil State |year=1992 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0813308886}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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== ၁။ နိဒါန် ကေုာံ ပွံက်အဓိပ္ပါယ် (Introduction and Etymology) ==
ယၟု &quot;ကူဝိတ်&quot; ဂှ် ကၠုၚ်နူ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် &quot;Akwat&quot; မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် &quot;က္ဍိုပ်တိုက်&quot; ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး &quot;နန်ကၟာၚ် မနွံ ဗ္ဒာဲ ဍာ်&quot; ရ။ ကိုပ်ကၠာ တေအ် ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ ဒှ် ကွာန်တမ္ၚာ မရပ်က ဍောတ်တ် မွဲကီုလေဝ်၊ ဟိုတ်နူ ဒတန် ဍေံ မနွံ လ္တူ ဂၠံၚ်တရဴ ဗၞိက် အကြာ မေသဝ်ပဝ်တေမဳယျာ (Mesopotamia) ကေုာံ အိန္ဒိယ တုဲ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ် ဗဟဵု ပရေၚ်ဗၞိက် မဇၞော်မောဝ် မွဲရ။ 

လၟုဟ် ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ ဒှ် ဍုၚ် မၞုံကဵု သြန်ဒကေဝ် ၚုဟ်မး သၠုၚ်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိ (Kuwaiti Dinar) တုဲ၊ ဒယှ်တမ္ညဝ်ဒၟံၚ် နကဵု သၞောတ် ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် မၞုံကဵု အခေါၚ်အာဏာ ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန် (ပါလဳမာန်) အခေါၚ်ဟီုဂး သၠးပွး ဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒေသ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ် အာရပ် ဂမၠိုၚ် (Gulf Arab states) ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Tetreault |first=Mary Ann |title=Stories of Democracy: Politics and Society in Contemporary Kuwait |year=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231114888}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ၂။ ဝၚ်အတိက် ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်သၠးပွး (History and Independence) ==
[[File:Kuwait_City_in_1930s.jpg|thumb|left|250px|ဍုၚ်ကူဝိတ် ပ္ဍဲ သၞာံ ၁၉၃၀ တအ်၊ ကိုပ်ကၠာ ဟွံဂွံ ခါဲဆဵု ကၠေၚ်ဍာ်။]]
ပ္ဍဲ '''အတိက်တေံ'''၊ တိဍာ် ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ ဆက်စပ်ဒၟံၚ် ကု ယေန်သၞာၚ် အဳရက် ခေတ်တြေံ ကေုာံ ဂကူ ဒဳလ်မုန် (Dilmun) တအ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲ ၁၈ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ ဂှ် ဂကောံမၞိဟ် ဗာနဳ ဥတ္တဗာ (Bani Utbah) မပြံၚ်လုပ်ကၠုၚ် နူ လဒေါဝ် အာရေဗဳယျာ တအ် ဒက်ပတန် ဍုၚ် ကူဝိတ် ခေတ်တၟိ ရ။ ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန် အာလ်-သာဗာ (Al-Sabah family) မဒှ် သၟိၚ်အုပ်ဓုပ် လၟုဟ်ဝွံ စအုပ်ဓုပ်ကၠုၚ် နူ သၞာံ ၁၇၅၂ တေအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Slot |first=B. J. |title=The Origins of Kuwait |year=1991 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004094099}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ သၞာံ ၁၈၉၉ ဂှ် တၞဟ်န ဂွံဝေၚ်ပါဲ ပရေၚ်သီကေတ် နူ အေန်ပါယာ ဩတ္တဝ်မာန် (Ottoman) တုဲ၊ သၟိၚ်ကူဝိတ် ထပက်စၟတ်တဲ လိက်ကသုက် ကု ဗြိတိန် တုဲ ကူဝိတ် ဒှ်အာ ဍုၚ်သၟဝ် ပရေၚ်စဵုဒၞာ ဗြိတိန် (British Protectorate) ရ။ ပ္ဍဲ '''၁၉ ဂျောန် ၁၉၆၁''' ဂှ် ကူဝိတ် လလောၚ်တြး ပရေၚ်သၠးပွး ပေၚ်ပေၚ် ရ။

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၀ လ္ပာ် အဝ်ဂေတ် ဂှ် ဍုၚ်အဳရက် သၟဝ်တဲ သာဒါမ် ဟူသိန် (Saddam Hussein) လုပ်ဗတိုက် ကေုာံ သီကေတ် ဍုၚ်ကူဝိတ် ရ။ အရာဏအ် ဗဒှ်ကဵု '''ပၞာန် ၜဳပါသျှာ''' (Gulf War) တုဲ၊ ပ္ဍဲ သၞာံ ၁၉၉၁ ဂှ် ဒပ်ပံၚ်ကောံ ဂၠးကဝ် သၟဝ် ပရေၚ်အာက္ဍိုပ် အမေရိကာန် တအ် ဗတိုက်ပတိတ် ဒပ်အဳရက် တုဲ ကူဝိတ် ကလေၚ်ကလိဂွံ သၠးပွး မွဲဝါပၠန် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Casey |first=Michael S. |title=The History of Kuwait |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0313340734}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ၃။ ပထဝဳ ကေုာံ ရာသဳဥတု (Geography and Climate) ==
ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ နွံကဵု ဇမၞော်တိဍာ် ၁၇,၈၁၈ စတုရံ ကဳလဝ်မဳတာ။ တိဍာ် ညးတအ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ် ကန္တာရ သဗ္ဗလ တုဲ၊ ဒဵုသၠုၚ်သၠုၚ် ဟွံမဲရ။ ကူဝိတ် နွံကဵု တကအ် ၉ တကအ် တုဲ၊ တကအ် ဗူဗဳယျာန် (Bubiyan Island) ဂှ် ဇၞော်အိုတ် ရ။ ဍာ်ယာန် (Rivers) ဟွံမဲ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုၚ်ဏအ်ရ။

* '''ရာသဳဥတု:''' ရာသဳဥတု ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ ဒှ် ရာသဳဥတု ကန္တာရ မကတဴလောန်ကာဲ ရ။ ပ္ဍဲ ဥတုကညၚ် (ဂျောန်-အံက်တဝ်ဗါ) မ္ဂး ဓါတ်ဂမ္တဴ သၠုၚ်တိုန် စဵုကဵု 50°C (122°F) ပြၚ်ၚ်မာန်တုဲ ဒှ် ဍုၚ်မကတဴအိုတ် မွဲ ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠးတိ ရ။ ဥတုဂံက်ဂှ် ၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်တုဲ ဗြဲဂူ အောန် ဗွဲမလောန် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Ruwaih |first=F. |title=Climate and Environment in Kuwait |year=2015 |publisher=Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ၄။ ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ကေုာံ အလဵုအသဳ (Politics and Government) ==
ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ ဒှ် ဍုၚ် မစကာ [[သၞောတ်ဨကရာဇ် သၟဝ်သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေသဇိုၚ်]] ရ။ သၟိၚ်ဨကရာဇ် (Emir) ဂှ် ဒှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် ဍုၚ် တုဲ၊ ညး နွံ အဝဵု သွက်ဂွံ ခါန်ကၞက် သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော် ရ။ ဆဂး ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ တၞဟ်ခြာ နူကဵု ဍုၚ်အာရပ် သ္အာၚ်တအ်ဂှ်၊ ညးတအ် နွံကဵု စၠတ်ထဝ် ပါလဳမာန် မခိုၚ်ကၠိုက် မၞုံယၟု စၠတ်ထဝ် ကောန်ဂကူ (National Assembly / Majlis Al-Umma) ရ။

စၠတ်ထဝ်ဏအ်ဝွံ နွံကဵု အမာတ် ၅၀ တၠ မဒးဒုၚ် ရုဲစှ် နကဵု မာဲ ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန် တအ်ရ။ ပါလဳမာန် ကူဝိတ် နွံ အဝဵု သွက်ဂွံ စၟတ်သမ္တီ သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ၊ သၟာန်စၟဳစၟတ် ဝန်ဇၞော်တအ်၊ ကေုာံ ဒစးဒုၚ် သ္ဂုတ်ဆာတ် သၟိၚ်ဨကရာဇ် မာန်ရ။ ဆဂး ပရေၚ်ကယျာန်ယျေဝ် အကြာ အလဵုအသဳ ကေုာံ ပါလဳမာန် ကတဵုဒှ်ဒၟံၚ် လၟိုန်တုဲ၊ သၟိၚ်ဨကရာဇ် ဒးပလီု ပါလဳမာန် မဂၠိုၚ်ကဵု အလန် နွံကၠုၚ်လဝ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Herb |first=Michael |title=The Wages of Oil: Parliaments and Economic Development in Kuwait and the UAE |year=2014 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0801453366}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ၅။ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ကေုာံ သြန်ပြာဲရာဲ (Economy) ==
[[File:Kuwait_City_Skyline.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ဍုၚ်ကူဝိတ် ခေတ်တၟိ မၞုံကဵု တိုက်သၠုၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ် မထ္ၜးကဵု ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ကၠေၚ်ဍာ် မဇၞော်မောဝ်။]]
ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ သဇိုၚ်ဒၟံၚ် လ္တူ ကဏ္ဍ ကၠေၚ်ဍာ် (Petroleum) ပေၚ်ပေၚ် ရ။ ကူဝိတ် နွံကဵု ဒြပ်သိုက် ကၠေၚ်ဍာ် မရနုက်ကဵု ၆ အလုံ ဂၠးကဝ် တုဲ၊ သြန်လုပ် ဍုၚ် ၉၀% ပြၚ်ၚ် ကၠုၚ်နူ ပရေၚ်သွံရာန် ကၠေၚ်ဍာ် ရ။ 

ဟိုတ်နူ သြန်ဗွဝ် ကၠေၚ်ဍာ်တုဲ၊ ကူဝိတ် နွံကဵု ရန်ပုံငွေ ဒြပ်သိုက် ကၟိန်ဍုၚ် (Sovereign Wealth Fund) မကော်ခဴစ KIA (Kuwait Investment Authority) မဒှ် ရန်ပုံငွေ မတြေံအိုတ် ကေုာံ ဇၞော်အိုတ် မွဲ ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠးတိ ရ။ သြန်ဒကေဝ် ညးတအ် (KWD) ဝွံ မွဲ ဒကေဝ် မ္ဂး တန်ၚုဟ် ၜိုတ် ၃.၃ ဒဝ်လာ အမေရိကာန် တုဲ ဒှ် သြန် မခိုၚ်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠးတိ ရ။

ဆဂး ဟိုတ်နူ သဇိုၚ်လ္တူ ကၠေၚ်ဍာ် လောန်ကာဲအာတုဲ၊ အလဵုအသဳ ဂစာန်ဒၟံၚ် သွက်ဂွံ ဇၞော်မောဝ် ကဏ္ဍ တၞဟ်ဟ် (Economic diversification) ညံၚ်ရဴ ပရေၚ်သြန်ဘဏ် ကေုာံ နယ်ပညာ ရ。&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Nafisi |first=Abdullah |title=Kuwait: The Political Economy of Oil |year=2010 |publisher=Middle East Publishing |isbn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ၆။ လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ကေုာံ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ် (Demographics and Society) ==
လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲ ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ နွံ ၜိုတ် ၄.၃ ပြကောဋိကိုဋ် တၠ (၂၀၂၄) ရ။ အရာ မတၟေၚ်အိုတ်ဂှ် လၟိဟ် ညးဍုၚ်သ္အာၚ် (Expats) မကၠုၚ် ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ပ္ဍဲ ကူဝိတ် ဂှ် ဂၠိုၚ်နူကဵု လၟိဟ် ကောန်ဍုၚ် ကူဝိတ် တအ် ဏီရ။ 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; text-align:center;&quot;
|+ လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲ ဍုၚ်ကူဝိတ် (စၟတ်သမ္တီ)
|-
! လက္ခဏာ (Demographic) !! လၟိဟ် (Percentage) !! တၚ်စၟတ် (Notes)
|-
| ကောန်ဍုၚ် ကူဝိတ် (Citizens) || ၃၂% || ၜိုတ် ၁.၄ ပြကောဋိကိုဋ်
|-
| ညးဍုၚ်သ္အာၚ် (Expatriates) || ၆၈% || အိန္ဒိယ၊ အဳဂျေပ်၊ ဖဳလိပ်ပေန် ကေုာံ တၞဟ်ဟ်
|-
| မံၚ်တန်တဴ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ် (Urbanization)|| ၁၀၀% || မၞိဟ် သီုဖအိုတ် မံၚ် ပ္ဍဲ ဍုၚ်ဇၞော် ကေုာံ ပွဳပွူ
|-
| အာယုက် မံၚ်တန်တဴ (Life Exp.) || ၇၅.၄ သၞာံ || ကဆံၚ်သၠုၚ် ပ္ဍဲ ဒေသ လဒေါဝ်ဗမံက်
|}

ကောန်ဍုၚ် ကူဝိတ် တအ် ကလိဂွံ အခေါၚ်အရာ သက်ကုၚုဟ်မး နူ အလဵုအသဳ ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် ညံၚ်ရဴ ပရေၚ်ပညာ၊ ပရေၚ်ထတ်ယုက် ကေုာံ လွဳလွတ် သ္ၚိဌာန် ရ။ ဘာသာ အေတ်သလာမ် ဂှ် ဒှ် ဘာသာ ရုၚ် တုဲ ဥပဒေ ဍုၚ်ဂှ် သဇိုၚ်လ္တူ သၞောဝ် ရှာရဳယာ (Sharia) ရ။

== ၇။ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ပညာ (Language and Education) ==
[[File:Kuwait_University_Campus.jpg|thumb|left|250px|တက္ကသိုလ် ကူဝိတ် (Kuwait University) မဒှ် တက္ကသိုလ် အဓိက သွက် ဍုၚ်။]]
**အရေဝ်ဘာသာ** ရုၚ် ကေုာံ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အဓိက ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဒှ် ဘာသာ အာရပ် (Arabic) ရ။ ဆဂး ဘာသာ အၚ်္ဂလိက် ဂှ်လေဝ် စကာဒၟံၚ် ဗွဲမလှဲလး ပ္ဍဲ ကဏ္ဍ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံ ကု ညးဍုၚ်သ္အာၚ် တအ်ရ။

ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ နွံကဵု သၞောတ် ပရေၚ်ပညာ မခိုဟ် ကေုာံ လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ဗှ်လိက်ဒး (Literacy rate) ၉၆% ပြၚ်ၚ် ရ။ ပရေၚ်ပညာဂှ် စဵုကဵု ကဆံၚ် တက္ကသိုလ် အလဵုအသဳ ကဵုလဝ် သက်ကုၚုဟ်မး သွက် ကောန်ဍုၚ်ညးတအ် ရ။ တက္ကသိုလ် ကူဝိတ် (Kuwait University) ဂှ် ဒှ် တက္ကသိုလ် အလဵုအသဳ မဇၞော်အိုတ်တုဲ၊ တက္ကသိုလ် ပုဂ္ဂလိက ညံၚ်ရဴ American University of Kuwait တအ်လေဝ် နွံ ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Shalfan |first=F. |title=Education and Development in Kuwait |year=2018 |publisher=Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ၈။ ယေန်သၞာၚ် ကေုာံ အနုသုခုမ (Culture and Arts) ==
ယေန်သၞာၚ် ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ ဒှ် ပရေၚ်ပံၚ်စပ် အကြာ အခိုက်ကၞာ ဗေဒိုန် (Bedouin) ကန္တာရ ကေုာံ အခိုက်ကၞာ ညးမံၚ် ဇိုၚ်ၜဳ ရ။
* '''ဒဳဝါနဳယာ (Diwaniya):''' ဝွံ ဒှ် အခိုက်ကၞာ မတၟေၚ်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲ ကူဝိတ် ရ။ ဍေံဒှ် ဒၞာဲ (ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး ရုၚ်မွဲ ပ္ဍဲ သ္ၚိ) သွက် မၞိဟ်တြုဟ်တအ် ကောံဓရီု ဟီုဂး ပရူ ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်မၞိဟ် ရ။ ဒဳဝါနဳယာ ဝွံ ဒှ် သဇိုၚ် သွက် ပရေၚ်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ ပ္ဍဲ ကူဝိတ် လေဝ် ဟီုမာန်ရ။
* '''ရုပ်ရှင် ကေုာံ သဘၚ်:''' ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ ဒးဒုၚ် ကော်ခဴစ &quot;ဟဝ်လဳဝုဒ် ၜဳပါသျှာ&quot; (Hollywood of the Gulf) ဟိုတ်နူ ညးတအ် ပတိတ် ဇာတ်လမ်း ရုပ်ရှင် ကေုာံ သဘၚ် (Soap operas) မဒယှ်တမ္ညဝ် လောန် ပ္ဍဲ လဒေါဝ်ဗမံက် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Enezi |first=M. |title=Media and Cultural Expression in the Gulf |year=2016 |publisher=Gulf Studies Center |isbn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ၉။ ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံ ဍုၚ်သ္အာၚ် ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်စဵုဒၞာ (Foreign Relations) ==
ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ ဒှ် ကောန်ဂကောံ အဓိက ပ္ဍဲ ဂကောံ ပရေၚ်ပံၚ်ကောံ ဍုၚ် အာရပ် (GCC - Gulf Cooperation Council) ရ။ ကြဴနူ ပၞာန် ၜဳပါသျှာ သၞာံ ၁၉၉၁ တုဲ၊ ကူဝိတ် သိုၚ်ခၞံ ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံ မခိုၚ်ကၠိုက် ကု ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်အမေရိကာန် (USA) ကေုာံ ဍုၚ်ရးပလိုတ် တအ်ရ။ ကူဝိတ် ဝွံ ဒှ် ဍုၚ်မဟာမိတ် (Major non-NATO ally) သွက် အမေရိကာန် မွဲ ကီုရ။

လ္ပာ် ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် လဒေါဝ်ဗမံက်မ္ဂး၊ ကူဝိတ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် ညးတအ် တန်တဴ နဒဒှ် ညးလဒေါဝ် မဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်ဆာတ် ညိၚ်ဝတ် (Mediator) အကြာ ဍုၚ်မၞုံကဵု ပြသၞာ တအ် ညံၚ်ရဴ ကာတာ (Qatar) ကေုာံ သဴဒဳ အရေဗဳယျာ တအ်ရ။

== ၁၀။ အနာဂတ် ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ဇၞော်မောဝ် (Future and Development) ==
[[File:Kuwait_Towers.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ပြသာဒ် ကူဝိတ် (Kuwait Towers) မဒှ် သင်္ကေတ ဍုၚ် ကေုာံ သၞောတ် ဍာ်သ္အးဇ္ၚး။]]
သွက် အနာဂတ်ဏအ်၊ ကူဝိတ် ချူဆန်လဝ် အစဳအဇန် **&quot;လညာတ် ၂၀၃၅&quot; (Kuwait Vision 2035 - New Kuwait)** ရ။ ရန်တၟအ် အဓိက ဂှ် သွက်ဂွံ ပြံၚ်လှာဲ ဍုၚ်ကူဝိတ် ညံၚ်ဂွံ ဒှ် ဗဟဵု ပရေၚ်သြန် ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ဗၞိက် ပ္ဍဲ ဒေသ လဒေါဝ်ဗမံက်၊ ကေုာံ ဖအောန်ဖျေဟ် ပရေၚ်သဇိုၚ်လ္တူ ကၠေၚ်ဍာ် ရ။ ညးတအ် ဂစာန် သိုၚ်ခၞံဒၟံၚ် **ဍုၚ်သုတ် (Silk City - Madinat al-Hareer)** မဒှ် ဍုၚ်ဇၞော် ခေတ်တၟိ ပ္ဍဲ လ္ပာ်သၟဝ်ကျာ ဍုၚ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Dekhayel |first=A. |title=Kuwait: State Building and Vision 2035 |year=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဆဂး ကူဝိတ် ဒးဆဵုဂဗဒၟံၚ် ပြသၞာ ပရေၚ်ပြံၚ်လှာဲ ရာသဳဥတု ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵု ဒြဟတ် ရ။ ဓါတ်ဂမ္တဴ သၠုၚ်တိုန်ဒၟံၚ် လၟိုန်တုဲ၊ ပ္ဍဲ အနာဂတ်မ္ဂး ကတဴလောန်ကာဲတုဲ မံၚ် ဟွံမာန် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုၚ် မာန်ရ။ သွက်ဂွံ သှ်ပလး ပြသၞာဏအ် ညးတအ် ဒးစကာ နယ်ပညာ တၟိတၟိ ဗွဲမပြဟ် ရ။

* **ဗဳဒဳယော သ္ၚေဝ်ဂၠေပ် (YouTube):** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuwaitCityGuide ပရူပရာ ဍုၚ်ကူဝိတ် - Kuwait Travel Guide]

== နိဿဲ (References) ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Crystal&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Crystal |first=Jill |title=Kuwait: The Transformation of an Oil State |year=1992 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0813308886}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Tetreault&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Tetreault |first=Mary Ann |title=Stories of Democracy: Politics and Society in Contemporary Kuwait |year=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231114888}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Slot&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Slot |first=B. J. |title=The Origins of Kuwait |year=1991 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004094099}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Casey&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Casey |first=Michael S. |title=The History of Kuwait |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0313340734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AlRuwaih&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Ruwaih |first=F. |title=Climate and Environment in Kuwait |year=2015 |publisher=Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Herb&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Herb |first=Michael |title=The Wages of Oil: Parliaments and Economic Development in Kuwait and the UAE |year=2014 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0801453366}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AlNafisi&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Nafisi |first=Abdullah |title=Kuwait: The Political Economy of Oil |year=2010 |publisher=Middle East Publishing |isbn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AlShalfan&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Shalfan |first=F. |title=Education and Development in Kuwait |year=2018 |publisher=Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AlEnezi&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Enezi |first=M. |title=Media and Cultural Expression in the Gulf |year=2016 |publisher=Gulf Studies Center |isbn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AlDekhayel&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Dekhayel |first=A. |title=Kuwait: State Building and Vision 2035 |year=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

{{Navbox
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| title      = ဍုၚ် ကူဝိတ် ကေုာံ ကောန်ဂကောံ ဂကောံ ပရေၚ်ပံၚ်ကောံ ဍုၚ် အာရပ် (GCC)
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* [[သဴဒဳ အရေဗဳယျာ]] (Saudi Arabia)
* [[ကၟိန်ဍုၚ် အာရပ် အေမဳရေတ်]] (UAE)
* [[ကာတာ]] (Qatar)
* [[ဗာရိၚ်]] (Bahrain)
* [[အဝ်မာန်]] (Oman)
| group2     = ဒေသ ကေုာံ ပထဝဳ
| list2      = 
* [[ဍုၚ်ကူဝိတ်]] (Kuwait City)
* [[ၜဳပါသျှာ]] (Persian Gulf)
* [[တကအ် ဗူဗဳယျာန်]] (Bubiyan Island)
| group3     = ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်
| list3      = 
* [[ဒဳဝါနဳယာ]] (Diwaniya)
* [[စၠတ်ထဝ် ကောန်ဂကူ ကူဝိတ်]]
* [[သြန်ဒကေဝ် ကူဝိတ်]] (Kuwaiti Dinar)
}}

[[Category:ကူဝိတ်]]
[[Category:ဍုၚ် ပ္ဍဲ အာရှ]]
[[Category:ဒေသ လဒေါဝ်ဗမံက်]]
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| mapcaption    = ဒေသ မဟီုဂး အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ်။ သာ်တ္ၚေက်- နဒဒှ် ဘာသာရုၚ် အဓိက။ သာ်သၚေက်ဍာ်- နဒဒှ် ဘာသာရုၚ် မရနုက်ကဵု ၜါ ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး ဘာသာကောန်ဍောတ်။
}}

'''အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ်''' ({{lang-en|Arabic}}; {{lang-ar|العربية}} ''al-ʻarabīyah'' [al.ʕa.raˈbij.ja]) ဝွံ ဒှ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ မပါဝင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကဏ္ဍ လဒေါဝ် သေမ်မေတ်တစ် (Central Semitic) မဒှ် ကဏ္ဍမွဲ နူကဵု ဂကောံအရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာဖရဝ်-အေရှတစ် (Afroasiatic language family) ရ။ အရေဝ်ဘာသာဏအ်ဝွံ စကတဵုဒှ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ခေတ် ဇာတ်အာဲသန် (Iron Age) ပ္ဍဲ ဒေသ တကအ်အာရေဗဳယျာ (Arabian Peninsula) တုဲ လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး ဒှ်လဝ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ မၞုံကဵု မၞိဟ်ဟီုဂး ဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လောက အာရပ် တအ်ရ။ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ ဒှ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ရုၚ် သွက် ဍုၚ် ၂၅ ဍုၚ် တုဲ သီုဒှ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ရုၚ် တရာဲဝၚ် မွဲ နူကဵု ဂကောံ [[ကုလသမဂ္ဂ]] (United Nations) ရ။

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== ၁။ နိဒါန် ကေုာံ ပွံက်အဓိပ္ပါယ် (Introduction and Overview) ==
အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ တၞဟ်ခြာ နူကဵု အရေဝ်ဘာသာ သ္အာၚ်တအ် ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ဍေံ ဒှ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ &quot;ဒါဲဂလဝ်သဳယျာ&quot; (Diglossia) မွဲရ။ ဒါဲဂလဝ်သဳယျာ ဟီုမ္ဂးဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂကောံမၞိဟ် မွဲဓဝ်ဂှ် စကာ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ၜါဗီုပြၚ် (ဗီုပြၚ် ရုၚ် ကေုာံ ဗီုပြၚ် လၟေၚ်တ္ၚဲ) မတၞဟ်ခြာ ရေၚ်သကအ် ရ။ 

ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာသာအာရပ်မ္ဂး ညးတအ် ပါ်လဝ် ဗီုပြၚ် အဓိက ၜါသာ်ရ-
* '''အာရပ် သ္အးဇ္ၚး ကေုာံ အာရပ် စံၚ်ကိုက် ခေတ်တၟိ (Modern Standard Arabic - MSA):''' ဒှ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ မစကာ ပ္ဍဲ လိက်ပတ်၊ ရုၚ်အလဵုအသဳ၊ ပရိုၚ်၊ ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ပညာ ရ။ MSA ဝွံ သဇိုၚ်ဒၟံၚ် လ္တူ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ သၠပတ် ကဝ်ရအာန် (Quranic Arabic) တုဲ ဍုၚ်အာရပ် သီုဖအိုတ် စကာ တုပ်ပ် ရ။
* '''အရေဝ်ဒေသ အာရပ်ဂမၠိုၚ် (Arabic Dialects / Vernaculars):''' ဒှ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ မဟီုဂး ပ္ဍဲ လၟေၚ်တ္ၚဲ ပ္ဍဲကဵု သ္ၚိဌာန် ကေုာံ ဗဇာ (ဖျာ) တအ်ရ။ အရေဝ်ဒေသ ဍုၚ်မွဲ ကု မွဲ ဟွံတုပ် ရေၚ်သကအ် တုဲ လဆောဝ်မ္ဂး ညးမွဲ ကု ညးမွဲ ကၠိုဟ်ခၠၚ် ရေၚ်သကအ် ဝါတ်ဂါတ် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Versteegh |first=Kees |title=The Arabic Language |year=2014 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0748645282}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ၂။ ဝၚ်အတိက် ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ဇၞော်မောဝ် (History and Development) ==
[[File:Folio_from_a_Qur'an_Manuscript_metmuseum.jpg|thumb|left|250px|လိက်တြေံ သၠပတ် ကဝ်ရအာန် နူကဵု ၈ ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး ၉ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ၊ မချူလဝ် နကဵု အက္ခရ် ကူဖေတ် (Kufic script) မဒှ် သဇိုၚ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် သ္အးဇ္ၚး။]]
အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ နွံကဵု ဝၚ်အတိက် မဇြိုဟ်နက် ကေုာံ ဂၠိၚ်သ္ၚောဲ ဗွဲမလောန် ရ။ ဝင် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ဏအ်ဝွံ ပိုဲမာန် ပါ်ပရအ် ကေတ် နကဵု ခေတ် အဓိက ၃ ခေတ် ရ-

# '''အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် တြေံ (Old Arabic):''' စကတဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၁ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ ဘဳသဳ (BCE) စဵုကဵု ၄ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ အေဒဳ (CE) ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒေသ လဒေါဝ် ကေုာံ သၟဝ်ကျာ တကအ် အာရေဗဳယျာ ရ။ လိက်တၟအ် အာရပ် မတြေံအိုတ် ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒေသ ဍုၚ် သဳရဳယျာ (Syria) တုဲ ချူလဝ် နကဵု အက္ခရ် နာဘာတဳယျာန် (Nabataean script) ရ။
# '''အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် သ္အးဇ္ၚး (Classical Arabic):''' ကတဵုဒှ် ပြာကတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၇ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ အေဒဳ အခိၚ် ကတဵုဒှ် ဘာသာ အေတ်သလာမ် (Islam) ရ။ လိက်သၠပတ် အဓိက သွက် ဘာသာ အေတ်သလာမ် မဒှ် '''သၠပတ် ကဝ်ရအာန် (Quran)''' ဂှ် စှ်ေကၠုၚ် နကဵု အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် သ္အးဇ္ၚး ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူ ဓဝ်ပတှ်ေ သာသနာတုဲ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ဏအ် ဒှ်ကၠုၚ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ပရဲ သွက် ကောန်အေတ်သလာမ် အလုံဂၠးတိ ရ။
# '''အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ခေတ်တၟိ (Modern Standard Arabic):''' ကြဴနူ ၁၉ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ (ခေတ် အာလ်-နာဒါ Al-Nahda) တုဲ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ပြံၚ်လှာဲ ပလေဝ်ဒါန် ညံၚ်ဂွံ ကိတ်ညဳ ကု ဝေါဟာရ ခေတ်တၟိ ကေုာံ နယ်ပညာ တအ်ရ။

ကြဴနူ ပၞာန် သီတိဍာ် အာရပ် (Arab conquests) ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၇ ကေုာံ ၈ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ တုဲ၊ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ပြးဇးအာ စဵုကဵု ဍုၚ် သပေန် (Spain) ပ္ဍဲ လ္ပာ်ပလိုတ် ကေုာံ စိုပ် ပယျဵု ဍုၚ် အိန္ဒိယ ပ္ဍဲ လ္ပာ်ဗမံက် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Holes |first=Clive |title=Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties |year=2004 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1589010222}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ၃။ ဂကောံအရေဝ်ဘာသာ ကေုာံ ဂကူဗဳဇ (Language Family and Classification) ==
အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ လုပ်ပါဝင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု '''ဂကောံအရေဝ်ဘာသာ သေမ်မေတ်တစ် (Semitic language family)''' ရ။ ဂကောံ သေမ်မေတ်တစ် ဝွံ ဒှ် ကဏ္ဍမွဲ နူကဵု ဂကောံအရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာဖရဝ်-အေရှတစ် (Afroasiatic) ရ။ 

အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ ဆက်စပ်ဒၟံၚ် ကြပ်ပ် ကု အရေဝ်ဘာသာ သေမ်မေတ်တစ် တၞဟ်ဟ် ညံၚ်ရဴ-
* '''[[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ဟေဗြဴ]] (Hebrew):''' အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အဓိက သွက် ဍုၚ် အေဿရေ။
* '''[[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရာမေတ်]] (Aramaic):''' အရေဝ်ဘာသာ မဟီုဂး ပ္ဍဲ ခေတ် သၟိၚ်ယေသှု။
* '''[[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာမာရိတ်]] (Amharic):''' အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ရုၚ် သွက် ဍုၚ် အဳတဳယဝ်ပဳယျာ (Ethiopia)။

အရေဝ်ဘာသာ သေမ်မေတ်တစ် တအ် သီုဖအိုတ် နွံ လက္ခဏာ သဒ္ဒါ မတုပ် ရေၚ်သကအ် မတွဟ်ဂး &quot;သၞောတ် တမ်ရိုဟ် ဗျည်ပိ&quot; (Triconsonantal root system) ရ။

== ၄။ ဒေသမဟီုဂး ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ပြးဇး (Geographic Distribution) ==
[[File:Map_of_the_Arab_World.svg|thumb|right|300px|ဂကောံဍုၚ် အာရပ် လဳဂ် (Arab League) မဒှ် ဒေသ အဓိက မဟီုဂး အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ပ္ဍဲ လဒေါဝ်ဗမံက် ကေုာံ အာဖရိက သၟဝ်ကျာ။]]
လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး မၞိဟ်မဟီုဂး အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် နဒဒှ် အရေဝ်မိ နွံ ၜိုတ် ၄၂၀ ပြကောဋိကိုဋ် ပြၚ်ၚ် တုဲ ဒှ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ မၞုံကဵု မၞိဟ်ဟီုဂး ဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ် မရနုက်ကဵု ၅ ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠးတိဏအ် ရ။ 

ဒေသ အဓိက မဟီုဂး အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ ညးတအ် ကော်ခဴစ ဒေသ &quot;လဒေါဝ်ဗမံက် ကေုာံ အာဖရိက သၟဝ်ကျာ&quot; (MENA - Middle East and North Africa) ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး '''လောက အာရပ် (Arab World)''' ရ။ ဍုၚ် အဓိက မဟီုဂး အရေဝ်ဘာသာဏအ်ဂှ် ပါဝင်-
* '''အာဖရိက သၟဝ်ကျာ:''' [[အဳဂျေပ်]] (Egypt), [[မဝ်ရဝ်ကဝ်]] (Morocco), [[အာလ်ဂျဳယျာ]] (Algeria), [[တူနဳသျှာ]] (Tunisia), [[လဳဗျာ]] (Libya)၊ [[သော်ဒါန်]] (Sudan)။
* '''လဒေါဝ်ဗမံက် (Levant &amp; Mesopotamia):''' [[သဳရဳယျာ]] (Syria), [[အဳရက်]] (Iraq), [[လဗာန်နောန်]] (Lebanon), [[ဂျဝ်ဒါန်]] (Jordan), [[ပါလေတ်သတာၚ်]] (Palestine)။
* '''တကအ် အာရေဗဳယျာ (Gulf Region):''' [[သော်ဒဳ အာရေဗဳယျာ]] (Saudi Arabia), [[ယူအေအဳ]] (UAE), [[ယေမေန်]] (Yemen), [[ကူဝိတ်]] (Kuwait), [[အဝ်မာန်]] (Oman)။

ပါဲနူဂှ်တုဲ ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ပရေၚ်ပြံၚ်ဒတန် မၞိဟ် (Diaspora) တုဲ၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဍုၚ် ဥရဝ်ပ (ဥပမာ- ပြၚ်သေတ် ကေုာံ ဂျာမနဳ)၊ ကေုာံ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်အမေရိကာန် တအ်လေဝ် ဂကောံမၞိဟ် မဟီုဂး အာရပ် နွံ ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် ရ။

== ၅။ သၞောတ် ရမ္သာၚ် ကေုာံ ဗျည်သဒ္ဒါ (Phonology and Phonetics) ==
သၞောတ် ရမ္သာၚ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ တၞဟ်ခြာ နူကဵု အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အေန်ဒဝ်-ဥရဝ်ပဳယျာန် တအ် ဗွဲမလောန် ရ။ ဍေံ နွံကဵု ဗျည် (Consonants) ၂၈ မ ကေုာံ သရ (Vowels) အဓိက ၃ မ ရ။

* '''ဗျည် (Consonants):''' လက္ခဏာ အဓိက သွက် ဗျည် အာရပ် ဂှ် ဒှ် ပွမနွံကဵု ဗျည် &quot;Emphatic consonants&quot; (ဗျည် မပတိတ် ရမ္သာၚ် သၠုၚ် နူ ကအ်) ကေုာံ ဗျည် &quot;Guttural consonants&quot; (ဗျည် မပတိတ် ရမ္သာၚ် နူ သ္ၚိကအ် ဇြိုဟ်ဟ်) ရ။ ဥပမာ - ရမ္သာၚ် ح (ḥa), ع (ʻayn), ق (qāf) တအ်ဂှ် သွက် ညးမဟီု ဘာသာသ္အာၚ်တအ် ပတိတ်ရမ္သာၚ် ဝါတ်ဂါတ် ဗွဲမလောန် ရ。&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Watson |first=Janet C. E. |title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199257591}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''သရ (Vowels):''' အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် နွံ သရ ဂၠေအ် ၃ မ (a, i, u) ကေုာံ သရ ဂၠိၚ် ၃ မ (ā, ī, ū) ရ။ ပ္ဍဲ လိက် အာရပ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် ဂှ် သရ ဂၠေအ် တအ် ညးတအ် ဟွံချူ စုတ်ရ (Abjad system)။ ညးဗှ်လိက် တအ် ဒးကၠိုဟ်ကေတ် သရ နူကဵု လၟေၚ် ဝါကျ ရ။

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; text-align:center;&quot;
|+ ဗီုပြၚ် ရမ္သာၚ် ဗျည် အဓိက ပ္ဍဲ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် (IPA)
|-
! ဌာန်ကတဵုဒှ် (Place of articulation) !! ရမ္သာၚ်ဟွံပါ (Voiceless) !! ရမ္သာၚ်ပါ (Voiced) !! Emphatic
|-
| သၟောန်ပါၚ် (Labial) || f (ف) || b (ب), m (م) || 
|-
| ၚေက် (Dental) || θ (ث) || ð (ذ) || ðˤ (ظ)
|-
| က္ဍိုပ်ၚေက် (Alveolar) || t (ت), s (س) || d (د), z (ز), n (ن) || tˤ (ط), sˤ (ص), dˤ (ض)
|-
| အာၚ် (Palatal) || ʃ (ش) || dʒ (ج), j (ي) || 
|-
| ကအ် (Velar / Uvular) || k (ك), x (خ), q (ق) || g/ɣ (غ) || 
|-
| သ္ၚိကအ် (Pharyngeal) || ħ (ح) || ʕ (ع) || 
|-
| တမ်ကအ် (Glottal) || ʔ (ء), h (ه) || || 
|}

== ၆။ သဒ္ဒါ ကေုာံ ဝါကျ (Grammar and Syntax) ==
သဒ္ဒါ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ ကြပ်ညောန် ကု သၞောတ် သေမ်မေတ်တစ် သ္အာၚ်တအ် ရ။ လက္ခဏာ အဓိက မပြာကတ်အိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ် '''သၞောတ် တမ်ရိုဟ် (Root-and-pattern system)''' ရ。

* '''တမ်ရိုဟ် (Roots):''' မဝေါဟာရ အာရပ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ကၠုၚ်နူ &quot;တမ်ရိုဟ် ဗျည် ပိ မ&quot; (Triconsonantal root) ရ။ ဥပမာ - တမ်ရိုဟ် '''k-t-b''' (ك ت ب) ဂှ် ဆက်စပ် ကု ပွမချူလိက် ရ။ နူကဵု ဗျည်ပိမ ဏအ်၊ နကဵု ပွမပြံၚ်လှာဲ သရ ကေုာံ စုတ် အက္ခရ် ဂတ/လက္ကရဴ ဂှ် ညးတအ် ဖန်ဗဒှ် ဝေါဟာရ တၟိ မာန်ရ။
** *kataba* (كتب) = ညးတြုဟ် ချူလဝ်ယျ။
** *yaktubu* (يكتب) = ညးတြုဟ် ချူဒၟံၚ်။
** *kitāb* (كتاب) = လိက်ကၞပ်။
** *kātib* (كاتب) = အစာချူလိက်။
** *maktab* (مكتب) = ရုၚ် (ဒၞာဲ ချူလိက်)။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ryding |first=Karin C. |title=A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521777714}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''ဝါကျ (Syntax):''' ပ္ဍဲ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် သ္အးဇ္ၚး (MSA) မ္ဂး၊ လၟေၚ် ဝါကျ အဓိက ဂှ် ဒှ် VSO (Verb-Subject-Object - ကြိယာ-ကတ္တာ-ကမ်) ရ။ ဆဂး ပ္ဍဲ အရေဝ်ဒေသ ခေတ်တၟိ တအ်မ္ဂး SVO (ကတ္တာ-ကြိယာ-ကမ်) ဂှ် စကာ ဂၠိုၚ်ကၠုၚ် ရ။
* '''လိၚ် ကေုာံ ကိန်း (Gender and Number):''' မနာမ် သီုဖအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲ ဘာသာအာရပ် ဂှ် နွံ လိၚ် ၜါ (တြုဟ် / ဗြဴ) ရ။ လိၚ်ဗြဴ ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ် အုပ်နိဂီု နကဵု အက္ခရ် ة (taa marbuta) ရ။ ကိန်း ဂှ် နွံ ပိ သာ် - မွဲ (Singular)၊ ၜါ (Dual)၊ ကေုာံ ဂၠိုၚ် (Plural) ရ။

== ၇။ လိက်ပတ် ကေုာံ သၞောတ်အက္ခရ် (Writing System) ==
[[File:Bismillah_Calligraphy.svg|thumb|right|250px|ကွတ်အနုသုခုမ ပွမချူ လိက်အာရပ် (Islamic Calligraphy) မချူလဝ် မအရေဝ် &quot;ဗေတ်သမာလာ&quot; (In the name of God) ဗွဲမကျေဝ်ဂေါဝ်။]]
အက္ခရ် အာရပ် (Arabic alphabet) ဝွံ ဒှ် သၞောတ် အက္ခရ် မစကာ ဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ် မရနုက်ကဵု ၜါ ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠးတိ (ကြဴနူ အက္ခရ် လေတ်တေန်) ရ။ ဍေံ ဒှ် သၞောတ် အက္ခရ် &quot;အာပ်ဂျာတ်&quot; (Abjad) မတွဟ်ဂး အက္ခရ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ် ဆ ဗျည် သၟးတုဲ သရ ဂၠေအ် တအ်ဂှ် ဟွံချူ စုတ် ရ (ဆ ပ္ဍဲ သၠပတ် ကဝ်ရအာန် ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး လိက် ကောန်ၚာ် သၟး ညးတအ် စုတ်ကဵု သင်္ကေတ သရ ร)။

* '''ပွမချူ:''' လိက်အာရပ် ဂှ် ချူ နူ '''ပုၚ် ဇရေၚ် ဇွိ''' (Right to left) ရ။ 
* '''ဗီုပြၚ် အက္ခရ်:''' အက္ခရ် အာရပ် နွံ ၂၈ မ။ အက္ခရ် မွဲမွဲ မ္ဂး ဍေံ နွံ ဗီုပြၚ် ၄ သာ် မတန်တဴ လ္တူ ဒၞာဲ ဍေံ မနွံ (တမ်၊ လဒေါဝ်၊ ကၞောတ်၊ ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး တန်တဴ သ္ၚောဲသ္ၚောဲ) ရ။ လိက်အာရပ် ဝွံ ဒှ် လိက် စပ်ဆက်ဒၟံၚ် (Cursive script) ရ။
* '''ကွတ်အနုသုခုမ (Calligraphy):''' ဟိုတ်နူကဵု သာသနာ အေတ်သလာမ် ဂှ် စဵုဒၞာလဝ် ပွမဆာဲ ရုပ် ကောန်မၞိဟ် ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး တိရစ္ဆာန် ပ္ဍဲ ဘာကျာ် တုဲ၊ အနုသုခုမ လိက်အာရပ် (Arabic Calligraphy) ဇၞော်မောဝ် ကၠုၚ် ဗွဲမလောန် တုဲ ဒှ် သင်္ကေတ အနုသုခုမ မပြာကတ်အိုတ် သွက် လောက အေတ်သလာမ် ရ။

== ၈။ အရေဝ်ဒေသ ကေုာံ ဂကူနာနာ (Dialects and Varieties) ==
အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ နွံကဵု အရေဝ်ဒေသ (Dialects) မဂၠိုၚ်ကဵု ကၠံ ရ။ အရေဝ်ဒေသ တအ်ဏအ်ဝွံ လဆောဝ်မ္ဂး တၞဟ်ခြာ ရေၚ်သကအ် ဗွဲမလောန် တုဲ ညံၚ်ရဴ ဒှ်အာ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ တၞဟ်မွဲ သာ်ရ။ တၠပညာ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ တအ် ပါ်လဝ် အရေဝ်ဒေသ အာရပ် ဂမၠိုၚ် နကဵု ၅ ကဏ္ဍ အဓိက ရ-

# '''အာရပ် အဳဂျေပ် (Egyptian Arabic):''' ဒှ် အရေဝ်ဒေသ မၞုံကဵု မၞိဟ်ဟီုဂး ဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ် ကေုာံ ကၠိုဟ်ခၠၚ် လောဲအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲ လောက အာရပ် ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူ ရုပ်ရှင် ကေုာံ ဒွက် အဳဂျေပ် တအ် ပြးဇး လောန် ပ္ဍဲ ဒေသ လဒေါဝ်ဗမံက် ရ။
# '''အာရပ် လဗာန် (Levantine Arabic):''' ဟီုဂး ပ္ဍဲ သဳရဳယျာ၊ လဗာန်နောန်၊ ပါလေတ်သတာၚ် ကေုာံ ဂျဝ်ဒါန်။ ဒှ် အရေဝ် မကြပ် ကု အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရာမေတ် တြေံ ရ။
# '''အာရပ် မာဂရေပ် (Maghrebi Arabic):''' ဟီုဂး ပ္ဍဲ အာဖရိက သၟဝ်ကျာ ပလိုတ် (မဝ်ရဝ်ကဝ်၊ အာလ်ဂျဳယျာ၊ တူနဳသျှာ)။ အရေဝ်ဏအ်ဝွံ လီုလာ် လ္တူ အရေဝ် ဘာသာ ပြၚ်သေတ် ကေုာံ ဘာဘာ (Berber) ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် တုဲ ညး ဍုၚ် အာရပ် ဗမံက် တအ် ကၠိုဟ်ခၠၚ် ဝါတ်ဂါတ် ရ။
# '''အာရပ် ပ္ၚံက်ၜဳ (Gulf Arabic):''' ဟီုဂး ပ္ဍဲ တကအ် အာရေဗဳယျာ ညံၚ်ရဴ သော်ဒဳ၊ ယူအေအဳ ကေုာံ ကူဝိတ်။ ဍေံ မၚ်မွဲလဝ် ဝေါဟာရ အာရပ် တြေံ ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် ရ။
# '''အာရပ် မေသဝ်ပဝ်တေမဳယျာ (Mesopotamian Arabic):''' ဟီုဂး အဓိက ပ္ဍဲ အဳရက် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bassiouney |first=Reem |title=Arabic Sociolinguistics |year=2009 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0748623747}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ၉။ ပရေၚ်စကာ ပ္ဍဲ ဘာသာ ကေုာံ ယေန်သၞာၚ် (Religious and Cultural Significance) ==
အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ ဆက်စပ်ဒၟံၚ် ဗွဲမဇြိုဟ်နက် ကု သာသနာ [[အေတ်သလာမ်]] ရ။ ကောန်အေတ်သလာမ် ၜိုတ် ၂ ပြကောဋိကိုဋ် ပြၚ်ၚ် အလုံဂၠးတိ ဝွံ ၜိုန်ရ ညးတအ် ဟွံဟီု ဘာသာ အာရပ် နဒဒှ် အရေဝ်မိ ကီုလေဝ်၊ ညးတအ် ဒးလ္ၚတ် ကေုာံ ဖ္ဍောတ် သၠပတ် ကဝ်ရအာန် (Quran) နကဵု ဘာသာ အာရပ် လၟိုန် ရ။ 

ပါဲနူ သာသနာတုဲ၊ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ ဒှ်လဝ် ဗဟဵု သွက် ပရေၚ်ပညာ ကေုာံ နယ်ပညာ ပ္ဍဲကဵု &quot;ခေတ် ထဝ် အေတ်သလာမ်&quot; (Islamic Golden Age) အကြာ ၈ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ ကဵု ၁၃ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ ရ။ လိက်ပတ် ဝိဇ္ဇာ တမၠာ နူ ဂရေတ် ကေုာံ ရဝ်မ တအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုၚ် ကၠာဲစၠောအ် ဇရေၚ် ဘာသာ အာရပ် တုဲ မှ ညးတအ် မၚ်မွဲ သှ်ေၜိဟ်ကၠုၚ် စဵုကဵု ခေတ် ဥရဝ်ပ ဉာဏ်ပညာ (Renaissance) ရ။ ဝေါဟာရ အၚ်္ဂလိက် ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် (ဥပမာ- *algebra*, *alcohol*, *algorithm*, *coffee*, *lemon*) တအ်ဂှ် တမ်မူလ ကၠုၚ်နူ ဘာသာ အာရပ် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |title=Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance |year=2007 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0262195577}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ၁၀။ ကဆံၚ်လၟုဟ် ကေုာံ အနာဂတ် ပ္ဍဲ ခေတ်နယ်ပညာ (Current Status and Future) ==
[[File:UN_General_Assembly_hall.jpg|thumb|left|250px|အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ ဒှ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ရုၚ် မွဲ နူကဵု ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ (UN) တုဲ စကာဒၟံၚ် ပ္ဍဲ စၠတ်ထဝ် သမဂ္ဂ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ။]]
လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ ဒှ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ရုၚ် တရားဝင် (၁) ပ္ဍဲ (၆) ဘာသာ သွက် ဂကောံ [[ကုလသမဂ္ဂ]] (United Nations) ရ။ တ္ၚဲအရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ (UN Arabic Language Day) ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် လၟိုန် သၞာံ ပ္ဍဲ စၟတ်တ္ၚဲ ၁၈ ဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါ ရ။

ပ္ဍဲ ခေတ် နယ်ပညာ ကေုာံ အေန်တာနဲ ဏအ်၊ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ ဇၞော်မောဝ် တိုန်ဒၟံၚ် ဗွဲမပြဟ် ရ။ ၜိုန်ရ ပ္ဍဲ အတိက်တေအ် သၞောတ် စက်ကောမ်ပျူတာ တအ် နွံ အခက်အခုဲ ပ္ဍဲ ပွမချူ လိက်အာရပ် (Right-to-left script) ကီုလေဝ်၊ လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး လိက်အာရပ် ဝွံ ဒှ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ မစကာ ဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ် မရနုက်ကဵု ၄ ပ္ဍဲ အေန်တာနဲ ရ။ 

ပြသၞာ အနာဂတ် သွက် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဂှ် ဒှ် အရာ မဆေၚ်ကဵု နယ်ပညာ ဉာဏ်တု (AI) ကေုာံ ပွမကၠာဲဘာသာ အလဵုအလဵု (Machine Translation) ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူကဵု အရေဝ်ဒေသ အာရပ် တအ် ဟွံတုပ် ရေၚ်သကအ် ကေုာံ သၞောတ် သရ မဟွံချူ စုတ် (Unvoweled text) တုဲ၊ စက် AI တအ် ကၠိုဟ်ခၠၚ် ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဍာံဍာံပြပြ ညံၚ်ရဴ ဘာသာ အၚ်္ဂလိက် ဂှ် ဒးကေတ် အခိၚ် ကေုာံ ဒေတာ ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် ဏီရ။ ဆဂး၊ နကဵု လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ဟီုဂး မဇၞော်မောဝ် တိုန်ဒၟံၚ် ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ဍုၚ် အာရပ် တအ် မခိုၚ်ကၠိုက်မ္ဂး၊ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် ဝွံ ဆက်တုဲ တန်တဴအာ နဒဒှ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အဓိက မွဲ ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠးကဝ် လုကဴ အခိၚ် ဗွဲမလံ ဏီ **ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မာန်** ရ။

* **ဗဳဒဳယော သ္ၚေဝ်ဂၠေပ်:** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1b3yTzQ_v9M ပရူပရာ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ် - Language Profile (YouTube)]

== နိဿဲ (References) ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Versteegh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Versteegh |first=Kees |title=The Arabic Language |year=2014 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0748645282}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Holes&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Holes |first=Clive |title=Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties |year=2004 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1589010222}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Watson |first=Janet C. E. |title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199257591}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ryding&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Ryding |first=Karin C. |title=A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521777714}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Bassiouney&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bassiouney |first=Reem |title=Arabic Sociolinguistics |year=2009 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0748623747}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Saliba&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |title=Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance |year=2007 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0262195577}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Owens&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Owens |first=Jonathan |title=A Linguistic History of Arabic |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199290826}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Alosh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Alosh |first=Mahdi |title=Using Arabic: A Guide to Contemporary Usage |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521648325}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Bateson&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bateson |first=Mary Catherine |title=Arabic Language Handbook |year=2003 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-0878403868}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu-Chacra&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Abu-Chacra |first=Faruk |title=Arabic: An Essential Grammar |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415415712}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

{{Navbox
| name       = ဂကောံအရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာဖရဝ်-အေရှတစ်
| title      = ဂကောံအရေဝ်ဘာသာ သေမ်မေတ်တစ် (Semitic Languages)
| listclass  = hlist
| group1     = သေမ်မေတ်တစ် လဒေါဝ်
| list1      = 
* [[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ်]] (Arabic)
* [[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ဟေဗြဴ]] (Hebrew)
* [[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရာမေတ်]] (Aramaic)
* [[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ယူဂါရစ်တစ်]] (Ugaritic) - ဥပဒေ
| group2     = သေမ်မေတ်တစ် သၠုၚ်ကျာ
| list2      = 
* [[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာမာရိတ်]] (Amharic)
* [[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ တဳဂရေန်ညာ]] (Tigrinya)
* [[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ ဂျဳအက်ဇ်]] (Ge'ez) - ဥပဒေ
| group3     = တၞဟ်ဟ်
| list3      = 
* [[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ မောလ်တာ]] (Maltese)
* [[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာက္ကဒဳယာန်]] (Akkadian) - ဥပဒေ
| group4     = အက္ခရ်
| list4      = 
* [[အက္ခရ် အာရပ်]] (Arabic alphabet)
* [[အက္ခရ် ဟေဗြဴ]] (Hebrew alphabet)
}}

[[Category:အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အာရပ်]]
[[Category:အရေဝ်ဘာသာဂမၠိုၚ်]]
[[Category:ဂကောံအရေဝ်ဘာသာ သေမ်မေတ်တစ်]]
[[Category:လဒေါဝ်ဗမံက်]]</text>
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