Wikipedija:Pjazza

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&lt;!-- AGĦMEL IL-KUMMENT TIEGĦEK TAĦT L-AĦĦAR INTERVENT LI SAR. --&gt;
== Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! ==

Dear All,

We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. 

This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture.

* Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]]
* When: Jan 19, 2025 
* Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025).
* Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 
* Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]]

To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025.

Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language.

Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all.

Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate.

Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success!

For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 Jannar 2025 (UTC)
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== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines ==

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My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Jannar 2025 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon ==

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[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
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Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

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--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 02:36, 29 Jannar 2025 (UTC)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

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{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''
--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 02:36, 29 Jannar 2025 (UTC)
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== Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. 

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Frar 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt; Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

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Hello everyone!
[[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]]
We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''.

This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba.

'''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''.

Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language &amp; Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]].

We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there!
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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 08:29, 22 Frar 2025 (UTC)
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== CEE Hub Microgrant Programme - 2025 round ==

'''[[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Microgrants|CEE Hub Microgrant programme]]''' is open for submissions from the communities across Central and Eastern Europe (as well as Central Asia, and Farsi contributors that live in these regions).

The CEE Hub Microgrant programme will fund projects ranging from 50 to 700 EUR.

Please read the criteria and other details with the programme. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdscTZ9EPNjHhU0r7hUHNwntX34Wrk8ieiHemk_clB9VI3PfQ/viewform Application form]''' is accessible on the Meta page where you will need to answer a few simple questions.

You can find a list of the applications for the programme from 2024 [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Microgrants/Applications 2024|on this page]], so you will get a sense of what other communities asked for funds.

If you have any questions, please let us know ([[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Communication|contact us]]). We are waiting for your submissions!

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:35, 24 Frar 2025 (UTC)
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== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Marzu 2025 (UTC)

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== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

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{{Int:hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device.

With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below.
[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]
[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]
We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''.
Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. 

Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:56, 13 Marzu 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read-only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:15, 14 Marzu 2025 (UTC)
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== Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon.

Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Be part of the next CEE Catch Up about Global Trends ==

Hi everyone, 

We want to announce the ninth '''[[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Catch up|CEE Catch Up]]''' session, which will be dedicated to the Foundation Annual Planning Workshop focused on [[diffblog:2025/03/04/global-trends-2025/|'''global trends that are affecting our movement''']]. The session will take place on 23&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; of April 2025, 18:00-19:00 CEST (check your local time [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745424000 here]).

Together (the CEE Communities and the Wikimedia Foundation staff) we will discuss the trends related to our projects, our readers and editors. We will explore how those trends show up in the CEE context and discuss what our projects need to address those trends, and how we can support them.

You will also have the opportunity to ask questions to the Wikimedia Foundation staff about the work being planned as part of the annual plan that runs from July 2025 to June 2026.

'''&lt;u&gt;''[[Wikimedia CEE Hub/Catch up|Join us at the Next CEE Catch up]]!''&lt;/u&gt;'''

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:19, 14 April 2025 (UTC) (on behalf of the CEE Catch Up team)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! 

The most active contesters will receive prizes.

If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.
&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;

16:11, 16 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Sub-referencing: User testing ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]]
&lt;small&gt;''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''&lt;/small&gt;

Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further:

#'''Try it out and share your feedback'''
#:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. 
#'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs'''
#:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''.

We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well.

Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! &lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:03, 28 April 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 April 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them.

As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]].

After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki.

The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org.

If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]].

Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:08, 6 Mejju 2025 (UTC)
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== Registration for the Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025 is open ==

Dear all,              

The Organising Committee of the [[metawiki:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025|Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025]] is delighted to announce the opening of the registration for this year's conference.

Affiliation and community delegates can register for the meeting until '''June 15th'''. All other self-funded participants can register until July 31st.

The registration and scholarship application form which runs on Pretix, a free, open-sourced third-party platform that helps organize and manage events, can be found [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia-events/wmcee-2025/ here].

Details on how to select delegates and the selection process can be found on the [[metawiki:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025/Registration|registration page]].

Please keep in mind that the official language of the conference is English and interpreting services will not be available.

If you encounter any issues while registering, or have questions about the registration process, feel free to contact the coordination team via [mailto:wmceem2025@wikimedia.gr wmceem2025@wikimedia.gr].

Your swift replies will be appreciated, as they will help us conduct an efficient booking process.

Best regards,       

On behalf of

'''Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025 Organising Team'''

&lt;nowiki&gt;--~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Utent:MARKELLOS|MARKELLOS]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MARKELLOS|d]]) 17:20, 12 Mejju 2025 (UTC)

== Proposal to enable the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in Maltese Wikipedia  ==

{{Int:Hello}} Maltese Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called &quot;Contribute&quot; to your Wikipedia.

The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia.

Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Maltese Wikipedia.

'''Who can access it'''

Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the &quot;Contribute&quot; icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to &quot;view contributions&quot; is also available to access the list of your contributions.

[[Stampa:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]]                             [[Stampa:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]]

For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the &quot;Contributions&quot; option unless they change it to the &quot;Contribute&quot; manually.

We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the &quot;Contributions&quot; entry point as default.          

We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 26th May 2025.

We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in your Wikipedia.

We look forward to your response soon.

Thank you!

On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|d]]) 20:48, 12 Mejju 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|diskussjoni]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:07, 15 Mejju 2025 (UTC)
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== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:27, 22 Mejju 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection &amp; Call for Questions&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4].

Here are the key planned dates:

* May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6]
* June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates
* July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5]
* August 2025: Campaign period
* August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period
* October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates
* Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]].

'''Call for Questions'''

In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]]

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]]

Thank you!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Best regards,

Victoria Doronina

Board Liaison to the Elections Committee

Governance Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 03:07, 28 Mejju 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;  Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone,  

''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)''

The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''.

This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable.

The three main features of this extension are:

* '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki.
*  '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''.
*  '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions.

'''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''&quot;Event Organizer&quot;''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment.

The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]])

If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout.

Thank you! &lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|diskussjoni]]) 16:47, 29 Mejju 2025 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Ġunju 2025 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:44, 17 Ġunju 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Ġunju 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes ==

''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)''

Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations.

The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''.
The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below:
[[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]]

These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages.

Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change.

Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]].

Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 12:45, 14 Lulju 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;body&quot;/&gt;
Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''.

Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. 

'''Why we are building temporary accounts'''

Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. 

Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users.

'''How temporary accounts work'''
[[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]]
Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;~2025-12345-67&lt;/code&gt; (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it.

'''What does this mean for different groups of users?'''

'''For logged-out editors'''

* This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki.
* If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice.

'''For community members interacting with logged-out editors'''

* A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address).
* Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community.

'''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki'''

* '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.)
* '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''':
** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option.
** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range.
* Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this.

'''Our requests for you, and next steps'''

* If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]].
* If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in.
* Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options.
* Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses.

To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!&lt;section end=&quot;body&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:36, 26 Awwissu 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 
You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 15:42, 18 Settembru 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board.

To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]].

When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]].

'''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.'''

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Chair, Elections Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 04:48, 9 Ottubru 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 Ottubru 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Ottubru 2025 (UTC)
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== Join the CEE Hub staff team – We’re hiring a Program Specialist ==

Hi everyone,

The regional [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub|CEE Hub]] is looking for a '''Program Specialist''' to join our [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Staff|staff team]]!

Are you someone experienced with Wikimedia who wants to help volunteers? Do you participate in Wiki Loves… and other related projects, and do you have ideas and skills to help others improve their efforts? Do you enjoy working with people from different countries? Are you able to work on your own, feel comfortable on Meta-Wiki, and understand how Meta works? If this sounds like you and you're interested in working with the CEE hub team, we’d love to hear from you!

'''As a Program Specialist, you will:'''

* Support affiliates and communities in developing and implementing impactful programs,
* Strengthen regional cooperation and cross-border projects,
* Help guide campaigns and initiatives across the CEE region,
* Work closely with the CEE Hub team and community members.

This is a '''part-time (0.8–0.9 full-time equivalent), remote position''' open to candidates based in the CEE region or nearby time zones.

'''APPLICATION DEADLINE: NOVEMBER 10, 2025'''
➡️ '''Learn more and learn how to apply on Meta:''' [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Jobs/Program Specialist|Wikimedia CEE Hub – Program Specialist]] ⬅️

If you know someone who would be a great fit, please share this opportunity with them!
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== Help us test Cat-a-lot on your Wikipedia ==

'''[[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|Cat-a-lot]]''' is a JavaScript gadget that helps with moving, removing and adding files (as well as articles or subcategories) between, from and to categories and it is widely used on Wikimedia Commons, where it is accessible for every user after enabling the gadget in your [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets Preferences].

Complete explanation of the tool, along with the images and demonstration video it is accessible on [[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|Wikimedia Commons]].

If your Wikipedia is struggling with performing this repetitive task when you need to move pages between categories and remove pages from a category, Cat-a-lot could be activated for your Wikipedia as well. 

Installation can be done as your user script or as a project gadget and codes can be found [[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|here]]. Installation is already done on Polish and Romanian wikis from our CEE Region.

English phrases from [[:commons:MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/translating|MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/translating]] can be translated and saved in [[:commons:MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/ro|MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/ro]] (for example).

[[:m:CEE Hub/Working Groups/Technical Advancement Group|CEE Hub Technical Advancement Group]] is willing to support your community in the installation of the tool, and to offer support in case of bugs, as we can report them to the development team. Just leave a message below with any issues you encounter.

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 10:42, 18 Novembru 2025 (UTC) (on behalf of the CEE Hub Technical Advancement Group)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Novembru 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:43, 28 Novembru 2025 (UTC)
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== About subscription ==
Hello. I didn't see any message on this page but I hope I can find someone to help me. I'm conducting extensive research on the Mediterranean Games with the support of various wikipedians, and in this context, I need someone who has a subscription to the Times of Malta newspaper or access to another national Maltese newspaper archive. I only need to find out two pieces of information, and this requires looking at a maximum of four newspaper issues. 

*1975 Mediterranean Games (newspapers of September 6 or 7, 1975)
Water Polo game - 09/05/1975 - Morocco - Malta (score info is missing)
*1983 Mediterranean Games (newspapers of September 15 or 16, 1983)
Water Polo game - 09/14/1983 - Egypt - Malta (score info is missing)

Thanks in advance.--[[Utent:Sabri76|Sabri76]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Sabri76|d]]) 16:55, 5 Diċembru 2025 (UTC)

== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Jannar 2026 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:21, 18 Jannar 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:01, 19 Jannar 2026 (UTC)
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== New Rapid Funds in CEE – global support now closer to your local activities ==

Hi everyone, 

'''Starting from 1 April 2026''', the CEE Hub will begin reviewing and supporting Rapid Fund applications for Central and Eastern Europe, in close cooperation with the Wikimedia Foundation. This change is part of our shared effort to bring support closer to communities and make the process more accessible and responsive to local contexts.

You will still apply through the same system (Fluxx), and WMF will continue handling contracts and fund transfers. What changes is that the CEE Hub becomes your first point of contact, offering guidance, reviewing applications, and staying closer to your ideas throughout the process.

We encourage you to reach out to [[:m:User:TRistovski-CEEhub|Toni]], our Grants Specialist before applying. A short conversation can help clarify your idea and make things smoother from the start.

* ☝️ Rapid Funds remain open year-round (with possible delays in June and December).
* ☝️ For Central Asian communities: the process stays the same – you continue applying directly through WMF.

Join our online Q&amp;A session to learn more (same content, two options to join):
* 2 April, 5:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&amp;A Nr. 1|register here]])
* 8 April 7:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&amp;A Nr. 2|register here]])

More info &amp; contact: '''[[:m:CEE Hub Rapid Funds|Wikimedia CEE Hub/Rapid Grants]]'''

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 11:21, 31 Marzu 2026 (UTC)
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== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Call for Community Candidates – Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026 ==

''Please help us and your community by translating this announcement into your language!''

Dear all,

The [[Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026]] is currently underway.

There are 4 seats allocated to community representatives. Community members are invited to nominate themselves as candidates for these seats. These positions will be filled through a vote by the CEE community.

'''Eligibility criteria:'''

* Candidates must be [[Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026/Eligibility|eligible voters]]:
** Have a Wikimedia account created before 18 December 2025
** Have at least 300 edits between 18 December 2025 and 18 June 2026
** Must not have been blocked between 18 March 2026 and 18 June 2026
* Must have participated in at least 2 of the last 3 [[Wikimedia CEE Hub/CEE Hub Status Meeting|CEE Hub Advisory Group meetings]]

You can check your eligibility using the following tool:

https://cee-sc-election.toolforge.org/

'''How to proceed:'''

Candidates may nominate themselves or be nominated by others.

If nominated by others, the candidate must explicitly accept the nomination before 18 June 2026.

The candidate should create their nomination page and submit their candidacy [[Wikimedia_CEE_Hub_Steering_Committee_Election_2026/Nominations|here]]:

Please also inform your communities about the election and encourage participation.

Best regards,  

Electoral Commission of Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 10:00, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
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      <sha1>56dbxo758st0tuj36xkh2hi4fztb29r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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        <id>27643</id>
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      <comment>/* Call for Community Candidates – Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="102216" sha1="3li6cen3c4dqrjij4z5xyiyatpa1afl" xml:space="preserve">{{Il-Pjazza}}
&lt;!-- AGĦMEL IL-KUMMENT TIEGĦEK TAĦT L-AĦĦAR INTERVENT LI SAR. --&gt;
== Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! ==

Dear All,

We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. 

This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture.

* Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]]
* When: Jan 19, 2025 
* Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025).
* Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 
* Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]]

To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025.

Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language.

Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all.

Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate.

Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success!

For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 Jannar 2025 (UTC)
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== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Jannar 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 02:36, 29 Jannar 2025 (UTC)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''
--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 02:36, 29 Jannar 2025 (UTC)
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== Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. 

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Frar 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt; Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone!
[[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]]
We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''.

This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba.

'''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''.

Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language &amp; Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]].

We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 08:29, 22 Frar 2025 (UTC)
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== CEE Hub Microgrant Programme - 2025 round ==

'''[[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Microgrants|CEE Hub Microgrant programme]]''' is open for submissions from the communities across Central and Eastern Europe (as well as Central Asia, and Farsi contributors that live in these regions).

The CEE Hub Microgrant programme will fund projects ranging from 50 to 700 EUR.

Please read the criteria and other details with the programme. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdscTZ9EPNjHhU0r7hUHNwntX34Wrk8ieiHemk_clB9VI3PfQ/viewform Application form]''' is accessible on the Meta page where you will need to answer a few simple questions.

You can find a list of the applications for the programme from 2024 [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Microgrants/Applications 2024|on this page]], so you will get a sense of what other communities asked for funds.

If you have any questions, please let us know ([[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Communication|contact us]]). We are waiting for your submissions!

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:35, 24 Frar 2025 (UTC)
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== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Marzu 2025 (UTC)

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== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{Int:hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device.

With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below.
[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]
[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]
We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''.
Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. 

Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:56, 13 Marzu 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read-only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:15, 14 Marzu 2025 (UTC)
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== Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon.

Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Be part of the next CEE Catch Up about Global Trends ==

Hi everyone, 

We want to announce the ninth '''[[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Catch up|CEE Catch Up]]''' session, which will be dedicated to the Foundation Annual Planning Workshop focused on [[diffblog:2025/03/04/global-trends-2025/|'''global trends that are affecting our movement''']]. The session will take place on 23&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; of April 2025, 18:00-19:00 CEST (check your local time [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745424000 here]).

Together (the CEE Communities and the Wikimedia Foundation staff) we will discuss the trends related to our projects, our readers and editors. We will explore how those trends show up in the CEE context and discuss what our projects need to address those trends, and how we can support them.

You will also have the opportunity to ask questions to the Wikimedia Foundation staff about the work being planned as part of the annual plan that runs from July 2025 to June 2026.

'''&lt;u&gt;''[[Wikimedia CEE Hub/Catch up|Join us at the Next CEE Catch up]]!''&lt;/u&gt;'''

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:19, 14 April 2025 (UTC) (on behalf of the CEE Catch Up team)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! 

The most active contesters will receive prizes.

If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.
&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;

16:11, 16 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Sub-referencing: User testing ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]]
&lt;small&gt;''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''&lt;/small&gt;

Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further:

#'''Try it out and share your feedback'''
#:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. 
#'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs'''
#:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''.

We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well.

Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! &lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:03, 28 April 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 April 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them.

As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]].

After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki.

The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org.

If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]].

Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:08, 6 Mejju 2025 (UTC)
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== Registration for the Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025 is open ==

Dear all,              

The Organising Committee of the [[metawiki:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025|Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025]] is delighted to announce the opening of the registration for this year's conference.

Affiliation and community delegates can register for the meeting until '''June 15th'''. All other self-funded participants can register until July 31st.

The registration and scholarship application form which runs on Pretix, a free, open-sourced third-party platform that helps organize and manage events, can be found [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia-events/wmcee-2025/ here].

Details on how to select delegates and the selection process can be found on the [[metawiki:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025/Registration|registration page]].

Please keep in mind that the official language of the conference is English and interpreting services will not be available.

If you encounter any issues while registering, or have questions about the registration process, feel free to contact the coordination team via [mailto:wmceem2025@wikimedia.gr wmceem2025@wikimedia.gr].

Your swift replies will be appreciated, as they will help us conduct an efficient booking process.

Best regards,       

On behalf of

'''Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025 Organising Team'''

&lt;nowiki&gt;--~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Utent:MARKELLOS|MARKELLOS]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MARKELLOS|d]]) 17:20, 12 Mejju 2025 (UTC)

== Proposal to enable the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in Maltese Wikipedia  ==

{{Int:Hello}} Maltese Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called &quot;Contribute&quot; to your Wikipedia.

The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia.

Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Maltese Wikipedia.

'''Who can access it'''

Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the &quot;Contribute&quot; icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to &quot;view contributions&quot; is also available to access the list of your contributions.

[[Stampa:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]]                             [[Stampa:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]]

For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the &quot;Contributions&quot; option unless they change it to the &quot;Contribute&quot; manually.

We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the &quot;Contributions&quot; entry point as default.          

We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 26th May 2025.

We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in your Wikipedia.

We look forward to your response soon.

Thank you!

On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|d]]) 20:48, 12 Mejju 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|diskussjoni]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:07, 15 Mejju 2025 (UTC)
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== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:27, 22 Mejju 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection &amp; Call for Questions&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4].

Here are the key planned dates:

* May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6]
* June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates
* July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5]
* August 2025: Campaign period
* August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period
* October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates
* Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]].

'''Call for Questions'''

In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]]

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]]

Thank you!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Best regards,

Victoria Doronina

Board Liaison to the Elections Committee

Governance Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 03:07, 28 Mejju 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;  Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone,  

''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)''

The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''.

This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable.

The three main features of this extension are:

* '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki.
*  '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''.
*  '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions.

'''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''&quot;Event Organizer&quot;''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment.

The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]])

If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout.

Thank you! &lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|diskussjoni]]) 16:47, 29 Mejju 2025 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Ġunju 2025 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:44, 17 Ġunju 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Ġunju 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes ==

''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)''

Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations.

The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''.
The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below:
[[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]]

These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages.

Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change.

Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]].

Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 12:45, 14 Lulju 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;body&quot;/&gt;
Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''.

Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. 

'''Why we are building temporary accounts'''

Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. 

Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users.

'''How temporary accounts work'''
[[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]]
Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;~2025-12345-67&lt;/code&gt; (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it.

'''What does this mean for different groups of users?'''

'''For logged-out editors'''

* This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki.
* If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice.

'''For community members interacting with logged-out editors'''

* A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address).
* Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community.

'''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki'''

* '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.)
* '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''':
** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option.
** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range.
* Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this.

'''Our requests for you, and next steps'''

* If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]].
* If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in.
* Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options.
* Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses.

To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!&lt;section end=&quot;body&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:36, 26 Awwissu 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 
You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 15:42, 18 Settembru 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board.

To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]].

When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]].

'''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.'''

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Chair, Elections Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 04:48, 9 Ottubru 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 Ottubru 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Ottubru 2025 (UTC)
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== Join the CEE Hub staff team – We’re hiring a Program Specialist ==

Hi everyone,

The regional [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub|CEE Hub]] is looking for a '''Program Specialist''' to join our [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Staff|staff team]]!

Are you someone experienced with Wikimedia who wants to help volunteers? Do you participate in Wiki Loves… and other related projects, and do you have ideas and skills to help others improve their efforts? Do you enjoy working with people from different countries? Are you able to work on your own, feel comfortable on Meta-Wiki, and understand how Meta works? If this sounds like you and you're interested in working with the CEE hub team, we’d love to hear from you!

'''As a Program Specialist, you will:'''

* Support affiliates and communities in developing and implementing impactful programs,
* Strengthen regional cooperation and cross-border projects,
* Help guide campaigns and initiatives across the CEE region,
* Work closely with the CEE Hub team and community members.

This is a '''part-time (0.8–0.9 full-time equivalent), remote position''' open to candidates based in the CEE region or nearby time zones.

'''APPLICATION DEADLINE: NOVEMBER 10, 2025'''
➡️ '''Learn more and learn how to apply on Meta:''' [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Jobs/Program Specialist|Wikimedia CEE Hub – Program Specialist]] ⬅️

If you know someone who would be a great fit, please share this opportunity with them!
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== Help us test Cat-a-lot on your Wikipedia ==

'''[[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|Cat-a-lot]]''' is a JavaScript gadget that helps with moving, removing and adding files (as well as articles or subcategories) between, from and to categories and it is widely used on Wikimedia Commons, where it is accessible for every user after enabling the gadget in your [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets Preferences].

Complete explanation of the tool, along with the images and demonstration video it is accessible on [[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|Wikimedia Commons]].

If your Wikipedia is struggling with performing this repetitive task when you need to move pages between categories and remove pages from a category, Cat-a-lot could be activated for your Wikipedia as well. 

Installation can be done as your user script or as a project gadget and codes can be found [[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|here]]. Installation is already done on Polish and Romanian wikis from our CEE Region.

English phrases from [[:commons:MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/translating|MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/translating]] can be translated and saved in [[:commons:MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/ro|MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/ro]] (for example).

[[:m:CEE Hub/Working Groups/Technical Advancement Group|CEE Hub Technical Advancement Group]] is willing to support your community in the installation of the tool, and to offer support in case of bugs, as we can report them to the development team. Just leave a message below with any issues you encounter.

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 10:42, 18 Novembru 2025 (UTC) (on behalf of the CEE Hub Technical Advancement Group)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Novembru 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:43, 28 Novembru 2025 (UTC)
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== About subscription ==
Hello. I didn't see any message on this page but I hope I can find someone to help me. I'm conducting extensive research on the Mediterranean Games with the support of various wikipedians, and in this context, I need someone who has a subscription to the Times of Malta newspaper or access to another national Maltese newspaper archive. I only need to find out two pieces of information, and this requires looking at a maximum of four newspaper issues. 

*1975 Mediterranean Games (newspapers of September 6 or 7, 1975)
Water Polo game - 09/05/1975 - Morocco - Malta (score info is missing)
*1983 Mediterranean Games (newspapers of September 15 or 16, 1983)
Water Polo game - 09/14/1983 - Egypt - Malta (score info is missing)

Thanks in advance.--[[Utent:Sabri76|Sabri76]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Sabri76|d]]) 16:55, 5 Diċembru 2025 (UTC)

== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Jannar 2026 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:21, 18 Jannar 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:01, 19 Jannar 2026 (UTC)
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== New Rapid Funds in CEE – global support now closer to your local activities ==

Hi everyone, 

'''Starting from 1 April 2026''', the CEE Hub will begin reviewing and supporting Rapid Fund applications for Central and Eastern Europe, in close cooperation with the Wikimedia Foundation. This change is part of our shared effort to bring support closer to communities and make the process more accessible and responsive to local contexts.

You will still apply through the same system (Fluxx), and WMF will continue handling contracts and fund transfers. What changes is that the CEE Hub becomes your first point of contact, offering guidance, reviewing applications, and staying closer to your ideas throughout the process.

We encourage you to reach out to [[:m:User:TRistovski-CEEhub|Toni]], our Grants Specialist before applying. A short conversation can help clarify your idea and make things smoother from the start.

* ☝️ Rapid Funds remain open year-round (with possible delays in June and December).
* ☝️ For Central Asian communities: the process stays the same – you continue applying directly through WMF.

Join our online Q&amp;A session to learn more (same content, two options to join):
* 2 April, 5:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&amp;A Nr. 1|register here]])
* 8 April 7:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&amp;A Nr. 2|register here]])

More info &amp; contact: '''[[:m:CEE Hub Rapid Funds|Wikimedia CEE Hub/Rapid Grants]]'''

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 11:21, 31 Marzu 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&amp;oldid=29670168 --&gt;

== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== Call for Community Candidates – Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026 ==

''Please help us and your community by translating this announcement into your language!''

Dear all,

The [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026]] is currently underway.

There are 4 seats allocated to community representatives. Community members are invited to nominate themselves as candidates for these seats. These positions will be filled through a vote by the CEE community.

'''Eligibility criteria:'''

* Candidates must be [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026/Eligibility|eligible voters]]:
** Have a Wikimedia account created before 18 December 2025
** Have at least 300 edits between 18 December 2025 and 18 June 2026
** Must not have been blocked between 18 March 2026 and 18 June 2026
* Must have participated in at least 2 of the last 3 [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub/CEE Hub Status Meeting|CEE Hub Advisory Group meetings]]

You can check your eligibility using the following tool:

https://cee-sc-election.toolforge.org/

'''How to proceed:'''

Candidates may nominate themselves or be nominated by others.

If nominated by others, the candidate must explicitly accept the nomination before 18 June 2026.

The candidate should create their nomination page and submit their candidacy [[Meta:Wikimedia_CEE_Hub_Steering_Committee_Election_2026/Nominations|here]]:

Please also inform your communities about the election and encourage participation.

Best regards,  

Electoral Commission of Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026

--[[Meta:Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Meta:Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 10:00, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
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      <sha1>3li6cen3c4dqrjij4z5xyiyatpa1afl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marokk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6598</id>
    <revision>
      <id>329592</id>
      <parentid>329501</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T13:55:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aron Nadejdea</username>
        <id>27872</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Transliterazzjonijiet</comment>
      <origin>329592</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44041" sha1="dvcrprw6006bnihwnamjs2kxd82quwz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Pajjiż
|isem_nattiv                 = &lt;big&gt;المملكة المغربية&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''al-Mamlaka l-Magħribijja''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;big&gt;ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ&lt;/big&gt;
|isem_twil_konvenzjonali     = Renju tal-Marokk
|isem_komuni                 = Marokk
|stampa_bandiera             = Flag of Morocco.svg
|stampa_emblema              = Coat of arms of Morocco.svg
|stampa_mappa                = Morocco (orthographic projection, WS claimed).svg
|deskrizzjoni_mappa          = 
|ħolqa_bandiera              = Bandiera tal-Marokk
|ħolqa_emblema               = Emblema tal-Marokk
|ħolqa_demografija           = Demografija tal-Marokk
|mottu_nazzjonali            = &lt;big&gt;&quot;الله، الوطن، الملك&quot;&lt;/big&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&quot;Allāh, il-Watan, il-Malik&quot;{{spazji|1}}&lt;small&gt;([[transliterazzjoni]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;''Alla - Patria - Re''&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
|innu_nazzjonali             = &quot;[[Al-naxid al-xarif|An-Naxid ax-Xarif]]&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;L-Innu x-Xarif&quot;{{spazji|1}}&lt;small&gt;([[transliterazzjoni]])
|lingwi_uffiċjali            = [[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web |data-aċċess=2010-02-18 |titlu=Kostituzzjoni Marokkina, 1996 |url=http://www.pogar.org/publications/other/constitutions/mrc-constitution-96-e.pdf |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205195941/http://www.pogar.org/publications/other/constitutions/mrc-constitution-96-e.pdf |arkivju-data=2009-02-05 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Amazigh Marokkin Standard|Berberu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web |data-aċċess=2019-12-28 |titlu=Archive copy |url=http://www.maroc.ma/NR/rdonlyres/EE8E1B01-9C86-449B-A9C2-A98CC88D7238/8650/bo5952F.pdf |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003192853/http://www.maroc.ma/NR/rdonlyres/EE8E1B01-9C86-449B-A9C2-A98CC88D7238/8650/bo5952F.pdf |arkivju-data=2011-10-03 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|kapitali                    = [[Rabat (Marokk)|Rabat]]
|latd=34 |latm=02 |latNS=N |lonġd=6 |lonġm=51 |lonġEW=W
|l-ikbar_belt                = [[Casablanca]]
|tip_gvern                   = [[Monarkija kostituzzjonali]]
|titlu_kap1                  = [[Re tal-Marokk|Re]]
|isem_kap1                   = [[Moħammed VI]]
|titlu_kap2                  = [[Prim Ministru tal-Marokk|Prim Ministru]]
|isem_kap2                   = [[Għażiż Aħnux]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mapnews.ma/am/activites-royales/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89-%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94-%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%99-%E2%B5%84%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A3-%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%85%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9B-%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7-%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B3-%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%85%E2%B4%BC-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B9%E2%B5%9C-%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%9C-%E2%B5%99-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%89-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B9%E2%B5%9C (lingwa taxelħita) ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴰⵅⵏⵓⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ] &lt;/ref&gt;
|tip_sovranità               = Unifikazzjoni
|nota_sovranità              = 1554
|avveniment_stabbilit1       = Unifikata mid-[[Dinastija Sagħdija]]
|data_stabbilit1             = 1554
|avveniment_stabbilit2       = [[Dinastija Għalawija]] (preżenti)
|data_stabbilit2             = 1666
|avveniment_stabbilit3       = [[Independenza]] minn Franza
|data_stabbilit3             = 2 ta' Marzu, 1956
|avveniment_stabbilit4       = [[Independenza]] minn Spanja
|data_stabbilit4             = 7 ta' April, 1956
|poż_erja                    = 57
|erja_km2                    = 446,300
|erja_mi_kw                  = 172,414
|perċentwal_ilma             = 250km² (0.056%)
|sena_stima_popolazzjoni     = 2009
|stima_popolazzjoni          = 31,993,000&lt;ref name=unpop&gt;[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf ''World Population Prospects, Table A.1''], [[Nazzjonijiet Uniti]], 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;
|poż_stima_popolazzjoni      = 37
|ċensiment_popolazzjoni      = 29,680,069&lt;ref name=hcp&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821033855/http://www.hcp.ma/Profil.aspx Recensement général de la Population et de l'Habitat 2004], Haut-Commissariat Au Plan, 2004&lt;/ref&gt;
|sena_ċensiment_popolazzjoni = 2004
|densità_popolazzjoni_km2    = 71.6
|densità_popolazzjoni_mi_kw  = 185.5
|poż_densità_popolazzjoni    = 122
|sena_PGD_PSX                = 2008
|PGD_PSX                     = $137.126 biljun&lt;ref name=imf2&gt;{{ċita web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&amp;ey=2009&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=686&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=43&amp;pr.y=3 |titlu=Morocco|editur=Fond Monetarju Internazzjonali|aċċess=01-10-2009|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|poż_PGD_PSX                 = 57
|PGD_PSX_per_capita          = $4,362&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
|poż_PGD_PSX_per_capita      = 115
|sena_IŻU                    = 2007
|IŻU                         = {{profitt}} 0.654
|poż_IŻU                     = 130
|kategorija_IŻU              = &lt;span style=&quot;color:#fc0;&quot;&gt;medju&lt;/span&gt;
|valuta                      = [[Dirham Marokkin]]
|kodiċi_valuta               = MAD
|żona_ħin                    = [[Ħin tal-Ewropa tal-Punent|WET]]
|differenza_ħku              = +0
|żona_ħin_legali             = [[Ħin tas-sajf tal-Ewropa tal-Punent|WEST]]
|differenza_żona_ħin_legali  = +1
|cctld                       = [[.ma]]
|kodiċi_telefoniku           = 212
|sena_PGD_nominali           = 2008
|PGD_nominali                = $88.879 biljun&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;&gt;
|poż_PGD_nominali            = 61
|PGD_nominali_per_capita     = $2,827&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
|poż_PGD_nominali_per_capita = 109
}}
Il-'''Marokk''' (bl-[[Għarbi]]: المغرب, &lt;small&gt;rum.&lt;/small&gt; ''al-Magħrib''), uffiċjalment ir-Renju tal-Marokk, huwa pajjiż fir-reġjun tal-[[Magreb]] fl-[[Afrika ta’ Fuq]]. Tinjora l-Baħar Mediterran lejn it-tramuntana u l-Oċean Atlantiku lejn il-punent, u għandha fruntieri fuq l-art mal-[[Alġerija]] fil-lvant, u t-territorju kkontestat tas-[[Saħara tal-Punent|Saħra tal-Punent]] fin-nofsinhar. Il-Marokk jippretendi wkoll il-komunità awtonoma [[Spanja|Spanjoli]] ta' [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]] u [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]], u diversi gżejjer żgħar ikkontrollati mill-Ispanjol lil hinn mill-kosta tiegħu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|sena=2018|titlu=Ceuta, Melilla profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627|lingwa=en-GB|pubblikatur=BBC News|data-aċċess=13 Novembru 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mifrux fuq medda ta’ 446,300 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (172,300 sq mi)&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC country profile&quot; /&gt; jew 716,550 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (276,660 sq mi),&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA Factbook&quot; /&gt;{{ref label|Territory|b|}}, u b’popolazzjoni ta’ madwar 37 miljun ċittadin. Ir-reliġjon uffiċjali u predominanti tagħha hija l-[[Iżlam|Islam]], u l-lingwi uffiċjali huma l-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]] u l-[[Amazigh Marokkin Standard|Berberu]] (Tamazight); il-Franċiż u d-djalett [[Marokkin tal-Għarbi]] (l-Għarbija l-Magħribija d-Dariġa) huma wkoll mitkellma ħafna. L-identità u l-kultura Marokkina hija taħlita ta’ kulturi [[Għarab]], [[Berber]], [[Afrikani]] u [[Ewropa|Ewropej]]. Il-kapitali tagħha hija [[Rabat (Marokk)|Rabat]], filwaqt li l-akbar belt tagħha hija [[Casablanca]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Abun-Nasr19873&quot;&gt;{{cite book|awtur=Jamil M. Abun-Nasr|data=20 Awwissu 1987|titlu=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC|pubblikatur=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-33767-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-bliet importanti ieħor tinkludi [[Agadir]], [[Fes]], [[Meknès]], [[Marrakesh|Marrakexx]], u [[Uġda]].

Ir-reġjun li jikkostitwixxi l-Marokk ilu abitat mill-era tal-[[Paleolitiku]] aktar minn 300,000 sena ilu. Id- [[Dinastija Idrisidi|dinastija Idrisija]] ġiet stabbilita minn [[Idris I tal-Marokk|Idris I]] fl-788 u sussegwentement ġiet immexxija minn serje ta’ dinastiċi indipendenti oħra, li laħqet il-quċċata tagħha bħala [[qawwa reġjonali]] fil-11 u t-12-il seklu, taħt id-dinastiji [[Almoravid]] u [[Kalifat Almohad|Almohad]], meta kienet tikkontrolla l-biċċa l-kbira tal-[[Peniżola Iberika]] u l-Magreb.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|kunjom1=Hall|isem1=John G.|sena=2002|titlu=North Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhMuc6NacxgC&amp;q=Since+the+foundation+of+the+first+Moroccan+state+by+Idris+I+in+788+AD,+the+country+has+been+ruled+by+a+series+of+independent+dynasties,+reaching+its+zenith+under+Almoravid+and+Almohad+rule,+when+it+spanned+parts+of+Iberia+and+northwestern+Africa.&amp;pg=PA5|pubblikatur=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-5746-9|awtur2=Chelsea Publishing House}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sekli ta' [[migrazzjoni Għarbija lejn il-Magreb]] mis-seklu 7 bidlu l-ambitu demografiku tar-reġjun. Fis-sekli 15 u 16, il-Marokk iffaċċja theddid estern għas-sovranità tiegħu, bil-[[Imperu Portugiż|Portugall]] ħataf xi territorju u l-[[Imperu Ottoman]] jindaħal mil-lvant. Id-dinastiji [[Saltna Marinija|Marinija]] u [[Saltna Sagħdija|Sagħdija]] inkella rreżistu d-dominazzjoni barranija, u l-Marokk kien l-uniku nazzjon tal-Afrika ta’ Fuq li ħarab mid-dominju Ottoman. Id-[[dinastija Għalawija]], li tmexxi l-pajjiż sal-lum, ħatbet il-poter fl-1631, u matul iż-żewġ sekli ta' wara espandiet ir-relazzjonijiet [[diplomatiċi]] u kummerċjali mad-[[dinja tal-Punent]]. Il-post strateġiku tal-Marokk ħdejn il-bokka tal-Mediterran ġibed interess Ewropew imġedded; fl-1912, [[Franza]] u [[Spanja]] qasmu l-pajjiż fi [[Marokk#protettorati Franċiżi u Spanjoli|protettorati rispettivi]], u rriżervaw [[Żona Internazzjonali ta' Tanger|żona internazzjonali f'Tanġer]]. Wara rvellijiet u rewwixti intermittenti kontra l-ħakma kolonjali, fl-1956, il-Marokk reġa’ kiseb l-indipendenza tiegħu u rġa’ unifikat.

Mill-indipendenza, il-Marokk baqa' relattivament stabbli. Għandha l-[[Lista ta' pajjiżi Afrikani skond il-PGD (nominali)|ħames l-akbar ekonomija]] fl-Afrika u teżerċita influwenza sinifikanti kemm fl-Afrika kif ukoll fid-[[dinja Għarbija]]; hija meqjusa bħala [[qawwa tan-nofs]] fl-affarijiet globali u għandha sħubija fil-[[Lega Għarbija]], l-[[Unjoni tal-Magreb Għarbi]], l-[[Unjoni għall-Mediterran]], u l-[[Unjoni Afrikana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|kunjom=Balfour|isem=Rosa|data=Marzu 2009|titlu=The Transformation of the Union for the Mediterranean|ġurnal=Mediterranean Politics|volum=14|ħarġa=1|paġni=99–105|doi=10.1080/13629390902747491|issn=1362-9395|doi-aċċess=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Marokk huwa [[Stat unitarju|unitarju]] semi-[[monarkija kostituzzjonali]] b'parlament elett. Il-[[Eżekuttiv (gvern)|fergħa eżekuttiva]] hija mmexxija mir-[[Re tal-Marokk]] (il-Malek), bir-renjanti attwali huwa r-re [[Mohammed VI|Moħammed VI]], u l-[[Prim Ministru tal-Marokk|prim ministru]], filwaqt li [[Leġiżlatura|setgħa leġiżlattiva]] hija mogħtija lill-żewġ kmamar tal-parlament: il-[[Kamra tar-Rappreżentanti (Marokk)|Kamra tar-Rappreżentanti]] u l-[[Kamra tal-Kunsilliera (Marokk)|Kamra tal-Kunsillieri]]. Is-setgħa ġudizzjarja hija tal-Qorti Kostituzzjonali, li tista' tirrevedi l-validità tal-liġijiet, l-elezzjonijiet, u r-referenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const. -Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf Il-Marokk: Neħħi l-Ostakli għall-Aċċess għall-Qorti Kostituzzjonali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721222938/https://www. .icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf|data=21 ta' Lulju 2021}}. Kummissjoni Internazzjonali tal-Ġuristi.&lt;/ref&gt; Ir-re għandu setgħat eżekuttivi u leġiżlattivi vasti, speċjalment fuq il-[[Forzi Armati Rjali Marokkini|militari]], politika barranija u affarijiet reliġjużi; jista' joħroġ digrieti msejħa [[Dahir tal-Marokk|ďehir]] ([[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: ظهير, &lt;small&gt;rum.&lt;/small&gt; ''Ẓahīr''), li għandhom saħħa ta' liġi, u jista' wkoll ixolji l-parlament wara li jikkonsulta lill-[[Lista ta' kapijiet ta' gvern tal-Marokk|prim ministru]] u lill- president tal-qorti kostituzzjonali.

Il-Marokk jippretendi s-sjieda tal-[[Lista tan-Nazzjonijiet Uniti ta' territorji mhux awtonomi|territorji mhux awtonomi]] tas-[[Saħara tal-Punent]], li hija ddeżinjaha l-[[Provinċji tan-Nofsinhar]]. Fl-1975, wara li Spanja [[Ftehim ta' Madrid|qablu li tiddikolonizza t-territorju]] u ċċedi l-kontroll tagħha lill-Marokk u lill-[[Mawritanja]], faqqgħet [[Gwerra tas-Saħara tal-Punent|gwerra tal-guerrilla]] bejn dawk il-poteri u wħud mill-[[Poplu Sahrawi|abitanti lokali]]. Fl-1979, il-Mawritanja ċediet lil [[Tiris al-Gharbiyya|tal-pretensjoni tagħha]] lejn iż-żona, iżda l-gwerra kompliet tiġri. Fl-1991, intlaħaq ftehim ta’ waqfien mill-ġlied, iżda l-kwistjoni tas-sovranità baqgħet mhux solvuta. Illum, il-Marokk jokkupa żewġ terzi tat-territorju, u l-[[Proċess ta' paċi tas-Saħara tal-Punent|sforzi biex tissolva t-tilwima]] s'issa naqsu milli jkisser l-imblokk politiku.

== Isem u etimoloġija ==
[[Stampa:Quran 5-69, first part (cropped from Maghribi script, c. 1250–1350 CE).jpg|daqsminuri|It-test tal-[[Koran|Quran]] bil-kaligrafija Magrebija.]]
L-isem ''Marokk'' hija msellef mit-[[Lingwa Taljana|Taljan]] ''Marocco'', mill-[[Portugiż]] ''Marrocos'' jew mill-[[Lingwa Spanjola|Ispanjol]] ''Marruecos'', mill-Għarbi مُرَّاكُش‎ (''murrākux''), aktarx minn Berber; qabbel l-Amażigh Marokkin ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ (''amūr n akuc'', &lt;small&gt;litteralment&lt;/small&gt; “Art ta’ Alla”), derivat mill-isem tal-belt [[Marrakesh|Marrakexx]], li kienet il-kapitali tad-[[Dinastija Almoravidi|dinastija Almoravid]], il-[[kalifat Almohad]], u d-[[Dinastija Saadiana|dinastija Sagħdija]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/country-name#morocco|titlu=Country names|data-aċċess=2023-12-09|websajt=The CIA World Factbook|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207212750/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/country-name#morocco|arkivju-data=2023-12-07|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matul id-dinastija Almoravid, il-belt Marrakexx ġiet stabbilita taħt l-isem ''Tāmurākuxt'', derivat mill-[[Lingwi berberi|Berber]] antika tal-belt ''amūr n akux'' (&lt;small&gt;litteralment&lt;/small&gt; “Art/Pajjiż ta’ Alla”).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Ghouirgate|isem=Mehdi|data=2020-02-27|sena=2020|titlu=Chapitre VIII. Le calife en son palais : maintenir son rang|lingwa=Franċiż|post=Toulouse|pubblikatur=Presses universitaires du Midi|paġni=357– 402|isbn=978-2-8107-0867-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Storikament, it-territorju kien parti minn dak li ġeografi [[Iżlam|Misilmin]] rreferew bħala l-Magreb l-Aqsa ([[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: المغرب الأقصى, ''al-Magħrib al-Aqṣā'', &quot;il-Punent l-Ibgħad [fid-dinja Islamika]&quot; li tindika bejn wieħed u ieħor iż-żona minn [[Tiaret]] sal-[[Oċean Atlantiku|Atlantiku]]) b'kuntrast mar-reġjuni ġirien tal-Magreb l-Awsat ([[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: المغرب الأوسط, ''al-Magħrib al-Awsaṭ'', &quot;il-Punent in-Nofs&quot;: [[Tripli, Libya|Tripli]] sa [[Béjaïa]]) u l-Magreb l-Adna ([[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: المغرب الأدنى, ''al-Magħrib al-Adnâ'', &quot;il-Punent l-Eqreb&quot;: [[Alessandria]] sa [[Tripli, Libja|Tripli]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|kunjom1=El Hareir|isem1=Idris|kunjom2=Mbaye|isem2=Ravane|data=1 Jannar 2011|sena=2011|titlu=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&amp;pg=PA375|lingwa=Ingliż|pubblikatur=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-104153-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

L-isem modern l-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]] tal-Marokk huwa l-''Magħrib'' (المغرب, li jfisser &quot;il-punent; l-art tal-estinzjoni&quot;), bl-isem Għarbi uffiċjali tar-Renju jkun ''al-Mamlakat al-Magħribija'' (المملكة المغربية; li jfisser &quot;ir-Renju tal-Magreb/Punent/l-art tal-estinzjoni&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Maghreb/131068|titlu=Maghreb, en arabe Maghrib ou Marhrib (&quot; le Couchant &quot;)|kunjom=|isem=|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2023-12-09|websajt=Encyclopédie Larousse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|kunjom=Abun-Nasr|isem=Jamil M.|data=1987|titlu=Introduction|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period/introduction/0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617|lingwa=en|post=Cambridge|pubblikatur=Cambridge University Press|paġni=1–25|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511608100.003|isbn=978-0-521-33767-0|data-aċċess=2023-12-09|xogħol=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb|titlu=Maghreb|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-12-09|websajt=Encyclopedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bit-[[Lingwa Tork|Tork]], il-Marokk huwa magħruf bħala ''Fas'', isem li ġej mill-kapitali antika tiegħu ta' [[Fes]] li x'aktarx ġej mill-Berber ''issafen'' (&lt;abbr&gt;&lt;small&gt;litteralment:&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt; &quot;xmajjar&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://brill.com/display/title/35046|titlu=Catalogue of the Arabic, Persian, and Turkish Manuscripts of the Yahuda Collection of the National Library of Israel Volume 2|kunjom=Wust|isem=Efraim|data=2020-07-09|pubblikatur=Brill|lingwa=ar|isbn=978-90-04-38530-6|data-aċċess=2023-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/212444/archives-thematique/d-o-vient-le-nom-de-f-s/|titlu=D'où vient le nom de Fès ?|kunjom=Mataillet|isem=Dominique|lingwa=fr-FR|data-aċċess=2023-12-09|websajt=Jeune Afrique}}&lt;/ref&gt;

F'partijiet oħra tad-dinja Misilma, pereżempju fil-letteratura Għarbija Eġizzjana u tal-Lvant Nofsani qabel nofs is-seklu 20, il-Marokk kien komunement imsejjaħ ''Murrākux/Marrākix'' (مراكش).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|kunjom=Gershovich|isem=Moshe|data=12 Ottubru 2012|sena=2012|titlu=French Military Rule in Morocco|lingwa=en|doi=10.4324/9780203044988|isbn=9780203044988}}&lt;/ref&gt; It-terminu għadu jintuża biex jirreferi għall-Marokk illum f'diversi [[Lingwi Indo-Iranjani|Indo-Iranjani]] lingwi, inklużi [[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]], [[Urdu]], u [[Lingwa Punġabi|Punġabi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4/|titlu=مراکش - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس|lingwa=fa|data-aċċess=2023-12-09|websajt=abadis.ir|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209233102/https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4/|arkivju-data=2023-12-09|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-Marokk ġie msemmi politikament ukoll b'varjetà ta' termini li jindikaw il-[[Xarifiżmu|wirt Xarifi]] tad-[[dinastija Għalawija]], bħal ''al-Ijāla ax-Xarīfa'' (الإيالة الشريفة) jew ''al-Imparaṭurija ax-Xarīfa'' (الإمبراطورية الشريفة), mogħtija bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]] bħala ''l'Empire chérifien'' u bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]] bħala l-''Cherifian Empire''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|kunjom=ملين|isem=نبيل|sena=2017|titlu=Fakra d-Dustur  fi magħrib u nsus|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/994641823|lingwa=ar|pubblikatur=Tīl Kīl Mīdiyā|isbn=978-9954-28-764-4|oclc=994641823}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|kunjom=Laskier|isem=Michael M.|data=1 September 2019|titlu=Prelude to Colonialism: Moroccan Muslims and Jews through Western Lenses, 1860–1912|url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/european-judaism/52/2/ej520209.xml|ġurnal=European Judaism|lingwa=en|volum=52|ħarġa=2|paġni=111–128|doi=10.3167/ej.2019.520209|s2cid=203553804|issn=0014-3006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allura huwa wkoll mogħtija bil-[[Lingwa Maltija|Malti]] bħala l-Imperu Xarif.

== Storja ==
=== Fondazzjoni u dinastiji ===
[[Stampa:Idrisids_coin_minted_at_Al_Aliyah_Morocco_840_CE.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Munita [[Idrisid dynasty|Idrisija]] fil-[[Fez, Morocco|Fes]], 840 WK.]]
Il-[[konkwista Misilma tal-Magreb]], li bdiet f'nofs is-seklu 7, inkiseb mill-[[Kalifat Umawi|kalifat tad-dinastija Umawija]] kmieni fis-seklu ta' wara. Ġib kemm il-lingwa Għarbija kif ukoll l-[[Islam]] fiż-żona. Għalkemm parti mill-[[Kalifat|Imperu Islamiku]] akbar, il-Marokk kien inizjalment organizzat bħala provinċja sussidjarja tal-[[Ifriqiya|Ifriqija]], bil-gvernaturi lokali maħtura mill-gvernatur [[Iżlam|Misilmin]] fil-[[Kairouan]].&lt;ref&gt;Abun-Nasr 1987, p.33&lt;/ref&gt; Sekli ta' [[migrazzjoni Għarbija lejn il-Magreb]] mis-seklu 7 bidlu l-ambitu demografiku tal-Marokk.

It-tribujiet indiġeni Berberi adottaw l-Islam, iżda żammew il-[[liġi konswetudinarja]] tagħhom. Huma ħallsu wkoll taxxi u ġieħ lill-amministrazzjoni Musulmana l-ġdida.&lt;ref&gt;Abun-Nasr 1987, pp. 33–34&lt;/ref&gt; L-ewwel stat Mislem indipendenti fiż-żona tal-Marokk modern kien ir-[[Renju ta’ Nekor]], emirat fil-[[Muntanji tar-Rif]]. Din twaqqfet minn [[Saliħ I bin Mansur]] fl-710, bħala stat klijent tal-kalifat Umawi. Wara li faqqgħet ir-[[Rivolta tal-Berber]] fl-739, il-Berberi ffurmaw stati indipendenti oħra bħall-[[Miknasa]] tal-[[Sijilmasa|Siġilmasa]] u l-[[Barghawata]].
[[Stampa:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|daqsminuri|[[Università tal-Qarawin|Il-Qarawin]], imwaqqfa f'[[Fez, il-Marokk|Fes]] fis-seklu 9, kienet ċentru spiritwali, letterarju u intellettwali ewlieni.]]
Il-fundatur tad-[[Dinastija Idrisidi|dinastija Idrisija]] u l-bun-neputi ta' [[Ħasan bin Għali]], [[Idris I tal-Marokk|Idris bin Għabdilla]], kien ħarab lejn il-Marokk wara l-[[kalifat Għabbasi]] massakru tal-familja tiegħu fil-[[Hejaz|Ħeġaż]]. Huwa kkonvinċa lit-tribujiet Berberi Awraba biex ikissru l-lealtà tagħhom lejn l-Għabbasin imbiegħda u waqqaf id-dinastija Idrisija fis-sena 788. L-Idrisin stabbilixxew [[Fes, Marokk|Fes]] bħala l-kapitali tagħhom u l-Marokk sar ċentru ta’ tagħlim Islamiku u maġġuri [[qawwa reġjonali]]. L-Idrisin ġew imkeċċija fl-927 mill-[[Kalifat Fatimid|kalifat Fatimi]] u l-alleati tagħhom Miknasa. Wara li Miknasa kissru r-relazzjonijiet mal-Fatimin fl-932, dawn tneħħew mill-poter mill-[[Maghrawa]] tal-Siġilmasa fl-980.

Mis-seklu 11 'il quddiem, qamet sensiela ta' dinastiji Berberi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|kunjom1=Ramirez-Faria|isem1=Carlos|sena=2007|titlu=Concise Encyclopaedia of World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&amp;pg=PT861|lingwa=en|pubblikatur=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0775-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/almoravides/|titlu=Almoravides|lingwa=fr|xogħol=Universalis Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365388/Marinid-dynasty|titlu=Marīnid dynasty|lingwa=en|xogħol=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taħt id-dinastija [[Sanhaja|Sanhaġa]] [[Dinastija Almoravid|Almoravida]] u d-dinastija [[Masmuda]] [[Kalifat Almohad|Almohada]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418538/North-Africa/46490/The-Maghrib-under-the-Almoravids-and-the-Almohads|titlu=The Maghrib under the Almoravids and the Almohads|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=1 Awwissu 2011|xogħol=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; il-Marokk iddomina l-[[Magreb]], il-[[Al-Andalus|Andalus]] fil-[[Peniżola Iberika|Iberja]], u r-reġjun tal-Punent tal-Mediterran. Mis-seklu 13 'il quddiem il-pajjiż ra [[Migrazzjoni Għarbija lejn il-Magreb|migrazzjoni massiva]] tat-tribujiet Għarab [[Banu Hilal|Bni Hilal]]. Fis-sekli 13 u 14 id-dinastija [[Zenata]] Berbera [[Sultanat Marinid|Marinija]] kellhom il-poter fil-Marokk u stinkaw biex jirreplikaw is-suċċessi tal-Almohadin permezz ta’ kampanji militari fl-[[Alġerija]] u [[Spanja]]. Kienu segwiti mid-[[Dinastija Wattasid|dinastija Wattasija]]. Fis-seklu 15, ir-[[Reconquista]] temmet il-ħakma Misilma fl-Iberja u ħafna Misilmin u [[Istorja tal-Lhud fil-Marokk|Lhud]] ħarbu lejn il-Marokk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/392604/Morocco|titlu=Morocco – History|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=1 Awwissu 2011|xogħol=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Porto_April_2019-7.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|L-[[Imperu Portugiż]] twaqqaf meta l-[[Prinċep Enriku n-Navigatur]] mexxa l-[[konkwista ta’ Ceuta]], li bdiet il-preżenza Portugiża fil-Marokk, li damet mill-1415 sal-1769.]]
L-isforzi tal-[[Portugall|Portugiżi]] biex jikkontrollaw il-kummerċ tal-baħar Atlantiku fis-seklu 15 ma affettwawx ħafna l-intern tal-Marokk minkejja li rnexxielhom jikkontrollaw xi possedimenti fuq il-kosta tal-Marokk iżda ma vvizzjawx aktar 'il bogħod minn ġewwa.

Fl-1549, ir-reġjun waqa 'f'idejn dinastiji Għarab suċċessivi li jsostnu nisel mill-[[Profeti fl-Islam|Profeta Islamiku]], [[Muħammed|Muħammad]]: l-ewwel id-dinastija [[Xarifiżmu|Xarifija]] [[Dinastija Sagħdija|Sagħdija]] li ħakmet mill-1549 sal-1659, u mbagħad id-[[Dinastija Alaouite|dinastija Għalawi]], li baqgħu fil-poter mis-seklu 17. Il-Marokk iffaċċja aggressjoni minn [[Spanja]] fit-tramuntana, u l-alleati tal-[[Imperu Ottoman]] ippressaw lejn il-punent.[[Stampa:Palais_El_Badii_-_panoramio.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tas-[[Dinastija Saadi|Sagħdi]] Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Aħmad il-Mansur]] fis-seklu 16, il-[[Palazz El Badi|Palazz Badigħ]].|xellug]]Taħt id-dinastija Sagħdija, il-pajjiż [[Kriżi tas-suċċessjoni tal-Portugall tal-1580|temm id-dinastija Aviz tal-Portugall]] fil-[[Battalja ta' Alcácer Quibir]] fl-1578. Ir-renju tas-Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Aħmad il-Mansur]] ġab għana ġdid u prestiġju lis-Saltna s-Sagħdija, u [[Invażjoni Saadian tal-Imperu Songhai|spedizzjoni kbira]] lejn l-Afrika tal-Punent kkaġunaw telfa kbira lill-[[Imperu Songhai]] fl-1591. Madankollu, il-ġestjoni tat-territorji madwar is-[[Saħara]] wera diffiċli wisq. Wara l-mewt tal-Mansur, il-pajjiż kien maqsum fost uliedu.
[[Stampa:Flag of Morocco (1666–1915).svg|thumb|Bandiera tal-Marokk (1666–1915)|149x149px]]
Wara perjodu ta' frammentazzjoni politika u kunflitt matul it-tnaqqis tad-dinastija Sagħdija, il-Marokk fl-aħħar reġa' ngħaqad mis-Sultan l-[['dinastija Alawi|Għalawi]] (jew Alaouite) [[Al-Rashid tal-Marokk|ir-Raxid]] fl-aħħar tas-snin 60, li ħa Fez fl-1666 u Marrakexx fl-1668.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abun-Nasr19875&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|230}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:202&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|kunjom=Rivet|isem=Daniel|sena=2012|titlu=Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI|pubblikatur=Fayard}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|225}} L-Għalawin irnexxielhom jistabbilizzaw il-pożizzjoni tagħhom, u filwaqt li r-renju kien iżgħar minn dawk preċedenti fir-reġjun, baqgħet pjuttost għonja. Kontra l-oppożizzjoni tat-tribujiet lokali [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Ismagħil Bin Xarif]] (1672–1727) beda joħloq stat magħqud.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://encarta/|titlu=Welcome to the US Petabox|data=2013-08-06|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2024-02-07|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806230818/http://encarta/|arkivju-data=2013-08-06|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bil-Ġajx Ahl ir-Rif (Armata tar-[[Rif|Riffi]]) tiegħu reġa' okkupa [[Tanġer Ingliż|Tanġer]] mir-[[Renju tal-Ingilterra|Ingliż]] li kien abbandunah fl-1684 u saq lill-[[Imperu Spanjol|Spanjol]] minn [[Larache]] fl-1689. Il-Portugiż abbandunaw [[El Jadida|Mazagão]] (illum belt [[El Jadida|Il-Ġdida]]), l-aħħar territorju tagħhom fil-Marokk, fl-1769. Madankollu, l-[[Assedju ta’ Melilla (1774)|assedju ta’ Melilla]] kontra l-Ispanjoli spiċċa b’telfa fl-1775.
[[Stampa:Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship 01.jpg|daqsminuri|192x192px|It-Trattat tal-Paċi u l-Ħbiberija Marokkin-Amerikana, issiġillat mis-Sultan Moħammed III, iffirmat minn Thomas Jefferson u John Adams, u ratifikat mill-Kungress tal-Istati Uniti fit-18 ta’ Lulju, 1787.]]
Il-Marokk kien l-ewwel nazzjon li rrikonoxxa lill-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]] li għadhom żgħar bħala nazzjon indipendenti fl-1777.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/22/ joint-statement-united-states-america-and-kingdom-morocco|title=Dikjarazzjoni Konġunta mill-Istati Uniti tal-Amerika u r-Renju tal-Marokk|data=22 ta' Novembru 2013|via=[[NARA|Arkivji Nazzjonali ]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|date=2004|url=https:/ /books.google.com/books?id=5V77mdCXHJcC&amp;pg=PA114|publisher=Pubblikazzjonijiet tan-Negozju Int'l|pages=114–|isbn=978-0-7397-6000-0|author=((USA (NA) International Business Publications))|titolu=Marokk Foreign Policy and Government Guide}}{{Rabta mejta|data=April 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=iva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=41811|title=Cohen Ġedded ir-Rabtiet bejn l-Istati Uniti u l-Marokk|author=Kozaryn, Linda D.|access-date=12 ta’ Marzu 2009|xogħol=U.S. Dipartiment tad-Difiża}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fil-bidu tar-[[Rivoluzzjoni Amerikana]], bastimenti merkantili Amerikani fl-[[Oċean Atlantiku]] kienu suġġetti għal attakki minn flotot oħra. Fl-20 ta’ Diċembru 1777, is-Sultan il-Marokk [[Mohammed III tal-Marokk|Moħammed III]] iddikjara li l-vapuri merkantili Amerikani kienu se jkunu taħt il-protezzjoni tas-saltna u għalhekk setgħu jgawdu passaġġ sigur. It-[[Trattat ta' Ħbiberija bejn il-Marokk u l-Amerika]], iffirmat fl-1786, huwa l-eqdem trattat ta' ħbiberija mhux miksura fl-Istati Uniti.&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, Priscilla H. u Richard S. Roberts, ''Thomas Barclay (1728–1793): Konslu fi Franza, Diplomat in Barbary'', Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206–223 {{ISBN|093422398X}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2002/html/18995.htm|title=Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History|access-date=17 ta’ Diċembru 2007|xogħol=U.S. Dipartiment tal-Istat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ġeografija ==
Il-Marokk għandu kosta ħdejn l-[[Oċean Atlantiku]] li tilħaq wara l-[[Istrett ta’ Ġibiltà]] fil-[[Baħar Mediterran]]. Hija mdawwar ma' [[Spanja]] fit-tramuntana (fruntiera tal-ilma mill-Istrett u [[Fruntiera bejn il-Marokk u Spanja|fruntieri tal-art]] bi tliet [[Exclave|exclaves]] żgħar kkontrollati mill-Ispanjol, [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], u [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]]), l-[[Alġerija]] lejn il-lvant, u s-[[Saħara tal-Punent]] fin-nofsinhar. Peress li l-Marokk jikkontrolla l-biċċa l-kbira tas-Saħara tal-Punent, il-konfini ''de facto'' fin-Nofsinhar tiegħu hija mal-[[Mawritanja]].

It-total tal-fruntieri l-Marokk huwa 3,523.5 km, bit-tliet pajjiżi tal-fruntiera: fl-[[Alġerija]] 1,941 km; fil-[[Mawritanja]] 1,564 km; fis-[[Spanja]] ta' Ceuta 8 km u ta' Melilla 10.5 km, teżisti wkoll segment tal-fruntiera addizzjonali ta' 75 metru bejn il-Marokk u l-exclave Spanjola ta' [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]].

Il-ġeografija tal-Marokk tifrex mill-Oċean Atlantiku, sa żoni muntanjużi, sad-deżert tas-Saħara. Il-Marokk huwa pajjiż tal-[[Afrika ta' Fuq]] li jmiss mal-[[Oċean Atlantiku tat-Tramuntana]] u l-Baħar Mediterran, bejn l-Alġerija u s-Saħara Marokkina. Hija waħda minn tliet nazzjonijiet (flimkien ma' [[Spanja]] u [[Franza]]) li għandhom kemm il-kosta Atlantika kif ukoll dik tal-Mediterran.

Il-belt kapitali tal-Marokk hija [[Rabat]]; l-akbar belt tagħha hija l-port prinċipali tagħha, [[Casablanca]]. Bliet oħra li jirreġistraw popolazzjoni ta' aktar minn 500,000 fiċ-[[ċensiment Marokkin tal-2014]] huma [[Fes]], [[Marrakesh|Marrakexx]], [[Meknes]], [[Salé]] u [[Tangier|Tanġer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;moroccocensus2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/|titlu=Population Légale des Régions, Provinces, Préfectures, Municipalités, Arrondissements et Communes du Royaume D'Après Les Résultats du RGPH 2014|data=8 April 2015|pubblikatur=High Commission for Planning, Morocco|lingwa=ar, fr|data-aċċess=29 Settembru 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demografija ==
Il-Marokk għandu popolazzjoni ta' madwar 37,076,584 (stima tal-2021). Huwa stmat li 44% sa 67% tar-residenti huma Għarab u 31% sa 60% huma Berber. Parti konsiderevoli tal-popolazzjoni tidentifika bħala Haratin u Gnawa (jew Gnaoua), dixxendenti ta' skjavi jew mestizos tal-Afrika tal-Punent, u Moriscos, Musulmani Ewropej imkeċċija minn Spanja u l-Portugall fis-seklu 17. Sekli ta' migrazzjoni Għarbija lejn il-Magreb mis-seklu 7 bidlu l-ambitu demografiku tal-Marokk.

Skont iċ-ċensiment tal-popolazzjoni tal-Marokk tal-2014, kien hemm madwar 84,000 immigrant fil-pajjiż. Minn dawn ir-residenti mwielda barra, il-maġġoranza kienu ta' oriġini Franċiża, segwiti minn individwi primarjament minn diversi nazzjonijiet tal-Afrika tal-Punent u l-Alġerija. Hemm ukoll numru ta' residenti barranin ta' oriġini Spanjola. Xi wħud minnhom huma dixxendenti ta' settlers, li jaħdmu prinċipalment għal kumpaniji multinazzjonali Ewropej, filwaqt li oħrajn huma miżżewġin lil Marokkini jew huma rtirati. Qabel l-indipendenza, il-Marokk kien dar għal nofs miljun Ewropew; li kienu l-aktar insara. Barra minn hekk, qabel l-indipendenza, il-Marokk kien dar għal 250,000 Spanjol. Il-minoranza Lhudija prominenti tal-Marokk, darba prominenti, naqset b’mod sinifikanti mill-quċċata tagħha ta' 265,000 fl-1948, u naqset għal madwar 3,500 fl-2022.

Il-Marokk għandu dijaspora kbira, li l-biċċa l-kbira tagħha tinsab fi Franza, fejn jingħad li hemm aktar minn miljun Marokkin sat-tielet ġenerazzjoni. Hemm ukoll komunitajiet Marokkini kbar fi Spanja (madwar 700,000 Marokkin), l-Olanda (360,000) u l-Belġju (300,000). Komunitajiet kbar oħra jistgħu jinstabu fl-Italja, il-Kanada, l-Istati Uniti u l-Iżrael, fejn il-Lhud Marokkini huma maħsuba li jikkostitwixxu t-tieni l-akbar sottogrupp etniku Lhudi.

==== Popolazzjonijiet (f'eluf) ====
* 1950 8,986 —    
* 1960 12,329 +3.21%
* 1970 16,040 +2.67%
* 1980 20,072 +2.27%
* 1990 24,950 +2.20%
* 2000 28,951 +1.50%
* 2010 32,108 +1.04%
* 2020 35,952 +1.14%

==== Lista tal-bliet li għandhom mill-inqas 200,000 ruħ ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ '''Lista tal-bliet li għandhom mill-inqas 200,000 ruħ'''&lt;ref&gt; [http://gazetteer.de/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=fr&amp;dat=32&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=aohdq&amp;geo=-134 Les villes les plus grandes avec des statistiques de la population du Maroc] sur World Gazetteer &lt;/ref&gt;
! Bliet
! Populażżjoni 2007
|-
| [[Casablanca]]
| {{formatnum:3209054}}
|- 
| [[Rabat (Marokk)|Rabat]]
| {{formatnum:1721760}}
|-
| [[Fes]]
| {{formatnum:1001798}}
|- 
| [[Marrakex]]
| {{formatnum:872015}}
|-
| [[Agadir]]
| {{formatnum:739161}}
|- 
| [[Tanġa]]
| {{formatnum:726855}}
|-
| [[Meknès]]
| {{formatnum:564853}}
|- 
| [[Uġda]]
| {{formatnum:414053}}
|-
| [[Qnitra]]
| {{formatnum:381543}}
|- 
| [[Tetuwan]]
| {{formatnum:337773}}
|-
| [[Safi (Marokk)|Safi]]
| {{formatnum:294856}}
|-
| [[Lagħjun]] 
| {{formatnum:190148}} 
|-
| [[Daħla]] 
| {{formatnum:72832}} 
|-
| [[Smara]] 
| {{formatnum:43561}} 
|-
| [[Buġdur]] 
| {{formatnum:42878}} 
|}

== Politika ==
[[Stampa:Mohammed VI behind a family tree of the Alaoui dynasty.jpg|alt=Ir-Re Mohammed VI seduta, warajh is-siġra tal-familja tad-dinastija Għalawija.|daqsminuri|Ir-Re tal-Marokk, il-Malek [[Moħammed VI]], mas-siġra tal-familja Xarifija sa [[Muħammed|Muħammad]] fl-isfondu.]]
Skont l-''[[The Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]]'' tal-2022, il-Marokk huwa mmexxi taħt [[reġim ibridu]], li skorja #3 fil-[[MENA|Lvant Nofsani u l-Afrika ta' Fuq]], u #95 fid-dinja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf|titlu=Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine|data=2023|lingwa=en-GB|websajt=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]]|data-aċċess=2024-02-07|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330123307/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf|arkivju-data=2023-03-30|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Marokk għandu klassifikazzjoni &quot;diffiċli&quot; fuq il-''[[2023 Indiċi Dinji tal-Libertà tal-Istampa]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/country/morocco-western-sahara|titlu=Morocco / Western Sahara|data=2023-05-19|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-07-02|websajt=rsf.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wara l-elezzjonijiet ta' Marzu 1998, ġie ffurmat gvern ta' koalizzjoni mmexxi mill-mexxej tal-oppożizzjoni [[soċjaliżmu]] [[Abderrahmane Youssoufi|Għabd er-Raħmana Jusufi]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;l fil-biċċa l-kbira minn ministri miġbuda minn partiti tal-oppożizzjoni. Il-gvern tal-Prim Ministru Youssoufi kien l-ewwel gvern li qatt ġie mfassal primarjament mill-partiti tal-oppożizzjoni, u jirrappreżenta wkoll l-ewwel opportunità għal koalizzjoni ta’ partiti soċjalisti, xellug taċ-ċentru u nazzjonalisti biex jiġu inklużi fil-gvern sa Ottubru 2002. Kien ukoll il- l-ewwel darba fl-istorja politika moderna tad-[[dinja Għarbija]] li l-oppożizzjoni ħadet il-poter wara elezzjoni. Il-gvern attwali huwa mmexxi minn [[Aziz Akhannouch]]. 

Il-[[Kostituzzjoni tal-Marokk]] tipprovdi għal monarkija b'[[Parlament tal-Marokk|Parlament]] u [[ġudikatura]] indipendenti. Bir-[[Referendum kostituzzjonali Marokkin, 2011|riformi kostituzzjonali tal-2011]], ir-Re tal-Marokk iżomm inqas setgħat eżekuttivi filwaqt li dawk tal-prim ministru ġew imkabbra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110617/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_morocco_king|titlu=King declares Morocco a constitutional monarchy - Yahoo! News|data=2011-06-23|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2024-02-07|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623180751/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110617/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_morocco_king|arkivju-data=2011-06-23|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024053618/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/0702/breaking8.html Moroccan king in referendum win] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024053618/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/0702/breaking8.html|data=24 Ottubru 2012}}. ''The Irish Times''. 2 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Il-kostituzzjoni tagħti lir-re setgħat onoriċi (fost setgħat oħra); huwa kemm il-mexxej politiku sekulari kif ukoll l-''[[Amir al-Mu'minin|Amir al-Mûminīn]]'' (Emir il-Mwemmnin jew Kmandant/Prinċep tal-Fidili) bħala dixxendent dirett tal-Profeta [[Muħammed|Muħammad]]. Huwa jippresiedi l-Kunsill tal-Ministri; jaħtar lill-Prim Ministru mill-partit politiku li rebaħ l-aktar siġġijiet fl-elezzjonijiet parlamentari, u fuq rakkomandazzjonijiet ta’ dan tal-aħħar, jaħtar il-membri tal-gvern.

Il-kostituzzjoni tal-1996 teoretikament ippermettiet lir-re jtemm il-mandat ta’ kwalunkwe ministru, u wara konsultazzjoni mal-kapijiet tal-Assembleji ogħla u baxxi, li jxolji l-Parlament, jissospendi l-kostituzzjoni, isejjaħ għal elezzjonijiet ġodda, jew imexxi b’digriet. L-unika darba li dan ġara kien fl-1965. Ir-Re huwa formalment il-kmandant in-kap tal-forzi armati.

Il-Marokk huwa uffiċjalment maqsum fi 12-il [[Reġjuni tal-Marokk|reġjuni]],&lt;ref name=&quot;reg&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pncl.gov.ma/fr/EspaceJuridique/DocLib/d%C3%A9cret%20fixant%20le%20nombre%20des%20r%C3%A9gions.pdf|titlu=Décret fixant le nom des régions|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=11 Ġulju2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083233/http://www.pncl.gov.ma/fr/EspaceJuridique/DocLib/d%C3%A9cret%20fixant%20le%20nombre%20des%20r%C3%A9gions.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2015|xogħol=Portail National des Collectivités Territoriales}}&lt;/ref&gt; li, min-naħa tagħhom, huma suddiviżi fi [[Prefetturi u provinċji tal-Marokk|62 provinċja u 13-il prefettura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/yma.html|title=Prefetturi tal-Marokk|websajt=www.statoids.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

'''Reġjuni (bl-ismijiethom f'ortografija Maltija mill-Għarbi)''' 
[[File:Tasgiwin_n_Murakuc_-_Regions_of_Morocco.png|thumb|259x259px|It-12-il reġjun amministrattiv uffiċjali tal-Marokk, bl-ismijiet indiġeni tagħhom fil-lingwa l-Berbera.]]

# Tanger - Tetouan - Al Hoceima (Tanġer - Tetwan - Il-Ħusejma)
# Orientale (Lvant/Xerqi)
# Fès-Meknès (Fas - Maknes)
# Rabat-Salé-Kénitra (Ir-Rabat - Sala - Il-Qnejtra)
# Béni Mellal-Khénifra (Bni Mellal - Ħanifra)
# Casablanca-Settat (Dar il-Bajda - Settat)
# Marrakech-Safi (Marrakexx - Safi)
# Drâa-Tafilalet (Dragħ - Tafilalt)
# Souss-Massa (Sus - Massa)
# Guelmim-Oued Noun (Gulmim/Kulmim - Wied Nun)
# Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra (L-Għejun - Saqja il-Ħamra)
# Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab (Daħla - Wied id-Deheb)&lt;br /&gt;

=== Fergħa leġiżlattiva ===
Sa mir-riforma kostituzzjonali tal-1996, il-fergħa leġiżlattiva hija bikamerali u hija magħmula minn żewġ kmamar. L-Assemblea tar-Rappreżentanti tal-Marokk ( Maġlis an-Nuwwâb/Assemblée des Répresentants ) għandha 395 membru eletti għal perjodu ta' ħames snin, 305 minnhom eletti f'kostitwenzi b'diversi membri u 90 f'listi nazzjonali magħmula minn nisa' u żgħażagħ.

L-Assemblea tal-Kunsilliera (Maġlis al-Mustaxarin) għandha 120 membru, eletti għal terminu ta' sitt snin. 72 membru huma eletti fil-livell reġjonali, 20 membru huma eletti minn unions, 8 siġġijiet minn organizzazzjonijiet professjonali u 20 minn impjegati.

Is-setgħat tal-Parlament, għalkemm għadhom relattivament limitati, ġew estiżi fir-reviżjonijiet kostituzzjonali tal-1992 u l-1996 u saħansitra aktar f'dawk tal-2011 u jinkludu kwistjonijiet baġitarji, l-għoti ta' kontijiet, l-interrogazzjoni tal-ministri u t-twaqqif ta' kummissjonijiet ta' inkjesta ad hoc biex jinvestigaw. azzjonijiet tal-gvern. Il-kamra t'isfel tal-Parlament tista' xolji l-gvern permezz ta' vot ta' sfiduċja.

L-aħħar elezzjoni parlamentari saret fit-8 ta' Settembru, 2021. Il-parteċipazzjoni tal-votanti f'dawn l-elezzjonijiet kienet stmata li kienet ta' 50.35% tal-votanti reġistrati.

=== Relazzjonijiet barranin ===
Il-Marokk huwa membru tan-Nazzjonijiet Uniti u jappartjeni għall-Unjoni Afrikana (UA), il-Lega Għarbija, l-Unjoni tal-Magreb Għarbi (AMU), l-Organizzazzjoni tal-Kooperazzjoni Iżlamika (OIC), il-Moviment Mhux Allinjat u l-Komunità tal-Istati Saħel -Saħarjani (CEN_SAD). Ir-relazzjonijiet tal-Marokk ivarjaw ħafna bejn l-istati Afrikani, Għarab u tal-Punent. Il-Marokk kellu rabtiet sodi mal-Punent għal benefiċċji ekonomiċi u politiċi. Franza u Spanja jibqgħu l-imsieħba kummerċjali ewlenin, kif ukoll il-kredituri ewlenin u l-investituri barranin fil-Marokk. Mill-investimenti barranin totali fil-Marokk, l-Unjoni Ewropea tinvesti madwar 73.5%, filwaqt li d-dinja Għarbija tinvesti biss 19.3%. Bosta pajjiżi fir-reġjuni tal-Golf Persjan u tal-Magreb qed isiru aktar involuti fi proġetti ta' żvilupp fuq skala kbira fil-Marokk.

Fl-2004, l-amministrazzjoni ta' George W. Bush tat lill-Marokk status ta' alleat ewlieni mhux tan-NATO. Ta' min jinnota li l-Marokk kien l-ewwel pajjiż fid-dinja li rrikonoxxa s-sovranità tal-Istati Uniti, fl-1777.

Wara li kiseb l-indipendenza, il-Marokk stabbilixxa rabtiet sodi mal-Istati Uniti, u rċieva għajnuna ekonomika u militari sinifikanti. Din is-sħubija ffjorixxiet matul il-Gwerra Bierda, u l-Marokk sar alleat ewlieni kontra l-espansjoni komunista fl-Afrika ta' Fuq. Bi tpattija, l-Istati Uniti appoġġaw l-ambizzjonijiet territorjali tal-Marokk u l-isforzi tiegħu biex jimmodernizza l-ekonomija tiegħu. Il-Marokk irċieva aktar minn $400 miljun f'għajnuna Amerikana bejn l-1957 u l-1963, u għolliha għall-ħames l-akbar riċevitur ta' għajnuna agrikola Amerikana fl-1966. il-Marokk.

Barra minn hekk, il-Marokk huwa inkluż fil-Politika Ewropea tal-Viċinat (ENP) tal-Unjoni Ewropea, li għandha l-għan li tqarreb l-UE lejn il-ġirien tagħha.

Il-Marokk ġie kkritikat ħafna talli ma' kkundannax l-invażjoni Russa tal-Ukrajna, hekk kif il-Marokk iddeċieda li ma jipparteċipax fil-vot tan-NU li kkundanna l-invażjoni Russa tal-Ukrajna.

Ir-relazzjoni tiegħu maċ-Ċina u l-appoġġ tiegħu għal-Liġi tas-Sigurtà ta' Ħong Kong ġew ikkritikati.

Il-Marokk ġie kkritikat ħafna wkoll talli ospita s-VI Forum ta' Kooperazzjoni Russa-Għarbija f'Marrakech (il-Marokk) fl-20 ta' Diċembru, 2023.

== Referenzi ==
{{Referenzi}}

[https://web.archive.org/web/20171229223048/http://www.maroc.ma/ Maroc.Ma]

[[Kategorija:Mediterran]]
[[Kategorija:Marokk]]
[[Kategorija:Pajjiżi tal-Afrika]]
[[Kategorija:Pajjiżi tal-Baħar Mediterran]]
{{Afrika}}</text>
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      <text bytes="44043" sha1="e5jue9eqcnk70d6u6tjtvrvy2ka0ay5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Pajjiż
|isem_nattiv                 = &lt;big&gt;المملكة المغربية&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''al-Mamlaka l-Magħribijja''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;big&gt;ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ&lt;/big&gt;
|isem_twil_konvenzjonali     = Renju tal-Marokk
|isem_komuni                 = Marokk
|stampa_bandiera             = Flag of Morocco.svg
|stampa_emblema              = Coat of arms of Morocco.svg
|stampa_mappa                = Morocco (orthographic projection, WS claimed).svg
|deskrizzjoni_mappa          = 
|ħolqa_bandiera              = Bandiera tal-Marokk
|ħolqa_emblema               = Emblema tal-Marokk
|ħolqa_demografija           = Demografija tal-Marokk
|mottu_nazzjonali            = &lt;big&gt;&quot;الله، الوطن، الملك&quot;&lt;/big&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&quot;Allāh, al-Waṭan, al-Malik&quot;{{spazji|1}}&lt;small&gt;([[transliterazzjoni]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;''Alla - Patria - Re''&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
|innu_nazzjonali             = &quot;[[Al-naxid al-xarif|An-Naxid ax-Xarif]]&quot; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;L-Innu x-Xarif&quot;{{spazji|1}}&lt;small&gt;([[transliterazzjoni]])
|lingwi_uffiċjali            = [[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web |data-aċċess=2010-02-18 |titlu=Kostituzzjoni Marokkina, 1996 |url=http://www.pogar.org/publications/other/constitutions/mrc-constitution-96-e.pdf |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205195941/http://www.pogar.org/publications/other/constitutions/mrc-constitution-96-e.pdf |arkivju-data=2009-02-05 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Amazigh Marokkin Standard|Berberu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web |data-aċċess=2019-12-28 |titlu=Archive copy |url=http://www.maroc.ma/NR/rdonlyres/EE8E1B01-9C86-449B-A9C2-A98CC88D7238/8650/bo5952F.pdf |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003192853/http://www.maroc.ma/NR/rdonlyres/EE8E1B01-9C86-449B-A9C2-A98CC88D7238/8650/bo5952F.pdf |arkivju-data=2011-10-03 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|kapitali                    = [[Rabat (Marokk)|Rabat]]
|latd=34 |latm=02 |latNS=N |lonġd=6 |lonġm=51 |lonġEW=W
|l-ikbar_belt                = [[Casablanca]]
|tip_gvern                   = [[Monarkija kostituzzjonali]]
|titlu_kap1                  = [[Re tal-Marokk|Re]]
|isem_kap1                   = [[Moħammed VI]]
|titlu_kap2                  = [[Prim Ministru tal-Marokk|Prim Ministru]]
|isem_kap2                   = [[Aziz Akhannouch]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mapnews.ma/am/activites-royales/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89-%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94-%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%99-%E2%B5%84%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A3-%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%85%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9B-%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7-%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B3-%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%85%E2%B4%BC-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B9%E2%B5%9C-%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%9C-%E2%B5%99-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%89-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B9%E2%B5%9C (lingwa taxelħita) ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴰⵅⵏⵓⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ] &lt;/ref&gt;
|tip_sovranità               = Unifikazzjoni
|nota_sovranità              = 1554
|avveniment_stabbilit1       = Unifikata mid-[[Dinastija Sagħdija]]
|data_stabbilit1             = 1554
|avveniment_stabbilit2       = [[Dinastija Għalawija]] (preżenti)
|data_stabbilit2             = 1666
|avveniment_stabbilit3       = [[Independenza]] minn Franza
|data_stabbilit3             = 2 ta' Marzu, 1956
|avveniment_stabbilit4       = [[Independenza]] minn Spanja
|data_stabbilit4             = 7 ta' April, 1956
|poż_erja                    = 57
|erja_km2                    = 446,300
|erja_mi_kw                  = 172,414
|perċentwal_ilma             = 250km² (0.056%)
|sena_stima_popolazzjoni     = 2009
|stima_popolazzjoni          = 31,993,000&lt;ref name=unpop&gt;[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf ''World Population Prospects, Table A.1''], [[Nazzjonijiet Uniti]], 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;
|poż_stima_popolazzjoni      = 37
|ċensiment_popolazzjoni      = 29,680,069&lt;ref name=hcp&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821033855/http://www.hcp.ma/Profil.aspx Recensement général de la Population et de l'Habitat 2004], Haut-Commissariat Au Plan, 2004&lt;/ref&gt;
|sena_ċensiment_popolazzjoni = 2004
|densità_popolazzjoni_km2    = 71.6
|densità_popolazzjoni_mi_kw  = 185.5
|poż_densità_popolazzjoni    = 122
|sena_PGD_PSX                = 2008
|PGD_PSX                     = $137.126 biljun&lt;ref name=imf2&gt;{{ċita web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&amp;ey=2009&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=686&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=43&amp;pr.y=3 |titlu=Morocco|editur=Fond Monetarju Internazzjonali|aċċess=01-10-2009|lingwa=Ingliż}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|poż_PGD_PSX                 = 57
|PGD_PSX_per_capita          = $4,362&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
|poż_PGD_PSX_per_capita      = 115
|sena_IŻU                    = 2007
|IŻU                         = {{profitt}} 0.654
|poż_IŻU                     = 130
|kategorija_IŻU              = &lt;span style=&quot;color:#fc0;&quot;&gt;medju&lt;/span&gt;
|valuta                      = [[Dirham Marokkin]]
|kodiċi_valuta               = MAD
|żona_ħin                    = [[Ħin tal-Ewropa tal-Punent|WET]]
|differenza_ħku              = +0
|żona_ħin_legali             = [[Ħin tas-sajf tal-Ewropa tal-Punent|WEST]]
|differenza_żona_ħin_legali  = +1
|cctld                       = [[.ma]]
|kodiċi_telefoniku           = 212
|sena_PGD_nominali           = 2008
|PGD_nominali                = $88.879 biljun&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;&gt;
|poż_PGD_nominali            = 61
|PGD_nominali_per_capita     = $2,827&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
|poż_PGD_nominali_per_capita = 109
}}
Il-'''Marokk''' (bl-[[Għarbi]]: المغرب, &lt;small&gt;rum.&lt;/small&gt; ''al-Magħrib''), uffiċjalment ir-Renju tal-Marokk, huwa pajjiż fir-reġjun tal-[[Magreb]] fl-[[Afrika ta’ Fuq]]. Tinjora l-Baħar Mediterran lejn it-tramuntana u l-Oċean Atlantiku lejn il-punent, u għandha fruntieri fuq l-art mal-[[Alġerija]] fil-lvant, u t-territorju kkontestat tas-[[Saħara tal-Punent]] fin-nofsinhar. Il-Marokk jippretendi wkoll il-komunità awtonoma [[Spanja|Spanjoli]] ta' [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]] u [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]], u diversi gżejjer żgħar ikkontrollati mill-Ispanjol lil hinn mill-kosta tiegħu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|sena=2018|titlu=Ceuta, Melilla profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627|lingwa=en-GB|pubblikatur=BBC News|data-aċċess=13 Novembru 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mifrux fuq medda ta’ 446,300 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (172,300 sq mi)&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC country profile&quot; /&gt; jew 716,550 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (276,660 sq mi),&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA Factbook&quot; /&gt;{{ref label|Territory|b|}}, u b’popolazzjoni ta’ madwar 37 miljun ċittadin. Ir-reliġjon uffiċjali u predominanti tagħha hija l-[[Iżlam|Islam]], u l-lingwi uffiċjali huma l-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]] u l-[[Amazigh Marokkin Standard|Berberu]] (Tamazight); il-Franċiż u d-djalett [[Marokkin tal-Għarbi]] (l-Għarbija l-Magħribija d-Dariġa) huma wkoll mitkellma ħafna. L-identità u l-kultura Marokkina hija taħlita ta’ kulturi [[Għarab]], [[Berber]], [[Afrikani]] u [[Ewropa|Ewropej]]. Il-kapitali tagħha hija [[Rabat (Marokk)|Rabat]], filwaqt li l-akbar belt tagħha hija [[Casablanca]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Abun-Nasr19873&quot;&gt;{{cite book|awtur=Jamil M. Abun-Nasr|data=20 Awwissu 1987|titlu=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC|pubblikatur=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-33767-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-bliet importanti ieħor tinkludi [[Agadir]], [[Fes]], [[Meknès]], [[Marrakesh|Marrakexx]], u [[Uġda]].

Ir-reġjun li jikkostitwixxi l-Marokk ilu abitat mill-era tal-[[Paleolitiku]] aktar minn 300,000 sena ilu. Id- [[Dinastija Idrisidi|dinastija Idrisija]] ġiet stabbilita minn [[Idris I tal-Marokk|Idris I]] fl-788 u sussegwentement ġiet immexxija minn serje ta’ dinastiċi indipendenti oħra, li laħqet il-quċċata tagħha bħala [[qawwa reġjonali]] fil-11 u t-12-il seklu, taħt id-dinastiji [[Almoravid]] u [[Kalifat Almohad|Almohad]], meta kienet tikkontrolla l-biċċa l-kbira tal-[[Peniżola Iberika]] u l-Magreb.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|kunjom1=Hall|isem1=John G.|sena=2002|titlu=North Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhMuc6NacxgC&amp;q=Since+the+foundation+of+the+first+Moroccan+state+by+Idris+I+in+788+AD,+the+country+has+been+ruled+by+a+series+of+independent+dynasties,+reaching+its+zenith+under+Almoravid+and+Almohad+rule,+when+it+spanned+parts+of+Iberia+and+northwestern+Africa.&amp;pg=PA5|pubblikatur=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-5746-9|awtur2=Chelsea Publishing House}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sekli ta' [[migrazzjoni Għarbija lejn il-Magreb]] mis-seklu 7 bidlu l-ambitu demografiku tar-reġjun. Fis-sekli 15 u 16, il-Marokk iffaċċja theddid estern għas-sovranità tiegħu, bil-[[Imperu Portugiż|Portugall]] ħataf xi territorju u l-[[Imperu Ottoman]] jindaħal mil-lvant. Id-dinastiji [[Saltna Marinija|Marinija]] u [[Saltna Sagħdija|Sagħdija]] inkella rreżistu d-dominazzjoni barranija, u l-Marokk kien l-uniku nazzjon tal-Afrika ta’ Fuq li ħarab mid-dominju Ottoman. Id-[[dinastija Għalawija]], li tmexxi l-pajjiż sal-lum, ħatbet il-poter fl-1631, u matul iż-żewġ sekli ta' wara espandiet ir-relazzjonijiet [[diplomatiċi]] u kummerċjali mad-[[dinja tal-Punent]]. Il-post strateġiku tal-Marokk ħdejn il-bokka tal-Mediterran ġibed interess Ewropew imġedded; fl-1912, [[Franza]] u [[Spanja]] qasmu l-pajjiż fi [[Marokk#protettorati Franċiżi u Spanjoli|protettorati rispettivi]], u rriżervaw [[Żona Internazzjonali ta' Tanger|żona internazzjonali f'Tanġer]]. Wara rvellijiet u rewwixti intermittenti kontra l-ħakma kolonjali, fl-1956, il-Marokk reġa’ kiseb l-indipendenza tiegħu u rġa’ unifikat.

Mill-indipendenza, il-Marokk baqa' relattivament stabbli. Għandha l-[[Lista ta' pajjiżi Afrikani skond il-PGD (nominali)|ħames l-akbar ekonomija]] fl-Afrika u teżerċita influwenza sinifikanti kemm fl-Afrika kif ukoll fid-[[dinja Għarbija]]; hija meqjusa bħala [[qawwa tan-nofs]] fl-affarijiet globali u għandha sħubija fil-[[Lega Għarbija]], l-[[Unjoni tal-Magreb Għarbi]], l-[[Unjoni għall-Mediterran]], u l-[[Unjoni Afrikana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|kunjom=Balfour|isem=Rosa|data=Marzu 2009|titlu=The Transformation of the Union for the Mediterranean|ġurnal=Mediterranean Politics|volum=14|ħarġa=1|paġni=99–105|doi=10.1080/13629390902747491|issn=1362-9395|doi-aċċess=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Marokk huwa [[Stat unitarju|unitarju]] semi-[[monarkija kostituzzjonali]] b'parlament elett. Il-[[Eżekuttiv (gvern)|fergħa eżekuttiva]] hija mmexxija mir-[[Re tal-Marokk]] (il-Malek), bir-renjanti attwali huwa r-re [[Mohammed VI|Moħammed VI]], u l-[[Prim Ministru tal-Marokk|prim ministru]], filwaqt li [[Leġiżlatura|setgħa leġiżlattiva]] hija mogħtija lill-żewġ kmamar tal-parlament: il-[[Kamra tar-Rappreżentanti (Marokk)|Kamra tar-Rappreżentanti]] u l-[[Kamra tal-Kunsilliera (Marokk)|Kamra tal-Kunsillieri]]. Is-setgħa ġudizzjarja hija tal-Qorti Kostituzzjonali, li tista' tirrevedi l-validità tal-liġijiet, l-elezzjonijiet, u r-referenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const. -Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf Il-Marokk: Neħħi l-Ostakli għall-Aċċess għall-Qorti Kostituzzjonali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721222938/https://www. .icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf|data=21 ta' Lulju 2021}}. Kummissjoni Internazzjonali tal-Ġuristi.&lt;/ref&gt; Ir-re għandu setgħat eżekuttivi u leġiżlattivi vasti, speċjalment fuq il-[[Forzi Armati Rjali Marokkini|militari]], politika barranija u affarijiet reliġjużi; jista' joħroġ digrieti msejħa [[Dahir tal-Marokk|dahir]] ([[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: ظهير, &lt;small&gt;rum.&lt;/small&gt; ''Ẓahīr''), li għandhom saħħa ta' liġi, u jista' wkoll ixolji l-parlament wara li jikkonsulta lill-[[Lista ta' kapijiet ta' gvern tal-Marokk|prim ministru]] u lill- president tal-qorti kostituzzjonali.

Il-Marokk jippretendi s-sjieda tal-[[Lista tan-Nazzjonijiet Uniti ta' territorji mhux awtonomi|territorji mhux awtonomi]] tas-[[Saħara tal-Punent]], li hija ddeżinjaha l-[[Provinċji tan-Nofsinhar]]. Fl-1975, wara li Spanja [[Ftehim ta' Madrid|qablu li tiddikolonizza t-territorju]] u ċċedi l-kontroll tagħha lill-Marokk u lill-[[Mawritanja]], faqqgħet [[Gwerra tas-Saħara tal-Punent|gwerra tal-guerrilla]] bejn dawk il-poteri u wħud mill-[[Poplu Sahrawi|abitanti lokali]]. Fl-1979, il-Mawritanja ċediet lil [[Tiris al-Gharbiyya|tal-pretensjoni tagħha]] lejn iż-żona, iżda l-gwerra kompliet tiġri. Fl-1991, intlaħaq ftehim ta’ waqfien mill-ġlied, iżda l-kwistjoni tas-sovranità baqgħet mhux solvuta. Illum, il-Marokk jokkupa żewġ terzi tat-territorju, u l-[[Proċess ta' paċi tas-Saħara tal-Punent|sforzi biex tissolva t-tilwima]] s'issa naqsu milli jkisser l-imblokk politiku.

== Isem u etimoloġija ==
[[Stampa:Quran 5-69, first part (cropped from Maghribi script, c. 1250–1350 CE).jpg|daqsminuri|It-test tal-[[Koran|Quran]] bil-kaligrafija Magrebija.]]
L-isem ''Marokk'' hija msellef mit-[[Lingwa Taljana|Taljan]] ''Marocco'', mill-[[Portugiż]] ''Marrocos'' jew mill-[[Lingwa Spanjola|Ispanjol]] ''Marruecos'', mill-Għarbi مُرَّاكُش‎ (''murrākux''), aktarx minn Berber; qabbel l-Amażigh Marokkin ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ (''amūr n akuc'', &lt;small&gt;litteralment&lt;/small&gt; “Art ta’ Alla”), derivat mill-isem tal-belt [[Marrakesh|Marrakexx]], li kienet il-kapitali tad-[[Dinastija Almoravidi|dinastija Almoravid]], il-[[kalifat Almohad]], u d-[[Dinastija Saadiana|dinastija Sagħdija]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/country-name#morocco|titlu=Country names|data-aċċess=2023-12-09|websajt=The CIA World Factbook|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207212750/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/country-name#morocco|arkivju-data=2023-12-07|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matul id-dinastija Almoravid, il-belt Marrakexx ġiet stabbilita taħt l-isem ''Tāmurākuxt'', derivat mill-[[Lingwi berberi|Berber]] antika tal-belt ''amūr n akux'' (&lt;small&gt;litteralment&lt;/small&gt; “Art/Pajjiż ta’ Alla”).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Ghouirgate|isem=Mehdi|data=2020-02-27|sena=2020|titlu=Chapitre VIII. Le calife en son palais : maintenir son rang|lingwa=Franċiż|post=Toulouse|pubblikatur=Presses universitaires du Midi|paġni=357– 402|isbn=978-2-8107-0867-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Storikament, it-territorju kien parti minn dak li ġeografi [[Iżlam|Misilmin]] rreferew bħala l-Magreb l-Aqsa ([[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: المغرب الأقصى, ''al-Magħrib al-Aqṣā'', &quot;il-Punent l-Ibgħad [fid-dinja Islamika]&quot; li tindika bejn wieħed u ieħor iż-żona minn [[Tiaret]] sal-[[Oċean Atlantiku|Atlantiku]]) b'kuntrast mar-reġjuni ġirien tal-Magreb l-Awsat ([[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: المغرب الأوسط, ''al-Magħrib al-Awsaṭ'', &quot;il-Punent in-Nofs&quot;: [[Tripli, Libya|Tripli]] sa [[Béjaïa]]) u l-Magreb l-Adna ([[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: المغرب الأدنى, ''al-Magħrib al-Adnā'', &quot;il-Punent l-Eqreb&quot;: [[Alessandria]] sa [[Tripli, Libja|Tripli]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|kunjom1=El Hareir|isem1=Idris|kunjom2=Mbaye|isem2=Ravane|data=1 Jannar 2011|sena=2011|titlu=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&amp;pg=PA375|lingwa=Ingliż|pubblikatur=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-104153-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

L-isem modern l-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]] tal-Marokk huwa l-''Magħrib'' (المغرب, li jfisser &quot;il-punent; l-art tal-estinzjoni&quot;), bl-isem Għarbi uffiċjali tar-Renju jkun ''al-Mamlakat al-Magħribijja'' (المملكة المغربية; li jfisser &quot;ir-Renju tal-Magreb/Punent/l-art tal-estinzjoni&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Maghreb/131068|titlu=Maghreb, en arabe Maghrib ou Marhrib (&quot; le Couchant &quot;)|kunjom=|isem=|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2023-12-09|websajt=Encyclopédie Larousse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|kunjom=Abun-Nasr|isem=Jamil M.|data=1987|titlu=Introduction|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period/introduction/0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617|lingwa=en|post=Cambridge|pubblikatur=Cambridge University Press|paġni=1–25|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511608100.003|isbn=978-0-521-33767-0|data-aċċess=2023-12-09|xogħol=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb|titlu=Maghreb|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-12-09|websajt=Encyclopedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bit-[[Lingwa Tork|Tork]], il-Marokk huwa magħruf bħala ''Fas'', isem li ġej mill-kapitali antika tiegħu ta' [[Fes]] li x'aktarx ġej mill-Berber ''issafen'' (&lt;abbr&gt;&lt;small&gt;litteralment:&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt; &quot;xmajjar&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://brill.com/display/title/35046|titlu=Catalogue of the Arabic, Persian, and Turkish Manuscripts of the Yahuda Collection of the National Library of Israel Volume 2|kunjom=Wust|isem=Efraim|data=2020-07-09|pubblikatur=Brill|lingwa=ar|isbn=978-90-04-38530-6|data-aċċess=2023-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/212444/archives-thematique/d-o-vient-le-nom-de-f-s/|titlu=D'où vient le nom de Fès ?|kunjom=Mataillet|isem=Dominique|lingwa=fr-FR|data-aċċess=2023-12-09|websajt=Jeune Afrique}}&lt;/ref&gt;

F'partijiet oħra tad-dinja Misilma, pereżempju fil-letteratura Għarbija Eġizzjana u tal-Lvant Nofsani qabel nofs is-seklu 20, il-Marokk kien komunement imsejjaħ ''Murrākux/Marrākix'' (مراكش).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|kunjom=Gershovich|isem=Moshe|data=12 Ottubru 2012|sena=2012|titlu=French Military Rule in Morocco|lingwa=en|doi=10.4324/9780203044988|isbn=9780203044988}}&lt;/ref&gt; It-terminu għadu jintuża biex jirreferi għall-Marokk illum f'diversi [[Lingwi Indo-Iranjani|Indo-Iranjani]] lingwi, inklużi [[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]], [[Urdu]], u [[Lingwa Punġabi|Punġabi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4/|titlu=مراکش - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس|lingwa=fa|data-aċċess=2023-12-09|websajt=abadis.ir|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209233102/https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4/|arkivju-data=2023-12-09|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-Marokk ġie msemmi politikament ukoll b'varjetà ta' termini li jindikaw il-[[Xarifiżmu|wirt Xarifi]] tad-[[dinastija Għalawija]], bħal ''al-Ijāla ax-Xarīfa'' (الإيالة الشريفة) jew ''al-Imbarāṭūrijja ax-Xarīfa'' (الإمبراطورية الشريفة), mogħtija bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]] bħala ''l'Empire chérifien'' u bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]] bħala l-''Cherifian Empire''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|kunjom=ملين|isem=نبيل|sena=2017|titlu=فكرة الدستور في المغرب : وثائق ونصوص (19012011)|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/994641823|lingwa=ar|pubblikatur=Tīl Kīl Mīdiyā|isbn=978-9954-28-764-4|oclc=994641823}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|kunjom=Laskier|isem=Michael M.|data=1 September 2019|titlu=Prelude to Colonialism: Moroccan Muslims and Jews through Western Lenses, 1860–1912|url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/european-judaism/52/2/ej520209.xml|ġurnal=European Judaism|lingwa=en|volum=52|ħarġa=2|paġni=111–128|doi=10.3167/ej.2019.520209|s2cid=203553804|issn=0014-3006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allura huwa wkoll mogħtija bil-[[Lingwa Maltija|Malti]] bħala l-Imperu Xarif.

== Storja ==
=== Fondazzjoni u dinastiji ===
[[Stampa:Idrisids_coin_minted_at_Al_Aliyah_Morocco_840_CE.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Munita [[Idrisid dynasty|Idrisija]] fil-[[Fez, Morocco|Fes]], 840 WK.]]
Il-[[konkwista Misilma tal-Magreb]], li bdiet f'nofs is-seklu 7, inkiseb mill-[[Kalifat Umawi|kalifat tad-dinastija Umawija]] kmieni fis-seklu ta' wara. Ġib kemm il-lingwa Għarbija kif ukoll l-[[Islam]] fiż-żona. Għalkemm parti mill-[[Kalifat|Imperu Islamiku]] akbar, il-Marokk kien inizjalment organizzat bħala provinċja sussidjarja tal-[[Ifriqiya|Ifriqija]], bil-gvernaturi lokali maħtura mill-gvernatur [[Iżlam|Misilmin]] fil-[[Kairouan]].&lt;ref&gt;Abun-Nasr 1987, p.33&lt;/ref&gt; Sekli ta' [[migrazzjoni Għarbija lejn il-Magreb]] mis-seklu 7 bidlu l-ambitu demografiku tal-Marokk.

It-tribujiet indiġeni Berberi adottaw l-Islam, iżda żammew il-[[liġi konswetudinarja]] tagħhom. Huma ħallsu wkoll taxxi u ġieħ lill-amministrazzjoni Musulmana l-ġdida.&lt;ref&gt;Abun-Nasr 1987, pp. 33–34&lt;/ref&gt; L-ewwel stat Mislem indipendenti fiż-żona tal-Marokk modern kien ir-[[Renju ta’ Nekor]], emirat fil-[[Muntanji tar-Rif]]. Din twaqqfet minn [[Saliħ I bin Mansur]] fl-710, bħala stat klijent tal-kalifat Umawi. Wara li faqqgħet ir-[[Rivolta tal-Berber]] fl-739, il-Berberi ffurmaw stati indipendenti oħra bħall-[[Miknasa]] tal-[[Sijilmasa|Siġilmasa]] u l-[[Barghawata]].
[[Stampa:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg|daqsminuri|[[Università tal-Qarawin|Il-Qarawin]], imwaqqfa f'[[Fez, il-Marokk|Fes]] fis-seklu 9, kienet ċentru spiritwali, letterarju u intellettwali ewlieni.]]
Il-fundatur tad-[[Dinastija Idrisidi|dinastija Idrisija]] u l-bun-neputi ta' [[Ħasan bin Għali]], [[Idris I tal-Marokk|Idris bin Għabdilla]], kien ħarab lejn il-Marokk wara l-[[kalifat Għabbasi]] massakru tal-familja tiegħu fil-[[Hejaz|Ħeġaż]]. Huwa kkonvinċa lit-tribujiet Berberi Awraba biex ikissru l-lealtà tagħhom lejn l-Għabbasin imbiegħda u waqqaf id-dinastija Idrisija fis-sena 788. L-Idrisin stabbilixxew [[Fes, Marokk|Fes]] bħala l-kapitali tagħhom u l-Marokk sar ċentru ta’ tagħlim Islamiku u maġġuri [[qawwa reġjonali]]. L-Idrisin ġew imkeċċija fl-927 mill-[[Kalifat Fatimid|kalifat Fatimi]] u l-alleati tagħhom Miknasa. Wara li Miknasa kissru r-relazzjonijiet mal-Fatimin fl-932, dawn tneħħew mill-poter mill-[[Maghrawa]] tal-Siġilmasa fl-980.

Mis-seklu 11 'il quddiem, qamet sensiela ta' dinastiji Berberi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|kunjom1=Ramirez-Faria|isem1=Carlos|sena=2007|titlu=Concise Encyclopaedia of World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&amp;pg=PT861|lingwa=en|pubblikatur=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0775-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/almoravides/|titlu=Almoravides|lingwa=fr|xogħol=Universalis Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365388/Marinid-dynasty|titlu=Marīnid dynasty|lingwa=en|xogħol=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taħt id-dinastija [[Sanhaja|Sanhaġa]] [[Dinastija Almoravid|Almoravida]] u d-dinastija [[Masmuda]] [[Kalifat Almohad|Almohada]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418538/North-Africa/46490/The-Maghrib-under-the-Almoravids-and-the-Almohads|titlu=The Maghrib under the Almoravids and the Almohads|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=1 Awwissu 2011|xogħol=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; il-Marokk iddomina l-[[Magreb]], il-[[Al-Andalus|Andalus]] fil-[[Peniżola Iberika|Iberja]], u r-reġjun tal-Punent tal-Mediterran. Mis-seklu 13 'il quddiem il-pajjiż ra [[Migrazzjoni Għarbija lejn il-Magreb|migrazzjoni massiva]] tat-tribujiet Għarab [[Banu Hilal|Bni Hilal]]. Fis-sekli 13 u 14 id-dinastija [[Zenata]] Berbera [[Sultanat Marinid|Marinija]] kellhom il-poter fil-Marokk u stinkaw biex jirreplikaw is-suċċessi tal-Almohadin permezz ta’ kampanji militari fl-[[Alġerija]] u [[Spanja]]. Kienu segwiti mid-[[Dinastija Wattasid|dinastija Wattasija]]. Fis-seklu 15, ir-[[Reconquista]] temmet il-ħakma Misilma fl-Iberja u ħafna Misilmin u [[Istorja tal-Lhud fil-Marokk|Lhud]] ħarbu lejn il-Marokk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/392604/Morocco|titlu=Morocco – History|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=1 Awwissu 2011|xogħol=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Porto_April_2019-7.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|L-[[Imperu Portugiż]] twaqqaf meta l-[[Prinċep Enriku n-Navigatur]] mexxa l-[[konkwista ta’ Ceuta]], li bdiet il-preżenza Portugiża fil-Marokk, li damet mill-1415 sal-1769.]]
L-isforzi tal-[[Portugall|Portugiżi]] biex jikkontrollaw il-kummerċ tal-baħar Atlantiku fis-seklu 15 ma affettwawx ħafna l-intern tal-Marokk minkejja li rnexxielhom jikkontrollaw xi possedimenti fuq il-kosta tal-Marokk iżda ma vvizzjawx aktar 'il bogħod minn ġewwa.

Fl-1549, ir-reġjun waqa 'f'idejn dinastiji Għarab suċċessivi li jsostnu nisel mill-[[Profeti fl-Islam|Profeta Islamiku]], [[Muħammed|Muħammad]]: l-ewwel id-dinastija [[Xarifiżmu|Xarifija]] [[Dinastija Sagħdija|Sagħdija]] li ħakmet mill-1549 sal-1659, u mbagħad id-[[Dinastija Alaouite|dinastija Għalawi]], li baqgħu fil-poter mis-seklu 17. Il-Marokk iffaċċja aggressjoni minn [[Spanja]] fit-tramuntana, u l-alleati tal-[[Imperu Ottoman]] ippressaw lejn il-punent.[[Stampa:Palais_El_Badii_-_panoramio.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tas-[[Dinastija Saadi|Sagħdi]] Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Aħmad il-Mansur]] fis-seklu 16, il-[[Palazz El Badi|Palazz Badigħ]].|xellug]]Taħt id-dinastija Sagħdija, il-pajjiż [[Kriżi tas-suċċessjoni tal-Portugall tal-1580|temm id-dinastija Aviz tal-Portugall]] fil-[[Battalja ta' Alcácer Quibir]] fl-1578. Ir-renju tas-Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Aħmad il-Mansur]] ġab għana ġdid u prestiġju lis-Saltna s-Sagħdija, u [[Invażjoni Saadian tal-Imperu Songhai|spedizzjoni kbira]] lejn l-Afrika tal-Punent kkaġunaw telfa kbira lill-[[Imperu Songhai]] fl-1591. Madankollu, il-ġestjoni tat-territorji madwar is-[[Saħara]] wera diffiċli wisq. Wara l-mewt tal-Mansur, il-pajjiż kien maqsum fost uliedu.
[[Stampa:Flag of Morocco (1666–1915).svg|thumb|Bandiera tal-Marokk (1666–1915)|149x149px]]
Wara perjodu ta' frammentazzjoni politika u kunflitt matul it-tnaqqis tad-dinastija Sagħdija, il-Marokk fl-aħħar reġa' ngħaqad mis-Sultan l-[['dinastija Alawi|Għalawi]] (jew Alaouite) [[Al-Rashid tal-Marokk|ir-Raxid]] fl-aħħar tas-snin 60, li ħa Fez fl-1666 u Marrakexx fl-1668.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abun-Nasr19875&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|230}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:202&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|kunjom=Rivet|isem=Daniel|sena=2012|titlu=Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI|pubblikatur=Fayard}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|225}} L-Għalawin irnexxielhom jistabbilizzaw il-pożizzjoni tagħhom, u filwaqt li r-renju kien iżgħar minn dawk preċedenti fir-reġjun, baqgħet pjuttost għonja. Kontra l-oppożizzjoni tat-tribujiet lokali [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Ismagħil Bin Xarif]] (1672–1727) beda joħloq stat magħqud.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://encarta/|titlu=Welcome to the US Petabox|data=2013-08-06|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2024-02-07|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806230818/http://encarta/|arkivju-data=2013-08-06|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bil-Ġajx Ahl ir-Rif (Armata tar-[[Rif|Riffi]]) tiegħu reġa' okkupa [[Tanġer Ingliż|Tanġer]] mir-[[Renju tal-Ingilterra|Ingliż]] li kien abbandunah fl-1684 u saq lill-[[Imperu Spanjol|Spanjol]] minn [[Larache]] fl-1689. Il-Portugiż abbandunaw [[El Jadida|Mazagão]] (illum belt [[El Jadida|Il-Ġdida]]), l-aħħar territorju tagħhom fil-Marokk, fl-1769. Madankollu, l-[[Assedju ta’ Melilla (1774)|assedju ta’ Melilla]] kontra l-Ispanjoli spiċċa b’telfa fl-1775.
[[Stampa:Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship 01.jpg|daqsminuri|192x192px|It-Trattat tal-Paċi u l-Ħbiberija Marokkin-Amerikana, issiġillat mis-Sultan Moħammed III, iffirmat minn Thomas Jefferson u John Adams, u ratifikat mill-Kungress tal-Istati Uniti fit-18 ta’ Lulju, 1787.]]
Il-Marokk kien l-ewwel nazzjon li rrikonoxxa lill-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]] li għadhom żgħar bħala nazzjon indipendenti fl-1777.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/22/ joint-statement-united-states-america-and-kingdom-morocco|title=Dikjarazzjoni Konġunta mill-Istati Uniti tal-Amerika u r-Renju tal-Marokk|data=22 ta' Novembru 2013|via=[[NARA|Arkivji Nazzjonali ]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|date=2004|url=https:/ /books.google.com/books?id=5V77mdCXHJcC&amp;pg=PA114|publisher=Pubblikazzjonijiet tan-Negozju Int'l|pages=114–|isbn=978-0-7397-6000-0|author=((USA (NA) International Business Publications))|titolu=Marokk Foreign Policy and Government Guide}}{{Rabta mejta|data=April 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=iva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=41811|title=Cohen Ġedded ir-Rabtiet bejn l-Istati Uniti u l-Marokk|author=Kozaryn, Linda D.|access-date=12 ta’ Marzu 2009|xogħol=U.S. Dipartiment tad-Difiża}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fil-bidu tar-[[Rivoluzzjoni Amerikana]], bastimenti merkantili Amerikani fl-[[Oċean Atlantiku]] kienu suġġetti għal attakki minn flotot oħra. Fl-20 ta’ Diċembru 1777, is-Sultan il-Marokk [[Mohammed III tal-Marokk|Moħammed III]] iddikjara li l-vapuri merkantili Amerikani kienu se jkunu taħt il-protezzjoni tas-saltna u għalhekk setgħu jgawdu passaġġ sigur. It-[[Trattat ta' Ħbiberija bejn il-Marokk u l-Amerika]], iffirmat fl-1786, huwa l-eqdem trattat ta' ħbiberija mhux miksura fl-Istati Uniti.&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, Priscilla H. u Richard S. Roberts, ''Thomas Barclay (1728–1793): Konslu fi Franza, Diplomat in Barbary'', Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206–223 {{ISBN|093422398X}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2002/html/18995.htm|title=Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History|access-date=17 ta’ Diċembru 2007|xogħol=U.S. Dipartiment tal-Istat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ġeografija ==
Il-Marokk għandu kosta ħdejn l-[[Oċean Atlantiku]] li tilħaq wara l-[[Istrett ta’ Ġibiltà]] fil-[[Baħar Mediterran]]. Hija mdawwar ma' [[Spanja]] fit-tramuntana (fruntiera tal-ilma mill-Istrett u [[Fruntiera bejn il-Marokk u Spanja|fruntieri tal-art]] bi tliet [[Exclave|exclaves]] żgħar kkontrollati mill-Ispanjol, [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], u [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]]), l-[[Alġerija]] lejn il-lvant, u s-[[Saħara tal-Punent]] fin-nofsinhar. Peress li l-Marokk jikkontrolla l-biċċa l-kbira tas-Saħara tal-Punent, il-konfini ''de facto'' fin-Nofsinhar tiegħu hija mal-[[Mawritanja]].

It-total tal-fruntieri l-Marokk huwa 3,523.5 km, bit-tliet pajjiżi tal-fruntiera: fl-[[Alġerija]] 1,941 km; fil-[[Mawritanja]] 1,564 km; fis-[[Spanja]] ta' Ceuta 8 km u ta' Melilla 10.5 km, teżisti wkoll segment tal-fruntiera addizzjonali ta' 75 metru bejn il-Marokk u l-exclave Spanjola ta' [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]].

Il-ġeografija tal-Marokk tifrex mill-Oċean Atlantiku, sa żoni muntanjużi, sad-deżert tas-Saħara. Il-Marokk huwa pajjiż tal-[[Afrika ta' Fuq]] li jmiss mal-[[Oċean Atlantiku tat-Tramuntana]] u l-Baħar Mediterran, bejn l-Alġerija u s-Saħara Marokkina. Hija waħda minn tliet nazzjonijiet (flimkien ma' [[Spanja]] u [[Franza]]) li għandhom kemm il-kosta Atlantika kif ukoll dik tal-Mediterran.

Il-belt kapitali tal-Marokk hija [[Rabat]]; l-akbar belt tagħha hija l-port prinċipali tagħha, [[Casablanca]]. Bliet oħra li jirreġistraw popolazzjoni ta' aktar minn 500,000 fiċ-[[ċensiment Marokkin tal-2014]] huma [[Fes]], [[Marrakesh|Marrakexx]], [[Meknes]], [[Salé]] u [[Tangier|Tanġer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;moroccocensus2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/|titlu=Population Légale des Régions, Provinces, Préfectures, Municipalités, Arrondissements et Communes du Royaume D'Après Les Résultats du RGPH 2014|data=8 April 2015|pubblikatur=High Commission for Planning, Morocco|lingwa=ar, fr|data-aċċess=29 Settembru 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demografija ==
Il-Marokk għandu popolazzjoni ta' madwar 37,076,584 (stima tal-2021). Huwa stmat li 44% sa 67% tar-residenti huma Għarab u 31% sa 60% huma Berber. Parti konsiderevoli tal-popolazzjoni tidentifika bħala Haratin u Gnawa (jew Gnaoua), dixxendenti ta' skjavi jew mestizos tal-Afrika tal-Punent, u Moriscos, Musulmani Ewropej imkeċċija minn Spanja u l-Portugall fis-seklu 17. Sekli ta' migrazzjoni Għarbija lejn il-Magreb mis-seklu 7 bidlu l-ambitu demografiku tal-Marokk.

Skont iċ-ċensiment tal-popolazzjoni tal-Marokk tal-2014, kien hemm madwar 84,000 immigrant fil-pajjiż. Minn dawn ir-residenti mwielda barra, il-maġġoranza kienu ta' oriġini Franċiża, segwiti minn individwi primarjament minn diversi nazzjonijiet tal-Afrika tal-Punent u l-Alġerija. Hemm ukoll numru ta' residenti barranin ta' oriġini Spanjola. Xi wħud minnhom huma dixxendenti ta' settlers, li jaħdmu prinċipalment għal kumpaniji multinazzjonali Ewropej, filwaqt li oħrajn huma miżżewġin lil Marokkini jew huma rtirati. Qabel l-indipendenza, il-Marokk kien dar għal nofs miljun Ewropew; li kienu l-aktar insara. Barra minn hekk, qabel l-indipendenza, il-Marokk kien dar għal 250,000 Spanjol. Il-minoranza Lhudija prominenti tal-Marokk, darba prominenti, naqset b’mod sinifikanti mill-quċċata tagħha ta' 265,000 fl-1948, u naqset għal madwar 3,500 fl-2022.

Il-Marokk għandu dijaspora kbira, li l-biċċa l-kbira tagħha tinsab fi Franza, fejn jingħad li hemm aktar minn miljun Marokkin sat-tielet ġenerazzjoni. Hemm ukoll komunitajiet Marokkini kbar fi Spanja (madwar 700,000 Marokkin), l-Olanda (360,000) u l-Belġju (300,000). Komunitajiet kbar oħra jistgħu jinstabu fl-Italja, il-Kanada, l-Istati Uniti u l-Iżrael, fejn il-Lhud Marokkini huma maħsuba li jikkostitwixxu t-tieni l-akbar sottogrupp etniku Lhudi.

==== Popolazzjonijiet (f'eluf) ====
* 1950 8,986 —    
* 1960 12,329 +3.21%
* 1970 16,040 +2.67%
* 1980 20,072 +2.27%
* 1990 24,950 +2.20%
* 2000 28,951 +1.50%
* 2010 32,108 +1.04%
* 2020 35,952 +1.14%

==== Lista tal-bliet li għandhom mill-inqas 200,000 ruħ ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ '''Lista tal-bliet li għandhom mill-inqas 200,000 ruħ'''&lt;ref&gt; [http://gazetteer.de/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=fr&amp;dat=32&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=aohdq&amp;geo=-134 Les villes les plus grandes avec des statistiques de la population du Maroc] sur World Gazetteer &lt;/ref&gt;
! Bliet
! Populażżjoni 2007
|-
| [[Casablanca]]
| {{formatnum:3209054}}
|- 
| [[Rabat (Marokk)|Rabat]]
| {{formatnum:1721760}}
|-
| [[Fes]]
| {{formatnum:1001798}}
|- 
| [[Marrakex]]
| {{formatnum:872015}}
|-
| [[Agadir]]
| {{formatnum:739161}}
|- 
| [[Tanġa]]
| {{formatnum:726855}}
|-
| [[Meknès]]
| {{formatnum:564853}}
|- 
| [[Uġda]]
| {{formatnum:414053}}
|-
| [[Qnitra]]
| {{formatnum:381543}}
|- 
| [[Tetuwan]]
| {{formatnum:337773}}
|-
| [[Safi (Marokk)|Safi]]
| {{formatnum:294856}}
|-
| [[Lagħjun]] 
| {{formatnum:190148}} 
|-
| [[Daħla]] 
| {{formatnum:72832}} 
|-
| [[Smara]] 
| {{formatnum:43561}} 
|-
| [[Buġdur]] 
| {{formatnum:42878}} 
|}

== Politika ==
[[Stampa:Mohammed VI behind a family tree of the Alaoui dynasty.jpg|alt=Ir-Re Mohammed VI seduta, warajh is-siġra tal-familja tad-dinastija Għalawija.|daqsminuri|Ir-Re tal-Marokk, il-Malek [[Moħammed VI]], mas-siġra tal-familja Xarifija sa [[Muħammed|Muħammad]] fl-isfondu.]]
Skont l-''[[The Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]]'' tal-2022, il-Marokk huwa mmexxi taħt [[reġim ibridu]], li skorja #3 fil-[[MENA|Lvant Nofsani u l-Afrika ta' Fuq]], u #95 fid-dinja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf|titlu=Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine|data=2023|lingwa=en-GB|websajt=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]]|data-aċċess=2024-02-07|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330123307/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf|arkivju-data=2023-03-30|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Marokk għandu klassifikazzjoni &quot;diffiċli&quot; fuq il-''[[2023 Indiċi Dinji tal-Libertà tal-Istampa]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/country/morocco-western-sahara|titlu=Morocco / Western Sahara|data=2023-05-19|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-07-02|websajt=rsf.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wara l-elezzjonijiet ta' Marzu 1998, ġie ffurmat gvern ta' koalizzjoni mmexxi mill-mexxej tal-oppożizzjoni [[soċjaliżmu]] [[Abderrahmane Youssoufi]] u magħmul fil-biċċa l-kbira minn ministri miġbuda minn partiti tal-oppożizzjoni. Il-gvern tal-Prim Ministru Youssoufi kien l-ewwel gvern li qatt ġie mfassal primarjament mill-partiti tal-oppożizzjoni, u jirrappreżenta wkoll l-ewwel opportunità għal koalizzjoni ta’ partiti soċjalisti, xellug taċ-ċentru u nazzjonalisti biex jiġu inklużi fil-gvern sa Ottubru 2002. Kien ukoll il- l-ewwel darba fl-istorja politika moderna tad-[[dinja Għarbija]] li l-oppożizzjoni ħadet il-poter wara elezzjoni. Il-gvern attwali huwa mmexxi minn [[Aziz Akhannouch]]. 

Il-[[Kostituzzjoni tal-Marokk]] tipprovdi għal monarkija b'[[Parlament tal-Marokk|Parlament]] u [[ġudikatura]] indipendenti. Bir-[[Referendum kostituzzjonali Marokkin, 2011|riformi kostituzzjonali tal-2011]], ir-Re tal-Marokk iżomm inqas setgħat eżekuttivi filwaqt li dawk tal-prim ministru ġew imkabbra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110617/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_morocco_king|titlu=King declares Morocco a constitutional monarchy - Yahoo! News|data=2011-06-23|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2024-02-07|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623180751/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110617/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_morocco_king|arkivju-data=2011-06-23|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024053618/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/0702/breaking8.html Moroccan king in referendum win] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024053618/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/0702/breaking8.html|data=24 Ottubru 2012}}. ''The Irish Times''. 2 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Il-kostituzzjoni tagħti lir-re setgħat onoriċi (fost setgħat oħra); huwa kemm il-mexxej politiku sekulari kif ukoll l-''[[Amir al-Mu'minin|Amir al-Mu'minīn]]'' (Emir il-Mwemmnin jew Kmandant/Prinċep tal-Fidili) bħala dixxendent dirett tal-Profeta [[Muħammed|Muħammad]]. Huwa jippresiedi l-Kunsill tal-Ministri; jaħtar lill-Prim Ministru mill-partit politiku li rebaħ l-aktar siġġijiet fl-elezzjonijiet parlamentari, u fuq rakkomandazzjonijiet ta’ dan tal-aħħar, jaħtar il-membri tal-gvern.

Il-kostituzzjoni tal-1996 teoretikament ippermettiet lir-re jtemm il-mandat ta’ kwalunkwe ministru, u wara konsultazzjoni mal-kapijiet tal-Assembleji ogħla u baxxi, li jxolji l-Parlament, jissospendi l-kostituzzjoni, isejjaħ għal elezzjonijiet ġodda, jew imexxi b’digriet. L-unika darba li dan ġara kien fl-1965. Ir-Re huwa formalment il-kmandant in-kap tal-forzi armati.

Il-Marokk huwa uffiċjalment maqsum fi 12-il [[Reġjuni tal-Marokk|reġjuni]],&lt;ref name=&quot;reg&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pncl.gov.ma/fr/EspaceJuridique/DocLib/d%C3%A9cret%20fixant%20le%20nombre%20des%20r%C3%A9gions.pdf|titlu=Décret fixant le nom des régions|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=11 Ġulju2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083233/http://www.pncl.gov.ma/fr/EspaceJuridique/DocLib/d%C3%A9cret%20fixant%20le%20nombre%20des%20r%C3%A9gions.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2015|xogħol=Portail National des Collectivités Territoriales}}&lt;/ref&gt; li, min-naħa tagħhom, huma suddiviżi fi [[Prefetturi u provinċji tal-Marokk|62 provinċja u 13-il prefettura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/yma.html|title=Prefetturi tal-Marokk|websajt=www.statoids.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

'''Reġjuni (bl-ismijiethom f'ortografija Maltija mill-Għarbi)''' 
[[File:Tasgiwin_n_Murakuc_-_Regions_of_Morocco.png|thumb|259x259px|It-12-il reġjun amministrattiv uffiċjali tal-Marokk, bl-ismijiet indiġeni tagħhom fil-lingwa l-Berbera.]]

# Tanger - Tetouan - Al Hoceima (Tanġer - Tetwan - Il-Ħusejma)
# Orientale (Lvant/Xerqi)
# Fès-Meknès (Fas - Maknes)
# Rabat-Salé-Kénitra (Ir-Rabat - Sala - Il-Qnejtra)
# Béni Mellal-Khénifra (Bni Mellal - Ħanifra)
# Casablanca-Settat (Dar il-Bajda - Settat)
# Marrakech-Safi (Marrakexx - Safi)
# Drâa-Tafilalet (Dragħ - Tafilalt)
# Souss-Massa (Sus - Massa)
# Guelmim-Oued Noun (Gulmim/Kulmim - Wied Nun)
# Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra (L-Għejun - Saqja il-Ħamra)
# Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab (Daħla - Wied id-Deheb)&lt;br /&gt;

=== Fergħa leġiżlattiva ===
Sa mir-riforma kostituzzjonali tal-1996, il-fergħa leġiżlattiva hija bikamerali u hija magħmula minn żewġ kmamar. L-Assemblea tar-Rappreżentanti tal-Marokk ( Majlis an-Nuwwâb/Assemblée des Répresentants ) għandha 395 membru eletti għal perjodu ta' ħames snin, 305 minnhom eletti f'kostitwenzi b'diversi membri u 90 f'listi nazzjonali magħmula minn nisa' u żgħażagħ.

L-Assemblea tal-Kunsilliera (Majlis al-Mustasharin) għandha 120 membru, eletti għal terminu ta' sitt snin. 72 membru huma eletti fil-livell reġjonali, 20 membru huma eletti minn unions, 8 siġġijiet minn organizzazzjonijiet professjonali u 20 minn impjegati.

Is-setgħat tal-Parlament, għalkemm għadhom relattivament limitati, ġew estiżi fir-reviżjonijiet kostituzzjonali tal-1992 u l-1996 u saħansitra aktar f'dawk tal-2011 u jinkludu kwistjonijiet baġitarji, l-għoti ta' kontijiet, l-interrogazzjoni tal-ministri u t-twaqqif ta' kummissjonijiet ta' inkjesta ad hoc biex jinvestigaw. azzjonijiet tal-gvern. Il-kamra t'isfel tal-Parlament tista' xolji l-gvern permezz ta' vot ta' sfiduċja.

L-aħħar elezzjoni parlamentari saret fit-8 ta' Settembru, 2021. Il-parteċipazzjoni tal-votanti f'dawn l-elezzjonijiet kienet stmata li kienet ta' 50.35% tal-votanti reġistrati.

=== Relazzjonijiet barranin ===
Il-Marokk huwa membru tan-Nazzjonijiet Uniti u jappartjeni għall-Unjoni Afrikana (UA), il-Lega Għarbija, l-Unjoni tal-Magreb Għarbi (AMU), l-Organizzazzjoni tal-Kooperazzjoni Iżlamika (OIC), il-Moviment Mhux Allinjat u l-Komunità tal-Istati Saħel -Saħarjani (CEN_SAD). Ir-relazzjonijiet tal-Marokk ivarjaw ħafna bejn l-istati Afrikani, Għarab u tal-Punent. Il-Marokk kellu rabtiet sodi mal-Punent għal benefiċċji ekonomiċi u politiċi. Franza u Spanja jibqgħu l-imsieħba kummerċjali ewlenin, kif ukoll il-kredituri ewlenin u l-investituri barranin fil-Marokk. Mill-investimenti barranin totali fil-Marokk, l-Unjoni Ewropea tinvesti madwar 73.5%, filwaqt li d-dinja Għarbija tinvesti biss 19.3%. Bosta pajjiżi fir-reġjuni tal-Golf Persjan u tal-Magreb qed isiru aktar involuti fi proġetti ta' żvilupp fuq skala kbira fil-Marokk.

Fl-2004, l-amministrazzjoni ta' George W. Bush tat lill-Marokk status ta' alleat ewlieni mhux tan-NATO. Ta' min jinnota li l-Marokk kien l-ewwel pajjiż fid-dinja li rrikonoxxa s-sovranità tal-Istati Uniti, fl-1777.

Wara li kiseb l-indipendenza, il-Marokk stabbilixxa rabtiet sodi mal-Istati Uniti, u rċieva għajnuna ekonomika u militari sinifikanti. Din is-sħubija ffjorixxiet matul il-Gwerra Bierda, u l-Marokk sar alleat ewlieni kontra l-espansjoni komunista fl-Afrika ta' Fuq. Bi tpattija, l-Istati Uniti appoġġaw l-ambizzjonijiet territorjali tal-Marokk u l-isforzi tiegħu biex jimmodernizza l-ekonomija tiegħu. Il-Marokk irċieva aktar minn $400 miljun f'għajnuna Amerikana bejn l-1957 u l-1963, u għolliha għall-ħames l-akbar riċevitur ta' għajnuna agrikola Amerikana fl-1966. il-Marokk.

Barra minn hekk, il-Marokk huwa inkluż fil-Politika Ewropea tal-Viċinat (ENP) tal-Unjoni Ewropea, li għandha l-għan li tqarreb l-UE lejn il-ġirien tagħha.

Il-Marokk ġie kkritikat ħafna talli ma' kkundannax l-invażjoni Russa tal-Ukrajna, hekk kif il-Marokk iddeċieda li ma jipparteċipax fil-vot tan-NU li kkundanna l-invażjoni Russa tal-Ukrajna.

Ir-relazzjoni tiegħu maċ-Ċina u l-appoġġ tiegħu għal-Liġi tas-Sigurtà ta' Ħong Kong ġew ikkritikati.

Il-Marokk ġie kkritikat ħafna wkoll talli ospita s-VI Forum ta' Kooperazzjoni Russa-Għarbija f'Marrakech (il-Marokk) fl-20 ta' Diċembru, 2023.

== Referenzi ==
{{Referenzi}}

[https://web.archive.org/web/20171229223048/http://www.maroc.ma/ Maroc.Ma]

[[Kategorija:Mediterran]]
[[Kategorija:Marokk]]
[[Kategorija:Pajjiżi tal-Afrika]]
[[Kategorija:Pajjiżi tal-Baħar Mediterran]]
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'''Some links'''
*[[Bibljografija tal-lingwa Maltija]]

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'''Veljko Paunović''' (twieled fil-21 ta' Awwissu 1977) huwa kowċ tal-futbol Serb u eks plejer. Bħalissa huwa l-kowċ ewlieni tat[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol serbja|-tim nazzjonali tas-Serbja.]]

Matul il-karriera tiegħu bħala plejer, kien jokkupa l-pożizzjonijiet ta’ midfield offensiv u attakkant. Beda l-karriera tiegħu ma’ Partizan. Qatta’ l-biċċa l-kbira tal-karriera tiegħu fi Spanja, fejn lagħab għal tmien klabbs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Herrán|isem=Alfonso|data=11 December 2022|titlu=Veljko Paunovic: &quot;Ojalá siga el Cholo, pero me gustaría ver a Luis Enrique en el Atlético de Madrid&quot;|titlu-traduzzjoni=Veljko Paunovic: &quot;Hopefully Cholo will continue, but I would like to see Luis Enrique at Atlético de Madrid&quot;|url=https://as.com/futbol/ojala-siga-el-cholo-pero-me-gustaria-ver-a-luis-enrique-en-el-atletico-de-madrid-n/|pubblikazzjoni=[[Diario AS]]|lingwa=es|data-aċċess=16 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fil-La Liga lagħab total ta’ ħdax-il staġun, fejn għamel 212 dehra u skorja 38 gowls. Lagħab ukoll fil-Ġermanja, fl-Istati Uniti u fir-Russja.

L-ewwel impjieg tiegħu bħala kowċ kien mat-timijiet nazzjonali taż-żgħażagħ tas-Serbja. L-akbar suċċess tiegħu wasal meta mexxa lit-tim nazzjonali tas-Serbja taħt l-20 sena fit-Tazza tad-Dinja tal-2015, fejn rebħu l-midalja tad-deheb.[2] Aktar tard mexxa lil Chicago Fire, Reading, Guadalajara, Tigres u Real Oviedo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/01a9-0f84718c20d5-929958db8725-1000--paunovic-poised-for-getafe-switch/|titlu=Paunovic poised for Getafe switch|data=10 May 2005|pubblikatur=UEFA|data-aċċess=6 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It-tim nazzjonali tas-Serbja, taħt it-tmexxija ta’ Veljko Paunović, se jilgħab żewġ logħbiet ta’ ħbiberija qabel it-Tazza tad-Dinja — fil-31 ta’ Mejju kontra Kap Verde f’Lisbona u fl-4 ta’ Ġunju kontra l-Messiku, wieħed mill-ospitanti tal-kompetizzjoni. Dawn il-logħbiet huma parti mill-preparazzjonijiet għal kompetizzjonijiet internazzjonali li ġejjin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://meridiansport.rs/fudbal/paunovic-vodi-orlove-u-portugal-na-megdan-ucesniku-mundijala/|titlu=Paunović vodi Orlove u Portugal na megdan učesniku Mundijala|data=2026-04-29|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referenzi ==
[[Kategorija:Plejers ta' Hannover 96]]
[[Kategorija:Plejers tal-Fußball-Bundesliga]]
[[Kategorija:Plejers ta' Getafe CF]]
[[Kategorija:Plejers ta' CD Tenerife]]
[[Kategorija:Plejers ta' RCD Mallorca]]
[[Kategorija:Plejers ta' Atlético Madrid]]
[[Kategorija:Plejers ta' La Liga]]
[[Kategorija:Plejers ta' FK Partizan]]
[[Kategorija:Nies ħajjin]]
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1977]]
[[Kategorija:Sorsi CS1 bl-Ispanjol (es)]]</text>
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'''Rettilu''', xi kultant imsejjaħ '''rettili''' b'mod invarjabbli bejn is-singular u l-plural, spiss jiġi definit bħala [[annimal]] vertebrat tetrapodu b'metaboliżmu ektotermiku u bi żvilupp amnijotiku. Tradizzjonalment ir-rettili huma magħmula minn erba' [[Ordni (bijoloġija)|ordnijiet]]: ''Testudines'' (fkieren), ''Crocodilia'' (kukkudrilli, alligaturi u garjal), ''Squamata'' (gremxul u [[Serp|sriep]]) u ''Rhynchocephalia'' (tuatara), b'madwar 12,000 [[speċi]] eżistenti fil-Bażi tad-Data tar-Rettili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.reptile-database.org/db-info/news.html|titlu=Reptile Database News|sit=www.reptile-database.org|data-aċċess=2026-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-istudju tal-ordnijiet tar-rettili tradizzjonali, normalment flimkien mal-istudju tal-[[Anfibju|anfibji]] moderni, jissejjaħ erpetoloġija.[[Stampa:TWC Wildlife Centre• Stewart Nimmo • MRD 8910.jpg|daqsminuri|Tuatara.]]Ir-rettili ġew soġġetti għal diversi definizzjonijiet tassonomiċi kunfliġġenti.&lt;ref&gt;Modesto, S.P.; Anderson, J.S. (2004). &quot;The phylogenetic definition of Reptilia&quot;. ''Systematic Biology''. '''53''' (5): 815–821. doi:10.1080/10635150490503026. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 15545258&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Fit-tassonomija evoluzzjonarja klassika, ir-rettili jinġabru taħt il-[[Klassi (bijoloġija)|klassi]] '''''Reptilia''''' (pronunzja: /rɛpˈtɪliə/ ''rep-TIL-ee-ə''), skont l-użu komuni. It-tassonomija kladistika moderna tqis lil dak il-grupp bħala parafiletiku, peress li l-evidenza ġenetika u paleontoloġika ddeterminat li l-[[Għasfur|għasafar]] (il-klassi ''Aves'') huma l-uniku grupp li għadu eżistenti ta' ''Dinosauria'', grupp monofiletiku ewlieni ta' diapsidi li huma relatati iktar mill-qrib mal-''Crocodilia'' milli ma rettili ħajjin oħra, u għaldaqstant l-għasafar jinsabu fost ir-rettili (taħt l-''Archosauria'') minn perspettiva filoġenetika. Għalhekk, bosta sistemi kladistiċi jiddefinixxi mill-ġdid ir-''Reptilia'' bħala grupp monofiletiku li jinkludi l-għasafar, għalkemm id-definizzjoni preċiża ta' dan il-grupp monofiletiku jvarja minn awtur għal ieħor. Kunċett simili huwa dak tal-grupp monofiletiku tas-''Sauropsida'', li jirreferi għall-amnijoti kollha bħala relatati iktar mill-qrib mar-rettili moderni milli mal-mammiferi.&lt;ref&gt;Gauthier, J.A. (1994). &quot;The diversification of the amniotes&quot;. In Prothero, D.R.; Schoch, R.M. (eds.). ''Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution''. Vol. 7. Knoxville, TN: The Paleontological Society. pp. 129–159. doi:10.1017/S247526300000129X.&lt;/ref&gt;

L-iżjed membri bikrin magħrufa tan-nisel tar-rettili tfaċċaw matul il-perjodu Karboniferu aħħari, wara li evolvew minn tetrapodi rettilomorfi avvanzati li kulma jmur adattaw ruħhom iktar għall-ħajja fuq l-art niexfa.&lt;ref&gt;Reisz, R. R. (1981). ''A diapsid reptile from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas''. Natural History Museum, University of Kansas.&lt;/ref&gt; Id-data ġenetika u tal-fossili ssostni li l-ikbar żewġ insla tar-rettili, l-arkosawromorfi (il-kukkudrilli, l-għasafar u l-annimali relatati) u l-lepidosawromorfi (il-gremxul u l-annimali relatati), varjaw minn xulxin matul il-perjodu Permjan.&lt;ref&gt;Ezcurra, M.D.; Scheyer, T.M.; Butler, R.J. (2014). &quot;The origin and early evolution of Sauria: Reassessing the Permian saurian fossil record and the timing of the crocodile-lizard divergence&quot;. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (2) e89165. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...989165E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089165. PMC 3937355. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 24586565&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Minbarra r-rettili ħajjin, hemm diversità kbira ta' gruppi li issa huma estinti, f'xi każijiet minħabba avvenimenti ta' estinzjoni tal-massa. B'mod partikolari, l-avveniment tal-estinzjoni fil-perjodu Kretaċju–Paleoġen qered għalkollox il-pterosawri, il-plesjosawri u d-[[Dinosawru|dinosawri]] kollha li ma kinux tjur, flimkien ma' bosta speċijiet ta' kukkudrilloformi u ''Squamata'' (eż. możasawri). Ir-rettili moderni li mhumiex tjur huma mifruxa mal-[[Kontinent|kontinenti]] kollha għajr l-[[Antartika]].

Ir-rettili eżistenti jvarjaw bħala daqs mill-wiżgħa nana ċkejkna ta' Jaragua (''Sphaerodactylus ariasae''), li tikber biss sa 17-il millimetru (0.7 pulzieri); sal-kukkudrill tal-baħar (''Crocodylus porosus''), li jista' jaqbeż tul ta' 6 metri (19.7 pied) u jiżen iktar minn 1,000 kilogramma (2,200 libbra). Bħala tetrapodi, ir-rettili ġeneralment ikollhom erba' saqajn, jew fil-każ tas-sriep u l-gremxul bla saqajn, ikunu dixxendenti minn antenati b'erba' saqajn iżda jkunu tilfu saqajhom matul l-[[evoluzzjoni]]. Għad-differenza tal-anfibji anamnijotiċi, ir-rettili ma jiddependux fuq il-korpi tal-ilma għar-riproduzzjoni u ma jkollhom l-ebda stadju ta' larvi akkwatiċi. Il-biċċa l-kbira tar-rettili huma ovipari b'bajd bil-qoxra, għalkemm diversi speċijiet ta' ''Squamata'' huma vivipari, bħal uħud mir-rettili monofiletiċi estinti tal-baħar.&lt;ref&gt;Sander, P. Martin (2012). &quot;Reproduction in early amniotes&quot;. ''Science''. '''337''' (6096): 806–808. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..806S. doi:10.1126/science.1224301. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 22904001&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 7041966.&lt;/ref&gt; Bħala amnijoti, il-bajd tar-rettili jkollu membrana ekstraembrijonika li żżomm l-ilma u li tiffaċilita l-iskambju bijokimiku mal-ambjent estern, u b'hekk ir-rettili jkunu jistgħu jirriproduċu fuq l-art niexfa, saħansitra f'ħabitats aridi u estremi. L-ispeċijiet vivipari jkollhom il-bajd li jiżviluppa u li jfaqqas fi ħdan il-ġisem tal-omm, normalment b'inkubazzjoni interna, għalkemm xi speċijiet jistgħu jitimgħu l-bajd bħala feti permezz ta' diversi forom ta' plaċenti analogi, u wħud jipprovdu l-indukrar parentali inizjali għall-frieħ tagħhom.

== Klassifikazzjoni ==

=== Tassonomija klassika u riċerka ===
[[Stampa:Reptile003d (group).jpg|daqsminuri|Ir-rettili minn ''Nouveau Larousse Illustré'', 1897–1904, ta' min jinnota l-inklużjoni tal-anfibji (taħt il-''Crocodilia'').]]
Fis-seklu 13, il-kategorija tar-''rettili'' ġiet rikonoxxuta fl-[[Ewropa]] bħala waħda li tikkonsisti minn taħlita ta' ħlejqiet li jbidu l-bajd, fosthom &quot;is-sriep, diversi mostri fantastiċi, gremxul, diversi anfibji, u dud&quot;, kif irreġistrat minn Beauvais fil-''Mera tan-Natura'' tiegħu. Fis-seklu 18, ir-rettili mill-bidu nett tal-klassifikazzjoni, ġew raggruppati mal-anfibji. [[Carl Linnaeus]], li kien jaħdem fl-[[Żvezja|Iżvezja]] li ma tantx kellha wisq speċijiet, u fejn il-lifgħa u s-serp tal-ħaxix spiss jinstabu jikkaċċjaw fl-ilma, inkluda r-rettili u l-anfibji kollha fil-klassi &quot;III – ''Amphibia''&quot; fis-''Systema Naturæ'' tiegħu. It-[[Terminoloġija|termini]] &quot;rettilu&quot; u &quot;anfibju&quot; fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu interkambjabbli, għalkemm &quot;rettilu&quot; (mil-[[Lingwa Latina|Latin]] ''repere'', &quot;tkaxkar&quot;) kien ippreferut mill-[[Franza|Franċiżi]]. [[J.N. Laurenti]] kien l-ewwel wieħed li uża formalment it-terminu ''Reptilia'' għal għażla wiesgħa ta' rettili u ta' anfibji bażikament kif kien għamel Linnaeus. Illum il-ġurnata, iż-żewġ gruppi għadhom trattati bl-istess intestatura unika, jiġifieri l-erpetoloġija.

Ma kienx qabel il-bidu tas-seklu 19 li kien ċar li r-rettili u l-anfibji fil-fatt huma annimali pjuttost differenti, u [[P.A. Latreille]] ħoloq il-klassi ''Batracia'' (1825) għal dawn tal-aħħar, u qasam it-tetrapodi fl-erba' klassijiet ta' familji ta' rettili, anfibji, għasafar u mammiferi. L-anatomista [[Renju Unit|Brittaniku]] [[T.H. Huxley]] wassal biex id-definizzjoni ta' Latreille ssir popolari, u flimkien ma' [[Richard Owen]], wessa' r-''Reptilia'' biex jinkludu d-diversi fossili ta' &quot;mostri antedilluvjani&quot;, fosthom id-dinosawri u d-''Dicynodon'', li huwa sinapsidu qisu mammiferu li huwa għen biex jiġi deskritt. Din ma kinitx l-unika skema ta' klassifikazzjoni possibbli: fil-lekċers ta' Hunter mogħtija fil-Kulleġġ Irjali tal-[[Kirurgu|Kirurgi]] fl-1863, Huxley ġabar il-vertebrati mal-mammiferi, mas-sawrojdi u mal-iktjojdi (dawn tal-aħħar jinkludu l-ħut u l-anfibji). Sussegwentement huwa ppropona l-ismijiet tas-sawropsidi u tal-iktjopsidi għal dawn iż-żewġ gruppi tal-aħħar. Fl-1866, Haeckel wera li l-vertebrati setgħu jinqasmu abbażi tal-istrateġiji riproduttivi tagħhom, u li r-rettili, l-għasafar u l-mammiferi kienu magħqudin mill-bajd amnijotiku.

It-termini ''sawropsidi'' (&quot;uċuħ tal-gremxul&quot;) u ''teropsidi'' (&quot;uċuħ tal-bestji&quot;) reġgħu ntużaw fl-1916 minn [[E.S. Goodrich]] biex jiddistingwi bejn il-gremxul, l-għasafar u l-qrabat tagħhom minn naħa waħda (sawropsidi) u l-mammiferi u l-qrabat estinti tagħhom (teropsidi) fuq in-naħa l-oħra. Goodrich appoġġa din id-diviżjoni skont in-natura tal-[[Qalb|qlub]] u tal-istrutturi taċ-ċirkolazzjoni tad-[[demm]] f'kull grupp, u karatteristiċi oħra, bħall-istruttura tal-parti ta' quddiem tal-[[moħħ]]. Skont Goodrich, iż-żewġ insla evolvew minn grupp uniku bikri, il-protosawri (&quot;l-ewwel gremxul&quot;), fejn huwa inkluda xi annimali li llum il-ġurnata jitqiesu bħala anfibji qishom rettili, kif ukoll rettili bikrin.
[[Stampa:MosasaurDiscovery.jpg|daqsminuri|Inċiżjoni tas-seklu 18 ta' &quot;mostru antedilluvjan&quot;, il-możasawru, skopert f'barriera tal-[[ġebla tal-ġir]] f'[[Maastricht]] fl-1770.]]
Fl-1956, [[D.M.S. Watson]] osserva li l-ewwel żewġ gruppi nfirdu fi stadju bikri ħafna fl-istorja tar-rettili, għaldaqstant huwa qasam il-protosawri ta' Goodrich bejniethom. Huwa ta interpretazzjoni mill-ġdid tas-sawropsidi u tat-teropsidi sabiex jeskludi l-għasafar u l-mammiferi, rispettivament. B'hekk is-sawropsidi tiegħu kienu jinkludu l-''Procolophonia'', l-''Eosuchia'', il-''Millerosauria'', il-''Chelonia'' (fkieren), l-''iSquamata'' (gremxul u sriep), ir-''Rhynchocephalia'', il-''Crocodilia'', it-&quot;tecodonti&quot; (l-''Archosauria'' bażiċi parafiletiċi), id-dinosawri li ma kinux tjur, il-pterosawri, l-iktijosawri u s-sawropteriġjani.

Fl-aħħar tas-seklu 19 ġew offruti għadd ta' definizzjonijiet tar-''Reptilia''. Il-karatteristiċi [[Bijoloġija|bijoloġiċi]] elenkati minn Lydekker fl-1896, pereżempju, jinkludu kondil oċċipitali uniku, ġog tax-xedaq iffurmat mill-għadam tal-kwadrat u artikolari, u ċerti karatteristiċi tal-vertebri. L-annimali li spikkaw permezz ta' dawn il-formulazzjonijiet, l-amnijoti għajr il-mammiferi u l-għasafar, għadhom jitqiesu bħala r-rettili llum il-ġurnata.

Id-diviżjoni bejn is-sinapsidi u s-sawropsidi ssupplimentat approċċ ieħor, wieħed li jaqsam ir-rettili f'erba' subklassijiet abbażi tal-għadd u tal-pożizzjoni ta' fetħiet fil-ġnub tal-kranju wara l-għajnejn. Din il-klassifikazzjoni nbdiet minn [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] u ġiet elaborata u saret popolari permezz tal-''Paleontoloġija tal-Vertebrati'' ta' Romer. Dawn l-erba' subklassijiet kienu:

* l-anapsidi – l-ebda fetħa fil-ġnub tal-kranju – kotilosawri u l-''chelonia'' (fkieren u qrabathom);
* is-sinapsidi – fetħa baxxa waħda fil-ġnub tal-kranju – pelikosawri u terapsidi (ir-&quot;rettili qishom mammiferi&quot;);
* l-ewriapsidi – fetħa għolja waħda fil-ġnub tal-kranju (fuq iż-żona postorbitali u skwamożali) – protorosawri (rettili żgħar u bikrin qishom gremxul) u s-sawropteriġjani u l-iktijosawri tal-baħar, dawn tal-aħħar imsejħa parapsidi fix-xogħol ta' Osborn;
* id-diapsidi – żewġ fetħiet fil-ġnub tal-kranju – il-biċċa l-kbira tar-rettili, fosthom il-gremxul, is-sriep, il-kukkudrilli, id-dinosawri u l-pterosawri.

Il-kompożizzjoni tal-ewriapsidi ma kinitx ċerta. Xi kultant, l-iktijosawri tqiesu donnhom żdiedu b'mod indipendenti mill-ewriapsidi l-oħra, u ngħataw l-isem iktar antik ta' parapsidi. Iktar 'il quddiem il-parapsidi ġew skartati fil-biċċa l-kbira bħala grupp (l-iktijosawri ġew ikklassifikati bħala ''incertae sedis'' jew mal-ewriapsidi). Madankollu, erba' subklassijiet (jew tlieta jekk l-ewriapsidi jitwaħħdu mad-diapsidi) baqgħu bejn wieħed u ieħor universali għax-xogħol mhux speċjalist matul is-seklu 20. Din fil-biċċa l-kbira ġiet abbandunata mir-riċerkaturi reċenti. B'mod partikolari, instab li l-kundizzjoni tal-anapsidi tant tokkorri b'mod varjabbli fost il-gruppi mhux relatati li issa ma titqiesx bħala distinzjoni utli.

=== Filoġenetika u definizzjoni moderna ===
[[Stampa:Varanodon1DB.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-klassifikazzjonijiet filoġenetiċi jiġbru flimkien lir-&quot;rettili qishom mammiferi&quot;, bħal dan il-''varanodon'', flimkien ma' sinapsidi oħra, mhux ma' rettili eżistenti.]]
Sal-bidu tas-seklu 21, il-paleontologi tal-vertebrati bdew jadottaw tassonomija filoġenetika, fejn il-gruppi kollha jiġu defini b'tali mod li jkunu monofiletiċi; jiġifieri, gruppi li jinkludu d-dixxendenti kollha ta' antenat partikolari. Storikament ir-rettili ġew definiti bħala parafiletiċi, peress li jeskludu l-għasafar u l-mammiferi. Dawn evolvew rispettivament mid-dinosawri u minn terapsidi bikrin, li t-tnejn li huma tradizzjonalment kienu jissejħu &quot;rettili&quot;. L-għasafar huma relatati iktar mill-qrib mal-''Crocodilia'' milli dawn tal-aħħar huma mal-bqija tar-rettili eżistenti. [[Colin Tudge]] kiteb:&lt;blockquote&gt;Il-mammiferi huma grupp monofiletiku, u għaldaqstant dawk li jippreferu tali klassifikazzjoni lesti li jirrikonoxxu t-[[takson]] tradizzjonali ''Mammalia''; u l-għasafar ukoll huma grupp monofiletiku, li universalment jitqies li jappartjeni għat-takson formali ''Aves''. Il-''Mammalia'' u l-''Aves'' fil-fatt huma sottogruppi monofiletiċi fi ħdan grupp monofiletiku kbir tal-''Amniota''. Iżda l-klassi tradizzjonali tar-''Reptilia'' mhijiex grupp monofiletiku. Hija biss sezzjoni mill-grupp monofiletiku tal-''Amniota'': is-sezzjoni li jifdal wara li jitneħħew il-''Mammalia'' u l-''Aves''. Ma tistax tiġi definita kif suppost skont is-sinapomorfji. Minflok, tiġi definita skont taħlita tal-karatteristiċi li għandha u tal-karatteristiċi li ma għandhiex: ir-rettili huma l-amnijoti li ma jkollhomx pil jew rix. L-iktar l-iktar, dawk li jippreferu tali klassifikazzjoni jissuġġerixxu li wieħed jista' jgħid li r-''Reptilia'' tradizzjonali huma amnijoti &quot;li ma jkunux tjur u li ma jkunux mammiferi&quot;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Minkejja l-proposti bikrin biex ir-''Reptilia'' parafiletiċi jiġu sostitwiti bis-sawropsidi monofiletiċi, li jinkludu l-għasafar, dak it-terminu qatt ma ġie adottat b'mod mifrux, jew meta beda jiġi adottat, ma ġiex applikat b'mod konsistenti.

Meta ntuża t-terminu sawropsidi, spiss kien jinkludi l-istess kontenut jew saħansitra kellu l-istess definizzjoni bħar-''Reptilia''. Fl-1988, [[Jacques Gauthier]] ippropona definizzjonali tar-''Reptilia'' bħala grupp monofiletiku ewlieni li jinkludi l-fkieren, il-gremxul u s-sriep, il-kukkudrilli u l-għasafar, flimkien mal-antenati komuni tagħhom u d-dixxendenti kollha tagħhom. Filwaqt li d-definizzjoni ta' Gauthier kienet qrib għall-konsensus modern, minkejja dan bdiet titqies bħala mhux adegwata minħabba r-relazzjoni effettiva tal-fkieren ma' rettili oħra dak iż-żmien ma kinitx mifhuma sew. Minn dak iż-żmien saru reviżjonijiet kbar li inkludew l-assenjar mill-ġdid tas-sinapsidi bħala mhux rettili, u l-klassifikazzjoni tal-fkieren bħala diapsidi. Id-definizzjoni ta' Gauthier fl-1994 u ta' Laurin u Reisz fl-1995 tas-sawropsidi wasslet għal definizzjoni tal-ambitu tal-grupp bħala wieħed distint u usa' minn dak tar-''Reptilia'', u jħaddan il-''Mesosauridae'' kif ukoll ir-''Reptilia'' ''sensu stricto''.

Varjetà sħiħa ta' definizzjonijiet oħra ġew proposti minn xjenzati oħra fis-snin ta' wara d-dokument ta' Gauthier. L-ewwel waħda fost tali definizzjonijiet, li ppruvat taderixxi mal-istandards tal-Kodiċi Filoġenetiku ġiet ippubblikata minn Modesto u Anderson fl-2004. Modesto u Anderson irrieżaminaw il-bosta definizzjonijiet preċedenti u pproponew definizzjoni modifikata, u kellhom il-ħsieb li jżommu l-iżjed kontenut tradizzjonali tal-grupp filwaqt li jħalluh stabbli u monofiletiku. Huma ddefinew ir-''Reptilia'' bħala l-amnijoti kollha li huma eqreb għal-''Lacerta agilis'' u għall-''Crocodylus niloticus'' mill-''[[Homo sapiens]]''. Din id-definizzjoni hija ekwivalenti għall-iktar definizzjoni komuni tas-sawropsidi, li Modesto u Anderson sostnew li kienu sinonimu tar-''Reptilia'', peress li dan it-terminu tal-aħħar huwa magħruf iktar u jintuża iktar spiss. Madankollu, għad-differenza tal-biċċa l-kbira tad-definizzjonijiet preċedenti tar-''Reptilia'', id-definizzjoni ta' Modesto u Anderson tinkludi l-għasafar, peress li huma fi ħdan il-grupp monofiletiku li jinkludi kemm il-gremxul kif ukoll il-kukkudrilli.

=== Tassonomija ===
Klassifikazzjoni ġenerali tar-rettili estinti u ħajjin, li tiffoka fuq il-gruppi ewlenin:

* '''''Reptilia'''/'''Sauropsida'''''
** ''Araeoscelidia?''
** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;'''''Parareptilia''''' (x'aktarx parafiletiċi)
*** '''''Diapsida'''/'''Neodiapsida'''''
**** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Drepanosauromorpha'' (kollokazzjoni inċerta)
**** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Younginiformes'' (x'aktarx parafiletiċi)
**** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;Ichthyosauromorpha (kollokazzjoni inċerta)
**** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Thalattosauria'' (kollokazzjoni inċerta)
**** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Sauropterygia'' (kollokazzjoni inċerta)
**** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Choristodera'' (kollokazzjoni inċerta)
**** '''''Sauria'''''
***** '''''Lepidosauromorpha'''''
****** ''Lepidosauria''
******* ''Rhynchocephalia'' (tuatara)
******* ''Squamata'' (gremxul u sriep)
***** '''''Pantestudines''''' (fkieren u qrabat, kollokazzjoni inċerta)
***** '''''Archosauromorpha'''''
****** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Protorosauria'' (parafiletiċi)
****** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Rhynchosauria''
****** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Allokotosauria''
****** ''Archosauriformes''
******* &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Phytosauria''
******* '''''Archosauria'''''
******** ''Pseudosuchia''
********* ''Crocodilia'' (kukkudrilli u qrabat)
******** ''Avemetatarsalia/Ornithodira''
********* &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Pterosauria''
********* ''Dinosauria''
********** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Ornithischia''
********** ''Saurischia'' (inkluż l-għasafar ('''''Aves'''''))

=== Filoġenija ===
L-&quot;arblu tar-razza&quot; tar-rettili jsegwi verżjoni ssimplifikata tar-relazzjonijiet li nstabu minn M.S. Lee fl-2013. L-istudji ġenetiċi kollha appoġġaw l-ipoteżi li l-fkieren huma diapsidi; uħud poġġew il-fkieren fi ħdan l-''Archosauromorpha'', għalkemm uħud minflok poġġew il-fkieren bħala ''Lepidosauromorpha''.

=== Il-pożizzjoni tal-fkieren ===
Il-kollokazzjoni tal-fkieren storikament kienet varjabbli ferm. Klassikament, il-fkieren ġew meqjusa bħala relatati mar-rettili anapsidi primittivi. Fl-analiżi komparattiva tagħhom tal-kronoloġija tal-organoġenesi, Werneburg u Sánchez-Villagra (2009) sabu appoġġ għall-ipoteżi li l-fkieren jagħmlu parti minn grupp monofiletiku separat fi ħdan is-sawropsidi, barra mill-grupp monofiletiku sawrjan. Normalment ix-xogħol molekolari wassal għall-kollokazzjoni tal-fkieren fi ħdan id-diapsidi. Sal-2013 ġew sekwenzjati tliet ġenomi tal-fkieren. Ir-riżultati jikkollokaw il-fkieren bħala grupp monofiletiku relatat mal-arċosawri, li huma l-grupp li jinkludi l-''Crocodilia'', id-dinosawri li mhumiex tjur u l-għasafar.

== Storja evoluzzjonarja ==

=== Oriġini tar-rettili ===
L-oriġini tar-rettili tmur lura madwar 310–320 miljun sena ilu, fl-artijiet bassasa bl-istim tal-perjodu Karboniferu aħħari, meta l-ewwel rettili evolvew minn rettilomorfi avvanzati.

L-iktar annimal tal-qedem magħruf li jaf kien amnijota huwa l-''Casineria'' (għalkemm jaf kien temnospondil). Sensiela ta' impronti tas-saqajn mis-saff tal-fossili ta' Nova Scotia li jmorru lura għal 315-il miljun sena fihom impronti tipiċi tas-swaba' tar-rettili u impronti tal-qxur tal-ġilda. Dawn l-impronti tas-saqajn issa ġew attribwiti lill-''Hylonomus'', li storikament jitqies bħala l-iktar rettilu tal-qedem magħruf, iżda l-kollokazzjoni tiegħu fil-grupp dan l-aħħar ġiet dubitata. Dan kien annimal żgħir qisu gremxula, twil madwar 20 sa 30 ċentimetru (7.9 pulzieri sa 11.8 pulzier), b'bosta snien ippuntati li jindikaw dieta [[Insettivoru|insettivora]]. Eżempji oħra jinkludu l-''Westlothiana'' (li attwalment jitqies bħala rettilomorfu iktar milli amnijota reali) u l-''Paleothyris'', it-tnejn li huma ta' daqs simili u x'aktarx b'imġiba simili.

Madankollu, il-mikrosawri xi kultant tqiesu bħala rettili reali, għaldaqstant jaf hija possibbli oriġini iktar bikrija. Fost ir-rettili reali mhux ambigwi mill-perjodu Karboniferu hemm l-''Erpetonyx'' u l-''Carbonodraco,'' it-tnejn li huma mill-[[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta' Fuq]].

=== Żieda tar-rettili ===
L-iżjed amnijoti bikrin, fosthom l-anapsidi primittivi (jiġifieri l-amnijoti li huma eqreb għar-rettili moderni milli għall-mammiferi), fil-biċċa l-kbira ħadulhom posthom it-tetrapodi primittivi l-kbar bħall-''Cochleosaurus'', u baqgħu parti żgħira tal-fawna sal-Kollass Karboniferu tal-Foresti Pluvjali. Dan il-kollass ħesrem affettwa diversi gruppi kbar. It-tetrapodi primittivi ġew devastati partikolarment, filwaqt li r-rettili primittivi marru aħjar, peress li kienu adattati [[Ekoloġija|ekoloġikament]] għall-kundizzjonijiet iktar nexfin li ġew wara. It-tetrapodi primittivi, bħall-anfibji moderni, ikollhom jerġgħu lura fl-ilma biex ibidu l-bajd; f'kuntrast ma' dan, l-amnijoti, bħar-rettili moderni – li l-bajd tagħhom fih qoxra li permezz tagħha jista' jinbied fuq l-art – kienu adattati aħjar għall-kundizzjonijiet il-ġodda. L-amnijoti kisbu niċeċ ġodda b'rata iktar mgħaġġla minn qabel il-kollass u ferm iktar malajr mit-tetrapodi primittivi. Kisbu strateġiji ġodda tal-alimentazzjoni, inkluż strateġiji [[Erbivoru|erbivori]] u [[Karnivoru|karnivori]], mentri qabel kienu insettivori u pixxivori biss. Minn dak iż-żmien 'il quddiem, ir-rettili ddominaw il-komunitajiet u kellhom diversità akbar mit-tetrapodi primittivi, għaldaqstant dan witta t-triq għall-perjodu Mesożojku (magħruf bħala l-Era tar-Rettili).

Eżami tal-2021 tad-diversità tar-rettili fil-perjodu Karboniferu u fil-perjodu Permjan jissuġġerixxi livell ferm ogħla ta' diversità milli kien maħsub qabel, li huwa komparabbli jew saħansitra li jaqbeż dak tas-sinapsidi. Għalhekk ġiet proposta l-&quot;Ewwel Era tar-Rettili&quot;.

=== Anapsidi, sinapsidi, diapsidi u sawropsidi ===
Tradizzjonalment kien maħsub li l-ewwel rettili kellhom kranju ta' anapsidi li wirtuh mill-antenati tagħhom. Dan it-tip ta' kranju kien fih għamla b'saħħitha b'toqob għall-imnieħer, għall-għajnejn u għall-glandola pineali. L-iskoperti ta' fetħiet qishom tas-sinapsidi fil-kranju ta' diversi membri tal-''Parareptilia'' (il-grupp li fih il-biċċa l-kbira tal-amnijoti tradizzjonalment magħrufa bħala &quot;anapsidi&quot;), inkluż il-lantanosukojdi, il-millerettidi, il-bolosawridi, xi nikteroleteridi, xi prokolofonojdi u mqar xi mesosawri, wasslu biex l-affarijiet ikunu iktar ambigwi u attwalment ma hemmx ċertezza dwar jekk l-amnijoti anċestrali kellhomx kranju qisu tal-anapsidi jew kranju qisu tas-sinapsidi. Tradizzjonalment dawn l-annimali jissejħu &quot;anapsidi&quot; u jiffurmaw grupp bażiku parafiletiku li minnu evolvew gruppi oħra. Ftit wara li tfaċċaw l-ewwel amnijoti, in-nisel tas-sinapsidi nqasam għalih waħdu; dan il-grupp kien karatterizzat minn fetħa fil-kranju wara kull għajn biex b'hekk il-muskolu tax-xedaq kellu biżżejed spazju biex jiċċaqlaq. Dawn huma l-&quot;amnijoti qishom mammiferi&quot; jew mammiferi primittivi, li iktar 'il quddiem wasslu għall-mammiferi reali. Ftit wara, grupp ieħor evolva karatteristika simili, din id-darba b'fetħa doppja wara kull għajn, u b'hekk issejjaħ ''Diapsida'' (&quot;żewġ ħnejjiet&quot;). Il-funzjoni tat-toqob f'dawn il-gruppi kienet li jitħaffef il-kranju u jkun hemm biżżejjed spazju biex il-muskoli tax-xedaq jiċċaqilqu, u b'hekk l-annimal seta' jkollu gidma qawwija. Storikament, filwaqt li l-grupp tar-rettili qishom gremxul tal-perjodu Karboniferu aħħari u tal-perjodu Permjan bikri tal-''Araeoscelidia'', li (ġeneralment) huma diapsidi morfoloġikament, ġew meqjusa bħala l-iżjed rappreżentanti bikrin tal-grupp monofiletiku tad-diapsidi, l-istudji filoġenetiċi mis-snin 20 tas-seklu 20 wasslu għal dubji serji rigward ir-relazzjoni tagħhom ma' diapsidi oħra (''Neodiapsida''), u ġew meqjusa bħala fergħa diverġenti bikrija ħafna tar-''Reptilia'' jew saħansitra barra mir-''Reptilia'' għalkollox.

Tradizzjonalment kien maħsub li l-fkieren kienu pararettili ħajjin, abbażi tal-istruttura tal-kranju tagħhom bħala anapsidi, u dan ġie meqjus bħala karatteristika primittiva. Ir-raġunament li wassal għal din il-klassifikazzjoni ġie kkontestat, u wħud argumentaw li l-fkieren huma diapsidi li evolvew kranji tal-anapsidi, u b'hekk tejbu d-difiżi tagħhom. Studji filoġenetiċi morfoloġiċi li saru wara b'dan il-ħsieb ikkollokaw il-fkieren sew fi ħdan id-diapsidi. L-istudji molekolari kollha appoġġaw il-kollokazzjoni tal-fkieren fi ħdan id-diapsidi, l-iktar bħala grupp relatat mal-arċosawri eżistenti.

=== Rettili Permjani ===
Lejn l-aħħar tal-perjodu Karboniferu, l-amnijoti saru t-tetrapodi dominanti fost il-fawna. Filwaqt li xorta waħda kienu jeżistu rettilomorfi terrestri primittivi, l-amnijoti sinapsidi evolvew fl-ewwel megafawna (annimali ġganteski) tassew terrestri fil-forma ta' pelikosawri, bħall-edafosawru u d-dimetrodon karnivoru. F'nofs il-perjodu Permjan, il-klima saret iktar niexfa, u dan irriżulta f'bidla fil-fawna: il-pelikosawri ġew sostitwiti mit-terapsidi.

Bosta gruppi ta' rettili primittivi baqgħu jiffjorixxu matul il-perjodu Permjan. Il-parejasawri erbivori kienu l-ewwel nisel tar-rettili li laħqu daqs kbir, u l-ikbar rappreżentanti tal-grupp kellhom massa tal-ġisem li x'aktarx li qabżet l-1,000 kilogramma (2,200 libbra). Wieħed mill-iktar rettili primittivi bikrin magħrufa huwa l-mesosawru, [[Ġeneru (tassonomija)|ġeneru]] mill-Permjan Bikri tan-Nofsinhar tal-[[Afrika]] u tal-[[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t'Isfel]] li kien reġa' lura fl-ilma u kien kiseb saqajn bis-swaba' magħqudin, u kien jiekol il-krustaċji fl-ambjenti tal-baħar jew tal-laguni. L-iżjed diapsidi reali bikrin (neodiapsidi), bħall-''Youngina'', tfaċċaw matul il-perjodu Permjan Nofsani-Aħħari. Il-''Weigeltisauridae'', grupp ta' diapsidi mill-Permjan Aħħari, huma l-eqdem tetrapodi magħrufa li kienu jtiru permezz ta' għadmiet innovattivi qishom vireg li kienu jiġu estiżi minn ġisimhom u kienu jiffurmaw ġwienaħ għall-igglajdjar bejn is-siġar. L-antenati tar-rettili moderni (li jagħmlu parti mill-grupp monofiletiku tas-''Sauria'') ma baqgħux jagħmlu parti mill-istess grupp sal-Permjan Aħħari, kif joħroġ fid-dieher minn speċijiet bħall-protosawru qisu varan magħruf mill-Permjan Aħħari tal-[[Ewropa]], li huwa ċar li huwa arċosawromorfu, relatat iktar mill-qrib mal-arċosawri (''Crocodilia'' u għasafar) milli mal-gremxul, mas-sriep jew mal-fkieren.

=== Rettili Mesożojċi ===
Fl-aħħar tal-perjodu Permjan seħħet l-ikbar estinzjoni tal-massa magħrufa, avveniment li ddewwem b'sensiela ta' żewġ mewġiet distinti jew iktar ta' estinzjoni. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-pararettili bikrin u tal-megafawna sinapsidi għebu, u ġew sostitwiti bir-rettili reali, b'mod partikolari l-arċisawromorfi. Dawn kienu kkaratterizzati minn riġlejn ta' wara tawwalin u poża wieqfa, filwaqt li l-forom bikrin kienu jidhru qishom kukkudrilli b'riġlejn twal. L-arċosawri saru l-grupp dominanti matul il-perjodu Triassiku, għalkemm għaddew 30 miljun sena qabel ma d-diversità tagħhom ma saret tant kbira daqs l-annimali li għexu fil-perjodu Permjan. L-arċosawri żviluppaw fid-dinosawri u fil-pterosawri magħrufa sew, kif ukoll fl-antenati tal-''Crocodilia''. Ladarba r-rettili, l-ewwel rawisukjani u mbagħad id-dinosawri, iddominaw il-perjodu Mesożojku, l-intervall huwa magħruf b'mod popolari bħala l-&quot;Era tar-Rettili&quot;. Id-dinosawri żviluppaw ukoll f'forom iżgħar, inkluż it-teropodi iżgħar bir-rix. Fil-perjodu Kretaċju, dawn wasslu għall-ewwel għasafar reali.

L-eqreb grupp tal-arċosawromorfi huwa tal-lepidosawromorfi, li jinkludi l-gremxul u t-tuatara, kif ukoll il-qrabat fossili tagħhom. Il-lepidosawromorfi kienu jinkludu mill-inqas grupp ewlieni tar-rettili tal-baħar tal-perjodu Mesożojku: il-możasawri, li għexu matul il-perjodu Kretaċju. Il-kollokazzjoni filoġenetika ta' gruppi prinċipali oħra ta' rettili tal-baħar fossili – l-iktjopteriġjani (inkluż l-iktjosawri) u s-sawropteriġjani, li evolvew fil-perjodu Triassiku bikri – hija iktar kontroversjali. Awturi differenti rabtu dawn il-gruppi mal-lepidosawromorfi jew mal-arċosawromorfi, u l- iktjopteriġjani ġew ippreżentati wkoll bħala diapsidi li ma kinux jagħmlu parti mal-inqas grupp monofiletiku inklużiv, li fih il-lepidosawromorfi u l-arċosawromorfi.

=== Rettili Ċenożojċi ===
Fi tmiem il-perjodu Kretaċju, għebet għalkollox il-megafawna tar-rettili tal-perjodu Mesożojku. Mir-rettili l-kbar tal-baħar, baqgħu jgħixu biss il-fkieren tal-baħar; u mir-rettili l-kbar mhux tal-baħar, ħelsuha mill-estinzjoni l-''Crocodilia'' semiakkwatiċi u ''Choristoderes'' pjuttost simili biss, u l-aħħar membri ta' dawn tal-aħħar, bħal-''Lazarussuchus'', saru estinti fil-perjodu Mijoċen. Mis-sensiela kbira ta' dinosawri li ddominaw il-perjodu Mesożojku baqgħu ħajjin biss l-għasafar bil-munqar żgħir. Din ix-xejra drammatika ta' estinzjoni fl-aħħar tal-perjodu Mesożojku wasslet għall-perjodu Ċenożojku. Il-mammiferi u l-għasafar melew in-niċeċ il-vojta li ħalliet warajha l-megafawna tar-rettili, filwaqt li d-diversifikazzjoni tar-rettili majnat, u d-diversifikazzjoni tal-għasafar u tal-mammiferi kellha żvolta esponenzjali. Madankollu, ir-rettili baqgħu komponenti importanti tal-megafawna, b'mod partikolari fil-forma tal-fkieren il-kbar u l-fkieren ġganteski.

Wara l-estinzjoni tal-biċċa l-kbira tan-nisel tal-arċosawri u tar-rettili tal-baħar sal-aħħar tal-perjodu Kretaċju, id-diversifikazzjoni tar-rettili baqgħet għaddejja matul il-perjodu Ċenożojku. L-i''Squamata'' ħadu daqqa ta' ħarta enormi matul l-avveniment tal-K–Pg, u rkupraw biss 10 miljun sena wara, iżda esperjenzaw avveniment kbir ta' radjazzjoni ladarba rkupraw, u llum il-ġurnata l-i''Squamata'' jiffurmaw il-maġġoranza tar-rettili ħajjin (&gt; 95 %). Bejn wieħed u ieħor huma magħrufa madwar 10,000 speċi eżistenti ta' rettili tradizzjonali, u l-għasafar iżidu madwar 10,000 speċi oħra, kważi d-doppju tal-għadd ta' mammiferi, irrappreżentati b'madwar 5,700 speċi ħajja (esklużi l-ispeċijiet domestikati).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Diversità ta' speċijiet ta' rettili ħajjin (2013)
!Grupp ta' rettili
!Speċijiet deskritti
!Persentaġġ tal-ispeċijiet ta' rettili
|-
|''Squamata''
|9,193
|96.3 %
|-
|''-'' Gremxul
|5,634
|''59'' ''%''
|-
|''-'' Sriep
|3,378
|35 %
|-
|''- Amphisbaenians''
|181
|''2'' ''%''
|-
|Fkieren
|327
|3.4 %
|-
|''Crocodilia''
|25
|0.3 %
|-
|''Rhynchocephalia''
|1
|0.01 %
|-
|Total
|9,546
|100 %
|}

== Morfoloġija u fiżjoloġija ==

=== Ċirkolazzjoni ===
Il-lepidosawri u l-fkieren kollha għandhom [[qalb]] bi tliet kompartimenti, li tikkonsisti minn żewġ atrija, ventrikolu maqsum b'mod varjabbli, u żewġ aorti li jwasslu għaċ-ċirkolazzjoni sistemika. Il-livell ta' taħlit tad-[[demm]] ossiġenat u deossiġenat fil-qlub bi tliet kompartimenti jvarja skont l-ispeċijiet u l-istat fiżjoloġiku. F'kundizzjonijiet differenti, id-demm deossiġenat jista' jiġi ttrasportat lura lejn il-ġisem jew id-demm ossiġenat jista' jiġi ttrasportat lura lejn il-[[Pulmun|pulmuni]]. Tressqet ipoteżi li din il-varjazzjoni fil-fluss tad-demm tippermetti iktar termoregolazzjoni effettiva u żminijiet itwal ta' għadis għall-ispeċijiet akkwatiċi, iżda ma ntweriex li hija xi vantaġġ fis-saħħa.

Pereżempju, il-qlub tal-igwani, bħall-maġġoranza tal-qlub tal-i''Squamata'', huma magħmula minn tliet kompartimenti – żewġ atriji u ventrikolu wieħed – u muskoli kardijaċi involontarji. L-istrutturi prinċipali tal-qalb huma s-''sinus venosus'', l-istimolatur kardijaku, l-atriju tax-xellug, l-atriju tal-lemin, il-valvola atrijoventrikolari, il-''cavum venosum'', il-''cavum arteriosum'', il-''cavum pulmonale'', ix-xifer muskolari, ix-xifer ventrikolari, il-vini pulmonari u l-ħnejjiet aortiċi f'pari.

Xi speċijiet tal-i''Squamata'' (eż. il-pituni u l-varani) għandhom qlub bi tliet kompartimenti li jsiru qlub b'erba' kompartimenti matul il-kontrazzjoni. Dan huwa possibbli permezz ta' xifer muskolari li jaqsam mill-ġdid il-ventrikolu matul id-dijastola ventrikolari u jifirdu għalkollox matul is-sistola ventrikolari. Minħabba dan ix-xifer, uħud minn dawn l-i''Squamata'' kapaċi jipproduċu differenzjali fil-pressjoni ventrikolari li huma ekwivalenti għal dawk tal-qlub tal-mammiferi u tat-tjur.

Il-''Crocodilia'' għandhom qalb li [[Anatomija|anatomikament]] fiha erba' kompartimenti, simili għall-għasafar, iżda għandhom ukoll żewġ aorti sistemiċi u għaldaqstant kapaċi jgħaddu mingħajr iċ-ċirkolazzjoni pulmonari. Fil-fkieren, il-ventrikolu mhux maqsum b'mod perfett, għaldaqstant jista' jkun hemm taħlita ta' demm aerat u mhux aerat.

=== Metaboliżmu ===
Ir-rettili moderni li mhumiex tjur għandhom xi forma jew oħra ta' demm biered (jiġifieri xi taħlita ta' pojkilotermija, ektotermija u bradimetaboliżmu) u b'hekk għandhom mezzi fiżjoloġiċi limitati biex iżommu t-temperatura tal-ġisem kostanti u sikwit jiddependu fuq sorsi esterni ta' sħana. Minħabba temperatura ewlenija inqas stabbli fil-ġisem mill-għasafar u mill-mammiferi, il-bijokimika tar-rettili tirrikjedi enzimi kapaċi li jżommu l-effiċjenza fuq medda usa' ta' temperaturi milli fil-każ tal-annimali b'demm sħun. Il-medda tat-temperatura tal-ġisem ottimali tvarja skont l-ispeċijiet, iżda tipikament tkun inqas minn dik tal-annimali b'demm sħun; għal bosta gremxul, din tinżel fil-medda ta' 24–35 °C (75–95 °F), filwaqt li speċijiet adattati għas-sħana estrema, bħall-igwana tad-deżert Amerikan ''Dipsosaurus dorsalis'', jista' jkollhom temperatura fiżjoloġiċi ottimali fil-medda tal-mammiferi, jiġifieri bejn 35 u 40 °C (95 u 104 °F). Filwaqt li t-temperatura ottimali spiss tinkiseb meta l-annimal ikun attiv, il-metaboliżmu bażi baxx iwassal biex it-temperatura tal-ġisem tinżel f'daqqa meta l-annimal ma jkunx attiv.

Bħal fl-annimali kollha, l-azzjoni tal-muskoli tar-rettili tipproduċi s-sħana. Fir-rettili l-kbar, bħall-fkieren tal-baħar, il-proporzjon baxx bejn is-superfiċe u l-volum iwassal biex din is-sħana prodotta b'mod metaboliku żżomm lill-annimali iktar sħan mill-ambjent tagħhom, minkejja li ma għandhomx metaboliżmu ta' annimal b'demm sħun. Din il-forma ta' omeotermija tissejjaħ ġigantotermija; ġie ssuġġerit li kienet xi ħaġa komuni fost id-dinosawri l-kbar u rettili kbar estinti oħra.

Il-benefiċċju ta' metaboliżmu simili hu li jirrikjedi ferm inqas enerġija biex isostni l-funzjonijiet tal-ġisem. Permezz tal-użu tal-varjazzjonijiet fit-temperatura tal-madwar, jew billi jibqgħu kesħin meta ma jkollhomx bżonn jiċċaqilqu, ir-rettili jistgħu jiffrankaw ammonti konsiderevoli ta' enerġija meta mqabbla ma' annimali endotermiċi tal-istess daqs. Kukkudrill għandu bżonn bejn 0.1 u 0.2 % tal-ikel meħtieġ minn [[iljun]] tal-istess piż u jista' jgħix sa nofs sena mingħajr ma jiekol. Permezz ta' inqas rekwiżiti tal-ikel u permezz ta' metaboliżmi adattivi, ir-rettili jiddominaw fost l-annimali f'reġjuni fejn id-disponibbiltà ta' kaloriji netti hija wisq baxxa biex issostni l-mammiferi u l-għasafar kbar.

Ġeneralment huwa maħsub li r-rettili mhumiex kapaċi jipproduċu l-output għoli ta' enerġija meħtieġ għall-kaċċa jew għat-titjir fuq distanzi twal. Il-kapaċità enerġetika ogħla jaf kienet responsabbli għall-evoluzzjoni tad-demm sħun fl-għasafar u fil-mammiferi. Madankollu, l-investigazzjoni tal-korrelazzjonijiet bejn il-kapaċità attiva u t-termofiżjoloġija turi li hemm relazzjoni batuta. Il-biċċa l-kbira tar-rettili eżistenti huma [[Karnivoru|karnivori]] li jadottaw strateġija ta' stennija għall-priża tagħhom għall-ikel; mhux ċar jekk ir-rettili għandhomx demm biered minħabba l-ekoloġija tagħhom. Studji enerġetiċi fuq xi rettili wrew kapaċitajiet attivi ugwali jew ikbar minn dawk ta' annimali ta' daqs simili b'demm sħun.

=== Sistema respiratorja ===
Ir-rettili kollha jieħdu n-nifs permezz tal-pulmuni tagħhom. Il-fkieren tal-ilma żviluppaw ġilda iktar permeabbli, u xi speċijiet immodifikaw il-''cloaca'' tagħhom biex iżidu l-erja għall-iskambju tal-gassijiet. Anke b'dawn l-adattamenti, it-teħid tan-nifs qatt ma jitwettaq għalkollox mingħajr il-pulmuni. Il-ventilazzjoni tal-pulmuni titwettaq b'mod differenti f'kull grupp prinċipali ta' rettili. Fl-i''Squamata'', il-pulmuni jiġu ventilati kważi b'mod esklużiv mill-muskolatura assjali. Din hija wkoll l-istess muskolatura li tintuża waqt iċ-ċaqliq. Minħabba din il-kwistjoni, il-biċċa l-kbira tal-i''Squamata'' jkollhom iżommu n-nifs tagħhom waqt ġirjiet intensivi. Madankollu, uħud sabu tarf dan l-intopp. Il-varanidi, u xi ftit speċijiet oħra ta' gremxul, jużaw l-ippompjar tal-muskoli tal-ħalq biex jikkomplementaw it-teħid tan-nifs assjali normali tagħhom. Dan jippermetti lill-annimali jimlew għalkollox il-pulmuni tagħhom waqt xi ċaqliq intensiv, u b'hekk jibqgħu attivi aerobikament għal żmien twil. Huwa magħruf li l-gremxul tegu għandhom protodijaframma, li tissepara l-kavità pulmonari mill-kavità vixxerali. Filwaqt li effettivament mhijiex kapaċi tiċċaqlaq, din tippermetti inflazzjoni akbar tal-pulmuni, billi jitneħħa l-piż vixxerali mill-pulmuni.

Fil-fatt il-''Crocodilia'' għandhom dijaframma muskolari li hija analoga għad-dijaframma tal-mammiferi. Id-differenza hi li l-muskoli għad-dijaframma tal-''Crocodilia'' jiġbdu lura l-għadma pubika (parti mill-pelvi, li tista' tiċċaqlaq fil-''Crocodilia''), u b'hekk il-fwied jinżel 'l isfel, u jillibera l-ispazju għall-espansjoni tal-pulmuni. Dan it-tip ta' konfigurazzjoni dijaframmatika ġieli ssejjaħ bħala l-&quot;pistun epatiku&quot;. Il-mogħdijiet tal-arja jiffurmaw għadd ta' kompartimenti tubulari doppji fi ħdan kull pulmun. Bl-inalazzjoni u bl-eżalazzjoni l-arja tgħaddi mill-mogħdijiet tal-arja fl-istess direzzjoni, u b'hekk jinħoloq fluss tal-arja unidirezzjonali li jgħaddi mill-pulmuni. Sistema simili hija preżenti fl-għasafar, fil-varani u fl-igwani.

Il-biċċa l-kbira tar-rettili ma għandhomx palat sekondarju, li jfisser li jridu jżommu n-nifs meta jibilgħu. Il-''Crocodilia'' evolvew palat sekondarju bl-għadam li permezz tiegħu jkunu jistgħu jibqgħu jieħdu n-nifs meta jkunu taħt l-ilma (u jipproteġu moħħhom minn xi ħsara kkawżata mill-priża f'xi taqbida). Ix-xaħmet l-art (il-familja ''Scincidae'') evolvew ukoll palat sekondarju bl-għadam, b'livelli differenti. Is-sriep ħadu approċċ differenti u minflok estendew it-trakea tagħhom. L-estensjoni trakeali tagħhom tispikka 'l barra, u tippermetti lil dawn l-annimali jibilgħu priża kbira mingħajr ma jkollhom xi asfissjoni.

==== Fkieren tal-ilma u fkieren tal-art ====
How turtles breathe has been the subject of much study. To date, only a few species have been studied thoroughly enough to get an idea of how those turtles breathe. The varied results indicate that turtles have found a variety of solutions to this problem.

The difficulty is that most turtle shells are rigid and do not allow for the type of expansion and contraction that other amniotes use to ventilate their lungs. Some turtles, such as the Indian flapshell (''Lissemys punctata''), have a sheet of muscle that envelops the lungs. When it contracts, the turtle can exhale. When at rest, the turtle can retract the limbs into the body cavity and force air out of the lungs. When the turtle protracts its limbs, the pressure inside the lungs is reduced, and the turtle can suck air in. Turtle lungs are attached to the inside of the top of the shell (carapace), with the bottom of the lungs attached (via connective tissue) to the rest of the viscera. By using a series of special muscles (roughly equivalent to a diaphragm), turtles are capable of pushing their viscera up and down, resulting in effective respiration, since many of these muscles have attachment points in conjunction with their forelimbs (indeed, many of the muscles expand into the limb pockets during contraction).

Breathing during locomotion has been studied in three species, and they show different patterns. Adult female green sea turtles do not breathe as they crutch along their nesting beaches. They hold their breath during terrestrial locomotion and breathe in bouts as they rest. North American box turtles breathe continuously during locomotion, and the ventilation cycle is not coordinated with the limb movements. This is because they use their abdominal muscles to breathe during locomotion. The last species to have been studied is the red-eared slider, which also breathes during locomotion, but takes smaller breaths during locomotion than during small pauses between locomotor bouts, indicating that there may be mechanical interference between the limb movements and the breathing apparatus. Box turtles have also been observed to breathe while completely sealed up inside their shells.

=== Produzzjoni tal-ħsejjes ===
Compared with frogs, birds, and mammals, reptiles are less vocal. Sound production is usually limited to hissing, which is produced merely by forcing air though a partly closed glottis and is not considered to be a true vocalization. The ability to vocalize exists in crocodilians, some lizards and turtles; and typically involves vibrating fold-like structures in the larynx or glottis. Some geckos and turtles possess true vocal cords, which have elastin-rich connective tissue.

==== Smigħ fis-sriep ====
Hearing in humans relies on 3 parts of the ear; the outer ear that directs sound waves into the ear canal, the middle ear that transmits incoming sound waves to the inner ear, and the inner ear that helps in hearing and keeping their balance. Unlike humans and other mammals, snakes do not possess an outer ear, a middle ear, and a tympanum but have an inner ear structure with cochleas directly connected to their jawbone. They are able to feel the vibrations generated from the sound waves in their jaw as they move on the ground. This is done by the use of mechanoreceptors, sensory nerves that run along the body of snakes directing the vibrations along the spinal nerves to the brain. Snakes have a sensitive auditory perception and can tell which direction sound being made is coming from so that they can sense the presence of prey or predator but it is still unclear how sensitive snakes are to sound waves traveling through the air.

=== Ġilda ===
Reptilian skin is covered in a horny epidermis, making it watertight and enabling reptiles to live on dry land, in contrast to amphibians. Compared to mammalian skin, that of reptiles is rather thin and lacks the thick dermal layer that produces leather in mammals. Exposed parts of reptiles are protected by scales or scutes, sometimes with a bony base (osteoderms), forming armor. In lepidosaurs, such as lizards and snakes, the whole skin is covered in overlapping epidermal scales. Such scales were once thought to be typical of the class Reptilia as a whole, but are now known to occur only in lepidosaurs. The scales found in turtles and crocodiles are of dermal, rather than epidermal, origin and are properly termed scutes. In turtles, the body is hidden inside a hard shell composed of fused scutes.

Lacking a thick dermis, reptilian leather is not as strong as mammalian leather. It is used in leather-wares for decorative purposes for shoes, belts and handbags, particularly crocodile skin.

==== Bdil tal-qxur ====
Reptiles shed their skin through a process called ecdysis which occurs continuously throughout their lifetime. In particular, younger reptiles tend to shed once every five to six weeks while adults shed three to four times a year. Younger reptiles shed more because of their rapid growth rate. Once full size, the frequency of shedding drastically decreases. The process of ecdysis involves forming a new layer of skin under the old one. Proteolytic enzymes and lymphatic fluid is secreted between the old and new layers of skin. Consequently, this lifts the old skin from the new one allowing shedding to occur. Snakes will shed from the head to the tail while lizards shed in a &quot;patchy pattern&quot;. Dysecdysis, a common skin disease in snakes and lizards, will occur when ecdysis, or shedding, fails. There are numerous reasons why shedding fails and can be related to inadequate humidity and temperature, nutritional deficiencies, dehydration and traumatic injuries. Nutritional deficiencies decrease proteolytic enzymes while dehydration reduces lymphatic fluids to separate the skin layers. Traumatic injuries on the other hand, form scars that will not allow new scales to form and disrupt the process of ecdysis.

=== Eskrezzjoni ===
Excretion is performed mainly by two small kidneys. In diapsids, uric acid is the main nitrogenous waste product; turtles, like mammals, excrete mainly urea. Unlike the kidneys of mammals and birds, reptile kidneys are unable to produce liquid urine more concentrated than their body fluid. This is because they lack a specialized structure called a loop of Henle, which is present in the nephrons of birds and mammals. Because of this, many reptiles use the colon to aid in the reabsorption of water. Some are also able to take up water stored in the bladder. Excess salts are also excreted by nasal and lingual salt glands in some reptiles.

In all reptiles, the urinogenital ducts and the rectum both empty into an organ called a cloaca. In some reptiles, a midventral wall in the cloaca may open into a urinary bladder, but not all. It is present in all turtles and tortoises as well as most lizards, but is lacking in the monitor lizard, the legless lizards. It is absent in the snakes, alligators, and crocodiles.

Many turtles and lizards have proportionally very large bladders. Charles Darwin noted that the Galapagos tortoise had a bladder which could store up to 20% of its body weight. Such adaptations are the result of environments such as remote islands and deserts where water is very scarce. Other desert-dwelling reptiles have large bladders that can store a long-term reservoir of water for up to several months and aid in osmoregulation.

Turtles have two or more accessory urinary bladders, located lateral to the neck of the urinary bladder and dorsal to the pubis, occupying a significant portion of their body cavity. Their bladder is also usually bilobed with a left and right section. The right section is located under the liver, which prevents large stones from remaining in that side while the left section is more likely to have calculi.

=== Diġestjoni ===
Most reptiles are insectivorous or carnivorous and have simple and comparatively short digestive tracts due to meat being fairly simple to break down and digest. Digestion is slower than in mammals, reflecting their lower resting metabolism and their inability to divide and masticate their food. Their poikilotherm metabolism has very low energy requirements, allowing large reptiles like crocodiles and large constrictors to live from a single large meal for months, digesting it slowly.

While modern reptiles are predominantly carnivorous, during the early history of reptiles several groups produced some herbivorous megafauna: in the Paleozoic, the pareiasaurs; and in the Mesozoic several lines of dinosaurs. Today, turtles are the only predominantly herbivorous reptile group, but several lines of agamas and iguanas have evolved to live wholly or partly on plants.

Herbivorous reptiles face the same problems of mastication as herbivorous mammals but, lacking the complex teeth of mammals, many species swallow rocks and pebbles (so called gastroliths) to aid in digestion: The rocks are washed around in the stomach, helping to grind up plant matter. Fossil gastroliths have been found associated with both ornithopods and sauropods, though whether they actually functioned as a gastric mill in the latter is disputed. Salt water crocodiles also use gastroliths as ballast, stabilizing them in the water or helping them to dive. A dual function as both stabilizing ballast and digestion aid has been suggested for gastroliths found in plesiosaurs.

=== Nervituri ===
The reptilian nervous system contains the same basic part of the amphibian brain, but the reptile cerebrum and cerebellum are slightly larger. Most typical sense organs are well developed with certain exceptions, most notably the snake's lack of external ears (middle and inner ears are present). There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. Due to their short cochlea, reptiles use electrical tuning to expand their range of audible frequencies.

=== Vista ===
Most reptiles are diurnal animals. The vision is typically adapted to daylight conditions, with color vision and more advanced visual depth perception than in amphibians and most mammals.

Reptiles usually have excellent vision, allowing them to detect shapes and motions at long distances. They often have poor vision in low-light conditions. Birds, crocodiles and turtles have three types of photoreceptor: rods, single cones and double cones, which gives them sharp color vision and enables them to see ultraviolet wavelengths. The lepidosaurs appear to have lost the duplex retina and only have a single class of receptor that is cone-like or rod-like depending on whether the species is diurnal or nocturnal. In many burrowing species, such as blind snakes, vision is reduced.

Many lepidosaurs have a photosensory organ on the top of their heads called the parietal eye, which are also called third eye, pineal eye or pineal gland. This &quot;eye&quot; does not work the same way as a normal eye does as it has only a rudimentary retina and lens and thus, cannot form images. It is, however, sensitive to changes in light and dark and can detect movement.

Some snakes have extra sets of visual organs (in the loosest sense of the word) in the form of pits sensitive to infrared radiation (heat). Such heat-sensitive pits are particularly well developed in the pit vipers, but are also found in boas and pythons. These pits allow the snakes to sense the body heat of birds and mammals, enabling pit vipers to hunt rodents in the dark.

Most reptiles, as well as birds, possess a nictitating membrane, a translucent third eyelid which is drawn over the eye from the inner corner. In crocodilians, it protects its eyeball surface while allowing a degree of vision underwater. However, many squamates, geckos and snakes in particular, lack eyelids, which are replaced by a transparent scale. This is called the brille, spectacle, or eyecap. The brille is usually not visible, except for when the snake molts, and it protects the eyes from dust and dirt.

=== Riproduzzjoni ===
Reptiles generally reproduce sexually, though some are capable of asexual reproduction. All reproductive activity occurs through the cloaca, the single exit/entrance at the base of the tail where waste is also eliminated. Most reptiles have copulatory organs, which are usually retracted or inverted and stored inside the body. In turtles and crocodilians, the male has a single median penis, while squamates, including snakes and lizards, possess a pair of hemipenes, only one of which is typically used in each session. Tuatara, however, lack copulatory organs, and so the male and female simply press their cloacas together as the male discharges sperm.

Most reptiles lay amniotic eggs covered with leathery or calcareous shells. An amnion (5), chorion (6), and allantois (8) are present during embryonic life. The eggshell (1) protects the crocodile embryo (11) and keeps it from drying out, but it is flexible to allow gas exchange. The chorion (6) aids in gas exchange between the inside and outside of the egg. It allows carbon dioxide to exit the egg and oxygen gas to enter the egg. The albumin (9) further protects the embryo and serves as a reservoir for water and protein. The allantois (8) is a sac that collects the metabolic waste produced by the embryo. The amniotic sac (10) contains amniotic fluid (12) which protects and cushions the embryo. The amnion (5) aids in osmoregulation and serves as a saltwater reservoir. The yolk sac (2) surrounding the yolk (3) contains protein and fat rich nutrients that are absorbed by the embryo via vessels (4) that allow the embryo to grow and metabolize. The air space (7) provides the embryo with oxygen while it is hatching. This ensures that the embryo will not suffocate while it is hatching. There are no larval stages of development. Viviparity and ovoviviparity have evolved in squamates and many extinct clades of reptiles. Among squamates, many species, including all boas and most vipers, use this mode of reproduction. The degree of viviparity varies; some species simply retain the eggs until just before hatching, others provide maternal nourishment to supplement the yolk, and yet others lack any yolk and provide all nutrients via a structure similar to the mammalian placenta. The earliest documented case of viviparity in reptiles is the Early Permian mesosaurs, although some individuals or taxa in that clade may also have been oviparous because a putative isolated egg has also been found. Several groups of Mesozoic marine reptiles also exhibited viviparity, such as mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, and Sauropterygia, a group that includes pachypleurosaurs and Plesiosauria.

Asexual reproduction has been identified in squamates in six families of lizards and one snake. In some species of squamates, a population of females is able to produce a unisexual diploid clone of the mother. This form of asexual reproduction, called parthenogenesis, occurs in several species of gecko, and is particularly widespread in the teiids (especially ''Aspidocelis'') and lacertids (''Lacerta''). In captivity, Komodo dragons (Varanidae) have reproduced by parthenogenesis.

Parthenogenetic species are suspected to occur among chameleons, agamids, xantusiids, and typhlopids.

Some reptiles exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination (TDSD), in which the incubation temperature determines whether a particular egg hatches as male or female. TDSD is most common in turtles and crocodiles, but also occurs in lizards and tuatara. To date, there has been no confirmation of whether TDSD occurs in snakes.

=== Lonġevità ===
Giant tortoises are among the longest-lived vertebrate animals (over 100 years by some estimates) and have been used as a model for studying longevity. DNA analysis of the genomes of Lonesome George, the iconic last member of ''Chelonoidis abingdonii'', and the Aldabra giant tortoise ''Aldabrachelys gigantea'' led to the detection of lineage-specific variants affecting DNA repair genes that might contribute to our understanding of increased lifespan.

== Konjizzjoni ==
Reptiles were traditionally considered less intelligent on average than mammals and birds, but this is increasingly suspected to be the result of poor methodologies in past research and overreliance on brain size as indicators of intelligence rather than a genuine trait of reptiles. The size of their brain relative to their body is much less than that of mammals, the encephalization quotient being about one tenth of that of mammals, though larger reptiles can show more complex brain development. Larger lizards, like the monitors, are known to exhibit complex behavior, including cooperation and cognitive abilities allowing them to optimize their foraging and territoriality over time. Crocodiles have relatively larger brains and show a fairly complex social structure. The Komodo dragon is even known to engage in play, as are turtles, which are also considered to be social creatures, and sometimes switch between monogamy and promiscuity in their sexual behavior.&lt;sup&gt;[''citation needed'']&lt;/sup&gt; One study found that wood turtles were better than white rats at learning to navigate mazes. Another study found that giant tortoises are capable of learning through operant conditioning, visual discrimination and retained learned behaviors with long-term memory. Sea turtles have been regarded as having simple brains, but their flippers are used for a variety of foraging tasks (holding, bracing, corralling) in common with marine mammals.

There is evidence that reptiles are sentient and able to feel emotions including anxiety and pleasure.

== Mekkaniżmi ta' difiża ==
Many small reptiles, such as snakes and lizards, that live on the ground or in the water are vulnerable to being preyed on by all kinds of carnivorous animals. Thus, avoidance is the most common form of defense in reptiles. At the first sign of danger, most snakes and lizards crawl away into the undergrowth, and turtles and crocodiles will plunge into water and sink out of sight.

=== Mimetizzazzjoni u twissija ===
Reptiles tend to avoid confrontation through camouflage. Two major groups of reptile predators are birds and other reptiles, both of which have well-developed color vision. Thus the skins of many reptiles have cryptic coloration of plain or mottled gray, green, and brown to allow them to blend into the background of their natural environment. Aided by the reptiles' capacity for remaining motionless for long periods, the camouflage of many snakes is so effective that people or domestic animals are most typically bitten because they accidentally step on them.

When camouflage fails to protect them, blue-tongued skinks will try to ward off attackers by displaying their blue tongues, and the frill-necked lizard will display its brightly colored frill. These same displays are used in territorial disputes and during courtship. If danger arises so suddenly that flight is useless, crocodiles, turtles, some lizards, and some snakes hiss loudly when confronted by an enemy. Rattlesnakes rapidly vibrate the tip of the tail, which is composed of a series of nested, hollow beads to ward off approaching danger.

In contrast to the normal drab coloration of most reptiles, the lizards of the genus ''Heloderma'' (the Gila monster and the beaded lizard) and many of the coral snakes have high-contrast warning coloration, warning potential predators they are venomous. A number of non-venomous North American snake species have colorful markings similar to those of the coral snake, an oft cited example of Batesian mimicry.

=== Difiża alternattiva fis-sriep ===
Camouflage does not always fool a predator. When caught out, snake species adopt different defensive tactics and use a complicated set of behaviors when attacked. Some species, like cobras or hognose snakes, first elevate their head and spread out the skin of their neck in an effort to look large and threatening. Failure of this strategy may lead to other measures practiced particularly by cobras, vipers, and closely related species, which use venom to attack. The venom is modified saliva, delivered through fangs from a venom gland. Some non-venomous snakes, such as American hognose snakes or European grass snake, play dead when in danger; some, including the grass snake, exude a foul-smelling liquid to deter attackers.

=== Difiża fil-kukkudrilli ===
When a crocodilian is concerned about its safety, it will gape to expose the teeth and tongue. If this does not work, the crocodilian gets a little more agitated and typically begins to make hissing sounds. After this, the crocodilian will start to change its posture dramatically to make itself look more intimidating. The body is inflated to increase apparent size. If absolutely necessary, it may decide to attack an enemy.

Some species try to bite immediately. Some will use their heads as sledgehammers and literally smash an opponent, some will rush or swim toward the threat from a distance, even chasing the opponent onto land or galloping after it. The main weapon in all crocodiles is the bite, which can generate very high bite force. Many species also possess canine-like teeth. These are used primarily for seizing prey, but are also used in fighting and display.

=== Bdil tal-qxur u riġenerazzjoni tad-denb ===
Geckos, skinks, and some other lizards that are captured by the tail will shed part of the tail structure through a process called autotomy and thus be able to flee. The detached tail will continue to thrash, creating a deceptive sense of continued struggle and distracting the predator's attention from the fleeing prey animal. The detached tails of leopard geckos can wiggle for up to 20 minutes. The tail grows back in most species, but some, like crested geckos, lose their tails for the rest of their lives. In many species the tails are of a separate and dramatically more intense color than the rest of the body so as to encourage potential predators to strike for the tail first. In the shingleback skink and some species of geckos, the tail is short and broad and resembles the head, so that the predators may attack it rather than the more vulnerable front part.

Reptiles that are capable of shedding their tails can partially regenerate them over a period of weeks. The new section will however contain cartilage rather than bone, and will never grow to the same length as the original tail. It is often also distinctly discolored compared to the rest of the body and may lack some of the external sculpting features seen in the original tail.

== Rabtiet mal-bniedem ==

=== Fil-kulturi u fir-reliġjonijiet ===
Dinosaurs have been widely depicted in culture since the English palaeontologist Richard Owen coined the name ''dinosaur'' in 1842. As soon as 1854, the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs were on display to the public in south London. One dinosaur appeared in literature even earlier, as Charles Dickens placed a ''Megalosaurus'' in the first chapter of his novel ''Bleak House'' in 1852. The dinosaurs featured in books, films, television programs, artwork, and other media have been used for both education and entertainment. The depictions range from the realistic, as in the television documentaries of the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, to the fantastic, as in the monster movies of the 1950s and 1960s.

The snake or serpent has played a powerful symbolic role in different cultures. In Egyptian history, the Nile cobra adorned the crown of the pharaoh. It was worshipped as one of the gods and was also used for sinister purposes: murder of an adversary and ritual suicide (Cleopatra). In Greek mythology, snakes are associated with deadly antagonists, as a chthonic symbol, roughly translated as ''earthbound''. The nine-headed Lernaean Hydra that Hercules defeated and the three Gorgon sisters are children of Gaia, the earth. Medusa was one of the three Gorgon sisters who Perseus defeated. Medusa is described as a hideous mortal, with snakes instead of hair and the power to turn men to stone with her gaze. After killing her, Perseus gave her head to Athena who fixed it to her shield called the Aegis. The Titans are depicted in art with their legs replaced by bodies of snakes for the same reason: They are children of Gaia, so they are bound to the earth. In Hinduism, snakes are worshipped as gods, with many women pouring milk on snake pits. The cobra is seen on the neck of Shiva, while Vishnu is depicted often as sleeping on a seven-headed snake or within the coils of a serpent. There are temples in India solely for cobras sometimes called ''Nagraj'' (King of Snakes), and it is believed that snakes are symbols of fertility. In the annual Hindu festival of Nag Panchami, snakes are venerated and prayed to. In religious terms, the snake and jaguar are arguably the most important animals in ancient Mesoamerica. &quot;In states of ecstasy, lords dance a serpent dance; great descending snakes adorn and support buildings from Chichen Itza to Tenochtitlan, and the Nahuatl word ''coatl'' meaning serpent or twin, forms part of primary deities such as Mixcoatl, Quetzalcoatl, and Coatlicue.&quot; In Christianity and Judaism, a serpent appears in Genesis to tempt Adam and Eve with the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil.

The turtle has a prominent position as a symbol of steadfastness and tranquility in religion, mythology, and folklore from around the world. A tortoise's longevity is suggested by its long lifespan and its shell, which was thought to protect it from any foe. In the cosmological myths of several cultures a ''World Turtle'' carries the world upon its back or supports the heavens.

=== Mediċina ===
Deaths from snakebites are uncommon in many parts of the world, but are still counted in tens of thousands per year in India. Snakebite can be treated with antivenom made from the venom of the snake. To produce antivenom, a mixture of the venoms of different species of snake is injected into the body of a horse in ever-increasing dosages until the horse is immunized. Blood is then extracted; the serum is separated, purified and freeze-dried. The cytotoxic effect of snake venom is being researched as a potential treatment for cancers.

'''Gila monsters''' produce compounds that reduce plasma glucose; one of these substances is now used in the anti-diabetes drug exenatide (Byetta), a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist like semiglutide (Ozempic). Another toxin from Gila monster saliva has been studied for use as an anti-Alzheimer's drug.

Geckos have also been used as '''folk medicine''', especially in China, without any evidence that they have any active compounds. Turtles have been used in Chinese traditional medicine for thousands of years, with every part of the turtle believed to have medical benefits (again, without scientific evidence). Growing demand for '''turtle meat''' has placed pressure on vulnerable wild populations of turtles.

=== Trobbija kummerċjali ===
Crocodiles are protected in many parts of the world, and are farmed commercially. Their hides are tanned and used to make leather goods such as shoes and handbags; crocodile meat is also considered a delicacy. The most commonly farmed species are the saltwater and Nile crocodiles. Farming has resulted in an increase in the saltwater crocodile population in Australia, as eggs are usually harvested from the wild, so landowners have an incentive to conserve their habitat. Crocodile leather is made into wallets, briefcases, purses, handbags, belts, hats, and shoes. Crocodile oil has been used for various purposes.

Snakes are also farmed, primarily in East and Southeast Asia, and their production has become more intensive in the last decade. Snake farming has been troubling for conservation in the past as it can lead to overexploitation of wild snakes and their natural prey to supply the farms. However, farming snakes can limit the hunting of wild snakes, while reducing the slaughter of higher-order vertebrates like cows. The energy efficiency of snakes is higher than expected for carnivores, due to their ectothermy and low metabolism. Waste protein from the poultry and pig industries is used as feed in snake farms. Snake farms produce meat, snake skin, and antivenom.

Turtle farming is another known but controversial practice. Turtles have been farmed for a variety of reasons, ranging from food to traditional medicine, the pet trade, and scientific conservation. Demand for turtle meat and medicinal products is one of the main threats to turtle conservation in Asia. Though commercial breeding would seem to insulate wild populations, it can stoke the demand for them and increase wild captures. Even the potentially appealing concept of raising turtles at a farm to release into the wild is questioned by some veterinarians who have had some experience with farm operations. They caution that this may introduce into the wild populations infectious diseases that occur on the farm, but have not (yet) been occurring in the wild.

=== Rettili fil-magħluq ===
A herpetarium is a zoological exhibition space for reptiles and amphibians.

In the Western world, some snakes (especially relatively docile species such as the ball python and corn snake) are sometimes kept as pets. Numerous species of lizard are kept as pets, including bearded dragons, iguanas, anoles, and geckos (such as the popular leopard gecko and the crested gecko).

Turtles and tortoises are increasingly popular pets, but keeping them can be challenging due to their particular requirements, such as temperature control, the need for UV light sources, and a varied diet. The long lifespans of turtles and especially tortoises mean they can potentially outlive their owners. Good hygiene and significant maintenance is necessary when keeping reptiles, due to the risks of ''Salmonella'' and other pathogens. Regular hand-washing after handling is an important measure to prevent infection.

== Referenzi ==

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'''Rettilu''', xi kultant imsejjaħ '''rettili''' b'mod invarjabbli bejn is-singular u l-plural, spiss jiġi definit bħala [[annimal]] vertebrat tetrapodu b'metaboliżmu ektotermiku u bi żvilupp amnijotiku. Tradizzjonalment ir-rettili huma magħmula minn erba' [[Ordni (bijoloġija)|ordnijiet]]: ''Testudines'' (fkieren), ''Crocodilia'' (kukkudrilli, alligaturi u garjal), ''Squamata'' (gremxul u [[Serp|sriep]]) u ''Rhynchocephalia'' (tuatara), b'madwar 12,000 [[speċi]] eżistenti fil-Bażi tad-Data tar-Rettili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.reptile-database.org/db-info/news.html|titlu=Reptile Database News|sit=www.reptile-database.org|data-aċċess=2026-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-istudju tal-ordnijiet tar-rettili tradizzjonali, normalment flimkien mal-istudju tal-[[Anfibju|anfibji]] moderni, jissejjaħ erpetoloġija.[[Stampa:TWC Wildlife Centre• Stewart Nimmo • MRD 8910.jpg|daqsminuri|Tuatara.]]Ir-rettili ġew soġġetti għal diversi definizzjonijiet tassonomiċi kunfliġġenti.&lt;ref&gt;Modesto, S.P.; Anderson, J.S. (2004). &quot;The phylogenetic definition of Reptilia&quot;. ''Systematic Biology''. '''53''' (5): 815–821. doi:10.1080/10635150490503026. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 15545258&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Fit-tassonomija evoluzzjonarja klassika, ir-rettili jinġabru taħt il-[[Klassi (bijoloġija)|klassi]] '''''Reptilia''''' (pronunzja: /rɛpˈtɪliə/ ''rep-TIL-ee-ə''), skont l-użu komuni. It-tassonomija kladistika moderna tqis lil dak il-grupp bħala parafiletiku, peress li l-evidenza ġenetika u paleontoloġika ddeterminat li l-[[Għasfur|għasafar]] (il-klassi ''Aves'') huma l-uniku grupp li għadu eżistenti ta' ''Dinosauria'', grupp monofiletiku ewlieni ta' diapsidi li huma relatati iktar mill-qrib mal-''Crocodilia'' milli ma rettili ħajjin oħra, u għaldaqstant l-għasafar jinsabu fost ir-rettili (taħt l-''Archosauria'') minn perspettiva filoġenetika. Għalhekk, bosta sistemi kladistiċi jiddefinixxi mill-ġdid ir-''Reptilia'' bħala grupp monofiletiku li jinkludi l-għasafar, għalkemm id-definizzjoni preċiża ta' dan il-grupp monofiletiku jvarja minn awtur għal ieħor. Kunċett simili huwa dak tal-grupp monofiletiku tas-''Sauropsida'', li jirreferi għall-amnijoti kollha bħala relatati iktar mill-qrib mar-rettili moderni milli mal-mammiferi.&lt;ref&gt;Gauthier, J.A. (1994). &quot;The diversification of the amniotes&quot;. In Prothero, D.R.; Schoch, R.M. (eds.). ''Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution''. Vol. 7. Knoxville, TN: The Paleontological Society. pp. 129–159. doi:10.1017/S247526300000129X.&lt;/ref&gt;

L-iżjed membri bikrin magħrufa tan-nisel tar-rettili tfaċċaw matul il-perjodu Karboniferu aħħari, wara li evolvew minn tetrapodi rettilomorfi avvanzati li kulma jmur adattaw ruħhom iktar għall-ħajja fuq l-art niexfa.&lt;ref&gt;Reisz, R. R. (1981). ''A diapsid reptile from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas''. Natural History Museum, University of Kansas.&lt;/ref&gt; Id-data ġenetika u tal-fossili ssostni li l-ikbar żewġ insla tar-rettili, l-arkosawromorfi (il-kukkudrilli, l-għasafar u l-annimali relatati) u l-lepidosawromorfi (il-gremxul u l-annimali relatati), varjaw minn xulxin matul il-perjodu Permjan.&lt;ref&gt;Ezcurra, M.D.; Scheyer, T.M.; Butler, R.J. (2014). &quot;The origin and early evolution of Sauria: Reassessing the Permian saurian fossil record and the timing of the crocodile-lizard divergence&quot;. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (2) e89165. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...989165E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089165. PMC 3937355. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 24586565&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Minbarra r-rettili ħajjin, hemm diversità kbira ta' gruppi li issa huma estinti, f'xi każijiet minħabba avvenimenti ta' estinzjoni tal-massa. B'mod partikolari, l-avveniment tal-estinzjoni fil-perjodu Kretaċju–Paleoġen qered għalkollox il-pterosawri, il-plesjosawri u d-[[Dinosawru|dinosawri]] kollha li ma kinux tjur, flimkien ma' bosta speċijiet ta' kukkudrilloformi u ''Squamata'' (eż. możasawri). Ir-rettili moderni li mhumiex tjur huma mifruxa mal-[[Kontinent|kontinenti]] kollha għajr l-[[Antartika]].

Ir-rettili eżistenti jvarjaw bħala daqs mill-wiżgħa nana ċkejkna ta' Jaragua (''Sphaerodactylus ariasae''), li tikber biss sa 17-il millimetru (0.7 pulzieri); sal-kukkudrill tal-baħar (''Crocodylus porosus''), li jista' jaqbeż tul ta' 6 metri (19.7 pied) u jiżen iktar minn 1,000 kilogramma (2,200 libbra). Bħala tetrapodi, ir-rettili ġeneralment ikollhom erba' saqajn, jew fil-każ tas-sriep u l-gremxul bla saqajn, ikunu dixxendenti minn antenati b'erba' saqajn iżda jkunu tilfu saqajhom matul l-[[evoluzzjoni]]. Għad-differenza tal-anfibji anamnijotiċi, ir-rettili ma jiddependux fuq il-korpi tal-ilma għar-riproduzzjoni u ma jkollhom l-ebda stadju ta' larvi akkwatiċi. Il-biċċa l-kbira tar-rettili huma ovipari b'bajd bil-qoxra, għalkemm diversi speċijiet ta' ''Squamata'' huma vivipari, bħal uħud mir-rettili monofiletiċi estinti tal-baħar.&lt;ref&gt;Sander, P. Martin (2012). &quot;Reproduction in early amniotes&quot;. ''Science''. '''337''' (6096): 806–808. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..806S. doi:10.1126/science.1224301. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 22904001&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 7041966.&lt;/ref&gt; Bħala amnijoti, il-bajd tar-rettili jkollu membrana ekstraembrijonika li żżomm l-ilma u li tiffaċilita l-iskambju bijokimiku mal-ambjent estern, u b'hekk ir-rettili jkunu jistgħu jirriproduċu fuq l-art niexfa, saħansitra f'ħabitats aridi u estremi. L-ispeċijiet vivipari jkollhom il-bajd li jiżviluppa u li jfaqqas fi ħdan il-ġisem tal-omm, normalment b'inkubazzjoni interna, għalkemm xi speċijiet jistgħu jitimgħu l-bajd bħala feti permezz ta' diversi forom ta' plaċenti analogi, u wħud jipprovdu l-indukrar parentali inizjali għall-frieħ tagħhom.

== Klassifikazzjoni ==

=== Tassonomija klassika u riċerka ===
[[Stampa:Reptile003d (group).jpg|daqsminuri|Ir-rettili minn ''Nouveau Larousse Illustré'', 1897–1904, ta' min jinnota l-inklużjoni tal-anfibji (taħt il-''Crocodilia'').]]
Fis-seklu 13, il-kategorija tar-''rettili'' ġiet rikonoxxuta fl-[[Ewropa]] bħala waħda li tikkonsisti minn taħlita ta' ħlejqiet li jbidu l-bajd, fosthom &quot;is-sriep, diversi mostri fantastiċi, gremxul, diversi anfibji, u dud&quot;, kif irreġistrat minn Beauvais fil-''Mera tan-Natura'' tiegħu. Fis-seklu 18, ir-rettili mill-bidu nett tal-klassifikazzjoni, ġew raggruppati mal-anfibji. [[Carl Linnaeus]], li kien jaħdem fl-[[Żvezja|Iżvezja]] li ma tantx kellha wisq speċijiet, u fejn il-lifgħa u s-serp tal-ħaxix spiss jinstabu jikkaċċjaw fl-ilma, inkluda r-rettili u l-anfibji kollha fil-klassi &quot;III – ''Amphibia''&quot; fis-''Systema Naturæ'' tiegħu. It-[[Terminoloġija|termini]] &quot;rettilu&quot; u &quot;anfibju&quot; fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu interkambjabbli, għalkemm &quot;rettilu&quot; (mil-[[Lingwa Latina|Latin]] ''repere'', &quot;tkaxkar&quot;) kien ippreferut mill-[[Franza|Franċiżi]]. [[J.N. Laurenti]] kien l-ewwel wieħed li uża formalment it-terminu ''Reptilia'' għal għażla wiesgħa ta' rettili u ta' anfibji bażikament kif kien għamel Linnaeus. Illum il-ġurnata, iż-żewġ gruppi għadhom trattati bl-istess intestatura unika, jiġifieri l-erpetoloġija.

Ma kienx qabel il-bidu tas-seklu 19 li kien ċar li r-rettili u l-anfibji fil-fatt huma annimali pjuttost differenti, u [[P.A. Latreille]] ħoloq il-klassi ''Batracia'' (1825) għal dawn tal-aħħar, u qasam it-tetrapodi fl-erba' klassijiet ta' familji ta' rettili, anfibji, għasafar u mammiferi. L-anatomista [[Renju Unit|Brittaniku]] [[T.H. Huxley]] wassal biex id-definizzjoni ta' Latreille ssir popolari, u flimkien ma' [[Richard Owen]], wessa' r-''Reptilia'' biex jinkludu d-diversi fossili ta' &quot;mostri antedilluvjani&quot;, fosthom id-dinosawri u d-''Dicynodon'', li huwa sinapsidu qisu mammiferu li huwa għen biex jiġi deskritt. Din ma kinitx l-unika skema ta' klassifikazzjoni possibbli: fil-lekċers ta' Hunter mogħtija fil-Kulleġġ Irjali tal-[[Kirurgu|Kirurgi]] fl-1863, Huxley ġabar il-vertebrati mal-mammiferi, mas-sawrojdi u mal-iktjojdi (dawn tal-aħħar jinkludu l-ħut u l-anfibji). Sussegwentement huwa ppropona l-ismijiet tas-sawropsidi u tal-iktjopsidi għal dawn iż-żewġ gruppi tal-aħħar. Fl-1866, Haeckel wera li l-vertebrati setgħu jinqasmu abbażi tal-istrateġiji riproduttivi tagħhom, u li r-rettili, l-għasafar u l-mammiferi kienu magħqudin mill-bajd amnijotiku.

It-termini ''sawropsidi'' (&quot;uċuħ tal-gremxul&quot;) u ''teropsidi'' (&quot;uċuħ tal-bestji&quot;) reġgħu ntużaw fl-1916 minn [[E.S. Goodrich]] biex jiddistingwi bejn il-gremxul, l-għasafar u l-qrabat tagħhom minn naħa waħda (sawropsidi) u l-mammiferi u l-qrabat estinti tagħhom (teropsidi) fuq in-naħa l-oħra. Goodrich appoġġa din id-diviżjoni skont in-natura tal-[[Qalb|qlub]] u tal-istrutturi taċ-ċirkolazzjoni tad-[[demm]] f'kull grupp, u karatteristiċi oħra, bħall-istruttura tal-parti ta' quddiem tal-[[moħħ]]. Skont Goodrich, iż-żewġ insla evolvew minn grupp uniku bikri, il-protosawri (&quot;l-ewwel gremxul&quot;), fejn huwa inkluda xi annimali li llum il-ġurnata jitqiesu bħala anfibji qishom rettili, kif ukoll rettili bikrin.
[[Stampa:MosasaurDiscovery.jpg|daqsminuri|Inċiżjoni tas-seklu 18 ta' &quot;mostru antedilluvjan&quot;, il-możasawru, skopert f'barriera tal-[[ġebla tal-ġir]] f'[[Maastricht]] fl-1770.]]
Fl-1956, [[D.M.S. Watson]] osserva li l-ewwel żewġ gruppi nfirdu fi stadju bikri ħafna fl-istorja tar-rettili, għaldaqstant huwa qasam il-protosawri ta' Goodrich bejniethom. Huwa ta interpretazzjoni mill-ġdid tas-sawropsidi u tat-teropsidi sabiex jeskludi l-għasafar u l-mammiferi, rispettivament. B'hekk is-sawropsidi tiegħu kienu jinkludu l-''Procolophonia'', l-''Eosuchia'', il-''Millerosauria'', il-''Chelonia'' (fkieren), l-''iSquamata'' (gremxul u sriep), ir-''Rhynchocephalia'', il-''Crocodilia'', it-&quot;tecodonti&quot; (l-''Archosauria'' bażiċi parafiletiċi), id-dinosawri li ma kinux tjur, il-pterosawri, l-iktijosawri u s-sawropteriġjani.

Fl-aħħar tas-seklu 19 ġew offruti għadd ta' definizzjonijiet tar-''Reptilia''. Il-karatteristiċi [[Bijoloġija|bijoloġiċi]] elenkati minn Lydekker fl-1896, pereżempju, jinkludu kondil oċċipitali uniku, ġog tax-xedaq iffurmat mill-għadam tal-kwadrat u artikolari, u ċerti karatteristiċi tal-vertebri. L-annimali li spikkaw permezz ta' dawn il-formulazzjonijiet, l-amnijoti għajr il-mammiferi u l-għasafar, għadhom jitqiesu bħala r-rettili llum il-ġurnata.

Id-diviżjoni bejn is-sinapsidi u s-sawropsidi ssupplimentat approċċ ieħor, wieħed li jaqsam ir-rettili f'erba' subklassijiet abbażi tal-għadd u tal-pożizzjoni ta' fetħiet fil-ġnub tal-kranju wara l-għajnejn. Din il-klassifikazzjoni nbdiet minn [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] u ġiet elaborata u saret popolari permezz tal-''Paleontoloġija tal-Vertebrati'' ta' Romer. Dawn l-erba' subklassijiet kienu:

* l-anapsidi – l-ebda fetħa fil-ġnub tal-kranju – kotilosawri u l-''chelonia'' (fkieren u qrabathom);
* is-sinapsidi – fetħa baxxa waħda fil-ġnub tal-kranju – pelikosawri u terapsidi (ir-&quot;rettili qishom mammiferi&quot;);
* l-ewriapsidi – fetħa għolja waħda fil-ġnub tal-kranju (fuq iż-żona postorbitali u skwamożali) – protorosawri (rettili żgħar u bikrin qishom gremxul) u s-sawropteriġjani u l-iktijosawri tal-baħar, dawn tal-aħħar imsejħa parapsidi fix-xogħol ta' Osborn;
* id-diapsidi – żewġ fetħiet fil-ġnub tal-kranju – il-biċċa l-kbira tar-rettili, fosthom il-gremxul, is-sriep, il-kukkudrilli, id-dinosawri u l-pterosawri.

Il-kompożizzjoni tal-ewriapsidi ma kinitx ċerta. Xi kultant, l-iktijosawri tqiesu donnhom żdiedu b'mod indipendenti mill-ewriapsidi l-oħra, u ngħataw l-isem iktar antik ta' parapsidi. Iktar 'il quddiem il-parapsidi ġew skartati fil-biċċa l-kbira bħala grupp (l-iktijosawri ġew ikklassifikati bħala ''incertae sedis'' jew mal-ewriapsidi). Madankollu, erba' subklassijiet (jew tlieta jekk l-ewriapsidi jitwaħħdu mad-diapsidi) baqgħu bejn wieħed u ieħor universali għax-xogħol mhux speċjalist matul is-seklu 20. Din fil-biċċa l-kbira ġiet abbandunata mir-riċerkaturi reċenti. B'mod partikolari, instab li l-kundizzjoni tal-anapsidi tant tokkorri b'mod varjabbli fost il-gruppi mhux relatati li issa ma titqiesx bħala distinzjoni utli.

=== Filoġenetika u definizzjoni moderna ===
[[Stampa:Varanodon1DB.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-klassifikazzjonijiet filoġenetiċi jiġbru flimkien lir-&quot;rettili qishom mammiferi&quot;, bħal dan il-''varanodon'', flimkien ma' sinapsidi oħra, mhux ma' rettili eżistenti.]]
Sal-bidu tas-seklu 21, il-paleontologi tal-vertebrati bdew jadottaw tassonomija filoġenetika, fejn il-gruppi kollha jiġu defini b'tali mod li jkunu monofiletiċi; jiġifieri, gruppi li jinkludu d-dixxendenti kollha ta' antenat partikolari. Storikament ir-rettili ġew definiti bħala parafiletiċi, peress li jeskludu l-għasafar u l-mammiferi. Dawn evolvew rispettivament mid-dinosawri u minn terapsidi bikrin, li t-tnejn li huma tradizzjonalment kienu jissejħu &quot;rettili&quot;. L-għasafar huma relatati iktar mill-qrib mal-''Crocodilia'' milli dawn tal-aħħar huma mal-bqija tar-rettili eżistenti. [[Colin Tudge]] kiteb:&lt;blockquote&gt;Il-mammiferi huma grupp monofiletiku, u għaldaqstant dawk li jippreferu tali klassifikazzjoni lesti li jirrikonoxxu t-[[takson]] tradizzjonali ''Mammalia''; u l-għasafar ukoll huma grupp monofiletiku, li universalment jitqies li jappartjeni għat-takson formali ''Aves''. Il-''Mammalia'' u l-''Aves'' fil-fatt huma sottogruppi monofiletiċi fi ħdan grupp monofiletiku kbir tal-''Amniota''. Iżda l-klassi tradizzjonali tar-''Reptilia'' mhijiex grupp monofiletiku. Hija biss sezzjoni mill-grupp monofiletiku tal-''Amniota'': is-sezzjoni li jifdal wara li jitneħħew il-''Mammalia'' u l-''Aves''. Ma tistax tiġi definita kif suppost skont is-sinapomorfji. Minflok, tiġi definita skont taħlita tal-karatteristiċi li għandha u tal-karatteristiċi li ma għandhiex: ir-rettili huma l-amnijoti li ma jkollhomx pil jew rix. L-iktar l-iktar, dawk li jippreferu tali klassifikazzjoni jissuġġerixxu li wieħed jista' jgħid li r-''Reptilia'' tradizzjonali huma amnijoti &quot;li ma jkunux tjur u li ma jkunux mammiferi&quot;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Minkejja l-proposti bikrin biex ir-''Reptilia'' parafiletiċi jiġu sostitwiti bis-sawropsidi monofiletiċi, li jinkludu l-għasafar, dak it-terminu qatt ma ġie adottat b'mod mifrux, jew meta beda jiġi adottat, ma ġiex applikat b'mod konsistenti.

Meta ntuża t-terminu sawropsidi, spiss kien jinkludi l-istess kontenut jew saħansitra kellu l-istess definizzjoni bħar-''Reptilia''. Fl-1988, [[Jacques Gauthier]] ippropona definizzjonali tar-''Reptilia'' bħala grupp monofiletiku ewlieni li jinkludi l-fkieren, il-gremxul u s-sriep, il-kukkudrilli u l-għasafar, flimkien mal-antenati komuni tagħhom u d-dixxendenti kollha tagħhom. Filwaqt li d-definizzjoni ta' Gauthier kienet qrib għall-konsensus modern, minkejja dan bdiet titqies bħala mhux adegwata minħabba r-relazzjoni effettiva tal-fkieren ma' rettili oħra dak iż-żmien ma kinitx mifhuma sew. Minn dak iż-żmien saru reviżjonijiet kbar li inkludew l-assenjar mill-ġdid tas-sinapsidi bħala mhux rettili, u l-klassifikazzjoni tal-fkieren bħala diapsidi. Id-definizzjoni ta' Gauthier fl-1994 u ta' Laurin u Reisz fl-1995 tas-sawropsidi wasslet għal definizzjoni tal-ambitu tal-grupp bħala wieħed distint u usa' minn dak tar-''Reptilia'', u jħaddan il-''Mesosauridae'' kif ukoll ir-''Reptilia'' ''sensu stricto''.

Varjetà sħiħa ta' definizzjonijiet oħra ġew proposti minn xjenzati oħra fis-snin ta' wara d-dokument ta' Gauthier. L-ewwel waħda fost tali definizzjonijiet, li ppruvat taderixxi mal-istandards tal-Kodiċi Filoġenetiku ġiet ippubblikata minn Modesto u Anderson fl-2004. Modesto u Anderson irrieżaminaw il-bosta definizzjonijiet preċedenti u pproponew definizzjoni modifikata, u kellhom il-ħsieb li jżommu l-iżjed kontenut tradizzjonali tal-grupp filwaqt li jħalluh stabbli u monofiletiku. Huma ddefinew ir-''Reptilia'' bħala l-amnijoti kollha li huma eqreb għal-''Lacerta agilis'' u għall-''Crocodylus niloticus'' mill-''[[Homo sapiens]]''. Din id-definizzjoni hija ekwivalenti għall-iktar definizzjoni komuni tas-sawropsidi, li Modesto u Anderson sostnew li kienu sinonimu tar-''Reptilia'', peress li dan it-terminu tal-aħħar huwa magħruf iktar u jintuża iktar spiss. Madankollu, għad-differenza tal-biċċa l-kbira tad-definizzjonijiet preċedenti tar-''Reptilia'', id-definizzjoni ta' Modesto u Anderson tinkludi l-għasafar, peress li huma fi ħdan il-grupp monofiletiku li jinkludi kemm il-gremxul kif ukoll il-kukkudrilli.

=== Tassonomija ===
Klassifikazzjoni ġenerali tar-rettili estinti u ħajjin, li tiffoka fuq il-gruppi ewlenin:

* '''''Reptilia'''/'''Sauropsida'''''
** ''Araeoscelidia?''
** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;'''''Parareptilia''''' (x'aktarx parafiletiċi)
*** '''''Diapsida'''/'''Neodiapsida'''''
**** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Drepanosauromorpha'' (kollokazzjoni inċerta)
**** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Younginiformes'' (x'aktarx parafiletiċi)
**** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;Ichthyosauromorpha (kollokazzjoni inċerta)
**** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Thalattosauria'' (kollokazzjoni inċerta)
**** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Sauropterygia'' (kollokazzjoni inċerta)
**** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Choristodera'' (kollokazzjoni inċerta)
**** '''''Sauria'''''
***** '''''Lepidosauromorpha'''''
****** ''Lepidosauria''
******* ''Rhynchocephalia'' (tuatara)
******* ''Squamata'' (gremxul u sriep)
***** '''''Pantestudines''''' (fkieren u qrabat, kollokazzjoni inċerta)
***** '''''Archosauromorpha'''''
****** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Protorosauria'' (parafiletiċi)
****** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Rhynchosauria''
****** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Allokotosauria''
****** ''Archosauriformes''
******* &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Phytosauria''
******* '''''Archosauria'''''
******** ''Pseudosuchia''
********* ''Crocodilia'' (kukkudrilli u qrabat)
******** ''Avemetatarsalia/Ornithodira''
********* &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Pterosauria''
********* ''Dinosauria''
********** &lt;abbr&gt;†&lt;/abbr&gt;''Ornithischia''
********** ''Saurischia'' (inkluż l-għasafar ('''''Aves'''''))

=== Filoġenija ===
L-&quot;arblu tar-razza&quot; tar-rettili jsegwi verżjoni ssimplifikata tar-relazzjonijiet li nstabu minn M.S. Lee fl-2013. L-istudji ġenetiċi kollha appoġġaw l-ipoteżi li l-fkieren huma diapsidi; uħud poġġew il-fkieren fi ħdan l-''Archosauromorpha'', għalkemm uħud minflok poġġew il-fkieren bħala ''Lepidosauromorpha''.

=== Il-pożizzjoni tal-fkieren ===
Il-kollokazzjoni tal-fkieren storikament kienet varjabbli ferm. Klassikament, il-fkieren ġew meqjusa bħala relatati mar-rettili anapsidi primittivi. Fl-analiżi komparattiva tagħhom tal-kronoloġija tal-organoġenesi, Werneburg u Sánchez-Villagra (2009) sabu appoġġ għall-ipoteżi li l-fkieren jagħmlu parti minn grupp monofiletiku separat fi ħdan is-sawropsidi, barra mill-grupp monofiletiku sawrjan. Normalment ix-xogħol molekolari wassal għall-kollokazzjoni tal-fkieren fi ħdan id-diapsidi. Sal-2013 ġew sekwenzjati tliet ġenomi tal-fkieren. Ir-riżultati jikkollokaw il-fkieren bħala grupp monofiletiku relatat mal-arċosawri, li huma l-grupp li jinkludi l-''Crocodilia'', id-dinosawri li mhumiex tjur u l-għasafar.

== Storja evoluzzjonarja ==

=== Oriġini tar-rettili ===
L-oriġini tar-rettili tmur lura madwar 310–320 miljun sena ilu, fl-artijiet bassasa bl-istim tal-perjodu Karboniferu aħħari, meta l-ewwel rettili evolvew minn rettilomorfi avvanzati.

L-iktar annimal tal-qedem magħruf li jaf kien amnijota huwa l-''Casineria'' (għalkemm jaf kien temnospondil). Sensiela ta' impronti tas-saqajn mis-saff tal-fossili ta' Nova Scotia li jmorru lura għal 315-il miljun sena fihom impronti tipiċi tas-swaba' tar-rettili u impronti tal-qxur tal-ġilda. Dawn l-impronti tas-saqajn issa ġew attribwiti lill-''Hylonomus'', li storikament jitqies bħala l-iktar rettilu tal-qedem magħruf, iżda l-kollokazzjoni tiegħu fil-grupp dan l-aħħar ġiet dubitata. Dan kien annimal żgħir qisu gremxula, twil madwar 20 sa 30 ċentimetru (7.9 pulzieri sa 11.8 pulzier), b'bosta snien ippuntati li jindikaw dieta [[Insettivoru|insettivora]]. Eżempji oħra jinkludu l-''Westlothiana'' (li attwalment jitqies bħala rettilomorfu iktar milli amnijota reali) u l-''Paleothyris'', it-tnejn li huma ta' daqs simili u x'aktarx b'imġiba simili.

Madankollu, il-mikrosawri xi kultant tqiesu bħala rettili reali, għaldaqstant jaf hija possibbli oriġini iktar bikrija. Fost ir-rettili reali mhux ambigwi mill-perjodu Karboniferu hemm l-''Erpetonyx'' u l-''Carbonodraco,'' it-tnejn li huma mill-[[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta' Fuq]].

=== Żieda tar-rettili ===
L-iżjed amnijoti bikrin, fosthom l-anapsidi primittivi (jiġifieri l-amnijoti li huma eqreb għar-rettili moderni milli għall-mammiferi), fil-biċċa l-kbira ħadulhom posthom it-tetrapodi primittivi l-kbar bħall-''Cochleosaurus'', u baqgħu parti żgħira tal-fawna sal-Kollass Karboniferu tal-Foresti Pluvjali. Dan il-kollass ħesrem affettwa diversi gruppi kbar. It-tetrapodi primittivi ġew devastati partikolarment, filwaqt li r-rettili primittivi marru aħjar, peress li kienu adattati [[Ekoloġija|ekoloġikament]] għall-kundizzjonijiet iktar nexfin li ġew wara. It-tetrapodi primittivi, bħall-anfibji moderni, ikollhom jerġgħu lura fl-ilma biex ibidu l-bajd; f'kuntrast ma' dan, l-amnijoti, bħar-rettili moderni – li l-bajd tagħhom fih qoxra li permezz tagħha jista' jinbied fuq l-art – kienu adattati aħjar għall-kundizzjonijiet il-ġodda. L-amnijoti kisbu niċeċ ġodda b'rata iktar mgħaġġla minn qabel il-kollass u ferm iktar malajr mit-tetrapodi primittivi. Kisbu strateġiji ġodda tal-alimentazzjoni, inkluż strateġiji [[Erbivoru|erbivori]] u [[Karnivoru|karnivori]], mentri qabel kienu insettivori u pixxivori biss. Minn dak iż-żmien 'il quddiem, ir-rettili ddominaw il-komunitajiet u kellhom diversità akbar mit-tetrapodi primittivi, għaldaqstant dan witta t-triq għall-perjodu Mesożojku (magħruf bħala l-Era tar-Rettili).

Eżami tal-2021 tad-diversità tar-rettili fil-perjodu Karboniferu u fil-perjodu Permjan jissuġġerixxi livell ferm ogħla ta' diversità milli kien maħsub qabel, li huwa komparabbli jew saħansitra li jaqbeż dak tas-sinapsidi. Għalhekk ġiet proposta l-&quot;Ewwel Era tar-Rettili&quot;.

=== Anapsidi, sinapsidi, diapsidi u sawropsidi ===
Tradizzjonalment kien maħsub li l-ewwel rettili kellhom kranju ta' anapsidi li wirtuh mill-antenati tagħhom. Dan it-tip ta' kranju kien fih għamla b'saħħitha b'toqob għall-imnieħer, għall-għajnejn u għall-glandola pineali. L-iskoperti ta' fetħiet qishom tas-sinapsidi fil-kranju ta' diversi membri tal-''Parareptilia'' (il-grupp li fih il-biċċa l-kbira tal-amnijoti tradizzjonalment magħrufa bħala &quot;anapsidi&quot;), inkluż il-lantanosukojdi, il-millerettidi, il-bolosawridi, xi nikteroleteridi, xi prokolofonojdi u mqar xi mesosawri, wasslu biex l-affarijiet ikunu iktar ambigwi u attwalment ma hemmx ċertezza dwar jekk l-amnijoti anċestrali kellhomx kranju qisu tal-anapsidi jew kranju qisu tas-sinapsidi. Tradizzjonalment dawn l-annimali jissejħu &quot;anapsidi&quot; u jiffurmaw grupp bażiku parafiletiku li minnu evolvew gruppi oħra. Ftit wara li tfaċċaw l-ewwel amnijoti, in-nisel tas-sinapsidi nqasam għalih waħdu; dan il-grupp kien karatterizzat minn fetħa fil-kranju wara kull għajn biex b'hekk il-muskolu tax-xedaq kellu biżżejed spazju biex jiċċaqlaq. Dawn huma l-&quot;amnijoti qishom mammiferi&quot; jew mammiferi primittivi, li iktar 'il quddiem wasslu għall-mammiferi reali. Ftit wara, grupp ieħor evolva karatteristika simili, din id-darba b'fetħa doppja wara kull għajn, u b'hekk issejjaħ ''Diapsida'' (&quot;żewġ ħnejjiet&quot;). Il-funzjoni tat-toqob f'dawn il-gruppi kienet li jitħaffef il-kranju u jkun hemm biżżejjed spazju biex il-muskoli tax-xedaq jiċċaqilqu, u b'hekk l-annimal seta' jkollu gidma qawwija. Storikament, filwaqt li l-grupp tar-rettili qishom gremxul tal-perjodu Karboniferu aħħari u tal-perjodu Permjan bikri tal-''Araeoscelidia'', li (ġeneralment) huma diapsidi morfoloġikament, ġew meqjusa bħala l-iżjed rappreżentanti bikrin tal-grupp monofiletiku tad-diapsidi, l-istudji filoġenetiċi mis-snin 20 tas-seklu 20 wasslu għal dubji serji rigward ir-relazzjoni tagħhom ma' diapsidi oħra (''Neodiapsida''), u ġew meqjusa bħala fergħa diverġenti bikrija ħafna tar-''Reptilia'' jew saħansitra barra mir-''Reptilia'' għalkollox.

Tradizzjonalment kien maħsub li l-fkieren kienu pararettili ħajjin, abbażi tal-istruttura tal-kranju tagħhom bħala anapsidi, u dan ġie meqjus bħala karatteristika primittiva. Ir-raġunament li wassal għal din il-klassifikazzjoni ġie kkontestat, u wħud argumentaw li l-fkieren huma diapsidi li evolvew kranji tal-anapsidi, u b'hekk tejbu d-difiżi tagħhom. Studji filoġenetiċi morfoloġiċi li saru wara b'dan il-ħsieb ikkollokaw il-fkieren sew fi ħdan id-diapsidi. L-istudji molekolari kollha appoġġaw il-kollokazzjoni tal-fkieren fi ħdan id-diapsidi, l-iktar bħala grupp relatat mal-arċosawri eżistenti.

=== Rettili Permjani ===
Lejn l-aħħar tal-perjodu Karboniferu, l-amnijoti saru t-tetrapodi dominanti fost il-fawna. Filwaqt li xorta waħda kienu jeżistu rettilomorfi terrestri primittivi, l-amnijoti sinapsidi evolvew fl-ewwel megafawna (annimali ġganteski) tassew terrestri fil-forma ta' pelikosawri, bħall-edafosawru u d-dimetrodon karnivoru. F'nofs il-perjodu Permjan, il-klima saret iktar niexfa, u dan irriżulta f'bidla fil-fawna: il-pelikosawri ġew sostitwiti mit-terapsidi.

Bosta gruppi ta' rettili primittivi baqgħu jiffjorixxu matul il-perjodu Permjan. Il-parejasawri erbivori kienu l-ewwel nisel tar-rettili li laħqu daqs kbir, u l-ikbar rappreżentanti tal-grupp kellhom massa tal-ġisem li x'aktarx li qabżet l-1,000 kilogramma (2,200 libbra). Wieħed mill-iktar rettili primittivi bikrin magħrufa huwa l-mesosawru, [[Ġeneru (tassonomija)|ġeneru]] mill-Permjan Bikri tan-Nofsinhar tal-[[Afrika]] u tal-[[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t'Isfel]] li kien reġa' lura fl-ilma u kien kiseb saqajn bis-swaba' magħqudin, u kien jiekol il-krustaċji fl-ambjenti tal-baħar jew tal-laguni. L-iżjed diapsidi reali bikrin (neodiapsidi), bħall-''Youngina'', tfaċċaw matul il-perjodu Permjan Nofsani-Aħħari. Il-''Weigeltisauridae'', grupp ta' diapsidi mill-Permjan Aħħari, huma l-eqdem tetrapodi magħrufa li kienu jtiru permezz ta' għadmiet innovattivi qishom vireg li kienu jiġu estiżi minn ġisimhom u kienu jiffurmaw ġwienaħ għall-igglajdjar bejn is-siġar. L-antenati tar-rettili moderni (li jagħmlu parti mill-grupp monofiletiku tas-''Sauria'') ma baqgħux jagħmlu parti mill-istess grupp sal-Permjan Aħħari, kif joħroġ fid-dieher minn speċijiet bħall-protosawru qisu varan magħruf mill-Permjan Aħħari tal-[[Ewropa]], li huwa ċar li huwa arċosawromorfu, relatat iktar mill-qrib mal-arċosawri (''Crocodilia'' u għasafar) milli mal-gremxul, mas-sriep jew mal-fkieren.

=== Rettili Mesożojċi ===
Fl-aħħar tal-perjodu Permjan seħħet l-ikbar estinzjoni tal-massa magħrufa, avveniment li ddewwem b'sensiela ta' żewġ mewġiet distinti jew iktar ta' estinzjoni. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-pararettili bikrin u tal-megafawna sinapsidi għebu, u ġew sostitwiti bir-rettili reali, b'mod partikolari l-arċisawromorfi. Dawn kienu kkaratterizzati minn riġlejn ta' wara tawwalin u poża wieqfa, filwaqt li l-forom bikrin kienu jidhru qishom kukkudrilli b'riġlejn twal. L-arċosawri saru l-grupp dominanti matul il-perjodu Triassiku, għalkemm għaddew 30 miljun sena qabel ma d-diversità tagħhom ma saret tant kbira daqs l-annimali li għexu fil-perjodu Permjan. L-arċosawri żviluppaw fid-dinosawri u fil-pterosawri magħrufa sew, kif ukoll fl-antenati tal-''Crocodilia''. Ladarba r-rettili, l-ewwel rawisukjani u mbagħad id-dinosawri, iddominaw il-perjodu Mesożojku, l-intervall huwa magħruf b'mod popolari bħala l-&quot;Era tar-Rettili&quot;. Id-dinosawri żviluppaw ukoll f'forom iżgħar, inkluż it-teropodi iżgħar bir-rix. Fil-perjodu Kretaċju, dawn wasslu għall-ewwel għasafar reali.

L-eqreb grupp tal-arċosawromorfi huwa tal-lepidosawromorfi, li jinkludi l-gremxul u t-tuatara, kif ukoll il-qrabat fossili tagħhom. Il-lepidosawromorfi kienu jinkludu mill-inqas grupp ewlieni tar-rettili tal-baħar tal-perjodu Mesożojku: il-możasawri, li għexu matul il-perjodu Kretaċju. Il-kollokazzjoni filoġenetika ta' gruppi prinċipali oħra ta' rettili tal-baħar fossili – l-iktjopteriġjani (inkluż l-iktjosawri) u s-sawropteriġjani, li evolvew fil-perjodu Triassiku bikri – hija iktar kontroversjali. Awturi differenti rabtu dawn il-gruppi mal-lepidosawromorfi jew mal-arċosawromorfi, u l- iktjopteriġjani ġew ippreżentati wkoll bħala diapsidi li ma kinux jagħmlu parti mal-inqas grupp monofiletiku inklużiv, li fih il-lepidosawromorfi u l-arċosawromorfi.

=== Rettili Ċenożojċi ===
Fi tmiem il-perjodu Kretaċju, għebet għalkollox il-megafawna tar-rettili tal-perjodu Mesożojku. Mir-rettili l-kbar tal-baħar, baqgħu jgħixu biss il-fkieren tal-baħar; u mir-rettili l-kbar mhux tal-baħar, ħelsuha mill-estinzjoni l-''Crocodilia'' semiakkwatiċi u ''Choristoderes'' pjuttost simili biss, u l-aħħar membri ta' dawn tal-aħħar, bħal-''Lazarussuchus'', saru estinti fil-perjodu Mijoċen. Mis-sensiela kbira ta' dinosawri li ddominaw il-perjodu Mesożojku baqgħu ħajjin biss l-għasafar bil-munqar żgħir. Din ix-xejra drammatika ta' estinzjoni fl-aħħar tal-perjodu Mesożojku wasslet għall-perjodu Ċenożojku. Il-mammiferi u l-għasafar melew in-niċeċ il-vojta li ħalliet warajha l-megafawna tar-rettili, filwaqt li d-diversifikazzjoni tar-rettili majnat, u d-diversifikazzjoni tal-għasafar u tal-mammiferi kellha żvolta esponenzjali. Madankollu, ir-rettili baqgħu komponenti importanti tal-megafawna, b'mod partikolari fil-forma tal-fkieren il-kbar u l-fkieren ġganteski.

Wara l-estinzjoni tal-biċċa l-kbira tan-nisel tal-arċosawri u tar-rettili tal-baħar sal-aħħar tal-perjodu Kretaċju, id-diversifikazzjoni tar-rettili baqgħet għaddejja matul il-perjodu Ċenożojku. L-i''Squamata'' ħadu daqqa ta' ħarta enormi matul l-avveniment tal-K–Pg, u rkupraw biss 10 miljun sena wara, iżda esperjenzaw avveniment kbir ta' radjazzjoni ladarba rkupraw, u llum il-ġurnata l-i''Squamata'' jiffurmaw il-maġġoranza tar-rettili ħajjin (&gt; 95 %). Bejn wieħed u ieħor huma magħrufa madwar 10,000 speċi eżistenti ta' rettili tradizzjonali, u l-għasafar iżidu madwar 10,000 speċi oħra, kważi d-doppju tal-għadd ta' mammiferi, irrappreżentati b'madwar 5,700 speċi ħajja (esklużi l-ispeċijiet domestikati).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Diversità ta' speċijiet ta' rettili ħajjin (2013)
!Grupp ta' rettili
!Speċijiet deskritti
!Persentaġġ tal-ispeċijiet ta' rettili
|-
|''Squamata''
|9,193
|96.3 %
|-
|''-'' Gremxul
|5,634
|''59'' ''%''
|-
|''-'' Sriep
|3,378
|35 %
|-
|''- Amphisbaenians''
|181
|''2'' ''%''
|-
|Fkieren
|327
|3.4 %
|-
|''Crocodilia''
|25
|0.3 %
|-
|''Rhynchocephalia''
|1
|0.01 %
|-
|Total
|9,546
|100 %
|}

== Morfoloġija u fiżjoloġija ==

=== Ċirkolazzjoni ===
Il-lepidosawri u l-fkieren kollha għandhom [[qalb]] bi tliet kompartimenti, li tikkonsisti minn żewġ atrija, ventrikolu maqsum b'mod varjabbli, u żewġ aorti li jwasslu għaċ-ċirkolazzjoni sistemika. Il-livell ta' taħlit tad-[[demm]] ossiġenat u deossiġenat fil-qlub bi tliet kompartimenti jvarja skont l-ispeċijiet u l-istat fiżjoloġiku. F'kundizzjonijiet differenti, id-demm deossiġenat jista' jiġi ttrasportat lura lejn il-ġisem jew id-demm ossiġenat jista' jiġi ttrasportat lura lejn il-[[Pulmun|pulmuni]]. Tressqet ipoteżi li din il-varjazzjoni fil-fluss tad-demm tippermetti iktar termoregolazzjoni effettiva u żminijiet itwal ta' għadis għall-ispeċijiet akkwatiċi, iżda ma ntweriex li hija xi vantaġġ fis-saħħa.

Pereżempju, il-qlub tal-igwani, bħall-maġġoranza tal-qlub tal-i''Squamata'', huma magħmula minn tliet kompartimenti – żewġ atriji u ventrikolu wieħed – u muskoli kardijaċi involontarji. L-istrutturi prinċipali tal-qalb huma s-''sinus venosus'', l-istimolatur kardijaku, l-atriju tax-xellug, l-atriju tal-lemin, il-valvola atrijoventrikolari, il-''cavum venosum'', il-''cavum arteriosum'', il-''cavum pulmonale'', ix-xifer muskolari, ix-xifer ventrikolari, il-vini pulmonari u l-ħnejjiet aortiċi f'pari.

Xi speċijiet tal-i''Squamata'' (eż. il-pituni u l-varani) għandhom qlub bi tliet kompartimenti li jsiru qlub b'erba' kompartimenti matul il-kontrazzjoni. Dan huwa possibbli permezz ta' xifer muskolari li jaqsam mill-ġdid il-ventrikolu matul id-dijastola ventrikolari u jifirdu għalkollox matul is-sistola ventrikolari. Minħabba dan ix-xifer, uħud minn dawn l-i''Squamata'' kapaċi jipproduċu differenzjali fil-pressjoni ventrikolari li huma ekwivalenti għal dawk tal-qlub tal-mammiferi u tat-tjur.

Il-''Crocodilia'' għandhom qalb li [[Anatomija|anatomikament]] fiha erba' kompartimenti, simili għall-għasafar, iżda għandhom ukoll żewġ aorti sistemiċi u għaldaqstant kapaċi jgħaddu mingħajr iċ-ċirkolazzjoni pulmonari. Fil-fkieren, il-ventrikolu mhux maqsum b'mod perfett, għaldaqstant jista' jkun hemm taħlita ta' demm aerat u mhux aerat.

=== Metaboliżmu ===
Ir-rettili moderni li mhumiex tjur għandhom xi forma jew oħra ta' demm biered (jiġifieri xi taħlita ta' pojkilotermija, ektotermija u bradimetaboliżmu) u b'hekk għandhom mezzi fiżjoloġiċi limitati biex iżommu t-temperatura tal-ġisem kostanti u sikwit jiddependu fuq sorsi esterni ta' sħana. Minħabba temperatura ewlenija inqas stabbli fil-ġisem mill-għasafar u mill-mammiferi, il-bijokimika tar-rettili tirrikjedi enzimi kapaċi li jżommu l-effiċjenza fuq medda usa' ta' temperaturi milli fil-każ tal-annimali b'demm sħun. Il-medda tat-temperatura tal-ġisem ottimali tvarja skont l-ispeċijiet, iżda tipikament tkun inqas minn dik tal-annimali b'demm sħun; għal bosta gremxul, din tinżel fil-medda ta' 24–35 °C (75–95 °F), filwaqt li speċijiet adattati għas-sħana estrema, bħall-igwana tad-deżert Amerikan ''Dipsosaurus dorsalis'', jista' jkollhom temperatura fiżjoloġiċi ottimali fil-medda tal-mammiferi, jiġifieri bejn 35 u 40 °C (95 u 104 °F). Filwaqt li t-temperatura ottimali spiss tinkiseb meta l-annimal ikun attiv, il-metaboliżmu bażi baxx iwassal biex it-temperatura tal-ġisem tinżel f'daqqa meta l-annimal ma jkunx attiv.

Bħal fl-annimali kollha, l-azzjoni tal-muskoli tar-rettili tipproduċi s-sħana. Fir-rettili l-kbar, bħall-fkieren tal-baħar, il-proporzjon baxx bejn is-superfiċe u l-volum iwassal biex din is-sħana prodotta b'mod metaboliku żżomm lill-annimali iktar sħan mill-ambjent tagħhom, minkejja li ma għandhomx metaboliżmu ta' annimal b'demm sħun. Din il-forma ta' omeotermija tissejjaħ ġigantotermija; ġie ssuġġerit li kienet xi ħaġa komuni fost id-dinosawri l-kbar u rettili kbar estinti oħra.

Il-benefiċċju ta' metaboliżmu simili hu li jirrikjedi ferm inqas enerġija biex isostni l-funzjonijiet tal-ġisem. Permezz tal-użu tal-varjazzjonijiet fit-temperatura tal-madwar, jew billi jibqgħu kesħin meta ma jkollhomx bżonn jiċċaqilqu, ir-rettili jistgħu jiffrankaw ammonti konsiderevoli ta' enerġija meta mqabbla ma' annimali endotermiċi tal-istess daqs. Kukkudrill għandu bżonn bejn 0.1 u 0.2 % tal-ikel meħtieġ minn [[iljun]] tal-istess piż u jista' jgħix sa nofs sena mingħajr ma jiekol. Permezz ta' inqas rekwiżiti tal-ikel u permezz ta' metaboliżmi adattivi, ir-rettili jiddominaw fost l-annimali f'reġjuni fejn id-disponibbiltà ta' kaloriji netti hija wisq baxxa biex issostni l-mammiferi u l-għasafar kbar.

Ġeneralment huwa maħsub li r-rettili mhumiex kapaċi jipproduċu l-output għoli ta' enerġija meħtieġ għall-kaċċa jew għat-titjir fuq distanzi twal. Il-kapaċità enerġetika ogħla jaf kienet responsabbli għall-evoluzzjoni tad-demm sħun fl-għasafar u fil-mammiferi. Madankollu, l-investigazzjoni tal-korrelazzjonijiet bejn il-kapaċità attiva u t-termofiżjoloġija turi li hemm relazzjoni batuta. Il-biċċa l-kbira tar-rettili eżistenti huma [[Karnivoru|karnivori]] li jadottaw strateġija ta' stennija għall-priża tagħhom għall-ikel; mhux ċar jekk ir-rettili għandhomx demm biered minħabba l-ekoloġija tagħhom. Studji enerġetiċi fuq xi rettili wrew kapaċitajiet attivi ugwali jew ikbar minn dawk ta' annimali ta' daqs simili b'demm sħun.

=== Sistema respiratorja ===
Ir-rettili kollha jieħdu n-nifs permezz tal-pulmuni tagħhom. Il-fkieren tal-ilma żviluppaw ġilda iktar permeabbli, u xi speċijiet immodifikaw il-''cloaca'' tagħhom biex iżidu l-erja għall-iskambju tal-gassijiet. Anke b'dawn l-adattamenti, it-teħid tan-nifs qatt ma jitwettaq għalkollox mingħajr il-pulmuni. Il-ventilazzjoni tal-pulmuni titwettaq b'mod differenti f'kull grupp prinċipali ta' rettili. Fl-i''Squamata'', il-pulmuni jiġu ventilati kważi b'mod esklużiv mill-muskolatura assjali. Din hija wkoll l-istess muskolatura li tintuża waqt iċ-ċaqliq. Minħabba din il-kwistjoni, il-biċċa l-kbira tal-i''Squamata'' jkollhom iżommu n-nifs tagħhom waqt ġirjiet intensivi. Madankollu, uħud sabu tarf dan l-intopp. Il-varanidi, u xi ftit speċijiet oħra ta' gremxul, jużaw l-ippompjar tal-muskoli tal-ħalq biex jikkomplementaw it-teħid tan-nifs assjali normali tagħhom. Dan jippermetti lill-annimali jimlew għalkollox il-pulmuni tagħhom waqt xi ċaqliq intensiv, u b'hekk jibqgħu attivi aerobikament għal żmien twil. Huwa magħruf li l-gremxul tegu għandhom protodijaframma, li tissepara l-kavità pulmonari mill-kavità vixxerali. Filwaqt li effettivament mhijiex kapaċi tiċċaqlaq, din tippermetti inflazzjoni akbar tal-pulmuni, billi jitneħħa l-piż vixxerali mill-pulmuni.

Fil-fatt il-''Crocodilia'' għandhom dijaframma muskolari li hija analoga għad-dijaframma tal-mammiferi. Id-differenza hi li l-muskoli għad-dijaframma tal-''Crocodilia'' jiġbdu lura l-għadma pubika (parti mill-pelvi, li tista' tiċċaqlaq fil-''Crocodilia''), u b'hekk il-fwied jinżel 'l isfel, u jillibera l-ispazju għall-espansjoni tal-pulmuni. Dan it-tip ta' konfigurazzjoni dijaframmatika ġieli ssejjaħ bħala l-&quot;pistun epatiku&quot;. Il-mogħdijiet tal-arja jiffurmaw għadd ta' kompartimenti tubulari doppji fi ħdan kull pulmun. Bl-inalazzjoni u bl-eżalazzjoni l-arja tgħaddi mill-mogħdijiet tal-arja fl-istess direzzjoni, u b'hekk jinħoloq fluss tal-arja unidirezzjonali li jgħaddi mill-pulmuni. Sistema simili hija preżenti fl-għasafar, fil-varani u fl-igwani.

Il-biċċa l-kbira tar-rettili ma għandhomx palat sekondarju, li jfisser li jridu jżommu n-nifs meta jibilgħu. Il-''Crocodilia'' evolvew palat sekondarju bl-għadam li permezz tiegħu jkunu jistgħu jibqgħu jieħdu n-nifs meta jkunu taħt l-ilma (u jipproteġu moħħhom minn xi ħsara kkawżata mill-priża f'xi taqbida). Ix-xaħmet l-art (il-familja ''Scincidae'') evolvew ukoll palat sekondarju bl-għadam, b'livelli differenti. Is-sriep ħadu approċċ differenti u minflok estendew it-trakea tagħhom. L-estensjoni trakeali tagħhom tispikka 'l barra, u tippermetti lil dawn l-annimali jibilgħu priża kbira mingħajr ma jkollhom xi asfissjoni.

==== Fkieren tal-ilma u fkieren tal-art ====
Bosta studji ffukaw fuq il-fehim ta' kif il-fkieren tal-ilma jieħdu n-nifs. Sa issa ġew studjati ftit speċijiet bir-reqqa biżżejjed biex tinkiseb idea dwar kif dawk il-fkieren jieħdu n-nifs. Ir-riżultati varjati jindikaw li l-fkieren tal-ilma sabu varjetà ta' soluzzjonijiet għal din il-problema.

Id-diffikultà hi li l-biċċa l-kbira tal-qxur tal-fkieren tal-ilma huma riġidi u ma jippermettux għat-tip ta' espansjoni u ta' kontrazzjoni li amnijoti oħra jużaw għall-ventilazzjoni tal-pulmuni tagħhom. Xi fkieren tal-ilma, bħal-''Lissemys punctata'', għandhom saff ta' muskoli madwar il-pulmuni. Permezz tal-kontrazzjoni, il-fkieren tal-ilma jistgħu jagħmlu l-eżalazzjoni. Meta jkunu qed jistrieħu, il-fkieren tal-ilma jistgħu jdaħħlu r-riġlejn fil-kavità tal-ġisem u jimbuttaw l-arja 'l barra mill-pulmuni. Meta l-fkieren tal-ilma jdaħħlu riġlejhom fil-kavità, il-pressjoni fi ħdan il-pulmuni titnaqqas, u l-fkieren tal-ilma jistgħu jiġbdu l-arja 'l ġewwa. Il-pulmuni tal-fkieren tal-ilma huma mehmuża man-naħa ta' ġewwa tal-parti ta' fuq tal-qoxra (karapaċi), filwaqt li l-parti t'isfel tal-pulmuni mehmuża (permezz ta' tessuti konnettivi) mal-bqija tal-vixxeri. Bl-użu ta' sensiela ta' muskoli speċjali (bejn wieħed u ieħor ekwivalenti għal dijaframma), il-fkieren tal-ilma huma kapaċi jimbuttaw il-vixxeri tagħhom 'il fuq u 'l isfel, u dan jirriżulta f'respirazzjoni effettiva, peress li bosta minn dawn il-muskoli għandhom punti fejn jiġu mehmużin flimkien mar-riġlejn ta' quddiem tagħhom (tabilħaqq, bosta mill-muskoli jespandu fil-kavitajiet tar-riġlejn matul il-kontrazzjoni).

Breathing during locomotion has been studied in three species, and they show different patterns. Adult female green sea turtles do not breathe as they crutch along their nesting beaches. They hold their breath during terrestrial locomotion and breathe in bouts as they rest. North American box turtles breathe continuously during locomotion, and the ventilation cycle is not coordinated with the limb movements. This is because they use their abdominal muscles to breathe during locomotion. The last species to have been studied is the red-eared slider, which also breathes during locomotion, but takes smaller breaths during locomotion than during small pauses between locomotor bouts, indicating that there may be mechanical interference between the limb movements and the breathing apparatus. Box turtles have also been observed to breathe while completely sealed up inside their shells.

=== Produzzjoni tal-ħsejjes ===
Compared with frogs, birds, and mammals, reptiles are less vocal. Sound production is usually limited to hissing, which is produced merely by forcing air though a partly closed glottis and is not considered to be a true vocalization. The ability to vocalize exists in crocodilians, some lizards and turtles; and typically involves vibrating fold-like structures in the larynx or glottis. Some geckos and turtles possess true vocal cords, which have elastin-rich connective tissue.

==== Smigħ fis-sriep ====
Hearing in humans relies on 3 parts of the ear; the outer ear that directs sound waves into the ear canal, the middle ear that transmits incoming sound waves to the inner ear, and the inner ear that helps in hearing and keeping their balance. Unlike humans and other mammals, snakes do not possess an outer ear, a middle ear, and a tympanum but have an inner ear structure with cochleas directly connected to their jawbone. They are able to feel the vibrations generated from the sound waves in their jaw as they move on the ground. This is done by the use of mechanoreceptors, sensory nerves that run along the body of snakes directing the vibrations along the spinal nerves to the brain. Snakes have a sensitive auditory perception and can tell which direction sound being made is coming from so that they can sense the presence of prey or predator but it is still unclear how sensitive snakes are to sound waves traveling through the air.

=== Ġilda ===
Reptilian skin is covered in a horny epidermis, making it watertight and enabling reptiles to live on dry land, in contrast to amphibians. Compared to mammalian skin, that of reptiles is rather thin and lacks the thick dermal layer that produces leather in mammals. Exposed parts of reptiles are protected by scales or scutes, sometimes with a bony base (osteoderms), forming armor. In lepidosaurs, such as lizards and snakes, the whole skin is covered in overlapping epidermal scales. Such scales were once thought to be typical of the class Reptilia as a whole, but are now known to occur only in lepidosaurs. The scales found in turtles and crocodiles are of dermal, rather than epidermal, origin and are properly termed scutes. In turtles, the body is hidden inside a hard shell composed of fused scutes.

Lacking a thick dermis, reptilian leather is not as strong as mammalian leather. It is used in leather-wares for decorative purposes for shoes, belts and handbags, particularly crocodile skin.

==== Bdil tal-qxur ====
Reptiles shed their skin through a process called ecdysis which occurs continuously throughout their lifetime. In particular, younger reptiles tend to shed once every five to six weeks while adults shed three to four times a year. Younger reptiles shed more because of their rapid growth rate. Once full size, the frequency of shedding drastically decreases. The process of ecdysis involves forming a new layer of skin under the old one. Proteolytic enzymes and lymphatic fluid is secreted between the old and new layers of skin. Consequently, this lifts the old skin from the new one allowing shedding to occur. Snakes will shed from the head to the tail while lizards shed in a &quot;patchy pattern&quot;. Dysecdysis, a common skin disease in snakes and lizards, will occur when ecdysis, or shedding, fails. There are numerous reasons why shedding fails and can be related to inadequate humidity and temperature, nutritional deficiencies, dehydration and traumatic injuries. Nutritional deficiencies decrease proteolytic enzymes while dehydration reduces lymphatic fluids to separate the skin layers. Traumatic injuries on the other hand, form scars that will not allow new scales to form and disrupt the process of ecdysis.

=== Eskrezzjoni ===
Excretion is performed mainly by two small kidneys. In diapsids, uric acid is the main nitrogenous waste product; turtles, like mammals, excrete mainly urea. Unlike the kidneys of mammals and birds, reptile kidneys are unable to produce liquid urine more concentrated than their body fluid. This is because they lack a specialized structure called a loop of Henle, which is present in the nephrons of birds and mammals. Because of this, many reptiles use the colon to aid in the reabsorption of water. Some are also able to take up water stored in the bladder. Excess salts are also excreted by nasal and lingual salt glands in some reptiles.

In all reptiles, the urinogenital ducts and the rectum both empty into an organ called a cloaca. In some reptiles, a midventral wall in the cloaca may open into a urinary bladder, but not all. It is present in all turtles and tortoises as well as most lizards, but is lacking in the monitor lizard, the legless lizards. It is absent in the snakes, alligators, and crocodiles.

Many turtles and lizards have proportionally very large bladders. Charles Darwin noted that the Galapagos tortoise had a bladder which could store up to 20% of its body weight. Such adaptations are the result of environments such as remote islands and deserts where water is very scarce. Other desert-dwelling reptiles have large bladders that can store a long-term reservoir of water for up to several months and aid in osmoregulation.

Turtles have two or more accessory urinary bladders, located lateral to the neck of the urinary bladder and dorsal to the pubis, occupying a significant portion of their body cavity. Their bladder is also usually bilobed with a left and right section. The right section is located under the liver, which prevents large stones from remaining in that side while the left section is more likely to have calculi.

=== Diġestjoni ===
Most reptiles are insectivorous or carnivorous and have simple and comparatively short digestive tracts due to meat being fairly simple to break down and digest. Digestion is slower than in mammals, reflecting their lower resting metabolism and their inability to divide and masticate their food. Their poikilotherm metabolism has very low energy requirements, allowing large reptiles like crocodiles and large constrictors to live from a single large meal for months, digesting it slowly.

While modern reptiles are predominantly carnivorous, during the early history of reptiles several groups produced some herbivorous megafauna: in the Paleozoic, the pareiasaurs; and in the Mesozoic several lines of dinosaurs. Today, turtles are the only predominantly herbivorous reptile group, but several lines of agamas and iguanas have evolved to live wholly or partly on plants.

Herbivorous reptiles face the same problems of mastication as herbivorous mammals but, lacking the complex teeth of mammals, many species swallow rocks and pebbles (so called gastroliths) to aid in digestion: The rocks are washed around in the stomach, helping to grind up plant matter. Fossil gastroliths have been found associated with both ornithopods and sauropods, though whether they actually functioned as a gastric mill in the latter is disputed. Salt water crocodiles also use gastroliths as ballast, stabilizing them in the water or helping them to dive. A dual function as both stabilizing ballast and digestion aid has been suggested for gastroliths found in plesiosaurs.

=== Nervituri ===
The reptilian nervous system contains the same basic part of the amphibian brain, but the reptile cerebrum and cerebellum are slightly larger. Most typical sense organs are well developed with certain exceptions, most notably the snake's lack of external ears (middle and inner ears are present). There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. Due to their short cochlea, reptiles use electrical tuning to expand their range of audible frequencies.

=== Vista ===
Most reptiles are diurnal animals. The vision is typically adapted to daylight conditions, with color vision and more advanced visual depth perception than in amphibians and most mammals.

Reptiles usually have excellent vision, allowing them to detect shapes and motions at long distances. They often have poor vision in low-light conditions. Birds, crocodiles and turtles have three types of photoreceptor: rods, single cones and double cones, which gives them sharp color vision and enables them to see ultraviolet wavelengths. The lepidosaurs appear to have lost the duplex retina and only have a single class of receptor that is cone-like or rod-like depending on whether the species is diurnal or nocturnal. In many burrowing species, such as blind snakes, vision is reduced.

Many lepidosaurs have a photosensory organ on the top of their heads called the parietal eye, which are also called third eye, pineal eye or pineal gland. This &quot;eye&quot; does not work the same way as a normal eye does as it has only a rudimentary retina and lens and thus, cannot form images. It is, however, sensitive to changes in light and dark and can detect movement.

Some snakes have extra sets of visual organs (in the loosest sense of the word) in the form of pits sensitive to infrared radiation (heat). Such heat-sensitive pits are particularly well developed in the pit vipers, but are also found in boas and pythons. These pits allow the snakes to sense the body heat of birds and mammals, enabling pit vipers to hunt rodents in the dark.

Most reptiles, as well as birds, possess a nictitating membrane, a translucent third eyelid which is drawn over the eye from the inner corner. In crocodilians, it protects its eyeball surface while allowing a degree of vision underwater. However, many squamates, geckos and snakes in particular, lack eyelids, which are replaced by a transparent scale. This is called the brille, spectacle, or eyecap. The brille is usually not visible, except for when the snake molts, and it protects the eyes from dust and dirt.

=== Riproduzzjoni ===
Reptiles generally reproduce sexually, though some are capable of asexual reproduction. All reproductive activity occurs through the cloaca, the single exit/entrance at the base of the tail where waste is also eliminated. Most reptiles have copulatory organs, which are usually retracted or inverted and stored inside the body. In turtles and crocodilians, the male has a single median penis, while squamates, including snakes and lizards, possess a pair of hemipenes, only one of which is typically used in each session. Tuatara, however, lack copulatory organs, and so the male and female simply press their cloacas together as the male discharges sperm.

Most reptiles lay amniotic eggs covered with leathery or calcareous shells. An amnion (5), chorion (6), and allantois (8) are present during embryonic life. The eggshell (1) protects the crocodile embryo (11) and keeps it from drying out, but it is flexible to allow gas exchange. The chorion (6) aids in gas exchange between the inside and outside of the egg. It allows carbon dioxide to exit the egg and oxygen gas to enter the egg. The albumin (9) further protects the embryo and serves as a reservoir for water and protein. The allantois (8) is a sac that collects the metabolic waste produced by the embryo. The amniotic sac (10) contains amniotic fluid (12) which protects and cushions the embryo. The amnion (5) aids in osmoregulation and serves as a saltwater reservoir. The yolk sac (2) surrounding the yolk (3) contains protein and fat rich nutrients that are absorbed by the embryo via vessels (4) that allow the embryo to grow and metabolize. The air space (7) provides the embryo with oxygen while it is hatching. This ensures that the embryo will not suffocate while it is hatching. There are no larval stages of development. Viviparity and ovoviviparity have evolved in squamates and many extinct clades of reptiles. Among squamates, many species, including all boas and most vipers, use this mode of reproduction. The degree of viviparity varies; some species simply retain the eggs until just before hatching, others provide maternal nourishment to supplement the yolk, and yet others lack any yolk and provide all nutrients via a structure similar to the mammalian placenta. The earliest documented case of viviparity in reptiles is the Early Permian mesosaurs, although some individuals or taxa in that clade may also have been oviparous because a putative isolated egg has also been found. Several groups of Mesozoic marine reptiles also exhibited viviparity, such as mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, and Sauropterygia, a group that includes pachypleurosaurs and Plesiosauria.

Asexual reproduction has been identified in squamates in six families of lizards and one snake. In some species of squamates, a population of females is able to produce a unisexual diploid clone of the mother. This form of asexual reproduction, called parthenogenesis, occurs in several species of gecko, and is particularly widespread in the teiids (especially ''Aspidocelis'') and lacertids (''Lacerta''). In captivity, Komodo dragons (Varanidae) have reproduced by parthenogenesis.

Parthenogenetic species are suspected to occur among chameleons, agamids, xantusiids, and typhlopids.

Some reptiles exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination (TDSD), in which the incubation temperature determines whether a particular egg hatches as male or female. TDSD is most common in turtles and crocodiles, but also occurs in lizards and tuatara. To date, there has been no confirmation of whether TDSD occurs in snakes.

=== Lonġevità ===
Giant tortoises are among the longest-lived vertebrate animals (over 100 years by some estimates) and have been used as a model for studying longevity. DNA analysis of the genomes of Lonesome George, the iconic last member of ''Chelonoidis abingdonii'', and the Aldabra giant tortoise ''Aldabrachelys gigantea'' led to the detection of lineage-specific variants affecting DNA repair genes that might contribute to our understanding of increased lifespan.

== Konjizzjoni ==
Reptiles were traditionally considered less intelligent on average than mammals and birds, but this is increasingly suspected to be the result of poor methodologies in past research and overreliance on brain size as indicators of intelligence rather than a genuine trait of reptiles. The size of their brain relative to their body is much less than that of mammals, the encephalization quotient being about one tenth of that of mammals, though larger reptiles can show more complex brain development. Larger lizards, like the monitors, are known to exhibit complex behavior, including cooperation and cognitive abilities allowing them to optimize their foraging and territoriality over time. Crocodiles have relatively larger brains and show a fairly complex social structure. The Komodo dragon is even known to engage in play, as are turtles, which are also considered to be social creatures, and sometimes switch between monogamy and promiscuity in their sexual behavior.&lt;sup&gt;[''citation needed'']&lt;/sup&gt; One study found that wood turtles were better than white rats at learning to navigate mazes. Another study found that giant tortoises are capable of learning through operant conditioning, visual discrimination and retained learned behaviors with long-term memory. Sea turtles have been regarded as having simple brains, but their flippers are used for a variety of foraging tasks (holding, bracing, corralling) in common with marine mammals.

There is evidence that reptiles are sentient and able to feel emotions including anxiety and pleasure.

== Mekkaniżmi ta' difiża ==
Many small reptiles, such as snakes and lizards, that live on the ground or in the water are vulnerable to being preyed on by all kinds of carnivorous animals. Thus, avoidance is the most common form of defense in reptiles. At the first sign of danger, most snakes and lizards crawl away into the undergrowth, and turtles and crocodiles will plunge into water and sink out of sight.

=== Mimetizzazzjoni u twissija ===
Reptiles tend to avoid confrontation through camouflage. Two major groups of reptile predators are birds and other reptiles, both of which have well-developed color vision. Thus the skins of many reptiles have cryptic coloration of plain or mottled gray, green, and brown to allow them to blend into the background of their natural environment. Aided by the reptiles' capacity for remaining motionless for long periods, the camouflage of many snakes is so effective that people or domestic animals are most typically bitten because they accidentally step on them.

When camouflage fails to protect them, blue-tongued skinks will try to ward off attackers by displaying their blue tongues, and the frill-necked lizard will display its brightly colored frill. These same displays are used in territorial disputes and during courtship. If danger arises so suddenly that flight is useless, crocodiles, turtles, some lizards, and some snakes hiss loudly when confronted by an enemy. Rattlesnakes rapidly vibrate the tip of the tail, which is composed of a series of nested, hollow beads to ward off approaching danger.

In contrast to the normal drab coloration of most reptiles, the lizards of the genus ''Heloderma'' (the Gila monster and the beaded lizard) and many of the coral snakes have high-contrast warning coloration, warning potential predators they are venomous. A number of non-venomous North American snake species have colorful markings similar to those of the coral snake, an oft cited example of Batesian mimicry.

=== Difiża alternattiva fis-sriep ===
Camouflage does not always fool a predator. When caught out, snake species adopt different defensive tactics and use a complicated set of behaviors when attacked. Some species, like cobras or hognose snakes, first elevate their head and spread out the skin of their neck in an effort to look large and threatening. Failure of this strategy may lead to other measures practiced particularly by cobras, vipers, and closely related species, which use venom to attack. The venom is modified saliva, delivered through fangs from a venom gland. Some non-venomous snakes, such as American hognose snakes or European grass snake, play dead when in danger; some, including the grass snake, exude a foul-smelling liquid to deter attackers.

=== Difiża fil-kukkudrilli ===
When a crocodilian is concerned about its safety, it will gape to expose the teeth and tongue. If this does not work, the crocodilian gets a little more agitated and typically begins to make hissing sounds. After this, the crocodilian will start to change its posture dramatically to make itself look more intimidating. The body is inflated to increase apparent size. If absolutely necessary, it may decide to attack an enemy.

Some species try to bite immediately. Some will use their heads as sledgehammers and literally smash an opponent, some will rush or swim toward the threat from a distance, even chasing the opponent onto land or galloping after it. The main weapon in all crocodiles is the bite, which can generate very high bite force. Many species also possess canine-like teeth. These are used primarily for seizing prey, but are also used in fighting and display.

=== Bdil tal-qxur u riġenerazzjoni tad-denb ===
Geckos, skinks, and some other lizards that are captured by the tail will shed part of the tail structure through a process called autotomy and thus be able to flee. The detached tail will continue to thrash, creating a deceptive sense of continued struggle and distracting the predator's attention from the fleeing prey animal. The detached tails of leopard geckos can wiggle for up to 20 minutes. The tail grows back in most species, but some, like crested geckos, lose their tails for the rest of their lives. In many species the tails are of a separate and dramatically more intense color than the rest of the body so as to encourage potential predators to strike for the tail first. In the shingleback skink and some species of geckos, the tail is short and broad and resembles the head, so that the predators may attack it rather than the more vulnerable front part.

Reptiles that are capable of shedding their tails can partially regenerate them over a period of weeks. The new section will however contain cartilage rather than bone, and will never grow to the same length as the original tail. It is often also distinctly discolored compared to the rest of the body and may lack some of the external sculpting features seen in the original tail.

== Rabtiet mal-bniedem ==

=== Fil-kulturi u fir-reliġjonijiet ===
Dinosaurs have been widely depicted in culture since the English palaeontologist Richard Owen coined the name ''dinosaur'' in 1842. As soon as 1854, the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs were on display to the public in south London. One dinosaur appeared in literature even earlier, as Charles Dickens placed a ''Megalosaurus'' in the first chapter of his novel ''Bleak House'' in 1852. The dinosaurs featured in books, films, television programs, artwork, and other media have been used for both education and entertainment. The depictions range from the realistic, as in the television documentaries of the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, to the fantastic, as in the monster movies of the 1950s and 1960s.

The snake or serpent has played a powerful symbolic role in different cultures. In Egyptian history, the Nile cobra adorned the crown of the pharaoh. It was worshipped as one of the gods and was also used for sinister purposes: murder of an adversary and ritual suicide (Cleopatra). In Greek mythology, snakes are associated with deadly antagonists, as a chthonic symbol, roughly translated as ''earthbound''. The nine-headed Lernaean Hydra that Hercules defeated and the three Gorgon sisters are children of Gaia, the earth. Medusa was one of the three Gorgon sisters who Perseus defeated. Medusa is described as a hideous mortal, with snakes instead of hair and the power to turn men to stone with her gaze. After killing her, Perseus gave her head to Athena who fixed it to her shield called the Aegis. The Titans are depicted in art with their legs replaced by bodies of snakes for the same reason: They are children of Gaia, so they are bound to the earth. In Hinduism, snakes are worshipped as gods, with many women pouring milk on snake pits. The cobra is seen on the neck of Shiva, while Vishnu is depicted often as sleeping on a seven-headed snake or within the coils of a serpent. There are temples in India solely for cobras sometimes called ''Nagraj'' (King of Snakes), and it is believed that snakes are symbols of fertility. In the annual Hindu festival of Nag Panchami, snakes are venerated and prayed to. In religious terms, the snake and jaguar are arguably the most important animals in ancient Mesoamerica. &quot;In states of ecstasy, lords dance a serpent dance; great descending snakes adorn and support buildings from Chichen Itza to Tenochtitlan, and the Nahuatl word ''coatl'' meaning serpent or twin, forms part of primary deities such as Mixcoatl, Quetzalcoatl, and Coatlicue.&quot; In Christianity and Judaism, a serpent appears in Genesis to tempt Adam and Eve with the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil.

The turtle has a prominent position as a symbol of steadfastness and tranquility in religion, mythology, and folklore from around the world. A tortoise's longevity is suggested by its long lifespan and its shell, which was thought to protect it from any foe. In the cosmological myths of several cultures a ''World Turtle'' carries the world upon its back or supports the heavens.

=== Mediċina ===
Deaths from snakebites are uncommon in many parts of the world, but are still counted in tens of thousands per year in India. Snakebite can be treated with antivenom made from the venom of the snake. To produce antivenom, a mixture of the venoms of different species of snake is injected into the body of a horse in ever-increasing dosages until the horse is immunized. Blood is then extracted; the serum is separated, purified and freeze-dried. The cytotoxic effect of snake venom is being researched as a potential treatment for cancers.

'''Gila monsters''' produce compounds that reduce plasma glucose; one of these substances is now used in the anti-diabetes drug exenatide (Byetta), a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist like semiglutide (Ozempic). Another toxin from Gila monster saliva has been studied for use as an anti-Alzheimer's drug.

Geckos have also been used as '''folk medicine''', especially in China, without any evidence that they have any active compounds. Turtles have been used in Chinese traditional medicine for thousands of years, with every part of the turtle believed to have medical benefits (again, without scientific evidence). Growing demand for '''turtle meat''' has placed pressure on vulnerable wild populations of turtles.

=== Trobbija kummerċjali ===
Crocodiles are protected in many parts of the world, and are farmed commercially. Their hides are tanned and used to make leather goods such as shoes and handbags; crocodile meat is also considered a delicacy. The most commonly farmed species are the saltwater and Nile crocodiles. Farming has resulted in an increase in the saltwater crocodile population in Australia, as eggs are usually harvested from the wild, so landowners have an incentive to conserve their habitat. Crocodile leather is made into wallets, briefcases, purses, handbags, belts, hats, and shoes. Crocodile oil has been used for various purposes.

Snakes are also farmed, primarily in East and Southeast Asia, and their production has become more intensive in the last decade. Snake farming has been troubling for conservation in the past as it can lead to overexploitation of wild snakes and their natural prey to supply the farms. However, farming snakes can limit the hunting of wild snakes, while reducing the slaughter of higher-order vertebrates like cows. The energy efficiency of snakes is higher than expected for carnivores, due to their ectothermy and low metabolism. Waste protein from the poultry and pig industries is used as feed in snake farms. Snake farms produce meat, snake skin, and antivenom.

Turtle farming is another known but controversial practice. Turtles have been farmed for a variety of reasons, ranging from food to traditional medicine, the pet trade, and scientific conservation. Demand for turtle meat and medicinal products is one of the main threats to turtle conservation in Asia. Though commercial breeding would seem to insulate wild populations, it can stoke the demand for them and increase wild captures. Even the potentially appealing concept of raising turtles at a farm to release into the wild is questioned by some veterinarians who have had some experience with farm operations. They caution that this may introduce into the wild populations infectious diseases that occur on the farm, but have not (yet) been occurring in the wild.

=== Rettili fil-magħluq ===
A herpetarium is a zoological exhibition space for reptiles and amphibians.

In the Western world, some snakes (especially relatively docile species such as the ball python and corn snake) are sometimes kept as pets. Numerous species of lizard are kept as pets, including bearded dragons, iguanas, anoles, and geckos (such as the popular leopard gecko and the crested gecko).

Turtles and tortoises are increasingly popular pets, but keeping them can be challenging due to their particular requirements, such as temperature control, the need for UV light sources, and a varied diet. The long lifespans of turtles and especially tortoises mean they can potentially outlive their owners. Good hygiene and significant maintenance is necessary when keeping reptiles, due to the risks of ''Salmonella'' and other pathogens. Regular hand-washing after handling is an important measure to prevent infection.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Rettili]]
[[Kategorija:Klassifikazzjoni xjentifika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aleksandar Nikolić</title>
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      <comment>Maħluqa bit-traduzzjoni tal-paġna &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347820732|Aleksandar Nikolić]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1455" sha1="brelgnbqvohlg40i2k99yb7qvl82smq" xml:space="preserve">'''Aleksandar “Aca” Nikolić''' (bis-Serb, 28 ta’ Ottubru 1924 – 12 ta’ Marzu 2000) kien plejer u kowċ professjonali tal-basketball Serb. Barra minn hekk, kien professur fil-Fakultà tal-Isport u l-Edukazzjoni Fiżika fl-Università ta’ Belgrad. &lt;ref name=&quot;15+godina&quot; /&gt; Huwa spiss jitqies bħala “Missier tal-basketball Jugoslav u Serb. &lt;ref name=&quot;15+godina&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.b92.net/sport/kosarka/vesti.php?yyyy=2015&amp;mm=03&amp;dd=12&amp;nav_id=967770|titlu=15 godina od smrti Profesora|data=12 March 2015|pubblikatur=[[B92]]|titlu-traduzzjoni=15 Years since Professor Died|data-aċċess=12 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karriera tal-logħob ==
Bħala small forward, Nikolić lagħab seba’ staġuni fil-Lega Federali tal-Jugoslavja bejn l-1945 u l-1951. Matul il-karriera tiegħu bħala plejer, irrappreżenta lill-Armata Jugoslava (1945), lil Partizan (1946), lil Crvena zvezda (1945, 1947–1949), kif ukoll lil Železničar Čačak u BSK Beograd (1951).&lt;ref name=&quot;aba&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.aba-liga.com/news/40833/aleksandar-nikolic-the-professor/|titlu=Aleksandar Nikolić - The Professor|sit=aba-liga.com|data-aċċess=29 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Huwa rebaħ il-Kampjonat tal-Jugoslavja fl-1945 mal-Armata Jugoslava, u aktar tard fl-1947, 1948 u 1949 ma’ Crvena zvezda. Temm il-karriera tiegħu bħala plejer ma’ BSK Beograd fl-1951.


*

== Referenzi ==
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[[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2000]]
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