Wikipedija mtwiki https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il-Pa%C4%A1na_prin%C4%8Bipali MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Medja Speċjali Diskussjoni Utent Diskussjoni utent Wikipedija Diskussjoni Wikipedija Stampa Diskussjoni stampa MediaWiki Diskussjoni MediaWiki Mudell Diskussjoni mudell Għajnuna Diskussjoni għajnuna Kategorija Diskussjoni kategorija Portal Diskussjoni portal TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 1142 330560 330265 2026-06-15T13:34:06Z MargaritaPLV 28281 /* Review request: Rozie userspace draft */ sezzjoni ġdida 330560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Il-Pjazza}} <!-- AGĦMEL IL-KUMMENT TIEGĦEK TAĦT L-AĦĦAR INTERVENT LI SAR. --> == Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! == Dear All, We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture. * Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]] * When: Jan 19, 2025 * Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025). * Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 * Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]] To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language. Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all. Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate. Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success! For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 Jannar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Jannar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 02:36, 29 Jannar 2025 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 02:36, 29 Jannar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Frar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]] We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''. This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba. '''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''. Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language & Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 08:29, 22 Frar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == CEE Hub Microgrant Programme - 2025 round == '''[[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Microgrants|CEE Hub Microgrant programme]]''' is open for submissions from the communities across Central and Eastern Europe (as well as Central Asia, and Farsi contributors that live in these regions). The CEE Hub Microgrant programme will fund projects ranging from 50 to 700 EUR. Please read the criteria and other details with the programme. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdscTZ9EPNjHhU0r7hUHNwntX34Wrk8ieiHemk_clB9VI3PfQ/viewform Application form]''' is accessible on the Meta page where you will need to answer a few simple questions. You can find a list of the applications for the programme from 2024 [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Microgrants/Applications 2024|on this page]], so you will get a sense of what other communities asked for funds. If you have any questions, please let us know ([[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Communication|contact us]]). We are waiting for your submissions! --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:35, 24 Frar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=28306207 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Marzu 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:56, 13 Marzu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:15, 14 Marzu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=28307742 --> == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 April 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Be part of the next CEE Catch Up about Global Trends == Hi everyone, We want to announce the ninth '''[[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Catch up|CEE Catch Up]]''' session, which will be dedicated to the Foundation Annual Planning Workshop focused on [[diffblog:2025/03/04/global-trends-2025/|'''global trends that are affecting our movement''']]. The session will take place on 23^rd of April 2025, 18:00-19:00 CEST (check your local time [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745424000 here]). Together (the CEE Communities and the Wikimedia Foundation staff) we will discuss the trends related to our projects, our readers and editors. We will explore how those trends show up in the CEE context and discuss what our projects need to address those trends, and how we can support them. You will also have the opportunity to ask questions to the Wikimedia Foundation staff about the work being planned as part of the annual plan that runs from July 2025 to June 2026. '''<u>''[[Wikimedia CEE Hub/Catch up|Join us at the Next CEE Catch up]]!''</u>''' --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:19, 14 April 2025 (UTC) (on behalf of the CEE Catch Up team) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=28546550 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16:11, 16 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 April 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 15:03, 28 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 April 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:08, 6 Mejju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == Registration for the Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025 is open == Dear all,               The Organising Committee of the [[metawiki:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025|Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025]] is delighted to announce the opening of the registration for this year's conference. Affiliation and community delegates can register for the meeting until '''June 15th'''. All other self-funded participants can register until July 31st. The registration and scholarship application form which runs on Pretix, a free, open-sourced third-party platform that helps organize and manage events, can be found [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia-events/wmcee-2025/ here]. Details on how to select delegates and the selection process can be found on the [[metawiki:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025/Registration|registration page]]. Please keep in mind that the official language of the conference is English and interpreting services will not be available. If you encounter any issues while registering, or have questions about the registration process, feel free to contact the coordination team via [mailto:wmceem2025@wikimedia.gr wmceem2025@wikimedia.gr]. Your swift replies will be appreciated, as they will help us conduct an efficient booking process. Best regards,       On behalf of '''Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2025 Organising Team''' <nowiki>--~~~~</nowiki> [[Utent:MARKELLOS|MARKELLOS]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MARKELLOS|d]]) 17:20, 12 Mejju 2025 (UTC) == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Maltese Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Maltese Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Maltese Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[Stampa:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[Stampa:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 26th May 2025. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|d]]) 20:48, 12 Mejju 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|diskussjoni]])</bdi> 22:07, 15 Mejju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 15:27, 22 Mejju 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection & Call for Questions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6] * June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates * July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5] * August 2025: Campaign period * August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period * October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates * Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]]. '''Call for Questions''' In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]] Thank you! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Best regards, Victoria Doronina Board Liaison to the Elections Committee Governance Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 03:07, 28 Mejju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, ''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)'' The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''. This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable. The three main features of this extension are: * '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki. * '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''. * '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions. '''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''"Event Organizer"''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment. The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]]) If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout. Thank you! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|diskussjoni]]) 16:47, 29 Mejju 2025 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/deployment_audience&oldid=28803829 --> == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Ġunju 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:44, 17 Ġunju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Ġunju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 12:45, 14 Lulju 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''. Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. '''Why we are building temporary accounts''' Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users. '''How temporary accounts work''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it. '''What does this mean for different groups of users?''' '''For logged-out editors''' * This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki. * If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice. '''For community members interacting with logged-out editors''' * A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address). * Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community. '''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki''' * '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.) * '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''': ** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option. ** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range. * Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this. '''Our requests for you, and next steps''' * If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]]. * If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in. * Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options. * Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses. To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:36, 26 Awwissu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 15:42, 18 Settembru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]]. When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]]. '''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.''' Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Chair, Elections Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 04:48, 9 Ottubru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 Ottubru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Ottubru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == Join the CEE Hub staff team – We’re hiring a Program Specialist == Hi everyone, The regional [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub|CEE Hub]] is looking for a '''Program Specialist''' to join our [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Staff|staff team]]! Are you someone experienced with Wikimedia who wants to help volunteers? Do you participate in Wiki Loves… and other related projects, and do you have ideas and skills to help others improve their efforts? Do you enjoy working with people from different countries? Are you able to work on your own, feel comfortable on Meta-Wiki, and understand how Meta works? If this sounds like you and you're interested in working with the CEE hub team, we’d love to hear from you! '''As a Program Specialist, you will:''' * Support affiliates and communities in developing and implementing impactful programs, * Strengthen regional cooperation and cross-border projects, * Help guide campaigns and initiatives across the CEE region, * Work closely with the CEE Hub team and community members. This is a '''part-time (0.8–0.9 full-time equivalent), remote position''' open to candidates based in the CEE region or nearby time zones. '''APPLICATION DEADLINE: NOVEMBER 10, 2025''' ➡️ '''Learn more and learn how to apply on Meta:''' [[:m:Wikimedia CEE Hub/Jobs/Program Specialist|Wikimedia CEE Hub – Program Specialist]] ⬅️ If you know someone who would be a great fit, please share this opportunity with them! <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=29192870 --> == Help us test Cat-a-lot on your Wikipedia == '''[[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|Cat-a-lot]]''' is a JavaScript gadget that helps with moving, removing and adding files (as well as articles or subcategories) between, from and to categories and it is widely used on Wikimedia Commons, where it is accessible for every user after enabling the gadget in your [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets Preferences]. Complete explanation of the tool, along with the images and demonstration video it is accessible on [[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|Wikimedia Commons]]. If your Wikipedia is struggling with performing this repetitive task when you need to move pages between categories and remove pages from a category, Cat-a-lot could be activated for your Wikipedia as well. Installation can be done as your user script or as a project gadget and codes can be found [[:commons:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot|here]]. Installation is already done on Polish and Romanian wikis from our CEE Region. English phrases from [[:commons:MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/translating|MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/translating]] can be translated and saved in [[:commons:MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/ro|MediaWiki:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js/ro]] (for example). [[:m:CEE Hub/Working Groups/Technical Advancement Group|CEE Hub Technical Advancement Group]] is willing to support your community in the installation of the tool, and to offer support in case of bugs, as we can report them to the development team. Just leave a message below with any issues you encounter. --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 10:42, 18 Novembru 2025 (UTC) (on behalf of the CEE Hub Technical Advancement Group) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=29670161 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Novembru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 21:43, 28 Novembru 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-12-01_Wikipedias&oldid=29723884 --> == About subscription == Hello. I didn't see any message on this page but I hope I can find someone to help me. I'm conducting extensive research on the Mediterranean Games with the support of various wikipedians, and in this context, I need someone who has a subscription to the Times of Malta newspaper or access to another national Maltese newspaper archive. I only need to find out two pieces of information, and this requires looking at a maximum of four newspaper issues. *1975 Mediterranean Games (newspapers of September 6 or 7, 1975) Water Polo game - 09/05/1975 - Morocco - Malta (score info is missing) *1983 Mediterranean Games (newspapers of September 15 or 16, 1983) Water Polo game - 09/14/1983 - Egypt - Malta (score info is missing) Thanks in advance.--[[Utent:Sabri76|Sabri76]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Sabri76|d]]) 16:55, 5 Diċembru 2025 (UTC) == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:21, 18 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == New Rapid Funds in CEE – global support now closer to your local activities == Hi everyone, '''Starting from 1 April 2026''', the CEE Hub will begin reviewing and supporting Rapid Fund applications for Central and Eastern Europe, in close cooperation with the Wikimedia Foundation. This change is part of our shared effort to bring support closer to communities and make the process more accessible and responsive to local contexts. You will still apply through the same system (Fluxx), and WMF will continue handling contracts and fund transfers. What changes is that the CEE Hub becomes your first point of contact, offering guidance, reviewing applications, and staying closer to your ideas throughout the process. We encourage you to reach out to [[:m:User:TRistovski-CEEhub|Toni]], our Grants Specialist before applying. A short conversation can help clarify your idea and make things smoother from the start. * ☝️ Rapid Funds remain open year-round (with possible delays in June and December). * ☝️ For Central Asian communities: the process stays the same – you continue applying directly through WMF. Join our online Q&A session to learn more (same content, two options to join): * 2 April, 5:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&A Nr. 1|register here]]) * 8 April 7:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&A Nr. 2|register here]]) More info & contact: '''[[:m:CEE Hub Rapid Funds|Wikimedia CEE Hub/Rapid Grants]]''' --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 11:21, 31 Marzu 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=29670168 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == Call for Community Candidates – Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026 == ''Please help us and your community by translating this announcement into your language!'' Dear all, The [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026]] is currently underway. There are 4 seats allocated to community representatives. Community members are invited to nominate themselves as candidates for these seats. These positions will be filled through a vote by the CEE community. '''Eligibility criteria:''' * Candidates must be [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026/Eligibility|eligible voters]]: ** Have a Wikimedia account created before 18 December 2025 ** Have at least 300 edits between 18 December 2025 and 18 June 2026 ** Must not have been blocked between 18 March 2026 and 18 June 2026 * Must have participated in at least 2 of the last 3 [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub/CEE Hub Status Meeting|CEE Hub Advisory Group meetings]] You can check your eligibility using the following tool: https://cee-sc-election.toolforge.org/ '''How to proceed:''' Candidates may nominate themselves or be nominated by others. If nominated by others, the candidate must explicitly accept the nomination before 18 June 2026. The candidate should create their nomination page and submit their candidacy [[Meta:Wikimedia_CEE_Hub_Steering_Committee_Election_2026/Nominations|here]]: Please also inform your communities about the election and encourage participation. Best regards,   Electoral Commission of Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026 --[[Meta:Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Meta:Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 10:00, 30 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=30401522 --> == Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wiki Loves Eurovision edit-a-thon logo 2026.svg|right|250px]] Hello everyone! You are invited to participate in the "[[meta:Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026|Wiki Loves Eurovision]]" article writing contest, where our goal is to create new Eurovision-related articles in the CEE-language Wikipedia editions and improve existing ones. The contest will take place from May 10 to June 10, 2026, and prizes are available: * 1st prize: a voucher worth €60 * 2nd prize: a voucher worth €50 * 3rd prize: a voucher worth €40 * 4th–10th prize: a voucher worth €30 To participate in the contest and learn more, please visit [[meta:Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026|this link]]. --[[User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub|MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub]] ([[User talk:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub|talk]]) 14:00, 16 May 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=30401522 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mejju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Review request: Rozie userspace draft == Apologies for writing in English; I do not speak Maltese well enough to write this request in Maltese. Hello. I have prepared a userspace draft about Rozie: Draft: [[Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie]] Latest/current version, if the default view shows an older reviewed version: [https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie&stable=0 Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie current version] I am a Latvian editor. The draft was translated/adapted from the Latvian Wikipedia article [[:lv:Rozie]] with the help of machine translation, and it was also checked by a Maltese-speaking friend. However, I am not able to judge the final Maltese wording myself, so it may still need examination and correction by a local Maltese-speaking editor. Conflict of interest disclosure: I have no conflict of interest with Rozie. I am not paid by Rozie, I am not employed by it, I am not a founder, investor, contractor or representative of the company, and I have no family or close personal connection to the company. I created the draft in userspace because the subject has a direct Malta connection: the sources in the draft describe Rozie as a Latvia-developed cleaning-services booking platform whose main market is Malta, and the draft includes Malta-related coverage. I would appreciate local review of: * whether the Maltese language is acceptable; * whether the tone is neutral and not promotional; * whether the sources are sufficient for a Maltese Wikipedia article; * whether any parts should be shortened or rewritten; * whether the page can be moved to [[Rozie]] I understand that some sources are official or factual sources, and some media coverage may have a promotional tone. I am happy to trim or rewrite the draft if local editors recommend it. Thank you. [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 13:34, 15 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) qvxepan3cnpzeawp3rig5ywofry3qza 0 1315 330558 326488 2026-06-15T12:08:36Z ~2026-35056-74 28282 Tipa korsiva. 330558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub|Bijografija}} {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Trevor Żahra''' (twieled fis-16 ta' Diċembru 1947)<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://merlinpublishers.com/author-book/trevor-zahra/|titlu=Trevor Żahra|kunjom=Publishers|isem=Merlin|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2025-11-09}}</ref> huwa [[kittieb]] [[Malta|Malti]]. == Bijografija == Trevor Zahra twieled iż-[[Żejtun]] fis-16 ta' Diċembru 1947; bin Walter u Ġuża nee Caruana. Trevor huwa t-tielet minn erba' aħwa. Huwa studja fl-iskola sekondarja Teknika ta' [[Raħal Ġdid]] u fil-Liċeo. Fl-1966 daħal jaħdem għal żmien qasir mal-istazzjoni tat-TV lokali, bħala script writer. Kien ukoll jipproduċi programmi għat-tfal u jagħmel xogħol ta' Presentation Officer.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malta/the-malta-independent-on-sunday/20201122/281913070659173?srsltid=AfmBOoo6XQX2hm_ykCFkFUdCbiSXdnHgKBLUfzr96sL1mzF2n4NA1EWK|titlu=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions|sit=www.pressreader.com|data-aċċess=2025-10-08}}</ref> Fl-1966 daħal il-Kulleġġ tal-Għalliema fejn wara kors ta' sentejn beda jgħallem il-[[Lingwa Maltija|Malti]] u l-[[Arti]] fl-iskejjel sekondarji. Trevor iżżewweg lil Stella née Agius fl-1971 u kellhom żewgt itfal: Ruben u Marija. Stella mietet fl-1989 u llum Trevor huwa armel. Ta' età żgħira beda jinteressa ruħu fil-kitba u l-Arti. Ippubblika l-ewwel poeżiji tiegħu f'''The Children's Own'', fil-ġurnal Il-Berqa u f'għadd ta' rivisti. Bejn is-7 snin u d-19-il sena membru tal-Azzjoni Kattolika taż-[[Żejtun]], fejn bħala tifel kien attiv ħafna fil-palk, jirreċta, ipinġi x-xenarju u jikteb il-fares, idoqq fi grupp ta' mużika pop kif ukoll kien jeditja rivista ċkejkna bejn il-membri. Fost l-ewwel kitba tiegħu li għad fadal minn dan il-perijodu nsibu ''[[Il-Praspar ta' Kunċett u Marinton]]'' li bosta minnhom Żahra kitibhom meta kien fir-raba' sena ta' l-iskola sekondarja. Fl-1971 ippubblika l-ewwel ktieb tiegħu, ''[[Il-Pulena tad-Deheb]]''. Dan il-ktieb kiseb suċċess immedjat u Żahra minnufih inxteħet fil-qasam tal-kitba għat-tfal b'impenn kbir. Iżda huwa qatt ma waqaf mill-kitba adulta. Fl-1972 ippubblika l-ġabra ta' poeżiji Eden. Fl-1973 ippubblika l-ewwel rumanz tiegħu ''[[Is-Surmast]]'', rumanz li għoxrin sena wara Żahra adattah għall-palk u ġie ppreżenta b'suċċess kbir fit-[[Teatru Manoel]] għal sentejn wara xulxin. Fl-1974, ippubblika r-rumanz ''[[Taħt il-Weraq tal-Palm]]'' li kien rebaħ l-ewwel premju f'konkors imniedi mill-Klabb Kotba Maltin. Minn dak iż-żmien 'l hawn Żahra baqa' jippubblika simultanjament kemm kotba għat-tfal kif ukoll għall-kbar. Żahra ppubblika l-ewwel workbooks għat-tfal għat-tagħlim tal-Malti. Il-kotba tiegħu, bejn kotba ċkejknin għat-tfal iż-żgħar, traduzzjonijiet kif ukoll letteratura għall-kbar, llum ilaħħqu 'l fuq minn 100. Żahra jillustra, ifassal u jipproduċi l-kotba kollha tiegħu u minħabba dan, il-kotba tiegħu huma magħrufin għall-produzzjoni attraenti li fihom. Esebixxa wkoll għadd ta' illustrazzjonijiet tiegħu f'wirjiet internazzjonali u attenda wkoll seminars fil-[[Finlandja]] u fl-[[Awstrija]] dwar il-media u l-produzzjoni tat-textbooks. Dan l-aħħar kien ukoll mistieden jagħmel workshops fil-[[Ġermanja]] dwar il-kitba kreattiva għat-tfal. Żahra huwa rebbieħ ta' bosta premjijiet letterarji prestiġjużi; biżżejjed insemmu li rebaħ il-[[Premju Letterarju]] mniedi mill-Gvern, seba' darbiet. F'Diċembru 2004, l-Eċċ.T. il-President ta' Malta tah il-[[Midalja għall-Qadi tar-Repubblika]] bħala rikonoxximent għall-ħidma tiegħu b'riżq il-letteratura għat-tfal.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tuck-into-a-good-book.845579|titlu=Tuck into a good book|kunjom=Sponsored|data=2021-01-17|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2025-10-08}}</ref> L-iżjed kotba riċenti ta' Żahra huma ''Sħab'', ktieb għall-adolexxenti, u ''Il-Kitba Kreattiva'', dwar il-proċess kreattiv fil-kitba. Aktar tard fis-sena 2007 hi mistennija l-ġabra ġdida ta' novelli ''Sepja''. == Ħoloq esterni == {{Commonscat}} * {{Sit uffiċjali}} == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}} {{Awtorità}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zahra, Trevor}} [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1947]] [[Kategorija:Kittieba Maltin bil-Malti]] [[Kategorija:Poeti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Rumanziera Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Novellisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Disinjaturi]] 85120id8v6e5hx6nzge3gb6mggkk0g9 0 26268 330567 323107 2026-06-16T03:59:52Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 330567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Zespół Zamku Krzyżackiego MALBORK 01.jpg|daqsminuri|319x319px|Il-Kastell ta' Malbork]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Malbork''' (bil-[[Lingwa Pollakka|Pollakk]]: ''Zamek w Malborku''; bil-[[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniż]]: ''Ordensburg Marienburg'') huwa kastell u fortizza tal-[[Ordni Tewtonika]] tas-seklu 13, li jinsab ħdejn il-belt ta' [[Malbork]], il-[[Polonja]]. Huwa l-ikbar kastell tal-brikks fid-dinja bħala erja tal-art u huwa mniżżel fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]].<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/847|titlu="Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org.}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.touropia.com/largest-castles-in-the-world/|titlu=10 Largest Castles in the World|sit=Touropia|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-05-06}}</ref> == Deskrizzjoni == Oriġinarjament il-kastell inbena mill-Kavallieri Tewtoniċi, ordni reliġjuża [[Knisja Kattolika|Kattolika]] Ġermaniża li kienet twettaq il-[[Kruċjata|kruċjati]], u nbena f'għamla ta' fortizza tal-ordni. L-Ordni Tewtonika semmiet il-fortizza ''Marienburg'' biex tagħti ġieħ lil [[Santa Marija|Marija]], omm [[Ġesù]]. Fl-1457, matul il-Gwerra ta' Tlettax-il Sena, il-fortizza nbigħet minn merċenarji tal-Boemja lir-Re [[Casimir IV Jagiellon|Casimir IV]] tal-Polonja bħala parti mill-indennizzi u minn dak iż-żmien intużat bħala waħda mid-diversi residenzi rjali Pollakki u s-sede ta' uffiċċji u istituzzjonijiet Pollakki, b'interruzzjoni biss ta' diversi snin ta' okkupazzjoni [[Żvezja|Żvediża]]. Il-fortizza baqgħet taqdi l-funzjoni tagħha sal-Ewwel Diviżjoni tal-Polonja fl-1772. Minn dak iż-żmien 'il quddiem, il-kastell spiċċa taħt il- ħakma Ġermaniża għal iktar minn 170 sena sal-1945.<ref name=":3">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Parma|isem=Christian|sena=2018|titlu=Poland Unesco World Heritage Sites|lingwa=en|paġni=100-111|isbn=978-8377771556}}</ref> Il-kastell huwa eżempju klassiku ta' fortizza [[Medjuevu|Medjevali]] u, meta tlesta fl-1406, kien l-ikbar kastell tal-brikks fid-dinja.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.castlestudiesgroup.org.uk/Malbork%20-%20Anthony%20Emery.pdf|titlu=Emery, Anthony (2007), "Malbork Castle – Poland" (PDF), The Castle Studies Group Journal, p. 139.|data-aċċess=2021-05-06|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728102233/http://www.castlestudiesgroup.org.uk/Malbork%20-%20Anthony%20Emery.pdf|arkivju-data=2011-07-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> L-UNESCO ddeżinjat il-Kastell tal-Ordni Tewtonika f'Malbork u l-Mużew tal-Kastell ta' Malbork bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji f'Diċembru 1997. Huwa wieħed minn żewġ Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-reġjun (it-Tramuntana tal-Polonja Ċentrali), flimkien mar-Raħal Medjevali ta' [[Toruń]], li twaqqaf fl-1231.<ref name=":3" /> Il-Kastell ta' Malbork huwa wkoll wieħed mill- Monumenti Storiċi (''Pomnik historii'') nazzjonali uffiċjali tal-Polonja, skont kif ġie stabbilit fis-16 ta' Settembru 1994. Il-kastell jiġi amministrat mill-Bord tal-Wirt Nazzjonali tal-Polonja. == Storja == === Oriġini === [[Stampa:Castillo_de_Malbork,_Polonia,_2013-05-19,_DD_45.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|202x202px|Dettalji tal-istil Gotiku bil-brikks tal-kastell]] Il-kastell inbena mill-Ordni Tewtonika wara l- konkwista tal-[[Prussja]] l-Antika. L-iskop ewlieni tiegħu kien li l-Kavallieri jsaħħu l-kontroll tagħhom taż-żona wara t-trażżin tal-1274 mill-Ordni tar-Rewwixta l-Kbira tal-Prussja mit-tribujiet Baltiċi. Ma jeżisti l-ebda dokument kontemporanju relatat mal-kostruzzjoni tiegħu. Minflok, ġew analizzati l-fażijiet tal-kostruzzjoni tal-kastell permezz tal-istudju tal-arkitettura u tar-rekords amministrattivi tal-Ordni u l-istorja iktar reċenti. Ix-xogħol tal-kostruzzjoni dam sal-1300, taħt il-patroċinju tal-Kmandant [[Heinrich von Wilnowe]].<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.castlestudiesgroup.org.uk/Malbork%20-%20Anthony%20Emery.pdf|titlu=Emery, Anthony (2007), "Malbork Castle – Poland" (PDF), The Castle Studies Group Journal, p. 143.|data-aċċess=2021-05-06|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728102233/http://www.castlestudiesgroup.org.uk/Malbork%20-%20Anthony%20Emery.pdf|arkivju-data=2011-07-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> Il-kastell jinsab fuq ix-xatt tax-Xlokk tax-xmara [[Nogat]]. Ingħata l-isem ta' ''Marienburg'' wara Marija, il-patruna tal-Ordni reliġjuża.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.solosophie.com/malbork-castle-poland-largest-castle-in-the-world/|titlu=Malbork Castle: Easy Day Trip from Gdańsk to World's Largest Castle!|kunjom=solosophie|data=2018-01-31|sit=solosophie|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2021-05-06}}</ref> L-Ordni kienet inħolqot f'[[Acre]] (illum f'[[Iżrael]]). Meta din l-aħħar fortizza tal-Kruċjati spiċċat f'idejn l-Għarab Musulmani, l-Ordni ċaqilqet is-sede tagħha lejn [[Venezja]] qabel ma waslet fil-Prussja.<ref name=":3" /> Ir-raħal ta' Malbork sar iktar u iktar importanti wara l-konkwista ta' [[Gdańsk]] (Danzig) u tal-Pomeranja tal-Lvant fl-1308 mill-Kavallieri Tewtoniċi. Iċ-ċentru amministrattiv tal-Ordni ġie mċaqlaq lejn Marienburg minn Elbing (issa [[Elbląg]]). Il-Gran Mastru tal-Kavallieri Tewtoniċi, [[Siegfried von Feuchtwangen]], li wasal Marienburg minn Venezja, wettaq il-fażi li jmiss tal-kostruzzjoni tal-fortizza. Fl-1309, fid-dawl tal-persegwitazzjoni Papali tal-Kavallieri Templari u tal-ħakma ta' Danzig mill-Kavallieri Tewtoniċi, Feuchtwangen ċaqlaq is-sede tiegħu fil-parti Prussjana tal-istat monastiku tal-Ordni. Huwa għażel is-sit ta' Marienburg minħabba l-pożizzjoni konvenjenti tiegħu max-xatt tax-xmara Nogat fid-Delta tal-[[Vistula|Vistula.]] Bħal fil-biċċa l-kbira tal-bliet ta' dak iż-żmien, iċ-ċentru l-ġdid kien jiddependi fuq l-ilma għat-trasport.<ref name=":0" /> [[Stampa:Castillo_de_Malbork,_Polonia,_2013-05-19,_DD_13.jpg|daqsminuri|275x275px|Il-bitħa interna tal-kastell b'wirja ta' ġellieda tal-[[ħadid]]]] Il-kastell ġie estiż diversi drabi biex jakkomoda n-numru dejjem jikber ta' Kavallieri. F'qasir żmien, sar l-ikbar bini Gotiku ffortifikat fl-[[Ewropa]], b'erja tal-art ta' kważi 21 ettaru.<ref>Stephen Batchelor (21 July 2010). ''Medieval History For Dummies''. John Wiley & Sons. p. 363. ISBN <bdi>978-0-470-74783-4</bdi>.</ref> Il-kastell għandu diversi suddiviżjonijiet u bosta saffi ta' ħitan difensivi. Fil-fatt jikkonsisti minn tliet kastelli separati - il-Kastelli Għoli, Nofsani u Baxx, isseparati minn diversi ħniedaq mingħajr ilma u torrijiet.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://podroze.onet.pl/polska/pomorskie/zamek-malbork-historia-wnetrza-zwiedzanie-ciekawostki/xpxvvdf|titlu=Zakamarki zamku w Malborku - tak mieszkali Krzyżacy|data=2016-06-21|sit=Onet Podróże|lingwa=pl|data-aċċess=2021-05-06}}</ref> Il-kastell darba kien fih madwar 3,000 "aħwa armati". Il-ħitan l-iktar ta' barra tal-kastell jikkonfinaw 21 ettaru, jiġifieri erba' darbiet l-art ikkonfinata tal-[[Kastell ta' Windsor]]. Il-parti żviluppata tas-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji fiha ftit iktar minn 18-il ettaru.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/document/9953|titlu="Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork", WHC-08/32.COM/8D, UNESCO.}}</ref> Il-pożizzjoni favorevoli tal-kastell qrib ix-xmara Nogat ippermettiet l-aċċess faċli ta' barkuni u ta' vapuri kummerċjali li kienu jaslu mill-Vistula u mill-[[Baħar Baltiku]]. Matul il-governanza tagħhom, il-Kavallieri Tewtoniċi kienu jiġbru n-nollijiet mill-vapuri li riedu jgħaddu mir-rotta kummerċjali tax-xmara Nogat, l-istess bħalma kienu jagħmlu kastelli oħra qrib ix-xmajjar dak iż-żmien. Huma kkontrollaw monopolju tal-kummerċ tal-[[ambra]]. Meta r-raħal sar membru tal-[[Lega Anżejatika|Lega Anseatika]], saru ħafna laqgħat Anseatiċi fil-Kastell ta' Malbork.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://pastinthepresent.net/2017/07/13/bearing-witness-to-a-brighter-moment-in-polands-history-visiting-malbork-castle/|titlu=Bearing witness to a brighter moment in Poland's history: Visiting Malbork Castle|kunjom=Editor|data=2017-07-13|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-05-06}}</ref> Fl-1361, il-Gran Duka futur tal-[[Litwanja]] [[Kęstutis]] inżamm ħabsi għal żmien qasir fil-kastell. Fl-1365, ir-Re Pollakk Casimir III l-Kbir żar il-kastell.<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://visitmalbork.pl/415,HISTORIA.html|titlu=HISTORIA|sit=visitmalbork.pl|lingwa=pl|data-aċċess=2021-05-06}}</ref> [[Stampa:Marienburg1.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|239x239px|Il-Vorburg bi swar li ġie miżjud taħt Hochmeister [[Heinrich von Plauen]] fis-seklu 15]] Fis-sajf tal-1410, il-kastell ġie assedjat wara t-telfa tal-Ordni mġarrba mill-armati ta' [[Jogaila|Władysław II Jagiełło]] u [[Vytautas il-Kbir]] (Witold) fil-[[Battalja ta 'Grunwald|Battalja ta' Grunwald]]. Heinrich von Plauen mexxa b'suċċess id-difiża fl-[[Assedju ta' Marienburg]] tal-1410, li matulu r-raħal madwar il-kastell ġie meqrud għalkollox.<ref name=":1" /> Fl-1456, matul il-Gwerra ta' Tlettax-il Sena, l-Ordni – li kienet qed tiffaċċja oppożizzjoni mill-bliet tagħha minħabba li għolliet it-taxxi biex tħallas ir-rahan għal spejjeż assoċjati mal-gwerer tagħha kontra r-Renju tal-Polonja – ma setgħetx tkampa iktar finanzjarjament. Sadanittant, il-Ġeneral Pollakk [[Stibor de Poniec ta' Ostoja]] ġabar fondi minn Danzig għal kampanja ġdida kontrihom.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://poniec.pl/|titlu=HOME|kunjom=admin|lingwa=pl-PL|data-aċċess=2021-05-06}}</ref> Billi sar jaf li l-merċenarji tal-Boemja tal-Ordni ma tħallsux, Stibor ikkonvinċiehom jitilqu. Huwa rrimborżhom bil-flus li kien ġabar f'Danzig. Wara t-tluq tal-merċenarji, ir-Re [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]] daħal fil-kastell b'mod trijonfali fl-1457, u f'Mejju, ta diversi privileġġi lil Danzig bħala ħajr għall-assistenza u għall-involviment tal-belt fil-Gwerra ta' Tlettax-il Sena (1454-66) kif ukoll għall-fondi miġbura għall-merċenarji li b'hekk telqu.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://albumpolski.pl/artykul/krolewski-herb-gdanska|titlu=Królewski herb Gdańska. Ewa Kowalska {{!}} Album Polski|kunjom=Osowski|isem=Andrze Nowak i Dariusz|sit=albumpolski.pl|lingwa=pl|data-aċċess=2021-05-06|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121631/http://albumpolski.pl/artykul/krolewski-herb-gdanska|arkivju-data=2021-05-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> Is-sindku tar-raħal ta' Malborg qrib il-kastell, [[Bartholomäus Blume]], irreżista l-forzi Pollakki għal tliet snin oħra, iżda l-Pollakki qabduh u kkundannawh għall-mewt fl-1460.<ref>Matthias Weber (2003). ''Preußen in Ostmitteleuropa: Geschehensgeschichte und Verstehensgeschichte''. Oldenbourg Verlag. p. 193. ISBN <bdi>978-3-486-56718-2</bdi>.</ref> [[Monument]] għal Blume nbena fl-1864.<ref>{{Ċita ktieb|data=1864|titlu=Altpreussische Monatsschrift zur Spiegelung des provinzielle Lebens in Literatur, Kunst, Wissenschaft und Industrie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-EVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA380|lingwa=de|pubblikatur=Thomas & Oppermann}}</ref> === Residenza tar-rejiet Pollakki === Fl-1466 kemm il-kastell kif ukoll ir-raħal saru parti mid-Distrett (Voivodeship) Pollakk ta' Malbork fil-provinċja tal- [[Stampa:Dansker_und_Marienburg.jpg|lemin|daqsminuri|275x275px|Torri tal-loki (''dansker'')]] Prussja Rjali. Mill-1457, il-kastell intuża bħala waħda mid-diversi residenzi rjali Pollakki, u wettaq din il-funzjoni għal iktar minn 300 sena (iktar mid-doppju tat-tul ta' żmien li kien intuża bħala s-sede tal-Ordni Tewtonika) sad-Diviżjonijiet tal-Polonja fl-1772.<ref name=":3" /> Matul dan il-perjodu, il-Kastell l-Għoli serva bħala l-maħżen tal-provvisti tal-kastell, filwaqt li r-Refettorju l-Kbir kien jintuża bħala post għall-balli, għall-festi, u għal avvenimenti rjali oħra. Ir-rejiet Pollakki spiss kienu joqogħdu fil-kastell, speċjalment meta kienu jivvjaġġaw lejn il-belt ta' Gdańsk/Danzig fil-qrib. Uffiċjali Pollakki lokali kienu joqogħdu wkoll fil-kastell. Mill-1568, il-kastell kien jintuża wkoll mill-Ammiraljat Pollakk (''Komisja Morska''), u fl-1584 ġiet stabbilita fih waħda miz-Zekki Rjali Pollakki. Barra minn hekk, l-ikbar arsenal tal-Commonwealth Pollakk-Litwan kien jinsab fil-kastell. Bid-deċiżjoni tar-Re [[Ġwanni II Casimir Vasa]] tal-1652, il-[[Ġiżwiti]] ħadu ħsieb il-kappelli tal-kastell iddedikati lil Santa Marija u lil Sant'Anna.<ref name=":1" /> Matul il-Gwerra ta' Tletin Sena, fl-1626 u fl-1629, il-forzi Żvediżi okkupaw il-kastell. Huma invadewh u okkupawh mill-ġdid mill-1656 sal-1660 matul id-Dulluvju (sensiela ta' kampanji militari tal-Commonwealth Pollakka-Litwana fis-[[Seklu XVII|seklu 17]]).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.inyourpocket.com/Malbork/History|titlu=History Malbork|sit=www.inyourpocket.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-05-06|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506143210/https://www.inyourpocket.com/Malbork/History|arkivju-data=2021-05-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> Imbagħad il-kastell żaruh ir-rejiet Żvediżi [[Gustavus Adolphus tal-Iżvezja|Gustav Adolf]] fl-1626 u [[Karlu X Gustav]] fl-1656.<ref name=":1" /> === Wara d-Diviżjonijiet tal-Polonja === [[Stampa:Marienburg_(1890-1900).jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-kastell fl-1890/1905, matul l-Imperu Ġermaniż]] Wara li l-Prussja u l-Imperu Russu għamlu l- Ewwel Diviżjoni tal-Polonja fl-1772, ir-raħal ġie anness mir-Renju tal-Prussja u fl-1773 sar parti mill-provinċja l-ġdida li ġiet stabbilita tal-Prussja tal-Punent. Dak iż-żmien, l-uffiċjali kienu jużaw il-kastell pjuttost traskurat bħala dar għall-foqra u barrakki għall-Armata Prussjana. L-aħħar Ġiżwiti telqu mill-kastell fl-1780.<ref name=":3" /> Fl-1794, [[David Gilly]], arkitett Prussjan u kap tal-Oberbaudepartement, għamel stħarriġ strutturali tal-kastell, biex jiddeċiedi dwar l-użu tiegħu jew it-twaqqigħ tiegħu fil-futur.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/oxfordindex|titlu=Oxford Index|sit=Oxford Academic|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-05-06}}</ref> It-tifel ta' Gilly, [[Friedrich Gilly]], ipproduċa bosta inċiżjonijiet tal-kastell u tal-arkitettura tiegħu, li wera f'[[Berlin]] u li ġew ippubblikati minn [[Friedrich Frick]] mill-1799 sal-1803. Dawn l-inċiżjonijiet wasslu biex il-pubbliku Prussjan "jiskopri mill-ġdid" il-kastell u l-istorja tal-Kavallieri Tewtoniċi.<ref>Boockmann, Hartmut (1992), "Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas", Ostpreußen und Westpreußen (in German), Berlin, <nowiki>ISBN 3-88680-212-4</nowiki>. p. 344.</ref> [[Johann Dominicus Fiorillo]] ppubblika edizzjoni oħra tal-inċiżjonijiet fit-12 ta' Frar 1803, sabiex huwa wkoll iqanqal l-interess pubbliku. [[Max von Schenkendorf]] ikkritika l-qagħda tal-kastell. Matul il-perjodu ta' [[Napuljun I ta' Franza|Napuljun]], l-armata użat il-kastell bħala sptar u arsenal. Napuljun żar il-kastell fl-1807 u fl-1812.<ref name=":1" /> Wara l-[[Gwerra tas-Sitt Koalizzjoni]], il-kastell sar simbolu tal-istorja Prussjana u tal-kuxjenza nazzjonali. Ir-restawr tal-kastell inbeda fl-1816 minn [[Theodor von Schön]], Oberpräsident tal-Prussja tal-Punent.<ref>C. Steinbrecht, ''Schloss Marienburg in Preussen'', Berlin, 1894.</ref> Fl-1910 inbniet l-Akkademja Navali ta' Mürwik fi [[Flensburg|Flensburg.]] Il-Marienburg kien mudell għal dan il-''Kastell l-Aħmar'' il-ġdid.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.shz.de/regionales/themen/100-jahre-marineschule/das-rote-schloss-des-deutschen-kaisers-id531261.html|titlu=100 Jahre Marineschule: Das rote Schloss des deutschen Kaisers {{!}} shz.de|kunjom=Ohlsen|isem=Holger|sit=shz|data-aċċess=2021-05-06}}</ref> Ir-restawr tal-Marienburg sar fi stadji sakemm bdiet [[it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]].<ref>Boockmann, Hartmut (1992), "Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas", Ostpreußen und Westpreußen (in German), Berlin, <nowiki>ISBN 3-88680-212-4</nowiki>. pp. 36-40.</ref> Bil-wasla ta' [[Adolf Hitler]] fil-poter fil-bidu tas-snin tletin tas-seklu 20, in-Nażisti użaw il-kastell bħala destinazzjoni għal pellegrinaġġi annwali kemm taż-Żgħażagħ ta' Hitler kif ukoll tal-Lega tal-Bniet Ġermaniżi. Il-Kastell Tewtoniku ta' Marienburg intuża bħala mudell għall-Kastelli tal-Ordni tat-Tielet Reich li nbnew taħt it-tmexxija ta' Hitler.<ref>Shirer, William (1960), ''The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich'', Simon & Schuster, ASIN B000EA3XL4. pp. 255-256.</ref> Fl-1945, matul il-ġlied tat-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija fiż-żona, iktar minn nofs il-kastell inqered.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.simplysaratravel.com/home/malbork-castle|titlu=Daytrip from Gdańsk: Malbork Castle|kunjom=DePasquale|isem=Sara|sit=Simply Sara Travel|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-05-06}}</ref> === Wara t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija === [[Stampa:Malbork_castle_after_IIWW.jpg|daqsminuri|241x241px|Fdalijiet tal-kastell wara t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-ħitan ta' barra tal-brikks baqgħu intatti]] Malli l-gwerra ntemmet, ir-raħal ta' Malbork u l-kastell reġgħu saru parti mill-Polonja. Il-kastell ġie rikostruwit kif kien qabel il-gwerra, permezz tar-restawr li baqa' għaddej mill-1962 wara n-nirien fl-1959 li kkawżaw iktar ħsarat.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hecktictravels.com/castle-of-knights-malbork-poland|titlu=Castle of Knights - Malbork, Poland in Photos|data=2013-07-17|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2021-05-06}}</ref> Fl-1961 twaqqaf il-Mużew tal-Kastell (''Muzeum Zamkowe'') u fl-1965 infetħet wirja tal-ambra. Il-Kastell ta' Malbork għadu l-ikbar kumpless tal-brikks fl-Ewropa.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://etwinning.weebly.com/malbork.html|titlu=Malbork|sit=European castles|data-aċċess=2021-05-06}}</ref> Sforz sinifikanti ta' restawr reċenti seħħ fil-knisja ewlenija tal-kastell (jiġifieri, il-Knisja ta' Santa Marija). Wara li ġiet irrestawrata eżatt qabel it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija u mbagħad inqerdet għalkollox fil-gwerra, il-knisja kienet tinsab fi stat ta' telqa, iżda fis-snin 10 tas-seklu 20 sar restawr ġdid ieħor li ntemm f'April 2016.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://funduszeeog.zamek.malbork.pl/index.php?lang=en|titlu=Conservation and building works in the complex of the Holy Virgin Church in the Castle Museum in Malbork|sit=funduszeeog.zamek.malbork.pl|data-aċċess=2021-05-06|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917000116/http://funduszeeog.zamek.malbork.pl/index.php?lang=en|arkivju-data=2021-09-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Il-Kastell tal-Ordni Tewtonika ta' Malbork ġie ddeżinjat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1997.<ref name=":2" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: '''il-kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; '''il-kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet"; u '''l-kriterju (iv)''' "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem".<ref name=":2" /> {{stampa kbira|Marienburg 2004 Panorama.jpg|1200px}} == Midfuna fil-mawżolew taħt il-Kappella ta' Sant'Anna == * Dietrich von Altenburg * Heinrich Dusemer * Winrich von Kniprode * Konrad von Jungingen * Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg * Konrad von Erlichshausen == Referenzi == {{referenzi}} [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Polonja]] [[Kategorija:Kastelli]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]] 7ab7awfjdcmvj9vtvcnutqyrq1vzt5y 0 27733 330565 303417 2026-06-16T01:55:40Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 330565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Edgar Alexei Robert von Wahl''' jew '''de Wahl''' (23 ta' Awwissu 1867 – 9 ta' Marzu 1948) kien għalliem, matematiku u lingwista tal-Ġermaniż Baltiku. Huwa magħruf l-aktar bħala l-kreatur tal-[[Interlingue]] (magħrufa bħala Occidental tul ħajtu), lingwa naturalistika mibnija bbażata fuq il-[[Lingwi Indo-Ewropej|lingwi Indo-Ewropej]], li inizjalment ġiet ippubblikata fl-1922. Imwieled f'Kherson, Wahl qatta' tfulitu bikri fl-Ukrajna, fejn missieru ħadem bħala inġinier tal-ferroviji,<ref>{{cite book |sena= 1900|titlu= Album Academicum der weil. drei Corporationen : A. Baltica in Zürich. B. Livonia in Carlsruhe. C. Baltica in Carlsruhe|post= Tartu|paġna= 57|pubblikatur= Jurjew, (Mattiesen)|hdl= 10062/16929}}</ref> qatta' l-kumplament ta' tfulitu f'Tallinn u mbagħad f'San Pietruburgu, fejn studja qabel ma serva fil-Navy Imperjali Russa. Mill-1894 'il quddiem, ħadem bħala għalliem f'Tallinn.<ref>{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom1= Mäeorg|isem1= Kalmer|kunjom2= Rahi-Tamm|isem2= Aigi|sena= 2016|titlu= Edgar von Wahl 1867–1948: keelemees ja poliitiline prohvet|pubblikazzjoni= Ajalooline Ajakiri|issue= 2|paġni= 296|doi= 10.12697/AA.2016.2.08|doi-access= free}}</ref> Wara li d-dar tiegħu f'Tallinn ġiet ibbumbardjata fl-1943, Wahl ġie miżmum fil-ħabs mit-truppi Nazisti talli rrifjuta li jaderixxi ma' Heim ins Reich, u eventwalment inħeles wara talba minn sħabu biex jiġi mċaqlaq fi sptar minħabba kwistjonijiet ta' saħħa mentali.<ref>{{Ċita web |kunjom=Barandovská-Frank |isem=Vĕra |titlu=Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo) |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf |kwotazzjoni="Post la okupo de Tallinn per sovetia armeo estis deportita kaj malaperinta la edzino de De Wahl, lia domo komplete forbruliĝis dum bombardado, detruiĝis lia riĉa biblioteko kaj manuskriptoj. Post la alveno de naziaj trupoj De Wahl rifuzis translokiĝon al Germanio kaj estis enkarcerigita. Por savi lin, liaj amikoj lasis proklami lin mense malsana. En la jaro 1944, 77-jaraĝa, li eniris sanatorion Seewald apud Tallinn kaj restis tie ankaŭ post la milito, ne havante propran loĝejon" |data-aċċess=2023-04-26 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Latinidaj_planlingvoj.pdf |arkivju-data=2019-01-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fl-1944, Wahl ġie assenjat fi sptar psikjatriku, fejn miet fl-1948.<ref>{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom1=Mäeorg |isem1=Kalmer |kunjom2=Rahi-Tamm |isem2=Aigi |sena=2016 |titlu=Edgar von Wahl 1867–1948: keelemees ja poliitiline prohvet |pubblikazzjoni=Ajalooline Ajakiri |ħarġa=2 |paġni=307, 309 |doi=10.12697/AA.2016.2.08 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wahl ġie introdott għall-ewwel darba fl-interlingwistika permezz ta' Volapük, li għalih ġie introdott mill-kollega ta' missieru Waldemar Rosenberger. Huwa kkompona lessiku tat-terminoloġija tal-baħar għal-lingwa, qabel ma dawwar l-[[Esperanto]] fl-1888. Sostenitur tal-Esperanto, flimkien mal-oftalmologu L. L. Zamenhof, influwenza x-xogħol bikri li sar fuq il-grammatika u l-vokabularju tiegħu.<ref>{{Ċita web |titlu=ÖNB-ANNO - Kosmoglott (Serie A) |url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&page=19&size=45 |data-aċċess=5 January 2019 |sit=anno.onb.ac.at |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203629/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&page=19&size=45 |arkivju-data=13 April 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wara l-falliment tal-Esperanto Riformat, li tiegħu Wahl kien proponent, Wahl beda joħloq il-forma ideali tiegħu ta’ lingwa internazzjonali. Fl-1922 de Wahl ippubblika "ċavetta" għal lingwa ġdida, Occidental, u l-ewwel edizzjoni tal-perjodiku Kosmoglott (aktar tard Cosmoglotta). De Wahl żviluppa l-lingwa fuq diversi deċennji fuq il-parir tal-kelliema tagħha, iżda tbiegħed mill-moviment (imbagħad iċċentrat fl-Isvizzera) mill-1939 wara l-bidu tat-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija. Iktar tard, ingħaqad mal-Kumitat tal-Konsulenti Lingwistiċi, parti mill-Assoċjazzjoni Internazzjonali tal-Lingwi Awżiljarji, li se tippreżenta l-Interlingua fl-1951. == Oriġini == [[File:WahlWappen.jpg|197px|lemin|thumb|Arma tal-familja Wahl.]] Edgar von Wahl kien membru tal-linja Päinurme mhux regolata tal-Wahls (Haus Assick). Il-bużnannu ta’ Edgar von Wahl kien Carl Gustav von Wahl, li akkwista l-Manor Pajusi, Tapik u Kavastu u kien ukoll is-sid ta’ Kaave Manor għal żmien qasir. Carl Gustav von Wahl kellu total ta '14-il tifel minn żewġ żwiġijiet, li minnhom niżlu diversi linji Wahl.<ref name="harpe1">Ena von Harpe. Carl Gustav v. Wahl. – Erlebtes Livland: Die Familie v. Wahl 1795–1993. Weißenhorn 1995, lk 35–43.</ref> Wieħed minnhom, in-nannu ta' Edgar von Wahl Alexei von Wahl, impjegat taċ-ċivil li xtara Päinurme fl-1837, poġġa l-pedament għal-linja Päinurme. Barra minn hekk, kien kerrej f’Taevere Manor, fejn twieled missier Edgar von Wahl Oskar von Wahl (1841-1906).<ref name="harpe">Ena von Harpe. Haus Assick. – Erlebtes Livland: Die Familie v. Wahl 1795–1993. Weißenhorn 1995, lk 83–96.</ref> L-għeruq ta 'Edgar von Wahl estiżi parzjalment għall-Ingilterra. Waħda mill-bun nanniet tiegħu, Henriette Edwards, l-ewwel mara ta’ Carl Gustav von Wahl, kienet bint in-negozjant Ingliż George Edwards. Bużnanna oħra, Kornelia Elisabeth Knirsch, mart Alexei von Wahl, kienet omm Marie Turner tal-Ingilterra.<ref name="harpe1" /><ref name="harpe" /> Missier Edgar von Wahl, Oskar von Wahl, inġinier ferrovjarju bi professjoni, iżżewweġ lil Lydia Amalie Marie von Husen (1845-1907) f'Tallinn fl-1866.<ref name="harpe" /><ref name="AA1">Mäeorg, Rahi-Tamm, lk 295–296.</ref> == Bijografija == === Tfulija u żgħażagħ === Edgar von Wahl twieled fit-23 ta’ Awwissu 1867<ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Ojalo |isem=Jaan |titlu=Enciklopedio pri la Estona Esperanto-movado |data=2000 |isbn=9985913043 |paġna=82}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web |kunjom=Künzli |isem=Andreas |titlu=Edgar von Wahl (1867-1948). Aldonaj biografiaj notoj pri lia familia deveno kaj atentigo pri grava libro pri la genealogio de la familio von Wahl |url=http://www.planlingvoj.ch/Edgar_Wahl_Tartu2009.pdf |data-aċċess=30 November 2019 |url=planlingvoj.ch}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita ktieb|url=https://www.digar.ee/viewer/et/nlib-digar:72016/105235/page/29 |titlu=Stammtafeln nicht immatrikulierter baltischer Adelsgeschlechter. Band I |isbn=9789949262694 |paġna=27}}</ref> minn Oskar von Wahl u Lydia Amalie Marie, f’dik li llum hija Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast (dak iż-żmien fil-Gvern ta’ Kherson, Imperu Russu), fejn missieru kien beda jaħdem fuq il-ferrovija Odesa-Balta-Krementšuk-Kharkov fl-1866.<ref name="oskar">Album Academicum der weil. drei Corporationen : A. Baltica in Zürich. B. Livonia in Carlsruhe. C. Baltica in Carlsruhe. Tartu 1900, lk 57. (kättesaadav ka [[hdl:10062/16929|DSpace'is]])</ref> Sal-1869, il-familja Wahl marret tgħix Kremenchuk, fejn twieldu tnejn mill-aħwa ta' Wahl: Oskar Paul Karl, li miet bħala tarbija fl-1869, u Arthur Johann Oskar (miet fl-1951) fl-1870. Iż-żewġ aħwa ta' Wahl, twieldu f'Tallinn. u Jenny Theophile (mietet fl-1961) f’San Pietruburgu fl-1877. Wara perjodu interim f'Tallinn, fejn twieldu żewġt itfal oħra - Lydia Jenny Cornelia (1871-1917) u Harriet Marie Jenny (1873-1920) -, il-familja marret toqgħod f'San Pietruburgu fl-1876, fejn von Wahl qatta' s-snin ta' formazzjoni tiegħu. F'dan il-perjodu twieldet oħtu Jennry Theophile (1877-1961).<ref name="harpe" /> Malli mar fil-belt, Edgar von Wahl beda jistudja fit-3 Gymnasium f'San Pietruburgu, u ggradwa fl-1886. Imbagħad studja l-arkitettura u aktar tard il-pittura fil-Fakultà tal-Fiżika u l-Matematika fl-Università ta' San Pietruburgu u fl-Akkademja ta' San Pietruburgu. Arti. Waqt li kien fl-università, Wahl ingħaqad mal-korporazzjoni Ġermaniża Baltika Nevania [et] li topera f'San Pietruburgu, fejn serva bħala teżorier fis-semestru tal-ħarifa tal-1891. Wahl ggradwa mill-Università ta' San Pietruburgu fl-1891 u rċieva diploma bħala għalliem tat-tpinġija fl-Iskola Elementari tal-Akkademja tal-Arti fl-1893.<ref name="dieter">Dieter von Wahl. Die deutsch-baltischen studentischen Verbindungen in Dorpat und Riga. – Erlebtes Livland: Die Familie v. Wahl 1795–1993. Weißenhorn 1995, lk 288–294, siin lk 294.</ref><ref name="nevania">Hesse, lk 32, 178.</ref> Wara li ggradwa mill-kulleġġ, Wahl ħadem fil-qosor bħala għalliem sostitut f'San Pietruburgu fil-ħarifa tal-1891, qabel ma daħal fil-militar.<ref name="nevania1">Hesse, lk 179.</ref> Wahl tgħallem diversi lingwi bħala tifel u adoloxxenti. Meta kien tifel, kien kiseb għarfien tal-Ġermaniż, ir-Russu, l-Estonjan u l-Franċiż, fl-iskola sekondarja għolja studja l-Latin u l-Grieg antik, u l-Ispanjol fl-università. Minbarra dawn, kien kapaċi jifhem lilu nnifsu b’disaʼ lingwi oħra. Wahl kellu interess li joħloq lingwi minn età żgħira<ref name="volker2">Volker von Wahl, lk 241.</ref>: <blockquote> Ja in puerin età mi hat idé de construction de un lingue. Plen de racontagies de Cooper, Gustave Aimard etc con mu camarades mi ludet american indianos, e conceptet li idé de un spécial jargon quasi indian por nor ludes. It esset fat del indian nómines prendet del racontas, e complétât per altri ne-cessi paroles prendet de divers altri lingues, lt havet un gram-matica mixt-composit del antic-grec e del estonian. Ti lingue nequande esset usat proque mu camarades refusat aprender it.<ref>{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom=de Wahl |isem=Edgar |date=1927 |titlu=Interlinguistic remiscenties |url=https://ia600208.us.archive.org/29/items/Kosmoglott-Cosmoglotta_1927_n041_jul-aug/Kosmoglott-Cosmoglotta_(1927)_n041_jul-aug.pdf |rivista=Cosmoglotta |ħarġa=41 |paġni=54-64}}</ref> (b'Interlingue) Traduzzjoni bil-Malti: Anke f’żgħożiti, kelli l-idea li nibni lingwa. Mimli stejjer minn Cooper, Gustave Aimard eċċ, lgħabt Indjani Amerikani mal-ħbieb tiegħi, u ħsibt l-idea ta 'lingwaġġ speċjali kważi Indjan għal-logħob tagħna. Kien magħmul minn kliem Indjan meħud minn stejjer, u komplut bi kliem ieħor meħtieġ meħud minn diversi lingwi oħra. Kellha grammatika komposta minn Grieg Antik u Estonjan imħallat. Din il-lingwa qatt ma ntużat għax sħabi rrifjutaw li jitgħallmuha. </blockquote> === Servizz militari === [[File:Edgar von Wahl 1914. aastal Vene mereväe ohvitserimundris.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Wahl b'uniformi tal-Marina Russa fl-1914.]] Fl-1892 Wahl offriet biex iservi fil-Navy Russa. Matul is-servizz tiegħu, Wahl vvjaġġa b’mod estensiv, u żar il-gżejjer tal-Karibew u l-Istati Uniti fost postijiet oħra. Fil-bidu tal-1894, huwa rċieva l-grad ta' Michman (Russu: мичман) u rtira ftit wara.[2] Fis-sajf tal-1904, Wahl reġa’ ġie msejjaħ għal servizz attiv. Huwa serva fil-Flotta Baltika sa Ottubru 1905, għalkemm ma pparteċipax fil-battalji tal-Gwerra Russo-Ġappuniża. Skont il-memorji tal-artist Estonjan Olev Mikiver [et; sv], li kien jaf lil de Wahl fiż-żgħożitu tiegħu, Wahl kien kburi ħafna bl-uniformi tiegħu ta’ uffiċjal ta’ żmien it-Tsarist u xi drabi saħansitra libesha għexieren ta’ snin wara: {{Kwota|E. von Wahl, inċidentalment, kien uffiċjal fil-flotta tat-Tsar ta’ età żgħira u, skont kliemu, waqqa’ ribelljoni ta’ baħri fi Sveaborg, il-port militari jew fortizza tal-baħar ta’ Ħelsinki, issa msejħa Suomenlinna, fl-1905 jew fl-1906. .. Huwa għandu jkun ikkunsidra din id-darba sagru, għax għexieren ta 'snin wara, pereżempju, fit-tieġ ta' oħti, deher b'uniformi tsarist.<ref name="mikiver">Olev Mikiver. Heites pilku tagasi: vesteid ajalehest "Teataja". Tallinn 2004, lk 45. Esimest korda ilmunud ajalehes [[Teataja (Stockholm)|Teataja]], 9. juuni 1993.</ref>|— Memoirs ta’ Olev Mikiver, ippubblikati fl-1993<ref name="mikiver">Olev Mikiver. Heites pilku tagasi: vesteid ajalehest "Teataja". Tallinn 2004, lk 45. Esimest korda ilmunud ajalehes [[Teataja (Stockholm)|Teataja]], 9. juuni 1993.</ref>}} Huwa improbabbli li von Wahl ipparteċipa fit-trażżin tar-ribelljoni ta' Sveaborg, peress li sa dak iż-żmien diġà nħeles mis-servizz.[21] De Wahl seta' rritorna għas-servizz attiv matul l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija.<ref name="volker3">Volker von Wahl, lk 242.</ref> Mill-1921 Wahl kien irreġistrat ukoll bħala uffiċjal ta' riżerva tar-Repubblika tal-Estonja.<ref name="esm">[http://prosopos.esm.ee/index.aspx?type=1&id=30103 Edgar Vahl] Eesti ohvitseride andmekogus.</ref> Waqt is-servizz tiegħu fin-Navy Russa, von Wahl ingħata t-2 u t-3 grad tal-Ordni ta' San Stanislav u t-3 grad tal-Ordni ta' Sant' Anna.<ref name="ERA.495">[http://www.ra.ee/dgs/_purl.php?shc=ERA.495.13.57:15854 Ohvitseride teenistuslehtede kartoteek]</ref> === Tallinn 1894-1917 === Fl-1894, Wahl mar joqgħod Tallinn, fejn qatta’ l-biċċa l-kbira tal-kumplament ta’ ħajtu. Dik il-ħarifa, beda jaħdem bħala għalliem tal-matematika u l-fiżika fl-Iskola Għolja tax-Xjenza ta’ San Pietru (issa l-Iskola Sekondarja tax-Xjenza ta’ Tallinn). Għallem it-tpinġija fl-iskola tal-bniet [et] immexxija mill-Baruniża Elisabeth von der Howen, l-Iskola Hanseatic, Tallinn, u l-Iskola tal-Katidral ta’ Tallinn.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=296}} It-tagħlim tiegħu ġie interrott biss matul iż-żmien tiegħu fis-servizz militari.{{Sfn|Hesse|1909|pp=|p=179}} L-istil ta’ tagħlim ta’ Wahl kien deskritt fil-memorji ta’ Aleksander Veiderma, edukatur fl-Iskola Rjali ta’ San Pietru mill-1906 sal-1909: <blockquote> ''Matemaatikat ja füüsikat õpetas veel Edgar von Wahl, endine mereväeohvitser, kellel oli alati varuks tabav märkus mõne sündmuse või isiku kohta. Ta oli kaunis räpakas füüsikakatsete korraldamisel: sageli murdusid riistad või purunesid klaasid. Tema suhtumine õpilastesse oli lihtne, mida kinnitab ka hüüdnimi Sass.'' Traduzzjoni bil-Malti: Il-matematika u l-fiżika kienu mgħallma wkoll minn Edgar von Wahl, eks uffiċjal navali li dejjem kellu xi rimarki li jolqtu dwar xi avveniment jew persuna. Kien messy ħafna fit-twettiq ta 'esperimenti tal-fiżika: utensili jew ħġieġ spiss inkissru. L-attitudni tiegħu lejn l-istudenti kienet sempliċi, li hija kkonfermata wkoll mill-laqam Sass. :– Memorji ta’ Alexander Oddma<ref name="veiderma">Aleksander Veiderma. [http://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:278445 Elu hariduse radadel: mälestused] [Life on the paths of education: memories]. Tallinn 2000, p. 141. (in Estonian)</ref> </blockquote> Fil-bidu tas-seklu, Wahl's bdiet tippubblika artikli dwar il-lingwistika f'pubblikazzjonijiet speċjalizzati, kif ukoll kitba f'diversi gazzetti u rivisti ta' Tallinn.{{Sfn|Hesse|1909|pp=179-180}} De Wahl daħal ukoll fil-politika qabel ma faqqgħet l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija. Fl-1913 ġie elett fil-kunsill tal-belt ta’ Tallinn, u sar membru tal-kumitat tal-kunsill għall-protezzjoni ta’ monumenti ta’ bini antik. Minkejja l-pożizzjoni ta’ tagħlim tiegħu, Wahl ma indirizzax kwistjonijiet ta’ edukazzjoni fuq il-Kunsill tal-Belt. Huwa kien parteċipant attiv fil-laqgħat tal-kunsill, iżda ftit tkellem.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=298}} Wara l-bidu tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija, il-Ġermaniżi li kienu jgħixu fl-Imperu Russu kienu soġġetti għal ripressjoni, li de Wahl ma ħarabx għal kollox. Pereżempju, it-Tallinn Noble Club [et], li Wahl kien membru tiegħu, ingħalaq.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=301}} Fil-ħarifa tal-1914, sab ruħu fiċ-ċentru ta’ kampanja ta’ propaganda biex ibiddel l-ismijiet tal-postijiet Ġermaniżi. Bħala kunsillier tal-belt, huwa pparteċipa f’diskussjonijiet dwar it-tismija mill-ġdid tal-belt ta’ Tallinn, wara l-proposta tas-Sindku Jaan Poska li tissostitwixxi isimha bil-Kolyvan bil-lingwa Russa Qadima (fid-diskussjoni tal-kwistjoni, intuża l-isem żbaljat Kalyvan). De Wahl skopra li l-eqdem ismijiet tal-belt kienu Ledenets jew Lindanisa. Kien interessat kemm kien se jiswa biex jinbidel l-isem, li ntqal li ntlaqa’ b’“daħk ġenerali” fil-kunsill. Il-voti meħtieġa biex jinbidel l-isem eventwalment intlaħqu mill-kunsill, iżda l-bidla nnifisha ma seħħitx.<ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Must |isem=Aadu |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913774896 |titlu=Esimene maailmasoda ja Eesti |data=2014 |oħrajn=Tõnu Tannberg |isbn=978-9985-858-90-5 |post=Tartu |paġna=30-31, 33 |lingwa=et |kapitlu=Privilegeeritust põlualuseks: baltisaksa ühiskonnategelaste represseerimine Esimese maailmasõja ajal. |oclc=913774896}}</ref> De Wahl ġie elett ukoll fil-kunsill tal-belt li sar eżatt qabel ir-Rivoluzzjoni ta’ Frar fl-1917. Fuq il-kunsill il-ġdid, sar membru tad-dipartiment tan-nar tal-belt, l-edukazzjoni pubblika u l-kumitati tal-affarijiet tal-pawnshop, u kompla wkoll bħala membru tal-Landmark. Kummissjoni Kostruzzjoni. Madankollu, f'Awwissu 1917, ġie elett kunsill ġdid, u l-attivitajiet politiċi ta' de Wahl waqfu.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=301-302}} === Ħajja fl-Estonja indipendenti === Fi Frar tal-1918, fi żmien id-Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Estonja, de Wahl wera x-xewqa li jingħaqad mal-pulizija, b'permess tal-armi miktub għalih minn student.<ref name="kaitsekodu">N. Rg. Koolipoisid. Isiklikke mälestusi meie iseseisvuse saabumispäevadelt [Personal Memoirs from the days of our independence] (in Estonian). – [http://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:18269 Kaitse Kodu 1934, nr 4], p. 135.</ref> Fl-1919, l-Iskola Sekondarja tax-Xjenza kienet maqsuma skond il-lingwa: l-Iskola Għolja tax-Xjenza ta 'Tallinn mgħallma bl-Estonjan u l-Iskola Għolja tax-Xjenza Ġermaniża ta' Tallinn mgħallma bil-Ġermaniż. De Wahl kompla bħala professur f'dan tal-aħħar, fejn għallem klassijiet fil-matematika, il-fiżika, il-ġeografija, il-kosmografija u t-tpinġija.{{Sfn|Karmo|2011|p=267}} L-istudenti spiss kienu jmorru għal xogħol ta' segwitu fid-dar tiegħu fi Triq Eha, li kienet iddisinjata fi stil marittimu u għalhekk kienet imlaqqma bħala l-"kabina" fost l-istudenti.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=302}}{{Sfn|Karmo|2019|p=834}} Fost l-istudenti tiegħu, de Wahl kien għalliem popolari li kien partikolarment iddedikat għat-tagħlim tal-ġeografija, aktarx minħabba li kien ivvjaġġa ħafna. L-istudenti kienu impressjonati wkoll bil-fatt li de Wahl kien membru tal-Klabb Ingliż, li kien jopera fl-iskola.{{Sfn|Karmo|2019|p=818}} De Wahl ġieli kellu konfront mal-kollegi tiegħu, u esprima b'mod miftuħ id-dispjaċir tiegħu għall-arti moderna (qabbilha mal-komuniżmu) meta kien mistieden għal wirja tal-arti mill-għalliem tal-arti tal-iskola.{{Sfn|Karmo|2019|p=820}} De Wahl irtira f’nofs is-snin għoxrin, iżda baqa’ jgħallem part-time sal-1933. Imbagħad ħa l-passatempi tiegħu, speċjalment il-lingwi artifiċjali, li kienu saru passjoni minn żmien San Pietruburgu{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=304}}. Kien editur tar-rivista ''Estländische Wochenschau'' mill-1929 sal-1930.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=305}} === Matul it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija === B'differenza mill-qraba tiegħu, de Wahl ma telaqx biex jiġi risistemat fil-Ġermanja fl-1939, fejn għażel li jibqa' l-Estonja. De Wahl, li rrappreżenta l-idea idealistika pan-Ewropea, ma għoġobx lill-gvern Nazzjonali Soċjalista tal-Ġermanja, u sejjaħlu "stat termite." Wahl seta’ wkoll għażel li jibqa’ biex jevita li jabbanduna l-arkivji estensivi tiegħu. Il-periklu li jispiċċa f'dar tal-irtirar fil-Ġermanja seta' wkoll kellu rwol: dan kien ġara lil xi wħud mill-konoxxenti tiegħu.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=305}}<ref name="erelt">{{Cite web |last=Erelt |first=Pekka |date=15 Jan 2002 |title=Keelemees, kes nägi ette Pearl Harborit |url=https://ekspress.delfi.ee/a/69055629 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Eesti Ekspress |language=et}}</ref> De Wahl reġa’ evita r-rilokazzjoni lejn il-Ġermanja li seħħet fir-rebbiegħa tal-1941. Huwa żgur kien konxju tar-rilokazzjoni sussegwenti, għax meta mistoqsi dwar il-pjanijiet tiegħu, wieġeb, u ma ħalla l-ebda dubju li d-deċiżjoni tiegħu kienet li toqgħod fl-Estonja: <blockquote> Dan Hitler, dan il-ġenn, jipprojbixxi lsienna fil-pajjiżi kollha li jirbaħ. Dan il-bniedem huwa miġnun!<br>— Edgar von Wahl fix-xitwa tal-1941{{Sfn|von Harpe|von Wahl|1995|p=243}} </blockquote> Fl-ewwel sena tar-repressjoni Sovjetika, de Wahl irnexxielu jaħrab. Wara l-bidu tal-okkupazzjoni Ġermaniża tal-Estonja, kien suspettat b'attivitajiet anti-istat. De Wahl ġie arrestat fit-12 ta’ Awwissu 1943, minħabba ittri mibgħuta lil Posen, ħutu, iżda li kienu nqabdu miċ-ċensuri f’Königsberg f’Lulju ta’ dik is-sena. F’dawn l-ittri, huwa kien bassar it-tifqigħa ta’ rewwixta fil-Polonja u ta parir lill-familja li kienet tgħix hemm biex tmur il-Ġermanja:<ref name="erelt" />{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=307}} <blockquote> "wara x-xoljiment tal-Bolxeviżmu, madwar l-1944, meta l-forzi Ġermaniżi-Alleati jersqu mit-tramuntana lejn l-Asja Minuri perikoluża biex irażżnu r-rewwixta Għarbija, iżda mhux qabel, huwa probabbli ħafna li billi jirtiraw it-truppi mill-artijiet maħkuma mill-Ġermanja, il- Il-Pollakki se jippruvaw jibdew rewwixta (diġà għandhom kampijiet sigrieti tal-armi), u allura l-fewd tal-mibegħda li ilu għaddej jista’ jinbidel f’massakru partikolarment bla ħniena fl-irħula u l-mansions qodma Pollakki. Il-Balts huma fil-periklu. Għalhekk irrid inwissikom. u kul[add fl-istess sitwazzjoni u nitolbok biex titlaq minn Wartegau jekk jista’ jkun, jew tal-anqas kull mezz ta’ [arba meta tfaqqa’ r-rewwixta G[arbija.Skjera r-Reich fil-[in.Nitlob li din l-ittra, li ktibtlek issa, f’Lulju 1943, tiġi ppreservata bħala dokument u, jekk possibbli, mogħtija lil ħaddieħor għall-eżaminazzjoni.”<br>— Ittra minn Edgar von Wahl lil Lieselotte Riesenkampff f’Tallinn fit-18 ta’ Lulju, 1943<ref name="kiri">Edgar Wahli kiri Lieselotte Riesenkampffile Tallinnas, 18. juulil 1943 [ Letter from Edgar von Wahl to Lieselotte Riesenkampff in Tallinn on July 18, 1943] . In {{Ill|Ajalooline Ajakiri|et}}} 2016 (2), pp. 310–311 (in Estonian), tr. Reet Hünerson.</ref> </blockquote> Fl-istess ittra, de Wahl innota li qabel kien bassar l-attakk fuq Pearl Harbor u t-tifqigħa sussegwenti tal-gwerra bejn l-Istati Uniti u l-Ġappun. Waqt is-seduta de Wahl ma ċaħadx dak li kiteb, u tenna bosta mill-akkużi li kien għamel, “emmen bis-sħiħ” fil-veraċità tat-tbassir tiegħu. De Wahl inżamm għal xi żmien fil-Kamp tax-Xogħol u l-Edukazzjoni ta’ Tallinn, iżda x-xhieda mogħtija waqt l-interrogazzjoni tiegħu kienet ikkunsidrata stramba mis-Sicherheitsdienst, u għalhekk de Wahl intbagħat biex jiġi eżaminat fil-klinika tan-nervituri Seewald. Hemmhekk ġie djanjostikat b'dgħjufija fix-xjuħija u mdaħħal fi sptar psikjatriku, li wkoll salvah minn piena tal-mewt possibbli. De Wahl ġie difiż minn diversi qraba u ħbieb qrib li sostnew li ma kienx responsabbli għall-azzjonijiet tiegħu.<ref name="erelt" />{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=307}} Waqt ir-rejd bil-bombi f’Marzu 1944, l-arkivju ta’ de Wahl inqered, li kien ta’ xokk kbir għalih. Tliet snin wara, f'ittra lill-Punentista Finlandiż A. Z. Ramstedt, fakkar li dak li ġara kien diżastru reali, li matulu ntilfu ħafna materjali insostitwibbli u uniċi.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=307}} === L-aħħar jiem u l-mewt === [[File:Edgar von Wahli haud.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Il-lapida ta’ Edgar de Wahl f’Pajusi]] Il-lista li l-Ġermaniżi għamlu fi Frar tal-1945 tan-nies li kellhom jiġu deportati kien jinkludi isem de Wahl, kif ukoll Ġermaniżi oħra li għadhom jgħixu fl-Estonja. Fiż-żmien tad-deportazzjoni skedata tiegħu f’Awwissu, madankollu, de Wahl kien fost tużżana nies li ma ġewx deportati jew li ma setax jiġi determinat fejn kienu. Għalkemm ir-raġunijiet għall-ħarba ta’ de Wahl mhumiex magħrufa eżatt, huwa magħruf li f’xi każijiet il-kap tat-task force li wettaq id-deportazzjoni ħa d-deċiżjoni li ma jiħux il-morda serjament jew il-persuni b’diżabilità, u għalhekk id-deċiżjoni setgħet ġiet influwenzata minn l-opinjoni tal-persunal tal-isptar. Għalhekk, kienet il-preżenza tiegħu fi sptar mentali li probabbilment salva lil Wahl għat-tieni darba.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49383525 |title=Umsiedlung 60 : baltisakslaste organiseeritud lahkumine Eestist : 24. novembril 1999 Tallinna Linnaarhiivis toimunud konverentsi ettekanded |date=2000 |publisher=Baltisaksa Kultuuri Selts Eestis |author=Sirje Kivimäe |others=Tallinna Linnaarhiiv |isbn=9985-78-025-6 |location=Tallinn |pages=126 |oclc=49383525}}</ref> Wara li ħarab mid-deportazzjoni, Wahl xorta rnexxielu jikkorrispondi ma’ kollegi barranin. Il-persunal tal-isptar f'Seewald seta' għaraf id-dedikazzjoni tiegħu għall-filoloġija meta ppermettew il-komunikazzjoni tiegħu mad-dinja ta' barra.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=308}} Wahl miet fid-9 ta’ Marzu 1948.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=309}} Huwa kien midfun fl-14 ta’ Marzu fiċ-Ċimiterju Alexander Nevsky fiċ-Ċimiterju ta’ Siselinna, Tallinn.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berger |first=Rick |date=Oct 1948 |title=Morte de E. Wahl |trans-title=Death of E. Wahl |url=http://cosmoglotta.pbworks.com/w/page/131688717/Cosmoglotta%20A%20141%20%28oct%201948%29 |journal=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=141 |pages=98}}</ref> Fl-1996, il-fdalijiet ta' de Wahl ġew imċaqalqa fil-Kappella tal-Manor Pajusi, fejn tinsab il-kappella tal-familja von Wahl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5837 Pajusi mõisa kalmistu ja Wahlide kabel • Mälestiste otsing • Mälestised |trans-title=5837 Pajusi manor cemetery and Wahl chapel • Search for monuments • Monuments |url=https://register.muinas.ee/public.php?menuID=monument&action=view&id=5837 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=register.muinas.ee |language=Estonian}}</ref> == Occidental == === Sfond === L-isforzi ta’ De Wahl biex joħloq lingwa ġdida u ideali għall-komunikazzjoni internazzjonali bdew b’interess ġenerali fil-lingwi artifiċjali fl-Imperu Russu lejn l-aħħar tad-19 u l-bidu tas-seklu 20. De Wahl beda jinteressa ruħu fil-Volapük li nħoloq reċentement fl-1887 (li ġie introdott fil-lingwa mill-kollega ta' missieru, Waldermar Rosenberger f'San Pietruburgu); wara beda jinteressa ruħu fl-Esperanto. Sar avukat attiv tal-Volapük, iżda ftit wara fil-bidu tal-1888, ġie introdott għall-Esperanto u qaleb għalih.<ref name="IR"></ref> Il-lingwista Estonjan Paul Ariste kiteb li de Wahl malajr sar avukat tal-kreatur tal-Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, u tax-xogħol tiegħu wara li sar familjari mal-ewwel ktieb tal-Esperanto ppubblikat fl-1887. Kien wieħed mill-fundaturi tal-Espero, l-ewwel soċjetà tal-Esperanto tar-Russja mwaqqfa. f’San Pietruburgu fl-1891, u sar ukoll korrispondent għar-rivista La Esperantisto. Huwa ttraduċa finzjoni Russa fl-Esperanto u kkumpila dizzjunarju Esperanto-Spanjol.{{Sfn|Ariste|1967}}{{Sfn|Künzli|2015|p=63}} Madankollu, de Wahl ma allinjax ruħu definittivament mal-Esperanto, iżda beda t-tfittxija għal lingwa artifiċjali ġdida: <blockquote> Kellu karattru bla kwiet, dejjem xi ħaġa ġdida. Minħabba din il-karatteristika, meta kien iżgħar, kien dejjem aktar inklinat li jippromwovi disinji ġodda għal lingwi artifiċjali [...] — Paul Ariste fl-1967.{{sfn|Ariste|1967}} </blockquote> Skont l-Esperantist Estonjan Jaan Ojalo. de Wahl tbiegħed mill-Esperanto wara li proposti għar-riforma tal-lingwa (li de Wahl kien favur ħafna għaliha, wara li ppropona xi wħud hu stess)<ref name="IR"></ref> ġew miċħuda mill-biċċa l-kbira tal-Esperantisti fl-1894;{{Sfn|Ojalo|1987|p=509}} Fil-fehma ta’ Ojalo, de Wahl qies ukoll l-Esperanto; li tkun lingwa "a priori" (oriġinali, kuntrarjament għal lingwi aktar naturalistiċi, bħal Euroclones). Temm jgħid li l-lingwa internazzjonali ideali għandha tkun aktar naturali u li tinftiehem anke minn dawk li ma kinux tgħallmuha. Fl-opinjoni ta’ Ojalo, de Wahl qies ukoll l-Esperanto wisq demokratiku, li hedded il-kultura tal-Punent.{{Sfn|Ojalo|1987|p=509}} === Ħolqien u introduzzjoni === [[File:Unde yelb.svg|197px|right|thumb|Is-simbolu tal-Occidental, li jirrappreżenta tilde fi ħdan ċirku, ġie introdott qabel l-1934 u ġie magħżul fost diversi varjanti minħabba s-sempliċità u s-simboliżmu tiegħu kif għandu x'jaqsam mal-komunikazzjoni.<ref name="pigal">Engelbert Pigal (1934). [https://www.scribd.com/doc/46800383/Cosmoglotta-January-1934 Li question del insigne de occidental] – ''Cosmoglotta'' (92), p. 7. (in Interlingue)</ref>]] De Wahl ħa l-ewwel passi biex joħloq lingwa ġdida fl-aħħar snin tas-seklu 19. Fl-1896 u fl-1897 huwa ppubblika żewġ artikli fir-rivista Linguist ibbażata f’Hanover, fejn ippreżenta l-ideat tiegħu. Madwar l-istess żmien, Rosenberger, li dak iż-żmien kien president tal-Akkademja Volapük f'San Pietruburgu, introduċa lill-membri tal-akkademja għal lingwa ġdida tal-ħolqien tiegħu stess, l-Idiom Neutral. Mill-1906 'l quddiem f'San Pietruburgu, Rosenberger ippubblika wkoll ir-rivista Progress b'lingwa ġdida. F'dik il-pubblikazzjoni, de Wahl għamel il-proposti tiegħu stess għal riformi fil-lingwa, li Rosenberg adotta sena wara fl-1907. Minkejja r-riforma, l-Idiom Neutral ma kisbitx popolarità u spiċċat. Fl-istess ħin, de Wahl żviluppa lingwa awżiljarja internazzjonali ġdida, ibbażata fuq il-lingwi Rumanzi, imsejħa Auli, akronimu għal Auxiliari Lingue International f'dik il-lingwa (Ingliż: Lingwa awżiljarja internazzjonali). Dan sar l-istadju intermedju ta’ Occidental, u de Wahl introduċieh fl-1909 fil-ġurnal Academia pro Interlingua – Discussiones. Fl-1911, de Wahl ifformula r-regola tal-formazzjoni tal-kelma li kienet tifforma l-bażi ta' Occidental.{{Sfn|Künzli|2015|p=9}}{{Sfn|Lumiste|Võhandu|2017|p=66}} Fl-1916, id-dilettanti tal-lingwa artifiċjali Russi waqqfu l-Assoċjazzjoni ''Kosmoglott'' f’San Pietruburgu. De Wahl ma kienx wieħed mill-fundaturi tiegħu, iżda aktar tard ingħaqad, kif għamel il-lingwista Estonjan Jakob Linzbach. De Wahl sar kelliem għall-“iskola naturalistika” tal-assoċjazzjoni; b’hekk twitti t-triq għall-ħolqien ta’ Occidental. Bl-avvenimenti rivoluzzjonarji tal-1917 u t-tluq tal-membri tagħha minn San Pietruburgu, l-attivitajiet tal-assoċjazzjoni spiċċaw, u spiċċaw kompletament fl-1921, iżda reġgħu reġgħu bdew f'Tallinn fl-istess sena. L-attivitajiet tal-assoċjazzjoni reġgħu reġgħu de Wahl flimkien ma Linzbach, u l-isem tal-assoċjazzjoni nbidel għal Kosmoglott. Inżammu rabtiet mal-ex membri tal-assoċjazzjoni, li issa topera f’diversi pajjiżi Ewropej. De Wahl kien ukoll l-editur tar-rivista Kosmoglott ippubblikata mill-assoċjazzjoni mill-1922 sal-1926. Fl-ewwel ħarġa tiegħu, de Wahl introduċa l-lingwa artifiċjali li ħoloq, Occidental. Mill-1923 sal-1928, introduċa wkoll il-lingwa fis-serje ''Occidental, unic natural, vermen newtrali e max facil e comprensibil lingue por International relationes''. Wahl ippubblika ktieb fl-1925 bit-titlu ''Radicarium directiv del lingue International (Occidental)'' in ''8 languages''.{{Sfn|Lumiste|Võhandu|2017|pp=67, 72}}{{Sfn|Dulichenko|2004|p=143}}{{Sfn|Künzli|2015|pp=10-13}} === Ifrex === Fl-ewwel ħarġa tar-rivista kienet ippubblikata wkoll wieħed mill-ewwel tentattivi tas-soċjetà biex tikseb attenzjoni internazzjonali għall-attivitajiet tagħha. Il-ħarġa kien fiha ittra mibgħuta lill-Lega tan-Nazzjonijiet, u ġiet stampata fil-5 ta’ Settembru, 1921, li tirrakkomanda l-introduzzjoni ta’ lingwa perfetta, mhux neċessarjament l-aktar lingwa komuni ta’ komunikazzjoni bejn il-popli, li tkun akkwistata faċilment. Sabiex tinstab lingwa xierqa, kien irrakkomandat li ssir kompetizzjoni u li l-kandidati jiġu evalwati minn kumitat ta’ esperti msejjaħ mil-Lega tan-Nazzjonijiet. Il-proposta ġiet miċħuda.{{Sfn|Künzli|2015|pp=13-14}}<ref name="kosmoglott">[https://ia600203.us.archive.org/1/items/Kosmoglott-Cosmoglotta_1922_n001_feb/Kosmoglott-Cosmoglotta_(1922)_n001_feb.pdf Kosmoglott e li Liga de Nationes] (in Interlingue, French)– Kosmoglott 1922 (1), pp. 3–5.</ref> Minkejja dan il-falliment, il-lingwa Occidentali ġibdet interlingwisti; b'mod partikolari dilettanti tal-Ido (l-Esperantisti baqgħu fidili lejn ilsienna). Skont Ariste, tilwim intern fost l-Idisti u appell personali minn de Wahl wasslu lil ħafna biex jippromwovu l-lingwa.{{Sfn|Ariste|1967}} Flimkien mat-tkabbir tal-popolarità tal-lingwa, l-attività ta' Kosmoglott naqset, u l-avveniment ta' Diċembru 1928 b'kommemorazzjoni ta' Rosenberger, li kien miet 10 snin qabel, kien meqjus bħala l-aħħar avveniment tas-soċjetà.{{Sfn|Künzli|2015|p=14}} [[File:OCCIDENTAL-Runde Mauer bei Wien 1927.jpg|197px|right|thumb|De Wahl ma' Occidentalists fi Vjenna fl-1927: mix-xellug għal-lemin Hanns u Johann Robert Hörbiger, Engelbert Pigal u de Wahl.]] Madankollu, matul l-1920s, ħarġu soċjetajiet Occidentali ġodda. Fl-1927, twaqqfet l-Assoċjazzjoni Internazzjonali Cosmoglotta, li sena wara ngħatat l-isem mill-ġdid Occidental-Union. Mill-1927, ir-rivista Cosmoglott bdiet tiġi ppubblikata fi Vjenna (minflok Tallinn) bl-isem Cosmoglotta. Fl-aħħar ħarġa ppubblikata f’Tallinn, de Wahl ippubblika, fost affarijiet oħra, il-poeżija ta’ Lydia Koidula bit-titlu “Max car donation” (L-Għeżież Rigal). Għal de Wahl personalment, il-popolarità tal-lingwa l-ġdida ġabet reputazzjoni internazzjonali. Tkellem pubblikament f’diversi pajjiżi Ewropej u kkomunika mill-qrib mal-lingwisti. Fl-1939, kien probabbilment l-uniku Estonjan li ġie mistieden għall-5 Konferenza Lingwistika fi Brussell.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=305|pp=}}<ref name="erelt" />{{Sfn|Lumiste|Võhandu|2017|p=68}} Min-naħa l-oħra, de Wahl baqa’ dilettant. L-attivitajiet lingwistiċi tiegħu qatt ma laħqu problemi lingwistiċi teoretiċi usa', iżda kienu limitati għall-bini tal-lingwa artifiċjali tiegħu stess u l-indirizzar ta' kwistjonijiet relatati.{{Sfn|Dulichenko|1987|p=|pp=91-92}} Occidental qatt ma kiseb il-popolarità tal-Esperanto, għalkemm de Wahl kien ried joħloq lingwa ideali għall-komunikazzjoni internazzjonali. B'differenza mill-Esperanto, li sar lingwa popolari fost il-movimenti tax-xogħol, il-kelliema tal-Punent fil-perjodu ta' bejn il-gwerra kienu fil-biċċa l-kbira intellettwali tal-Ewropa tal-Punent.{{Sfn|Ariste|1967}} Fl-1949, wara l-mewt ta’ de Wahl, Occidental ingħata l-isem ġdid ta’ Interlingue biex titneħħa r-referenza għall-Punent u tagħmel il-lingwa ħoss aktar internazzjonali. Skont il-ġurnalist Pekka Erelt, l-isem relatat “tal-Punent” tal-lingwa naqas l-espansjoni tagħha fl-Ewropa tal-Lvant. Wara l-bidla fl-isem tal-lingwa, Occidental-Union saret Interlingue-Union kif inhi llum. L-assoċjazzjoni għandha l-akkademja tagħha u r-rivista Cosmoglotta tkompli tiġi ppubblikata mill-assoċjazzjoni.<ref name="erelt" />{{Sfn|Lumiste|Võhandu|2017|p=68-69}} == Ħajja personali == === Familja === De Wahl iżżewweġ lil Maria von Hübbenet (it-tifla tat-tabib personali tal-Gran Dukessa Maria Pavlovna), f'San Pietruburgu fl-1894. Huma kellhom ħamest itfal: Johann jew Hans, Guido, Ellen, Anatol, u Lydia Maria. Iż-żwieġ ġie xolt fl-1913, u wara Johann, Guido u Lydia baqgħu ma’ Edgar filwaqt li Anatol baqa’ ma’ ommu, li marret toqgħod il-Finlandja, u ftit tal-ħin wara Lydia Maria marret hemm ukoll. Iż-żewġ ulied il-kbar ta’ De Wahl marru jgħixu l-Ġermanja fil-bidu tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija, fejn servew fl-armata. Guido qatta' vaganza qasira f'Tallinn waqt l-okkupazzjoni Ġermaniża, iżda fl-aħħar tal-1918 sparixxa.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=|pp=296, 299}} Skont sors wieħed huwa miet f'battalja mal-Bolxeviki qrib Tukums, il-Latvja fl-1919.{{sfn|Künzli|2009|p=236}} Fl-1914 de Wahl iżżewweġ lil Agnes Riesenkampff. Bħal żewġha, Agnes kienet għalliema, tgħallem il-ġinnastika f'Tallinn.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=300|pp=}} Fl-1917, twieldet binthom Veronika.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=299|pp=}} Id-destin ta’ Agnes ma kienx ċar għal żmien twil. Fl-1946 ġie ssuġġerit li sparixxa waqt il-migrazzjoni sfurzata ta' Ġunju 1941,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berger |first=Ric |date=Mar 1946 |title=Li guerre |trans-title=The war |url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&page=32&size=45 |journal=Kosmoglott |language=Interlingue |page=31 |pages= |archive-date=2023-04-16 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416162753/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1946&size=45&page=32 |access-date=2023-05-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> iżda issa huwa magħruf li ġiet arrestata u sparata mill-NKVD fl-1941{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=306}}. === Tbaħħir === Minbarra l-lingwistika, Edgar de Wahl kien baħri passatemp. Fl-1895 sar membru tal-Estonian Imperial Maritime Yacht Club, u fis-snin ta’ wara kien membru attiv, ingħaqad mal-kumitat tekniku tiegħu u kien is-segretarju tal-klabb. Huwa pproduċa yearbook ddedikat għall-25 anniversarju tal-klabb fl-1913. Fl-1922, de Wahl sar membru onorarju tal-klabb. Huwa kellu diversi jottijiet matul is-snin, li wieħed minnhom, ketch imsejjaħ Auli, jingħad li ddisinja hu stess.{{Sfn|Mäeorg|Rahi-Tamm|2016|p=|pp=297-298}} == Referenzi == {{referenzi}} === Biblijografija === * {{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom=Ariste|isem=Paul |titlu=Ed. Wahl – interlingvistika arendaja.|pubblikazzjoni=Noorte Hääl|data=14 January 1967 |lingwa=Estonian}} * {{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom=Berger|isem=Ric|titlu=Edgar de Wahl, autor de Occidental|pubblikazzjoni=Cosmoglotta |sena=1946 |ħarġa=130|paġna=17{{ndash}}32 |ref=none |lingwa=Interlingue}} * {{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom=Dulichenko|isem=Aleksandr |titlu=Об интерлингвистической деятельности Э. Валя (с библиографическим приложением по данным "Kosmoglott" и "Cosmoglotta")|pubblikazzjoni=Interlinguistica Tartuensis|sena=1987 |ħarġa=4|paġna=87{{ndash}}117|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10062/33858 |titlu-traduzzjoni=On the interlinguistic activity of E. de Wahl (with a bibliographic appendix according to "Kosmoglott" and "Cosmoglotta")|post=Tartu |lingwa=Ru}} * {{Ċita ktieb |kunjom=Dulichenko |isem=A. D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71507411 |titlu=Maailmakeele otsinguil, ehk, Interlingvistika kõigile |sena=2004 |pubblikatur=Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus |isbn=9985-56-845-1 |post=Tartu |paġna=143 |lingwa=Estonian |oclc=71507411}} * {{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom=Hesse |isem=Erich |titlu=von Wahl, Edgar |pubblikazzjoni=Album Nevanorum, 1847-1908 |sena=1909 |ħarġa=166 |paġna=178{{ndash}}180 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10062/34596 |post=Tartu |lingwa=de}} * {{Ċita ktieb |kunjom=Karmo |isem=Märt |titlu=Must-kuldne müts me peas... I, Tallinna Reaalkool 1917-1920 |pubblikatur=[[Tallinna Reaalkool]] |data=2011 |lingwa=et}} * {{Ċita ktieb |kunjom=Karmo |isem=Märt |titlu=Must-kuldne müts me peas ... II, Tallinna Reaalkool 1920-1940, Saksa Reaalkool 1919-1939 |pubblikatur=Reaali Kirjastus |data=2019 |lingwa=et}} * {{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom=Künzli |isem=Andreas |titlu=Edgar von Wahl (1867-1948) aldonaj biografiaj notoj pri la familia deveno. |pubblikazzjoni=Interlinguistica Tartuensis |sena=2009 |ħarġa=9 |paġna=234{{ndash}}239 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10062/55706 |titlu-traduzzjoni=Edgar von Wahl (1867-1948) additional biographical notes on the family ancestry. |post=Tartu |lingwa=eo}} * {{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom=Künzli |isem=Andreas |data=2015 |titlu=Eine neue Sprache für Russland und die ganze Welt |url=http://www.plansprachen.ch/Esperanto_Russland_bis1917.pdf |pubblikazzjoni=Unabhängige Schweizer Interlinguistische Studien |ħarġa=3 |paġna=9-14, 63|lingwa=de}} * {{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom=Lumiste |isem=Ülo | kunjom2=Võhandu |isem2=Leo |titlu=On Three Planned Languages Created in Estonia and their Creators |pubblikazzjoni=[[Interlinguistica Tartuensis]] |sena=2017 |ħarġa=10 |paġna=63{{ndash}}91 |url=https://dea.digar.ee/article/JVinterlinguisticatrt/2017/05/0/5.1.4|pubblikatur=[[University of Tartu]] |post=Tartu, Estonia}} * {{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom=Mäeorg |isem=Kalmer |kunjom2=Rahi-Tamm |isem2=Aigi |titlu=Edgar von Wahl 1867–1948: keelemees ja poliitiline prohvet |pubblikazzjoni=Ajalooline Ajakiri |data=2016 |ħarġa=2 |paġna=295{{ndash}}311 |url=https://ojs.utlib.ee/index.php/EAA/article/view/AA.2016.2.08/8109 |titlu-traduzzjoni=Edgar von Wahl 1867-1948: Linguist and Political Prophet |lingwa=Et}} * {{Ċita ktieb |kunjom=Mikiver |isem=Olev |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/253976608 |titlu=Heites pilku tagasi : vesteid ajalehest "Teataja" |data=2004 |pubblikatur=Perioodika |oħrajn=Hele Lüüs |isbn=9985-853-56-3 |post=Tallinn |paġna=45 |lingwa=et |oclc=253976608}} * {{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom=Ojalo |isem=Jaan |titlu=Edgar de Wahl and Occidental |pubblikazzjoni=Keel ja Kirjandus |data=1987 |ħarġa=8 |paġna=508{{ndash}}509 |url=http://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:194845}} * {{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |kunjom=Ojalo|isem=Jaan |titlu=Wahl, Edgar de|pubblikazzjoni=Enciklopedio pri la Estona Esperanto-movado|data=2000 |paġna=82{{ndash}}83 |post=Tallinn |lingwa=Eo}} * {{Ċita ktieb |kunjom=Stravenhagen |isem=H. |url=https://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/16929 |titlu=Album Academicum der weil. drei Corporationen : A. Baltica in Zürich. B. Livonia in Carlsruhe. C. Baltica in Carlsruhe |data=1900 |pubblikatur=Jurjew, (Mattiesen) |paġna=57 |lingwa=de}} * {{Ċita ktieb |kunjom=Veiderma |isem=Aleksander |url=http://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:278445 |titlu=Elu hariduse radadel: mälestused |data=2000 |post=Tallinn |paġna=141 |lingwa=et |titlu-traduzzjoni=Life on the paths of education: memories}} * {{Ċita ktieb |editur-kunjom1=von Harpe |editur-isem1=Ena |editur-ħolqa1=Ena von Harpe |editur-kunjom2=von Wahl |editur-isem2=Dieter |editur-ħolqa2=Dieter von Wahl |data=1995 |titlu=Erlebtes Livland: Die Familie v. Wahl 1795–1993 |kapitlu=Edgar Alexei Robert v. Wahl-Assick 11.8.1867–9.3.1948. |titlu-traduzzjoni=Experienced Livonia: the von Wahl family 1795-1993 |lingwa=de |post=Weißenhorn |paġna=241–244}} [[Kategorija:Interlingue]] o88r77ljlt7kiu9oufg7rdj5h89k2lo 0 28309 330569 321752 2026-06-16T05:19:47Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 330569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Margarita Xhepa''' ([[2 t'April 1932]]<ref>{{ċita ktieb |kunjom=Elsie |isem=Robert |titlu=Historical Dictionary of Albania |data=2010 |pubblikatur=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7380-3 |lingwa=en}}</ref>) hija attriċi Albaniża, magħrufa bħala waħda mill-iktar nisa importanti fil-qasam taċ-[[Ċinema Albaniż|ċinema]] u teatru Albaniż. Tieħu parti f'films riċenti bħal per eżempju Firdus in Bolero ne vilen e pleqve, li huwa maħdum fuq rumanz tal-istess titlu ta' [[Fatos Kongoli]].<ref>{{ċita web |sit=ObserverKult |data=2022-01-06 |titlu=Filmi “Bolero në vilën e pleqve” rikthen në kinema Margarita Xhepën e Robert Ndrenikën, aktorja: Isha e sëmurë, por…! |url=https://observerkult.com/filmi-bolero-ne-vilen-e-pleqve-rikthen-ne-kinema-margarita-xhepen-e-robert-ndreniken-aktorja-isha-e-semure-por/ |data-aċċess=2022-03-03 |lingwa=sq}}</ref> == Bidu tal-karriera == Xhepa hija ta' oriġini [[Arumeni|Arumen]].<ref>{{ċita web |url=https://www.minoritetet.gov.al/?page_id=1391 |titlu=Minoriteti Vllah |sit= Minoritetet Në Shqipëri |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620050228/https://www.minoritetet.gov.al/?page_id=1391 |arkivju-data=2017-06-20 |lingwa=sq}}</ref><ref>{{ċita aħbar |url=http://www.gazetadita.al/vllehte-ne-hapesirat-myzeqare/ |titlu=Vllehtë në hapësirat myzeqare |isem=Jovan |kunjom=Bizhyti |sit=Gazeta DITA |data=2015-10-04 |lingwa=sq |data-aċċess=2022-05-26 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420165557/http://www.gazetadita.al/vllehte-ne-hapesirat-myzeqare/ |arkivju-data=2020-04-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Twieldet f'[[Lushnjë]], l-Albanija, bħala Margarita Prifti minn Zoi u Marijë Prifti. Ommha mietet meta Margarita kellha disa' snin. Minn ċkunitha żvillupat imħabba lejn il-poeżija Albaniża, u għalliema tagħha ħeġġitha biex tibda klassijiet tar-reċtar. Gëzim Libohova, dak iż-żmien għalliem magħruf tar-reċtar fl-istitut kulturali ta' [[Lushnjë]], kien qed idur l-iskejjel biex isib lil xi ħadd kapaċi jirreċta fl-irwol ta' tifla Russa għal dramm fit-teatru. Malli ra lil Xhepa, għażel lilha peress li kellha xagħarha bjond u għajnejha ċelesti. Id-dramm tant kien suċċess li ntwera ukoll f'[[Fier]] u [[Berat]]. Wara li lestiet mill-iskola primarja, applikat għall-iskola magħrufa [[Jordan Misja Artistic Lyceum|Liceu Artistik (Skola tal-Arti)]] f'[[Tirana]], fid-dipartimenti tad-drama.<ref>{{ċita web |url=http://www.ekskluzive.al/diva-margarita-xhepa/ |titlu=Diva Margarita Xhepa |data=2018-06-24 |lingwa=sq |data-aċċess=2022-05-26 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629054154/http://www.ekskluzive.al/diva-margarita-xhepa/ |arkivju-data=2023-06-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karriera == Bdiet il-karriera tagħha f'[[Tirana]] fit-[[Teatru Nazzjonali t'Albanija|Teatru Nazzjonali]] (Teatri Kombëtar). Hemmhekk, ħadet sehem f'drammi miktubin minn [[Anton Chekov]], [[Friedrich Schiller]], u [[Nikolai Gogol]], fost oħrajn. Ippreżentat l-ewwel [[Festivali i Këngës]] fl-1962. Hija msemmija ukoll bħala [[Artist tal-Poplu Albaniż]]. == Suċċess Internazzjonali == L-attriċi kisbet il-premju ''Attur tal-Ewropa'' fid-19-il edizzjoni tal-Festival Internazzjonali tat-Teatru. Il-premju ewlieni tal-aħjar reċtar ingħata lil waħda mill-iktar attriċi importanti fit-teatru Balkani, għar-rwol ta' 'Nanna' fid-dramm ''[[Constantin and Doruntinë|Who Brought Doruntina]]'', taħt id-direzzjoni ta' [[Laert Vasili]].<ref>{{ċita web |url=https://prive.al/kush-triumfoi-ne-festivalin-nderkombetar-te-teatrit/ |titlu=Kush triumfoi në "Festivalin Ndërkombëtar të Teatrit"? |data=2021-07-13 |lingwa=sq |data-aċċess=2022-05-26 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714123108/https://prive.al/kush-triumfoi-ne-festivalin-nderkombetar-te-teatrit/ |arkivju-data=2021-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Filmografija== {{div col}} # ''Kronikë provinciale'' – (2009) # ''Ne dhe Lenini'' – (2008) # ''I dashur armik'' – (2004) # ''Mirupafshim'' – (1997) # ''E diela e fundit'' – (1993) # ''Një djalë edhe një vajzë'' – (1990) # ''Vitet e pritjes'' – (1990) # ''[[Kush e solli Doruntinën]]'' (1989) # ''Pranvera s'erdhi vetëm'' – (1988) # ''Misioni përtej detit'' – (1988) # ''Rrethi i kujtesës'' – (1987) # ''Fillim i vështirë'' – (1986) # ''Gabimi'' – (1986) # ''Gurët e shtëpisë sime'' – (1985) # ''Militanti'' – (1984) # ''Apasionata'' – (1983) # ''Dora e ngrohtë'' – (1983) # ''Shokët'' – (1982) # ''Dita e parë e emrimit'' – (1981) # ''Me hapin e shokëve'' – (1979) (TV) # ''Dollia e dasmës sime'' – (1978) # ''Gjeneral gramafoni'' – (1978) # ''Koncert në vitin 1936'' (1978) # ''Dimri i fundit'' – (1976) # ''Pylli i lirisë'' – (1976) # ''Tokë e përgjakur'' – (1976) # ''Vitet e para'' – (1965) {{div col end}} == Referenzi == {{reflist}} {{Awtorità}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Xhepa, Margarita}} [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1932]] [[Kategorija:Atturi Albaniżi]] [[Kategorija:Nies ħajjin]] kdol6cael5r70mqttayotwk90lhufap 0 28839 330562 323547 2026-06-16T01:05:43Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 330562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Brook Taylor''' FRS (twieled fit-18 ta' Awwissu 1685 – miet fid-29 ta' Diċembru 1731) kien matematiku [[Renju Unit|Ingliż]] magħruf l-iktar għall-ħolqien tat-teorema ta' Taylor u tas-serje ta' Taylor, li huma importanti għall-użu tagħhom fl-[[Analisi matematika|analiżi matematika]]. == Ħajja u xogħol == Brook Taylor twieled f'Edmonton (li qabel kienet Middlesex). Taylor kien iben [[John Taylor]], MP ta' Patrixbourne, Kent<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/taylor-john-1655-1729|titlu=TAYLOR, John (1655-1729), of Bifrons, Patrixbourne, Kent {{!}} History of Parliament Online|sit=www.historyofparliamentonline.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-18|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017080341/https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/taylor-john-1655-1729|arkivju-data=2015-10-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> u [[Olivia Tempest]], bint Sir [[Nicholas Tempest]], il-Baruni ta' [[Durham]].<ref>Jopling, Joseph; Taylor, Brook (1835). "Memoirs of the Life of the Author". ''Dr. Brook Taylor's Principles of Linear Perspective''. London: M. Taylor. pp. v–xii.</ref> Huwa beda jattendi l-Kulleġġ ta' San Ġwann, [[Cambridge]] fl-1701 u ggradwa b'LL.B. fl-1709 u b'LL.D. fl-1714. Taylor studja l-[[matematika]] taħt [[John Machin]] u [[John Keill]], u rnexxielu jsib soluzzjoni għall-problema taċ-"ċentru tal-oxxillazzjoni". Is-soluzzjoni ta' Taylor baqgħet ma ġietx ippubblikata sa Mejju 1714, meta dak li sostna dwar il-prijorità ma ntlaqax minn [[Johann Bernoulli]].<ref>''Phil. Trans.'', vol. xxviii, p. xi.</ref> [[Stampa:Taylor - Methodus incrementorum directa et inversa, 1715 - 811460.tif|xellug|daqsminuri|''Methodus incrementorum directa et inversa'', 1715.]] Il-''Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa'' (1715) ("Metodi Diretti u Indiretti ta' Inkrementazzjoni") ta' Taylor żied fergħa ġdida fil-matematika avvanzata, imsejħa l-"kalkolu tad-differenzi finiti". Taylor uża dan l-iżvilupp biex jiddetermina l-forma ta' moviment fil-kordi jivvibraw. Taylor kiteb ukoll l-ewwel investigazzjoni sodisfaċenti tar-refrazzjoni astronomika.<ref>Taylor, Brook (1715a). ''Methodus incrementorum directa & inversa''. London: Gulielmi Innys. p. 108.</ref> L-istess xogħol fih it-teorema magħrufa sew ta' Taylor, li l-importanza tagħha ma ġietx rikonoxxuta qabel l-1772, meta [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] rrealizza kemm kienet utli u ddeskriviha bħala "l-pedament prinċipali tal-kalkolu tad-differenzi".<ref>"[L]e principal fondement du calcul différentiel". According to François-Joseph Fétis, (''Biographie universelle…'', p. PA194, at Google Books, vol. 8, p. 194).</ref> Fis-saġġ tal-1715 ta' Taylor ''Linear Perspective'' (Perspettiva Lineari), Taylor stabbilixxa l-prinċipji tal-perspettiva f'forma li tinftiehem iktar, iżda x-xogħol kien qasir wisq u xi kultant kien pjuttost imċajpar bħala ħsieb, li kienet problema li affettwat il-biċċa l-kbira tax-xogħlijiet tiegħu bil-miktub. Dan kien ifisser li s-saġġ kien jeħtieġ spjegazzjoni ulterjuri fit-trattati ta' [[Joshua Kirby]] (1754) u ta' [[Daniel Fournier]] (1761).<ref>{{Ċita enċiklopedija|titlu=Taylor, Brook|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Taylor,_Brook|data-aċċess=2022-08-18|volum=26}}</ref><ref>Marlow Anderson, Victor J. Katz, Robin J. Wilson; ''Sherlock Holmes in Babylon: And Other Tales of Mathematical History'', p. PA309, at Google Books, p. 309.</ref> Taylor ġie elett bħala msieħeb fir-Royal Society fl-1712. Fl-istess sena, Taylor kien parti mill-kumitat li kellu jiġġudika dak li bdew isostnu Sir [[Isaac Newton]] u [[Gottfried Leibniz]]. Huwa għamilha ta' segretarju tar-Royal Society mit-13 ta' Jannar 1714 sal-21 ta' Ottubru 1718. Mill-1715 'il quddiem, l-istudji ta' Taylor ħadu direzzjoni [[Filosofija|filosofika]] u [[Reliġjon|reliġjuża]]. Huwa kkorrisponda mal-Comte de Montmort rigward il-prinċipji ta' [[Nicolas Malebranche]]. It-trattati mhux kompluti li kiteb malli reġa' lura minn Aix-la-Chapelle fl-1719, ''On the Jewish Sacrifices'' u ''On the Lawfulness of Eating Blood'', iktar 'il quddiem instabu fost id-dokumenti tiegħu. Taylor kien wieħed mill-ftit matematiċi Ingliżi, flimkien ma' Isaac Newton u [[Roger Cotes]], li kien kapaċi jħaqqaqha mal-Bernoullis, iżda nuqqas ta' ċarezza affettwat parti kbira mid-dimostrazzjonijiet tiegħu u Taylor ma rnexxilux jibqa' konċiż fl-ispjegazzjoni tal-ideat tiegħu b'mod eżawrjenti u ċar. Saħħtu bdiet tmajna fl-1717 wara snin ta' ħidma intensiva.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=gen&datum=17930055&seite=58|titlu=ÖNB-ANNO - The Gentleman's Magazin|sit=anno.onb.ac.at|data-aċċess=2022-08-18|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818070508/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=gen&datum=17930055&seite=58|arkivju-data=2022-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> Taylor iżżewweġ lis-Sinjorina Brydges ta' Wallington, Surrey fl-1721 mingħajr l-approvazzjoni ta' missieru. Iż-żwieġ wassal biex Taylor jiġġieled ma' missieru, iżda l-affarijiet bejniethom tjiebu fl-1723 wara li l-mara ta' Taylor mietet hi u twelled lil ibnu li miet ukoll. Huwa qatta' s-sentejn ta' wara mal-familja tiegħu f'Bifrons, u fl-1725 iżżewweġ bl-approvazzjoni ta' missieru. Taylor iżżewweġ lil [[Sabetta Sawbridge]] ta' Olantigh, Kent, li mietet ukoll hi u twelled fl-1730. Madankollu, l-unika tifla tiegħu, Elizabeth, baqgħet ħajja.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=gen&datum=17720060&seite=49|titlu=ÖNB-ANNO - The Gentleman's Magazin|sit=anno.onb.ac.at|data-aċċess=2022-08-18|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813075623/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=gen&datum=17720060&seite=49|arkivju-data=2022-08-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> Missier Taylor miet fl-1729 u b'hekk Taylor wiret il-proprjetà ta' Bifrons. Taylor miet meta kellu 46 sena fid-29 ta' Ottubru 1731 fid-dar tiegħu ta' Somerset, [[Londra]]. == Għażla ta' xogħlijiet == [[Stampa:Taylor Brook Goupy NPG.jpg|daqsminuri|Brook Taylor]] In-neputi ta' Taylor, Sir [[William Young]], stampa xogħol wara [[mewt]] Taylor bit-titlu ''Contemplatio Philosophica'' għal ċirkolazzjoni privata fl-1793, (2nd Bart., l-10 ta' Jannar 1815). Ix-xogħol kien jinkludi bijografija, u kellu appendiċi bl-ittri indirizzati lilu minn Bolingbroke, Bossuet, u bosta oħrajn. Diversi saġġi qosra ta' Taylor ġew ippubblikati f'''Phil. Trans.,'' vol. xxvii sa xxxii, li kienu jinkludu r-rakkonti ta' esperimenti fil-manjetiżmu u fl-attrazzjoni kapillari. Fl-1719, Brook ħareġ verżjoni mtejba tax-xogħol tiegħu dwar il-perspettiva, ''New Principles of Linear Perspective'', li ġie revedut minn [[John Colson]] fl-1749. Traduzzjoni bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]] ġiet ippubblikata fl-1757.<ref>''Nouveaux principes de la perspective linéaire, traduction de deux ouvrages, l'un anglais du Docteur Brook Taylor. L'autre latin, de Monsieur Patrice Murdoch. Avec un essai sur le mélange des couleurs par Newton'', p. PP5, at Google Books, 1757.</ref> Ġiet stampata mill-ġdid, b'ritratt u bijografija qasira fl-1811. * Taylor, Brook (1715a), ''Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa'', Londra: William Innys. ** Traduzzjoni annotata bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]] ta' [[Ian Bruce]]. * Taylor, Brook (1715b), Linear Perspective: Or, a New Method of Representing Justly All Manner of Objects as They Appear to the Eye in All Situations, Londra: R. Knaplock. == Tribut == Taylor huwa krater ta' impatt li jinsab fuq il-[[Qamar]], li ssemma hekk f'ġieħ Brook Taylor fl-1935.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5889|titlu=Planetary Names|sit=planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov|data-aċċess=2022-08-18}}</ref> == Iktar qari == * Andersen, Kirsti (1992). Brook Taylor's Work on Linear Perspective. Springer Science & Business Media. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4612-0935-5</nowiki>. * Anderson, Marlow; Katz, Victor; Wilson, Robin (2004). Sherlock Holmes in Babylon: And Other Tales of Mathematical History. Mathematical Association of America. p. 309. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-88385-546-1</nowiki>. * Carlyle, Edward Irving (1898). "Taylor, Brook" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co. * Feigenbaum, Lenore (1985). "Brook Taylor and the Method of Increments". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 34 (1–2): 1–140. doi:10.1007/BF00329903. S2CID 122105736. == Referenzi == {{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Brook}} [[Kategorija:Matematiċi Brittaniċi]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1685]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-1731]] lsg6xqlqq0yynlzc46zmmfxegq6p0am 0 31228 330564 319020 2026-06-16T01:40:38Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 330564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''David Soul''' (imwieled '''David Richard Solberg'''; 28 ta' Awwissu, 1943 - 4 ta' Jannar, 2024) kien attur u kantant Amerikan u Ingliż. B'karriera mifruxa fuq ħames deċennji, huwa żdied għall-prominenza talli ppinġi d-Ditektiv Kenneth "Hutch" Hutchinson fis-serje televiżiva Amerikana ''[[Starsky & Hutch]]'' mill-1975 sal-1979. Ir-rwoli notevoli l-oħra tiegħu kienu jinkludu lil Joshua Bolt ''f’Here Come the Brides'' mill-1968 sal-1970 u bħala l-attur ewlieni fil-film tat-TV Amerikan ''Salem's Lot tal-1979.'' Soul kellu wkoll suċċess moderat bħala attur tal-films meta interpreta lill-Uffiċjal John Davis ''f’Magnum Force'' fl-1973. Matul il-karriera tiegħu sab ukoll suċċess bħala kantant, fejn kiseb l-ewwel post b'single fuq il-[[US Billboard Hot 100|Billboard Hot 100 tal-Istati Uniti]] b’"Don’t Give Up on Us", li laħqet il-quċċata tal-klassifika fir-Renju Unit u l-Kanada. Soul kellu erba' diski oħra fl-aqwa 10 kif ukoll single oħra fl-ewwel post tal-UK Singles Chart b' "Silver Lady". Fis-snin 90 emigra lejn ir-Renju Unit u sab suċċess mod ieħor fuq il-palk tal-West End . Huwa għamel ukoll dehriet b'cameo fi programmi televiżivi Brittaniċi, inklużi ''[[Little Britain (serje televiżiva)|Little Britain]], [[Holby City]] ,'' u ''Lewis''.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Williams|isem=Zoe|data=January 5, 2024|titlu=David Soul: the British-American star who made crime-fighting cool|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/jan/05/david-soul-actor-dies-starsky-hutch-career|pubblikazzjoni=The Guardian|lingwa=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|data-aċċess=January 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="guardobit">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Hayward|isem=Anthony|data=January 5, 2024|titlu=David Soul obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/jan/05/david-soul-obituary|pubblikazzjoni=The Guardian|lingwa=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|data-aċċess=January 6, 2024}}</ref> == Ħajja bikrija == Soul twieled fit-28 ta’ Awwissu, 1943, f’Chicago, Illinois, l-Istati Uniti,<ref name="LarkinGE">{{Ċita ktieb|data=1992|titlu=[[The Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|edizzjoni=First|pubblikatur=[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Publishing]]|paġna=2328|isbn=0-85112-939-0}}</ref> u kien ta’ dixxendenza Norveġiża. Ommu, June Joanne (Nelson), kienet għalliem, u missieru, Dr Richard W. Solberg, kien ministru Luteran, professur tal-Istorja u x-Xjenza Politika, u direttur tal-Edukazzjoni Għolja għall-Knisja Luterana fl-Amerika. <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://archive.wfn.org/2006/11/msg00248.html|titlu=Lutheran Pastor, Advisor, Historian, Educator, Richard Solberg, Dies|sit=Wfn.org}}</ref> Iż-żewġ nanniet ta’ Soul kienu evanġelisti.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20084767,00.html|titlu=The Souls' Dark Night|sit=People.com|data-aċċess=October 11, 2021|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063337/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20084767,00.html|arkivju-data=March 4, 2016}}</ref> Dr Solberg kien ukoll rappreżentant anzjan għal Lutheran World Relief matul ir-rikostruzzjoni tal-Ġermanja wara t-[[Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]] mill-1953 sal-1956.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.elca.org/News-and-Events/5825|titlu=Lutheran Pastor, Advisor, Historian, Educator, Richard Solberg, Dies|data=November 20, 2006|sit=www.elca.org|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref> Minħabba f'hekk, il-familja iċċaqalqet spiss minn post għal ieħor matul iż-żgħożija ta' Soul, u b'hekk anke tgħallem l-Ispanjol.<ref name=":10">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.siouxfallslive.com/news/sioux-falls/sioux-falls-native-david-soul-of-starsky-and-hutch-fame-has-died|titlu=Sioux Falls native David Soul of 'Starsky and Hutch' fame has died|data=January 5, 2024|sit=Sioux Falls Live|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref> Ħuh Daniel sar Saċerdot Luteran.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-22-mn-16729-story.html|titlu=Lutheran Pastor--Brother of Actor David Soul--Jailed|data=May 22, 1985|sit=[[Los Angeles Times]]|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=January 10, 2024}}</ref> Il-familja kienet tgħix f'Sioux Falls, South Dakota, fejn missier Soul għallem ix-xjenza politika u l-istorja f'Augustana College, meta Soul ggradwa mill-Washington High School.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.keloland.com/news/local-news/starsky-and-hutch-star-david-soul-dies/|titlu=Former Augustana student David Soul and star of 'Starsky and Hutch' dies|isem=Talia|awtur=Naquin|isem2=Cindy|awtur2=Bahe|data=January 5, 2024|sit=Keloland.com|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111180211/https://www.keloland.com/news/local-news/starsky-and-hutch-star-david-soul-dies/|arkivju-data=January 11, 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Soul attenda l-Augustana College għal sentejn qabel ma l-familja reġgħet iċċaqalqet, din id-darba lejn il-Belt tal-Messiku, fejn studja għal sena fl-Università tal-Ameriki.<ref name=":4">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Renshaw|isem=Eric|data=January 10, 2018|titlu=Looking Back: How David Soul made it from Sioux Falls to 'Starsky and Hutch'|url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/life/2018/01/10/looking-back-how-david-soul-made-sioux-falls-starsky-and-hutch/1021045001/|pubblikazzjoni=[[Argus Leader]]|data-aċċess=April 5, 2019}}</ref> Waqt li kien fil-Messiku, ispirat minn studenti li għallmuh idoqq il-kitarra, Soul biddel id-direzzjoni tiegħu u ddeċieda li jiżviluppa karriera fil-mużika.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Horton|isem=Adrian|data=January 5, 2024|titlu=Starsky & Hutch actor David Soul dies aged 80|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/jan/05/david-soul-starsky-hutch-actor-dies-aged-80|pubblikazzjoni=[[The Guardian]]|lingwa=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref> Meta rritorna l-Istati Uniti mill-Messiku, huwa daħal jaħdem bħala kantant residenti fi klabb fl-Università ta 'Minnesota, jsmu The 10 O'Clock Scholar.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/05/entertainment/david-soul-death/index.html|titlu=David Soul, 'Starsky & Hutch' star, dead at 80|isem=Lisa Respers|awtur=France|data=January 5, 2024|sit=CNN|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref> == Karriera == Soul beda jaħdem fuq il-palk bħala attur f’nofs is-sittin, meta sar membru fundatur tal-Firehouse Theater f’Minneapolis. Huwa vvjaġġa mal-kumpanija lejn New York City fl-1965, deher ''f'Baal'' ta' [[Bertolt Brecht]] u s- ''Serjeant Musgrave's Dance'' ta' John Arden.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzggGMMtSIC&dq=%22David+Soul%22+%22firehouse+theater%22&pg=PA161 Adams, Jan Thatcher. ''Football Wife; Coming of age with the NFL as Mrs. Karl Kassulke'']. Franklin Green Publishing. (2011) {{ISBN|9781936470426}} P. 161</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/93350/david-soul-to-star-in-londons-jerry-springer/|titlu=David Soul to Star in London's Jerry Springer|sit=Broadway.com|data-aċċess=October 11, 2021}}</ref> Soul kiseb l-ewwel attenzjoni nazzjonali bħala l-"Covered Man" fuq ''The Merv Griffin Show'' fl-1966 u l-1967, li fih kanta waqt li kien liebes maskra. Kien qal: "Jisimni David Soul, u rrid inkun magħruf għall-mużika tiegħi."<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.davidsoul.com/themervgriffinshow.html|titlu=The Merv Griffin Show|data-aċċess=October 11, 2021|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://archive.today/20061027183305/http://www.davidsoul.com/themervgriffinshow.html|arkivju-data=October 27, 2006}}</ref> Fl-istess sena, huwa għamel id-debutt televiżiv tiegħu f'''Flipper.''<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/david-soul-dead-starsky-hutch-dies-obituary-1235576388/|titlu=David Soul, ‘Starsky & Hutch’ Star and ‘Don’t Give Up on Us’ Singer Dies at 80|kunjom=Kaufman|isem=Gil|data=2024-01-05|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2024-01-18}}</ref> Fl-1967, huwa ffirma kuntratt ma' Columbia Pictures<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://timesofsandiego.com/arts/2024/01/05/david-soul-1970s-starsky-hutch-star-dies-at-80/|titlu=David Soul, 1970s 'Starsky & Hutch' Star, Dies at 80|isem=Debbie L.|awtur=Sklar|data=January 5, 2024|sit=[[Times of San Diego]]|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=January 10, 2024}}</ref> u wara numru ta' dehriet mistiedna, inkluż l-episodju "The Apple" mit-tieni staġun ta' ''[[Star Trek]]'', huwa kiseb ir-rwol ta' Joshua Bolt fil-programm televiżiv ''Here Come the Brides'' mal-atturi Robert Brown, Bobby Sherman, u Bridget Hanley.<ref name=":9">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/david-soul-dead-starsky-and-hutch-actor-1235780159/|titlu=David Soul, 'Starsky and Hutch' Actor, Dies at 80|isem=Mike|awtur=Barnes|data=January 5, 2024|sit=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=January 10, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bridget-hanley-dead-here-come-the-brides-1235064483/|titlu=Bridget Hanley, Star of 'Here Come the Brides,' Dies at 80|isem=Mike|awtur=Barnes|data=December 17, 2021|sit=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=January 10, 2024}}</ref> Is-serje ġiet trasmessa fuq in -netwerk televiżiv ABC mill-25 ta’ Settembru 1968, sat-18 ta’ Settembru 1970.<ref>Brooks, Tim & Marsh, Earle, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, Ballantine Books, 1979</ref> Fl-1972, huwa deher bħala s-sieħeb legali ta' Arthur Hill fuq ''Owen Marshall, Counsellor at Law.'' Wara bosta rwoli bħala mistieden fuq it-TV, fosthom ''[[It-Toroq ta’ San Francisco|The Streets of San Francisco]] ,'' kien ħadem ma’ [[Clint Eastwood]] fil-film ''Magnum Force.''<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/magnum_force|titlu=Magnum Force|data=October 31, 2008|sit=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref> Il-mument tiegħu biex jispikka wasal meta ħadem l-parti tad-Ditektiv Ken "Hutch" Hutchinson fuq ''[[Starsky & Hutch]],'' rwol li kellu mill-1975 sal-1979.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/starsky-and-hutch-actor-david-soul-dies-aged-80/a-67901790|titlu='Starsky and Hutch' actor David Soul dies aged 80|data=January 5, 2024|sit=[[Dw.com]]|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 10, 2024}}</ref> Soul idderieġa wkoll tliet episodji ta’ ''Starsky u Hutch.''<ref name=":9" /> Matul il-karriera tiegħu għamel dehriet mistiedna fi ''Star Trek'', ''[[Joħlom ta’ Jeannie|I Dream of Jeannie]]'', ''McMillan &amp;amp; Wife'', ''[[Cannon (serje TV)|Cannon]]'', ''[[Duħħan tan-nar|Gunsmoke]]'', ''[[Kollha fil-Familja|All in the Family]]'', u bosta films televiżivi u mini-serje, inklużi ''Homeward Bound (1980), World War III'', u ''Rage'' (1980).<ref name="auto">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/david_soul|titlu=David Soul|sit=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 10, 2024}}</ref> Soul ħadem ukoll ma' [[James Mason]] fl -adattament tal-miniserje televiżiv tal-1979 ta' ''<nowiki/>'Salem's Lot''' ta' Stephen King, li deher ukoll f'verżjoni editjata fis-swali taċ-ċinema f'xi pajjiżi.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://screenrant.com/salems-lot-1979-miniseries-cuts-versions-explained/|titlu=Salem's Lot: All 4 Cuts Of Stephen King's 1979 Miniseries Explained|isem=Michael|awtur=Kennedy|data=May 7, 2021|sit=[[ScreenRant]]|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref> Matul nofs is-snin sebgħin, Soul reġa’ lura għall-għeruq tiegħu tal-kant. Huwa kiseb suċċess fl-Istati Uniti b'"Don't Give Up on Us" (1977) li laħqet l-ewwel post fil-klassifiċi tal-Istati Uniti u r-Renju Unit.<ref>''Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990'' - {{ISBN|0-89820-089-X}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Roberts|isem=David|sena=2006|titlu=[[British Hit Singles & Albums]]|edizzjoni=19th|post=London|pubblikatur=Guinness World Records Limited|paġni=335–6|isbn=1-904994-10-5}}</ref> "Silver Lady" (1977) telgħet fl-ewwel post fir-Renju Unit.<ref name=":7">{{Ċita ktieb|data=2006-06-02|editur-kunjom1=Roberts|editur-isem1=David|titlu=British Hit Singles and Albums|url=|lingwa=en|pubblikatur=Guinness World Records Limited|paġni=335-6|isbn=1-904994-10-5}}</ref> Mill-1976 sal-1982, iitturja b'mod estensiv fl-Istati Uniti, l-Ewropa, il-Lvant Imbiegħed, u l-Amerika t'Isfel.<ref name="aged 80">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-67895679|titlu=David Soul: Starsky & Hutch actor dies aged 80|isem=Charlotte|awtur=Gallagher|isem2=Mark|awtur2=Savage|data=January 5, 2024|sit=[[BBC News]]|pubblikatur=[[BBC]]|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 5, 2024}}</ref> F'nofs is-snin disgħin, Soul marret mar-Renju Unit, u ssawwar karriera ġdida fuq il-palk tal- West End, inkluż ir-rwol ta' Chandler Tate f'<nowiki/>''Comic Potential'' u n-narratur f'''[[Blood Brothers (mużikali)|Blood Brothers]]''.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2024/0105/1424971-starsky-and-hutch-star-david-soul-has-died-aged-80/|titlu=Starsky & Hutch star David Soul has died aged 80|data=January 5, 2024|sit=[[RTÉ News]]|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref> Fl-2001 u fl-2002, deher f'''Holby City'' bħala Alan Fletcher.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|data=December 20, 2000|titlu=David Soul joins Holby City - BBC News p.20 December 2000|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1079289.stm|data-aċċess=March 26, 2020}}</ref> Fl-2003, deher (fil-parti tiegħu stess) fl-ewwel sensiela ta' ''[[Little Britain (serje televiżiva)|Little Britain]]'' tal-[[BBC]].<ref name="aged 80" /> Fl-2004, huwa deher ''f'Agatha Christie's Poirot – Death on the Nile'' fir-rwol ta' Andrew Pennington (kien ħa sehem ukoll fl-adattament tal-film tal-1989 ta' Christie's ''Appointment with Death'').<ref name="aged 80" /> Soul kien mistieden fuq ''[[Top Gear (serje TV tal-2002)|Top Gear]]'' tal-BBC.<ref name="aged 80" /> Huwa kien wieħed mill-aktar sewwieqa veloċi li dehru f'dan il-programm u temm id-dawra tiegħu f'1:54:00,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.topgear.com/show/lap-times|titlu=Lap Times|sit=Top Gear|data-aċċess=September 3, 2015|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304113837/https://www.topgear.com/show/lap-times|arkivju-data=March 4, 2021}}</ref> iżda rnexxielu jkisser il- gearbox tal-karozza (u sussegwentement ta' karozza oħra bħala riżerva) viċin ħafna tat-tmiem.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03rds56|titlu=David Soul Breaks Two Lianas December 2000|sit=Bbc.co.uk|data-aċċess=January 30, 2021}}</ref> [[Stampa:4.29.18DavidSoulByLuigiNovi1.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri| Soul fl-East Coast Comicontal-2018 f'Secaucus, New Jersey]] Fit-12 ta' Lulju 2004, ħa f'idejh il-rwol ta' [[Jerry Springer]] f'''[[Jerry Springer: L-Opra|Jerry Springer: The Opera]]'' fil-Cambridge Theatre f'Londra, imxandra mill-BBC fl-2005.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/david-soul-in-jerry-springer-the-opera-from-12-july-2004|titlu=David Soul in "Jerry Springer the Opera" from 12 July 2004|data=June 8, 2016|sit=London Theatre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/jerry-springer-the-opera-to-be-broadcast-by-bbc-2-on-sat-8-jan-2005-despite-a|titlu="Jerry Springer The Opera" to be broadcast by BBC 2 on Sat 8 Jan 2005 despite a record number of complaints.|data=June 8, 2016|sit=London Theatre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref> Irritorna lejn il-West End fl-2006, fil-parti ta' Mack fi produzzjoni ġdida tal-musical ta' Jerry Herman ''Mack and Mabel'' fil-Criterion Theatre.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.newburytheatre.co.uk/archive/200505a.htm|titlu=Watermill - Mack and Mabel|sit=www.newburytheatre.co.uk|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/mack-mabel-to-close-early-1-july-2006|titlu="Mack & Mabel" to close early 1 July 2006|data=June 8, 2016|sit=London Theatre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref> Huwa kellu cameo qasir fil-verżjoni tal-films tal-2004 ta' ''Starsky & Hutch ,'' flimkien mal-co-star oriġinali Paul Michael Glaser.<ref name="aged 80" /> F'Awwissu 2008, Soul deher fis-serje tat-televiżjoni ''[[Maestro (serje tat-televiżjoni Ingliża)|Maestro]]'' fuq [[BBC Żewġ|BBC Two]] taħt il-gwida ta' [[Natalia Luis-Bassa]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/05_may/23/maestro.shtml|titlu=BBC - Press Office - Eight passionate amateurs bid to become BBC Two's Maestro|sit=www.bbc.co.uk|data-aċċess=2024-01-18}}</ref> Huwa deher ma' [[Fred Ward]] u [[Willem Dafoe]] fil-film ''Farewell'' dirett minn Christian Carion, li ħareġ fl-Istati Uniti fl-2010.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Anderson|isem=John|data=July 9, 2010|titlu=In the July Heat, a Cold-War Comeback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/11/movies/11cold.html|pubblikazzjoni=[[The New York Times]]|lingwa=en-US|issn=0362-4331|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/farewell|titlu=Farewell|data=July 23, 2010|sit=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> F'Ġunju 2012, Soul għamel dehra ta' ġimgħa ma' [[Jerry Hall]] fil- Gaiety Theatre, Dublin, f'produzzjoni ġdida tad-dramm nominat għall-Premju Pulitzer ''Love Letters'' ta' A.R. Gurney.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/jerry-hall/pictures/3078592|titlu=Jerry Hall and David Soul launch 'Love Letters' at The Gaiety Theatre which opens tonight|data=June 18, 2012|pubblikatur=contactmusic.com|data-aċċess=November 20, 2015|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085958/http://www.contactmusic.com/jerry-hall/pictures/3078592|arkivju-data=March 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fid-29 ta’ Lulju 2012, huwa deher f’episodju tas-serje drammatika tad-ditektifs televiżiv Brittaniku ''Lewis'', bħala vittma ta’ qtil.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E1DD1E31F93AA15754C0A9649D8B63|titlu=What's On Sunday|isem=Kathryn|awtur=Shattuck|data=July 29, 2012|sit=[[The New York Times]]|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 12, 2024}}</ref> Fl-2013, Soul deher ikanta "Silver Lady" fil-film Skoċċiż ''Filth''.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/movie-playlist-2013/|titlu=Empire's Music Playlist Of 2013|isem=Ali|awtur=Plumb|isem2=Phil|awtur2=De Semlyen|data=August 12, 2013|sit=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 12, 2024}}</ref> Fl-2014, Soul ħa sehem fi reklam televiżiv Brittaniku għan-[[National Express Coaches|National Express]] kanta "Silver Lady" waqt li kienet qed issuq kowċ.<ref name="aged 80" /> == Ħajja personali == Soul kien miżżewġa ħames darbiet u kellha ħames subien u tifla.<ref name=":10" /> Fl-1964, l-ewwel żwieġ ta’ Soul kien ma’ Mirriam "Mim" Solberg (née Russeth). Il-koppja kellha wild wieħed, qabel iddivorzjaw fl-1965.<ref name="guardobit" /><ref>{{Ċita aħbar|data=January 5, 2024|titlu=David Soul, actor and singer who shot to fame around the world in Starsky and Hutch – obituary|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2024/01/05/david-soul-actor-singer-starsky-and-hutch-died-obituary/|pubblikazzjoni=[[Telegraph.co.uk]]|lingwa=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|data-aċċess=January 12, 2024}}</ref> It-tieni żwieġ ta’ Soul kien mal-attriċi Karen Carlson. Iżżewġu fl-1968, wara li ltaqgħu fuq is-sett tas-serje televiżiva ''Here Come the Brides'' li fiha Carlson ħadet sehem ukoll.<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/211245325/|titlu=Karen survives Hollywood style|data=March 5, 1978|sit=The Times|lingwa=en-US|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Huma kellhom tifel flimkien, Jon-Kristjian, qabel il-koppja ddivorzjat fl-1977.<ref name=":1" /> Matul is-snin li kien qed jiffilmja ''Starsky & Hutch,'' Soul kellu relazzjoni miftuħa mal-attriċi Lynne Marta.<ref name="People">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20084767,00.html|titlu=The Souls' Dark Night|isem=Brad|awtur=Darrach|isem2=Gioia|awtur2=Diliberto|data=April 18, 1983|data-aċċess=October 30, 2010|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063337/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20084767,00.html|arkivju-data=March 4, 2016}}</ref> Fl-1980, tliet snin wara t-tieni divorzju tiegħu, Soul iżżewweġ lil Patti Carnel-Sherman, ex-mara ta ' [[Bobby Sherman]].<ref name="guardobit" /> Soul kien ordnat jattendi sessjonijjiet ta' terapija għall-alkoħoliżmu u l-immaniġġjar tar-rabja wara li attakkaha meta kellha seba’ xhur tqila bit-tifel tiegħu.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1419225/David-Soul-talks-of-guilt-after-beating-his-wife.html|url-aċċess=subscription|titlu=David Soul talks of guilt after beating his wife|isem=Sarah|awtur=Womack|data=January 18, 2003|sit=The Telegraph|data-aċċess=February 14, 2021|url-status=live|arkivju-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1419225/David-Soul-talks-of-guilt-after-beating-his-wife.html|arkivju-data=January 12, 2022}}</ref><ref name="guardobit" /> Il-koppja ddivorzjat fl-1986.<ref name="guardobit" /> Sena wara, fl-1987, Soul iżżewweġ lill-attriċi Singaporan-Amerikana Julia Nickson.<ref name="aged 80" /> Huma kellhom tifla, [[Ċina Soul|China Soul]], li hija kantawtriċi.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.famemagazine.co.uk/2010/09/10/fame-presents-china-soul/|titlu=Fame Magazine September 2010|data=September 10, 2010|pubblikatur=Famemagazine.co.uk|data-aċċess=October 30, 2011|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004155329/http://www.famemagazine.co.uk/2010/09/10/fame-presents-china-soul/|arkivju-data=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Nickson ħeġġet lil Soul biex ifittex għajnuna dwar ix-xorb eċċessiv tiegħu, u jipperswadietu jidħol f'faċilità ta' rijabilitazzjoni fl-1989.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/21125/soul-destroying-david-baby-gives-him|titlu=Soul destroying for David as 'baby' gives up on him|data=March 7, 1993|sit=[[South China Morning Post]]|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=January 12, 2024}}</ref> Soul iżżewweġ lill-ħames u l-aħħar mara tiegħu, Helen Snell, fis-26 ta’ Ġunju 2010, f’Devon.<ref name=":11">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.davidsoul.com/the-day-that-changed-my-life/|titlu='The day that changed my life'|sit=www.davidsoul.com|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=January 12, 2024}}</ref> Snell, li kienet 31 sena iżgħar minn Soul, kienet uffiċjal tar-relazzjonijiet pubbliċi fil-produzzjoni tal-palk Brittanika ta ' ''[[Nassa tal-mewt (play)|Deathtrap]]''.<ref name=":12">{{Ċita web|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/ben-stiller-leads-tributes-starsky-174849303.html|titlu=Ben Stiller leads tributes to Starsky & Hutch star David Soul after his death|isem=Naomi|awtur=Clarke|isem2=Charlotte|awtur2=McLaughlin|data=January 5, 2024|sit=[[Yahoo News]]|lingwa=en-AU|data-aċċess=January 12, 2024}}</ref> Kienu ilhom f’relazzjoni mill-2002 wara li ltaqgħu meta Soul kien qed jaħdem f'dan id-dramm.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.ok.co.uk/lifestyle/view/31427/Interview-David-and-China-Soul-/|titlu=OK! Magazine: First For Celebrity News :: Lifestyle :: Interview: David and China Soul|data=January 25, 2011|pubblikatur=Ok.co.uk|data-aċċess=January 16, 2012|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228194612/http://www.ok.co.uk/lifestyle/view/31427/Interview-David-and-China-Soul-|arkivju-data=February 28, 2011}}</ref> Minn hemm 'il quddiem, huwa rrefera għaliha bħala s-soulmate tiegħu.<ref name=":12" /> Fl-2004, Soul kisbet iċ-[[ċittadinanza Brittanika]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090530145346/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/david-soul-my-home-is-where-my-art-is-535323.html David Soul: My home is where my art is]. ''[[The Independent]],'' October 20, 2004.</ref> Huwa qal li r-relazzjoni tiegħu ma' Snell kienet ir-raġuni prinċipali tiegħu biex kiseb iċ-ċittadinanza u ddikjara li, "Kont naf li ridt nqatta' l-bqija ta' ħajti fir-Renju Unit ma' Helen."<ref name=":11" /> Soul kien ipejjep tliet pakketti sigaretti kuljum għal ħamsin sena.<ref name=":8">{{Ċita web|url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/david-soul-dead-cause-of-death/|titlu='Starsky & Hutch' Actor Died After 'Valiant Battle for Life,' Lung Condition|isem=Jessica|awtur=McBride|data=January 5, 2024|sit=[[Heavy.com]]|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111235449/https://heavy.com/entertainment/david-soul-dead-cause-of-death/|arkivju-data=January 11, 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> Għalkemm kien waqaf ipejjep għaxar snin qabel mewtu, kien marad serjament bil-COPD u kien ukoll tneħħilu pulmun minħabba l-kanċer.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://thethaiger.com/world/news/589296/|titlu=David Soul's demise stirs online world: death details emerge|isem=Lilly|awtur=Larkin|data=January 6, 2024|sit=[[Thaiger]]|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111235449/https://thethaiger.com/world/news/589296/|arkivju-data=January 11, 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> Soul miet fi sptar ta’ Londra, imdawwar mill-familja tiegħu, fl-4 ta’ Jannar 2024, fl-età ta’ 80 sena.<ref name="aged 80" /> == Filmografija == === Film === {| class="wikitable" !Sena ! Isem ! Rwol ! Noti ! Referenzi |- | 1971 | ''Johnny Got His Gun'' | Svediż | | <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/david-soul-actor-best-known-005029468.html|titlu=David Soul, actor best known for his role in the TV series 'Starsky & Hutch,' dies at 80|isem=Corky|awtur=Siemaszko|isem2=Diana|awtur2=Dasrath|data=January 8, 2024|sit=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref> |- | 1973 | ''Magnum Force'' | Uffiċjal John Davis | | <ref name="auto"/> |- | 1975 | ''Dogpound Shuffle'' | Pritt | | <ref name="auto" /> |- | 1977 | ''The Stick Up'' | Duka Turnbeau | | <ref name="auto" /> |- | 1979 | ''Salem's Lot'' | Ben Mears | | <ref name="auto" /> |- | 1983 | ''Through Naked Eyes'' | William Parrish | | <ref name="auto" /> |- | 1985 | ''The Key to Rebecca'' | Alex Wolff | | <ref name="auto" /> |- | 1987 | ''Hanoi Hilton'' | Maġġ Oldham | | <ref name="auto" /> |- | 1988 |Appointment with Death | Jefferson Cope | | <ref name="auto" /> |- | 1989 | ''Prim Mira'' | Peter Armetage | | <ref name="auto" /> |- | 1992 | ''Grave Secrets: The Legacy of Hilltop Drive'' | Sam Haney | | <ref name="auto" /> |- | 1994 | ''Pentathlon'' | Mueller | | <ref name="auto" /> |- | 2004 | ''Starsky &amp;amp; Hutch'' | Ken "Hutch" Hutchinson l-Oriġinali | Cameo | <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/entertainment/2024/01/05/actor-david-soul--one-half-of--starsky-and-hutch---dies-at-80|titlu=Actor David Soul, one-half of 'Starsky and Hutch,' dies at 80|data=January 5, 2024|sit=spectrumnews1.com|data-aċċess=January 11, 2024}}</ref> |- | 2009 | ''Farewell'' | Hutton, il-konsulent ta’ Ronald Reagan | | <ref name=":3"/> |- | 2013 | ''Filth'' | Punter | | <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/david-soul-dead-starsky-and-hutch-actor-1235780159/|titlu=David Soul, 'Starsky and Hutch' Actor, Dies at 80|isem=Mike|awtur=Barnes|data=January 5, 2024|sit=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |} === Television === == Diskografija == === Albums === ==== Studio albums ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Sena ! Isem ! Dettalji ! AUS <ref name="aus">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Kent|isem=David|sena=1993|titlu=Australian Chart Book 1970–1992|edizzjoni=illustrated|post=St Ives, N.S.W.|pubblikatur=Australian Chart Book|paġna=280|isbn=0-646-11917-6}}</ref> ! NL <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?search=david%20soul&cat=a|titlu=Dutch Charts|sit=Dutchcharts.nl|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> ! NZ <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://charts.nz/search.asp?search=david+soul&cat=a|titlu=New Zealand charts portal|sit=Charts.nz|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> ! UK <ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/15962/david-soul/|titlu=DAVID SOUL {{!}} full Official Chart History|sit=Officialcharts.com|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> ! l-Istati Uniti |- | 1976 | ''David Soul'' | * Maħruġ: Novembru 1976 * Tikketta: Stock Privat | 8 | style="text-align:center;" | 13 | style="text-align:center;" | 17 | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 40 |- | 1977 | ''Playing to an Audience of One'' | * Maħruġ: 1977 * Tikketta: Stock Privat | 30 | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | 9 | style="text-align:center;" | 8 | style="text-align:center;" | 86 |- | 1979 | ''Band of Friends'' | * Maħruġ: 1979 * Tikketta: Enerġija | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | 94 | style="text-align:center;" | 163 |- | 1982 | ''The Best Days of My Life <ref>The Da Capo Companion to 20th-century Popular Music - Page 879 0306806401 Phil Hardy - 1995 In the eighties he recorded only intermittently (The Best Days of My Life, Energy, 1982) before giving up music to concentrate on his acting career. ...</ref>'' | * Maħruġ: 1982 * Tikketta: Enerġija | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- | 1997 | ''Leave a Light On...'' <ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Roberts|isem=David|sena=2006|titlu=British Hit Singles & Albums|edizzjoni=19th|post=London|pubblikatur=Guinness World Records Limited|paġna=515|isbn=1-904994-10-5}}</ref> | * Maħruġ: 1997 * Tikketta: rilaxxata waħedha | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |} ==== Albums tal-kumpilazzjoni ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Sena ! Isem ! Dettalji ! UK <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1979 | ''Moods'' | * Ħruġ: 1979 * Tikketta: K-tel | style="text-align:center;" | - |- | 1990 | ''The Best Of...'' | * Maħruġ: 1990 * Tikketta: Connoisseur Collection * Maħruġ fl-Ewropa | style="text-align:center;" | - |- | 1993 | ''The Magic Collection'' | * Maħruġ: 1993 * Tikketta: ARC | style="text-align:center;" | - |- | 1994 | ''The Best Of'' | * Maħruġ: Marzu 1994 * Tikketta: Music Club * kumpilazzjoni tal-1990 maħruġa fir-Renju Unit | style="text-align:center;" | - |- | 2008 | ''Looking Back – The Very Best Of'' | * Maħruġ: Ottubru 2008 * Tikketta: Vibrant | style="text-align:center;" | - |- | 2010 | ''Don't Give Up on Us - The Very Best of David Soul'' | * Maħruġ: 29 ta’ Novembru, 2010 * Tikketta: Music Club Deluxe | - |- | 2020 | ''Gold'' | * Maħruġ: 6 ta' Marzu, 2020 * Tikketta: Crimson | 28 |} === Singles === {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Sena ! rowspan="2" |Isem ! colspan="12" |Pożizzjoni fil-klassifika |- !<small>AUS</small><ref name="aus" /> !<small>BE (FLA)</small><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/search.asp?search=david%20soul&cat=s|titlu=ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS|sit=ultratop.be|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> !<small>BE (WA)</small><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/search.asp?search=david%20soul&cat=s|titlu=ULTRATOP BELGIAN (Wallonia) CHARTS|sit=ultratop.be|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> !<small>CAN</small> !<small>CAN AC</small> !<small>IRE</small><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement|titlu=The Irish Charts - All there is to know|sit=Irishcharts.ie|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> !<small>NL 40</small><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.top40.nl/top40-artiesten/david-soul|titlu=David Soul|isem=Stichting Nederlandse|awtur=Top 40|sit=Top40.nl|lingwa=nl|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> !<small>NL 100</small><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?cat=s&cat2=s&search=david+soul|titlu=Dutch Charts|sit=Dutchcharts.nl|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> !<small>NZ</small><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://charts.nz/search.asp?search=david+soul&cat=s|titlu=New Zealand charts portal|sit=Charts.nz|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> !<small>UK</small><ref name=":0" /> !<small>US</small> !<small>US AC</small> |- | rowspan="2" |1966 |"The Covered Man" (promo; US-only release) | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |"Before" (US-only release) | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |1967 |"No One's Gonna Cry (For You Baby)" (promo; US-only release) | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |1970 |"The Train" (US-only release) | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |1976 |"Don't Give Up on Us" | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |4 | style="text-align:center;" |40 | style="text-align:center;" |1<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5264a&URLjpg=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f4/nlc008388.5264a.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5264a|titlu=Image : RPM Weekly April 23, 1977|isem=Library and Archives|awtur=Canada|data=April 23, 1977|sit=Bac-lac.gc.ca|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |1<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.4362&URLjpg=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f4/nlc008388.4362.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.4362|titlu=Image : RPM Weekly April 30, 1977|isem=Library and Archives|awtur=Canada|data=April 30, 1977|sit=Bac-lac.gc.ca|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |2 | style="text-align:center;" |3 | style="text-align:center;" |3 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |1 |- | rowspan="3" |1977 |"Going in with My Eyes Open" | style="text-align:center;" |10 | style="text-align:center;" |12 | style="text-align:center;" |49 | style="text-align:center;" |58<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5254b&URLjpg=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f4/nlc008388.5254b.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5254b|titlu=Image : RPM Weekly June 25, 1977|isem=Library and Archives|awtur=Canada|data=June 25, 1977|sit=Bac-lac.gc.ca|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |14<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5236&URLjpg=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f4/nlc008388.5236.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5236|titlu=Image : RPM Weekly July 9, 1977|isem=Library and Archives|awtur=Canada|data=July 9, 1977|sit=Bac-lac.gc.ca|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |7 | style="text-align:center;" |17 | style="text-align:center;" |13 | style="text-align:center;" |12 | style="text-align:center;" |2 | style="text-align:center;" |54 | style="text-align:center;" |14 |- |"Silver Lady" | style="text-align:center;" |5 | style="text-align:center;" |12 | style="text-align:center;" |39 | style="text-align:center;" |70<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5435b&URLjpg=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f4/nlc008388.5435b.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5435b|titlu=Image : RPM Weekly November 19, 1977|isem=Library and Archives|awtur=Canada|data=November 19, 1977|sit=Bac-lac.gc.ca|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |36<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5444&URLjpg=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f4/nlc008388.5444.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5444|titlu=Image : RPM Weekly November 26, 1977|isem=Library and Archives|awtur=Canada|data=November 26, 1977|sit=Bac-lac.gc.ca|data-aċċess=August 7, 2020}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |20 | style="text-align:center;" |16 | style="text-align:center;" |5 | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |52 | style="text-align:center;" |23 |- |"Let's Have a Quiet Night In" | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" |5 | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" |8 | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |1978 |"It Sure Brings Out the Love in Your Eyes" | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" |6 | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" |12 | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |1980 |"Surrender to Me" | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- | rowspan="3" |1981 |"Fool for Love" | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |"Dreamers" (Netherlands-only release) | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" |20 | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" |41 | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |"I Can't Afford That Feeling Anymore" (Netherlands-only release) | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |1982 |"How Can You Tell You Got It (If You Don't Ever Give It Away)" (UK-only release) | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |1985 |"Amoureus Sans Bagages" (with Claire Séverac; France and Italy-only release) | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |1988 |"Dream with Me" (with Claire Séverac; France and Italy-only release) | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |- |1995 |"Smoke with No Fire" (with Claire Séverac; France-only release) | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - | style="text-align:center;" | - |} == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}} == Links esterni == * {{Sit uffiċjali}} * David Soul at IMDb * David Soul discography at Discogs {{Awtorità}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soul, David}} [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1943]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2024]] [[Kategorija:Kantanti Amerikani]] [[Kategorija:Atturi Amerikani]] es9dt1pwehun7nawc7724e9hf24ruqx 0 33091 330571 318120 2026-06-16T06:11:22Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 330571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Myles Beerman''' (imwieled fit-13 ta' Marzu 1999) huwa [[Futbol|futboler]] Malti li jilgħab bħala [[difensur]] għall-klabb [[Premier League Malti|tal-Premier League Malti]] [[Sliema Wanderers FC|Sliema Wanderers]]. == Karriera tal-klabb == Beerman beda l-karriera tal-futbol tiegħu fil-[[Floriana FC|Floriana]] f’[[Malta]] qabel mar l-Ingilterra fl-2014 biex jiffirma ma’ [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] f’mossa li ġiet investigata mill-[[FIFA]] fost suġġerimenti li kien taħt l-età legali ta’ trasferiment meta ngħaqad ma’ [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] fl-2014. Beerman ġie rilaxxat fl-2014. Mejju 2016 u mbagħad iffirma għal [[Rangers]] wara li qablu kuntratt ta’ sentejn. Beerman għamel id-debutt professjonali tiegħu mal-klabb Ibrox f'logħba tal-Premiership Skoċċiż kontra Kilmarnock fis-6 ta' April 2017, meta lagħab ta' difensur xellugi<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rangers.co.uk/|titlu=Home|sit=www.rangers.co.uk|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2024-12-01}}</ref>. Fl-4 ta' Jannar 2018, Beerman ingħaqad mal-klabb tal-Kampjonat Skoċċiż Queen of the South sal-aħħar ta' Mejju 2018 bi ftehim ta' self għall-iżvilupp. Fis-17 ta' Mejju 2019, tħabbar li Beerman kien se jinħeles minn [[Rangers]] fi tmiem l-istaġun<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hiberniansfc.mt/myles-beerman-joins-hibernians-f-c/|titlu=Myles Beerman joins Hibernians F.C.|kunjom=says|isem=E. Bates|data=2019-08-15|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2024-12-01|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424041908/https://www.hiberniansfc.mt/myles-beerman-joins-hibernians-f-c/|arkivju-data=2025-04-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Fil-15 ta’ Awwissu 2019, Beerman ingħaqad ma’ Hibernians mal-Maltin b’kuntratt ta’ tliet snin. Fi Frar 2023, Beerman ingħata l-bniedem tal-partita fil-kampjonat Malti Challenge. Dan il-premju kien sponsorjat mill-ħanut tal-kċina. == Karriera internazzjonali == Beerman irrappreżenta lil [[Malta]] f’diversi livelli ta’ età u deher fil-Kampjonat tal-[[UEFA]] ta’ taħt is-17-il sena f’Malta 2014, ta’ ħmistax-il sena biss. Fid-9 ta’ Mejju 2017, Beerman intgħażel għat-tim nazzjonali tal-futbol ta’ [[Malta Football Association|Malta]] għall-ewwel darba fil-karriera tiegħu ta’ 18-il sena<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.mfa.com.mt/en/news/news/2796/ill-never-forget-that-experience-says-beerman.htm|titlu=I’ll never forget that experience, says Beerman {{!}} Malta Football Association|data=2017-09-06|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2024-12-01|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906225002/http://www.mfa.com.mt/en/news/news/2796/ill-never-forget-that-experience-says-beerman.htm|arkivju-data=2017-09-06|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. Beerman kien eliġibbli wkoll biex jilgħab mat-tim nazzjonali tal-Ingilterra permezz ta’ missieru. F’Ġunju 2017, Beerman iddebutta ma’ [[Malta Football Association|Malta]] f’partita ta’ ħbiberija kontra l-[[Ukrajna]]<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/rangers-defender-myles-beerman-thanks-10575980|titlu=Rangers defender Myles Beerman thanks Pedro Caixinha after making Malta debut|kunjom=Walker|isem=Mark|data=2017-06-07|sit=Daily Record|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2024-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.mfa.com.mt/news/archives/beerman-degabriele-in-initial-malta-squad-for-june-matches/|titlu=Beerman, Degabriele in initial Malta squad for June matches|sit=www.mfa.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2024-12-01}}</ref>. == Referenzi == kqdcrhj1mfq1erwyvyue29tjp9ru3ca 0 33161 330561 318963 2026-06-16T00:18:48Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 330561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija|caption=Alicia Bugeja Said fil-laqgħa informali tal-Ministri tas-Sajd f'Marzu 2024}} '''Alicia Bugeja Said''' (imwielda fl-1987 l [[Mġarr|-Imġarr]] ) hija politikant Maltija mill- [[Partit Laburista (Malta)|Partit Laburista]]<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sajd.gov.mt/is-segretarju-parlamentari/|titlu=Is-Segretarju Parlamentari|sit=sajd|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2024-12-17|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119151918/https://sajd.gov.mt/is-segretarju-parlamentari/|arkivju-data=2025-01-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Żgħażagħ == Bugeja Said twieled f’familja tal-klassi tal-ħaddiema u ggradwa mill-Università ta’ Kent fir-[[Renju Unit]]. == Karriera politika == Hija ġiet eletta fil-[[Parlament ta' Malta|Parlament ta’ Malta]] fl-elezzjoni ġenerali Maltija tal-2022 taħt il-kwota tal-ġeneru. Hija nħatret Segretarju Parlamentari għas-Sajd, Akkwakultura u Drittijiet tal-Annimali fil-[[Gvern ta' Malta|Gvern Malti]]<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/alicia-bugeja-said-and-rebecca-buttigieg-become-parliamentary-secretaries-for-fisheries-and-reforms/|titlu=Alicia Bugeja Said And Rebecca Buttigieg Become Parliamentary Secretaries For Fisheries And Reforms|kunjom=Diacono|isem=Tim|data=2022-04-13|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2024-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://parlament.mt/mt/14th-leg/political-groups/labour-party/bugeja-said-alicia/|titlu=bugeja-said-alicia|data=2022-04-13|sit=Parlament ta' Malta|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2024-12-17}}</ref>. == Referenzi == j62hspkhnrcy9kcjpw1lkn3qz5g0pkn 0 33379 330563 321532 2026-06-16T01:09:14Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 330563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Bruno Pizzul''' (twieled f'[[Udine]] fit-8 ta' Marzu 1938 – miet f'[[Gorizia]] fil-5 ta' Marzu 2025) kien [[ġurnalist]], kummentatur sportiv u plejer tal-[[futbol]] Taljan, li kien jilgħab bħala [[difensur]]. Kien l-ewwel kummentatur tar-[[Rai]] fix-xandiriet tal-logħbiet tat-[[tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Italja]] mill-1986 sal-2002. == Bijografija == === Perjodu bikri u tentattiv ta' karriera bħala plejer tal-futbol === Pizzul beda jilgħab il-futbol ma' tim parrokkjali ta' Cormons imsejjaħ Cormonese,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.justicetv.it/index.php/news/2634-calcio-bruno-pizzul-una-voce-nazional|titlu=Justice TV - CALCIO: BRUNO PIZZUL UNA VOCE NAZIONAL|data=2014-02-21|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2025-03-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221125537/http://www.justicetv.it/index.php/news/2634-calcio-bruno-pizzul-una-voce-nazional|arkivju-data=2014-02-21|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/cronaca/2011/09/10/news/si-fa-seppellire-con-la-maglia-della-cormonese-1.810313|titlu=Si fa seppellire con la maglia della Cormonese - Cronaca - Il Piccolo|data=2014-02-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2025-03-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222052607/http://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/cronaca/2011/09/10/news/si-fa-seppellire-con-la-maglia-della-cormonese-1.810313|arkivju-data=2014-02-22|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> u wara beda jilgħab mal-Pro Gorizia. Bruno Pizzul kien jalterna l-istudju mal-attività sportiva. Sar plejer tal-futbol professjonali u kien jilgħab bħala [[difensur ċentrali]] mal-[[Catania]] fl-1958. Lagħab anke mal-[[Ischia]]<ref>Raffaele Castagna, ''Storia risultati classifiche protagonisti delle squadre isolane negli anni 1957/1980'', Supplemento de La Rassegna d'Ischia, numero 1, aprile 1981.</ref><ref>Pietro Ferrandino, ''Storia degli sports isolani'', vol. 1, Rubano, Elle-Elle, SBN CFI0166748.</ref> u mal-[[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]],<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.tigulliovino.it/|titlu=Homepage|sit=TigullioVino.it|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2025-03-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307003212/https://www.tigulliovino.it/|arkivju-data=2025-03-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> iżda l-karriera sportiva tiegħu ntemmet ħesrem minħabba li weġġa' rkopptu serjament. === Lawrja u karriera ta' kummentatur tal-futbol === Wara li temm l-iskola sekondarja fil-Liċeo "XXV Aprile", huwa ggradwa fil-ġurisprudenza u wara [[Għalliem|għallem]] il-letteratura fl-iskejjel sekondarji ta' San Lorenzo Isontino. Fl-1969 ġie impjegat mir-Rai wara li ħa sehem fil-kompetizzjoni nazzjonali għall-kummentatur tar-radju, li kienet miftuħa għaż-żgħażagħ iggradwati kollha tal-[[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerThread.php?threadId=PIZZUL+Bruno|titlu=Bruno Pizzul - biografia|data=2015-06-26|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2025-03-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626204638/http://cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerThread.php?threadId=PIZZUL+Bruno|arkivju-data=2015-06-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fit-8 ta' April 1970 ikkummenta l-ewwel logħba tiegħu ([[Juventus FC|Juventus]]-[[Bologna FC 1909|Bologna]], play-off tal-[[Coppa Italia]] li kienet intlagħbet fil-grawnd newtrali ta' [[Como]]). Bruno Pizzul kien wasal kwarta tard għal dik il-logħba: fil-fatt beda jikkummenta dik il-logħba mis-16-il minuta; b'xorti tajba ma kinitx imxandra f'ħin reali u b'hekk wara seta' jdaħħal il-kummentarju fir-reġistrazzjoni tal-logħba.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.quellichelinter.it/2012/12/bruno-pizzul-in-esclusiva-per-quelli.html|titlu=Bruno Pizzul in esclusiva per "Quelli che l'Inter..." {{!}} Quelli che l'…|data=2014-12-26|sit=archive.is|data-aċċess=2025-03-05|arkivju-url=https://archive.today/20141226122234/http://www.quellichelinter.it/2012/12/bruno-pizzul-in-esclusiva-per-quelli.html|arkivju-data=2014-12-26|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> L-ewwel finali ta' kompetizzjoni internazzjonali li kkummenta kienet dik tal-Kampjonat Ewropew tal-1972 f'[[Brussell]], il-[[Belġju]], bir-rebħa ta' 3-0 tal-[[Ġermanja]] tal-Punent kontra l-[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]. L-ewwel rebħa ta' tim tal-futbol Taljan ikkummentata minnu f'ħin reali lit-telespettaturi kienet fil-finali tat-[[Tazza Ewropea]], meta l-[[AC Milan|Milan]] rebħu kontra l-[[Leeds United FC]] f'[[Tessaloniki]], fis-16 ta' Mejju 1973, filwaqt li l-finali tal-istess kompetizzjoni tal-1999 bejn il-[[SS Lazio|Lazio]] u l-[[Mallorca]] fil-Villa Park ta' [[Birmingham]] u dik tat-[[Tazza UEFA]] tal-istess sena bejn il-[[Parma Calcio|Parma]] u l-[[Olympique Marseille]] li ntlagħbet fil-grawnd ta' Lužniki f'[[Moska]], kienu l-aħħar rebħiet ta' timijiet Taljani fil-kompetizzjonijiet [[Ewropa|Ewropej]] li ġew ikkummentati minnu. Fid-29 ta' Mejju 1985 huwa kien il-kummentatur televiżiv tal-finali tat-[[UEFA Champions League|Tazza taċ-Ċampjins]] li baqgħet magħrufa għat-traġedja tal-grawnd ta' Heysel, il-Belġju. Għat-televiżjoni statali huwa kkummenta l-logħbiet ewlenin tal-klabbs tal-futbol fil-kompetizzjonijiet Ewropej u nazzjonali. Barra minn hekk, huwa kien preżentatur tal-programm televiżiv ta' nhar ta' Ħadd ''Domenica Sportiva'' fil-verżjoni tas-sajf tal-1975 u fl-istaġun tal-1993-1994, flimkien ma' [[Simona Ventura]] u [[Amedeo Goria]]; kien ukoll preżentatur tal-programm sportiv ''Sport Sera'', ''Domenica Sprint'' mill-1976 sal-1990 u [[kuratur]] tal-ispazju ddedikat għall-''moviola'' (ir-replays tal-mumenti importanti tal-logħbiet) fil-programm sportiv ''90º minuto'', li dak iż-żmien kien ippreżentat minn [[Fabrizio Maffei]], mill-1990 sal-1992. Mit-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol]] tal-1986 beda jikkumenta wkoll il-logħbiet tat-tim nazzjonali tal-futbol Taljan, anke minħabba li l-predeċessur tiegħu [[Nando Martellini]] ħassu ħażin minħabba l-altitudni.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2014/06/18/i-mondiali-di-calcio-nelle-parole-dei-telecronisti/1031832/|titlu=Blog {{!}} I Mondiali di calcio nelle parole dei telecronisti|data=2014-06-18|sit=Il Fatto Quotidiano|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> Bruno Pizzul kien diġà kkummenta xi logħbiet tat-tim nazzjonali tal-futbol Taljan immexxi mill-kowċ [[Enzo Bearzot]]: il-logħba mhux uffiċjali bejn l-Italja u t-tim nazzjonali B tal-[[Ungerija]], li ntlagħbet f'Como fl-1 ta' Ġunju 1980 u li ntrebħet 4-1 mit-Taljani, il-finali għat-tielet post fil-Kampjonat Ewropew tal-1980 bejn l-Italja u ċ-Ċekoslovakkja, li ntlagħbet f'[[Napli]] u li ntrebħet miċ-Ċekoslovakkja 10-9 bil-penalties, il-logħba bejn il-[[Lussemburgu]] u l-Italja li ntemmet 0-2 fil-11 ta' Ottubru 1980, il-logħba tal-ftuħ tal-kwalifikazzjoni għat-Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol tal-1982 fi [[Spanja]] (fejn Pizzul fl-aħħar minuta ħa post Nando Martellini li kien ma jiflaħ bl-influwenza), il-logħba ta' ħbiberija b'risq il-vittmi tat-terremot ta' [[Irpinia]] bejn l-Italja u l-Bqija tal-Ewropa, li saret f'[[Ruma]] fil-25 ta' Frar 1981 u li ntrebħet 0-3 mit-tim kontinentali, u l-logħba ta' ħbiberija bejn l-Italja u l-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Ingilterra|Ingilterra]] li ntrebħet 2-1 mill-Italja, li ntlagħbet fil-[[Belt tal-Messiku]] fis-6 ta' Ġunju 1985. Bruno Pizzul baqa' jaħdem bħala kummentatur sportiv tat-tim nazzjonali tal-futbol Taljan sal-21 ta' Awwissu 2002 (Italja-[[Slovenja]] 0-1), wara li għamilha ta' kummentatur televiżiv tat-tim nazzjonali Taljan f'ħames Tazzi tad-Dinja, erba' Kampjonati Ewropej, il-logħbiet kollha tal-kwalifikazzjoni għat-Tazza tad-Dinja u għall-Kampjonat Ewropew, ħlief il-finali għat-tielet u r-raba' post tat-Tazza tad-Dinja tal-1990 li saret fl-Italja (li ġiet ikkumentata minn [[Giorgio Martino]], minħabba li Pizzul l-għada kellu jikkummenta l-finali fil-grawnd tal-Olimpico f'Ruma), il-logħbiet imxandra b'esklużiva mit-TMC u mill-[[Mediaset]] u xi logħbiet ta' ħbiberija. L-aħħar logħba tal-Italja li kkummenta, li kien ukoll l-aħħar jum li ħadem mar-Rai, kienet il-logħba ta' ħbiberija li ntlagħbet f'[[Trieste]] u li ntrebħet 1-0 mis-Slovenja.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.tuttoilcalcioblog.it/2014/06/riccardo-cucchi-grazie-per-20-anni.html|titlu=Riccardo Cucchi, GRAZIE per 20 anni magistrali|kunjom=D'Alessandro|isem=Marco|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> Fil-31 ta' Diċembru 1999 kien fost il-preżentaturi fuq Rai 1 fil-programm televiżiv ''Millennium'', li kien avveniment tal-aħħar tas-sena biex tiġi ċċelebrata l-wasla tal-millenju l-ġdid, li baqa' jixxandar matul il-lejl kollu tal-1 ta' Jannar 2000.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.archivio.raiuno.rai.it/schede/0010/001021.htm|titlu=Millennium, la notte del 2000 - Raiuno|data=2013-11-06|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2025-03-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106045830/http://www.archivio.raiuno.rai.it/schede/0010/001021.htm|arkivju-data=2013-11-06|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Mill-1993 sal-2002 u fl-2014 ħa sehem (bl-eċċezzjoni biss tal-1996, meta inzerta kien hemm ukoll il-logħba tal-ftuħ tal-Kampjonat Ewropew fl-[[Renju Unit|Ingilterra]]), bħala kummentatur tekniku, fil-logħba għall-ġbir ta' fondi organizzata kull sena mit-tim nazzjonali tal-[[Kantant|kantanti]] Taljani. Fl-istaġun tal-2003-2004, flimkien ma' [[Luigi Colombo]], Pizzul kien wieħed mill-kummentaturi ewlenin tal-logħbiet tas-[[Serie A]] mxandra minn Gioco Calcio, il-pjattaforma televiżiva mixtieqa mil-Lega Calcio biex tikkuntrasta l-monopolju ta' Sky, li mbagħad kellha tagħlaq 9 xhur wara li ġiet stabbilit. Pizzul għamel id-debutt tiegħu fuq it-televiżjoni diġitali terrestri fuq Cartapiù f'Jannar 2005, fejn għal erba' staġuni kien il-kummentatur tal-iktar logħbiet importanti tal-kampjonat tas-Serie A li ġew imxandra fuq dik il-pjattaforma televiżiva. Huwa kien l-ewwel kummentatur tal-ewwel logħba tal-futbol imxandra fl-Italja fuq it-televiżjoni diġitali terrestri (Bologna-[[Cagliari Calcio|Cagliari]] 1-0). Fis-sajf tal-2007 ikkummenta mill-ġdid għal LA7 ir-repliki (f'format ħieles) tal-logħbiet tat-tim nazzjonali tal-futbol Taljan fit-Tazza tad-Dinja tal-2006, li ġew proposti mill-ġdid (is-semifinali u l-finali) anke fl-2010 qabel il-bidu tat-Tazza tad-Dinja li ntlagħbet fl-[[Afrika t'Isfel]] u fiċ-ċelebrazzjoni tal-għaxar snin anniversarju mir-rebħa tat-tim nazzjonali Taljan tat-Tazza tad-Dinja fl-2016.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2012/08/04/pizzul-e-la-nostalgia-per-un-tv-che-non-ce-piu/316481/|titlu=Blog {{!}} Pizzul e la nostalgia per una Tv che non c'è più|data=2012-08-04|sit=Il Fatto Quotidiano|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> Għall-istess xandar, fl-istaġun tal-2007-2008, Pizzul ikkummenta l-logħbiet ewlenin f'format ħieles tal-Coppa Italia. Fit-2 ta' Awwissu 2012 kien il-kummentatur tal-logħba bejn Hajduk [[Split]]-[[Inter]] li kienet tgħodd bħala t-tielet rawnd preliminari tal-[[UEFA Europa League]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.davidemaggio.it/notizie-tv/la7-rispolvera-bruno-pizzul-per-la-telecronaca-di-hajduk-spalato-inter|titlu=LA7 RISPOLVERA BRUNO PIZZUL PER LA TELECRONACA DI HAJDUK SPALATO-INTER|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Gianluca|data=2012-08-02|sit=Davide Maggio|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> Għall-kummenti tekniċi, Pizzul reġa' lura fil-programm televiżiv ''Quelli che il calcio'' minn Jannar sa Frar 2012, fejn diġà kien ħadem flimkien ma' [[Massimo Caputi]] fl-edizzjoni tal-2001-2002.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bruno-pizzul/|titlu=Pizzul, Bruno - Enciclopedia|sit=Treccani|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> Fl-2014 kull filgħodu kien jidher f'xandira f'ħin reali flimkien ma' [[Marco Franzelli]] fuq Rai News 24, filwaqt li fil-11 kien ikun fuq RMC flimkien ma' [[Teo Teocoli]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/11636463/Bruno-Pizzul--tutti-lo-rivogliono.html|titlu=Bruno Pizzul, tutti lo rivogliono: "Ma non portavo sfiga?" - Libero Quotidiano|data=2014-06-17|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2025-03-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617101637/http://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/11636463/Bruno-Pizzul--tutti-lo-rivogliono.html|arkivju-data=2014-06-17|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Mill-2015 reġa' beda jaħdem mar-Rai fost l-opinjonisti tal-programm televiżiv ''La Domenica Sportiva'' u kien in-narratur tal-31 edizzjoni tal-programm ''Techetechete'''. Minn April 2022 reġa' beda jaħdem fuq it-televiżjoni fuq DAZN, u pparteċipa fit-talk show ta' nhar ta' Tnejn filgħaxija ''Supertele'', ippreżentat minn [[Pierluigi Pardo]]. Fi ħdan ir-rubrika "Tutto molto bello", Pizzul kien jikkummenta l-gowls kollha tal-kampjonat li kienu jsiru fi tmiem il-ġimgħa ta' qabel.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.tuttosport.com/news/tv/2022/04/04-91544008/supertele_prima_puntata_su_dazn_anticipazioni_e_ospiti|titlu=Supertele, prima puntata su Dazn: anticipazioni e ospiti|data=2022-04-04|sit=tuttosport.com|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> Bruno Pizzul iddikjara li huwa kien [[Knisja Kattolika|Kattoliku]].<ref>Lucio Giordano, ''Lo sentivo al mio fianco durante le telecronache e mi aiutava a non sbagliare'', in ''Dipiù'', n. 1, 6 gennaio 2023, pp. 74-77.</ref> === Karriera ta' kummentatur ta' sports oħra === Minbarra l-futbol, Pizzul minn żmien għal żmien kien il-kummentatur televiżiv tal-boxing, tal-ping pong, tal-boċċi, tat-tlielaq tar-roti, tal-ibburdjar u tat-tiġrijiet taż-[[Żiemel|żwiemel]]; barra minn hekk, kien ukoll il-kummentatur televiżiv fiss tal-qdif mill-1971 sal-1976.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.libero.it/magazine/personaggi/bruno-pizzul-83489|titlu=Bruno Pizzul: età, moglie, carriera, figli, causa della morte|sit=www.libero.it|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> === Rwoli fiċ-ċinema === Bruno Pizzul interpreta lilu nnifsu fil-film komiku tal-1974 ''L'arbitro'', tar-reġista [[Luigi Filippo D'Amico]], flimkien ma' [[Lando Buzzanca]] u [[Joan Collins]], u kellu rwol żgħir fil-film ''Fantozzi - Il ritorno'' (1996) flimkien ma' [[Paolo Villaggio]]. Fl-2004 kien in-narratur, kif ukoll id-"doppjatur" ta' [[San Ġennaru|San Gennaru]], fil-film ta' Ditelo voi ''Ventitré''. Fl-2011 għamel kameo żgħir fil-film ''Box Office 3D - Il film dei film'' ta' [[Ezio Greggio]]. Fl-2014 kien id-doppjatur ta' kummentatur sportiv fl-adattament bit-[[Lingwa Taljana|Taljan]] tal-film ''Pelé''. === [[Mewt]] === Bruno Pizzul miet filgħodu fil-5 ta' Marzu 2025 fl-isptar ta' Gorizia, tlett ijiem qabel ma għalaq 87 sena.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/05-03-2025/morto-bruno-pizzul-storica-voce-del-calcio-italiano.shtml|titlu=È morto Bruno Pizzul, voce storica del calcio: raccontò l'Heysel e le Notti Magiche|sit=La Gazzetta dello Sport|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> == Ħajja privata == Bruno Pizzul kien miżżewweġ ma' Maria Pizzul. Miż-żwieġ tagħhom twieldu tliet ulied: Fabio li minbarra li huwa għalliem tal-Masters fil-Ġurnaliżmu fl-Università Kattolika ta' [[Milan]], huwa ġurnalist u eks kunsillier reġjonali tal-[[Lombardija|Lombardia]], Silvia, għalliema tal-[[matematika]] u x-[[Xjenza|xjenzi]] f'Milan, u Carla, assistenta soċjali. Barra minn hekk, Pizzul kien nannu ta' saħansitra 11-il neputi jew neputija.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.libero.it/magazine/personaggi/bruno-pizzul-83489|titlu=Bruno Pizzul: età, moglie, carriera, figli, causa della morte|sit=www.libero.it|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.corriere.it/sport/calcio/cards/bruno-pizzul-compie-85-anni/tre-figli-undici-nipoti.shtml|titlu=Gli 85 anni di Pizzul: frasi cult, vino e carte, la moglie «Tigre», la patente mai presa|kunjom=Sereni|isem=Andrea|data=2023-08-03|sit=Corriere della Sera|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://progetti.unicatt.it/progetti-milan-giornalismo-scuola-di-giornalismo-i-docenti|titlu=I docenti|sit=progetti.unicatt.it|lingwa=it-it|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita aħbar|titlu=Fabio Pizzul|url=https://www.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it/wps/portal/crl/home/istituzione/I-Consiglieri/elenco-consiglieri/Dettaglio-consigliere/consiglieri-X-Legislatura/fabio-pizzul/fabio-pizzul|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.calciomercato.com/news/bruno-pizzul-senza-patente-mi-affido-alla-tigre-mia-moglie-l-hey-40762|titlu=Bruno Pizzul: 'Senza patente mi affido alla tigre, mia moglie. L'Heysel il dolore più angoscioso, che liti a carte col Trap'|data=2021-07-30|sit=Calciomercato.com {{!}} Tutte le news sul calcio in tempo reale|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ilriformista.it/bruno-pizzul-e-la-sua-vita-da-nonno-di-11-nipoti-i-telecronisti-la-tv-parla-piu-di-se-che-della-partita-238754/|titlu=Bruno Pizzul e la sua vita da nonno di 11 nipoti: “I telecronisti? La tv parla più di sé che della partita”|kunjom=Lamorte|isem=Antonio|data=2021-07-30|sit=Il Riformista|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.corriere.it/sport/calcio/cards/bruno-pizzul-compie-85-anni/tre-figli-undici-nipoti.shtml|titlu=Gli 85 anni di Pizzul: frasi cult, vino e carte, la moglie «Tigre», la patente mai presa|kunjom=Sereni|isem=Andrea|data=2023-08-03|sit=Corriere della Sera|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> == Kritiki u kontroversji == Fl-1985, wara t-traġedja tal-grawnd ta' Heysel, li fiha l-Juventus rebħu kontra l-[[Liverpool FC|Liverpool]] wara li 39 persuna mietu mgħaffġin qalb il-ġlied bejn il-partitarji taż-żewġ klabbs, Pizzul ikkummenta r-rebħa tat-tazza bħala "jum mill-isbaħ għall-futbol Taljan". L-Onorevoli [[Vincenzo La Russa]] ddefinixxa lil Pizzul bħala "imbeċilli li fil-konfront tiegħu nuruh il-ħniena".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/06/01/craxi-accusa-il-governo-belga-politici-duri.html|titlu=CRAXI ACCUSA IL GOVERNO BELGA POLITICI DURI CON JUVE E RAI - la Repubblica.it|data=1985-06-01|sit=Archivio - la Repubblica.it|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> L-għada, Bruno Pizzul ċaħad li stqarr dik il-frażi u ddefenda ruħu billi ddikjara li kkummenta għal siegħa u nofs sħaħ il-ġlied li seħħ qabel il-logħba bid-dmugħ f'għajnejh.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/06/02/pizzul-si-difende-piangevo-anch-io.html|titlu=PIZZUL SI DIFENDE 'PIANGEVO ANCH' IO' - la Repubblica.it|data=1985-06-02|sit=Archivio - la Repubblica.it|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> == Reklami == F'Mejju 2014 Pizzul kien rappreżentant tal-[[FIAT]] f'reklami li nġibed fil-[[Brażil]], flimkien ma' [[Giovanni Trapattoni]], eks kowċ tat-tim nazzjonali tal-futbol Taljan.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://youmark.it/ym-youmark/leo-burnett-porta-pizzul-e-trapattoni-in-brasile-per-le-offerte-fiat-produce-mercurio/|titlu=Leo Burnett porta Pizzul e Trapattoni in Brasile per le offerte Fiat. Produce Mercurio|sit=YM!|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> F'Jannar 2021 ħa sehem fil-filmat ta' preżentazzjoni tal-kompetizzjoni tal-PS5 Supercup. Suċċessivament, f'Ġunju tal-istess sena, leħnu nstema' fir-reklami ta' Repower, filwaqt li f'Lulju kien protagonist ta' reklami ta' promozzjoni ta' DAZN. == Premjijiet == * Premju Nazzjonali [[Andrea Fortunato]], kategorija tal-ġurnaliżmu: 1, fl-2009. == Unuri == * Commendatore dell'Ordine al merito della Repubblica italiana (fuq proposta tal-Prim Ministru), fit-2 ta' Ġunju 2022.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/375548|titlu=Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana|kunjom=Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica - Servizio sistemi informatici|sit=www.quirinale.it|lingwa=it|data-aċċess=2025-03-05}}</ref> == Referenzi == {{DEFAULTSORT:Pizzul, Bruno}} [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1938]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2025]] [[Kategorija:Xandara]] [[Kategorija:Futbolers Taljani]] 40ubmkwwrujmwvyc6qaljt93eqh9auq 0 33576 330568 322896 2026-06-16T04:09:42Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 330568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city}}{{Nebbieta|ġeografija}}'''Kavajë''' hija belt fil-punent tal-[[Albanija]]. Il-belt għandha popolazzjoni ta' 30,012 ruħ, sa mill-2023. Il-belt hija magħrufa għall-bajja resorts tagħha u t-toroq storiċi tagħha, l-istituzzjonijiet u l-oġġetti ritwali tagħha. == Ħoloq esterni == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250501140225/https://bashkiakavaje.gov.al/ www.bashkiakavaje.gov.al] {{commons|Kavajë}} [[Kategorija:Bliet fl-Albanija]] 1xhr1q2mm8b2rwa0zseyox367rafee5 0 33900 330566 325417 2026-06-16T02:39:57Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 330566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city}} '''Fushë-Krujë''' hija belt fil-Majjistral ta' l-Albanija. Il-belt għandha popolazzjoni ta' 17,877 ruħ, sa mill-2023. Il-belt hija famuża għall-boulevards u l-bini karatteristiċi tagħha u l-monument ta 'George W. Bush. == Ħoloq esterni == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250619151746/https://iam.org.al/bashkia-kruje/ www.iam.org.al/bashkia-kruje] * [https://kruja.gov.al/ www.kruja.gov.al] {{commons|Fushë-Krujë}} [[Kategorija:Bliet fl-Albanija]] dom3r3d9zsnibo31ntd2g8jey8avaio 0 34485 330570 330541 2026-06-16T05:33:11Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 330570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox|title=Metro ta' Milan <Br> ''Metropolitano di Milano (it)''|titlestyle=background: #D3D3D3|headerstyle=background: #D3D3D3|image1=[[File:Logo Metropolitane Italia.svg|100px]]|caption1=Logo tal-metro|image2=[[File:Treno Leonardo Linea M2 Metropolitana di Milano Leonardo train Milan metro.jpg|300px]]|caption2=Vagun tal-Metro fuq il-linja M2 tal-metro|data1=[[Milan]] ({{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Italja]])|label1=Post|label2=Dħul fis-servizz|data2=1964|label3=Tul tan-netwerk|data3=111,8 km|label4=Linji u stazzjon|data4=5 linji , 134 stazzjon|label5=Operatur|data5=[[Azienda Trasporti Milanesi]]|label6=Linji tan-netwerk|data6=[[File:Milano linea M1.svg|25px]] [[File:Milano linea M2.svg|25px]] [[File:Milano linea M3.svg|25px]] [[File:Milano linea M4.svg|25px]] [[File:Milano linea M5.svg|25px]]|label7=Netwerk Relatati|data7=[[Servizz ferrovjarju suburban ta' Milan]] <Br> [[Tramm ta' Milan]]|header8=Mappa|header9=[[File:Milano - mappa rete metropolitana (schematica).svg|300px]]|label10=Websajt|data10=https://www.atm.it/it/Pagine/default.aspx}} Il'''-metro ta' Milan,''' hija sistema tal-metro li sservi l-belt ta' [[Milan]] ( [[Italja|l-Italja]] ) u parti miż-żona metropolitana tagħha. Kronoloġikament hija t-tieni sistema tal-metro fl-Italja, wara [[Metro ta' Ruma|dik ta' Ruma]] . In-netwerk bħalissa jinkludi 5 linji li jammontaw għal 111.8 km.&nbsp;km, flimkien ma' linja urbana tas-servizz ferrovjarju suburban, li jagħmilha l-aktar netwerk estensiv fl-Italja u t-tmien itwal netwerk fl-Ewropa sa tmiem l-2024 <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.milanocittastato.it/trasporti/effetto-m4-la-metro-di-milano-entra-nella-top-europea/#goog_rewarded|titlu=Effetto M4: la metro di Milano entra nella top europea|kunjom=Marcomin|isem=Fabio|data=2024-10-11|sit=Milano Città Stato|lingwa=it-IT|data-aċċess=2025-03-12}}</ref> (il-ħames fl-Unjoni Ewropea). Huwa interkonness man- netwerk tat-trammijiet tal-belt kif ukoll man- netwerk ferrovjarju suburban . Mill-istazzjon tal-metro Cascina Gobba, shuttle awtomatizzat jieħu l-passiġġieri lejn l-Isptar San Raffaele . == Storiku == L-ewwel pjan tan-netwerk tal-metro jmur lura għall-1952 u kien jipprevedi erba’ linji. Il-kostruzzjoni bdiet ħames snin wara. It-tieni pjan, ippubblikat fl-1979, ikkonferma netwerk ta’ erba’ linji iżda b’estensjonijiet biex il-passiġġieri mill-ibliet tal-madwar ikunu jistgħu jużawh bis-saħħa ta’ konnessjonijiet man- netwerk ferrovjarju suburban, li r-rinovazzjoni tiegħu kienet għaddejja dak iż-żmien. Dawn l-interkonnessjonijiet man-netwerk ferrovjarju wasslu għall-għażla, għal raġunijiet ta’ kompatibilità, ta’ kurrent ta’ trazzjoni tal-linja ta’ kuntatt overhead ta’ 1 500  b’ritorn tal-kurrent permezz tal-linji ferrovjarji tal-ġiri għal-linji 2 u 3, li jippermetti lill-vetturi ferrovjarji joperaw fuq dawn il-linji. L-ewwel linja nfetħet fl-1964 wara seba’ snin ta’ kostruzzjoni. It-tieni linja ġiet inawgurata fl-1969. Iż-żewġ linji ġew estiżi sussegwentement diversi drabi, b’mod notevoli għal-linja 2 fl-1972 (8 stazzjonijiet) u fl-1978 (3 stazzjonijiet, iżda t-tieni stazzjon ta’ skambju bejn l-ewwel żewġ linji), u fl-1980 għal-linja 1 (4 stazzjonijiet). Fl-1986, dawn iż-żewġ linji kellhom total ta’ 56.3 km b’66 stazzjon. It-tielet linja, M3, kompletament taħt l-art, li ilha tinbena mill-1982, b'disinn aktar modern minn dawk ta' qabilha, bdiet tintuża fl-1990, u ġiet estiża fl-1991. Ir-raba' linja, M5, ġiet inawgurata fl-2013 u l-ħames linja, M4, fl-2022. Mill-1990 'l hawn, l-ewwel tliet linji ġew estiżi wkoll. === Évolution === [[Stampa:Evoluzione_metropolitana_di_Milano_(2022).gif|daqsminuri|300x300px|Évolution du réseau.]] == Netwerk attwali == {| class="wikitable sortable" border="0" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:right;" |- align="center" bgcolor="#cccccc" ! scope="col" |Linja ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Kors ! scope="col" | Tqegħid<br /><br /><br /><br /> servizz ! scope="col" | L-aħħar<br /><br /><br /><br /> estensjoni ! scope="col" | Tul<br /><br /><br /><br /> (f'km) ! scope="col" | Numru ta'<br /><br /><br /><br /> stazzjonijiet |- | align="center" |[[Stampa:Milano_linea_M1.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_1_du_métro_de_Milan|30x30px]] | align="center" | Rho Fiera / Bisceglie ↔ Sesto 1º Maggio | align="center" | 1964 | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" | 26,9 | align="center" | 38 |- | align="center" |[[Stampa:Milano_linea_M2.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_2_du_métro_de_Milan|30x30px]] | align="center" | Milanofiori Forum / Abbiategrasso ↔ Cologno Nord | align="center" | 1969 | align="center" | 2011 | align="center" | 39,4 | align="center" | 35 sena |- | align="center" |[[Stampa:Milano_linea_M3.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_3_du_métro_de_Milan|30x30px]] | align="center" | Comasina ↔ San Donato | align="center" | 1990 | align="center" | 2011 | align="center" | 16,7 | align="center" | 21 sena |- | align="center" |[[Stampa:Milano_linea_M4.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_4_du_métro_de_Milan|30x30px]] | align="center" | San Cristoforo ↔ Linate Aeroporto | align="center" | 2022 | align="center" | 2024 | align="center" | 15 | align="center" | 21 sena |- | align="center" |[[Stampa:Milano_linea_M5.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_5_du_métro_de_Milan|30x30px]] | align="center" | Stadju ta' San Siro ↔ Bignami | align="center" | 2013 | align="center" | 2015 | align="center" | 12,9 | align="center" | 19-il sena |} == Tagħmir tekniku == === Vetturi ferrovjarji === {| class="wikitable" !Linja(i) servuta(i) !Illustrazzjoni |- | rowspan="3" |[[Stampa:Milano_linea_M1.svg|nofs|30x30px]] | rowspan="3" |[[Stampa:RHO_FIERA_-_panoramio.jpg|nofs|bla_tilar|200x200px]] |- |- |- | rowspan="6" |[[Stampa:Milano_linea_M2.svg|nofs|30x30px]] | rowspan="6" |[[Stampa:Milano_treno_M2.JPG|nofs|bla_tilar|200x200px]] |- |- |- |- |- |- | rowspan="2" |[[Stampa:Milano_linea_M3.svg|nofs|30x30px]] | rowspan="2" |[[Stampa:San_donato_-_panoramio.jpg|nofs|bla_tilar|200x200px]] |- |- |[[Stampa:Milano_linea_M1.svg|nofs|30x30px]][[Stampa:Milano_linea_M2.svg|nofs|30x30px]][[Stampa:Milano_linea_M3.svg|nofs|30x30px]] |[[Stampa:Metro_Milano_Meneghino_linea2.JPG|nofs|bla_tilar|200x200px]] |- |[[Stampa:Milano_linea_M1.svg|nofs|30x30px]][[Stampa:Milano_linea_M2.svg|nofs|30x30px]] |[[Stampa:Milan_Metro_2_Leonardo_38_Villa_Pompea_20230814.jpg|nofs|bla_tilar|200x200px]] |- |[[Stampa:Milano_linea_M5.svg|nofs|30x30px]] | rowspan="2" |[[Stampa:Treno_Hitachi_M4,_intero.jpg|nofs|bla_tilar|200x200px]] |- |[[Stampa:Milano_linea_M4.svg|nofs|30x30px]] |} == Proġetti == === Estensjoni tal-linja M1 (ħamra) taħt kostruzzjoni === [[Stampa:Garibaldi_FS_M5_(Milano).jpg|daqsminuri|300x300px|L-istazzjon ta' Garibaldi fuq il-linja M5.]] Is-sezzjoni minn Sesto 1º Maggio sa [[Monza Bettola (métro de Milan)|Monza Bettola]] – 1,8  bi stazzjon intermedju f’Sesto [[Sesto Restellone (métro de Milan)|Restellone]] – tinsab taħt kostruzzjoni, bil-ftuħ ippjanat għall-2021. Is-sezzjoni minn Bisceglie sa Baggio, bi 3 stazzjonijiet, 3&nbsp;km, huwa approvat. === Estensjoni tal-linja M2 (aħdar) fil-fażi tad-disinn === Is-sezzjoni minn Cologno Nord sa Vimercate, 5 stazzjonijiet, 9.7&nbsp;km, ġie approvat fl-2012. === Estensjoni tal-linja M3 (safra) fil-fażi tad-disinn === Is-sezzjoni minn San Donato sa Paullo, 6 stazzjonijiet, 14.8&nbsp;km jinsab fl-istadji tal-ippjanar. === Estensjoni tal-linja M5 === Il-proġett biex il-linja tiġi estiża lejn it-tramuntana minn Bignami lejn Monza, inizjalment ippjanat għall-2015, huwa ta' 12&nbsp;km u 11-il stazzjon, 11-il ferrovija addizzjonali, ġie ttardjat. Dan il-proġett ta’ €900 miljun <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/funding-approved-for-milan-metro-extension/|titlu=Funding approved for Milan metro extension|data=2019-01-04|sit=International Railway Journal|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-09-24}}</ref> ġie approvat fi{{Data|janvier 2019}} <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/projects-and-planning/milano-metro-extension-to-monza-approved/47816.article|titlu=Milano metro extension to Monza approved|kunjom=|awtur=|data=4 janvier 2019|sit=Railway Gazette International|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-09-24}}</ref> . Ix-xogħol huwa mistenni li jibda fl-2021 għal ftuħ fl-2027 <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/funding-approved-for-milan-metro-extension/|titlu=Funding approved for Milan metro extension|data=2019-01-04|sit=International Railway Journal|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-09-21}}</ref> . === Il-kostruzzjoni tal-linja M4 === Il-linja blu M4 suppost kellha tiftaħ qabel il-linja M5, iżda l-proġett ġie ttardjat aktar. Din il-linja ġdida tal-metro, kompletament taħt l-art, se tgħaqqad l-Ajruport ta’ Milan-Linate, ftit kilometri fil-Lvant tal-belt, mal-istazzjon tal-ferrovija ta’ Milan San Cristoforo fil-periferija tal-Punent, għal tul totali ta’ 14.2 km.&nbsp;km b'21 stazzjon. L-ammont ta' passiġġier projettat għal din il-linja kompletament awtomatizzata huwa ta' 87 miljun passiġġier fis-sena. Il-proġett reġa’ tnieda fl-2007 abbażi ta’ konċessjoni fil-forma ta’ sħubija pubblika-privata <ref>{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |last=Remy Cohen |last2=Thomas Boast |date=Janvier 2016 |title=Governance of PPP : the case of the Milan metro line 4 |url=http://www.cohenandco.com/images/pdf/governanceppp.pdf |journal=Transportation Research Board Papers |language=anglais |page= |issn=}}</ref> . Il-belt ta’ Milan nediet is-sejħa għal espressjonijiet ta’ interess fi tmiem l-2006, is-sejħa għall-offerti sħiħa tnediet fl-2010, il-belt ikkwalifikat tliet konsorzji fl-2010, u żewġ konsorzji ssottomettew l-offerti tagħhom. Kien fi{{Data|mai 2011}} li l-kumpaniji ntgħażlu biex iwettqu l-linja <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://sts.hitachirail.com/en/press-releases/ansaldo-sts-wins-contract-fot-new-line-4-milan-metro|titlu=Ansaldo STS wins contract fot the new Line 4 of the Milan Metro|awtur=|data=2011-05-27|sit=Ansaldo STS Corporate website|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-09-21|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214100232/http://sts.hitachirail.com/en/press-releases/ansaldo-sts-wins-contract-fot-new-line-4-milan-metro|arkivju-data=2020-02-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> u l-kuntratt ingħata fi{{Data|août 2011}} Il-konsorzju rebbieħ huwa mmexxi minn Salini Impregilo <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.webuildgroup.com/en/projects/railways-underground/milan-metro-system-line-4|titlu=webuild|sit=www.webuildgroup.com|data-aċċess=2020-09-21}}</ref>, li, flimkien ma' Astaldi, se tieħu ħsieb ix-xogħol tal-inġinerija ċivili, Ansaldo STS u Ansaldo Breda (sinjalar u ferroviji), Sirti (telekomunikazzjonijiet), u ATM (operatur tat-trasport pubbliku lokali). Dan huwa kważi eżattament l-istess konsorzju, bl-eċċezzjoni ta' Alstom, li rebaħ il-kuntratt tal-M5. Għalhekk, id-disinn ta' din it-tieni linja mingħajr sewwieq tal-metro ta' Milan huwa simili. Il-linja kienet skedata li tiftaħ fl-2015 għall-Espożizzjoni Universali <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/milano-line-4-turnkey-awarded/36089.article|titlu=Milano Line 4 turnkey awarded|kunjom=|awtur=|data=2011-07-06|sit=Railway Gazette International|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-09-21}}</ref> . Madankollu, il-finanzjament ta' €1.869 biljun għal dan il-proġett (€870 miljun għall-inġinerija ċivili <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/milan-metro-line-4/|titlu=Milan Metro Line 4|sit=Railway Technology|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2020-09-21}}</ref> ) ma ġiex assigurat kompletament fl-2012 <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.eib.org/fr/projects/pipelines/all/20080238#|titlu=Metropolitana di Milano M4|awtur=|data=16 octobre 2012|sit=www.eib.org|lingwa=|data-aċċess=2020-09-21}}</ref> . Il-ftehim ta' sħubija ma kienx se jiġi ffinalizzat qabel [2012].{{Data|décembre 2014}} <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.infrapppworld.com/news/megaproject-382-financial-close-reached-for-milan-metro-line-4|titlu=Financial close reached for Milan metro line 4 {{!}} Infrastructure Finance & Investment|data=2014-12-26|sit=www.infrapppworld.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-09-21}}</ref> , <ref>{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |last= |date=31 décembre 2014 |title=Milan Metro line 4 contractual and financing agreements |url=http://sts.hitachirail.com/en/press-releases/milan-metro-line-4-contractual-and-financing-agreements |journal=Finmeccanica Press Release |language=anglais |page= |issn= |archive-date=2020-08-08 |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808035021/http://sts.hitachirail.com/en/press-releases/milan-metro-line-4-contractual-and-financing-agreements |access-date=2026-06-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> . Il-perjodu ta’ kostruzzjoni, inizjalment stabbilit għal 78 xahar, ġie estiż għal 88 xahar. Il-kostruzzjoni tal-ewwel sezzjoni bejn l-Ajruport ta’ Linate City u l-Istazzjon Forlanini (3&nbsp;km) beda biss fl-2012 <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/milan-completes-first-of-two-automatic-metro-lines/|titlu=Milan completes first of two automatic metro lines|awtur=|data=2015-06-08|sit=International Railway Journal|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-09-21}}</ref> . Il-ftuħ tal-linja issa huwa skedat għas-sajf tal-2022 għas-sezzjoni tal-lvant, bil-linja kollha titlesta sal-2023 l-aktar tard. Ix-xogħol tal-inġinerija ċivili fuq is-sezzjoni tal-lvant tlesta fl-2018 <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.tunneltalk.com/Italy-15Nov2018-Milan-metro-Line4.php|titlu=Milan metro sees TBM progress on Line 4|awtur=|data=15 novembre 2018|sit=www.tunneltalk.com|lingwa=|data-aċċess=2020-09-21}}</ref> u s-sezzjoni tal-punent f'nofs l-2019. It-tħaffir ta' mina tas-sezzjoni ċentrali tlesta fl-{{Data|septembre 2020}}, l-inawgurazzjoni ma tidhirx li se tittardja <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/metro-report/tunnelling-complete-on-milano-line-4/57386.article|titlu=Tunnelling complete on Milano Line 4|kunjom=|awtur=|data=22 septembre 2020|sit=Railway Gazette International|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-09-24}}</ref>, minkejja li l-magna tat-tħaffir tal-mina ħadet in-nar ftit jiem wara t-tmiem tal-iskavar <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/breakthrough-for-milan-metro-blue-line/|titlu=Breakthrough for Milan Metro Blue Line|data=2020-09-14|sit=International Railway Journal|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-09-21}}</ref> . Hitachi Rail Italy (li qabel kienet AnsaldoBreda ) ingħatat ordni għal 47 ferrovija b'erba' vaguni u ilha twassal il-vetturi minn dakinhar{{Data|juillet 2019}} <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/europe/driverless-train-delivered-for-milanos-linate-airport-metro-line/54234.article|titlu=Driverless train delivered for Milano’s Linate Airport metro line|kunjom=|awtur=|data=22 juillet 2019|sit=Railway Gazette International|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-09-24}}</ref> . == Noti u referenzi == <references /> [[Kategorija:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bhwxqxyf3pje0a6mx99b34n9im3gdvn 2 34489 330559 330556 2026-06-15T13:30:56Z MargaritaPLV 28281 Expanded userspace draft with Delfi Plus and additional Latvia/Malta context; translated/adapted from Latvian Wikipedia article [[:lv:Rozie]]. 330559 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Draft note: This is a userspace draft. It was translated/adapted from the Latvian Wikipedia article [[:lv:Rozie]] and should be reviewed by Maltese-speaking editors before any possible move to mainspace. No categories are active while this remains in userspace. --> {{Infobox Kumpanija Dotcom | isem_kumpanija = Rozie | tip_kumpanija = kumpanija b'responsabbiltà limitata | ġeneru = applikazzjoni mobbli u pjattaforma onlajn | fundazzjoni = 10 ta' Frar 2023<ref name="firmas">Firmas.lv. "[https://www.firmas.lv/en/companies/rozie-app/40203461450 ROZIE APP, Limited Liability Company, 40203461450]". Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> | lokalità = [[Aizkraukle]], [[Latvja]] | żona_servizz = [[Malta]] | industrija = teknoloġija tal-informazzjoni; servizzi ta' tindif | prodotti = applikazzjoni mobbli | servizzi = pjattaforma għall-ibbukkjar ta' servizzi ta' tindif | proprjetarju = SIA "ROZIE APP"<ref name="terms">Rozie. "[https://rozie.app/terms-and-conditions/ Terms and Conditions]". Last updated 12 May 2026. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> | url = [https://rozie.app/ rozie.app] | tip_sit = suq onlajn | reġistrazzjoni = 40203461450<ref name="firmas" /> | pubblikata = Ottubru 2024<ref name="lrpv-detail">Latvijas Republikas Patentu valde. "[https://www.lrpv.gov.lv/en/article/candidates-trademark-year-2025-main-award-first-quarter-rozie-and-uzars Candidates for Trademark of Year 2025 main award in the first quarter: Rozie and Uzars]". 28 April 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> | stat_attwali = attiva }} '''Rozie''' hija applikazzjoni mobbli u pjattaforma onlajn għall-ibbukkjar ta' servizzi ta' tindif. Il-pjattaforma ġiet żviluppata minn professjonisti tal-IT [[Latvja|Latvjani]] u taħdem primarjament fis-suq [[Malta|Malti]]. Il-kumpanija ROZIE APP twaqqfet fl-2023, l-applikazzjoni mobbli tnediet f'Ottubru 2024, u Malta kienet is-suq ewlieni magħżul mill-kumpanija.<ref name="lrpv-detail" /> == Sfond == SIA "ROZIE APP" hija kumpanija b'responsabbiltà limitata reġistrata fil-Latvja fl-10 ta' Frar 2023, bin-numru ta' reġistrazzjoni 40203461450 u indirizz legali f'Aizkraukle.<ref name="firmas" /> Rozie taħdem bħala suq diġitali li jlaqqa' utenti li jitolbu servizzi ma' fornituri ta' servizzi. Il-pjattaforma tipprovdi l-ibbukkjar, il-faċilitazzjoni tal-ħlas u l-appoġġ, iżda ma tipprovdix direttament is-servizzi ta' tindif.<ref name="terms" /> Malta ntgħażlet bħala l-ewwel suq tal-pjattaforma minħabba d-daqs tas-suq, l-użu tal-lingwa Ingliża u l-possibbiltà li l-operazzjonijiet u l-appoġġ għall-klijenti jiġu ġestiti mill-Latvja.<ref name="delfi">Taira Zoldnere. "[https://www.delfi.lv/bizness/44467736/tehnologijas/120100551/soli-pa-solim-latvijas-jaunuznemums-sak-apgut-amerikas-tirgu Soli pa solim – Latvijas jaunuzņēmums sāk apgūt Amerikas tirgu]". ''Delfi Plus''. 28 December 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="labs-en">''Labs of Latvia''. "[https://labsoflatvia.com/en/inspirational-stories/rozie-a-cleaning-service-platform-founded-in-latvia-conquers-the-maltese-market Rozie, a cleaning service platform founded in Latvia, conquers the Maltese market]". 19 November 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="labs-lv">''Labs of Latvia''. "[https://labsoflatvia.com/aktuali/rozie-ka-pirmo-tirgu-izvelas-maltu/ “Rozie” kā pirmo tirgu izvēlas Maltu]". 21 November 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Storja == Dainis Duļbinskis huwa l-awtur tal-idea u ko-fundatur ta' Rozie App.<ref name="delfi" /> L-iżvilupp tal-applikazzjoni beda fl-2023, u l-prodott tnieda f'Malta fl-1 ta' Ottubru 2024.<ref name="delfi" /> Fit-tim bikri ta' Rozie kien hemm Dainis Duļbinskis, Aleksandrs Tuļs u Edgars Veigurs. Duļbinskis kien il-kap eżekuttiv, Tuļs kien responsabbli għall-finanzi u l-iżvilupp strateġiku, u Veigurs kien id-direttur tekniku.<ref name="delfi" /> == Operat f'Malta == Il-mudell tal-pjattaforma huwa bbażat fuq talbiet għal xogħol ta' tindif u offerti minn fornituri ta' servizzi. Il-klijenti jistgħu jippubblikaw talbiet għal xogħol, il-fornituri jistgħu jibagħtu offerti, u ż-żewġ naħat jistgħu jħallu evalwazzjonijiet wara s-servizz.<ref name="bt">''BusinessToday Malta''. "[https://www.businesstoday.com.mt/business/business/2962/rozie_hits_10000_users_maltas_top_cleaning_app_thrives Rozie hits 10,000 users: Malta’s top cleaning app thrives]". 9 May 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="maltatoday">''MaltaToday''. "[https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/business/tech/134866/cleaning_house_just_got_easier_meet_rozie_maltas_cleaning_app Cleaning house just got easier: Meet Rozie, Malta’s cleaning app]". 14 May 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="times">''Times of Malta''. "[https://timesofmalta.com/article/cleaning-got-easier-rozie-malta-cleaning-app-puts-control-a2.1110396 Cleaning just got easier: Rozie is Malta’s cleaning app that puts you in control]". 27 May 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> Sa Mejju 2025, il-bażi tal-utenti ta' Rozie kienet qabżet l-10,000 kont reġistrat.<ref name="bt" /> Matul l-istess perjodu, il-pjattaforma kienet attiva f'Malta bħala applikazzjoni għall-ibbukkjar ta' servizzi ta' tindif.<ref name="maltatoday" /><ref name="times" /> == Żvilupp u kummerċjalizzazzjoni == Wara t-tnedija f'Ottubru 2024, Rozie kienet disponibbli fuq Apple Store u Google Play u bdiet b'kampanja inizjali fuq Google Ads.<ref name="marketingsherpa">Daniel Burstein. "[https://marketingsherpa.com/article/case-study/influencer Influencer Trust Marketing: How home cleaning marketplace app increased purchases 4.9x with social media collabs]". ''MarketingSherpa''. 5 June 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> F'Malta, kampanja b'influencers u reklamar fuq kartun tal-ħalib kienet segwita minn żieda fl-installazzjonijiet irrappurtati minn madwar 3,600 fix-xahar għal madwar 6,500 fix-xahar. Il-kumpanija twaqqfet fil-Latvja u għażlet lil Malta bħala l-pajjiż inizjali tagħha.<ref name="ir">Dainis Duļbinskis. "[https://ir.lv/rubrika/viedoklis/ko-latvija-var-macities-no-maltas.221497 Ko Latvija var mācīties no Maltas?]". ''Ir''. 27 May 2026. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Appoġġ u pjanijiet ta' espansjoni == Il-kumpanija rċeviet appoġġ minn LIAA għall-iżvilupp tal-websajt.<ref name="delfi" /> Sal-aħħar tal-2025, il-kumpanija kienet irreġistrat Rozie App, Inc. fid-Delaware u kienet qed tħejji l-adattament tal-prodott għas-suq tal-Istati Uniti.<ref name="delfi" /> == Marka kummerċjali == Fl-2025, ROZIE kienet fost il-kandidati tal-ewwel kwart għall-premju "Trademark of the Year 2025" fil-kategorija "Trademark of the Year for the European Union" tal-Uffiċċju tal-Privattivi tal-Latvja.<ref name="lrpv-detail" /> Il-marka ROZIE, bin-numru 019116762, hija elenkata bħala marka ta' ROZIE APP, LLC.<ref name="lrpv-nominees">Latvijas Republikas Patentu valde. "[https://www.lrpv.gov.lv/en/article/well-known-latvian-brands-among-first-nominees-trademark-year-2025-award Well-known Latvian brands among first nominees for Trademark of Year 2025 award]". 25 April 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Disponibbiltà == L-applikazzjoni Rozie hija elenkata fuq Google Play u fuq l-App Store ta' Apple.<ref name="googleplay">Google Play. "[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?hl=en&id=com.rozie.app Rozie - Cleaning Services]". Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="appstore">Apple App Store. "[https://apps.apple.com/mt/app/rozie-cleaning-services/id6479990769 Rozie - Cleaning Services]". Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Referenzi == <references /> == Ħoloq esterni == * [https://rozie.app/ Sit uffiċjali] <!-- If local editors later move this to mainspace and confirm suitable categories, categories may be added separately. Do not activate categories while this remains in userspace. --> j28ko5cdc21xrl8htkv9pona2mz46vs