Wikipedija mtwiki https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il-Pa%C4%A1na_prin%C4%8Bipali MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Medja Speċjali Diskussjoni Utent Diskussjoni utent Wikipedija Diskussjoni Wikipedija Stampa Diskussjoni stampa MediaWiki Diskussjoni MediaWiki Mudell Diskussjoni mudell Għajnuna Diskussjoni għajnuna Kategorija Diskussjoni kategorija Portal Diskussjoni portal TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 2 25623 330576 330549 2026-06-16T15:19:12Z Trigcly 17859 aġġornament 330576 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Artikli ġodda (2013)''' == === <u>'''A'''</u> === * [[Aapravasi Ghat]] * [[Aasivissuit-Nipisat: Territorju tal-Kaċċa tal-Inuit bejn is-Silġ u l-Baħar]] * [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]] * [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]] * [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]] * [[Abbazija ta' Pannonhalma]] *[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]] *[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]] *[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]] *[[Abu al-Fida]] *[[Abu Mena]] *[[Abu Simbel]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Acre|Acre]] *[[Afag Bashirgyzy]] *[[Aflaj tal-Oman]] *[[Afrodisja]] *[[Agadez]] *[[Agostino Carracci]] *[[Agostino Matrenza]] *[[Ahwar tan-Nofsinhar tal-Iraq]] *[[Aigai]] *[[Aït Benhaddou]] *[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]] *[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]] *[[Akshata Murthy]] *[[Aksum]] *[[Al Qal'a ta' Beni Hammad]] *[[Al Zubarah]] *[[Al-Maghtas]] *[[Alatyr]] *[[Albéric Magnard]] *[[Alberobello]] *[[Albi]] *[[Alcalá de Henares]] *[[Alcide d'Orbigny]] *[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]] *[[Alenush Terian]] *[[Aleppo]] *[[Alessandro Scarlatti]] *[[Alessandro Volta]] *[[Alexander Pushkin]] *[[Alexander Wolszczan]] *[[Aleksandra Smiljanić]] *[[Alfred Hermann Fried]] *[[Alfred Nobel]] *[[Alfredo Casella]] *[[Alois Dryák]] *[[Alto Douro]] *[[Amazigh Marokkin Standard]] *[[Ambohimanga]] *[[Ambra Sabatini]] *[[Amerigo Vespucci]] *[[Amerigo Vespucci (vapur għoli)|''Amerigo Vespucci'' (vapur għoli)]] * [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]] * [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]] *[[Amilcare Ponchielli]] *[[Anastasia Golovina]] *[[Anders Jonas Ångström]] *[[André Citroën]] *[[André Weil]] *[[Anfibju]] *[[Anfiteatru ta' El Jem]] *[[Angelina Mango]] * [[Angkor Wat]] * [[Angra do Heroísmo]] * [[Ani]] * [[Anjar]] * [[Anna Brigadere]] * [[Anna Kyriakou]] *[[Anna Seghers]] *[[Anna Sychravová]] *[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]] *[[Anse aux Meadows]] * [[Antartika]] * [[Anticosti]] * [[Antigua Guatemala]] *[[Antoine de Jussieu]] *[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]] *[[Antoinette Miggiani]] *[[Anton Diabelli]] *[[Anuradhapura]] *[[Aplogruppi Y-DNA fit-tribujiet tal-Każakistan]] *[[Aporofobija]] *[[Aquileia]] *[[Arċipelagu ta' Bijagós]] *[[Arċipelagu ta' Revillagigedo]] *[[Arċipelagu ta' Vega]] *[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]] *[[Arequipa]] *[[Arġentier]] *[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]] *[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]] *[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]] *[[Arkeoloġija]] *[[Arkitett]] *[[Arkitettura Mudéjar ta' Aragona]] *[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]] *[[Arles]] *[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]] *[[Arslantepe]] *[[Art tal-Inċens]] *[[Arthur Schnitzler]] *[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]] *[[Artiġjan]] *[[Artijiet Għoljin Ċentrali tas-Sri Lanka]] *[[As-Salt]] *[[Asmara]] * [[Assisi]] * [[Assi Ċentrali ta' Beijing]] * [[Assur]] * [[Astrofiżika]] *[[Asuman Baytop]] *[[Athos]] *[[Attrazzjonijiet Ewlenin tar-Renju Antik ta' Saba f'Marib]] *[[Auschwitz]] *[[Austin Camilleri]] *[[Ávila]] *[[Avukat]] === '''<u>B</u>''' === * [[Baalbek]] * [[Babilonja]] * [[Baċir tal-Lag ta' Uvs]] * [[Baċir tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Nord-Pas de Calais]] * [[Baeza]] * [[Bagan]] * [[Baħar l-Abjad]] * [[Baħar l-Iswed]] *[[Baħar ta' Wadden]] *[[Baħar tar-Ramel tan-Namibja]] *[[Bajja ta' Dungonab]] *[[Bajja ta' Ha Long]] *[[Bajja ta' Tallinn]] *[[Bajja tal-Klieb il-Baħar]] *[[Bajjad]] *[[Baleron]] *[[Bamberg]] *[[Ban Chiang]] *[[Banská Štiavnica]] *[[Barbier]] *[[Bardejov]] *[[Barokk]] *[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]] *[[Bath, Somerset]] *[[Batlejka]] *[[Battaljun Mediku tal-Ospedalieri]] *[[Battir]] *[[Bauhaus u s-Siti tal-Moviment f'Weimar, f'Dessau u f'Bernau]] *[[Baxkortostan]] *[[Bażi tad-Data tal-Osservazzjoni tal-Kometi]] *[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]] *[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]] *[[Beatriz Carrillo]] *[[Beemster]] *[[Béguinage]] *[[Belintersat-1]] *[[BelKA]] *[[Belt Bajda ta' Tel Aviv – il-Moviment Modern]] *[[Belt Kolonjali ta' Santo Domingo]] *[[Belt Projbita]] *[[Belt Storika ta' Ahmadabad]] *[[Belt Storika tal-Kajr]] *[[Belt Storika tal-Moskej ta' Bagerhat]] *[[Belt ta' Guanajuato]] *[[Belt ta' New York]] *[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]] *[[Belt Universitarja ta' Caracas]] *[[Bennej]] *[[Berġa tal-Italja, il-Belt Valletta]] *[[Berġa tal-Italja, il-Birgu]] *[[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]] *[[Bernard Grech]] *[[Betlem]] *[[Betti Alver]] *[[Burkhan Khaldun]] *[[Bidwi]] *[[Bieb il-Belt]] *[[Binjiet Gotiċi Vittorjani u tal-Art Deco ta' Mumbai]] *[[Binjiet Tradizzjonali tal-Asante]] *[[BirdLife International]] *[[Blat Imkenni ta' Bhimbetka]] *[[Bliet Antiki tal-Pyu]] *[[Bliet Kapitali u Oqbra tar-Renju Antik ta' Koguryo]] *[[Bliet Storiċi tal-Istrett ta' Malakka]] *[[Bobby Charlton]] *[[Bolgar]] *[[Bordeaux]] *[[Borobudur]] *[[Borża ta' Malta]] *[[Bosra]] *[[Bridgetown]] *[[Brook Taylor]] *[[Brú na Bóinne]] *[[Bruno Pizzul]] *[[Bryggen]] *[[Bucha]] *[[Buddha Ġgantesk ta' Leshan]] *[[Bugeddum Armen]] *[[Bukhara]] *[[Burt Bacharach]] *[[Buskett]] *[[Butrint]] *[[Byblos]] === '''<u>Ċ/C</u>''' === * [[Cáceres (Spanja)]] * [[Calakmul]] * [[Camagüey]] * [[Camino Real de Tierra Adentro]] * [[Campeche]] * [[Canal du Midi]] * [[Canaletto]] * [[Caral]] * [[Carcassonne]] *[[Carl Bosch]] *[[Carl David Anderson]] *[[Carl Linnaeus]] *[[Carla Fracci]] *[[Carlo Collodi]] *[[Caroline Mikkelsen]] *[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]] *[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]] *[[Çatalhöyük]] *[[Causses u Cévennes]] *[[Ċellola]] *[[Ċensu Apap]] *[[Ċentru Kulturali ta' Heydar Aliyev]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Lijiang]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Macao]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Rauma]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Salvador de Bahia]] *[[Český Krumlov]] *[[Ċetta Chevalier]] *[[Chaîne des Puys]] *[[Chakapuli]] *[[Chan Chan]] *[[Changdeokgung]] *[[Chankillo]] *[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]] *[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]] *[[Charles Nicolle]] *[[Charles Richter]] *[[Charles Xuereb]] *[[Charlie Watts]] *[[Chavín]] *[[Choeung Ek]] *[[Chersonesus Tawrika]] *[[Chichén Itzá]] *[[Chilehaus]] *[[Choirokoitia]] *[[Christiansfeld]] *[[Christopher Polhem]] *[[Chun Wang]] *[[Cidade Velha]] *[[Cienfuegos]] *[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]] *[[Cinque Terre]] *[[Ċirkewwa]] *[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]] *[[Ċittadella ta' Erbil]] *[[Ċittadella tad-Dinastija Hồ]] *[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]] *[[Climats u Terroirs ta' Bourgogne]] *[[Colonia del Sacramento]] *[[Copan]] *[[Córdoba, Spanja]] *[[Coro]] *[[Crespi d'Adda]] *[[Ċrieki tal-Ġebel tas-Senegambja]] *[[Cristofano Allori]] *[[Cuenca, l-Ekwador]] *[[Cuenca (Spanja)]] *[[Cueva de las Manos]] *[[Cumalıkızık]] *[[Curzio Maltese]] *[[Cusco]] *[[Cynthia Turner]] *[[Cyrene]] === '''<u>D</u>''' === * [[Daiga Mieriņa]] * [[Damasku]] * [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]] * [[Danxia]] *[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder|Dar ta' Rietveld Schröder]] *[[Dar tal-Kimeri]] *[[Dar tat-Twelid ta' Martin Luteru]] *[[Dar u Studjo ta' Luis Barragán]] *[[Delos]] *[[Delphi]] *[[Delta ta' Saloum]] *[[Delta ta' Okavango]] *[[Delta tad-Danubju]] *[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]] *[[Demokrazija]] *[[Dengfeng]] *[[Dentist]] *[[Denys Shmyhal]] *[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]] *[[Deżert ta' Badain Jaran]] *[[Deżert ta' Lut]] *[[Deżerta tal-isfarġel]] *[[Dholavira]] *[[Diamantina]] *[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]] *[[Diaolou]] *[[Diga ta' Karakaya]] *[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]] *[[Dimitrana Ivanova]] *[[Distrett ta' At-Turaif]] *[[Diy-Gid-Biy]] *[[Dizzjunarju]] *[[Djalett]] *[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]] *[[Djémila]] *[[Djerba]] *[[DNA]] *[[Dolċier]] *[[Dolmen ta' Menga]] *[[Dolmen ta' Viera]] *[[Dolomiti]] *[[Domenico Allegri]] *[[Domenico Scarlatti]] *[[Domowina]] *[[Domus de Janas]] *[[Domus Rumana]] *[[Donatello]] *[[Dougga]] *[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]] *[[Dubrovnik]] *[[Durmitor]] * [[Dwejra]] === '''<u>E</u>''' === * [[Edgar Preca]] * [[Edward Sexton]] * [[Edinburgu]] * [[Edward de Bono]] * [[Edwin Hubble]] * [[Efesu]] * [[Eise Eisinga]] *[[Ekonomista]] *[[Ekosistema u Relitt tal-Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Lopé-Okanda]] *[[El Escorial]] *[[El Jadida]] *[[El Tajin]] *[[El Torcal]] *[[Eladio Dieste]] *[[Eleonora Jenko Groyer]] *[[Elisha Graves Otis]] *[[Elvas]] *[[Emil Nolde]] *[[Emma Andrijewska]] *[[Emma Muscat]] *[[Ernst Schröder]] *[[Esperantoloġija]] *[[Essaouira]] *[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]] *[[Ethel Anderson]] *[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]] *[[Eugenio Montale]] *[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]] *[[Evelyn Bonaci]] *[[Évora]] *[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]] === '''<u>F</u>''' === * [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]] * [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Ħarir ta' Tomioka]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Injam u tal-Kartun ta' Verla]] * [[Fabbriki tal-Wied ta' Derwent]] * [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]] * [[Fanjingshan]] * [[Fasil Ghebbi]] * [[Fatehpur Sikri]] * [[Fdalijiet Arkeoloġiċi ta' Moenjodaro]] * [[Fdalijiet ta' Gedi]] * [[Fdalijiet ta' León Viejo]] * [[Fdalijiet ta' Loropéni]] * [[Fdalijiet tal-Vihara Buddista f'Paharpur]] * [[Fehme Agani]] *[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]] *[[Fenno-Skandinavja]] *[[Fernando Botero]] *[[Ferrara]] *[[Ferruccio Lamborghini]] *[[Festival ta' Sanremo]] *[[Fiera Internazzjonali ta' Rachid Karami f'Tripoli]] *[[Figolla]] *[[Firenze]] *[[Fjord tas-Silġ ta' Ilulissat]] *[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]] *[[Flora Martirosian]] *[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]] *[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]] *[[Foresti Irkanjani]] *[[Foresti Muntanjużi ta' Odzala-Kokoua]] *[[Foresti Sagri ta' Kaya tal-Mijikenda]] *[[Foresti tas-Siġar tar-Rand ta' Madeira]] *[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]] *[[Foresti Tropikali tal-Atsinanana]] *[[Foresti Tropikali u Artijiet Mistagħdra Kolkiċi]] *[[Foresti Verġni ta' Komi]] *[[Formazzjonijiet u Għerien Karstiċi Evaporitiċi tar-Reġjun ta' Emilia Romagna]] *[[Forti l-Aħmar]] * [[Forti ta' Agra]] *[[Forti ta' Bahla]] *[[Forti ta' Galle]] *[[Forti ta' Ġesù]] *[[Forti ta' Rohtas]] *[[Fortifikazzjonijiet fuq in-Naħa tal-Karibew tal-Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo]] *[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]] *[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]] *[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]] *[[Fortijiet u Kastelli tal-Ghana]] *[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]] *[[Fortizza ta' Hwaseong]] *[[Fortizza ta' Pirot]] *[[Fortizza ta' San Nikola]] *[[Fortizza ta' Suomenlinna]] *[[Fortizzi ta' Dacia fil-Muntanji Orăștie]] *[[Fortizzi Tondi tal-Vikingi]] *[[Foss ta' Messel]] *[[Fotografu]] *[[Fram2]] *[[Francesco Guardi]] *[[François-Alphonse Forel]] *[[François Couperin]] *[[François Girardon]] *[[Francois Mauriac]] *[[Franco Migliacci]] *[[Franġisk Zahra]] *[[Frank Drake]] *[[Franz Beckenbauer]] *[[Franz Kafka]] *[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]] *[[Franz von Suppé]] *[[Frawla]] *[[Fray Bentos]] *[[Frédéric Bartholdi]] *[[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve]] *[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]] *[[Frosta tal-Għid]] * [[Frott]] * [[Fruntieri Rumani Ġermaniċi t'Isfel]] * [[Fruntieri Rumani ta' Dacia]] * [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]] * [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]] *[[Fuji]] *[[Furnar]] === '''<u>Ġ</u>''' === * [[Ġardinar]] *[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]] * [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]] * [[Ġeoloġija]] * [[Ġeriko tal-Qedem]] * [[Ġerusalemm]] * [[Ġibjun ta' Bovilla]] * [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]] * [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]] * [[Ġnien Persjan]] * [[Ġobon ta' Jāņi]] * [[Ġonna Botaniċi Rjali ta' Kew]] * [[Ġonna Botaniċi ta' Singapore]] * [[Ġonna Klassiċi ta' Suzhou]] * [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]] * [[Ġonna ta' Shalimar]] *[[Ġurnalist]] === '''<u>G</u>''' === * [[Gammelstad]] * [[Gamzigrad]] * [[Gati tal-Punent]] * [[Gebel Barkal]] * [[Geirangerfjord]] * [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]] *[[Georg Ohm]] *[[Georg von Békésy]] *[[George Gallup]] *[[Georges Bernanos]] *[[Georges J.F. Kohler]] *[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]] *[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]] *[[Ghadamès]] *[[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola]] *[[Giacomo Zanella]] *[[Giampiero Galeazzi]] *[[Gianni Vella]] *[[Gigi Riva]] *[[Giorgia Meloni]] *[[Giorgio Vasari]] *[[Giosuè Carducci]] *[[Giotto]] *[[Giovanni Arduino]] *[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]] *[[Giovanni Boccaccio]] *[[Giovanni Paisiello]] *[[Giovanni Papini]] *[[Giulio Natta]] *[[Gjirokastër]] *[[Glossarju]] *[[Göbekli Tepe]] *[[Goffredo Mameli]] *[[Goiás]] *[[Golf ta' California]] *[[Golf ta' Porto]] *[[Gonbad-e Qābus]] *[[Gordion]] *[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]] *[[Gotiku]] *[[Gozinaki]] *[[Gran Ordni tar-Re Tomislav]] *[[Grand Pré]] *[[Grand-Bassam]] *[[Grand Place, Brussell]] *[[Graz]] *[[Grazia Deledda]] *[[Greenland]] *[[Gregorio Allegri]] *[[Gremxula ta' Malta]] *[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]] *[[Grotti ta' Longmen]] *[[Grotti ta' Yungang]] *[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]] *[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Mahabalipuram]] *[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]] *[[Guimarães]] *[[Gustave Charpentier]] * [[Gżejjer Eolji]] * [[Gżejjer Falkland]] * [[Gżejjer Galapagos]] * [[Gżejjer Marquesas]] * [[Gżejjer Solovetsky]] * [[Gżejjer Sub-Antartiċi ta' New Zealand]] * [[Gżejjer ta' Amami-Ōshima, ta' Tokunoshima u ta' Iriomote, u t-Tramuntana ta' Okinawa]] * [[Gżejjer ta' Ogasawara]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Blat]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Aldabra]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Bikini]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Rocas]] * [[Gżejjer tan-Nofsinhar u Ibħra Awstrali Franċiżi]] * [[Gżira Heard u l-Gżejjer McDonald]] * [[Gżira Inaċċessibbli]] * [[Gżira Sagra ta' Okinoshima u Siti Assoċjati fir-Reġjun ta' Munakata]] * [[Gżira ta' Cocos]] * [[Gżira ta' Fraser]] * [[Gżira ta' Gorée]] * [[Gżira ta' Henderson]] *[[Gżira ta' Jeju]] *[[Gżira ta' Kunta Kinteh]] *[[Gżira ta' Lord Howe]] *[[Gżira ta' Macquarie]] *[[Gżira ta' Mozambique]] *[[Gżira ta' Pico]] *[[Gżira ta' Robben]] *[[Gżira ta' Saint-Louis]] *[[Gżira ta' Tiwai]] *[[Gżira ta' Wrangel]] *[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]] === '''<u>GĦ</u>''' === * [[Għajn Tuffieħa]] * [[Għalliem]] *[[Għar Dalam]] *[[Għar ta' Altamira]] *[[Għar ta' Gorham]] *[[Għar ta' Karain]] *[[Għar ta' Optymistychna]] *[[Għar ta' Vjetrenica]] *[[Għar tal-Apokalissi]] *[[Għar tal-Irħam]] *[[Għar tas-Silġ ta' Dobšiná]] *[[Għarb]] *[[Għelieqi Mtarrġa tar-Ross tal-Cordilleras tal-Filippini]] *[[Għerien Karstiċi ta' Aggtelek u tas-Slovakkja]] *[[Għerien ta' Ajanta]] *[[Għerien ta' Elephanta]] *[[Għerien ta' Ellora]] *[[Għerien ta' Mogao]] *[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]] *[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]] *[[Għid]] *[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]] *[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]] *[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]] *[[Għoljiet ta' Matobo]] *[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]] === '''<u>H</u>''' === * [[Hagia Sophia]] * [[Hahoe]] * [[Haley Bugeja]] * [[Halloumi]] * [[Hallstatt]] * [[Hampi]] *[[Hans Geiger]] *[[Hans Memling]] *[[Hans Sloane]] *[[Hans Spemann]] *[[Harar]] *[[Harry Belafonte]] *[[Hatı Çırpan]] *[[Hatra]] *[[Hattusha]] *[[Hawa Mahal]] *[[Hebron]] *[[Hedeby]] *[[Hegmataneh]] *[[Hegra]] *[[Heinrich Hertz]] *[[Helena Kottler Vurnik]] *[[Henri Fantin-Latour]] *[[Henri Frederic Amiel]] *[[Hermannus Contractus]] *[[Hideki Shirakawa]] *[[Hideki Yukawa]] *[[Hildesheim]] *[[Höga Kusten]] *[[Hoh Xil]] *[[Hội An]] *[[Holašovice]] *[[Hollókő]] *[[Hongcun]] *[[Hospicio Cabañas]] *[[Hospital de Sant Pau]] *[[Hovgården]] *[[Howard Carter]] *[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]] *[[Huangshan]] *[[Hubert de Givenchy]] === '''<u>Ħ</u>''' === * [[Ħaġar Megalitiku ta' Carnac]] * [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]] * [[Ħajja]] *[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]] *[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]] *[[Ħsad tal-Perli fil-Bahrain]] *[[Ħuta]] === '''<u>I</u>''' === * [[Ibn Battuta]] * [[ICOMOS]] * [[Idolu ta' Shigir]] * [[Idrija]] * [[Idrijski žlikrofi]] * [[Ilha Grande]] * [[Il'ja Prigožini]] * [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]] *[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]] *[[Impjanti tan-Nitrat tal-Potassju ta' Humberstone u ta' Santa Laura]] *[[Inara Luigas]] *[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]] *[[Independence Hall]] *[[Indiċi]] *[[Industrija tal-lavanja f'Wales]] *[[Ingredjent]] *[[Intaljatur]] *[[Internet]] *[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]] * [[Ipproċessar testwali]] * [[Irdumijiet ta' Bandiagara]] * [[Iremel]] * [[Irħula Antiki ta' Djenné]] * [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]] * [[Irpin]] * [[Irziezet Imżejnin ta' Hälsingland]] *[[Isabella d'Este]] *[[ISBN]] *[[Istitut tar-Riċerka dwar il-Foresti tal-Malażja]] *[[Istmu Kuronjan]] *[[Ivan Turgenev]] *[[Ivrea]] === '''<u>J</u>''' === * [[Jacinto Benavente]] * [[Jaipur]] * [[Jakob Bogdani]] * [[Jan Novák]] *[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]] *[[Jarrod Sammut]] *[[Jean Antoine Houdon]] *[[Jean Dieudonné]] *[[Jean Picard]] *[[Jebel Faya]] *[[Jeddah]] *[[Jodensavanne]] *[[Joggins]] *[[Johann Christian Bach]] *[[Johan Jensen]] *[[John Edward Critien]] *[[John Kendrew]] *[[John Strutt Rayleigh]] *[[Jongmyo]] *[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]] *[[Josef Hoffman]] *[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] *[[Joya de Cerén]] *[[Jože Plečnik]] *[[Jules Pascin]] *[[Julia Malinova]] *[[Julia Sanina]] *[[Júlia Sigmond]] *[[Julio Baghy]] *[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] *[[Jum il-Ġifa]] *[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]] *[[Jum l-Ewropa]] *[[Jum Zamenhof]] === '''<u>K</u>''' === * [[Kaċċa bl-ajkli]] * [[Kairouan]] * [[Kaja Kallas]] *[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]] *[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]] *[[Kanal il-Kbir (iċ-Ċina)]] *[[Kanal ta' Rideau]] *[[Kanali ta' Amsterdam]] *[[Kandy]] *[[Kappella]] *[[Karavanseraj Persjani]] *[[Karbalayi Safikhan Karabakhi]] *[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]] *[[Karl Weierstrass]] *[[Karlskrona]] *[[Karlu III]] *[[Kasbah tal-Alġier]] *[[Kaskati ta' Galdelsha]] *[[Kaskati ta' Vitorja]] *[[Kastell ta' Ankara]] *[[Kastell ta' Durham]] *[[Kastell ta' Himeji]] *[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]] *[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]] *[[Kastell ta' Kuressaare]] *[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]] *[[Kastell ta' Lubart]] *[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]] *[[Kastell ta' Nesvizh]] *[[Kastell ta' Neuschwanstein]] *[[Kastell ta' Paphos]] *[[Kastell ta' San Pedro de la Roca]] *[[Kastell ta' Spiš]] *[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]] *[[Kastell ta' Zerzevan]] *[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]] *[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]] *[[Kastelli u Swar tal-Irħula tar-Re Dwardu fi Gwynedd]] *[[Katarina Vitale]] * [[Katidral]] *[[Katidral ta' Aachen]] *[[Katidral ta' Amiens]] *[[Katidral ta' Bourges]] *[[Katidral ta' Burgos]] *[[Katidral ta' Canterbury]] *[[Katidral ta' Chartres]] *[[Katidral ta' Köln]] *[[Katidral ta' León, Nikaragwa]] *[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]] *[[Katidral ta' Reims]] *[[Katidral ta' Roskilde]] *[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]] *[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]] *[[Katidral ta' Speyer]] *[[Katidral ta' Tournai]] *[[Katidral ta' Zvartnots]] *[[Katidral tat-Tlugħ is-Sema tal-Madonna ta' Kiev]] *[[Katidral tat-Trasfigurazzjoni, Dnipro]] *[[Katina Muntanjuża ta' Ennedi]] *[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]] *[[Katina Muntanjuża ta' Mulanje]] *[[Katsiaryna Barysevich]] *[[Kauksi Ülle]] *[[Kaunas]] *[[Kavallier ta' Madara]] * [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]] * [[Kawkasu tal-Punent]] * [[KazCosmos]] *[[Kelma]] *[[Kerkuane]] *[[Kernavė]] *[[Kewkbet is-Safar]] *[[Khafre]] *[[Khami]] *[[Khinalug]] *[[Khiva]] *[[Khor Rori]] *[[Khorramabad]] *[[Khuttal]] *[[Kibbeh]] *[[Kiki Kogelnik]] *[[Kinderdijk]] *[[Kirurgu]] *[[Kizhi Pogost]] *[[Kladruby nad Labem]] * [[Klima ta' Malta]] * [[Klondike]] * [[Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Bajja tal-Glaċieri / Tatshenshini-Alsek]] * [[Knarik Vardanyan]] * [[Knejjes Barokki tal-Filippini]] * [[Knejjes Imħaffrin fil-Blat ta' Ivanovo]] * [[Knejjes Imħaffrin fil-Blat ta' Lalibela]] *[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]] *[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]] *[[Knejjes ta' Chiloé]] *[[Knejjes tal-Injam ta' Maramureș]] *[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]] *[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]] *[[Knejjes tal-Iskola tal-Arkitettura ta' Pskov]] *[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]] *[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]] *[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]] *[[Knisja Antika ta' Petäjävesi]] *[[Knisja ta' Atlántida]] *[[Knisja ta' Boyana]] *[[Knisja ta' San Ġwann f'Kaneo]] *[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]] *[[Knisja ta' Santa Margerita]] *[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]] *[[Knisja tal-Injam ta' Urnes]] *[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]] *[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]] *[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]] *[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]] *[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]] *[[Koh Ker]] *[[Kok]] *[[Kolomenskoye]] *[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]] *[[Kolonji tal-Benevolenza]] *[[Kolonna ta' Ġuljanu]] *[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]] * [[Kolossew]] * [[Konso]] *[[Konversazzjoni]] *[[Korfù]] *[[Kosta Ġurassika]] *[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]] *[[Kosta ta' Ningaloo]] *[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]] *[[Kotlovina]] *[[Koutammakou]] *[[Krak des Chevaliers]] *[[Krakovja]] *[[Krater ta' Logoisk]] *[[Krater ta' Vredefort]] *[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]] *[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]] *[[Kreta]] *[[Krisztina Tóth]] *[[Krzemionki]] *[[Ksour Antiki ta' Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt u Oualata]] *[[Kubdari]] *[[Kujataa]] *[[Kulangsu]] *[[Kuldīga]] *[[Kulleġġ Navali Rjali Antik]] *[[Kultura ta' Chaco]] *[[Kultura ta' Chinchorro]] *[[Kultura ta' Liangzhu]] *[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]] *[[Kumpless Modern ta' Pampulha]] *[[Kumpless Monumentali ta' Brâncuși f'Târgu Jiu]] *[[Kumpless ta' Konservazzjoni tal-Amażonja Ċentrali]] *[[Kumpless ta' W-Arly-Pendjari]] *[[Kumpless tal-Bażar Storiku ta' Tabriz]] *[[Kumpless tal-Foresti ta' Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai]] *[[Kumpless tal-Foresta ta' Kaeng Krachan]] *[[Kumpless tal-Kastell ta' Mir]] *[[Kumpless tal-Khānegāh u tas-Santwarju tax-Xejikk Safi al-din f'Ardabil]] *[[Kumpless tal-Monumenti ta' Huế]] *[[Kumpless tal-Muntanji u tat-Tempji ta' Chengde]] *[[Kumpless tal-Oqbra ta' Koguryo]] *[[Kumpless tal-Pajsaġġ ta' Tràng An]] *[[Kumpless u l-Estancias tal-Ġiżwiti ta' Córdoba]] *[[Kumplessi Monastiċi Armeni tal-Iran]] *[[Kumplessi Petroglifiċi tal-Altai tal-Mongolja]] *[[Kumplessi Sagri tal-Hoysala]] *[[Kumitat tal-Wirt Dinji]] *[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]] *[[Kunvent ta' Kristu f'Tomar]] *[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]] *[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]] *[[Kunya-Urgench]] *[[Kuruna ta' Zvonimir]] *[[Kutná Hora]] === '''<u>L</u>''' === * [[L-Arti]] * [[L-Ewwel Mara jew Raġel ta' Malta]] * [[Lag ta' Baikal]] * [[Lag ta' Brebeneskul]] * [[Lag ta' Kezenoyam]] * [[Lag ta' Laach]] * [[Lag tal-Punent, Hangzhou]] * [[Lagi ta' Ounianga]] * [[Lag ta' Skadar]] * [[Lagi ta' Willandra]] * [[Lake District]] * [[Lamu]] *[[Landier]] *[[Lapponja Żvediża]] *[[Las Médulas]] *[[Lascaux]] *[[Lavaux]] *[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]] *[[Lazzaro Pisani]] *[[Le Corbusier]] *[[Le Havre]] *[[Le Locle]] *[[Léon Werth]] *[[Leptis Magna]] *[[Lessikoloġija]] * [[Lessiku]] * [[Letoon]] * [[Lev Davidovich Landau]] * [[Lev Semenovič Pontrjagin]] * [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]] * [[Levuka]] * [[Leyla Mammadbeyova]] * [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]] *[[Lika Kavzharadze]] *[[Lima]] *[[Lingwa Erżjana]] *[[Lingwa Ġermaniża]] *[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]] *[[Linja Ferrovjarja Trans-Iranjana]] *[[Linji Ferrovjarji tal-Muntanji tal-Indja]] *[[Linji ta' Nazca]] *[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]] *[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]] *[[Lista ta' kumpaniji elenkati fil-Borża ta' Malta]] *[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]] *[[Lista ta' peniżoli]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Andorra]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Iżrael]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Kuba]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Madagascar]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'San Marino]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fi Franza]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fi Spanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċilì]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fid-Danimarka]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bangladesh]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belarussja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belġju]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Brażil]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bulgarija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Filippini]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Finlandja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġappun]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġermanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġordan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Georgia]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Greċja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Jemen]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kambodja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kanada]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Karibew]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kenja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kirgistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kolombja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Korea t'Isfel]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Korea ta' Fuq]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Laos]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lussemburgu]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lvant tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lvant tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Malażja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Marokk]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Mauritania]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Messiku]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Moldova]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Mongolja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Myanmar]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Pakistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Palestina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Perù]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Portugall]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Punent tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Punent tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Vjetnam]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nepal]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Netherlands]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nofsinhar tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nofsinhar tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Norveġja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Renju Unit]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Rumanija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Russja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Serbja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Sirja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovakkja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Sri Lanka]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Taġikistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tajlandja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tanzanija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tramuntana tal-Asja u fl-Asja Ċentrali]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tramuntana tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tuneżija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkmenistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fix-Xlokk tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afganistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afrika]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afrika t'Isfel]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Albanija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka Ċentrali]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka t'Isfel]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka ta' Fuq]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Arabja Sawdija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Arġentina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Armenja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstralja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ażerbajġan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Eġittu]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Etjopja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Indja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Indoneżja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Istati Għarab]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Istati Uniti]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżlanda]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżvezja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżvizzera]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Oċeanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ungerija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Użbekistan]] *[[Liz Truss]] *[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]] *[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]] *[[Lorenzo de' Medici]] *[[Lorenzo Gafà]] *[[Lorenzo Valla]] *[[Luang Prabang]] *[[Lübeck]] *[[Luca Parmitano]] *[[Lucavsala]] *[[Lucia Piussi]] *[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]] *[[Ludmila tal-Boemja]] *[[Ludovico Ariosto]] *[[Ludovico Carracci]] *[[Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof]] *[[Luigi Boccherini]] *[[Luigi Galvani]] *[[Luigi Pirandello]] *[[Lumbini]] *[[Luna 26]] *[[Lunenburg]] *[[Lvant ta' Rennell]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Lyon]] *[[Lyubov Panchenko]] === '''<u>M</u>''' === * [[Maċedonit]] * [[Machu Picchu]] * [[Madinat Al-Zahra]] *[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]] *[[Magda Šaturová-Seppová]] *[[Maison Carrée]] * [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]] *[[Maltin]] *[[Måneskin]] *[[Manhush]] *[[Manto Mavrogenous]] *[[Mantova]] *[[Margaret Abela]] *[[Maria De Filippi]] *[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]] *[[Maria Grollmuß]] *[[Marian Smoluchowski]] *[[Mario Draghi]] *[[Mário Zagallo]] *[[Marrakesh]] *[[Marta Kos]] *[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]] *[[Mary Chronopoulou]] *[[Mary Fenech Adami]] *[[Mary Moser]] *[[Masada]] *[[Masġar tal-Palm ta' Elche]] *[[Maurizio Costanzo]] *[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]] *[[Maymand]] *[[Mbanza Kongo]] *[[Medalja ta' Marian Smoluchowski]] *[[Medina ta' Sousse]] *[[Mehmet Ali Ağca]] *[[Melka Kunture]] *[[Mérida (Spanja)]] *[[Merill]] *[[Meroe]] *[[Merv]] *[[Meteora]] *[[Michael Refalo]] *[[Michail Glinka]] *[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]] *[[Milan]] *[[Mileva Filipović]] *[[Mimoza Kusari-Lila]] *[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]] *[[Minaret ta' Jam]] *[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]] *[[Minjiera tal-Faħam ta' Ombilin]] *[[Minjiera tal-Fidda ta' Iwami Ginzan]] *[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]] *[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]] *[[Minjieri tad-Deheb tal-Gżira ta' Sado]] *[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]] *[[Mira Alečković]] *[[Mirella Freni]] *[[Miroslav Řepa]] *[[Missjonijiet Franġiskani fis-Sierra Gorda ta' Querétaro]] *[[Missjonijiet ta' San Antonio]] *[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti fost il-Guarani]] *[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti ta' Chiquitos]] *[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti ta' La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná u Jesús de Tavarangue]] *[[Mnajdra]] *[[Modena]] *[[Mogħdija tal-Ġgant]] *[[Moidam]] *[[Monasteri fuq ix-xaqlibiet ta' Popocatépetl]] *[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]] *[[Monasteru ta' Alcobaça]] *[[Monasteru ta' Batalha]] *[[Monasteru ta' Ferapontov]] *[[Monasteru ta' Gelati]] *[[Monasteru ta' Geghard]] *[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]] *[[Monasteru ta' Haghpat]] *[[Monasteru ta' Hoge]] *[[Monasteru ta' Horezu]] *[[Monasteru ta' Hosios Loukas]] *[[Monasteru ta' Maulbronn]] *[[Monasteru ta' Neghuts]] *[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]] *[[Monasteru ta' Rila]] *[[Monasteru ta' San Ġwann it-Teologu]] *[[Monasteru ta' San Ilarjun]] *[[Monasteru ta' Sanahin]] *[[Monasteru ta' Santa Katarina]] *[[Monasteru ta' Sopoćani]] *[[Monasteru ta' Studenica]] *[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]] *[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]] *[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]] *[[Monika Kryemadhi]] *[[Møns Klint]] *[[Mont-Saint-Michel]] *[[Monte Albán]] *[[Monte San Giorgio]] *[[Monte Titano]] *[[Monticello]] * [[Monument]] * [[Monument Nazzjonali ta' Żimbabwe l-Kbir]] * [[Monumenti Bojod ta' Vladimir u ta' Suzdal]] * [[Monumenti Buddisti fl-inħawi ta' Hōryū-ji]] * [[Monumenti Paleokristjani u Biżantini ta' Thessaloniki]] * [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]] * [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]] * [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]] * [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Makli]] *[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]] *[[Monumenti ta' Oviedo u tar-Renju tal-Asturjas]] *[[Monumenti tal-Ġebel taċ-Ċriev]] *[[Monumenti u Siti Storiċi f'Kaesong]] *[[Monumenti u Siti Storiċi ta' Hiraizumi]] *[[Morelia]] *[[Moritz Cantor]] *[[Moskea Antika ta' Edirne]] *[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]] *[[Moskea ta' Arif Agha]] *[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]] *[[Moskea tal-Ġimgħa ta' Esfahan]] *[[Moskea tat-Tatari]] *[[Moskej bi stil Sudaniż fit-Tramuntana tal-Kosta tal-Avorju]] *[[Moskej tal-Pilastri tal-Injam tal-Anatolja Medjevali]] *[[Motoori Norinaga]] *[[Mramorje]] *[[Mtskheta]] *[[Mtsvane]] *[[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] *[[Muħammed]] *[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]] *[[Muntanja Pelée]] *[[Muntanja Qingcheng]] *[[Muntanja ta' Kumgang]] *[[Muntanja Wutai]] *[[Muntanji Blu u John Crow]] *[[Muntanji Makhonjwa ta' Barberton]] *[[Muntanji ta' Homolje]] *[[Muntanji tad-Deheb ta' Altai]] *[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]] *[[Muntanji Wudang]] *[[Muntanji Wuyi]] *[[Mużew Brittaniku]] *[[Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Montenegro]] *[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]] *[[Mużew ta' Trojja]] *[[Myśliwska]] *[[Mystras]] === '''<u>N</u>''' === * [[Nærøyfjord]] * [[Nadur]] * [[Naftalan]] * [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] * [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]] * [[Nalanda Mahavihara]] * [[Namhansanseong]] * [[Nancy]] * [[Nan Madol]] *[[Napli]] *[[Naryn-Kala]] *[[Nataliya Kobrynska]] *[[Nea Moni ta' Chios]] *[[Nekropoli]] *[[Nekropoli ta' Beit She'arim]] *[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]] *[[Nemrut Dağı]] *[[Nessebar]] *[[New Lanark]] *[[New Secret (jott)]] *[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]] *[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]] *[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]] *[[Nicolas Flamel]] *[[Nicolau Coelho]] *[[Nida]] *[[Nika Križnar]] *[[Nikkō]] *[[Nil]] *[[Nino Ramishvili]] *[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]] *[[Nisa f’Malta]] *[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]] *[[Nizza]] *[[Norman Morrison]] *[[Nutar]] === '''<u>O</u>''' === * [[Oażi ta' Al-Ahsa]] * [[Olga Tass]] *[[Olimpja]] *[[Olinda]] *[[Ophrys caucasica|''Ophrys caucasica'']] *[[Oplontis]] *[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]] *[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastija Xixia]] *[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]] *[[Oqbra Rjali tad-Dinastija Joseon]] *[[Oqbra ta' Mozu]] *[[Oqbra tar-Rejiet ta' Buganda f'Kasubi]] *[[Orthohantavirus]] *[[Ortografija Litwana]] *[[Osservatorji Astronomiċi tal-Università Federali ta' Kazan]] *[[Osservatorju ta' Črni Vrh]] *[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]] *[[Osservatorju ta' Rozhen]] *[[Osun-Osogbo]] *[[Otto Toeplitz]] *[[Ouro Preto]] === '''<u>P</u>''' === * [[Pablo Neruda]] * [[Pagoda ta' Vinh Nghiem]] * [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]] * [[Pajsaġġ Arkeoloġiku tal-Ewwel Pjantaġġuni tal-Kafè fix-Xlokk ta' Kuba]] * [[Pajsaġġ Arkeoloġiku tas-Sassanidi fil-Provinċja ta' Fars]] * [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]] * [[Pajsaġġ Karstiku tan-Nofsinhar taċ-Ċina]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' ǂKhomani]] * [[Pajsaġġi Kulturali ta' Bassari, Fula u Bedik]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Budj Bim]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Gedeo]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Hawraman/Uramanat]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Le Morne]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Sukur]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Għelieqi Mtarrġa tar-Ross ta' Honghe Hani]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Kafè tal-Kolombja]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Lag ta' Kenozero]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Wied ta' Orkhon]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tat-Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Gobustan]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Zuojiang]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali u Botaniku ta' Richtersveld]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali u l-Fdalijiet Arkeoloġiċi tal-Wied ta' Bamiyan]] * [[Pajsaġġi Militari tal-Imperu Maratha fl-Indja]] * [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]] * [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]] * [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]] * [[Pajsaġġi ta' Dauria]] * [[Pál Maléter]] * [[Palazz Irjali ta' Aranjuez]] *[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]] *[[Palazz Mariinskyi]] *[[Palazz ta' Blenheim]] *[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]] *[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]] *[[Palazz ta' Eggenberg]] *[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]] *[[Palazz ta' Golestan]] *[[Palazz ta' Ishak Paşa]] *[[Palazz ta' Mafra]] *[[Palazz ta' Orbeliani]] *[[Palazz ta' Potala]] *[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]] *[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]] *[[Palazz ta' Versailles]] *[[Palazz tal-Khan]] *[[Palazz tas-Sajf]] *[[Palazz tax-Shirvanshah]] *[[Palazzi Minojċi]] *[[Palazzi Rjali ta' Abomey]] *[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]] *[[Palenque]] *[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]] *[[Palestina]] *[[Palianytsia]] *[[Palmaria]] *[[Palmyra]] *[[Pamukkale]] *[[Panamá Viejo]] *[[Papa Ljun XIV]] *[[Papahānaumokuākea]] *[[Paquimé]] *[[Paramaribo]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku Nazzjonali ta' Tierradentro]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Champaner-Pavagadh]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' San Agustín]] *[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]] *[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]] *[[Park Naturali ta' Dinara]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Karula]] *[[Park Naturali ta' Korab-Koritnik]] *[[Park Naturali tal-Iskolli tal-Qroll ta' Tubbataha]] *[[Park Naturali tal-Pilastri ta' Lena]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Impenetrabbli ta' Bwindi]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Olimpiku]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Trakai]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Alejandro de Humboldt]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Banc d'Arguin]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Beit Guvrin-Maresha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Canaima]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chapada dos Veadeiros]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chiribiquete]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Coiba]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Comoé]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Darien]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Defileul Jiului]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Desembarco del Granma]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Doñana]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Everglades]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garamba]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Great Smoky Mountains]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Gros Morne]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Gunung Mulu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Hortobágy]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Huascarán]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ichkeul]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Iguaçu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Iguazú]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ivindo]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kahuzi-Biega]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kakadu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kaziranga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Khangchendzonga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kilimanjaro]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kinabalu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kiskunság]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lahemaa]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lençóis Maranhenses]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lorentz]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Alerces]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Glaciares]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Katíos]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lushan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Mammoth Cave]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manas]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manú]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manovo-Gounda St Floris]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Mesa Verde]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Miguasha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Morne Trois Pitons]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Murujuga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Nahanni]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Niah]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Niokolo-Koba]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Noel Kempff Mercado]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Nyungwe]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Þingvellir]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Pirin]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Purnululu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Rapa Nui]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Rio Abiseo]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Salonga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sangay]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sanqingshan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Serengeti]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Serra da Capivara]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Simien]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Taï]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Talampaya]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Tongariro]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Una]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Vatnajökull]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Virunga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Yellowstone]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Yosemite]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Biżonti tal-Boskijiet]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Foresta Pluvjali ta' Gola]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Fortizza tal-Għolja ta' Brimstone]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għadajjar ta' Mana]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Carlsbad]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Peruaçu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Grand Canyon]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Himalayas il-Kbar]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Rodopi]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lag tal-Malawi]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja Dajti]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja tal-Kenja]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja Tomorr]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanji ta' Bale]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanji ta' Rwenzori]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Vulkani ta' Hawaii]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tas-Sundarbans]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tat-Taġikistan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tax-Xmara ta' Taħt l-Art ta' Puerto Princesa]] *[[Park Provinċjali ta' Ischigualasto]] *[[Park Provinċjali ta' Writing-on-Stone]] *[[Park Provinċjali tad-Dinosawri]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Phu Phrabat]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Si Thep]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Sukhothai]] *[[Park ta' Maloti-Drakensberg]] *[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]] *[[Park tal-Art Mistagħdra ta' iSimangaliso]] *[[Park tal-Mafkar tar-Rewwixta u tar-Rivoluzzjoni]] *[[Park Trinazzjonali ta' Sangha]] *[[Parks Internazzjonali tal-Paċi ta' Waterton-tal-Glaċieri]] *[[Parks Nazzjonali ta' Nanda Devi u tal-Wied tal-Fjuri]] *[[Parks Nazzjonali tal-Lag ta' Turkana]] *[[Parks Nazzjonali u Statali tas-Siġar tal-Injam tal-Aħmar]] *[[Parks tal-Muntanji tar-Rockies Kanadiżi]] *[[Parmigianino]] *[[Parrukkier]] *[[Pasargadae]] *[[Paseo del Prado]] *[[Patoloġija]] *[[Pattadakal]] *[[Paulo Coelho]] *[[Pavlo Lee]] *[[Pécs]] *[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]] *[[Peña de los Enamorados]] *[[Peniżola]] *[[Peniżola Valdés]] *[[Pergamon]] *[[Peri-Khan Sofiyeva]] *[[Persepolis]] *[[Peter Carl Fabergé]] *[[Péter Magyar]] *[[Pëtr Kapica]] *[[Petra]] *[[Petra Brocková]] *[[Petroglifiċi ta' Bangudae]] *[[Petroglifiċi tal-Lag ta' Onega u l-Baħar Abjad]] *[[Philipp Otto Runge]] *[[Philippi]] *[[Pienza]] *[[Piero Angela]] *[[Pierre Fatou]] *[[Pietro Longhi]] *[[Pietru l-Kbir]] *[[Pimachiowin Aki]] *[[Ping Yao]] *[[Pippo Baudo]] *[[Pirinej-Monte Perdido]] *[[Pitons]] *[[Pitons, Cirques u Rdumijiet tal-Gżira ta' Réunion]] *[[Pjanta]] *[[Pjanura ta' Bărăgan]] *[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]] *[[Pjanura tal-Ġarer]] *[[Pjazza]] *[[Pjazza ta' Naqsh-e Jahan]] * [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]] * [[Pkhali]] *[[Plamer]] *[[Planetarju Rjali ta' Eise Eisinga]] *[[Pobiti Kamani]] *[[Politika]] *[[Polonnaruwa]] *[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]] *[[Pont ta' Forth]] *[[Pont ta' Malabadi]] *[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]] *[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]] *[[Pont tal-Fjuri]] *[[Pont tal-Paċi, Tbilisi]] *[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]] *[[Port Ħieles ta' Malta]] *[[Port Royal]] *[[Port ta' Mariupol]] *[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]] *[[Porta Nigra]] *[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]] *[[Porto]] *[[Postijiet Sagri tal-Bahá'i]] *[[Potosí]] *[[Pożati]] *[[Prambanan]] *[[Professjoni]] *[[Proklos]] *[[Promontorju ta' Putorana]] *[[Provins]] *[[Pu'er]] *[[Puebla (belt)]] *[[Pythagoreion]] === '''<u>Q</u>''' === * [[Qabar ta' Askia]] * [[Qabar ta' Humayun]] * [[Qabar Traċjan ta' Kazanlak]] * [[Qabar Traċjan ta' Sveshtari]] * [[Qabża tal-Biżonti Sfrakassati]] * [[Qal'at al-Bahrain]] * [[Qala (Għawdex)]] * [[Qalba Neolitika tal-Gżejjer Orkney]] * [[Qalhat]] * [[Qanat]] * [[Qaryat al-Faw]] * [[Qaytarma]] * [[Qorti Rjali ta' Tiébélé]] * [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]] * [[Quanzhou]] * [[Quebrada de Humahuaca]] * [[Quedlinburg]] * [[Quirigua]] * [[Quito]] * [[Quseir Amra]] * [[Qutb Minar]] === '''<u>R</u>''' === * [[Rachid Chouhal]] * [[Raħal Storiku ta' St. George u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati, Bermuda]] * [[Rammelsberg]] * [[Ramses II]] * [[Rani-ki-Vav]] * [[Ras'ken' Ozks]] * [[Ravenna]] * [[Ravesa Lleshi]] * [[Red Bay]] * [[Regensburg]] * [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]] * [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]] * [[Reġjun tal-Inbid ta' Tokaj]] *[[Reichenau]] *[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]] *[[Rembrandt]] *[[Renata Scotto]] *[[Renju ta' Mapungubwe]] *[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]] *[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]] *[[Residenza ta' Würzburg]] *[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]] *[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]] *[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]] *[[Rettilu]] *[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]] *[[Riga]] *[[Risco Caído]] *[[Riversleigh]] *[[Riżerva Ekoloġika ta' Mistaken Point]] *[[Riżerva Forestali ta' Sinharaja]] *[[Riżerva Naturali Stretta tal-Muntanja ta' Nimba]] *[[Riżerva Naturali Stretta tat-Tsingy ta' Bemaraha]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Darwin]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Nahal Me'arot]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Okapi]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Selous]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Srebarna]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Tigrovaya Balka]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]] *[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]] *[[Riżerva Naturali tas-Suriname Ċentrali]] *[[Riżerva ta' Bijosfera ta' El Pinacate u Gran Desierto de Altar]] *[[Riżerva ta' Bijosfera ta' Río Plátano]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera ta' Tehuacán-Cuicatlán]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Baħar l-Iswed]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]] *[[Riżerva tal-Fawna ta' Dja]] *[[Riżervi Naturali ta' Air u ta' Ténéré]] *[[Riżervi tal-Foresti Atlantiċi tal-Kosta tal-Iskoperti]] *[[Riżervi tal-Foresti Atlantiċi tax-Xlokk]] *[[Riżervi tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Talamanca-La Amistad]] *[[Robert Fico]] *[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]] *[[Roberto Burle Marx]] *[[Rodi (belt)]] * [[Roi Mata]] * [[Roșia Montană]] * [[Ronald Searle]] * [[Røros]] * [[Rotta tal-Inċens – Bliet tad-Deżert f'Negev]] * [[Rotta Wixárika tas-Siti Sagri lejn Wirikuta]] * [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]] * [[Royal Exhibition Building]] * [[Róža Domašcyna]] *[[Rudolf Diesel]] *[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]] === '''<u>S</u>''' === * [[Sabratha]] * [[Saeva Dupka]] * [[Safranbolu]] * [[Saint-Émilion]] * [[Sajjied]] *[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]] *[[Salamanca]] *[[Salib ta' Santa Ewfrosina]] *[[Salini Rjali ta' Arc-et-Senans]] *[[Salme Kann]] *[[Saltaire]] *[[Salvatore Accardo]] *[[Salzburg]] *[[Samantha Cristoforetti]] *[[Samarkanda]] *[[Samarra]] *[[Sambor Prei Kuk]] *[[Sammallahdenmäki]] *[[Samuel Deguara]] *[[San Cristóbal de La Laguna]] *[[San Gimignano]] *[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]] *[[San Miguel de Allende]] *[[San Pietruburgu]] *[[Sana'a]] *[[Sanchi]] *[[Sandra Milo]] *[[Sandra Mondaini]] *[[Sandro Botticelli]] *[[Sangiran]] *[[Sansa, il-Monasteri Buddisti tal-Muntanji tal-Korea t'Isfel]] *[[Santa Cruz de Mompox]] *[[Santiago de Compostela]] *[[Santiago de Querétaro]] *[[Santiniketan]] *[[Santwarji tal-Għasafar tal-Passa tul il-Kosta tal-Baħar Isfar u l-Golf ta' Bohai]] *[[Santwarji tal-Pandas Ġganteski ta' Sichuan]] *[[Santwarji tan-Natura Selvaġġa ta' Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng]] *[[Santwarju Nazzjonali tal-Għasafar ta' Djoudj]] *[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus de Matosinhos]] *[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]] *[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]] *[[Santwarju tal-Balieni ta' El Vizcaino]] *[[Santwarju ta' Mỹ Sơn]] *[[Santwarju tal-Fawna u tal-Flora ta' Malpelo]] *[[Santwarju tan-Natura Selvaġġa tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Hamiguitan]] *[[São Cristóvão]] *[[São Luís]] *[[Sarazm]] *[[Sardis]] * [[Saryarka]] * [[Sassi ta' Matera]] * [[Satsivi]] *[[Schokland]] *[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]] *[[Sebastian Brant]] *[[Segovia]] *[[Seka Sablić]] *[[Sengħa]] *[[Seokguram]] *[[Seowon]] *[[Severo Ochoa]] *[[Sevil Shhaideh]] *[[Sewell]] *[[Sferi tal-Ġebel tal-Costa Rica]] *[[SGang Gwaay]] *[[Shahr-e Sukhteh]] *[[Shahrisabz]] *[[Shaken Aimanov]] *[[Shales ta' Maotianshan]] *[[Sheki]] *[[Shennongjia]] *[[Shibam]] *[[Shirakami-Sanchi]] *[[Shiretoko]] *[[Sian Ka'an]] *[[Šibenik]] *[[Sibila Petlevski]] *[[Sidney Webb]] *[[Siega Verde]] *[[Siena]] *[[Sighișoara]] *[[Sigiriya]] *[[Siġra tal-Ballut ta' Stelmužė]] *[[Siġra tal-ballut ta' Tamme-Lauri]] *[[Sikhote-Alin]] *[[Simon Kldiashvili]] *[[Sinagoga Antika (Erfurt)]] *[[Sinéad O'Connor]] *[[Sintra]] *[[Siracusa]] *[[Sistema Idrawlika Storika ta' Shushtar]] *[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]] *[[Sistema tat-Toroq tal-Inka]] *[[Sit Agrikolu Bikri ta' Kuk]] *[[Sit arkeoloġiku ta' Al-Balid|Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Al-Balid]] *[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]] *[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]] *[[Sit Arkeoloġiku tal-Maħżen ta' Valongo]] *[[Sit Storiku Nazzjonali ta' San Juan]] *[[Sit Storiku Statali tat-Tumbati tal-Ħamrija ta' Cahokia]] * [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] * [[Sit ta' Wirt Industrijali ta' Rjukan-Notodden]] *[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]] *[[Sit tar-Raġel ta' Peking f'Zhoukoudian]] *[[Siti tad-Dolmens ta' Gochang, Hwasun u Ganghwa]] *[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Bat, Al-Khutm u Al-Ayn]] *[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]] *[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]] *[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]] *[[Siti Funebri u Mfakar tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija (il-Front tal-Punent)]] *[[Siti Kristjani Moħbija fir-Reġjun ta' Nagasaki]] *[[Siti Metallurġiċi Antiki tal-Burkina Faso]] *[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]] *[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]] *[[Siti Preistoriċi ta' Jōmon fit-Tramuntana tal-Ġappun]] *[[Siti Sagri u Rotot ta' Pellegrinaġġ fil-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Kii]] *[[Siti tal-Fossili tal-Ominidi tal-Afrika t'Isfel]] *[[Siti tar-Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali Meiji tal-Ġappun]] *[[Siti tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Kondoa]] *[[Siti tat-Tusi]] *[[Skarpan]] *[[Skellig Michael]] *[[Skogskyrkogården]] *[[Skojjattlu tal-art ta' Tian Shan]] *[[Skola Superjuri tal-Mekkanika tal-Armata]] *[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]] *[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]] *[[Skoll tal-Qroll tal-Belize]] *[[Skorba]] *[[Skrivan]] *[[Slavko Brezoski]] *[[Socotra]] *[[Soltaniyeh]] *[[Songo Mnara]] *[[Sophia Loren]] *[[Sophie Germain]] *[[Sophie Liebknecht]] *[[Söyembikä]] *[[Speicherstadt]] *[[Spinalonga]] *[[Sputnik 5]] *[[Stari Ras]] *[[Statwa]] *[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]] *[[Statwa tal-Libertà]] *[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]] *[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]] *[[Stećak]] *[[Stepan Erzya]] *[[Stevns Klint]] *[[Stonehenge]] *[[Stone Town]] *[[Strett ta' Hormuz]] *[[Su Nuraxi]] *[[Subak]] *[[Sulaiman-Too]] *[[Sundarbans]] *[[Supra (festa)]] *[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]] *[[Surtsey]] *[[Susa]] *[[Svaneti]] *[[Svetlana Antonovska]] *[[Sviyazhsk]] === '''<u>T</u>''' === * [[Ta' Bakkja]] * [[Ta' Ħaġrat]] * [[Ta' Kandja]] *[[Tabib]] *[[Tadrart Acacus]] *[[Taħdit]] *[[Taishan]] *[[Taj Mahal]] *[[Takalik Abaj]] *[[Takht-e Soleyman]] *[[Takht-i-Bahi]] *[[Takkanot Shum]] *[[Taksim]] *[[Tallinn]] *[[Tamgaly]] *[[Tanġier]] *[[Taos Pueblo]] *[[Taputapuātea]] *[[Tarraco]] *[[Tarzna Navali ta' Antigua u s-Siti Arkeoloġiċi Relatati]] *[[Tassili n'Ajjer]] *[[Taxila]] *[[Tchogha Zanbil]] *[[Te Wahipounamu]] *[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]] *[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]] *[[Teatru Rjal]] *[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]] *[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]] *[[Teatru tal-Opri ta' Sydney]] *[[Tebe (Eġittu)]] *[[Tekniku]] *[[Telč]] *[[Tempji Ħajjin Kbar taċ-Ċola]] * [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]] * [[Tempji ta' Ħal Tarxien]] *[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]] *[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]] *[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]] *[[Tempju ta' Kakatiya Rudreshwara]] *[[Tempju ta' Mahabodhi]] *[[Tempju ta' Preah Vihear]] *[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]] *[[Tempju tal-Għar ta' Dambulla]] *[[Tempju tax-Xemx ta' Konarak]] *[[Tempju u Ċimiterju ta' Konfuċju u l-Villa tal-Familja Kong f'Qufu]] *[[Teotihuacan]] *[[Tequila (Belt)]] * [[Terminoloġija]] * [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]] * [[Tétouan]] *[[Teżawru]] *[[Theobald Boehm]] *[[Theodore Géricault]] *[[Thimlich Ohinga]] *[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]] *[[Thomas à Kempis]] *[[Thoros ta' Edessa]] *[[Tian Shan]] * [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]] * [[Tieqa ta' Wied il-Mielaħ]] * [[Tikal]] * [[Timbuktu]] * [[Timgad]] * [[Tina Turner]] * [[Tinetto]] * [[Tino]] * [[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Alta]] *[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]] *[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat fir-Reġjun ta' Ha'il]] *[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat ta' Dazu]] *[[Tinqix ta' Bisotun]] *[[Tipasa]] *[[Tiryns]] *[[Tiwanaku]] *[[Tiya]] *[[Tlacotalpan]] *[[TNMK]] *[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]] *[[Toledo]] *[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]] *[[Tomiri]] *[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: il-Kuritur ta' Zarafshan-Karakum]] *[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]] * [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]] * [[Torri ta' Belém]] *[[Torri ta' Erkole]] *[[Torri ta' Londra]] *[[Torri tax-Xebba (Baku)]] *[[Torrijiet residenzjali tas-Svan|Torrijiet Residenzjali tas-Svan]] *[[Toruń]] *[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Sierra de San Francisco]] *[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Baċir Mediterran Iberiku]] *[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Għar ta' Shulgan-Tash]] *[[Trattat ta' Kaunas]] *[[Třebíč]] *[[Trinidad, Kuba]] *[[Trogir]] *[[Trojja]] *[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]] *[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]] *[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]] *[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]] *[[Tsodilo]] *[[Tubeteika]] *[[Tulou ta' Fujian|''Tulou'' ta' Fujian]] *[[Tumbati Ċerimonjali tal-Ħamrija ta' Hopewell]] *[[Tumbati Funebri ta' Dilmun]] *[[Tumbati Funebri ta' Gaya]] *[[Tumbati Monumentali tal-Ħamrija ta' Poverty Point]] *[[Turan]] *[[Tutankhamun]] *[[Twyfelfontein]] *[[Tyre]] === '''<u>U</u>''' === * [[Úbeda]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] *[[Uluru]] *[[Um er-Rasas]] *[[Umm Al-Jimāl]] *[[UNESCO]] *[[Università Iżlamika Russa]] *[[Università Nazzjonali Awtonoma tal-Messiku]] *[[Università ta' Al-Qarawiġin|Università ta' Al-Qarawijin]] *[[Università ta' Coimbra]] *[[Unjoni Sovjetika]] *[[Urbino]] *[['Uruq Bani Mu'arid]] *[[Uxmal]] === '''<u>V</u>''' === * [[Val d'Orcia]] *[[Val di Noto]] *[[Valentyna Radzymovska]] *[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]] *[[Vallée de Mai]] *[[Vasco da Gama]] *[[Vat Phou]] *[[Velimir Khlebnikov]] *[[Venera 7]] *[[Verona]] *[[Via Appia]] *[[Victoria Amelina]] *[[Vigan]] *[[Vincent van Gogh]] *[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]] *[[Villa d'Este]] *[[Villa Romana del Casale]] *[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]] *[[Villa Tugendhat]] *[[Villaġġi Antiki tat-Tramuntana tas-Sirja]] *[[Villaġġi bil-Knejjes Iffortifikati f'Transilvanja]] *[[Villaġġi Storiċi ta' Shirakawa-gō u Gokayama]] *[[Vilnius]] *[[Visby]] *[[Vitaliy Kim]] *[[Vito Volterra]] *[[Vittorio De Sica]] *[[Vjenna]] *[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]] *[[Vlkolínec]] *[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] *[[Volubilis]] *[[Võros]] *[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]] *[[Vulkani ta' Kamchatka]] === '''<u>W</u>''' === * [[Wachau]] * [[Wadi Al-Hitan]] *[[Wadi Rum]] *[[Wales]] *[[Weimar Klassika]] *[[Werrej]] *[[Wied Superjuri tar-Renu Nofsani]] *[[Wied t'Isfel tal-Awash]] *[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]] *[[Wied ta' Loire]] *[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]] *[[Wied ta' M'zab]] *[[Wied ta' Qadisha]] *[[Wied ta' Viñales]] *[[Wied tal-Fondoq il-Kbir]] *[[Wied tat-Tempji]] *[[Wilhelm Grimm]] *[[Wilhelm Röntgen]] *[[Willem de Sitter]] *[[Willemstad]] *[[William Boeing]] *[[Wirt Arkeoloġiku tal-Wied ta' Lenggong]] *[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]] *[[Wismar]] *[[Władysław Horodecki]] *[[Wolfgang Paul]] === '''<u>X</u>''' === * [[Xanadu]] * [[Xanthos]] * [[Xatt it-Tiben]] *[[Xeff]] *[[Xidi]] *[[Xmara Omo]] *[[Xochicalco]] *[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] *[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] *[[Xjenza spazjali]] *[[Xtatol]] === '''<u>Y</u>''' === * [[Yagul]] * [[Yakushima]] * [[Yana Zinkevych]] * [[Yangdong]] * [[Yarmak]] * [[Yaroslavl]] * [[Yazd]] * [[Yeni-Kale]] * [[Yin Xu]] * [[Yllka Mujo]] * [[Yogyakarta]] *[[Yuliya Gushchina]] *[[Yuri Lysianskyi]] === '''<u>Ż</u>''' === * [[Żapoteki]] * [[Żejt]] * [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]] * [[Żona Kulturali ta' Ḥimā]] *[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]] *[[Żona Naturali Selvaġġa tat-Tażmanja]] *[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]] *[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]] *[[Żona Protetta tal-Gżejjer Phoenix]] *[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku ta' Huanglong]] *[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku tal-Wied ta' Jiuzhaigou]] *[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku ta' Wulingyuan]] *[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Guanacaste]] *[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Ngorongoro]] *[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Pantanal]] *[[Żona tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Chongoni]] *[[Żoni Protetti tar-Reġjun tal-Fjuri tal-Kap]] *[[Żoni Protetti tat-Tliet Xmajjar Paralleli ta' Yunnan]] *[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]] *[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Gyeongju]] *[[Żooloġija]] === '''<u>Z</u>''' === * [[Zabid]] * [[Zacatecas (belt)]] * [[Zagori]] * [[Zamość]] * [[Žatec]] * [[Žehra]] * [[Ziba Ganiyeva]] * [[Zivana]] * [[Zlata Kolarić-Kišur]] *[[Zofia Zamenhof]] *[[Zollverein]] *[[Zond 5]] *[[Zsuzsanna Lorántffy]] lae71jsulxgtxb5m8ntutjy5j5iysfu 0 27556 330581 323352 2026-06-16T17:10:24Z Oursana 10799 /* Xogħlijiet ewlenin */ -+Canal, Giovanni Antonio, gen. Canaletto (1697-1768) — Platz vor San Giacomo di Rialto in Venedig.jpg 330581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Giovanni Antonio Canal''' (twieled fit-18 ta' Ottubru 1697 – miet fid-19 ta' April 1768)<ref>Filippo Pedrocco (1995). ''Canaletto''. Giunti Editore. ISBN <bdi>978-88-09-76198-8</bdi>.</ref>, magħruf l-iktar bħala '''Canaletto''' ([kanaˈletto])<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=canaletto|titlu=DiPI Online - Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana|sit=www.dipionline.it|data-aċċess=2021-10-28}}</ref>, kien pittur [[Taljan]] mir-Repubblika ta' [[Venezja]], u huwa meqjus bħala membru importanti tal-iskola Venezjana tas-seklu 18. Huwa kien pittur tal-veduti fil-bliet, fosthom Venezja, [[Ruma]] u [[Londra]], u kien ipitter ukoll veduti immaġinarji (imsejħa kapriċċi), għalkemm id-demarkazzjoni fix-xogħlijiet tiegħu bejn ir-realtà u l-immaġinarju qatt mhu ċar għalkollox. Huwa kien ukoll litografu importanti u kien juża t-teknika tal-inċiżjoni. Mill-1746 sal-1756 huwa ħadem fl-[[Renju Unit|Ingilterra]] fejn pitter bosta veduti ta' Londra u ta' siti oħra inkluż il-[[Kastell ta' Warwick]] u l-[[Kastell ta' Alnwick]]. Huwa kellu suċċess kbir fl-Ingilterra, bis-saħħa tal-merkant u l-midħla tal-qasam Brittaniku [[Joseph Smith]] "il-Konslu", li kellu kollezzjoni kbira ta' xogħlijiet ta' Canaletto li nbigħu lir-Re [[Ġorġ III]] fl-1762.<ref>Alice Binion and Lin Barton. "Canaletto." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press</ref> == Karriera bikrija == Canaletto twieled f'Venezja u kien iben il-pittur [[Bernardo Canal]], u għalhekk kien jissejjaħ bil-mononimu ''Canaletto'' ("iż-żgħir tal-familja Canal"), u [[Artemisia Barbieri]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1080.html|titlu=Artist Info|sit=www.nga.gov|data-aċċess=2021-10-28}}</ref> Canaletto għamel apprendistat ma' missieru u ma' ħuh bħala pittur tax-xeni teatrali. Meta kien jgħix f'Ruma huwa ħadem ma' missieru fil-produzzjoni tax-xenarji għal żewġ opri tal-[[kompożitur]] [[Alessandro Scarlatti]], ''Tito Sempronio Greco'' u ''Turno Aricino,'' li saru fit-Teatru Catranica matul l-istaġun tal-[[karnival]] tal-1720. Canaletto kien ispirat mill-vedutista Ruman [[Giovanni Paolo Pannini]], u beda jpitter il-ħajja ta' kuljum tal-belt u tan-nies tagħha. Wara li rritorna minn Ruma fl-1719, huwa beda jpitter bl-istil topografiku tiegħu.<ref>Haldane MacFall (20 September 2004). ''A History of Painting: Later Italians and Genius of Spain Part Three''. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN <bdi>978-1-4179-4508-5</bdi>.</ref> L-ewwel xogħol magħruf bil-firma u bid-data huwa dak ta' ''Kapriċċ Arkitettoniku'' (1723, [[Milan]], f'kollezzjoni privata). Hu u jistudja ma' [[Luca Carlevarijs]], pittur rinomat tal-pajsaġġi urbani, malajr sar kapaċi daqs l-[[għalliem]] tiegħu.<ref>Betsy Dru Tecco. ''Pk:how to Draw Italy''. PowerKids Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8239-6686-8</bdi>.</ref> Fl-1725, il-pittur [[Alessandro Marchesini]], li kien ukoll ix-xerrej għall-kollezzjonista tal-[[arti]] minn [[Lucca]], [[Stefano Conti]], kien tkixxef biex jixtri żewġ "veduti ta' Venezja" oħrajn, meta l-aġent ħeġġu jikkunsidra minflok ix-xogħol ta' "Antonio Canale... li qisu bħal ta' Carlevaris, iżda tista' tara x-[[xemx]] tiżreġ fihom".<ref>Constable, W.G (1962). ''Canaletto, Giovanni Antonio Canal 1697-1768, Volume One: Life and Work, The Plates''. Oxford, Clarendon Press. p. 9. ISBN <bdi>0198173245</bdi>.</ref><ref>J.G. Links, ''Canaletto and his patrons'', Granada Publishing/Paul Elek Ltd., London 1977, p. 1.</ref> === Pitturi fil-beraħ === Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-arti bikrija ta' Canaletto pittirha "min-natura", u mhux bħal prassi tas-soltu ta' dak iż-żmien fejn il-pitturi kien isiru l-iktar fl-istudjo. Minkejja dan, uħud mix-xogħlijiet tiegħu li saru iktar tard, saru fil-fatt fi studjo, kif tissuġġerixxi t-tendenza li l-figuri 'il bogħod jitpittru bħala ċapep tal-kulur – effett li possibbilment kien jinħoloq bl-użu ta' ''camera obscura'', li ċċajpar l-oġġetti iktar 'il bogħod – għalkemm ir-riċerka li saret mill-istoriċi ta[[L-Arti|l-arti]] tal-Kollezzjoni Rjali fir-[[Renju Unit]] uriet li Canaletto kważi qatt ma uża ''camera obscura''.<ref>Hannah Furness, 'Royal Collection uses infrared to prove Canaletto did not trace his drawings' in ''The Daily Telegraph''</ref> Madankollu, il-pitturi tiegħu lkoll huma magħrufin għall-akkuratezza tagħhom: huwa rrappreżenta l-marea staġonali li tgħerreq lil Venezja fl-ilma u fis-silġ.<ref>C. A. Fletcher; T. Spencer (14 July 2005). ''Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0-521-84046-0</bdi>.</ref> === Xogħol bikri u iktar tard === Ix-xogħlijiet bikrin ta' Canaletto huma fost l-iktar imfittxija, u skont ħafna awtoritajiet huma l-aqwa xogħlijiet tiegħu. Waħda mill-opri bikrin tiegħu hija dik ta' ''Campo S. Vidal e Santa Maria della Carità'' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''The Stonemason's Yard''; għall-ħabta tal-1725, il-Gallerija Nazzjonali, Londra) li turi żona umli tax-xogħol fil-belt. Din hija meqjusa bħala waħda mill-ifjen opri tiegħu u ġiet ippreżentata minn Sir [[George Beaumont]] fl-1823 u fl-1828. Iktar 'il quddiem, Canaletto pitter xeni grandjużi tal-kanali ta' Venezja u tal-Palazz Dukali. Il-pajsaġġi fuq skala kbira kienu juru l-lussu u t-tradizzjonijiet tal-belt li kienu bdew jispiċċaw, u fihom Canaletto juża effetti atmosferiċi u kuluri lokali qawwijin b'mod innovattiv. Għal dawn il-kwalitajiet, jista' jingħad li x-xogħlijiet tiegħu antiċipaw l-Impressjoniżmu. Il-litografija grafika tiegħu ''S. A. Giustina in Prà della Vale'' nstabet fl-2012 fil-[[Kollezzjoni ta' Gurlitt]] fi [[Munich]]. == Xogħol fl-Ingilterra == Bosta mill-pitturi tiegħu nbigħu lill-Ingliżi fil-Grand Tour tagħhom, l-ewwel permezz tal-aġenzija ta' [[Owen Swiny]] u mbagħad permezz tal-bankier Joseph Smith. Fl-aħħar tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 18 kien Swiny li ħeġġeġ lill-artist ipitter veduti topografiċi żgħar ta' Venezja li jappellaw kummerċjalment għat-turisti u l-viżitaturi barranin tal-belt. Xi żmien qabel l-1728, Canaletto beda l-assoċjazzjoni tiegħu ma' Smith, negozjant u kollezzjonista Ingliż li kien jgħix f'Venezja u li ġie maħtur bħala l-Konslu Brittaniku f'Venezja fl-1744. Smith iktar 'il quddiem sar l-aġent u l-patrun prinċipali tal-artist, u xtara kważi ħamsin pittura, mija u ħamsin tpinġija, u ħmistax-il inċiżjoni litografika rari mingħand Canaletto; l-ikbar u l-ifjen grupp uniku ta' xogħlijiet tal-artist, li Smith imbagħad biegħ lir-Re Ġorġ III fl-1763.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1080.html|titlu=Artist Info|sit=www.nga.gov|data-aċċess=2021-10-28}}</ref> Fis-snin 40 tas-seklu 18, is-suq ta' Canaletto ġie mfixkel meta l-Gwerra tas-Suċċessjoni Awstrijaka wasslet għal tnaqqis fl-għadd ta' viżitaturi Brittaniċi f'Venezja. Smith organizza wkoll il-pubblikazzjoni ta' sensiela ta' inċiżjonijiet litografiċi ta' "kapriċċi" (jew fantażiji arkitettoniċi) fil-''veduti ideali'' tiegħu, iżda l-qligħ ma kienx għoli biżżejjed, u fl-1746 Canaletto mar jgħix f'Londra, sabiex ikun eqreb tas-suq tiegħu.<ref>Williams, George G. Assisted by Marian and Geoffrey Williams. (1973) ''Guide to Literary London''. London: Batsford, p. 208. ISBN 0713401419.</ref> Fl-Ingilterra, bejn l-1749 u l-1752 Canaletto għex f'41 Beak Street fid-distrett ta' Soho f'Londra. Huwa baqa' l-Ingilterra sal-1755, u pproduċa veduti ta' Londra (inkluż diversi veduti tal-Pont ta' Westminster, li tlesta matul is-soġġorn tiegħu) u tad-djar u tal-kastelli tal-patruni tiegħu. Dawn kienu jinkludu d-Dar ta' Northumberland għal Sir [[Hugh Smithson]], li biż-żwieġ iktar 'il quddiem sar it-tieni Earl ta' Northumberland; u l-Kastell ta' Warwick għal [[Lord Brooke]], li iktar 'il quddiem sar l-ewwel Earl ta' Warwick. Smithson kien wieħed mill-kummissarji tal-Pont ta' Westminster, u ma kinitx xi ħaġa "impossibbli" li kien hu li ħeġġeġ lil Canaletto jmur l-Ingilterra biex ipitter il-bidu tal-ħajja tal-pont. Il-pittura tiegħu tal-1754 tal-Pont l-Antik ta' Walton tinkludi immaġni ta' Canaletto nnifsu.<ref>Links, J. G. (April 1981). "Canaletto in England". ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts''. '''129''' (5297): 301, 304.</ref> Huwa spiss kien mistenni jpitter l-Ingilterra bl-istess mod kif kien pitter il-belt fejn twieled. Il-pittura ta' Canaletto bdiet tbati mir-ripetizzjoni, bdiet titlef il-fluwidità tagħha, u bdiet issir mekkanika sal-punt li l-kritiku tal-arti Ingliż [[George Vertue]] ssuġġerixxa li r-raġel li kien qed ipitter bl-isem ta' "Canaletto" kien impustur. Dan seta' kien marbut mal-fatt li n-neputi ta' Canaletto, [[Bernardo Bellotto]], kien qed juża l-laqam ta' zijuh ukoll; jew x'aktarx minħabba l-għajdut li kien infirex minn negozjanti tal-arti bla skrupli li kienu qed ibigħu kopji tax-xogħlijiet ta' Canaletto u kienu anzjużi li jarawh jerġa' lura f'Venezja. L-istoriku [[Michael Levey]] iddeskriva x-xogħol tiegħu minn dan il-perjodu bħal "inibit".<ref>Michael Levey (1994). ''Painting in Eighteenth-century Venice''. Yale University Press. pp. 114–5. ISBN <bdi>978-0-300-06057-7</bdi>.</ref> Sabiex jiċħad dan l-għajdut, l-artist b'reklami f'gazzetta stieden lil "kwalunkwe Ġentlom" jispezzjona l-aħħar pittura tiegħu tal-Park ta' San Ġakbu fl-istudjo tiegħu f'Silver Street (issa Beak Street) qrib il-Golden Square; madankollu, ir-reputazzjoni tiegħu qatt ma rkuprat għalkollox matul ħajtu.<ref>John Eglin (13 January 2001). ''Venice Transfigured: The Myth of Venice in British Culture, 1660–1797''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN <bdi>978-0-312-23299-3</bdi>.</ref> Wara li reġa' lura f'Venezja, Canaletto ġie elett fl-Akkademja Venezjana fl-1763 u nħatar bħala pirjol tal-Kulleġġ tal-Pitturi (bit-[[Lingwa Taljana|Taljan]]: ''Collegio dei Pittori''). Huwa kompla jpitter sa [[Mewt|mewtu]] fl-1768. Lejn l-aħħar ta' ħajtu spiss kien jaħdem abbażi ta' skizzi antiki, iżda xi kultant kien jipproduċi kompożizzjonijiet ġodda sorprendenti. Huwa kien lest jagħmel alterazzjonijiet sottili fit-topografija biex joħloq effett artistiku. == Suq == [[Stampa:House of Canaletto, Venice.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|239x239px|Il-post fejn twieled Canaletto]] Fost l-istudenti tiegħu kien hemm in-neputi Bernardo Bellotto, [[Francesco Guardi|Franzasco Guardi]], [[Michele Marieschi]], [[Gabriele Bella]], u [[Giuseppe Moretti]]. Il-pittur [[Giuseppe Bernardino Bison]] kien segwaċi tal-istil tiegħu. Joseph Smith biegħ il-biċċa l-kbira tal-kollezzjoni tiegħu lir-Re Ġorġ III, u b'hekk ħoloq il-maġġoranza tal-kollezzjoni l-kbira ta' xogħlijiet ta' Canaletto f'idejn il-Kollezzjoni Rjali. Fl-1762, ir-Re Ġorġ III ħallas £20,000 għall-kollezzjoni tal-Konslu Smith ta' 50 pittura u 142 tpinġija. Hemm bosta eżempji tax-xogħlijiet tiegħu f'kollezzjonijiet Brittaniċi oħra, inkluż 19 fil-Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace u sett ta' 24 fil-kamra tal-pranzu fl-[[Abbazija ta' Woburn]]. Sett kbir ta' xogħlijiet ta' Canaletto kien parti wkoll mill-kollezzjoni tal-Earls ta' [[Carlisle]], madankollu ħafna ntilfu fin-nirien tal-1940 li ħakmu l-[[Kastell ta' Howard]] u oħrajn inbigħu matul l-aħħar seklu. Fost dawk li qabel kienu fil-kollezzjoni ta' Carlisle hemm ''Il-Baċir ta' San Mark: lejn il-Lvant'', li issa jinsab fil-Mużew tal-Belle Arti ta' [[Boston]], l-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]] (inbigħ fl-1939) u l-par ''Daħla sal-Canal Grande mill-Moll, Venezja'' u ''Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark, Venezja'', li issa jinsab fil-Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Arti ta' [[Washington DC]] (inbigħ fl-1938). L-aħħar veduta Venezjana importanti fil-Kastell ta' Howard saret minn Bernardo Bellotto, ''Veduta tal-Canal Grande min-Nofsinhar tal-Palazzo Foscari'', li nbigħet minn Sotheby's f'Lulju 2015 għal £2.6 miljun. Il-veduti ta' Canaletto dejjem inbiegħu għal prezzijiet għoljin, u diġà fis-seklu 18 [[Katarina l-Kbira]] u monarki [[Ewropa|Ewropej]] oħra kienu jikkompetu għall-aqwa pitturi tiegħu. Il-prezz rekord f'irkant għal pittura ta' Canaletto huwa ta' £18.6 miljun għall-''Veduta tal-Canal Grande minn Palazzo Balbi lejn ir-Rialto'', li nbigħet minn Sotheby's f'Londra f'Lulju 2005. == Xogħlijiet ewlenin == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Pittura !Titlu !Data !Post |- |[[File:Canaletto,_Venice_1697-1768,_Campo_San_Giacomo_di_Rialto,_Venice,_pen_and_brown_ink.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_Venice_1697-1768,_Campo_San_Giacomo_di_Rialto,_Venice,_pen_and_brown_ink.jpg|128x128px]] |Campo San Giacomo di Rialto, Venezja |1697–1768 |Sotheby's – il-[[Belt ta' New York]] |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Canal_Scene,_Venice_-_Walters_371020.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Canal_Scene,_Venice_-_Walters_371020.jpg|128x128px]] |Xena ta' Kanal, Venezja – Walters |1697–1768 |Walters Art Museum – Baltimore, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canal, Giovanni Antonio - View of Saint Mark's Square in Venice - Palais-musée des Archevêques de Narbonne.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antonio_Canal--Vue_de_la_place_Saint_Marc.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-[[Pjazza]] ta' San Mark |1697–1768 |Musée d'art et d'histoire de Narbonne – [[Franza]] |- |[[File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Le_Grand_Canal_à_Sainte_Lucie_-_Canaletto_1009.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Le_Grand_Canal_%C3%A0_Sainte_Lucie_-_Canaletto_1009.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Canal Grande f'Santa Lucia |1697–1768 |Fondazzjoni Bemberg – [[Toulouse]], Franza |- |[[File:Canaletto_carita.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_carita.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Canal Grande minn Campo della Carità |1697–1768 |Gallerie dell'Accademia, l-[[Italja]] |- |[[File:Canaletto_(II)_026.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(II)_026.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Giacomo di Rialto f'Venezja |1697–1768 |Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, il-[[Ġermanja]] |- |[[File:Venise_la_place_Saint-Marc-Le_Canaletto_mg_8212.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venise_la_place_Saint-Marc-Le_Canaletto_mg_8212.jpg|130x130px]] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark f'Venezja |1697–1768 |Musée des beaux-arts de Brest – Franza |- |[[File:Canaletto_(II)_008.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(II)_008.jpg|128x128px]] |Bla isem |1697–1768 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- | |Il-Pjazza u l-Knisja ta' San Francesco della Vigna |1697–1768 |Kollezzjoni Privata, Milan |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Architectural_Capriccio_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Architectural_Capriccio_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|180x180px]] |Kapriċċ Arkitettoniku |1697–1768 |Il-Librerija u l-Mużew ta' Morgan – New York |- | |Pjazza żgħira f'Venezja |Seklu 18 |Alte Pinakothek, Munich, il-Ġermanja |- | |Venezja: il-Canal Grande |Seklu 18 |LLL Art Galleries |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Piazza_San_Marco_-_WGA03883.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Piazza_San_Marco_-_WGA03883.jpg|128x128px]] |Kapriċċ tal-Pjazza ta' San Mark |Snin 20 tas-seklu 18 |Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_near_the_Rialto_Bridge,_Venice_-_55.103_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_near_the_Rialto_Bridge,_Venice_-_55.103_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Canal Grande ħdejn il-Pont ta' Rialto, Venezja |Snin 20 tas-seklu 18 |Mużew tal-Belle Arti, [[Houston]], l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canal,_Giovanni_Antonio;_Piazzetta;_1720.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canal,_Giovanni_Antonio;_Piazzetta;_1720.jpg|171x171px]] |Il-Canal Grande ħdejn il-Pont ta' Rialto, Venezja |1720 |L-Istitut tal-Istatistika Applikata, l-arkivju tad-dipartiment tal-arti |- |[[File:Pantheon-Canaletto.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pantheon-Canaletto.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Panteon |1720 |Dayton Art Institute, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto_capriccio_gotica.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_capriccio_gotica.jpg|128x128px]] |Kapriċċ bi knisja [[Gotiku|Gotika]] u l-laguna |għall-ħabta tal-1720–21 |Galleria d'Italia – Palazzo Leoni Montanari, [[Vicenza]] |- |[[File:Ca'_Rezzonico_-_Canal_Grande_da_Palazzo_Balbi_a_Rialto_C.1722_-_Canaletto.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ca'_Rezzonico_-_Canal_Grande_da_Palazzo_Balbi_a_Rialto_C.1722_-_Canaletto.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Canal Grande, lejn il-Grigal mill-Palazo Balbi lejn in-naħa tal-Pont ta' Rialto |1720–1723 |Ca' Rezzonico, Venezja, l-Italja |- |[[File:San_Cristoforo,_San_Michele,_and_Murano_from_the_Fondamenta_Nuove,_Venice_(1722).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Cristoforo,_San_Michele,_and_Murano_from_the_Fondamenta_Nuove,_Venice_(1722).jpg|128x128px]] |San Cristoforo, San Michele u [[Murano]] mill-Fondamenta Nuove, Venezja |1722–23 |Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, [[Texas]], l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_in_Venice_with_the_Palazzo_Corner_Ca'Grande_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_in_Venice_with_the_Palazzo_Corner_Ca'Grande_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Canal Grande f'Venezja b'Palazz fir-Rokna tal-kanal |1722–23 |Gallerija ta' Kapulavuri ta' Pitturi Antiki |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Piazza_di_San_Marco,_em_Veneza.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Piazza_di_San_Marco,_em_Veneza.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark, Venezja |1723 |Instituto Ricardo Brennand (IRB), il-[[Brażil]] |- | |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark f'Venezja lejn il-Punent bit-Torri tal-Kampnar |1723 |House of Liechtenstein, [[Liechtenstein]] |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Piazza_San_Marco_in_Venice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Piazza_San_Marco_in_Venice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark lejn il-Lvant tul il-Linja Ċentrali |1723–24 |Mużew Thyssen-Bornemisza, [[Madrid]], [[Spanja]] |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Grand_Canal,_Looking_East_from_the_Campo_San_Vio_-_WGA03847.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Grand_Canal,_Looking_East_from_the_Campo_San_Vio_-_WGA03847.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Canal Grande lejn il-Lvant minn Campo San Vio |1723–24 |Mużew Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spanja |- |[[File:Ca'_Rezzonico_-_Il_rio_dei_Mendicanti_-_Canaletto.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ca'_Rezzonico_-_Il_rio_dei_Mendicanti_-_Canaletto.jpg|128x128px]] |Rio dei Mendicanti |1723–24 |Ca' Rezzonico, Venezja, l-Italja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Piazza_San_Marco_looking_west_towards_San_Geminiano_RCIN_405935.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Piazza_San_Marco_looking_west_towards_San_Geminiano_RCIN_405935.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark lejn il-Punent fin-naħa ta' San Geminiano |1723–24 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, ir-Renju Unit |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Rio_dei_Mendicanti_(detail)_-_WGA03845.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Rio_dei_Mendicanti_(detail)_-_WGA03845.jpg|152x152px]] |Rio dei Mendicanti |1723–24 |Ca' Rezzonico, Venezja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Piazzetta_towards_San_Giorgio_Maggiore_-_WGA03873.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Piazzetta_towards_San_Giorgio_Maggiore_-_WGA03873.jpg|150x150px]] |Il-Pjazzetta lejn San Giorgio Maggiore |għall-ħabta tal-1724 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Palazz ta' , l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal,_Venice,_Looking_North_East_from_the_Palazzo_Balbi_to_the_Rialto_Bridge_ERY_FG_95995.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal,_Venice,_Looking_North_East_from_the_Palazzo_Balbi_to_the_Rialto_Bridge_ERY_FG_95995.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal, Venice, Looking North East from the Palazzo Balbi to the Rialto Bridge'']] |Il-Canal Grande, Venezja, lejn il-Grigal minn Palazzo Balbi lejn il-Pont ta' Rialto (1) |għall-ħabta tal-1724 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Venice_-_The_Grand_Canal,_Looking_North-East_from_Palazzo_Balbi_to_the_Rialto_Bridge_-_WGA03851.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Venice_-_The_Grand_Canal,_Looking_North-East_from_Palazzo_Balbi_to_the_Rialto_Bridge_-_WGA03851.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal, Looking North-East from Palazzo Balbi to the Rialto Bridge'']] |Il-Canal Grande, Venezja, lejn il-Grigal minn Palazzo Balbi lejn il-Pont ta' Rialto (2) |għall-ħabta tal-1724 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_looking_south-west_from_the_Rialto_to_Ca’_Foscari_RCIN_406890.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_looking_south-west_from_the_Rialto_to_Ca%E2%80%99_Foscari_RCIN_406890.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal looking south-west from the Rialto to Ca’ Foscari'']] |Il-Canal Grande lejn il-Lbiċ mir-Rialto lejn Ca’ Foscari |1724–25 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, ir-[[Russja]] |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Riva_degli_Schiavoni_-_WGA03889.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Riva_degli_Schiavoni_-_WGA03889.jpg|128x128px|''The Riva degli Schiavoni'']] |Riva degli Schiavoni |1724–30 |Kunsthistorisches Museum, [[Vjenna]], l-[[Awstrija]] |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_Dogana.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_Dogana.jpg|128x128px|''Dogana'']] |Id-Dwana |1724-30 |Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vjenna |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Stonemason's_Yard.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Stonemason's_Yard.jpg|128x128px|''The Stonemason's Yard'']] |''Campo S. Vidal e Santa Maria della Carità'' |għall-ħabta tal-1725 |Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Rio_dei_Mendicanti_-_Looking_South_-_WGA03855.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Rio_dei_Mendicanti_-_Looking_South_-_WGA03855.jpg|128x128px]] |Rio dei Mendicanti: lejn in-Nofsinhar |għall-ħabta tal-1725 |Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, [[Dresden]], il-Ġermanja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal_-_Looking_East_-_WGA03858.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal_-_Looking_East_-_WGA03858.jpg|128x128px]] |Id-Daħla ta' Canal Grande – lejn il-Lvant |1725 |Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden, il-Ġermanja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Grand_Canal_-_Looking_North-East_toward_the_Rialto_Bridge_(detail)_-_WGA03857.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Grand_Canal_-_Looking_North-East_toward_the_Rialto_Bridge_(detail)_-_WGA03857.jpg|128x128px]] |Canal Grande – lejn il-Grigal lejn il-Pont ta' Rialto (dettall) |1725 |Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden, il-Ġermanja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Doge_Palace_-_WGA03854.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Doge_Palace_-_WGA03854.jpg|128x128px|''Doge Palace'']] |Il-Palazz Dukali |1725 |Columbia Museum of Art, l-Istati Uniti |- | |Il-Parvis tal-knejjes ta' San Ġwann u ta' [[Pawlu l-Appostlu|San Pawl]] |1725 |Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, il-Ġermanja |- |[[File:Antonio_Canal_-_Il_Canal_Grande_dalle_prossimità_del_ponte_di_Rialto.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antonio_Canal_-_Il_Canal_Grande_dalle_prossimit%C3%A0_del_ponte_di_Rialto.jpg|128x128px|''Il Canal Grande dalle prossimità del ponte di Rialto'']] |Il-Canal Grande mill-Pont ta' Rialto |1725 |Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, [[Torino]], l-Italja |- |[[File:Antonio_Canal_-_Il_ponte_di_Rialto_da_nord.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antonio_Canal_-_Il_ponte_di_Rialto_da_nord.jpg|128x128px|''Il ponte di Rialto da nord'']] |Il-Pont ta' Rialto mit-Tramuntana |1725 |Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, Torino, l-Italja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_near_the_Ponte_di_Rialto_-_WGA03852.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_near_the_Ponte_di_Rialto_-_WGA03852.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal near the Ponte di Rialto '']] |Il-Canal Grande qrib il-Pont ta' Rialto |1725 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_The_Bacino_di_San_Marco,_Venice,_Seen_from_the_Giudecca_NTII_UPH_446806.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_The_Bacino_di_San_Marco,_Venice,_Seen_from_the_Giudecca_NTII_UPH_446806.jpg|128x128px|''The Bacino di San Marco, Venice'']] |Il-Baċir ta' San Mark, Venezja |1725–26 |Is-Sala ta' Farnborough, Warwickshire |- |[[File:Canal, Giovanni Antonio, gen. Canaletto (1697-1768) — Platz vor San Giacomo di Rialto in Venedig.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_San_Giacomo_di_Rialto_-_WGA03860.jpg|128x128px|''San Giacomo di Rialto '']] |San Giacomo di Rialto |1725–26 |Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_View_of_the_Isles_of_San_Michele,_San_Cristoforo_and_Murano_from_the_Fondamenta_Nuove,_between_1725_and_1728.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_View_of_the_Isles_of_San_Michele,_San_Cristoforo_and_Murano_from_the_Fondamenta_Nuove,_between_1725_and_1728.jpg|128x128px|''View of the Isles of San Michele, San Cristoforo and Murano from the Fondamenta Nuove'']] |Veduta tal-Gżejjer ta' San Michele, San Cristoforo u Murano mill-Fondamenta Nuove |1725–28 |[[Hermitage]], [[San Pietruburgu]], ir-Russja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_View_of_San_Giovanni_dei_Battuti_at_Murano_-_WGA03870.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_View_of_San_Giovanni_dei_Battuti_at_Murano_-_WGA03870.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta tal-Knisja ta' San Giovanni dei Battuti fuq il-gżira ta' Murano |1725–1728 |Hermitage, San Pietruburgu, ir-Russja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_A_View_of_Dolo_on_the_Brenta_Canal,_c._1727_-_1735.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_A_View_of_Dolo_on_the_Brenta_Canal,_c._1727_-_1735.jpg|128x128px|''A View of Dolo on the Brenta Canal'']] |Vedita ta' Dolo fuq il-Kanal ta' Brenta |1725–1729 |Ashmolean Museum, [[Oxford]], l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Venice_-_The_Piazzetta_Looking_South-west_towards_S._Maria_della_Salute_-_WGA03871.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Venice_-_The_Piazzetta_Looking_South-west_towards_S._Maria_della_Salute_-_WGA03871.jpg|163x163px|''The Piazzetta Looking South-west towards S. Maria della Salute'']] |Il-Pjazzetta lejn il-Lbiċ lejn S. Maria della Salute |1725–1730 |Kollezzjoni Rjali fil-[[Kastell ta' Windsor]], l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Piazzetta_Looking_towards_the_Torre_dell'Orologio_-_WGA03976.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Piazzetta_Looking_towards_the_Torre_dell'Orologio_-_WGA03976.jpg|164x164px|''The Piazzetta Looking towards the Torre dell'Orologio'']] |Il-Pjazzetta lejn it-Torre dell'Orologio |1725–1730 |Kollezzjoni Rjali fil-Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_San_Giacomo_di_Rialto_-_WGA03860.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_San_Giacomo_di_Rialto_-_WGA03860.jpg|128x128px]] |San Giacomo di Rialto |1725–26 |Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden, il-Ġermanja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_near_Santa_Maria_della_Carità_-_WGA03863.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_near_Santa_Maria_della_Carit%C3%A0_-_WGA03863.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Canal Grande ħdejn San Maria della Carità |1726 |Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, Torino, l-Italja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_and_the_Scuola_di_San_Marco_-_WGA03862.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_and_the_Scuola_di_San_Marco_-_WGA03862.jpg|128x128px]] |Santi Giovanni e Paolo u l-Iskola ta' San Mark |1726 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_The_Bacino_di_San_Marco,_Venice,_Seen_from_the_Giudecca_NTII_UPH_446806.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_The_Bacino_di_San_Marco,_Venice,_Seen_from_the_Giudecca_NTII_UPH_446806.jpg|128x128px|''The Bacino di San Marco, Venice, Seen from the Giudecca'']] |Il-Baċir ta' San Mark, Venezja, mill-Giudecca |1726 |Upton House, National Trust, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Grand_Canal_-_Looking_from_Palazzo_Balbi_-_WGA03875.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Grand_Canal_-_Looking_from_Palazzo_Balbi_-_WGA03875.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Canal Grande: minn Palazzo Balbi |għall-ħabta tal-1726 |Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden, il-Ġermanja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Grand_Canal_-_Looking_North_from_Near_the_Rialto_Bridge_-_WGA03874.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Grand_Canal_-_Looking_North_from_Near_the_Rialto_Bridge_-_WGA03874.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Canal Grande: lejn it-Tramuntana mill-Pont ta' Rialto (1) |għall-ħabta tal-1726 |Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden, il-Ġermanja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_Looking_North_from_the_Rialto_RCIN_406017.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_Looking_North_from_the_Rialto_RCIN_406017.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal Looking North from the Rialto'']] |Il-Canal Grande: lejn it-Tramuntana mill-Pont ta' Rialto (2) |1726–27 |Kollezzjoni Rjali fil-Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Rialto_Bridge_from_the_North_RCIN_400668.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Rialto_Bridge_from_the_North_RCIN_400668.jpg|128x128px|''Rialto Bridge from the North '']] |Il-Pont ta' Rialto mit-Tramuntana |1726–27 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_with_the_Scalzi_and_S._Simeone_Piccolo_RCIN_407267.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_with_the_Scalzi_and_S._Simeone_Piccolo_RCIN_407267.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal with the Scalzi and S. Simeone Piccolo'']] |Il-Canal Grande bl-iScalzi u S. Simeone Piccolo |1726–27 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canal, Giovanni Antonio - Reception of the French Ambassador in Venice - Hermitage.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_The_Reception_of_the_French_Ambassador_Jacques%E2%80%93Vincent_Languet,_Compte_de_Gergy_at_the_Doge%E2%80%99s_Palace,_4_November_1726.jpg|128x128px]] |Ir-Riċeviment tal-Ambaxxatur Franċiż [[Jacques–Vincent Languet]], Comte de Gergy fil-Palazz Dukali, Venezja |1726–27 |Hermitage, San Pietruburgu, ir-Russja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_S._Geremia_and_the_Entrance_to_the_Cannaregio_RCIN_400532.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_S._Geremia_and_the_Entrance_to_the_Cannaregio_RCIN_400532.jpg|128x128px]] |Venezja: S. Geremia u d-Daħal għal Cannaregio |1726–1727 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_looking_south_from_Ca’_Foscari_to_the_Carità_RCIN_401404.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_looking_south_from_Ca%E2%80%99_Foscari_to_the_Carit%C3%A0_RCIN_401404.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Canal Grande min-Nofsinhar min Ca’ Foscari lejn Carità |1726–1727 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, ir-Russja |- |[[File:Canaletto-Embouchure_du_grand_canal-musée_de_Grenoble.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto-Embouchure_du_grand_canal-mus%C3%A9e_de_Grenoble.jpg|128x128px]] |Id-Daħla ta' Canal Grande |1726–28 |Musée de Grenoble, Franza |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Veduta_del_Canal_Grande_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Veduta_del_Canal_Grande_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta tal-Canal Grande |1726–28 |Galleria degli Uffizi, [[Firenze]], l-Italja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Stonemason's_Yard.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Stonemason's_Yard.jpg|128x128px]] |Campo S. Vidal u Santa Maria della Carità |1726–1730 (jew 1727) |Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_(II)_001.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(II)_001.jpg|180x180px|''View of the Grand Canal'']] |Veduta tal-Canal Grande |1726–28 |Galleria degli Uffizi, Firenze |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Grand_Canal_-_The_Rialto_Bridge_from_the_South_-_WGA03866.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Grand_Canal_-_The_Rialto_Bridge_from_the_South_-_WGA03866.jpg|128x128px]] |Canal Grande – Il-Pont ta' Rialto min-Nofsinhar |1727 |Is-Sala ta' Holkham |- |[[File:View_of_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_from_the_entrance_of_the_Great_Canal_mg_0169.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_from_the_entrance_of_the_Great_Canal_mg_0169.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta of the Salute Church from the entrance to Canal Grande detalle |1727 |Musées de la Ville de [[Strasburgu|Strasbourg]] |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_from_the_Palazzo_Vendramin-Calergi_towards_S._Geremia_RCIN_406982.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_from_the_Palazzo_Vendramin-Calergi_towards_S._Geremia_RCIN_406982.jpg|128x128px]] |Venezja: Canal Grande from the Palazzo Vendramin-Calergi towards S. Geremia |1727–28 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Bucentaur's_return_to_the_pier_by_the_Palazzo_Ducale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Bucentaur's_return_to_the_pier_by_the_Palazzo_Ducale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''Return of the [[Bucentaur|Bucintoro]] to the [[Molo (monument)|Molo]] on [[Ascension Day]]'', painted 1729–32]] |Ritorn tal-Bucintoro lejn il-Moll f'Jum it-Tlugħ is-Sema |1727–1732 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_Benetke,_pogled_s_San_Giorgio_Maggiore.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_Benetke,_pogled_s_San_Giorgio_Maggiore.jpg|128x128px|''Benetke, pogled s San Giorgio Maggiore'']] |San Giorgio Maggiore |1727–1730 |Pomurje Museum Murska Sobota, is-[[Slovenja]] |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_from_the_Campo_San_Vio,_Venice_NGS_NGS_NG_17.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_from_the_Campo_San_Vio,_Venice_NGS_NGS_NG_17.jpg|128x128px]] |Canal Grande minn Campo San Vio |1728 |Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-[[Skozja|Iskozja]] |- |[[File:The_Clock_Tower_in_the_Piazza_San_Marco,_Canaletto,_1728-1730_-_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08855.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Clock_Tower_in_the_Piazza_San_Marco,_Canaletto,_1728-1730_-_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08855.JPG|128x128px]] |It-Torre dell'Orologio fil-Pjazza ta' San Mark |1728–1730 |Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_near_the_Rialto_Bridge,_Venice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_near_the_Rialto_Bridge,_Venice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px]] |Canal Grande ħdejn il-Pont ta' Rialto, Venezja |1728–1732 |Mużew tal-Belle Arti, Houston, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_with_S._Maria_della_Salute_towards_the_Riva_degli_Schiavoni_RCIN_400520.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_with_S._Maria_della_Salute_towards_the_Riva_degli_Schiavoni_RCIN_400520.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal with S. Maria della Salute towards the Riva degli Schiavoni '']] |Canal Grande b'S. Maria della Salute lejn Riva degli Schiavoni |1729–1730 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_from_Campo_San_Vio_towards_the_Bacino_-_WGA03869.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_from_Campo_San_Vio_towards_the_Bacino_-_WGA03869.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal from Campo San Vio towards the Bacino '']] |Canal Grande minn Campo San Vio lejn il-Baċir |1729–1734 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:View_of_the_Grand_Canal_by_Canaletto.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_the_Grand_Canal_by_Canaletto.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta tal-Canal Grande |L-aħħar tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 18 |Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, Alabama, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Piazza_San_Marco_-_WGA03883.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Piazza_San_Marco_-_WGA03883.jpg|128x128px]] |Pjazza ta' San Mark (1) |L-aħħar tas-snin 20 tas-seklu 18 |Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Piazza_San_Marco_with_the_Basilica,_by_Canaletto,_1730._Fogg_Art_Museum,_Cambridge.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piazza_San_Marco_with_the_Basilica,_by_Canaletto,_1730._Fogg_Art_Museum,_Cambridge.jpg|128x128px]] |Pjazza ta' San Mark bil-Bażilika (2) |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Fogg Art Museum, l-Istati Uniti |- | |Il-Palazz Dukali, Venezja |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Tatton_Park_2016_114.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tatton_Park_2016_114.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Palazz Dukali u Riva degli Schiavoni, Venezja |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Tatton Park, National Trust, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Rialto_Bridge,_c._1730.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Rialto_Bridge,_c._1730.jpg|128x128px]] |il-Pont ta' Rialto |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |[[Philadelphia]] Museum of Art, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Reception_of_the_Ambassador_in_the_Doge's_Palace_-_WGA03886.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Reception_of_the_Ambassador_in_the_Doge's_Palace_-_WGA03886.jpg|128x128px]] |Riċeviment tal-Ambaxxatur fil-Palazz Dukali |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_View_of_the_Grand_Canal_-_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_and_the_Dogana_from_Campo_Santa_Maria_Zobenigo_CAM_CCF_PD_106_1992.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_View_of_the_Grand_Canal_-_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_and_the_Dogana_from_Campo_Santa_Maria_Zobenigo_CAM_CCF_PD_106_1992.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta tal-Canal Grande: Santa Maria della Salute u d-Dwana minn Campo Santa Maria Zobenigo |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal,_Venice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal,_Venice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|nofs|128x128px]] |Id-Daħla tal-Canal Grande, Venezja |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Mużew tal-Belle Arti, Houston, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Tatton_Park_2016_115.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tatton_Park_2016_115.jpg|128x128px]] |Canal Grande, Pjazzetta and Dogana, Venezja |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Tatton Park, National Trust, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto-the-piazza-san-marco,-venice,-looking-towards-the-procuratie-nuove-and-the-church-of-san-geminiano.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto-the-piazza-san-marco,-venice,-looking-towards-the-procuratie-nuove-and-the-church-of-san-geminiano.jpg|128x128px]] |The Pjazza ta' San Mark, Venezja, looking towards the procuratie nuove and the church of San Geminiano |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_'View_of_Molo',_oil_on_canvas,_c._1730s,_El_Paso_Museum_of_Art.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_'View_of_Molo',_oil_on_canvas,_c._1730s,_El_Paso_Museum_of_Art.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta tal-Moll, Venezja |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |El Paso Museum of Art, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canaletto_-_The_Molo,_Venice,_from_the_Bacino_di_San_Marco.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canaletto_-_The_Molo,_Venice,_from_the_Bacino_di_San_Marco.jpg|128x128px|''The Molo, Venice, from the Bacino di San Marco'']] |Il-Moll, Venezja, mill-Baċir ta' San Mark (1) |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Kollezzjoni Privata Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Molo,_Seen_from_the_Bacino_di_San_Marco_-_WGA03903.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Molo,_Seen_from_the_Bacino_di_San_Marco_-_WGA03903.jpg|128x128px|''The Molo, Seen from the Bacino di San Marco'']] |Il-Moll, Venezja, mill-Baċir ta' San Mark (2) |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Musée du Louvre, [[Pariġi]], Franza |- |[[File:Canaletto,_il_molo_visto_dal_bacino_di_san_marco,_1730_ca._02.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_il_molo_visto_dal_bacino_di_san_marco,_1730_ca._02.JPG|128x128px]] |Il-Moll, Venezja, mill-Baċir ta' San Mark (3) |għall-ħabta tal-1730 | |- |[[File:Canaletto,_il_molo_visto_dal_bacino_di_san_marco,_1730_ca._03.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_il_molo_visto_dal_bacino_di_san_marco,_1730_ca._03.JPG|128x128px]] |Il-Moll, Venezja, mill-Baċir ta' San Mark (4) |għall-ħabta tal-1730 | |- |[[File:Canaletto,_il_molo_visto_dal_bacino_di_san_marco,_1730_ca._04.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_il_molo_visto_dal_bacino_di_san_marco,_1730_ca._04.JPG|128x128px]] |Il-Moll, Venezja, mill-Baċir ta' San Mark (5) |għall-ħabta tal-1730 | |- |[[File:Canaletto,_il_molo_visto_dal_bacino_di_san_marco,_1730_ca._05.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_il_molo_visto_dal_bacino_di_san_marco,_1730_ca._05.JPG|128x128px]] |Il-Moll, Venezja, mill-Baċir ta' San Mark (6) |għall-ħabta tal-1730 | |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal,_Venice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal,_Venice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px]] |Id-Daħla tal-Canal Grande, Venezja |1730 |Mużew tal-Belle Arti, Houston, US |- |[[File:Canaletto,_veduta_del_canale_di_santa_chiara_a_venezia,_1730_ca._05.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_veduta_del_canale_di_santa_chiara_a_venezia,_1730_ca._05.JPG|128x128px]] |Veduta tal-Kanal ta' Santa Chiara, Venezja (1) |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Kollezzjonijiet tal-Musée Cognacq-Jay |- |[[File:Canaletto, il canal grande visto dal ponte di rialto, 1725 ca, detail.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto, il canal grande visto dal ponte di rialto, 1725 ca, detail.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta tal-Kanal ta' Santa Chiara, Venezja (2) |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Kollezzjonijiet tal-Musée Cognacq-Jay |- |[[File:Canaletto,_veduta_del_canale_di_santa_chiara_a_venezia,_1730_ca._03.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_veduta_del_canale_di_santa_chiara_a_venezia,_1730_ca._03.JPG|128x128px]] |Veduta tal-Kanal ta' Santa Chiara, Venezja (3) |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Kollezzjonijiet tal-Musée Cognacq-Jay |- |[[File:Canaletto,_veduta_del_canale_di_santa_chiara_a_venezia,_1730_ca._04.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_veduta_del_canale_di_santa_chiara_a_venezia,_1730_ca._04.JPG|128x128px]] |Veduta tal-Kanal ta' Santa Chiara, Venezja (4) |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Kollezzjonijiet tal-Musée Cognacq-Jay |- |[[File:'The_Piazzetta,_Venice,_Looking_North'_by_Canaletto,_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:'The_Piazzetta,_Venice,_Looking_North'_by_Canaletto,_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG|128x128px|''The Piazzetta, Venice, Looking North'']] |Il-Pjazzetta, Venezja, lejn it-Tramuntana |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_looking_north-west_from_Ca'_Corner_to_Ca'_Contarini_degli_Scrigni,_with_the_campanile_of_Santa_Maria_della_Carità.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_looking_north-west_from_Ca'_Corner_to_Ca'_Contarini_degli_Scrigni,_with_the_campanile_of_Santa_Maria_della_Carit%C3%A0.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal looking north-west from Ca' Corner to Ca' Contarini degli Scrigni, with the campanile of Santa Maria della Carità'']] |Canal Grande lejn il-Majjistral sa Ca' Contarini degli Scrigni, bil-Kampnar ta' Santa Maria della Carità |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_Henry_VII's_Chapel,_Westminster_Abbey,_London_COL_MOL_A20964.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_Henry_VII's_Chapel,_Westminster_Abbey,_London_COL_MOL_A20964.jpg|154x154px|''The Interior of Henry VII's Chapel, Westminster Abbey'']] |Il-[[Kappella]] ta' [[Enriku VII]] minn ġewwa, l-[[Abbazija ta' Westminster]] |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Fonteghetto_della_farina,_Canaletto,_circa_1730.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fonteghetto_della_farina,_Canaletto,_circa_1730.jpg|128x128px|''Fonteghetto della Farina'']] |Fonteghetto della Farina |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_View_of_the_Piazetta_with_the_Southwest_corner_of_the_Doge_Palace.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_View_of_the_Piazetta_with_the_Southwest_corner_of_the_Doge_Palace.jpg|128x128px|''View of the Piazetta with the Southwest corner of the Doge Palace'']] |Veduta tal-Piazetta bil-parti tal-Lbiċ tal-Palazz Dukali |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Piazza_di_San_Marco,_looking_towards_the_Church_of_San_Geminiano_Woburn.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Piazza_di_San_Marco,_looking_towards_the_Church_of_San_Geminiano_Woburn.jpg|128x128px|''Piazza di San Marco, looking towards the Church of San Geminiano Woburn'']] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark, lejn il-Knisja ta' San Geminiano |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |L-Abbazija ta' Woburn, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Embarkation_of_the_Doge_of_Venice,_for_the_Ceremony_of_the_Marriage_of_the_Adriatic.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Embarkation_of_the_Doge_of_Venice,_for_the_Ceremony_of_the_Marriage_of_the_Adriatic.jpg|128x128px|''Embarkation of the Doge of Venice, for the Ceremony of the Marriage of the Adriatic'']] |Veduta tal-Imbarkazzjoni tal-Palazz Dukali ta' Venezja, għaċ-Ċerimonja taż-Żwieġ tal-[[Baħar Adrijatiku|Adrijatiku]] |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |L-Abbazija ta' Woburn, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Campo_Santa_Maria_Formosa_-_WGA03907.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Campo_Santa_Maria_Formosa_-_WGA03907.jpg|128x128px|''Campo Santa Maria Formosa'']] |Campo Santa Maria Formosa |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Bucintoro_Returning_to_the_Molo_on_Ascension_Day_after_the_Ceremony_of_Wedding_the_Adriatic_DUR_DBM_1982_32_1.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Bucintoro_Returning_to_the_Molo_on_Ascension_Day_after_the_Ceremony_of_Wedding_the_Adriatic_DUR_DBM_1982_32_1.jpg|128x128px|''The Bucintoro Returning to the Molo on Ascension Day after the Ceremony of Wedding the Adriatic'']] |Ir-Ritorn tal-Bucintoro lejn il-Moll f'Jum Tlugħ is-Sema wara ċ-Ċerimonja taż-Żwieġ tal-Adrijatiku |għall-ħabta tal-1730 |Bowes Museum, ir-Renju Unit |- |[[File:Canaletto_(Giovanni_Antonio_Canal)_-_The_Grand_Canal,_Venice,_Looking_South_toward_the_Rialto_Bridge_-_2019.141.2_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(Giovanni_Antonio_Canal)_-_The_Grand_Canal,_Venice,_Looking_South_toward_the_Rialto_Bridge_-_2019.141.2_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal, Venice, Looking South toward the Rialto Bridge'']] |Canal Grande, Venezja, lejn in-Nofsinhar lejn il-Pont ta' Rialto |1730–39 |Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan |- |[[File:Canaletto_(Giovanni_Antonio_Canal)_-_The_Grand_Canal,_Venice,_Looking_Southeast,_with_the_Campo_della_Carità_to_the_Right_-_2019.141.4_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(Giovanni_Antonio_Canal)_-_The_Grand_Canal,_Venice,_Looking_Southeast,_with_the_Campo_della_Carit%C3%A0_to_the_Right_-_2019.141.4_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal, Venice, Looking Southeast, with the Campo della Carità to the Right'']] |Canal Grande, Venezja, lejn ix-Xlokk b'Campo della Carità fuq il-lemin |1730–39 |Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan |- |[[File:Piazzetta_Riva_degli_Schiavoni,_Canaletto,_WAF137,_Alte_Pinakothek_Munich.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piazzetta_Riva_degli_Schiavoni,_Canaletto,_WAF137,_Alte_Pinakothek_Munich.jpg|128x128px|''Piazzetta Riva degli Schiavoni, Canaletto, WAF137, Alte Pinakothek Munich'']] |Pjazzetta Riva degli Schiavoni, Canaletto |1730–1740 |Alte Pinakothek, Munich, il-Ġermanja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_De_ingang_van_het_Canal_Grande_bij_de_Punta_della_Dogana_en_de_Santa_Maria_della_Salute.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_De_ingang_van_het_Canal_Grande_bij_de_Punta_della_Dogana_en_de_Santa_Maria_della_Salute.jpg|128x128px|''The Entrance to the Canal Grande at the Punta della Dogana and the Santa Maria della Salute'']] |Id-Daħla tal-Canal Grande f'Punta della Dogana u Santa Maria della Salute |1730–1745 |Rijksmuseum, [[Amsterdam]] |- |[[File:Canaletto_(II)_011.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(II)_011.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal seen from the Palazzo Balbi towards the Bridge of Rialto '']] |Canal Grande minn Palazzo Balbi lejn il-Pont ta' Rialto |1730–1750 |Akkademja Carrara, l-Italja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_with_S._Maria_della_Salute_towards_the_Riva_degli_Schiavoni_RCIN_400520.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_with_S._Maria_della_Salute_towards_the_Riva_degli_Schiavoni_RCIN_400520.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal with S. Maria della Salute towards the Riva degli Schiavoni'']] |Venezja: Canal Grande b'S. Maria della Salute lejn Riva degli Schiavoni |1730 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Piazza_San_Marco_-_the_Clocktower_-_WGA03885.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Piazza_San_Marco_-_the_Clocktower_-_WGA03885.jpg|128x128px|''Piazza San Marco – the Clocktower'']] |Pjazza ta' San Mark – Torre dell'Orologio |1730 |Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, US |- |[[File:Canaletto-Dogenpalast.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto-Dogenpalast.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal with S. Maria della Salute towards the Riva degli Schiavoni'']] |Il-Palazz Dukali |1730 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_from_the_Salute_towards_the_Carità_RCIN_400519.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_from_the_Salute_towards_the_Carit%C3%A0_RCIN_400519.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal from the Salute towards the Carità'']] |Canal Grande minn Salute lejn Carità |1730 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, ir-Russja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Fonteghetto_della_Farina_-_WGA03888.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Fonteghetto_della_Farina_-_WGA03888.jpg|128x128px|''The Fonteghetto della Farina'']] |Il-Palazz Dukali |1730 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Doge_Palace_-_WGA03854.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Doge_Palace_-_WGA03854.jpg|128x128px|''Doge Palace '']] |Il-Palazz Dukali |1730 |Columbia Museum of Art, l-Istati Uniti |- | |Il-Baċir ta' San Mark, lejn it-Tramuntana |1730 |Il-Mużew Nazzjonali, [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]] |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Venice_-_The_Canale_di_San_Marco_with_the_Bucintoro_at_Anchor_-_WGA03978.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Venice_-_The_Canale_di_San_Marco_with_the_Bucintoro_at_Anchor_-_WGA03978.jpg|128x128px|''The Canale di San Marco with the Bucintoro at Anchor'']] |Il-Kanal ta' San Mark mill-Bucintoro |1730–1733 |Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Bucintoro_Returning_to_the_Molo_on_Ascension_Day_-_WGA03887.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Bucintoro_Returning_to_the_Molo_on_Ascension_Day_-_WGA03887.jpg|128x128px|''The Bucintoro Returning to the Molo on Ascension Day'']] |Ir-Ritorn tal-Bucintoro lejn il-Moll f'Jum Tlugħ is-Sema |1730–1735 |Bowes Museum, il-Kastell ta' Barnard, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Piazza_San_Marco_with_the_Basilica,_by_Canaletto,_1730._Fogg_Art_Museum,_Cambridge.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piazza_San_Marco_with_the_Basilica,_by_Canaletto,_1730._Fogg_Art_Museum,_Cambridge.jpg|128x128px|''Piazza San Marco, Venice'']] |Pjazza ta' San Mark, Venezja |1730 –1735 |Fogg Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts |- |[[File:Le_Burchiello_à_Venise_en_1730-1735_(Canaletto)_(6888692183).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Burchiello_%C3%A0_Venise_en_1730-1735_(Canaletto)_(6888692183).jpg|128x128px|''Le Burchiello à Venise'']] |Il-Burchiello f'Venezja |1730–1735 |Mużew Cognacq-Jay, Pariġi |- |[[File:Canaletto_(II)_018.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(II)_018.jpg|128x128px|''La Piazzetta'']] |Il-Pjazzetta |1730–1735 |Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Ruma |- |[[File:A_Regatta_on_the_Grand_Canal.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Regatta_on_the_Grand_Canal.jpg|128x128px|''A Regatta on the Grand Canal'']] |Regatta fil-Canal Grande |1730–1735 |Bowes Museum, il-Kastell ta' Barnard, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_Il_Canale_Grande_a_Rialto.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_Il_Canale_Grande_a_Rialto.jpg|128x128px|''Il Canale Grande a Rialto'']] |Il-Canale Grande u l-Pont ta' Rialto |1730–1750 |Museo Nacional del [[Prado]], Spanja |- |[[File:Canaletto_(II)_020.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(II)_020.jpg|180x180px|''La Piazzetta'']] |Il-Pjazzetta |1730–1750 |Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Ruma |- |[[File:La_Régate_sur_le_Grand_Canal.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_R%C3%A9gate_sur_le_Grand_Canal.jpg|128x128px|''La Régate sur le Grand Canal'']] |Ir-Regatta fil-Canal Grande |1731–32 |Bowes Museum, il-Kastell ta' Barnard |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_A_Regatta_on_the_Grand_Canal_-_WGA03891.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_A_Regatta_on_the_Grand_Canal_-_WGA03891.jpg|128x128px|''A Regatta on the Grand Canal '']] |Ir-Regatta fil-Canal Grande |1732 |Kollezzjoni Rjali fil-Kastell ta' Windsor |- |[[File:View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto,_1732.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto,_1732.jpg|128x128px|''View of the entrance to the Arsenal'']] |Veduta tad-daħla fl-Arsenal |1732 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Les_rescloses_de_Dolo.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Les_rescloses_de_Dolo.jpg|128x128px|''View of the entrance to the Arsenal'']] |Dolo |1732–35 |Staatsgalerie [[Stuttgart]], il-Ġermanja |- |[[File:Canal,_Giovanni_Antonio_(Canaletto)_-_Return_of_the_Bucentoro_to_the_Molo_on_Ascension_Day,_c._1733-4._Royal_Collection_Buckingham_Palace.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canal,_Giovanni_Antonio_(Canaletto)_-_Return_of_the_Bucentoro_to_the_Molo_on_Ascension_Day,_c._1733-4._Royal_Collection_Buckingham_Palace.jpg|128x128px|''Return of the Bucentoro to the Molo on Ascension Day'']] |Ir-Ritorn tal-Bucintoro lejn il-Moll f'Jum Tlugħ is-Sema |1733–1734 |Kollezzjoni tal-Palazz ta' Buckingham, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_A_View_of_the_Rialto,_Venice_CDN_SJS_SM_P61.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_A_View_of_the_Rialto,_Venice_CDN_SJS_SM_P61.jpg|128x128px|''A View of the Rialto, Venice'']] |Veduta tar-Rialto, Venezja |1734–35 |Mużew ta' Sir [[John Soane]], Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Piazza_di_San_Marco,_Venice,_c.1734–1735.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Piazza_di_San_Marco,_Venice,_c.1734%E2%80%931735.jpg|128x128px|''The Piazza di San Marco, Venice'']] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark, Venezja |1734–35 |Mużew ta' Sir John Soane, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_from_Campo_San_Vio_towards_the_Bacino_-_WGA03869.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_from_Campo_San_Vio_towards_the_Bacino_-_WGA03869.jpg|128x128px|''Venice: the Grand Canal from Campo San Vio towards the Bacino'']] |Venezja: Canal Grande minn Campo San Vio lejn il-Baċir |1734–1760 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_with_S._Maria_della_Salute_towards_the_Riva_degli_Schiavoni_RCIN_400520.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_with_S._Maria_della_Salute_towards_the_Riva_degli_Schiavoni_RCIN_400520.jpg|128x128px|''Venice: the Grand Canal with Santa Maria della Salute towards the Riva degli Schiavoni'']] |Venezja: Canal Grande b'Santa Maria della Salute lejn Riva degli Schiavoni |1734–1762 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Grand_Canal_from_the_Palazzo_Foscari_to_the_Carità,_c._1740_-_1750.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Grand_Canal_from_the_Palazzo_Foscari_to_the_Carit%C3%A0,_c._1740_-_1750.jpg|128x128px|''Venice the Grand Canal from the Palazzo Foscari to the Carità'']] |Venezja: Canal Grande minn Palazzo Foscari lejn Carità |1734–1762 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Campo_San_Rocco_-_WGA03908.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Campo_San_Rocco_-_WGA03908.jpg|128x128px|''Campo San Rocco'']] |Campo San Rocco |għall-ħabta tal-1735 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Piazza_San_Marco,_Looking_toward_San_Geminiano_-_WGA03909.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Piazza_San_Marco,_Looking_toward_San_Geminiano_-_WGA03909.jpg|128x128px|''Piazza San Marco, Looking toward San Geminiano'']] |Pjazza ta' San Mark, lejn San Geminiano |għall-ħabta tal-1735 |Galleria nazionale d'arte antica di palazzo Corsini, Ruma |- |[[File:'The_Molo,_Venice',_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Canaletto.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:'The_Molo,_Venice',_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Canaletto.jpg|128x128px|''The Molo, Venice'']] |Il-Moll, Venezja |għall-ħabta tal-1735 |Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:View_of_the_Piazetta_San_Marco_Looking_South,_Canaletto_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00695.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_the_Piazetta_San_Marco_Looking_South,_Canaletto_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00695.JPG|128x128px|''View of the Piazzetta San Marco Looking South'']] |Veduta tal-Pjazzetta ta' San Mark lejn in-Nofsinhar |għall-ħabta tal-1735 |Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canal,_Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_Venice,_A_Regatta_on_the_Grand_Canal_-_National_Gallery_NG938.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canal,_Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_Venice,_A_Regatta_on_the_Grand_Canal_-_National_Gallery_NG938.jpg|128x128px|''Venice, A Regatta on the Grand Canal'']] |Venezja: Regatta fil-Canal Grande |1735 |Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Rialto_Bridge_from_the_South_-_WGA03910.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Rialto_Bridge_from_the_South_-_WGA03910.jpg|128x128px|''The Rialto Bridge from the South'']] |Il-Pont ta' Rialto min-Nofsinhar |1735 |Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica di Palazzo Corsini, l-Italja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Feast_Day_of_St_Roch_-_WGA03905.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Feast_Day_of_St_Roch_-_WGA03905.jpg|128x128px|''The Feast Day of St Roch'']] |Il-Festa ta' San Rokku |1735 |Gallerija Nazzjonali |- |[[File:1735_Canaletto_Bacino_di_San_Marco_in_Venedig_anagoria.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1735_Canaletto_Bacino_di_San_Marco_in_Venedig_anagoria.JPG|128x128px|''View of the Bacino di San Marco in Venice'']] |Veduta tal-Baċir ta' San Mark f'Venezja |1735 |Städel Museum, il-Ġermanja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Quay_of_the_Dogana.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Quay_of_the_Dogana.jpg|128x128px|''The Feast Day of St Roch'']] |Il-Moll tad-Dwana |nofs is-snin 30 tas-seklu 18 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_View_of_Campo_Santa_Maria_Formosa.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_View_of_Campo_Santa_Maria_Formosa.jpg|128x128px|''View of Campo Santa Maria Formosa'']] |Veduta ta' Campo Santa Maria Formosa |nofs is-snin 30 tas-seklu 18 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Entrance_to_the_Canal_Grande_at_the_Punta_della_Dogana_and_the_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_Woburn.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Entrance_to_the_Canal_Grande_at_the_Punta_della_Dogana_and_the_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_Woburn.jpg|128x128px|''The Entrance to the Canal Grande at the Punta della Dogana and the Santa Maria della Salute Woburn'']] |Id-Daħla tal-Canal Grande f'Punta della Dogana u Santa Maria della Salute |nofs is-snin 30 tas-seklu 18 |Kollezzjoni Privata, Woburn Abbey |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Grand_Canal_looking_East_from_Palazzo_Bembo_to_Palazzo_Vendramin-Calergi_Woburn.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Grand_Canal_looking_East_from_Palazzo_Bembo_to_Palazzo_Vendramin-Calergi_Woburn.jpg|128x128px|''Grand Canal looking East from Palazzo Bembo to Palazzo Vendramin-Calergi Woburn'']] |Il-Canal Grande lejn il-Lvant minn Palazzo Bembo sa Palazzo Vendramin-Calergi |nofs is-snin 30 tas-seklu 18 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Piazza_di_San_Marco,_looking_towards_the_Church_of_San_Geminiano_Woburn.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Piazza_di_San_Marco,_looking_towards_the_Church_of_San_Geminiano_Woburn.jpg|128x128px|''Piazza di San Marco, looking towards the Church of San Geminiano Woburn'']] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark, lejn il-Knisja ta' San Geminiano |nofs is-snin 30 tas-seklu 18 |Woburn Abbey |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_View_of_San_Zaccaria.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_View_of_San_Zaccaria.jpg|128x128px|''View of San Zaccaria'']] |Veduta ta' San Zaccaria |nofs is-snin 30 tas-seklu 18 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_View_of_the_Equestrian_Statue_of_Bartolomeo_Colleoni.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_View_of_the_Equestrian_Statue_of_Bartolomeo_Colleoni.jpg|157x157px]] |Veduta ta' Santi Giovanni e Paolo u l-[[Statwa|Istatwa]] Ekwestri ta' [[Bartolomeo Colleoni]] |1735–1738 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Brenta_Canal_at_Padua_-_WGA03914.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Brenta_Canal_at_Padua_-_WGA03914.jpg|128x128px|''The Brenta Canal at Padua '']] |Il-Kanal ta' Brenta f'[[Padova]] |1735–40 |Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Arti, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal_-_from_the_West_End_of_the_Molo_-_WGA03913.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal_-_from_the_West_End_of_the_Molo_-_WGA03913.jpg|128x128px|''Entrance to the Grand Canal – from the West End of the Molo'']] |Id-Daħla tal-Canal Grande – mill-Punent tal-Moll |1735–40 |Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Arti, Washington DC |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Bacino_di_San_Marco_from_San_Giorgio_Maggiore,_c._1735_-_1744.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Bacino_di_San_Marco_from_San_Giorgio_Maggiore,_c._1735_-_1744.jpg|128x128px|''Venice the Bacino di San Marco from San Giorgio Maggiore'']] |Venezja, il-Baċir ta' San Mark minn San Giorgio Maggiore |1735–1744 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_called_Canaletto_-_View_of_the_Riva_degli_Schiavoni,_Venice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_called_Canaletto_-_View_of_the_Riva_degli_Schiavoni,_Venice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''View of the Riva degli Schiavoni'']] |Veduta tar-Riva degli Schiavoni |1736 |Mużew ta' Sir John Soane, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_at_the_Salute_Church.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_at_the_Salute_Church.JPG|128x128px|''The Grand Canal at the Salute Church'']] |Il-Canal Grande u l-Knisja ta' Salute |għall-ħabta tal-1736–38 |Pinakoteka Antika ta' Munich |- |[[File:Canaletto_(1697-1768),_Venezia,_campo_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo,_1736-1740.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(1697-1768),_Venezia,_campo_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo,_1736-1740.jpg|128x128px|''Venezia, campo Santi Giovanni e Paolo'']] |Venezja, Campo Santi Giovanni e Paolo |għall-ħabta tal-1736–40 |Kollezzjoni Rjali |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_St._Mark's_and_the_Clock_Tower,_Venice.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_St._Mark's_and_the_Clock_Tower,_Venice.jpg|128x128px|''St. Mark's and the Clock Tower, Venice'']] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark u t-Torre dell'Orologio, Venezja |għall-ħabta tal-1737 |Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-[[Kanada]], [[Ottawa]], il-Kanada |- |[[File:Canaletto_Grand_Canal_from_Palazzo_Flangini_-_JPGM.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_Grand_Canal_from_Palazzo_Flangini_-_JPGM.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal in Venice from Palazzo Flangini to Campo San Marcuola'']] |Canal Grande f'Venezja minn Palazzo Flangini sa Campo San Marcuola |għall-ħabta tal-1738 |Mużew ta' J. Paul Getty, [[Los Angeles]] |- |[[File:Il_Ritorno_del_Bucintoro_al_molo_nel_giorno_dell'Ascensione_(c.1738)_Canaletto_-_Wells-Next-The-Sea,_The_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Trustees_of_the_Holkham_Estate.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il_Ritorno_del_Bucintoro_al_molo_nel_giorno_dell'Ascensione_(c.1738)_Canaletto_-_Wells-Next-The-Sea,_The_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Trustees_of_the_Holkham_Estate.jpg|128x128px|''Il Ritorno del Bucintoro al molo nel giorno dell'Ascensione'']] |Ir-Ritorn tal-Bucintoro fil-Moll f'Jum Tlugħ is-Sema |għall-ħabta tal-1738 |Is-Sala ta' Holkham, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Antonio_Canal_-_Il_Canal_Grande_dalla_chiesa_di_Santa_Maria.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antonio_Canal_-_Il_Canal_Grande_dalla_chiesa_di_Santa_Maria.jpg|128x128px|''Il Canal Grande dalla chiesa di Santa Maria di Nazareth '']] |Il-Canal Grande mill-Knisja ta' [[Santa Marija]] ta' [[Nazaret]] |1738 |Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, l-Italja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_looking_North-East_from_the_Palazzo_Dolfin-Manin_to_the_Rialto_Bridge.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_looking_North-East_from_the_Palazzo_Dolfin-Manin_to_the_Rialto_Bridge.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal looking North-East from the Palazzo Dolfin-Manin to the Rialto Bridge'']] |Il-Canal Grande lejn il-Grigal minn Palazzo Dolfin-Manin sal-Pont ta' Rialto |1738–1739 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Campo_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo,_Venice,_with_the_West_End_of_the_Church_and_the_Scuola_di_San_Marco.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Campo_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo,_Venice,_with_the_West_End_of_the_Church_and_the_Scuola_di_San_Marco.jpg|128x128px|''The Campo Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice, with the West End of the Church and the Scuola di San Marco'']] |Campo Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venezja, bil-faċċata tal-Punent tal-Knisja u l-Iskola ta' San Mark |1738–1739 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:St_Marks_Square.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Marks_Square.jpg|128x128px|''St Marks Square'']] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark, Venezja |1738–1740 |Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Boston,_Museum_of_Fine_Art_-_Il_bacino_di_San_Marco_c.1738_-_Canaletto.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston,_Museum_of_Fine_Art_-_Il_bacino_di_San_Marco_c.1738_-_Canaletto.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Baċir ta' San Mark |1738–1740 |Mużew tal-Belle Arti, Boston, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_at_the_Salute_Church_-_WGA03917.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_at_the_Salute_Church_-_WGA03917.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal at the Salute Church'']] |Canal Grande u l-Knisja ta' Salute |1738–1742 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Antonio_Canal_-_Il_Bucintoro_al_molo_nel_giorno_dell'Ascensione.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antonio_Canal_-_Il_Bucintoro_al_molo_nel_giorno_dell'Ascensione.jpg|128x128px]] |Ir-Ritorn tal-Bucintoro fil-Moll f'Jum Tlugħ is-Sema |għall-ħabta tal-1738 |Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, Torino, l-Italja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_View_of_Piazza_San_Marco,_Venice,_ca._1740-46.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_View_of_Piazza_San_Marco,_Venice,_ca._1740-46.jpg|136x136px|''View of Piazza San Marco, Venice'']] |Veduta tal-Pjazza ta' San Mark f'Venezja |għall-ħabta tal-1738 |Musée Jacquemart André, Pariġi, Franza |- | |Il-Pont ta' Rialto f'Venezja |għall-ħabta tal-1738 |Musée Jacquemart André, Pariġi, Franza |- |[[File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Vue_de_Mestre_-_Canaletto_-_ca_1740_-_Inv_1010.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Vue_de_Mestre_-_Canaletto_-_ca_1740_-_Inv_1010.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta ta' Mestre |għall-ħabta tal-1740 |Fondazzjoni Bemberg, Toulouse, Franza |- |[[File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Vue_de_Dolo_-_Canaletto_ca_1740_-_Inv_1011.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Vue_de_Dolo_-_Canaletto_ca_1740_-_Inv_1011.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta ta' Dolo |għall-ħabta tal-1740 |Fondazzjoni Bemberg, Toulouse, Franza |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Molo_with_the_Library_and_the_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal_-_WGA03923.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Molo_with_the_Library_and_the_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal_-_WGA03923.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Moll bil-Librerija u d-Daħla tal-Canal Grande |għall-ħabta tal-1740 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Church_of_the_Redentore,_Venice_GMIII_MCAG_1984_31.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Church_of_the_Redentore,_Venice_GMIII_MCAG_1984_31.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Knisja tar-Redentur, Venezja |għall-ħabta tal-1740 |[[Manchester]] Art Gallery |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Piazzetta_-_WGA03897.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Piazzetta_-_WGA03897.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Pjazzetta |għall-ħabta tal-1740 |Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Ruma, l-Italja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Arrival_of_the_French_Ambassador_in_Venice_(detail)_-_WGA03935.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Arrival_of_the_French_Ambassador_in_Venice_(detail)_-_WGA03935.jpg|128x128px]] |Arrival of the French Ambassador in Venezja (detail) |għall-ħabta tal-1740 |[[:en:Hermitage_Museum|Hermitage Museum]], ir-Russja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_The_Piazzetta_(detail)_(Galleria_Nazionale_d'Arte_Antica,_Rome).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_The_Piazzetta_(detail)_(Galleria_Nazionale_d'Arte_Antica,_Rome).jpg|180x180px]] |The Pjazzetta |għall-ħabta tal-1740 |[[:en:Galleria_Nazionale_d'Arte_Antica|Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica]], Ruma, l-Italja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_View_of_San_Giuseppe_di_Castello_-_WGA03931.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_View_of_San_Giuseppe_di_Castello_-_WGA03931.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta ta' San Giuseppe di Castello |għall-ħabta tal-1740 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Capriccio_-_a_Palladian_Design_for_the_Rialto_Bridge,_with_Buildings_at_Vicenza_-_WGA03938.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Capriccio_-_a_Palladian_Design_for_the_Rialto_Bridge,_with_Buildings_at_Vicenza_-_WGA03938.jpg|128x128px|''A Palladian Design for the Rialto Bridge, with Buildings at Vicenza'']] |Disinn [[Andrea Palladio|Palladjan]] tal-Pont ta' Rialto, b'Binjiet ta' [[Vicenza]] |għall-ħabta tal-1740 |Galleria nazionale di [[Parma]], l-Italja |- |[[File:Canaletto_(1697-1768),_Venezia,_campo_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo,_1736-1740.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(1697-1768),_Venezia,_campo_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo,_1736-1740.jpg|128x128px|''The Campo SS. Giovanni e Paolo'']] |Venezja: Campo SS. Giovanni e Paolo |1740 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Vue_de_Mestre_-_Canaletto_-_ca_1740_-_Inv_1010.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Vue_de_Mestre_-_Canaletto_-_ca_1740_-_Inv_1010.jpg|128x128px|''Bemberg Fondation Toulouse'']] |Dolo |1740 |Fondazzjoni Bemberg, Franza |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Regatta_on_the_Canale_Grande_-_WGA03904.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Regatta_on_the_Canale_Grande_-_WGA03904.jpg|128x128px|''Regatta on the Canale Grande '']] |Regatta fil-Canale Grande |1740 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Venice_The_Basin_of_San_Marco_on_Ascension_Day.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venice_The_Basin_of_San_Marco_on_Ascension_Day.jpg|128x128px|''Venice The Basin of San Marco on Ascension Day'']] |Venezja, il-Baċir ta' San Mark f'Jum Tlugħ is-Sema |1740 |Gallerija Nazzjonali, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Venice-_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_MET_DT1582.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venice-_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_MET_DT1582.jpg|128x128px|''Santa Maria della Salute'']] |Venezja: Santa Maria della Salute |1740 |Metropolitan Museum of Art, il-Belt ta' New York, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:A_Regatta_on_the_Grand_Canal.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Regatta_on_the_Grand_Canal.jpg|128x128px|''A Regatta on the Grand Canal'']] |Regatta fil-Canal Grande |1740 |Gallerija Nazzjonali, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Capriccio_-_The_Grand_Canal,_with_an_Imaginary_Rialto_Bridge_and_Other_Buildings_-_WGA03937.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Capriccio_-_The_Grand_Canal,_with_an_Imaginary_Rialto_Bridge_and_Other_Buildings_-_WGA03937.jpg|128x128px|''Giovanni Antonio Canal, il Canaletto - Capriccio - The Grand Canal, with an Imaginary Rialto Bridge and Other Buildings - WGA03937.jpg'']] |Kapriċċ tal-Canal Grande bil-Pont ta' Rialto immaġinarju u binjiet oħra |1740 |Galleria nazionale di Parma |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Grand_Canal_with_San_Simeone_Piccolo,_c._1740.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Grand_Canal_with_San_Simeone_Piccolo,_c._1740.jpg|128x128px|''Venice the Grand Canal with San Simeone Piccolo'']] |Il-Canal Grande b'San Simeone Piccolo (1) |1740 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Pjazza Manchester, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_with_S._Simeone_Piccolo_-_National_Gallery_(2).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Grand_Canal_with_S._Simeone_Piccolo_-_National_Gallery_(2).jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal with S. Simeone Piccolo'']] |Il-Canal Grande b'San Simeone Piccolo (2) |1740 |Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Londra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_The_Reception_of_the_French_Ambassador_(Hermitage).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_The_Reception_of_the_French_Ambassador_(Hermitage).jpg|128x128px|''The Reception of the French Ambassador '']] |Ir-Riċeviment tal-Ambaxxatur Franċiż |1740 |Hermitage, San Pietruburgu, ir-Russja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Molo_with_the_Library_and_the_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal_-_WGA03923.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Molo_with_the_Library_and_the_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal_-_WGA03923.jpg|128x128px|''The Molo with the Library and the Entrance to the Grand Canal'']] |ll-Moll bil-Librerija u d-Daħla tal-Canal Grande |1740 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Porta_Portello_with_the_Brenta_Canal_in_Padua,_1740-1743_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Porta_Portello_with_the_Brenta_Canal_in_Padua,_1740-1743_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''The Porta Portello with the Brenta Canal in Padua'']] |Porta Portello bil-Kanal ta' Brenta f'Padova |1740–43 |Albertina, Vjenna, l-Awstrija |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_portico_with_a_lantern_-_from_the_series_'Vedute'_(Views)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_portico_with_a_lantern_-_from_the_series_'Vedute'_(Views)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''The portico with a lantern'']] |Portiku b'lanterna |1740–43 |Gallerija tal-Arti tan-Nofsinhar tal-[[Awstralja]] |- |[[File:Venice._The_Molo_with_Santa_Maria_della_Salute.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venice._The_Molo_with_Santa_Maria_della_Salute.jpg|128x128px|''Venice. The Molo with Santa Maria della Salute'']] |Il-Moll b'Santa Maria della Salute |1740–1745 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Londra, l-Ingilterra Salute |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Interior_of_St_Marks.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Interior_of_St_Marks.jpg|182x182px|''Interior of St Marks'']] |Il-Bażilika ta' San Mark minn ġewwa |1740–1745 |Mużew tal-Belle Arti, [[Montreal]], il-Kanada |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Riva_degli_Schiavoni,_c._1740_-_1745.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Riva_degli_Schiavoni,_c._1740_-_1745.jpg|128x128px|''Venice the Riva degli Schiavoni'']] |Riva degli Schiavoni |1740–1745 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Piazza_del_Campidoglio_and_the_Cordonata.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Piazza_del_Campidoglio_and_the_Cordonata.jpg|128x128px|''The Piazza del Campidoglio and the Cordonata'']] |Piazza del Campidoglio u l-Cordonata |1740–1745 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_(II)_029.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(II)_029.jpg|128x128px|''View of the Grand Canal looking toward the Punta della Dogana from Campo Sant'Ivo'']] |Veduta tal-Canal Grande lejn Punta della Dogana minn Campo Sant'Ivo |1740–1745 |Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan, l-Italja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_View_of_the_Bacino_di_San_Marco_(St_Mark's_Basin)_-_WGA03899.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_View_of_the_Bacino_di_San_Marco_(St_Mark's_Basin)_-_WGA03899.jpg|128x128px|''Bacino di San Marco from the Puntana della Dogana'']] |Il-Baċir ta' San Mark minn Punta della Dogana |1740–1745 |Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan, l-Italja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Le_Canal_Grande_vu_du_Campo_San_Vio.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Le_Canal_Grande_vu_du_Campo_San_Vio.jpg|128x128px|''Le Canal Grande vu du Campo San Vio'']] |Veduta tal-Canal Grande minn Campo San Vio |1740–1750 |Ca' Rezzonico, Venezja, l-Italja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Grand_Canal_from_the_Palazzo_Foscari_to_the_Carità,_c._1740_-_1750.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Grand_Canal_from_the_Palazzo_Foscari_to_the_Carit%C3%A0,_c._1740_-_1750.jpg|128x128px|''Venice the Grand Canal from the Palazzo Foscari to the Carità'']] |Il-Canal Grande minn Palazzo Foscari sa Carità |1740–1750 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Venice_-_The_Grand_Canal_from_Palazzo_Flangini_to_the_Church_of_San_Marcuola_-_WGA03919.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Venice_-_The_Grand_Canal_from_Palazzo_Flangini_to_the_Church_of_San_Marcuola_-_WGA03919.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Canal from Palazzo Flangini to the Church of San Marcuola'']] |Il-Canal Grande minn Palazzo Flangini sa San Marcuola (1) |1740–1750 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto,_veduta_del_canal_grande.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_veduta_del_canal_grande.JPG|128x128px]] |Il-Canal Grande minn Palazzo Flangini sa San Marcuola (2) |1740–1750 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace |- |[[File:Canaletto_S_Marco.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_S_Marco.jpg|128x128px|''San Marco'']] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark |1740–1750 |Arp Museum Bahnhof Rolandseck, il-Ġermanja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Canale_di_Santa_Chiara,_c._1740_-_1750.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Canale_di_Santa_Chiara,_c._1740_-_1750.jpg|128x128px|''Venice: the Canale di Santa Chiara'']] |Il-Kanal ta' Santa Chiara |1740–1750 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Grand_Canal_from_the_Palazzo_Dolfin-Manin_to_the_Rialto_Bridge,_c._1740_-_1750.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Grand_Canal_from_the_Palazzo_Dolfin-Manin_to_the_Rialto_Bridge,_c._1740_-_1750.jpg|128x128px|''Venice the Grand Canal from the Palazzo Dolfin-Manin to the Rialto Bridge'']] |Il-Canal Grande minn Palazzo Dolfin-Manin sal-Pont ta' Rialto |1740–1750 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:After_Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Dogana_and_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_from_the_Molo,_c._1740_-_1760.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:After_Canaletto_-_Venice_the_Dogana_and_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_from_the_Molo,_c._1740_-_1760.jpg|128x128px|''Venice the Dogana and Santa Maria della Salute from the Molo'']] |Id-Dwana u Santa Maria della Salute mill-Moll |1740–1760 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_called_Il_Canaletto_-_Prà_della_Valle_in_Padua_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_called_Il_Canaletto_-_Pr%C3%A0_della_Valle_in_Padua_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px]] |Prà della Valle f'Padova |1741–1746 |Museo Poldi Pezzoli, Milan, l-Italja |- |[[File:Canaletto,_The_Porta_Portello,_Padua,_c._1741-1742,_NGA_46152.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_The_Porta_Portello,_Padua,_c._1741-1742,_NGA_46152.jpg|128x128px|''Canaletto, The Porta Portello, Padua'']] |Canaletto, Porta Portello, Padova |1741–42 |Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Arti, Washington D.C., l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto,_il_molo_verso_la_riva_degli_schiavoni_con_la_colonna_di_san_marco,_ante_1742,_01.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_il_molo_verso_la_riva_degli_schiavoni_con_la_colonna_di_san_marco,_ante_1742,_01.JPG|128x128px]] |Canaletto, il-Moll lejn Riva degli Schiavoni bil-kolonna ta' San Mark (1) |qabel l-1742 | |- |[[File:Canaletto,_il_molo_verso_la_riva_degli_schiavoni_con_la_colonna_di_san_marco,_ante_1742,_02.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_il_molo_verso_la_riva_degli_schiavoni_con_la_colonna_di_san_marco,_ante_1742,_02.JPG|128x128px]] |Canaletto, il-Moll lejn Riva degli Schiavoni bil-kolonna ta' San Mark (1) |qabel l-1742 | |- |[[File:Canaletto,_il_molo_verso_la_riva_degli_schiavoni_con_la_colonna_di_san_marco,_ante_1742,_03.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_il_molo_verso_la_riva_degli_schiavoni_con_la_colonna_di_san_marco,_ante_1742,_03.JPG|128x128px]] |Canaletto, il-Moll lejn Riva degli Schiavoni bil-kolonna ta' San Mark (1) (3) |qabel l-1742 | |- |[[File:Canaletto,_il_molo_verso_la_riva_degli_schiavoni_con_la_colonna_di_san_marco,_ante_1742,_04.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_il_molo_verso_la_riva_degli_schiavoni_con_la_colonna_di_san_marco,_ante_1742,_04.JPG|128x128px]] |Canaletto, il-Moll lejn Riva degli Schiavoni bil-kolonna ta' San Mark (1) (4) |qabel l-1742 | |- |[[File:Canaletto,_Rome_-_the_Arch_of_Constantine,_1742.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_Rome_-_the_Arch_of_Constantine,_1742.jpg|207x207px|''Rome, the Arch of Constantine'']] |Ruma: l-Arkata ta' Kostantinu |1742 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg|202x202px|''Arch of Septimius Severus'']] |Ruma: l-Arkata ta' Septimius Severus |1742 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- | |Ruma: l-Arkata ta' Titus |1742 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Rome-_Ruins_of_the_Forum,_Looking_towards_the_Capitol.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rome-_Ruins_of_the_Forum,_Looking_towards_the_Capitol.jpg|191x191px|''Rome- Ruins of the Forum, Looking towards the Capitol'']] |Ruma: il-Fdalijiet tal-Forum |1742 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletton_-_Rome,_The_Pantheon_RCIN_400524.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletton_-_Rome,_The_Pantheon_RCIN_400524.jpg|204x204px|''Rome, The Pantheon'']] |Ruma: il-Panteon |1742 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto,_The_Square_of_Saint_Mark's,_Venice,_1742-1744,_NGA_32588.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_The_Square_of_Saint_Mark's,_Venice,_1742-1744,_NGA_32588.jpg|128x128px|''The Square of Saint Mark's, Venice'']] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark, Venezja |1742–1744 |Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Arti, Washington D.C., l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto,_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal_from_the_Molo,_Venice,_1742-1744,_NGA_32589.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal_from_the_Molo,_Venice,_1742-1744,_NGA_32589.jpg|128x128px|''Entrance to the Grand Canal from the Molo, Venice'']] |Id-Daħla tal-Canal Grande mill-Moll, Venezja |1742–1744 |Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Arti, Washington D.C., l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:CANALETTO_-_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal;_Looking_East_(1744).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CANALETTO_-_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal;_Looking_East_(1744).jpg|128x128px|''Entrance to the Grand Canal; Looking East'']] |Id-Daħla tal-Canal Grande lejn il-Lvant |1742–1744 |Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Piazza_San_Marco,_Venice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Piazza_San_Marco,_Venice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''The Piazza San Marco, Venice'']] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark, Venezja |1742–1746 |Gallerija tal-Arti ta' New South Wales, Australia |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Thames_at_Westminster,_London_NTI_PNC_121021.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Thames_at_Westminster,_London_NTI_PNC_121021.jpg|128x128px|''The Thames at Westminster'']] |It-[[Tamiġi]] f'Westminster |1742–54 |Il-Kastell ta' Penrhyn, Wales |- |[[File:Canaletto_(Giovanni_Antonio_Canal)_(Italian_-_View_of_the_Arch_of_Constantine_with_the_Colosseum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(Giovanni_Antonio_Canal)_(Italian_-_View_of_the_Arch_of_Constantine_with_the_Colosseum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|118x118px|''View of the Arch of Constantine with the Colosseum'']] |Ruma: Veduta tal-[[Kolossew]] u tal-Arkata ta' Kostantinu |1743 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Capriccio_-_The_Horses_of_San_Marco_in_the_Piazzetta_-_WGA03928.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Capriccio_-_The_Horses_of_San_Marco_in_the_Piazzetta_-_WGA03928.jpg|128x128px|''The Horses of San Marco in the Piazzetta'']] |Iż-[[Żiemel|Żwiemel]] tal-Knisja ta' San Mark fil-Pjazzetta |1743 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Venice_The_Piazzetta_Towards_The_Torre_dell'_Orologio_Signed_and_dated_1743.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Venice_The_Piazzetta_Towards_The_Torre_dell'_Orologio_Signed_and_dated_1743.jpg|128x128px|''Venice The Piazzetta Towards The Torre dell' Orologio'']] |Il-Pjazzetta lejn it-Torre dell' Orologio |1743 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, National Trust, ir-Renju Unit |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Venice_The_Molo_with_the_Prisons_and_the_Doges'_Palace_Signed_and_dated_1743.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Venice_The_Molo_with_the_Prisons_and_the_Doges'_Palace_Signed_and_dated_1743.jpg|128x128px|'' Venice The Molo with the Prisons and the Doges' Palace'']] |Il-Moll bil-Ħabs u l-Palazz Dukali f'Venezja |1743 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, National Trust, ir-Renju Unit |- |[[File:An_Island_in_the_Lagoon_with_a_Gateway_and_a_Church.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_Island_in_the_Lagoon_with_a_Gateway_and_a_Church.jpg|128x128px|'' An Island in the Lagoon with a Gateway and a Church'']] |Gżira fil-Laguna b'Portal u Knisja |1743–44 |Saint Louis Art Museum, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:CANALETTO_-_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal;_Looking_East_(1744).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CANALETTO_-_Entrance_to_the_Grand_Canal;_Looking_East_(1744).jpg|128x128px|'' Entrance to the Grand Canal; Looking East '']] |Id-Daħla tal-Canal Grande lejn il-Lvant |1744 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Colleoni_Monument_in_a_Caprice_Setting_RCIN_404415.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Colleoni_Monument_in_a_Caprice_Setting_RCIN_404415.jpg|128x128px|'' The Colleoni Monument in a Caprice Setting '']] |Kapriċċ tal-[[Monument]] ta' Colleoni |1744 |Kollezzjoni Rjali |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_View_of_a_River,_Perhaps_in_Padua_-_WGA03933.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_View_of_a_River,_Perhaps_in_Padua_-_WGA03933.jpg|128x128px|'' View of a River, Perhaps in Padua '']] |Veduta ta' Xmara, x'aktarx f'Padova |1745 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Piazzetta_-_Looking_North,_the_Campanile_under_Repair_-_WGA03986.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Piazzetta_-_Looking_North,_the_Campanile_under_Repair_-_WGA03986.jpg|188x188px|'' Looking North, the Campanile under Repair '']] |It-Tiswijiet tal-Kampnar mit-Tramuntana |1745 |Kollezzjoni Rjali fil-Kastell ta' Windsor |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Basilica_of_Maxentius_and_the_Church_of_Santa_Francesca_Romana.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Basilica_of_Maxentius_and_the_Church_of_Santa_Francesca_Romana.jpg|128x128px|'' The Basilica of Maxentius and the Church of Santa Francesca Romana'']] |Il-Bażilika ta' Maxentius u l-Knisja ta' Santa Francesca Romana |1745 |Galleria Borghese, Roma |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Bucintoro,_Venice_-_WGA03939.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Bucintoro,_Venice_-_WGA03939.jpg|128x128px|''The Bucintoro'']] |Il-Bucintoro |1745–1750 |Mużew Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spanja |- |[[File:'Old_Somerset_House_from_the_River_Thames'_by_Canaletto.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:'Old_Somerset_House_from_the_River_Thames'_by_Canaletto.jpg|128x128px|''The Bucintoro'']] |Dar Antika ta' Somerset mix-xmara Tamiġi |1745–1750 |Kollezzjoni Privata ta' Simon C. Dickinson Ltd. |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_of_the_Rialto_Bridge_with_the_Lagoon_Beyond.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_of_the_Rialto_Bridge_with_the_Lagoon_Beyond.JPG|128x128px|''Capriccio of the Rialto Bridge with the Lagoon Beyond'']] |Kapriċċ tal-Pont ta' Rialto u l-Laguna |1746 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto,_London_and_the_River_Thames_looking_towards_Westminster,_ca._1746-7,_Lobkowicz_Palace_(1)_(25585068633).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_London_and_the_River_Thames_looking_towards_Westminster,_ca._1746-7,_Lobkowicz_Palace_(1)_(25585068633).jpg|128x128px|''London and the River Thames looking towards Westminster'']] |Londra u x-xmara Tamiġi lejn Westminster |1746-7 | |- |[[File:Pohled_na_Londýn_s_řekou_Temží,_Westminsterským_opatstvím_a_mostem.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pohled_na_Lond%C3%BDn_s_%C5%99ekou_Tem%C5%BE%C3%AD,_Westminstersk%C3%BDm_opatstv%C3%ADm_a_mostem.jpg|128x128px]] |Londra u x-xmara Tamiġi lejn Westminster |1746-7 | |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_River_Thames_with_St._Paul's_Cathedral_on_Lord_Mayor's_Day_-_WGA03942.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_River_Thames_with_St._Paul's_Cathedral_on_Lord_Mayor's_Day_-_WGA03942.jpg|128x128px|''The River Thames with St. Paul's Cathedral on Lord Mayor's Day'']] |The River Thames with St. Paul's Cathedral on Lord Mayor's Day |1746–47 |Il-[[Palazz ta' Lobkowicz]], [[Praga]], ir-[[Ċekja|Repubblika Ċeka]] |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_City_Seen_Through_an_Arch_of_Westminster_Bridge.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_City_Seen_Through_an_Arch_of_Westminster_Bridge.JPG|128x128px]] |Veduta ta' Londra minn ġo arkata tal-Pont ta' Westminster |1746–47 |Syon House, Londra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_City_of_Westminster_from_River_Thames_near_the_York_Water_Gate.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_City_of_Westminster_from_River_Thames_near_the_York_Water_Gate.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Belt ta' Westminster mix-xmara Tamiġi ħdejn York Water Gate |1746–49 |Kollezzjoni Privata (sjieda tad-Duki ta' Grafton) |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Ruins_with_Figures_CAM_CCF_197.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Ruins_with_Figures_CAM_CCF_197.jpg|128x128px|''Ruins with Figures'']] |Fdalijiet b'xi Figuri |1747 |Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Windsor_Castle.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Windsor_Castle.JPG|128x128px|''Windsor Castle'']] |Kastell ta' Windsor |1747 |Kollezzjoni tad-Duka ta' Northumberland |- |[[File:Canaletto_(II)_027.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(II)_027.jpg|128x128px|''Santi Giovanni e Paolo and the Scuola di San Marco'']] |Santi Giovanni e Paolo u l-Iskola ta' San Mark |1747 |Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister |- |[[File:Canaletto_Westminster_Bridge_1747.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_Westminster_Bridge_1747.jpg|128x128px|''Westminster Bridge '']] |Il-Pont ta' Westminster, bil-Purċissjoni ta' Lord Mayor fix-xmara Tamiġi |1747 |Yale Center for British Art |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_London_-_The_Thames_and_the_City_of_London_from_Richmond_House_(detail)_-_WGA03945.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_London_-_The_Thames_and_the_City_of_London_from_Richmond_House_(detail)_-_WGA03945.jpg|128x128px|''The Thames and the City of London from Richmond House (detail)'']] |Ix-xmara Tamiġi u l-belt ta' Londra minn Richmond House (detall) |1747 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto,_London_and_the_River_Thames_looking_towards_Westminster,_ca._1746-7,_Lobkowicz_Palace_(2)_(26187604035).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_London_and_the_River_Thames_looking_towards_Westminster,_ca._1746-7,_Lobkowicz_Palace_(2)_(26187604035).jpg|128x128px|''London and the River Thames looking towards Westminster'']] |Londra: ix-xmara Tamiġi lejn Westminster minn Lambeth |1747 |Il-Palazz ta' Lobkowicz, Praga, ir-Repubblika Ċeka |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_London_-_Whitehall_and_the_Privy_Garden_from_Richmond_House_-_WGA03943.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_London_-_Whitehall_and_the_Privy_Garden_from_Richmond_House_-_WGA03943.jpg|128x128px|''Whitehall and the Privy Garden from Richmond House'']] |Whitehall u l-Ġnien Privat minn Richmond House |1747 |Goodwood House, ir-Renju Unit |- |[[File:Canaletto_london.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_london.jpg|128x128px|''Canaletto london'']] |Londra |1747 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto,_Westminster_Bridge_from_the_North_on_Lord_Mayor's_Day,_1746-47,_detail.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_Westminster_Bridge_from_the_North_on_Lord_Mayor's_Day,_1746-47,_detail.jpg|128x128px|''Westminster Bridge from the North on Lord Mayor's Day'']] |Il-Pont ta' Westminster Bridge mit-Tramuntana f'Jum Lord Mayor |1747 |Yale Center for British Art, University of Yale, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Westminster_Bridge_Under_Construction_from_the_South-East_Abutment.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Westminster_Bridge_Under_Construction_from_the_South-East_Abutment.jpg|128x128px|''Westminster Bridge Under Construction from the South-East Abutment'']] |Il-Pont ta' Westminster waqt il-kostruzzjoni mix-Xlokk |1747 |Kollezzjoni Privata tad-Duka ta' Northumberland |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_London,_Whitehall_and_the_Privy_Garden_looking_North_Buccleuch.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_London,_Whitehall_and_the_Privy_Garden_looking_North_Buccleuch.jpg|128x128px|''London, Whitehall and the Privy Garden looking North Buccleuch'']] |Londra, Whitehall u l-Ġnien Privat lejn it-Tramuntana ta' Buccleuch |1747 |Kollezzjoni Privata, the Buccleuch Living Heritage Trust |- |[[File:The_Molo_from_the_Basin_of_San_Marco,_Venice_by_Canaletto,_San_Diego_Museum_of_Art.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Molo_from_the_Basin_of_San_Marco,_Venice_by_Canaletto,_San_Diego_Museum_of_Art.JPG|128x128px|''The Molo from the Basin of San Marco, Venice'']] |Il-Moll mill-Baċir ta' San Mark, Venezja |1747–1750 |San Diego Museum of Art, San Diego, California |- |[[File:Venice,_a_view_of_the_Churches_of_the_Redentore_and_San_Giacomo,_with_a_moored_Man-of-war,_Gondolas_and_Barges.jpeg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venice,_a_view_of_the_Churches_of_the_Redentore_and_San_Giacomo,_with_a_moored_Man-of-war,_Gondolas_and_Barges.jpeg|128x128px|''Venice, a view of the Churches of the Redentore and San Giacomo, with a moored Man-of-war, Gondolas and Barges'']] |Venezja, Veduta tal-Knejjes tar-Redentur u ta' San Giacomo, b'diversi bastimenti, gondoli u barkuni |1747–1755 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Warwick_Castle_-_the_South_Front_-_WGA03947.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Warwick_Castle_-_the_South_Front_-_WGA03947.jpg|128x128px|''The South Façade of Warwick Castle'']] |Il-Faċċata tan-Nofsinhar tal-Kastell ta' Warwick |1748 |Mużew Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spanja |- |[[File:Canaletto,_The_City_of_London_from_the_River_Thames_with_St._Paul's_Cathedral,_ca._1748,_Lobkowicz_Palace_(3)_(26161463356).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_The_City_of_London_from_the_River_Thames_with_St._Paul's_Cathedral,_ca._1748,_Lobkowicz_Palace_(3)_(26161463356).jpg|128x128px|''The City of London from the River Thames with St. Paul's Cathedral'']] |Il-belt ta' Londra mix-xmara Tamiġi bil-[[Katidral ta' San Pawl]] |1748 | |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Badminton_House,_Gloucestershire.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Badminton_House,_Gloucestershire.jpg|128x128px|''The South Façade of Warwick Castle'']] |Badminton House, Gloucestershire |1748 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Warwick_Castle_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Warwick_Castle_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|nofs|128x128px]] |Il-Kastell ta' Warwick |1748–49 |Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Thames_at_Westminster,_London_NTI_PNC_121021.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Thames_at_Westminster,_London_NTI_PNC_121021.jpg|128x128px|''The Thames at Westminster, London'']] |Ix-xmara Tamiġi f'Westminster, Londra |1749 |Il-Kastell ta' Penrhyn, National Trust, [[Gwynedd]], Wales |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_London_-_the_Old_Horse_Guards_from_St_James's_Park_-_WGA03948.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_London_-_the_Old_Horse_Guards_from_St_James's_Park_-_WGA03948.jpg|128x128px|''the Old Horse Guards from St James's Park'']] |Il-Gwardji biż-żwiemel mill-Park ta' San Ġakbu |1749 |Tate Britain |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_London_-_the_Old_Horse_Guards_and_Banqueting_Hall,_from_St_James's_Park_-_WGA03949.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_London_-_the_Old_Horse_Guards_and_Banqueting_Hall,_from_St_James's_Park_-_WGA03949.jpg|128x128px|''ondon – the Old Horse Guards and Banqueting Hall, from St James's Park'']] |Londra – il-Gwardji biż-żwiemel u s-Sala tal-Banketti, mill-Park ta' San Ġakbu |1749 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto,_londra,_la_guardia_di_new_horse_da_st._james_park,_1749_ca._02.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_londra,_la_guardia_di_new_horse_da_st._james_park,_1749_ca._02.jpg|128x128px|''londra, la guardia di new horse da st. james park'']] |Londra, il-Gwardji biż-żwiemel mill-Park ta' San Ġakbu |1749 | |- |[[File:Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto,_1749.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto,_1749.jpg|128x128px|''Westminster Abbey by Canaletto'']] |L-Abbazija ta' Westminster b'Purċissjoni ta' Kavallieri ta' [[Bath]] |1749 |L-Abbazija ta' Westminster, Londra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Syon_House.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Syon_House.jpg|128x128px|''Syon House'']] |Syon House |1749 |Kollezzjoni Privata tad-Duka ta' Northumberland |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_A_View_of_the_Old_Horse_Guards_and_Banqueting_Hall,_from_St_James's_Park.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_A_View_of_the_Old_Horse_Guards_and_Banqueting_Hall,_from_St_James's_Park.jpg|128x128px|''A View of the Old Horse Guards and Banqueting Hall, from St James's Park'']] |Veduta tal-Gwardji biż-żwiemel u s-Sala tal-Banketti mill-Park ta' San Ġakbu |x'aktarx fl-1749 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Prisons.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Prisons.jpg|128x128px|''The Prisons'']] |Il-Ħabs ta' Venezja |x'aktarx lejn l-aħħar tas-snin 40 tas-seklu 18 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Venice,_The_Church_of_San_Giorgio_Maggiore.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Venice,_The_Church_of_San_Giorgio_Maggiore.jpg|128x128px|''Venice, The Church of San Giorgio Maggiore'']] |Venezja, il-Knisja ta' San Giorgio Maggiore |x'aktarx lejn l-aħħar tas-snin 40 tas-seklu 18 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_The_Rialto_Bridge_and_the_Church_of_S._Giorgio_Maggiore,_circa_1750.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_The_Rialto_Bridge_and_the_Church_of_S._Giorgio_Maggiore,_circa_1750.jpg|172x172px|''Capriccio The Rialto Bridge and the Church of S. Giorgio Maggiore'']] |Il-Pont ta' Rialto u l-Knisja ta' San Giorgio Maggiore |għall-ħabta tal-1750 |North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, North Carolina, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:(Venice) Capriccio with Ruins and Porta Portello, Padua - Antonio Canal - Gallerie Accademia.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Capriccio_with_Ruins_and_Porta_Portello,_Padua_-_WGA03971.jpg|128x128px|''Capriccio with Ruins and Porta Portello, Padua'']] |Kapriċċ bil-Fdalijiet u Porta Portello, Padova |għall-ħabta tal-1750 |Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venezja, l-Italja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Thames_from_the_Terrace_of_Somerset_House,_Looking_toward_Westminster_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Thames_from_the_Terrace_of_Somerset_House,_Looking_toward_Westminster_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''The Thames from the Terrace of Somerset House, Looking toward Westminster'']] |Ix-xmara Tamiġi mit-Terrazza ta' Somerset House, lejn Westminster |1750 |Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Bacino_di_S._Marco-_From_the_Piazzetta_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Bacino_di_S._Marco-_From_the_Piazzetta_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''Bacino di S. Marco- From the Piazzetta'']] |Il-Baċir ta' San Mark mill-Pjazzetta |c. 1750 |Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Victoria, l-Awstralja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_of_the_Scuola_di_San_Marco_from_the_Loggia_of_the_Palazzo_Grifalconi-Loredan.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_of_the_Scuola_di_San_Marco_from_the_Loggia_of_the_Palazzo_Grifalconi-Loredan.JPG|128x128px]] |Kapriċċ tal-Iskola ta' San Mark mil-Loġġa tal-Palazz Grifalconi-Loredan |bidu tas-snin 50 tas-seklu 18 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto-_Palazzo_Vendramin-Calergi,_on_the_Grand_Canal,_Venice.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto-_Palazzo_Vendramin-Calergi,_on_the_Grand_Canal,_Venice.jpg|128x128px|''Palazzo Vendramin-Calergi, on the Grand Canal, Venice'']] |Palazz Vendramin-Calergi, fil-Canal Grande, Venezja |is-snin 50 tas-seklu 18 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Veduta_del_Palazzo_Ducale_di_Venezia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Veduta_del_Palazzo_Ducale_di_Venezia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''Veduta del Palazzo Ducale di Venezia '']] |Veduta tal-Palazz Dukali ta' Venezja |is-snin 50 tas-seklu 18 |Galleria degli Uffizi, Firenze |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Westminster_Bridge_from_the_North_with_the_Lord_Mayor's_Procession.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Westminster_Bridge_from_the_North_with_the_Lord_Mayor's_Procession.jpg|128x128px|''Westminster Bridge from the North with the Lord Mayor's Procession'']] |Il-Pont ta' Westminster mit-Tramuntana bil-Purċissjoni ta' Lord Mayor |1750 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Slavnost_na_Temži_(Primátorská_slavnost_na_Temži,_v_pozadí_katedrála_sv._Pavla).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slavnost_na_Tem%C5%BEi_(Prim%C3%A1torsk%C3%A1_slavnost_na_Tem%C5%BEi,_v_pozad%C3%AD_katedr%C3%A1la_sv._Pavla).jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Katidral ta' San Pawl, Londra |1750 | |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Thames_from_the_Terrace_of_Somerset_House,_Looking_toward_Westminster_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Thames_from_the_Terrace_of_Somerset_House,_Looking_toward_Westminster_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''The Thames from the Terrace of Somerset House, Looking toward Westminster'']] |Ix-xmara Tamiġi mit-Terrazza ta' Somerset House, lejn Westminster |1750 |Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Thames_from_the_Terrace_of_Somerset_House,_Looking_toward_St._Paul's_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Thames_from_the_Terrace_of_Somerset_House,_Looking_toward_St._Paul's_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''The Thames from the Terrace of Somerset House, Looking toward St. Paul's'']] |Ix-xmara Tamiġi mit-Terrazza ta' Somerset House, lejn il-Katidral ta' San Pawl |1750 |Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_London,_The_Thames_from_Somerset_House_Terrace_towards_Westminster.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_London,_The_Thames_from_Somerset_House_Terrace_towards_Westminster.jpg|128x128px|''London, The Thames from Somerset House Terrace towards Westminster'']] |Londra: ix-xmara Tamiġi mit-Terrazza ta' Somerset House, lejn Westminster |1750–51 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Rome,_The_Piazza_Navona.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Rome,_The_Piazza_Navona.jpg|128x128px|''Rome, The Piazza Navona'']] |Ruma, Pjazza Navona |1750–51 |[[Tokjo|Tokyo]] Fuji Art Museum, il-[[Ġappun]] |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Rome,_The_Piazza_del_Quirinale.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Rome,_The_Piazza_del_Quirinale.jpg|128x128px|''Rome, The Piazza del Quirinale'']] |Ruma, Piazza del Quirinale |1750–51 |Tokyo Fuji Art Museum, il-Ġappun |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_London-_The_Thames_from_Somerset_House_Terrace_towards_the_City_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_London-_The_Thames_from_Somerset_House_Terrace_towards_the_City_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''The Thames from Somerset House Terrace towards the City'']] |Londra: ix-xmara Tamiġi mit-Terrazza ta' Somerset House, lejn il-belt |1750–51 |Kollezzjoni Rjali, Kastell ta' Windsor, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto,_veduta_di_greenwich_dal_fiume,_1750-52_ca._02.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_veduta_di_greenwich_dal_fiume,_1750-52_ca._02.jpg|182x182px|''The Thames from Somerset House Terrace towards the City'']] |Veduta ta' [[Greenwich]] mix-xmara |1750–51 | |- |[[File:Padua-_The_River_Bacchiglione_and_the_Porta_Portello_MET_DP358984.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Padua-_The_River_Bacchiglione_and_the_Porta_Portello_MET_DP358984.jpg|128x128px|''Padua- The River Bacchiglione and the Porta Portello'']] |Padova - ix-xmara Bacchiglione u Porta Portello |1750–1760 |Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_A_View_of_Greenwich_from_the_River.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_A_View_of_Greenwich_from_the_River.jpg|128x128px|''A View of Greenwich from the River'']] |Veduta ta' Greenwich mix-xmara |1751 |Is-Sala ta' Blickling, National Trust, [[Norfolk]], l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Caneletto_-_The_Grand_Walk,_Vauxhall_Gardens,_London_WAR_COMP_131.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caneletto_-_The_Grand_Walk,_Vauxhall_Gardens,_London_WAR_COMP_131.jpg|128x128px|''The Grand Walk, Vauxhall Gardens London'']] |Il-Mixja Grandjuża, il-Ġonna ta' Vauxhall, Londra |1751 |Compton Verney Art Gallery, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_El_Colegio_de_Chelsea,_la_Rotonda,_la_casa_Ranelagh_y_el_río_Támesis,_1751.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_El_Colegio_de_Chelsea,_la_Rotonda,_la_casa_Ranelagh_y_el_r%C3%ADo_T%C3%A1mesis,_1751.jpg|128x128px|''Chelsea School, Rotonda, Ranelagh house and Tamesis river'']] |L-Iskola ta' Chelsea, ir-Rotunda, id-dar ta' Ranelagh u x-xmara Tamiġi |1751 |Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, [[Ħavana|Havana]], [[Kuba]] |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Chelsea_from_the_Thames_at_Battersea_Reach,_1751.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Chelsea_from_the_Thames_at_Battersea_Reach,_1751.jpg|128x128px|''Chelsea from the Thames at Battersea Reach'']] |Chelsea mix-xmara Tamiġi f'Battersea Reach |Frar 1751 |Tate Britain |- |[[File:Canaletto_Alnwick.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_Alnwick.jpg|nofs|128x128px]] |Il-Kastell ta' Alnwick |1752 |Il-Kastell ta' Alnwick, Northumberland, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Greenwich_Hospital_from_the_North_Bank_of_the_Thames_RMG_BHC1827.tiff|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greenwich_Hospital_from_the_North_Bank_of_the_Thames_RMG_BHC1827.tiff|128x128px|''Greenwich Hospital from the North Bank of the Thames'']] |L-Isptar ta' Greenwich mix-Xatt tat-Tramuntana tax-xmara Tamiġi |għall-ħabta tal-1752 |Il-[[Mużew]] Marittimu Nazzjonali, Greenwich, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Warwick_Castle,_the_east_front_by_Canaletto,_1752.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warwick_Castle,_the_east_front_by_Canaletto,_1752.JPG|nofs|128x128px]] |Il-Kastell ta' Warwick mil-Lvant |1752 |Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, [[Birmingham]], l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Birmingham_Museum_and_Art_Gallery_-_Warwick_Castle,_the_East_Front_from_the_Courtyard_-_Canaletto.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birmingham_Museum_and_Art_Gallery_-_Warwick_Castle,_the_East_Front_from_the_Courtyard_-_Canaletto.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Kastell ta' Warwick mil-Lvant |1752 |Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, Birmingham, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Northumberland_House_by_Canaletto_(1752).JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northumberland_House_by_Canaletto_(1752).JPG|nofs|128x128px]] |Northumberland House |1752 |Kollezzjoni tad-Duka ta' Northumberland |- |[[File:Canaletto,_veduta_di_greenwich_dal_fiume,_1750-52_ca._03.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_veduta_di_greenwich_dal_fiume,_1750-52_ca._03.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta ta' Greenwich mix-xmara |1750–1752 | |- |[[File:New_Horse_Guards_from_St_James’s_Park_121017Canaletto-neu.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Horse_Guards_from_St_James%E2%80%99s_Park_121017Canaletto-neu.jpg|128x128px|New Horse Guards from St James’s Park]] |Il-Gwardji biż-żwiemel mill-Park ta' San Ġakbu |1752–53 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_of_a_Renaissance_Palazzo_with_a_monumental_Staircase,_a_Clock_Tower_and_the_Arch_of_Titus_beyond.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_of_a_Renaissance_Palazzo_with_a_monumental_Staircase,_a_Clock_Tower_and_the_Arch_of_Titus_beyond.jpg|128x128px|Capriccio of a Renaissance Palazzo with a monumental Staircase, a Clock Tower and the Arch of Titus beyond]] |Kapriċċ ta' Palazz [[Rinaxximent|Rinaxximentali]] b'taraġ monumentali, it-torri tal-arloġġ u l-Arkata ta' Titus fl-isfond |1752–55 |Kollezzjoni Privata tal-Kastell ta' Arundel |- |[[File:Northumberland_House_by_Canaletto_(1752).JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northumberland_House_by_Canaletto_(1752).JPG|128x128px|Northumberland House in London, 1752]] |Londra: Northumberland House |1752–1763 |Kollezzjoni ta' Wallace, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_Henry_VII's_Chapel_in_Westminster_Abbey.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_Henry_VII's_Chapel_in_Westminster_Abbey.JPG|150x150px|The ''Interior of Henry VII's Chapel in Westminster Abbey'']] |Il-Kappella ta' Enriku VII minn ġewwa fl-Abbazija ta' Westminster |1753 |Il-Mużew ta' Londra, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_of_a_Round_Church_with_an_Elaborate_Gothic_Portico_in_a_Piazza,_a_Palladian_Piazza_and_a_Gothic_Church_Beyond.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_of_a_Round_Church_with_an_Elaborate_Gothic_Portico_in_a_Piazza,_a_Palladian_Piazza_and_a_Gothic_Church_Beyond.JPG|128x128px|Capriccio of a Round Church with an Elaborate Gothic Portico in a Piazza, a Palladian Piazza and a Gothic Church Beyond]] |Kapriċċ ta' Knisja Tonda b'Portiku Gotiku Elaborat fi Pjazza Palladjana u Knisja Gotika fl-isfond |1753–55 |Il-Kastell ta' Arundel |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_of_a_Renaisance_Triumphal_Arch_seen_from_the_Portico_of_a_Palace.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_of_a_Renaisance_Triumphal_Arch_seen_from_the_Portico_of_a_Palace.JPG|128x128px|''Capriccio of a Renaisance Triumphal Arch seen from the Portico of a Palace'']] |Kapriċċ ta' Arkata Trionfali mill-Portiku ta' Palazz |1753–55 |Il-Kastell ta' Arundel |- |[[File:Canaletto,_English_Landscape_Capriccio_with_a_Column,_c._1754,_NGA_47179.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto,_English_Landscape_Capriccio_with_a_Column,_c._1754,_NGA_47179.jpg|151x151px|English Landscape Capriccio with a Column]] |Kapriċċ ta' Pajsaġġ Ingliż b'Kolonna |1754 |Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Arti, Washington D.C., l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_View_of_Banqueting_House_and_Equestrian_Statue_of_King_Charles_I.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_View_of_Banqueting_House_and_Equestrian_Statue_of_King_Charles_I.jpg|128x128px|View of Banqueting House and Equestrian Statue of King Charles I]] |Veduta ta' Binja tal-Banketti u Statwa Ekwestri tar-Re [[Karlu I]] |1754 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_with_a_Domed_Church_and_the_Colleoni_Monument.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Capriccio_with_a_Domed_Church_and_the_Colleoni_Monument.jpg|140x140px|''Capriccio with a Domed Church and the Colleoni Monument'']] |Kapriċċ bi Knisja b'Koppla l-Monument ta' Colleoni |x'aktarx fl-1754 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:English_Landscape_Capriccio_with_a_Palace_G-001355-20120531.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_Landscape_Capriccio_with_a_Palace_G-001355-20120531.jpg|147x147px|''English Landscape Capriccio with a Palace'']] |Kapriċċ ta' Pajsaġġ Ingliż b'Palazz |1754 |Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Arti, Washington D.C., l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:'Westminster_Bridge'_by_Canaletto,_oil_on_canvas.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:'Westminster_Bridge'_by_Canaletto,_oil_on_canvas.jpg|128x128px|''Westminster Bridge'']] |Il-Pont ta' Westminster |1754 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Venice,_Bacino_di_San_Marco_on_Ascension_Day.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Venice,_Bacino_di_San_Marco_on_Ascension_Day.JPG|141x141px|''Venice, Bacino di San Marco on Ascension Day'']] |Venezja, il-Baċir ta' San Mark f'Jum Tlugħ is-Sema |1754 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_the_Rotunda,_Ranelagh,_London_WAR_COMP_132.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_the_Rotunda,_Ranelagh,_London_WAR_COMP_132.jpg|128x128px|''The Interior of the Rotunda, Ranelagh, London '']] |Ir-Rotunda minn ġewwa, Ranelagh, Londra (1) |1754 |Compton Verney Art Gallery, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_Ranelegh_1754.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_Ranelegh_1754.jpg|128x128px|''Ranelegh'']] |Ir-Rotunda minn ġewwa, Ranelagh, Londra (2) |1754 |Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali ta' Londra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_St._Paul's_Cathedral_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_St._Paul's_Cathedral_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''St. Paul's Cathedral'']] |Il-Katidral ta' San Pawl |1754 |Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto_(Giovanni_Antonio_Canal)_-_A_View_of_Walton_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(Giovanni_Antonio_Canal)_-_A_View_of_Walton_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''A View of Walton Bridge'']] |Veduta tal-Pont ta' Walton |1754 |Dulwich Picture Gallery, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Eton_College_Chapel_-_WGA03955.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Eton_College_Chapel_-_WGA03955.jpg|128x128px|Eton College]] |Il-Kulleġġ ta' Eton |1754 |Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Palazzo_Ducale_and_the_Piazza_di_San_Marco_-_WGA03958.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Palazzo_Ducale_and_the_Piazza_di_San_Marco_-_WGA03958.jpg|128x128px|Palazzo Ducale and the Piazza di San Marco]] |Il-Palazz Dukali u l-Pjazza ta' San Mark |c. 1755 |Galleria degli Uffizi, Firenze |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Old_Walton_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Old_Walton_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|Old Walton Bridge]] |Il-Pont Antik ta' Walton |1755 |Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_San_Marco_-_the_Interior_-_WGA03959.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_San_Marco_-_the_Interior_-_WGA03959.jpg|127x127px|''San Marco – the Interior '']] |Il-Bażilika ta' San Mark minn ġewwa |1755 |Kastell ta' Windsor |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Piazza_San_Marco_-_Looking_South-West_-_WGA03960.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Piazza_San_Marco_-_Looking_South-West_-_WGA03960.jpg|128x128px|''Piazza San Marco – Looking South-West'']] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark – lejn il-Lbiċ |1755–59 |Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Connecticut, l-Istati Uniti |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Saint_Mark's_Square,_Venice,_c.1756.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Saint_Mark's_Square,_Venice,_c.1756.jpg|128x128px|''Saint Mark's Square, Venice'']] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark, Venezja |għall-ħabta tal-1756 |Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Interior_Court_of_the_Doge's_Palace,_Venice_CAM_CCF_194.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Interior_Court_of_the_Doge's_Palace,_Venice_CAM_CCF_194.jpg|160x160px|''Interior Court of the Doge's Palace, Venice'']] |Il-Bitħa Interna tal-Palazz Dukali, Venezja |għall-ħabta tal-1756 |Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_Venice,_Piazza_San_Marco_and_the_Colonnade_of_the_Procuratie_Nuove.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_Venice,_Piazza_San_Marco_and_the_Colonnade_of_the_Procuratie_Nuove.jpg|144x144px|''Piazza San Marco – Looking East from the South West Corner'']] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark – lejn il-Lvant mir-rokna tal-Lbiċ |1756 |Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_San_Marco_CAM_CCF_193.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_San_Marco_CAM_CCF_193.jpg|159x159px|''San Marco'']] |Il-Bażilika ta' San Mark |1756 |Fitzwilliam Museum, ir-Renju Unit |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Venice_Palazzo_Grimani,_about_1756-68.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Venice_Palazzo_Grimani,_about_1756-68.jpg|128x128px|''Venice Palazzo Grimani'']] |Venezja: Palazzo Grimani |1756–58 |Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:1385082667-canaletto---venice---piazza-san-marco.jpeg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1385082667-canaletto---venice---piazza-san-marco.jpeg|143x143px]] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark lejn il-Lvant mir-rokna tal-Majjistral |1758 |Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Le_grand_canal_(Gemäldegalerie,_Berlin)_(11381073496).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_grand_canal_(Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie,_Berlin)_(11381073496).jpg|128x128px|''Le grand canal – Looking South-East from the Campo Santa Sophia to the Rialto Bridge'']] |Il-Canal Grande – lejn ix-Xlokk minn Campo Santa Sophia sal-Pont ta' Rialto, Anagoria, Venezja |1758–63 |Gemäldegalerie ta' [[Berlin|Berlín]] u l-Fondazzjoni tal-Wirt Kulturali ta' Pir-Russjan |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Campo_di_Rialto_-_WGA03969.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_The_Campo_di_Rialto_-_WGA03969.jpg|128x128px]] |Campo di Rialto |1758–63 |Gemäldegalerie der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin |- | |Campo di Rialto u S. Giacomo di Rialto, Venezja |1760 |Il-Gallerija Nazzjonali tal-Kanada, Ottawa, Canada |- |[[File:Canaletto_(Giovanni_Antonio_Canal)_-_The_Bucintoro_at_the_Molo_on_Ascension_Day_-_Google_Art_Project_(_AGPvVoUXqRRYw).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(Giovanni_Antonio_Canal)_-_The_Bucintoro_at_the_Molo_on_Ascension_Day_-_Google_Art_Project_(_AGPvVoUXqRRYw).jpg|128x128px|''The Bucintoro at the Molo on Ascension Day'']] |Il-Bucintoro fil-Moll f'Jum Tlugħ is-Sema |1760 |Dulwich Picture Gallery, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- | |Porta Portello, Padova |1760 |Il-Mużew Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spanja |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Bucintoro_at_the_Molo_on_Ascension_Day_Cat292.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Bucintoro_at_the_Molo_on_Ascension_Day_Cat292.jpg|128x128px|''The Bucintoro at the Molo on Ascension Day'']] |Il-Bucintoro fil-Moll f'Jum Tlugħ is-Sema |1760 |Dulwich Picture Gallery, Londra, l-Ingilterra |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_View_through_a_Baroque_Colonnade_into_a_Garden,_1760-1768_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_View_through_a_Baroque_Colonnade_into_a_Garden,_1760-1768_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|128x128px|''View through a Baroque Colonnade into a Garden'']] |Veduta minn Kolonnata [[Barokk|Barokka]] li tagħti għal Ġnien |1760–1768 |Albertina, l-Awstrija |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_The_Doge_and_Grand_Council_in_Sala_del_Maggior_Consiglio_-_KMS3898_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Doge_and_Grand_Council_in_Sala_del_Maggior_Consiglio_-_KMS3898_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg|128x128px|''The Doge and Grand Council in Sala del Maggior Consiglio'']] |Id-Doge u l-Gran Kunsill fis-Sala tal-Kunsill Maġġuri |1763 |Statens Museum for Kunst, id-[[Danimarka]] |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Doge_of_Venice_Departing_for_the_Lido.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Doge_of_Venice_Departing_for_the_Lido.jpg|128x128px|''Doge of Venice Departing for the Lido'']] |It-Tluq tad-Doge ta' Venezja Departing lejn il-Lido |1763–67 |British Museum, Londra |- |[[File:Canaletto_-_Santa_Maria_Zobenigo.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Santa_Maria_Zobenigo.jpg|128x128px]] |Santa Maria Zobenigo |c. 1765 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Scala_dei_Giganti_-_WGA03967.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Scala_dei_Giganti_-_WGA03967.jpg|185x185px]] |Scala dei Giganti |għall-ħabta tal-1765 |Kollezzjoni Privata |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Perspective_View_with_Portico_-_WGA03965.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Perspective_View_with_Portico_-_WGA03965.jpg|166x166px]] |Perspettiva b'Portiku |1765 |Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venezja, l-Italja |- | |Kapriċċ b'Kolonnata fuq ġewwa ta' Palazz |1765 |Il-Mużew Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spanja |- | |L-Iskola ta' San Mark |1765 |Il-Mużew Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spanja |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_San_Marco_-_the_Crossing_and_North_Transept,_with_Musicians_Singing_-_WGA03991.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_San_Marco_-_the_Crossing_and_North_Transept,_with_Musicians_Singing_-_WGA03991.jpg|153x153px]] |Il-Bażilika ta' San Mark minn ġewwa b'mużiċisti jkantaw |1766 |Kunsthalle [[Amburgu|Hamburg]], il-Ġermanja |- |[[File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Vue_de_Mestre_-_Canaletto_-_ca_1740_-_Inv_1010.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Vue_de_Mestre_-_Canaletto_-_ca_1740_-_Inv_1010.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta ta' Mestre |qabel l-1768 |Fondazzjoni Bemberg, Franza |- |[[File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Vue_de_Dolo_-_Canaletto_ca_1740_-_Inv_1011.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Vue_de_Dolo_-_Canaletto_ca_1740_-_Inv_1011.jpg|128x128px]] |Veduta ta' Dolo |qabel l-1768 |Fondazzjoni Bemberg, Franza |- |[[File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canaletto_-_Teilansicht_der_Piazza_San_Marco_in_Venedig.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canaletto_-_Teilansicht_der_Piazza_San_Marco_in_Venedig.jpg|128x128px]] |Il-Pjazza ta' San Mark, Venezja |1768 | |} == Referenzi == 28mvumy2jvvo98q15nz30g00ouf2ur0 2 34015 330572 327077 2026-06-16T13:17:41Z SamuelZammit 25034 /* Proġetti li qed naħdem fuqhom bħalissa */ 330572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|mt|en|fr-2|it-1}} Hello, jisimni Samuel Zammit. Trabbejt u ngħix ġo [[Malta]], fir-raħal tal-Mosta. [[Stampa:Malta Mosta 2011-10-05 16-13-07.JPG|daqsminuri|Ir-[[Bażilika ta' Santa Marija Assunta, Mosta|Rotunda tal-Mosta]] fil-pjazza prinċipali tal-[[Mosta]].]] Studjajt il-matematika u s-statistika fl-[[Università ta' Malta]] u għandi interess partikolari fl-istorja Maltija u b'mod iktar ġenerali fi proġetti komunitarji (speċjalment [[:en:OpenStreetMap|OpenStreetMap]]). == Artikli li Ħloqt/Traduċejt == === Personaġġi === ==== Arkitettura ==== * [[Gio Maria Camilleri]] * [[Giorgio Grognet de Vassé]] (traduzzjoni) ==== Mediċina/Saħħa ==== *[[Evelyn Agius Calleja]] (nebbieta) *[[Ferdinand Calleja]] (nebbieta) *[[Victor Calvagna]] (nebbieta) ==== Mużika ==== * [[Anthony Sammut]] * [[Antonio Miruzzi]] * [[Pawlu Miruzzi]] (primarjament ibbażata fuq il-paġna ta' [[M3P]]) ==== Reliġjon ==== * [[Bartolomeo Bezzina]] * [[Dun Karm Sciberras|Carmelo Sciberras]] * [[Ġakbu Chetcuti]] * [[Ġwanni Debono]] ==== Storja ==== * [[Silvestru Fiteni]] (nebbieta) === Arkitettura === ==== Militari ==== * [[Batterija tat-Tarġa]] (traduzzjoni) * [[Fortizza tal-Mosta]] (traduzzjoni) * [[Fortizza ta' Binġemma]] (traduzzjoni) * [[Fortizza ta' Madalena]] (traduzzjoni) * [[Radar ta' Ħad-Dingli]] (traduzzjoni) * [[Il-Widna (Mera Akustika)]] (traduzzjoni) ==== Reliġjon ==== * [[Bażilika ta' Santa Marija Assunta, Mosta]] (artiklu separat b'iktar dettalji minflok sezzjoni fl-artiklu fuq il-[[Mosta]]) ==== Oħrajn ==== * [[Kumpless White Rocks]] (traduzzjoni) * [[Sptar Ġenerali ta' Għawdex]] (traduzzjoni + iktar kontenut) === Ġeografija === ==== Lokalitajiet/Postijiet f'Malta ==== * [[Bidnija]] (traduzzjoni) * [[Pwales]] (traduzzjoni) * [[Siġġiewi]] (traduzzjoni - il-verżjoni l-antika tal-artiklu kellha biss sentenza waħda) ==== Trasport ==== * [[Assoċjazzjoni Trasport Pubbliku]] (traduzzjoni) == Proġetti li qed naħdem fuqhom bħalissa == * L-etimoloġija tal-ismijiet tat-toroq f'Malta ** Ħafna drabi, toroq Maltin huma msemmijin wara persuni jew oġġetti; jistgħu jiżdiedu referenzi għal dan fl-artikli rispettivi, jinħolqu artikli fejn ma jeżistux, jew jiġu tradotti artikli minn lingwi oħrajn tal-Wikipedija. ** Issir konnessjoni bejn Wikidata u OpenStreetMap, fejn kull triq tkun abbonata ma' oġġett tal-Wikidata li jispjega l-oriġini tal-isem. Dawn jistgħu jiġu vviżwalizzati [https://etymology.dsantini.it/#14.39477,35.93693,10.3,feature_source,overpass_osm_all_wd+wd_direct,stamen_toner_lite,etymology,2025 hawnhekk] u [https://mapcomplete.org/etymology.html hawnhekk], sa bħalissa saret parti mdaqqsa mit-tramuntana ta' Malta. == Proġetti/Suġġetti li nixtieq naħdem fuqhom == * L-istorja Maltija (partikolarment is-sekli 19 u 20) * Il-mużika (speċjalment dik klassika) * Il-matematika u l-istatistika 3yz4bqlrsb2vb49b0i2vyo1v6w4zf7j 2 34489 330577 330559 2026-06-16T15:26:50Z MargaritaPLV 28281 Added official EUIPO and USPTO trademark references in userspace draft 330577 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Draft note: This is a userspace draft. It was translated/adapted from the Latvian Wikipedia article [[:lv:Rozie]] and should be reviewed by Maltese-speaking editors before any possible move to mainspace. No categories are active while this remains in userspace. --> {{Infobox Kumpanija Dotcom | isem_kumpanija = Rozie | tip_kumpanija = kumpanija b'responsabbiltà limitata | ġeneru = applikazzjoni mobbli u pjattaforma onlajn | fundazzjoni = 10 ta' Frar 2023<ref name="firmas">Firmas.lv. "[https://www.firmas.lv/en/companies/rozie-app/40203461450 ROZIE APP, Limited Liability Company, 40203461450]". Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> | lokalità = [[Aizkraukle]], [[Latvja]] | żona_servizz = [[Malta]] | industrija = teknoloġija tal-informazzjoni; servizzi ta' tindif | prodotti = applikazzjoni mobbli | servizzi = pjattaforma għall-ibbukkjar ta' servizzi ta' tindif | proprjetarju = SIA "ROZIE APP"<ref name="terms">Rozie. "[https://rozie.app/terms-and-conditions/ Terms and Conditions]". Last updated 12 May 2026. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> | url = [https://rozie.app/ rozie.app] | tip_sit = suq onlajn | reġistrazzjoni = 40203461450<ref name="firmas" /> | pubblikata = Ottubru 2024<ref name="lrpv-detail">Latvijas Republikas Patentu valde. "[https://www.lrpv.gov.lv/en/article/candidates-trademark-year-2025-main-award-first-quarter-rozie-and-uzars Candidates for Trademark of Year 2025 main award in the first quarter: Rozie and Uzars]". 28 April 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> | stat_attwali = attiva }} '''Rozie''' hija applikazzjoni mobbli u pjattaforma onlajn għall-ibbukkjar ta' servizzi ta' tindif. Il-pjattaforma ġiet żviluppata minn professjonisti tal-IT [[Latvja|Latvjani]] u taħdem primarjament fis-suq [[Malta|Malti]]. Il-kumpanija ROZIE APP twaqqfet fl-2023, l-applikazzjoni mobbli tnediet f'Ottubru 2024, u Malta kienet is-suq ewlieni magħżul mill-kumpanija.<ref name="lrpv-detail" /> == Sfond == SIA "ROZIE APP" hija kumpanija b'responsabbiltà limitata reġistrata fil-Latvja fl-10 ta' Frar 2023, bin-numru ta' reġistrazzjoni 40203461450 u indirizz legali f'Aizkraukle.<ref name="firmas" /> Rozie taħdem bħala suq diġitali li jlaqqa' utenti li jitolbu servizzi ma' fornituri ta' servizzi. Il-pjattaforma tipprovdi l-ibbukkjar, il-faċilitazzjoni tal-ħlas u l-appoġġ, iżda ma tipprovdix direttament is-servizzi ta' tindif.<ref name="terms" /> Malta ntgħażlet bħala l-ewwel suq tal-pjattaforma minħabba d-daqs tas-suq, l-użu tal-lingwa Ingliża u l-possibbiltà li l-operazzjonijiet u l-appoġġ għall-klijenti jiġu ġestiti mill-Latvja.<ref name="delfi">Taira Zoldnere. "[https://www.delfi.lv/bizness/44467736/tehnologijas/120100551/soli-pa-solim-latvijas-jaunuznemums-sak-apgut-amerikas-tirgu Soli pa solim – Latvijas jaunuzņēmums sāk apgūt Amerikas tirgu]". ''Delfi Plus''. 28 December 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="labs-en">''Labs of Latvia''. "[https://labsoflatvia.com/en/inspirational-stories/rozie-a-cleaning-service-platform-founded-in-latvia-conquers-the-maltese-market Rozie, a cleaning service platform founded in Latvia, conquers the Maltese market]". 19 November 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="labs-lv">''Labs of Latvia''. "[https://labsoflatvia.com/aktuali/rozie-ka-pirmo-tirgu-izvelas-maltu/ “Rozie” kā pirmo tirgu izvēlas Maltu]". 21 November 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Storja == Dainis Duļbinskis huwa l-awtur tal-idea u ko-fundatur ta' Rozie App.<ref name="delfi" /> L-iżvilupp tal-applikazzjoni beda fl-2023, u l-prodott tnieda f'Malta fl-1 ta' Ottubru 2024.<ref name="delfi" /> Fit-tim bikri ta' Rozie kien hemm Dainis Duļbinskis, Aleksandrs Tuļs u Edgars Veigurs. Duļbinskis kien il-kap eżekuttiv, Tuļs kien responsabbli għall-finanzi u l-iżvilupp strateġiku, u Veigurs kien id-direttur tekniku.<ref name="delfi" /> == Operat f'Malta == Il-mudell tal-pjattaforma huwa bbażat fuq talbiet għal xogħol ta' tindif u offerti minn fornituri ta' servizzi. Il-klijenti jistgħu jippubblikaw talbiet għal xogħol, il-fornituri jistgħu jibagħtu offerti, u ż-żewġ naħat jistgħu jħallu evalwazzjonijiet wara s-servizz.<ref name="bt">''BusinessToday Malta''. "[https://www.businesstoday.com.mt/business/business/2962/rozie_hits_10000_users_maltas_top_cleaning_app_thrives Rozie hits 10,000 users: Malta’s top cleaning app thrives]". 9 May 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="maltatoday">''MaltaToday''. "[https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/business/tech/134866/cleaning_house_just_got_easier_meet_rozie_maltas_cleaning_app Cleaning house just got easier: Meet Rozie, Malta’s cleaning app]". 14 May 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="times">''Times of Malta''. "[https://timesofmalta.com/article/cleaning-got-easier-rozie-malta-cleaning-app-puts-control-a2.1110396 Cleaning just got easier: Rozie is Malta’s cleaning app that puts you in control]". 27 May 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> Sa Mejju 2025, il-bażi tal-utenti ta' Rozie kienet qabżet l-10,000 kont reġistrat.<ref name="bt" /> Matul l-istess perjodu, il-pjattaforma kienet attiva f'Malta bħala applikazzjoni għall-ibbukkjar ta' servizzi ta' tindif.<ref name="maltatoday" /><ref name="times" /> == Żvilupp u kummerċjalizzazzjoni == Wara t-tnedija f'Ottubru 2024, Rozie kienet disponibbli fuq Apple Store u Google Play u bdiet b'kampanja inizjali fuq Google Ads.<ref name="marketingsherpa">Daniel Burstein. "[https://marketingsherpa.com/article/case-study/influencer Influencer Trust Marketing: How home cleaning marketplace app increased purchases 4.9x with social media collabs]". ''MarketingSherpa''. 5 June 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> F'Malta, kampanja b'influencers u reklamar fuq kartun tal-ħalib kienet segwita minn żieda fl-installazzjonijiet irrappurtati minn madwar 3,600 fix-xahar għal madwar 6,500 fix-xahar. Il-kumpanija twaqqfet fil-Latvja u għażlet lil Malta bħala l-pajjiż inizjali tagħha.<ref name="ir">Dainis Duļbinskis. "[https://ir.lv/rubrika/viedoklis/ko-latvija-var-macities-no-maltas.221497 Ko Latvija var mācīties no Maltas?]". ''Ir''. 27 May 2026. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Appoġġ u pjanijiet ta' espansjoni == Il-kumpanija rċeviet appoġġ minn LIAA għall-iżvilupp tal-websajt.<ref name="delfi" /> Sal-aħħar tal-2025, il-kumpanija kienet irreġistrat Rozie App, Inc. fid-Delaware u kienet qed tħejji l-adattament tal-prodott għas-suq tal-Istati Uniti.<ref name="delfi" /> == Marka kummerċjali == Fl-2025, ROZIE kienet fost il-kandidati tal-ewwel kwart għall-premju "Trademark of the Year 2025" fil-kategorija "Trademark of the Year for the European Union" tal-Uffiċċju tal-Privattivi tal-Latvja.<ref name="lrpv-detail" /> Il-marka tal-Unjoni Ewropea ROZIE, bin-numru 019116762, hija elenkata bħala marka ta' ROZIE APP, LLC.<ref name="lrpv-nominees">Latvijas Republikas Patentu valde. "[https://www.lrpv.gov.lv/en/article/well-known-latvian-brands-among-first-nominees-trademark-year-2025-award Well-known Latvian brands among first nominees for Trademark of Year 2025 award]". 25 April 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="euipo">European Union Intellectual Property Office. "[https://euipo.europa.eu/eSearch/#details/trademarks/019116762 EUIPO eSearch: ROZIE, 019116762]". Retrieved 16 June 2026.</ref> Fl-Istati Uniti, l-applikazzjoni għal marka kummerċjali ROZIE għandha n-numru tas-serje USPTO 99429982.<ref name="uspto-tsdr">United States Patent and Trademark Office. "[https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=99429982&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=DEFAULT&searchType=statusSearch Trademark Status and Document Retrieval: ROZIE, serial number 99429982]". Retrieved 16 June 2026.</ref> L-applikazzjoni ġiet ippubblikata fit-''Trademark Official Gazette'' tal-USPTO fil-5 ta' Mejju 2026.<ref name="uspto-tmog">United States Patent and Trademark Office. "[https://tmog.uspto.gov/search/single-case-view?serialNumber=99429982&issueDate=2026-05-05 USPTO Trademark Official Gazette: ROZIE, serial number 99429982]". ''Trademark Official Gazette''. 5 May 2026. Retrieved 16 June 2026.</ref> == Disponibbiltà == L-applikazzjoni Rozie hija elenkata fuq Google Play u fuq l-App Store ta' Apple.<ref name="googleplay">Google Play. "[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?hl=en&id=com.rozie.app Rozie - Cleaning Services]". Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="appstore">Apple App Store. "[https://apps.apple.com/mt/app/rozie-cleaning-services/id6479990769 Rozie - Cleaning Services]". Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Referenzi == <references /> == Ħoloq esterni == * [https://rozie.app/ Sit uffiċjali] <!-- If local editors later move this to mainspace and confirm suitable categories, categories may be added separately. Do not activate categories while this remains in userspace. --> 1f6d3k1qt8hnuqmr4je3l190adnw5x9 330578 330577 2026-06-16T15:28:36Z MargaritaPLV 28281 Added missing reference to MarketingSherpa sentence 330578 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Draft note: This is a userspace draft. It was translated/adapted from the Latvian Wikipedia article [[:lv:Rozie]] and should be reviewed by Maltese-speaking editors before any possible move to mainspace. No categories are active while this remains in userspace. --> {{Infobox Kumpanija Dotcom | isem_kumpanija = Rozie | tip_kumpanija = kumpanija b'responsabbiltà limitata | ġeneru = applikazzjoni mobbli u pjattaforma onlajn | fundazzjoni = 10 ta' Frar 2023<ref name="firmas">Firmas.lv. "[https://www.firmas.lv/en/companies/rozie-app/40203461450 ROZIE APP, Limited Liability Company, 40203461450]". Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> | lokalità = [[Aizkraukle]], [[Latvja]] | żona_servizz = [[Malta]] | industrija = teknoloġija tal-informazzjoni; servizzi ta' tindif | prodotti = applikazzjoni mobbli | servizzi = pjattaforma għall-ibbukkjar ta' servizzi ta' tindif | proprjetarju = SIA "ROZIE APP"<ref name="terms">Rozie. "[https://rozie.app/terms-and-conditions/ Terms and Conditions]". Last updated 12 May 2026. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> | url = [https://rozie.app/ rozie.app] | tip_sit = suq onlajn | reġistrazzjoni = 40203461450<ref name="firmas" /> | pubblikata = Ottubru 2024<ref name="lrpv-detail">Latvijas Republikas Patentu valde. "[https://www.lrpv.gov.lv/en/article/candidates-trademark-year-2025-main-award-first-quarter-rozie-and-uzars Candidates for Trademark of Year 2025 main award in the first quarter: Rozie and Uzars]". 28 April 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> | stat_attwali = attiva }} '''Rozie''' hija applikazzjoni mobbli u pjattaforma onlajn għall-ibbukkjar ta' servizzi ta' tindif. Il-pjattaforma ġiet żviluppata minn professjonisti tal-IT [[Latvja|Latvjani]] u taħdem primarjament fis-suq [[Malta|Malti]]. Il-kumpanija ROZIE APP twaqqfet fl-2023, l-applikazzjoni mobbli tnediet f'Ottubru 2024, u Malta kienet is-suq ewlieni magħżul mill-kumpanija.<ref name="lrpv-detail" /> == Sfond == SIA "ROZIE APP" hija kumpanija b'responsabbiltà limitata reġistrata fil-Latvja fl-10 ta' Frar 2023, bin-numru ta' reġistrazzjoni 40203461450 u indirizz legali f'Aizkraukle.<ref name="firmas" /> Rozie taħdem bħala suq diġitali li jlaqqa' utenti li jitolbu servizzi ma' fornituri ta' servizzi. Il-pjattaforma tipprovdi l-ibbukkjar, il-faċilitazzjoni tal-ħlas u l-appoġġ, iżda ma tipprovdix direttament is-servizzi ta' tindif.<ref name="terms" /> Malta ntgħażlet bħala l-ewwel suq tal-pjattaforma minħabba d-daqs tas-suq, l-użu tal-lingwa Ingliża u l-possibbiltà li l-operazzjonijiet u l-appoġġ għall-klijenti jiġu ġestiti mill-Latvja.<ref name="delfi">Taira Zoldnere. "[https://www.delfi.lv/bizness/44467736/tehnologijas/120100551/soli-pa-solim-latvijas-jaunuznemums-sak-apgut-amerikas-tirgu Soli pa solim – Latvijas jaunuzņēmums sāk apgūt Amerikas tirgu]". ''Delfi Plus''. 28 December 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="labs-en">''Labs of Latvia''. "[https://labsoflatvia.com/en/inspirational-stories/rozie-a-cleaning-service-platform-founded-in-latvia-conquers-the-maltese-market Rozie, a cleaning service platform founded in Latvia, conquers the Maltese market]". 19 November 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="labs-lv">''Labs of Latvia''. "[https://labsoflatvia.com/aktuali/rozie-ka-pirmo-tirgu-izvelas-maltu/ “Rozie” kā pirmo tirgu izvēlas Maltu]". 21 November 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Storja == Dainis Duļbinskis huwa l-awtur tal-idea u ko-fundatur ta' Rozie App.<ref name="delfi" /> L-iżvilupp tal-applikazzjoni beda fl-2023, u l-prodott tnieda f'Malta fl-1 ta' Ottubru 2024.<ref name="delfi" /> Fit-tim bikri ta' Rozie kien hemm Dainis Duļbinskis, Aleksandrs Tuļs u Edgars Veigurs. Duļbinskis kien il-kap eżekuttiv, Tuļs kien responsabbli għall-finanzi u l-iżvilupp strateġiku, u Veigurs kien id-direttur tekniku.<ref name="delfi" /> == Operat f'Malta == Il-mudell tal-pjattaforma huwa bbażat fuq talbiet għal xogħol ta' tindif u offerti minn fornituri ta' servizzi. Il-klijenti jistgħu jippubblikaw talbiet għal xogħol, il-fornituri jistgħu jibagħtu offerti, u ż-żewġ naħat jistgħu jħallu evalwazzjonijiet wara s-servizz.<ref name="bt">''BusinessToday Malta''. "[https://www.businesstoday.com.mt/business/business/2962/rozie_hits_10000_users_maltas_top_cleaning_app_thrives Rozie hits 10,000 users: Malta’s top cleaning app thrives]". 9 May 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="maltatoday">''MaltaToday''. "[https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/business/tech/134866/cleaning_house_just_got_easier_meet_rozie_maltas_cleaning_app Cleaning house just got easier: Meet Rozie, Malta’s cleaning app]". 14 May 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="times">''Times of Malta''. "[https://timesofmalta.com/article/cleaning-got-easier-rozie-malta-cleaning-app-puts-control-a2.1110396 Cleaning just got easier: Rozie is Malta’s cleaning app that puts you in control]". 27 May 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> Sa Mejju 2025, il-bażi tal-utenti ta' Rozie kienet qabżet l-10,000 kont reġistrat.<ref name="bt" /> Matul l-istess perjodu, il-pjattaforma kienet attiva f'Malta bħala applikazzjoni għall-ibbukkjar ta' servizzi ta' tindif.<ref name="maltatoday" /><ref name="times" /> == Żvilupp u kummerċjalizzazzjoni == Wara t-tnedija f'Ottubru 2024, Rozie kienet disponibbli fuq Apple Store u Google Play u bdiet b'kampanja inizjali fuq Google Ads.<ref name="marketingsherpa">Daniel Burstein. "[https://marketingsherpa.com/article/case-study/influencer Influencer Trust Marketing: How home cleaning marketplace app increased purchases 4.9x with social media collabs]". ''MarketingSherpa''. 5 June 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> F'Malta, kampanja b'influencers u reklamar fuq kartun tal-ħalib kienet segwita minn żieda fl-installazzjonijiet irrappurtati minn madwar 3,600 fix-xahar għal madwar 6,500 fix-xahar.<ref name="marketingsherpa" /> Il-kumpanija twaqqfet fil-Latvja u għażlet lil Malta bħala l-pajjiż inizjali tagħha.<ref name="ir">Dainis Duļbinskis. "[https://ir.lv/rubrika/viedoklis/ko-latvija-var-macities-no-maltas.221497 Ko Latvija var mācīties no Maltas?]". ''Ir''. 27 May 2026. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Appoġġ u pjanijiet ta' espansjoni == Il-kumpanija rċeviet appoġġ minn LIAA għall-iżvilupp tal-websajt.<ref name="delfi" /> Sal-aħħar tal-2025, il-kumpanija kienet irreġistrat Rozie App, Inc. fid-Delaware u kienet qed tħejji l-adattament tal-prodott għas-suq tal-Istati Uniti.<ref name="delfi" /> == Marka kummerċjali == Fl-2025, ROZIE kienet fost il-kandidati tal-ewwel kwart għall-premju "Trademark of the Year 2025" fil-kategorija "Trademark of the Year for the European Union" tal-Uffiċċju tal-Privattivi tal-Latvja.<ref name="lrpv-detail" /> Il-marka tal-Unjoni Ewropea ROZIE, bin-numru 019116762, hija elenkata bħala marka ta' ROZIE APP, LLC.<ref name="lrpv-nominees">Latvijas Republikas Patentu valde. "[https://www.lrpv.gov.lv/en/article/well-known-latvian-brands-among-first-nominees-trademark-year-2025-award Well-known Latvian brands among first nominees for Trademark of Year 2025 award]". 25 April 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="euipo">European Union Intellectual Property Office. "[https://euipo.europa.eu/eSearch/#details/trademarks/019116762 EUIPO eSearch: ROZIE, 019116762]". Retrieved 16 June 2026.</ref> Fl-Istati Uniti, l-applikazzjoni għal marka kummerċjali ROZIE għandha n-numru tas-serje USPTO 99429982.<ref name="uspto-tsdr">United States Patent and Trademark Office. "[https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=99429982&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=DEFAULT&searchType=statusSearch Trademark Status and Document Retrieval: ROZIE, serial number 99429982]". Retrieved 16 June 2026.</ref> L-applikazzjoni ġiet ippubblikata fit-''Trademark Official Gazette'' tal-USPTO fil-5 ta' Mejju 2026.<ref name="uspto-tmog">United States Patent and Trademark Office. "[https://tmog.uspto.gov/search/single-case-view?serialNumber=99429982&issueDate=2026-05-05 USPTO Trademark Official Gazette: ROZIE, serial number 99429982]". ''Trademark Official Gazette''. 5 May 2026. Retrieved 16 June 2026.</ref> == Disponibbiltà == L-applikazzjoni Rozie hija elenkata fuq Google Play u fuq l-App Store ta' Apple.<ref name="googleplay">Google Play. "[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?hl=en&id=com.rozie.app Rozie - Cleaning Services]". Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="appstore">Apple App Store. "[https://apps.apple.com/mt/app/rozie-cleaning-services/id6479990769 Rozie - Cleaning Services]". Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Referenzi == <references /> == Ħoloq esterni == * [https://rozie.app/ Sit uffiċjali] <!-- If local editors later move this to mainspace and confirm suitable categories, categories may be added separately. Do not activate categories while this remains in userspace. --> pyjgmpy3w9hqybs2u81yk0lxffws04d 330579 330578 2026-06-16T15:35:02Z MargaritaPLV 28281 Updated infobox company name 330579 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Draft note: This is a userspace draft. It was translated/adapted from the Latvian Wikipedia article [[:lv:Rozie]] and should be reviewed by Maltese-speaking editors before any possible move to mainspace. No categories are active while this remains in userspace. --> {{Infobox Kumpanija Dotcom | isem_kumpanija = ROZIE APP | tip_kumpanija = kumpanija b'responsabbiltà limitata | ġeneru = applikazzjoni mobbli u pjattaforma onlajn | fundazzjoni = 10 ta' Frar 2023<ref name="firmas">Firmas.lv. "[https://www.firmas.lv/en/companies/rozie-app/40203461450 ROZIE APP, Limited Liability Company, 40203461450]". Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> | lokalità = [[Aizkraukle]], [[Latvja]] | żona_servizz = [[Malta]] | industrija = teknoloġija tal-informazzjoni; servizzi ta' tindif | prodotti = applikazzjoni mobbli | servizzi = pjattaforma għall-ibbukkjar ta' servizzi ta' tindif | proprjetarju = SIA "ROZIE APP"<ref name="terms">Rozie. "[https://rozie.app/terms-and-conditions/ Terms and Conditions]". Last updated 12 May 2026. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> | url = [https://rozie.app/ rozie.app] | tip_sit = suq onlajn | reġistrazzjoni = 40203461450<ref name="firmas" /> | pubblikata = Ottubru 2024<ref name="lrpv-detail">Latvijas Republikas Patentu valde. "[https://www.lrpv.gov.lv/en/article/candidates-trademark-year-2025-main-award-first-quarter-rozie-and-uzars Candidates for Trademark of Year 2025 main award in the first quarter: Rozie and Uzars]". 28 April 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> | stat_attwali = attiva }} '''Rozie''' hija applikazzjoni mobbli u pjattaforma onlajn għall-ibbukkjar ta' servizzi ta' tindif. Il-pjattaforma ġiet żviluppata minn professjonisti tal-IT [[Latvja|Latvjani]] u taħdem primarjament fis-suq [[Malta|Malti]]. Il-kumpanija ROZIE APP twaqqfet fl-2023, l-applikazzjoni mobbli tnediet f'Ottubru 2024, u Malta kienet is-suq ewlieni magħżul mill-kumpanija.<ref name="lrpv-detail" /> == Sfond == SIA "ROZIE APP" hija kumpanija b'responsabbiltà limitata reġistrata fil-Latvja fl-10 ta' Frar 2023, bin-numru ta' reġistrazzjoni 40203461450 u indirizz legali f'Aizkraukle.<ref name="firmas" /> Rozie taħdem bħala suq diġitali li jlaqqa' utenti li jitolbu servizzi ma' fornituri ta' servizzi. Il-pjattaforma tipprovdi l-ibbukkjar, il-faċilitazzjoni tal-ħlas u l-appoġġ, iżda ma tipprovdix direttament is-servizzi ta' tindif.<ref name="terms" /> Malta ntgħażlet bħala l-ewwel suq tal-pjattaforma minħabba d-daqs tas-suq, l-użu tal-lingwa Ingliża u l-possibbiltà li l-operazzjonijiet u l-appoġġ għall-klijenti jiġu ġestiti mill-Latvja.<ref name="delfi">Taira Zoldnere. "[https://www.delfi.lv/bizness/44467736/tehnologijas/120100551/soli-pa-solim-latvijas-jaunuznemums-sak-apgut-amerikas-tirgu Soli pa solim – Latvijas jaunuzņēmums sāk apgūt Amerikas tirgu]". ''Delfi Plus''. 28 December 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="labs-en">''Labs of Latvia''. "[https://labsoflatvia.com/en/inspirational-stories/rozie-a-cleaning-service-platform-founded-in-latvia-conquers-the-maltese-market Rozie, a cleaning service platform founded in Latvia, conquers the Maltese market]". 19 November 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="labs-lv">''Labs of Latvia''. "[https://labsoflatvia.com/aktuali/rozie-ka-pirmo-tirgu-izvelas-maltu/ “Rozie” kā pirmo tirgu izvēlas Maltu]". 21 November 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Storja == Dainis Duļbinskis huwa l-awtur tal-idea u ko-fundatur ta' Rozie App.<ref name="delfi" /> L-iżvilupp tal-applikazzjoni beda fl-2023, u l-prodott tnieda f'Malta fl-1 ta' Ottubru 2024.<ref name="delfi" /> Fit-tim bikri ta' Rozie kien hemm Dainis Duļbinskis, Aleksandrs Tuļs u Edgars Veigurs. Duļbinskis kien il-kap eżekuttiv, Tuļs kien responsabbli għall-finanzi u l-iżvilupp strateġiku, u Veigurs kien id-direttur tekniku.<ref name="delfi" /> == Operat f'Malta == Il-mudell tal-pjattaforma huwa bbażat fuq talbiet għal xogħol ta' tindif u offerti minn fornituri ta' servizzi. Il-klijenti jistgħu jippubblikaw talbiet għal xogħol, il-fornituri jistgħu jibagħtu offerti, u ż-żewġ naħat jistgħu jħallu evalwazzjonijiet wara s-servizz.<ref name="bt">''BusinessToday Malta''. "[https://www.businesstoday.com.mt/business/business/2962/rozie_hits_10000_users_maltas_top_cleaning_app_thrives Rozie hits 10,000 users: Malta’s top cleaning app thrives]". 9 May 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="maltatoday">''MaltaToday''. "[https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/business/tech/134866/cleaning_house_just_got_easier_meet_rozie_maltas_cleaning_app Cleaning house just got easier: Meet Rozie, Malta’s cleaning app]". 14 May 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="times">''Times of Malta''. "[https://timesofmalta.com/article/cleaning-got-easier-rozie-malta-cleaning-app-puts-control-a2.1110396 Cleaning just got easier: Rozie is Malta’s cleaning app that puts you in control]". 27 May 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> Sa Mejju 2025, il-bażi tal-utenti ta' Rozie kienet qabżet l-10,000 kont reġistrat.<ref name="bt" /> Matul l-istess perjodu, il-pjattaforma kienet attiva f'Malta bħala applikazzjoni għall-ibbukkjar ta' servizzi ta' tindif.<ref name="maltatoday" /><ref name="times" /> == Żvilupp u kummerċjalizzazzjoni == Wara t-tnedija f'Ottubru 2024, Rozie kienet disponibbli fuq Apple Store u Google Play u bdiet b'kampanja inizjali fuq Google Ads.<ref name="marketingsherpa">Daniel Burstein. "[https://marketingsherpa.com/article/case-study/influencer Influencer Trust Marketing: How home cleaning marketplace app increased purchases 4.9x with social media collabs]". ''MarketingSherpa''. 5 June 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> F'Malta, kampanja b'influencers u reklamar fuq kartun tal-ħalib kienet segwita minn żieda fl-installazzjonijiet irrappurtati minn madwar 3,600 fix-xahar għal madwar 6,500 fix-xahar.<ref name="marketingsherpa" /> Il-kumpanija twaqqfet fil-Latvja u għażlet lil Malta bħala l-pajjiż inizjali tagħha.<ref name="ir">Dainis Duļbinskis. "[https://ir.lv/rubrika/viedoklis/ko-latvija-var-macities-no-maltas.221497 Ko Latvija var mācīties no Maltas?]". ''Ir''. 27 May 2026. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Appoġġ u pjanijiet ta' espansjoni == Il-kumpanija rċeviet appoġġ minn LIAA għall-iżvilupp tal-websajt.<ref name="delfi" /> Sal-aħħar tal-2025, il-kumpanija kienet irreġistrat Rozie App, Inc. fid-Delaware u kienet qed tħejji l-adattament tal-prodott għas-suq tal-Istati Uniti.<ref name="delfi" /> == Marka kummerċjali == Fl-2025, ROZIE kienet fost il-kandidati tal-ewwel kwart għall-premju "Trademark of the Year 2025" fil-kategorija "Trademark of the Year for the European Union" tal-Uffiċċju tal-Privattivi tal-Latvja.<ref name="lrpv-detail" /> Il-marka tal-Unjoni Ewropea ROZIE, bin-numru 019116762, hija elenkata bħala marka ta' ROZIE APP, LLC.<ref name="lrpv-nominees">Latvijas Republikas Patentu valde. "[https://www.lrpv.gov.lv/en/article/well-known-latvian-brands-among-first-nominees-trademark-year-2025-award Well-known Latvian brands among first nominees for Trademark of Year 2025 award]". 25 April 2025. Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="euipo">European Union Intellectual Property Office. "[https://euipo.europa.eu/eSearch/#details/trademarks/019116762 EUIPO eSearch: ROZIE, 019116762]". Retrieved 16 June 2026.</ref> Fl-Istati Uniti, l-applikazzjoni għal marka kummerċjali ROZIE għandha n-numru tas-serje USPTO 99429982.<ref name="uspto-tsdr">United States Patent and Trademark Office. "[https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=99429982&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=DEFAULT&searchType=statusSearch Trademark Status and Document Retrieval: ROZIE, serial number 99429982]". Retrieved 16 June 2026.</ref> L-applikazzjoni ġiet ippubblikata fit-''Trademark Official Gazette'' tal-USPTO fil-5 ta' Mejju 2026.<ref name="uspto-tmog">United States Patent and Trademark Office. "[https://tmog.uspto.gov/search/single-case-view?serialNumber=99429982&issueDate=2026-05-05 USPTO Trademark Official Gazette: ROZIE, serial number 99429982]". ''Trademark Official Gazette''. 5 May 2026. Retrieved 16 June 2026.</ref> == Disponibbiltà == L-applikazzjoni Rozie hija elenkata fuq Google Play u fuq l-App Store ta' Apple.<ref name="googleplay">Google Play. "[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?hl=en&id=com.rozie.app Rozie - Cleaning Services]". Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref><ref name="appstore">Apple App Store. "[https://apps.apple.com/mt/app/rozie-cleaning-services/id6479990769 Rozie - Cleaning Services]". Retrieved 15 June 2026.</ref> == Referenzi == <references /> == Ħoloq esterni == * [https://rozie.app/ Sit uffiċjali] <!-- If local editors later move this to mainspace and confirm suitable categories, categories may be added separately. Do not activate categories while this remains in userspace. --> 4wyb5q8qcnvol96eaqwkpvi4u5awzmw 0 34490 330573 2026-06-16T14:12:52Z ~2026-35268-51 28289 Paġna ġdida: == L-Storja tal-Għaqda Mużikali Marija Annunzjata Ħal Tarxien A.D. 1862 == Għaqda Mużikali Maria Annunzjata Banda Annunzjata Sena 1963 '''Il-Każin tal-Banda Annunzjata''' f'Ħal Tarxien magħruf bħala '''Għaqda Mużikali Marija Annunzjata'''' huwa l-uniku każin tal-banda mwaqqaf fir-raħal ta' Ħal Tarxien f'Malta. L-oriġini tiegħu huma ntraċċati lura għal nofs is-seklu 19. Fl-1862, Odilone Caruana, personalità magħrufa minn Ħaż-Żabbar, residenti fir-raħ... 330573 wikitext text/x-wiki == L-Storja tal-Għaqda Mużikali Marija Annunzjata Ħal Tarxien A.D. 1862 == Għaqda Mużikali Maria Annunzjata Banda Annunzjata Sena 1963 '''Il-Każin tal-Banda Annunzjata''' f'Ħal Tarxien magħruf bħala '''Għaqda Mużikali Marija Annunzjata'''' huwa l-uniku każin tal-banda mwaqqaf fir-raħal ta' Ħal Tarxien f'Malta. L-oriġini tiegħu huma ntraċċati lura għal nofs is-seklu 19. Fl-1862, Odilone Caruana, personalità magħrufa minn Ħaż-Żabbar, residenti fir-raħal, ġabar xi żgħażagħ biex iwaqqaf każin tal-banda f’Ħal Tarxien. Il-banda kienet oriġinarjament magħrufa bħala '''Banda del Tarxien'''. Aktar tard, il-banda bidlet isimha għal '''San Ġiovanni''' peress li Ħal Tarxien kien magħruf bħala ''ir-raħal ta' San Ġwann'' (ir-raħal ta' San Ġwann), sakemm fl-1885 sar magħruf bħala. '''Banda San Giuseppe''', wara t-twaqqif ta' kappella ddedikata lil San Ġużepp fil-periferija tar-raħal. L-ewwel bini tiegħu kien jinsab fi Strada Sant’ Anna u wara l-klabb ġie trasferit għal 54, Strada Reale. Banda Annunzjata ta’ Ħal-Tarxien Fl-1904 il-każin tal-banda sar magħruf bħala '''Circolo Filarmonica Annunzjata''' u fl-1912 akkwista fond ikbar ġdid fi Strada Raħal Ġdid, l-istess fond li għadu jintuża sal-lum. Il-każin tal-banda żamm ismu Taljan sakemm inbidel statutorju għal '''Għaqda Mużikali Marija Annunzjata''' fl-1986. L-ewwel direttur tal-banda tal-każin kien Mro Giuseppe Portelli sal-1890. Warajh kien is-Surmast Napoleon Caruana Dingli u diversi surmasti famużi oħra fosthom Mro Lorenzo Gonzi u Mro Vincenzo Ciappara . Wara dawn is-snin kollha ta' eżistenza, il-Każin tal-Banda Annunkazzjoni għadu l-uniku każin tal-banda mwaqqaf Ħal Tarxien. Joffri lezzjonijiet mużikali b’xejn għal dawk il-persuni kollha li jixtiequ jitgħallmu l-mużika u tagħti l-opportunità li wara jiffurmaw parti mill-banda. Il-fond il-ġdid tal-każin tal-banda li qed jinbena se joffri post għan-nies kollha u ideali għal laqgħat tal-familja u ħbieb is-sena kollha speċjalment f’Mejju meta r-raħal ta’ Ħal Tarxien jiċċelebra l-Festa tal-Lunzjata. == L-Arma tal-Każin == L-Arma tal-Każin, iddisinjat minn Chev. Rafel Bonnici Calì, huwa simili ħafna għall-arma tal-Parroċċa, li hija magħmula minn żewġ partijiet ewlenin. Il-parti ta' fuq għandha l-ittra '''M''' li tirrappreżenta l-Verġni Mqaddsa, filwaqt li l-parti t'isfel għandha żewġ strixxi blu wieqfa, fuq sfond abjad. Minbarra dan il-logo tal-każin juri l-‘lyra’ (arpa) mużikali, li titpoġġa bejn l-istrixxi blu fil-parti t’isfel. == Organizzazzjoni == Sa mit-twaqqif tiegħu l-każin tal-banda ta' Ħal Tarxien kellu 33 President li, flimkien mal-membri tal-każin u l-''bandisti'' tiegħu, stinkaw ħafna biex jippromwovu l-kultura mużikali fost in-nies tal-lokal ta' Ħal Tarxien. Il-każin dejjem kellu numru sostanzjali ta' bandisti studenti li aktar tard saru membri tal-banda tal-każin. == Kumitat Ewlieni == Il-klabb huwa mmexxi minn kumitat eżekuttiv magħmul minn 13-il membru u mmexxi mill-President tal-kumitat. L-uffiċjali kollha li jservu f’dan il-kumitat jiġu eletti kull sentejn waqt Laqgħa Ġenerali Annwali. Il-president attwali huwa s-Sur Victor Seguna u ilu fil-kariga sa mill-2007. Id-direttur tal-banda attwali huwa Mro. Hermann Farrugia Frantz u ilu fil-kariga mill-2011. == Sezzjoni Żgħażagħ == Youth Section Coath of Arm Il-kumitat eżekuttiv huwa appoġġjat mis-sezzjoni taż-żgħażagħ tal-każin imwaqqfa fl-1993 Sezzjoni Żgħażagħ u Partitarji fit-tmexxija tal-każin u l-organizzazzjoni tad-diversi attivitajiet li jsiru mill-każin matul is-sena. L-Imrweħa li tintuża waqt il-marċi Il-Briju fil-marċi waqt il-Marċ tal-Anġlu == Kummissjoni Banda == Il-kumitat eżekuttiv huwa appoġġjat mill-kummissjoni banda li tieħu ħsieb il-bandisti kollha tal-Banda Annunzjata. Huwa responsabbli mill-impenji kollha tal-banda, speċjalment matul il-ġimgħa tal-festa. Il-kummissjoni tal-banda tieħu ħsieb ukoll il-programm mużikali annwali li jsir nhar l-Erbgħa tal-ġimgħa tal-festa. == Kumitat Planċier == Fl-1994, grupp ta' attivisti tal-każin tal-banda ffurmaw il-''Kumitat Planċier'' li wara 7 snin ta' xogħol iebes u sagrifiċċji inawgura waħda mill-akbar u l-aktar banedstand (planċier) f'Malta. Years passed by, however for most local Maltese activists, it is still considered to be one of the best Planċier ever. Inawgurażżjoni Planċier 2001 Il-Planċier Armat Il-Planċier Armat == Kostruzzjoni ta' Fond ġdid == Fl-2011, dan il-każin tal-banda beda wieħed mill-akbar proġett li qatt għamel. It-twaqqigħ tal-fond attwali u l-bini ta’ każin ġdid tal-banda. Il-faċilitajiet il-ġodda li qed jinbnew u li jinsabu fi stadju avvanzat, jinkludu kantina kbira, daħla prinċipali li taraġ li jwassal għat-tieni sular, bar-area kbira, tliet swali kbar u faċċata ġdida li tikkumplimenta ż-żona ta’ konservazzjoni urbana tal-qadima. raħal Ħal Tarxien. Bħalissa qed isir il-bini tad-daħla prinċipali filwaqt li qed isiru l-aħħar preparamenti għall-bini tal-faċċata ewlenija. == Ċelebrazzjonijiet tal-150 sena Anniversarju == Fl-2012, il-Każin tal-Banda Annunzjata ta’ Ħal Tarxien fakkar il-150 sena anniversarju. Logo ġdid ''Futur lil Wirtna'' iddisinjat mill-mibki Renzo Gauci ġie inawgurat f'Jannar 2012 wara quddiesa li saret fil-parroċċa ta' Ħal Tarxien u marċ mill-banda madwar Ħal Tarxien għaċ-ċelebrazzjonijiet tal-ftuħ ta' dan l-anniversarju importanti. Għall-okkażjoni tal-150 anniversarju l-Każin tal-Banda Lunzjata ħareġ żewġ recordings: Marċi Funebri ''Lachrimae Christi'' u Marċi Festi ''Futur lil Wirtna''. F'April 2012, biex tfakkar il-150 anniversarju l-Banda Annunzjata ppreżentat kunċert ta' mużika qaddisa bl-isem ''A Maria Santissima Annunziata'' li sar fil-Knisja Parrokkjali ta' Ħal Tarxien. Il-5 ta’ Mejju 2012, rat lill-banda tipparteċipa fiċ-ċerimonja uffiċjali fejn tpoġġiet l-ewwel ġebla tal-fond il-ġdid tal-każin tal-banda mill-President ta’ Malta Dr.George Abela. F'Settembru 2012 sar kunċert ''Mużika 150'' fil-Palazz tal-Gran Mastru fil-Valletta biex jitfakkar il-150 anniversarju ta' dan il-każin tal-banda. Kunċert Mużikali f'okkażżjoni tal-150 sena Kunċert Mużikali f'okkażżjoni tal-150 sena Il-logo tal-150 anniversarju magħmul minn Renzo Gauci === Surmastrijiet === {| class="wikitable sortable" !No !Surmastrijiet !Minn !Sa |- |01 |Ġuseppe Portelli |1870 |1890 |- |02 |Napuljun Caruana Dingli |1890 |1905 |- |03 |Salvatore Galea Abela |1905 |1906 |- |04 |Ignazio Catania |1906 |1908 |- |05 |Ġiuseppe Camenzuli |1908 |1909 |- |06 |Lorenzo Gonzi |1909 |1924 |- |07 |Vincenzo Ciappara |1924 |1931 |- |08 |Lorenzo Gonzi |1931 |1934 |- |09 |Antonio Zammit |1934 |1938 |- |10 |Ġiuseppe Buttigieg |1938 |1944 |- |11 |Ġiuseppe Magri |1944 |1945 |- |12 |Ġiuseppe Buttigieg |1945 |1972 |- |13 |Salvino Fabri |1972 |1974 |- |14 |Paolo Buttigieg |1974 |1978 |- |15 |John J. Pace |1978 |1983 |- |16 |Ġiuseppe Buttigieg |1983 |1984 |- |17 |Paolo Buttigieg |1984 |1991 |- |18 |Saviour Portelli |1991 |1993 |- |19 |Dominic Darmanin |1993 |1997 |- |20 |Victor Vella |1997 |2011 |- |21 |Hermann Farrugia Frantz |2011 | |} === Presidenti === {| class="wikitable sortable" !No !Presidenti !Minn !Sa |- |01 |Odilone Caruana |1862 |1890 |- |02 |Giuseppe Spiteri |1890 |1994 |- |03 |Marquis George Crispo-Barbaro |1894 |1896 |- |04 |Sigismondo Savona |1896 |1906 |- |05 |Gaetano Lanzon |1906 |1909 |- |06 |Ġiovanni Faure |1909 | |- |07 |Carmelo Mamo |1909 |1924 |- |08 |Carmelo Sant |1924 | |- |09 |Carmelo Farrugia |1924 |1926 |- |10 |Ġiovanni Micallef Goggi |1926 | |- |11 |Dr. Paul Schembri M.D |1926 |1927 |- |12 |Lorenzo Ebejer |1927 |1929 |- |13 |Thomas Berry |1929 |1936 |- |14 |Marquis George Crispo-Barbaro |1930 |1934 |- |15 |Lucrezio Bonavia |1934 | |- |16 |Giuseppe Adolfo Ruggier |1934 |1936 |- |17 |Giuseppe Maria Ruggier |1936 |1937 |- |18 |Chev. Raffaele Bonnici Calġ |1937 |1946 |- |19 |William Tagliaferro |1946 |1950 |- |20 |Annunziato Zammit |1950 |1959 |- |21 |Salvatore Camilleri |1959 |1967 |- |22 |John Cassar |1967 |1968 |- |23 |Salvatore Camilleri |1968 |1969 |- |24 |Dr. Joseph Cassar LL.D. M.P. |1969 |1970 |- |25 |Joseph M.Cachia |1970 |1987 |- |26 |Salvatore Farrugia |1987 |1991 |- |27 |Joseph L. Vella |1991 |1992 |- |28 |Vincent Battistino |1992 |1996 |- |29 |Felix Gauci |1996 |1998 |- |30 |Carmel Mercieca |1998 |2000 |- |31 |Anthony Piscopo |2000 |2000 |- |32 |Victor Seguna |2007 | |} 6o3e3xynz0rm9goc1idxfam5xrx831x 330574 330573 2026-06-16T14:14:48Z ~2026-35268-51 28289 /* Sezzjoni Żgħażagħ */ 330574 wikitext text/x-wiki == L-Storja tal-Għaqda Mużikali Marija Annunzjata Ħal Tarxien A.D. 1862 == Għaqda Mużikali Maria Annunzjata Banda Annunzjata Sena 1963 '''Il-Każin tal-Banda Annunzjata''' f'Ħal Tarxien magħruf bħala '''Għaqda Mużikali Marija Annunzjata'''' huwa l-uniku każin tal-banda mwaqqaf fir-raħal ta' Ħal Tarxien f'Malta. L-oriġini tiegħu huma ntraċċati lura għal nofs is-seklu 19. Fl-1862, Odilone Caruana, personalità magħrufa minn Ħaż-Żabbar, residenti fir-raħal, ġabar xi żgħażagħ biex iwaqqaf każin tal-banda f’Ħal Tarxien. Il-banda kienet oriġinarjament magħrufa bħala '''Banda del Tarxien'''. Aktar tard, il-banda bidlet isimha għal '''San Ġiovanni''' peress li Ħal Tarxien kien magħruf bħala ''ir-raħal ta' San Ġwann'' (ir-raħal ta' San Ġwann), sakemm fl-1885 sar magħruf bħala. '''Banda San Giuseppe''', wara t-twaqqif ta' kappella ddedikata lil San Ġużepp fil-periferija tar-raħal. L-ewwel bini tiegħu kien jinsab fi Strada Sant’ Anna u wara l-klabb ġie trasferit għal 54, Strada Reale. Banda Annunzjata ta’ Ħal-Tarxien Fl-1904 il-każin tal-banda sar magħruf bħala '''Circolo Filarmonica Annunzjata''' u fl-1912 akkwista fond ikbar ġdid fi Strada Raħal Ġdid, l-istess fond li għadu jintuża sal-lum. Il-każin tal-banda żamm ismu Taljan sakemm inbidel statutorju għal '''Għaqda Mużikali Marija Annunzjata''' fl-1986. L-ewwel direttur tal-banda tal-każin kien Mro Giuseppe Portelli sal-1890. Warajh kien is-Surmast Napoleon Caruana Dingli u diversi surmasti famużi oħra fosthom Mro Lorenzo Gonzi u Mro Vincenzo Ciappara . Wara dawn is-snin kollha ta' eżistenza, il-Każin tal-Banda Annunkazzjoni għadu l-uniku każin tal-banda mwaqqaf Ħal Tarxien. Joffri lezzjonijiet mużikali b’xejn għal dawk il-persuni kollha li jixtiequ jitgħallmu l-mużika u tagħti l-opportunità li wara jiffurmaw parti mill-banda. Il-fond il-ġdid tal-każin tal-banda li qed jinbena se joffri post għan-nies kollha u ideali għal laqgħat tal-familja u ħbieb is-sena kollha speċjalment f’Mejju meta r-raħal ta’ Ħal Tarxien jiċċelebra l-Festa tal-Lunzjata. == L-Arma tal-Każin == L-Arma tal-Każin, iddisinjat minn Chev. Rafel Bonnici Calì, huwa simili ħafna għall-arma tal-Parroċċa, li hija magħmula minn żewġ partijiet ewlenin. Il-parti ta' fuq għandha l-ittra '''M''' li tirrappreżenta l-Verġni Mqaddsa, filwaqt li l-parti t'isfel għandha żewġ strixxi blu wieqfa, fuq sfond abjad. Minbarra dan il-logo tal-każin juri l-‘lyra’ (arpa) mużikali, li titpoġġa bejn l-istrixxi blu fil-parti t’isfel. == Organizzazzjoni == Sa mit-twaqqif tiegħu l-każin tal-banda ta' Ħal Tarxien kellu 33 President li, flimkien mal-membri tal-każin u l-''bandisti'' tiegħu, stinkaw ħafna biex jippromwovu l-kultura mużikali fost in-nies tal-lokal ta' Ħal Tarxien. Il-każin dejjem kellu numru sostanzjali ta' bandisti studenti li aktar tard saru membri tal-banda tal-każin. == Kumitat Ewlieni == Il-klabb huwa mmexxi minn kumitat eżekuttiv magħmul minn 13-il membru u mmexxi mill-President tal-kumitat. L-uffiċjali kollha li jservu f’dan il-kumitat jiġu eletti kull sentejn waqt Laqgħa Ġenerali Annwali. Il-president attwali huwa s-Sur Victor Seguna u ilu fil-kariga sa mill-2007. Id-direttur tal-banda attwali huwa Mro. Hermann Farrugia Frantz u ilu fil-kariga mill-2011. == Sezzjoni Żgħażagħ == Il-kumitat eżekuttiv huwa appoġġjat mis-sezzjoni taż-żgħażagħ tal-każin imwaqqfa fl-1993 Sezzjoni Żgħażagħ u Partitarji fit-tmexxija tal-każin u l-organizzazzjoni tad-diversi attivitajiet li jsiru mill-każin matul is-sena. L-Imrweħa li tintuża waqt il-marċi Il-Briju fil-marċi waqt il-Marċ tal-Anġlu == Kummissjoni Banda == Il-kumitat eżekuttiv huwa appoġġjat mill-kummissjoni banda li tieħu ħsieb il-bandisti kollha tal-Banda Annunzjata. Huwa responsabbli mill-impenji kollha tal-banda, speċjalment matul il-ġimgħa tal-festa. Il-kummissjoni tal-banda tieħu ħsieb ukoll il-programm mużikali annwali li jsir nhar l-Erbgħa tal-ġimgħa tal-festa. == Kumitat Planċier == Fl-1994, grupp ta' attivisti tal-każin tal-banda ffurmaw il-''Kumitat Planċier'' li wara 7 snin ta' xogħol iebes u sagrifiċċji inawgura waħda mill-akbar u l-aktar banedstand (planċier) f'Malta. Years passed by, however for most local Maltese activists, it is still considered to be one of the best Planċier ever. Inawgurażżjoni Planċier 2001 Il-Planċier Armat Il-Planċier Armat == Kostruzzjoni ta' Fond ġdid == Fl-2011, dan il-każin tal-banda beda wieħed mill-akbar proġett li qatt għamel. It-twaqqigħ tal-fond attwali u l-bini ta’ każin ġdid tal-banda. Il-faċilitajiet il-ġodda li qed jinbnew u li jinsabu fi stadju avvanzat, jinkludu kantina kbira, daħla prinċipali li taraġ li jwassal għat-tieni sular, bar-area kbira, tliet swali kbar u faċċata ġdida li tikkumplimenta ż-żona ta’ konservazzjoni urbana tal-qadima. raħal Ħal Tarxien. Bħalissa qed isir il-bini tad-daħla prinċipali filwaqt li qed isiru l-aħħar preparamenti għall-bini tal-faċċata ewlenija. == Ċelebrazzjonijiet tal-150 sena Anniversarju == Fl-2012, il-Każin tal-Banda Annunzjata ta’ Ħal Tarxien fakkar il-150 sena anniversarju. Logo ġdid ''Futur lil Wirtna'' iddisinjat mill-mibki Renzo Gauci ġie inawgurat f'Jannar 2012 wara quddiesa li saret fil-parroċċa ta' Ħal Tarxien u marċ mill-banda madwar Ħal Tarxien għaċ-ċelebrazzjonijiet tal-ftuħ ta' dan l-anniversarju importanti. Għall-okkażjoni tal-150 anniversarju l-Każin tal-Banda Lunzjata ħareġ żewġ recordings: Marċi Funebri ''Lachrimae Christi'' u Marċi Festi ''Futur lil Wirtna''. F'April 2012, biex tfakkar il-150 anniversarju l-Banda Annunzjata ppreżentat kunċert ta' mużika qaddisa bl-isem ''A Maria Santissima Annunziata'' li sar fil-Knisja Parrokkjali ta' Ħal Tarxien. Il-5 ta’ Mejju 2012, rat lill-banda tipparteċipa fiċ-ċerimonja uffiċjali fejn tpoġġiet l-ewwel ġebla tal-fond il-ġdid tal-każin tal-banda mill-President ta’ Malta Dr.George Abela. F'Settembru 2012 sar kunċert ''Mużika 150'' fil-Palazz tal-Gran Mastru fil-Valletta biex jitfakkar il-150 anniversarju ta' dan il-każin tal-banda. Kunċert Mużikali f'okkażżjoni tal-150 sena Kunċert Mużikali f'okkażżjoni tal-150 sena Il-logo tal-150 anniversarju magħmul minn Renzo Gauci === Surmastrijiet === {| class="wikitable sortable" !No !Surmastrijiet !Minn !Sa |- |01 |Ġuseppe Portelli |1870 |1890 |- |02 |Napuljun Caruana Dingli |1890 |1905 |- |03 |Salvatore Galea Abela |1905 |1906 |- |04 |Ignazio Catania |1906 |1908 |- |05 |Ġiuseppe Camenzuli |1908 |1909 |- |06 |Lorenzo Gonzi |1909 |1924 |- |07 |Vincenzo Ciappara |1924 |1931 |- |08 |Lorenzo Gonzi |1931 |1934 |- |09 |Antonio Zammit |1934 |1938 |- |10 |Ġiuseppe Buttigieg |1938 |1944 |- |11 |Ġiuseppe Magri |1944 |1945 |- |12 |Ġiuseppe Buttigieg |1945 |1972 |- |13 |Salvino Fabri |1972 |1974 |- |14 |Paolo Buttigieg |1974 |1978 |- |15 |John J. Pace |1978 |1983 |- |16 |Ġiuseppe Buttigieg |1983 |1984 |- |17 |Paolo Buttigieg |1984 |1991 |- |18 |Saviour Portelli |1991 |1993 |- |19 |Dominic Darmanin |1993 |1997 |- |20 |Victor Vella |1997 |2011 |- |21 |Hermann Farrugia Frantz |2011 | |} === Presidenti === {| class="wikitable sortable" !No !Presidenti !Minn !Sa |- |01 |Odilone Caruana |1862 |1890 |- |02 |Giuseppe Spiteri |1890 |1994 |- |03 |Marquis George Crispo-Barbaro |1894 |1896 |- |04 |Sigismondo Savona |1896 |1906 |- |05 |Gaetano Lanzon |1906 |1909 |- |06 |Ġiovanni Faure |1909 | |- |07 |Carmelo Mamo |1909 |1924 |- |08 |Carmelo Sant |1924 | |- |09 |Carmelo Farrugia |1924 |1926 |- |10 |Ġiovanni Micallef Goggi |1926 | |- |11 |Dr. Paul Schembri M.D |1926 |1927 |- |12 |Lorenzo Ebejer |1927 |1929 |- |13 |Thomas Berry |1929 |1936 |- |14 |Marquis George Crispo-Barbaro |1930 |1934 |- |15 |Lucrezio Bonavia |1934 | |- |16 |Giuseppe Adolfo Ruggier |1934 |1936 |- |17 |Giuseppe Maria Ruggier |1936 |1937 |- |18 |Chev. Raffaele Bonnici Calġ |1937 |1946 |- |19 |William Tagliaferro |1946 |1950 |- |20 |Annunziato Zammit |1950 |1959 |- |21 |Salvatore Camilleri |1959 |1967 |- |22 |John Cassar |1967 |1968 |- |23 |Salvatore Camilleri |1968 |1969 |- |24 |Dr. Joseph Cassar LL.D. M.P. |1969 |1970 |- |25 |Joseph M.Cachia |1970 |1987 |- |26 |Salvatore Farrugia |1987 |1991 |- |27 |Joseph L. Vella |1991 |1992 |- |28 |Vincent Battistino |1992 |1996 |- |29 |Felix Gauci |1996 |1998 |- |30 |Carmel Mercieca |1998 |2000 |- |31 |Anthony Piscopo |2000 |2000 |- |32 |Victor Seguna |2007 | |} fp5bjnrewaodx4rb2422lq2bpp6lj7s 0 34491 330575 2026-06-16T15:17:15Z Trigcly 17859 Kontenut inizjali 330575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Petroleum sample.jpg|daqsminuri|Kampjun taż-żejt.]] Iż-'''żejt''', magħruf ukoll bħala '''żejt grezz''', '''żejt mhux maħdum''' jew '''petroleum''', huwa riżorsa naturali b'dehra ta' taħlita [[kimika]] likwida [[Iswed|sewda]] fl-[[isfar]] li tinstab fil-formazzjonijiet [[Ġeoloġija|ġeoloġiċi]], u jikkonsisti primarjament minn idrokarburi.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.eia.gov/KIDS/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics-k.cfm|titlu=EIA Energy Kids - Oil (petroleum)|sit=www.eia.gov|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref> It-terminu ''petroleum'' jirreferi kemm għaż-żejt grezz mhux ipproċessat li jokkorri b'mod naturali, kif ukoll għall-prodotti tal-petroleum li jikkonsistu minn żejt grezz raffinat. Il-petroleum huwa fjuwil fossili li fforma tul miljuni ta' snin mid-diżintegrazzjoni anaerobika ta' materjali organiċi minn organiżmi [[Preistorja|preistoriċi]] mirdumin, b'mod partikolari l-plankton u l-algi. Huwa stmat li 70 % tad-depożiti taż-żejt tad-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]] ffurmaw matul il-perjodu Mesożojku, 20 % ffurmaw fil-perjodu Ċenożojku, u 10 % biss iffurmaw fil-perjodu Paleożojku.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Oil_formation|titlu=Oil formation - Energy Education|sit=energyeducation.ca|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref> Ir-riżervi konvenzjonali tal-petroleum jiġu rkuprati primarjament bit-tħaffir, li jsir wara studju tal-ġeoloġija strutturali rilevanti, analiżi tal-baċir sedimentarju, u karatterizzazzjoni tar-riżerva tal-petroleum. Hemm ukoll riżervi mhux konvenzjonali bħar-ramel taż-żejt u l-iskist keroġenuż li jiġu rkuprati bl-użu ta' metodi bħall-fratturazzjoni. [[Stampa:Oil well.jpg|daqsminuri|Bir taż-żejt.]] Ladarba jiġi estratt, iż-żejt jiġi raffinat u sseparat, l-iktar faċilment permezz tad-distillazzjoni, f'bosta prodotti għall-użu dirett jew għall-użu fil-manifattura. Il-prodotti tal-petroleum jinkludu l-fjuwils bħall-petrol, id-diżil, il-kerosin u l-fjuwil tal-ġettijiet; il-bitum, ix-xama' tal-paraffina u l-lubrikanti; ir-reaġenti li jintużaw għall-produzzjoni tal-plastik; is-solventi, it-tessuti, ir-refriġeranti, iż-żebgħa, il-lastku sintentiku, il-fertilizzanti, il-pestiċidi, il-farmaċewtiċi, u eluf ta' sustanzi petrokimiċi oħra. Il-petroleum jintuża għall-manifattura ta' varjetà wiesgħa ta' materjali essenzjali għall-ħajja moderna,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/01/stories/2011030155921100.htm|titlu=The Hindu : Opinion / News Analysis : Libyan tremors threaten to rattle the oil world|sit=www.hindu.com|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref> u huwa stmat li d-dinja tikkonsma madwar 100 miljun barmil (16-il miljun [[metru]] kubu) kuljum. Il-produzzjoni tal-petroleum kellha rwol ewlieni fl-industrijalizzazzjoni u fl-iżvilupp ekonomiku, speċjalment wara t-Tieni Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali. Xi pajjiżi għonja bir-riżervi taż-żejt kisbu influwenza ekonomika u internazzjonali sinifikanti matul l-aħħar nofs tas-seklu 20 minħabba l-kontroll tagħhom tal-produzzjoni u tal-kummerċ taż-żejt. [[Stampa:Photo lg kuwait.jpg|daqsminuri|Raffinerija taż-żejt fil-[[Kuwajt]].]] Il-petroleum huwa riżorsa naturali mhux rinnovabbli, u l-isfruttament tiegħu jagħmel ħsara lill-[[Ambjent (bijoloġija)|ambjent]] naturali, lis-sistema klimatika u lis-saħħa tal-[[bniedem]]. L-estrazzjoni, ir-raffinar u l-ħruq tal-fjuwils tal-petroleum ipattu negattivament għall-bjar tal-karbonju billi jirrilaxxaw kwantitajiet kbar ta' gassijiet tal-effett ta' serra lura fl-[[atmosfera]] tad-Dinja, u b'hekk il-petroleum huwa wieħed mill-kontributuri ewlenin tat-[[tibdil fil-klima]] antropoġeniku. Effetti ambjentali negattivi oħra, kważi fl-istadji kollha tal-użu, jinkludu r-rilaxx dirett — bħall-irqajja' jew it-tnixxijiet taż-żejt — u t-tniġġis sekondarju tas-sorsi tal-arja u tal-ilma. Storikament, il-prossimità għad-depożiti tal-petroleum, u l-aċċess u l-ipprezzar sussegwenti taż-żejt, qanqlu l-kunflitti domestiċi u ġeopolitiċi, il-gwerer taż-żejt issanzjonati mill-istat, it-tensjonijiet diplomatiċi u kummerċjali, id-diżgwidi marbuta mal-politika dwar l-enerġija u kunflitti oħra b'rabta mar-riżorsi. Filwaqt li huwa stmat li l-produzzjoni se tilħaq il-produzzjoni massima taż-żejt qabel l-2035, l-enfasi ekonomika globali fuq il-mitigazzjoni tat-tibdil fil-klima fit-tranżizzjoni lejn sorsi tal-enerġija rinnovabbli u ż-żieda fl-elettrifikazzjoni se tnaqqas ferm id-dipendenza fuq il-petroleum. == [[Etimoloġija]] == Il-[[kelma]] ''petroleum'' ġejja mil-[[Lingwa Latina|Latin]] [[Medjuevu|Medjevali]] ''petroleum'' (li litteralment tfisser "żejt tal-blat"), li oriġinat mil-Latin: ''petra'' li tfisser "blat" (mill-[[Lingwa Griega|Grieg]]: ''pétra'' πέτρα) u ''oleum'' li tfisser "żejt" (mill-Grieg: ''élaion'' ἔλαιον).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=petroleum|titlu=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: petroleum|kunjom=Publishers|isem=HarperCollins|sit=www.ahdictionary.com|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita enċiklopedija|titlu=petroleum|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/petroleum|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref> L-oriġini tat-terminu tirriżulta mill-monasteri fin-Nofsinhar tal-[[Italja]] fejn kien jintuża sal-aħħar tal-ewwel millenju bħala alternattiva għall-eqdem terminu, "nafta".<ref>van Dijk, J.P. (2022); Unravelling the Maze of Scientific Writing Through the eras: On the Origins of the Terms Hydrocarbon, Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Methane. Amazon Publishers, 166 pp. PaperBack Edition B0BKRZRKHW. ISBN 979-8-3539-8917-2.</ref> Wara dak il-perjodu, it-terminu ntuża f'bosta manuskritti u kotba, bħat-trattat ''De Natura Fossilium'', ippubblikat fl-1546 mill-mineraloġista [[Ġermanja|Ġermaniż]] [[Georg Bauer]]. Wara l-wasla tal-industrija taż-żejt matul it-tieni nofs tas-seklu 19, it-terminu sar magħruf sew għall-forma likwida tal-idrokarburi.<ref>Bauer, Georg (1955) [1546]. ''De Natura Fossilium''. Translated by Bandy, Mark Chance; Bandy, Jean A. Mineola, NY: Dover.</ref> == [[Storja]] == === Storja bikrija === Iż-żejt, f'xi forma jew oħra, ilu jintuża minn żmien il-qedem. Iktar minn 4,300 sena ilu, il-bitum issemma meta użawh is-[[Sumeri]] għall-produzzjoni tad-dgħajjes. Tavla tal-leġġenda tat-twelid ta' Sargon ta' Akkad issemmi qoffa li ngħalqet bit-tiben u bil-bitum. Iktar minn 4,000 sena ilu, skont [[Erodotu]] u Diodorus Siculus, l-asfalt (bitum) intuża fil-kostruzzjoni tal-ħitan u tat-torrijiet tal-[[Babilonja]]; kien hemm fosos taż-żejt qrib Ardericca u l-Babilonja u fawwara taż-żift f'Zakynthos. Fil-Babilonja, il-petroleum kien jintuża fil-kostruzzjoni tat-toroq, fit-tqalfit tal-bastimenti u fil-[[mediċina]]. L-użu tal-petroleum fiċ-[[Ċina]] tal-qedem imur lura iktar minn 2,000 sena. L-''I Ching'', waħda mill-iżjed kitbiet Ċiniżi bikrin, tikkwota li ż-żejt grezz, mhux raffinat, ġie skopert, estratt u ntuża fiċ-Ċina għall-ewwel darba fis-seklu 1 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. Barra minn hekk, iċ-Ċiniżi kienu l-ewwel li rreġistraw l-użu tal-petroleum bħala fjuwil saħansitra fis-seklu 4 Q.K. Sat-347 [[WK|W.K]]., iż-żejt ġie prodott mill-bjar imħaffrin bil-bambù fiċ-Ċina. Fis-seklu 7, il-petroleum kien fost l-ingredjenti essenzjali għall-hekk imsejjaħ nar tal-[[Greċja]], jiġifieri arma ppuntata mqabbda bin-nar li kienet tintuża mill-Griegi [[Biżantini]] kontra l-bastimenti [[Għarab]] li kienu qed jattakkaw [[Kostantinopli]]. Iż-żejt grezz ġie distillat minn spiżjara [[Persjani]], b'deskrizzjonijiet ċari mogħtija f'manwali bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]] bħal dawk ta' [[Abu Bakr al-Razi]]. Fis-seklu 9, is-siti tat-tħaffir għaż-żejt ġew sfruttati fl-inħawi madwar [[Baku]] moderna, l-[[Ażerbajġan]]. Dawn is-siti ġew deskritti minn Abu Bakr al-Razi fis-seklu 10 u minn [[Marco Polo]] fis-seklu 13, li jiddeskrivi l-output ta' dawk il-bjar bħala mijiet ta' tagħbijiet tal-bastimenti. L-ispiżjara Għarab u Persjani wettqu d-distillazzjoni taż-żejt grezz biex jipproduċu prodotti li jieħdu n-nar għal skopijiet militari. Permezz ta' [[Spanja]] [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]], id-distillazzjoni saret disponibbli fil-Punent tal-[[Ewropa]] sas-seklu 12. Sas-seklu 13 saret preżenti fir-[[Rumanija]] wkoll u ġiet irreġistrata bħala păcură. Sophisticated oil pits, 4.5 to 6 metres (15 to 20 ft) deep, were dug by the Seneca people and other Iroquois in Western Pennsylvania as early as 1415–1450. The French General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm encountered Seneca using petroleum for ceremonial fires and as a healing lotion during a visit to Fort Duquesne in 1750. Early British explorers to Myanmar documented a flourishing oil extraction industry based in Yenangyaung that, in 1795, had hundreds of hand-dug wells under production. Merkwiller-Pechelbronn is said to be the first European site where petroleum has been explored and used. The still active Erdpechquelle, a spring where petroleum appears mixed with water, has been used since 1498, notably for medical purposes. === Seklu 19 === In the mid-19th century, oil wells developed quickly in various parts of the world, though the title of the "first oil well" depends on the criteria. In 1846, a group of Russian Imperial engineers directed by Major Alexeyev of the Bakinskii Corps of Mining Engineers accidentally struck oil while hand-drilling with a primitive percussion rig in Bibi-Heybat, near Baku (now Azerbaijan), though they were not specifically searching for oil. In 1853, Ignacy Łukasiewicz, who discovered how to distill kerosene from seep crude oil and invented the modern kerosene lamp, hand-dug the first intentional well for commercial oil extraction in Bóbrka, Poland, to supply fuel for lighting (still operational as of 2025). A hand-dug well and another refinery followed in 1857 near Ploiești, Romania. Romania (then a vassal of the Ottoman Empire) was the first country in the world to have its annual crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics – 275 tonnes for 1857. In 1858, Georg Christian Konrad Hunäus found a significant amount of petroleum while drilling for lignite in Wietze, Germany. Wietze later provided about 80% of German consumption in the Wilhelmine Era. The production stopped in 1963, but Wietze has hosted a petroleum museum since 1970. Oil sands have been mined since the 18th century. In Wietze, natural asphalt/bitumen has been explored since the 18th century. Both in Pechelbronn as in Wietze, the coal industry dominated the petroleum technologies. Chemist James Young in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the coal mine at Riddings, Derbyshire, from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a more viscous oil suitable for lubricating machinery. In 1848, Young set up a small business refining crude oil. Young eventually succeeded (by distilling cannel coal at low heat) in creating a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain several useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated October 17, 1850. In 1850, Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at Bathgate in West Lothian and E. Meldrum & Co. at Glasgow; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil-works in the world with the first modern oil refinery. The demand for petroleum as a fuel for lighting in North America and around the world quickly grew. The first oil well in the Americas was drilled in 1859 by Edwin Drake at what is now called the Drake Well in Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania. There also was a company associated with it, and it sparked an oil boom and rapid expansion of the global petroleum industry. The same year, engine-drilled wells appeared in West Virginia. The first commercial oil well in Canada became operational in 1858 at Oil Springs, Ontario. Businessman James Miller Williams dug several wells between 1855 and 1858 before discovering a rich reserve of oil four metres below ground.^{[''specify'']} Williams extracted 1.5 million litres of crude oil by 1860, refining much of it into kerosene lamp oil. Williams's well became commercially viable a year before Drake's Pennsylvania operation and could be argued to be the first commercial oil well in North America. The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an oil boom which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area. Advances in drilling continued into 1862 when local driller Shaw reached a depth of 62 metres using the spring-pole drilling method. On January 16, 1862, after an explosion of natural gas, Canada's first oil gusher came into production, shooting into the air at a recorded rate of 480 cubic metres (3,000 bbl) per day. By the end of the 19th century the Russian Empire, particularly the Branobel company in Azerbaijan, had taken the lead in production. === Seklu 20 === In the 1930s, Alfred Treibs determined the biological origin of petroleum, which was previously controversial. Access to oil was a major factor in several military conflicts of the 20th century, including World War II, during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were extensively bombed. The German invasion of the Soviet Union included the goal to capture the Baku oilfields, as it would provide much-needed oil supplies for the German military which was suffering from blockades. Oil exploration in North America during the early 20th century led to the U.S. becoming the leading producer by mid-century. As petroleum production in the U.S. peaked during the 1960s, the United States was surpassed by Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union in total output. During the 1973 oil crisis, Saudi Arabia and other Arab nations imposed an oil embargo against the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and other Western nations which supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War. This was followed by the 1979 oil crisis, which was caused by a drop in oil production in the wake of the Iranian Revolution and caused oil prices to more than double. The two oil price shocks had many short and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy. They led to sustained reductions in demand as a result of substitution to other fuels, especially coal and nuclear, and improvements in energy efficiency, facilitated by government policies. High oil prices also induced investment in oil production by non-OPEC countries, including Prudhoe Bay in Alaska, the North Sea offshore fields of the United Kingdom and Norway, the Cantarell offshore field of Mexico, and oil sands in Canada. === Seklu 21 === About 90 percent of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum makes up 40 percent of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only one percent of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important commodities. The top three oil-producing countries as of 2018 are the United States, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. In 2018, due in part to developments in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, the United States became the world's largest producer. About 80 percent of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5 percent coming from the Arab five: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Qatar, and Kuwait. A large portion of the world's total oil exists as unconventional sources, such as bitumen in Athabasca oil sands and extra heavy oil in the Orinoco Belt. While significant volumes of oil are extracted from oil sands, particularly in Canada, logistical and technical hurdles remain, as oil extraction requires large amounts of heat and water, making its net energy content quite low relative to conventional crude oil. Thus, Canada's oil sands are not expected to provide more than a few million barrels per day in the foreseeable future. Many modern geopolitical conflicts are to do with petroleum. == Kompożizzjoni == Petroleum consists of a variety of liquid, gaseous, and solid components. Lighter hydrocarbons are the gases methane, ethane, propane and butane. Otherwise the bulk of the liquid and solids are largely heavier organic compounds, often hydrocarbons (C and H only). The proportion of light hydrocarbons in a petroleum mixture varies among oil fields. An oil well produces predominantly crude oil. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as ''associated gas'' or ''solution gas''. A gas well produces predominantly natural gas. However, because the underground temperature is higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane ("natural-gas condensate", often shortened to ''condensate.'') Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils. The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons, while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and traces of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. Many oil reservoirs contain live bacteria. The molecular composition of crude oil varies widely from formation to formation, but the proportion of chemical elements varies over fairly narrow limits as follows: {| class="wikitable" |+Composition by weight !Element !Percent range |- |Carbon |83 to 85% |- |Hydrogen |10 to 14% |- |Nitrogen |0.1 to 2% |- |Oxygen |0.05 to 1.5% |- |Sulfur |0.05 to 6.0% |- |Metals |< 0.1% |} Four different types of hydrocarbon appear in crude oil. The relative percentage of each varies, determining the properties of each oil. {| class="wikitable" |+Composition by weight !Hydrocarbon !Average !Range |- |Alkanes (paraffins) |30% |15 to 60% |- |Naphthenes |49% |30 to 60% |- |Aromatics |15% |3 to 30% |- |Asphaltics |6% |remainder |} The alkanes from pentane (C₅H₁₂) to octane (C₈H₁₈) are refined into gasoline, the ones from nonane (C₉H₂₀) to hexadecane (C₁₆H₃₄) into diesel fuel, kerosene and jet fuel. Alkanes with more than 16 carbon atoms can be refined into fuel oil and lubricating oil. At the heavier end of the range, paraffin wax is an alkane with approximately 25 carbon atoms, while asphalt has 35 and up, although these are usually cracked in modern refineries into more valuable products. The lightest fraction, the so-called petroleum gases, are subjected to diverse processing depending on cost. These gases are either flared off, sold as liquefied petroleum gas, or used to power the refinery's own burners. During the winter, butane (C₄H₁₀) is blended into the gasoline pool at high rates because its high vapour pressure assists with cold starts. The ''aromatic hydrocarbons'' are unsaturated hydrocarbons that have one or more benzene rings. They tend to burn with a sooty flame, and many have a sweet aroma. Some are carcinogenic. These different components are separated by fractional distillation at an oil refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbon fractions. The components in an oil sample can be determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Due to the large number of co-eluted hydrocarbons within oil, many cannot be resolved by traditional gas chromatography. This unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of hydrocarbons is particularly apparent when analysing weathered oils and extracts from tissues of organisms exposed to oil. Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish). In the reservoir it is usually found in association with natural gas (which being lighter forms a "gas cap" over the petroleum) and saline water (which being heavier than most forms of crude oil, generally sinks beneath it). Crude oil may also be found in a semi-solid form mixed with sand and water, as in the Athabasca oil sands in Canada, where it is usually referred to as crude bitumen. In Canada, bitumen is considered a sticky, black, tar-like form of crude oil which is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow. Venezuela also has large amounts of oil in the Orinoco oil sands, although the hydrocarbons trapped in them are less viscous than in Canada and are usually called extra heavy oil. Oil sands resources are called unconventional oil to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods. Between them, Canada and Venezuela contain an estimated 3.6 trillion barrels (570×10⁹ m³) of bitumen and extra heavy oil, about twice the volume of the world's reserves of conventional oil. == Formazzjoni == === Żejt grezz mill-fossili === Petroleum is a fossil fuel derived from fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae. Vast amounts of these remains settled to sea or lake bottoms where they were covered in stagnant water (water with no dissolved oxygen) or sediments (such as mud and silt) faster than they could decompose aerobically. Approximately 1 m below this sediment, water oxygen concentration was low, below 0.1 mg/L, and anoxic conditions existed. Temperatures also remained constant. As further layers settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. This process caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as kerogen (found in various oil shales around the world) and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons via a process known as catagenesis. Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis in a variety of mainly endothermic reactions at high temperatures or pressures, or both. These phases are described in detail below. ==== Diżintegrazzjoni anaeronika ==== In the absence of plentiful oxygen, ''aerobic'' bacteria were prevented from decaying the organic matter after it was buried under a layer of sediment or water. However, ''anaerobic'' bacteria were able to reduce sulfates and nitrates among the matter to H₂S and N₂ respectively by using the matter as a source for other reactants. Due to such anaerobic bacteria, at first, this matter began to break apart mostly via hydrolysis: polysaccharides and proteins were hydrolyzed to simple sugars and amino acids respectively. These were further anaerobically oxidized at an accelerated rate by the enzymes of the bacteria: e.g., proteins went through oxidative deamination to amino acids, which in turn reacted further to ammonia and α-keto acids. Monosaccharides in turn ultimately decayed to CO₂ and methane. The anaerobic decay products of amino acids, monosaccharides, phenols and aldehydes combined into fulvic acids. Fats and waxes were not extensively hydrolyzed under these mild conditions. ==== Formazzjoni tal-keroġen ==== Some phenolic compounds produced from previous reactions worked as bactericides and the Actinomycetales order of bacteria also produced antibiotic compounds (e.g., streptomycin). Thus the action of anaerobic bacteria ceased at about 10 m below the water or sediment. The mixture at this depth contained fulvic acids, unreacted and partially reacted fats and waxes, slightly modified lignin, resins and other hydrocarbons. As more layers of organic matter settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. As a consequence, compounds of this mixture began to combine in poorly understood ways to kerogen. Combination happened in a similar fashion as phenol and formaldehyde molecules react to urea-formaldehyde resins, but kerogen formation occurred in a more complex manner due to a bigger variety of reactants. The total process of kerogen formation from the beginning of anaerobic decay is called '''diagenesis''', a word that means a transformation of materials by dissolution and recombination of their constituents. ==== Trasformazzjoni tal-keroġen fi fjuwils fossili ==== Kerogen formation continued to a depth of about 1 km from the Earth's surface where temperatures may reach around 50 °C. Kerogen formation represents a halfway point between organic matter and fossil fuels: kerogen can be exposed to oxygen, oxidize and thus be lost, or it could be buried deeper inside the Earth's crust and be subjected to conditions which allow it to slowly transform into fossil fuels like petroleum. The latter happened through '''catagenesis''' in which the reactions were mostly radical rearrangements of kerogen. These reactions took thousands to millions of years, and no external reactants were involved. Due to the radical nature of these reactions, kerogen reacted towards two classes of products: those with low H/C ratio (anthracene or products similar to it) and those with high H/C ratio (methane or products similar to it); i.e., carbon-rich or hydrogen-rich products. Because catagenesis was closed off from external reactants, the resulting composition of the fuel mixture was dependent on the composition of the kerogen via reaction stoichiometry. Three types of kerogen exist: type I (algal), II (liptinic) and III (humic), which were formed mainly from algae, plankton and woody plants (this term includes trees, shrubs and lianas) respectively. The hydrocarbon-generating potential and thermal maturity of petroleum source rocks are commonly evaluated using Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance measurements, which provide quantitative indicators of organic matter type, maturation level, and the likelihood of oil or gas generation. Catagenesis was pyrolytic despite the fact that it happened at relatively low temperatures (when compared to commercial pyrolysis plants) of 60 to several hundred °C. Pyrolysis was possible because of the long reaction times involved. Heat for catagenesis came from the decomposition of radioactive materials of the crust, especially ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, ²³⁵U and ²³⁸U. The heat varied with geothermal gradient and was typically 10–30 °C per km of depth from the Earth's surface. Unusual magma intrusions, however, could have created greater localized heating. ==== Tieqa taż-żejt (medda ta' temperaturi) ==== Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an ''"oil window"''. Below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen. Above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking. Sometimes, oil formed at extreme depths may migrate and become trapped at a much shallower level. The Athabasca oil sands are one example of this. === Żejt grezz abijoġeniku === An alternative mechanism to the one described above was proposed by Russian scientists in the mid-1850s, the hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin (petroleum formed by inorganic means), but this is contradicted by geological and geochemical evidence. Abiogenic sources of oil have been found but never in commercially profitable amounts. "The controversy isn't over whether abiogenic oil reserves exist," said Larry Nation of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. "The controversy is over how much they contribute to Earth's overall reserves and how much time and effort geologists should devote to seeking them out." == Riżervi == Three conditions must be present for a petroleum reservoir to form: * A source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deeply enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil, * A porous and permeable reservoir rock where it can accumulate, * A caprock (seal) or other mechanism to prevent the oil from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs. Because most hydrocarbons are less dense than rock or water, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping. The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where hydrocarbons are broken down to oil and natural gas by a set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions. The latter set is regularly used in petrochemical plants and oil refineries. Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling (natural petroleum springs are rare). Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisation (mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures). Wells are drilled into oil reservoirs to extract the crude oil. "Natural lift" production methods that rely on the natural reservoir pressure to force the oil to the surface are usually sufficient for a while after reservoirs are first tapped. In some reservoirs, such as in the Middle East, the natural pressure is sufficient over a long time. The natural pressure in most reservoirs, however, eventually dissipates. Then the oil must be extracted using "artificial lift" means. Over time, these "primary" methods become less effective and "secondary" production methods may be used. A common secondary method is "waterflood" or injection of water into the reservoir to increase pressure and force the oil to the drilled shaft or "wellbore". Eventually "tertiary" or "enhanced" oil recovery methods may be used to increase the oil's flow characteristics by injecting steam, carbon dioxide and other gases or chemicals into the reservoir. In the United States, primary production methods account for less than 40 percent of the oil produced on a daily basis, secondary methods account for about 50 percent, and tertiary recovery the remaining 10 percent. Extracting oil (or "bitumen") from oil/tar sand and oil shale deposits requires mining the sand or shale and heating it in a vessel or retort, or using "in-situ" methods of injecting heated liquids into the deposit and then pumping the liquid back out saturated with oil. === Riżervi taż-żejt mhux konvenzjonali === Oil-eating bacteria biodegrade oil that has escaped to the surface. Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped, vast amounts are still present—more than can be found in conventional oil reservoirs. The lighter fractions of the crude oil are destroyed first, resulting in reservoirs containing an extremely heavy form of crude oil, called crude bitumen in Canada, or extra-heavy crude oil in Venezuela. These two countries have the world's largest deposits of oil sands. On the other hand, oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed to heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Technically speaking, oil shales are not always shales and do not contain oil, but are fined-grain sedimentary rocks containing an insoluble organic solid called kerogen. The kerogen in the rock can be converted into crude oil using heat and pressure to simulate natural processes. The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tar, and oil out of a sort of stone." Although oil shales are found in many countries, the United States has the world's largest deposits. == Klassifikazzjoni == The petroleum industry generally classifies crude oil by the geographic location it is produced in (e.g., West Texas Intermediate, Brent, or Oman), its API gravity (an oil industry measure of density), and its sulfur content. Crude oil may be considered ''light'' if it has low density, ''heavy'' if it has high density, or ''medium'' if it has a density between that of ''light'' and ''heavy''. Additionally, it may be referred to as ''sweet'' if it contains relatively little sulfur or ''sour'' if it contains substantial amounts of sulfur. The geographic location is important because it affects transportation costs to the refinery. ''Light'' crude oil is more desirable than ''heavy'' oil since it produces a higher yield of gasoline, while ''sweet'' oil commands a higher price than ''sour'' oil because it has fewer environmental problems and requires less refining to meet sulfur standards imposed on fuels in consuming countries. Each crude oil has unique molecular characteristics which are revealed by the use of crude oil assay analysis in petroleum laboratories. Barrels from an area in which the crude oil's molecular characteristics have been determined and the oil has been classified are used as pricing references throughout the world. Some of the common reference crudes are: * West Texas Intermediate (WTI), a very high-quality, sweet, light oil delivered at Cushing, Oklahoma for North American oil. * Brent Blend, consisting of 15 oils from fields in the Brent and Ninian systems in the East Shetland Basin of the North Sea. The oil landed at Sullom Voe terminal in Shetland. Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off this oil, which forms a benchmark. * Dubai-Oman, used as a benchmark for the Middle East sour crude oil flowing to the Asia-Pacific region. * Tapis (from Malaysia, used as a reference for light Far East oil). * Minas (from Indonesia, used as a reference for heavy Far East oil). * The OPEC Reference Basket, a weighted average of oil blends from various OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries * Midway Sunset Heavy, by which heavy oil in California is priced.^{[''failed verification'']} * Western Canadian Select the benchmark crude oil for emerging heavy, high TAN (acidic) crudes. There are declining amounts of these benchmark oils being produced each year, so other oils are more commonly what is actually delivered. While the reference price may be for WTI delivered at Cushing, the actual oil being traded may be a discounted Canadian heavy oil – Western Canadian Select – delivered at Hardisty, Alberta, and for a Brent Blend delivered at Shetland, it may be a discounted Russian Export Blend delivered at the port of Primorsk. == Użu == Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by distillation, into numerous products for direct use or use in manufacturing, such as gasoline (petrol), diesel and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents (ethylene, propylene, butene, acrylic acid, para-xylene) used to make plastics, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. In terms of volume, most petroleum is converted into fuels for combustion engines. In terms of value, petroleum underpins the petrochemical industry, which includes many high value products such as pharmaceuticals and plastics. By volume, 84% of hydrocarbons present in petroleum are converted into fuels. === Fjuwils u lubrikanti === Due to its high energy density, easy transportability and relative abundance, oil has become the world's most important source of energy since the mid-1950s. Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for refining into fuel oil and gasoline, both important ''primary energy'' sources. , including gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and liquefied petroleum gas. Closely related to fuels for combustion engines are Lubricants, greases, and viscosity stabilizers. === Sustanzi kimiċi === Many pharmaceuticals are derived from petroleum, albeit via multi-step processes. Modern medicine depends on petroleum as a source of building blocks, reagents, and solvents. Similarly, virtually all pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides are derived from petroleum. Pesticides have profoundly affected life expectancies by controlling disease vectors and by increasing crop yield. Like pharmaceuticals, pesticides are in essence petrochemicals. Almost all plastics and synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum, which is the source of monomers. Alkenes (olefins) are one important class of these precursor molecules. === Derivati oħra === * Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others, paraffin wax, derived from petroleum oil. * Sulfur and its derivative sulfuric acid. Hydrogen sulfide is a product of sulfur removal from petroleum fraction. It is oxidized to elemental sulfur and then to sulfuric acid. * Bulk tar and asphalt. * Petroleum coke, used in speciality carbon products or as solid fuel. == Industrija == The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, synthetic fragrances, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Upstream regards exploration and extraction of crude oil, midstream encompasses transportation and storage of it, and downstream concerns refining crude oil into various end products. Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is necessary for the maintenance of industrial civilization in its current configuration, making it a critical concern for many nations. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world's energy consumption, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, to a high of 53% for the Middle East. Other geographic regions' consumption patterns are as follows: South and Central America (44%), Africa (41%), and North America (40%). The world consumes 36 billion barrels (5.8 km³) of oil per year, with developed nations being the largest consumers. The United States consumed 18% of the oil produced in 2015. The production, distribution, refining, and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represents the world's largest industry in terms of dollar value. === Trasport === Petroleum transport is the transportation of petroleum and derivatives such as gasoline (petrol). Petroleum products are transported via rail cars, trucks, tanker vessels, and pipeline networks. The method used to move the petroleum products depends on the volume that is being moved and its destination. Land-based transportation modes such as pipelines and rail each have strengths and weaknesses.  One of the key differences is the cost associated with transporting petroleum though pipeline or rail. The risks with moving petroleum products are pollution related and the chance of spillage. Petroleum oil is very hard to clean up and is very toxic to living animals and their surroundings. In the 1950s, shipping costs made up 33% of the price of oil transported from the Persian Gulf to the United States, but with the development of supertankers in the 1970s, the cost of shipping dropped to 5% of the price of Persian oil in the US. The share of the shipping cost on the final cost of the delivered commodity was less than 3% in 2010. === Prezz === The price of oil, or the oil price, generally refers to the spot price of a barrel (42 U.S. gallons; 159 liters) of benchmark crude oil—a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent Crude, Dubai Crude, OPEC Reference Basket, Tapis crude, Bonny Light, Urals oil, Isthmus, and Western Canadian Select (WCS) among others. Oil prices are determined by global supply and demand, rather than any country's domestic production level, although the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has considerable influence. === Trade === Crude oil is traded as a future on both the NYMEX and ICE exchanges. Futures contracts are agreements in which buyers and sellers agree to purchase and deliver specific amounts of physical crude oil on a given date in the future. A contract covers any multiple of 1,000 barrels and can be purchased up to nine years into the future. == Użu skont il-pajjiż == === Konsum === In the 2021 US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimate, the world consumes 97.26 million barrels of oil each day. This table orders the amount of petroleum consumed in 2011 in thousand barrels (1,000 bbl) per day and in thousand cubic metres (1,000 m³) per day: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Consuming nation 2011 !(1,000 bbl/ day) !(1,000 m³/ day) !Population in millions !bbl/year per capita !m³/year per capita !National production/ consumption |- |United States ¹ |18,835.5 |2,994.6 |314 |21.8 |3.47 |0.51 |- |China |9,790.0 |1,556.5 |1345 |2.7 |0.43 |0.41 |- |Japan ² |4,464.1 |709.7 |127 |12.8 |2.04 |0.03 |- |India ² |3,292.2 |523.4 |1198 |1 |0.16 |0.26 |- |Russia ¹ |3,145.1 |500.0 |140 |8.1 |1.29 |3.35 |- |Saudi Arabia (OPEC) |2,817.5 |447.9 |27 |40 |6.4 |3.64 |- |Brazil |2,594.2 |412.4 |193 |4.9 |0.78 |0.99 |- |Germany ² |2,400.1 |381.6 |82 |10.7 |1.70 |0.06 |- |Canada |2,259.1 |359.2 |33 |24.6 |3.91 |1.54 |- |South Korea ² |2,230.2 |354.6 |48 |16.8 |2.67 |0.02 |- |Mexico ¹ |2,132.7 |339.1 |109 |7.1 |1.13 |1.39 |- |France ² |1,791.5 |284.8 |62 |10.5 |1.67 |0.03 |- |Iran (OPEC) |1,694.4 |269.4 |74 |8.3 |1.32 |2.54 |- |United Kingdom ¹ |1,607.9 |255.6 |61 |9.5 |1.51 |0.93 |- |Italy ² |1,453.6 |231.1 |60 |8.9 |1.41 |0.10 |} Source: US Energy Information Administration Population Data: <small>¹ peak production of oil already passed in this state</small> <small>² This country is not a major oil producer</small> == Referenzi == 4rvsssgmpurnh9tnfusigqr6c9tzwha 330580 330575 2026-06-16T16:21:36Z Trigcly 17859 /* Storja bikrija */ 330580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Petroleum sample.jpg|daqsminuri|Kampjun taż-żejt.]] Iż-'''żejt''', magħruf ukoll bħala '''żejt grezz''', '''żejt mhux maħdum''' jew '''petroleum''', huwa riżorsa naturali b'dehra ta' taħlita [[kimika]] likwida [[Iswed|sewda]] fl-[[isfar]] li tinstab fil-formazzjonijiet [[Ġeoloġija|ġeoloġiċi]], u jikkonsisti primarjament minn idrokarburi.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.eia.gov/KIDS/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics-k.cfm|titlu=EIA Energy Kids - Oil (petroleum)|sit=www.eia.gov|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref> It-terminu ''petroleum'' jirreferi kemm għaż-żejt grezz mhux ipproċessat li jokkorri b'mod naturali, kif ukoll għall-prodotti tal-petroleum li jikkonsistu minn żejt grezz raffinat. Il-petroleum huwa fjuwil fossili li fforma tul miljuni ta' snin mid-diżintegrazzjoni anaerobika ta' materjali organiċi minn organiżmi [[Preistorja|preistoriċi]] mirdumin, b'mod partikolari l-plankton u l-algi. Huwa stmat li 70 % tad-depożiti taż-żejt tad-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]] ffurmaw matul il-perjodu Mesożojku, 20 % ffurmaw fil-perjodu Ċenożojku, u 10 % biss iffurmaw fil-perjodu Paleożojku.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Oil_formation|titlu=Oil formation - Energy Education|sit=energyeducation.ca|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref> Ir-riżervi konvenzjonali tal-petroleum jiġu rkuprati primarjament bit-tħaffir, li jsir wara studju tal-ġeoloġija strutturali rilevanti, analiżi tal-baċir sedimentarju, u karatterizzazzjoni tar-riżerva tal-petroleum. Hemm ukoll riżervi mhux konvenzjonali bħar-ramel taż-żejt u l-iskist keroġenuż li jiġu rkuprati bl-użu ta' metodi bħall-fratturazzjoni. [[Stampa:Oil well.jpg|daqsminuri|Bir taż-żejt.]] Ladarba jiġi estratt, iż-żejt jiġi raffinat u sseparat, l-iktar faċilment permezz tad-distillazzjoni, f'bosta prodotti għall-użu dirett jew għall-użu fil-manifattura. Il-prodotti tal-petroleum jinkludu l-fjuwils bħall-petrol, id-diżil, il-kerosin u l-fjuwil tal-ġettijiet; il-bitum, ix-xama' tal-paraffina u l-lubrikanti; ir-reaġenti li jintużaw għall-produzzjoni tal-plastik; is-solventi, it-tessuti, ir-refriġeranti, iż-żebgħa, il-lastku sintentiku, il-fertilizzanti, il-pestiċidi, il-farmaċewtiċi, u eluf ta' sustanzi petrokimiċi oħra. Il-petroleum jintuża għall-manifattura ta' varjetà wiesgħa ta' materjali essenzjali għall-ħajja moderna,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/01/stories/2011030155921100.htm|titlu=The Hindu : Opinion / News Analysis : Libyan tremors threaten to rattle the oil world|sit=www.hindu.com|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref> u huwa stmat li d-dinja tikkonsma madwar 100 miljun barmil (16-il miljun [[metru]] kubu) kuljum. Il-produzzjoni tal-petroleum kellha rwol ewlieni fl-industrijalizzazzjoni u fl-iżvilupp ekonomiku, speċjalment wara t-Tieni Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali. Xi pajjiżi għonja bir-riżervi taż-żejt kisbu influwenza ekonomika u internazzjonali sinifikanti matul l-aħħar nofs tas-seklu 20 minħabba l-kontroll tagħhom tal-produzzjoni u tal-kummerċ taż-żejt. [[Stampa:Photo lg kuwait.jpg|daqsminuri|Raffinerija taż-żejt fil-[[Kuwajt]].]] Il-petroleum huwa riżorsa naturali mhux rinnovabbli, u l-isfruttament tiegħu jagħmel ħsara lill-[[Ambjent (bijoloġija)|ambjent]] naturali, lis-sistema klimatika u lis-saħħa tal-[[bniedem]]. L-estrazzjoni, ir-raffinar u l-ħruq tal-fjuwils tal-petroleum ipattu negattivament għall-bjar tal-karbonju billi jirrilaxxaw kwantitajiet kbar ta' gassijiet tal-effett ta' serra lura fl-[[atmosfera]] tad-Dinja, u b'hekk il-petroleum huwa wieħed mill-kontributuri ewlenin tat-[[tibdil fil-klima]] antropoġeniku. Effetti ambjentali negattivi oħra, kważi fl-istadji kollha tal-użu, jinkludu r-rilaxx dirett — bħall-irqajja' jew it-tnixxijiet taż-żejt — u t-tniġġis sekondarju tas-sorsi tal-arja u tal-ilma. Storikament, il-prossimità għad-depożiti tal-petroleum, u l-aċċess u l-ipprezzar sussegwenti taż-żejt, qanqlu l-kunflitti domestiċi u ġeopolitiċi, il-gwerer taż-żejt issanzjonati mill-istat, it-tensjonijiet diplomatiċi u kummerċjali, id-diżgwidi marbuta mal-politika dwar l-enerġija u kunflitti oħra b'rabta mar-riżorsi. Filwaqt li huwa stmat li l-produzzjoni se tilħaq il-produzzjoni massima taż-żejt qabel l-2035, l-enfasi ekonomika globali fuq il-mitigazzjoni tat-tibdil fil-klima fit-tranżizzjoni lejn sorsi tal-enerġija rinnovabbli u ż-żieda fl-elettrifikazzjoni se tnaqqas ferm id-dipendenza fuq il-petroleum. == [[Etimoloġija]] == Il-[[kelma]] ''petroleum'' ġejja mil-[[Lingwa Latina|Latin]] [[Medjuevu|Medjevali]] ''petroleum'' (li litteralment tfisser "żejt tal-blat"), li oriġinat mil-Latin: ''petra'' li tfisser "blat" (mill-[[Lingwa Griega|Grieg]]: ''pétra'' πέτρα) u ''oleum'' li tfisser "żejt" (mill-Grieg: ''élaion'' ἔλαιον).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=petroleum|titlu=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: petroleum|kunjom=Publishers|isem=HarperCollins|sit=www.ahdictionary.com|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita enċiklopedija|titlu=petroleum|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/petroleum|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref> L-oriġini tat-terminu tirriżulta mill-monasteri fin-Nofsinhar tal-[[Italja]] fejn kien jintuża sal-aħħar tal-ewwel millenju bħala alternattiva għall-eqdem terminu, "nafta".<ref>van Dijk, J.P. (2022); Unravelling the Maze of Scientific Writing Through the eras: On the Origins of the Terms Hydrocarbon, Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Methane. Amazon Publishers, 166 pp. PaperBack Edition B0BKRZRKHW. ISBN 979-8-3539-8917-2.</ref> Wara dak il-perjodu, it-terminu ntuża f'bosta manuskritti u kotba, bħat-trattat ''De Natura Fossilium'', ippubblikat fl-1546 mill-mineraloġista [[Ġermanja|Ġermaniż]] [[Georg Bauer]]. Wara l-wasla tal-industrija taż-żejt matul it-tieni nofs tas-seklu 19, it-terminu sar magħruf sew għall-forma likwida tal-idrokarburi.<ref>Bauer, Georg (1955) [1546]. ''De Natura Fossilium''. Translated by Bandy, Mark Chance; Bandy, Jean A. Mineola, NY: Dover.</ref> == [[Storja]] == === Storja bikrija === Iż-żejt, f'xi forma jew oħra, ilu jintuża minn żmien il-qedem. Iktar minn 4,300 sena ilu, il-bitum issemma meta użawh is-[[Sumeri]] għall-produzzjoni tad-dgħajjes. Tavla tal-leġġenda tat-twelid ta' Sargon ta' Akkad issemmi qoffa li ngħalqet bit-tiben u bil-bitum. Iktar minn 4,000 sena ilu, skont [[Erodotu]] u Diodorus Siculus, l-asfalt (bitum) intuża fil-kostruzzjoni tal-ħitan u tat-torrijiet tal-[[Babilonja]]; kien hemm fosos taż-żejt qrib Ardericca u l-Babilonja u fawwara taż-żift f'Zakynthos. Fil-Babilonja, il-petroleum kien jintuża fil-kostruzzjoni tat-toroq, fit-tqalfit tal-bastimenti u fil-[[mediċina]]. L-użu tal-petroleum fiċ-[[Ċina]] tal-qedem imur lura iktar minn 2,000 sena. L-''I Ching'', waħda mill-iżjed kitbiet Ċiniżi bikrin, tikkwota li ż-żejt grezz, mhux raffinat, ġie skopert, estratt u ntuża fiċ-Ċina għall-ewwel darba fis-seklu 1 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. Barra minn hekk, iċ-Ċiniżi kienu l-ewwel li rreġistraw l-użu tal-petroleum bħala fjuwil saħansitra fis-seklu 4 Q.K. Sat-347 [[WK|W.K]]., iż-żejt ġie prodott mill-bjar imħaffrin bil-bambù fiċ-Ċina. Fis-seklu 7, il-petroleum kien fost l-ingredjenti essenzjali għall-hekk imsejjaħ nar tal-[[Greċja]], jiġifieri arma ppuntata mqabbda bin-nar li kienet tintuża mill-Griegi [[Biżantini]] kontra l-bastimenti [[Għarab]] li kienu qed jattakkaw [[Kostantinopli]]. Iż-żejt grezz ġie distillat minn spiżjara [[Persjani]], b'deskrizzjonijiet ċari mogħtija f'manwali bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]] bħal dawk ta' [[Abu Bakr al-Razi]]. Fis-seklu 9, is-siti tat-tħaffir għaż-żejt ġew sfruttati fl-inħawi madwar [[Baku]] moderna, l-[[Ażerbajġan]]. Dawn is-siti ġew deskritti minn Abu Bakr al-Razi fis-seklu 10 u minn [[Marco Polo]] fis-seklu 13, li jiddeskrivi l-output ta' dawk il-bjar bħala mijiet ta' tagħbijiet tal-bastimenti. L-ispiżjara Għarab u Persjani wettqu d-distillazzjoni taż-żejt grezz biex jipproduċu prodotti li jieħdu n-nar għal skopijiet militari. Permezz ta' [[Spanja]] [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]], id-distillazzjoni saret disponibbli fil-Punent tal-[[Ewropa]] sas-seklu 12. Sas-seklu 13 saret preżenti fir-[[Rumanija]] wkoll u ġiet irreġistrata bħala păcură. Fosos sofistikati taż-żejt, fondi bejn 4.5 sa 6 metri (15 sa 20 pied), tħaffru mill-poplu Seneka u Iroquois oħra fil-Punent ta' Pennsylvania diġà fl-1415–1450. Il-Ġeneral [[Franza|Franċiż]] [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] iltaqa' mal-poplu Seneka bl-użu tal-petroleum għan-nar ċerimonjali u bħala ingwent ta' fejqan matul żjara fil-Forti ta' Duquesne fl-1750. Esploraturi [[Renju Unit|Brittaniċi]] bikrin lejn il-[[Burma|Myanmar]] iddokumentaw industrija tal-estrazzjoni taż-żejt fl-aqwa tagħha bbażata f'Yenangyaung, li fl-1795 kellha mijiet ta' bjar imħaffrin bl-idejn. Merkwiller-Pechelbronn jingħad li huwa l-ewwel sit Ewropew fejn saret l-ewwel esplorazzjoni għaż-żejt u fejn sar l-ewwel użu taż-żejt. Erdpechquelle, fawwara li għadha attiva fejn il-petroleum jitfaċċa mħallat mal-ilma, ilha tintuża mill-1498, b'mod partikolari għal skopijiet mediċi. === Seklu 19 === F'nofs is-seklu 19, il-bjar taż-żejt żviluppaw malajr f'diversi partijiet tad-dinja, għalkemm liema bir taż-żejt ġie l-ewwel jiddependi fuq il-kriterji. Fl-1846, grupp ta' inġiniera Imperjali [[Russja|Russi]] mmexxija mill-Maġġur Alexeyev tal-Korp tal-Inġiniera tal-Estrazzjoni ta' Bakinskii b'kumbinazzjoni sabu ż-żejt huma u jħaffru bl-idejn b'rigg primittiv tal-perkussjoni f'Bibi-Heybat, qrib Baku (issa l-Ażerbajġan), għalkemm ma kinux qed ifittxu speċifikament għaż-żejt. Fl-1853, [[Ignacy Łukasiewicz]], li skopra kif issir id-distillazzjoni tal-kerosin miż-żejt grezz fix-xquq tal-blat u vvinta l-lampa moderna tal-kerosin, ħaffer b'idejh l-ewwel bir intenzjonali għall-estrazzjoni kummerċjali taż-żejt f'Bóbrka, il-[[Polonja]], għall-provvista tal-fjuwil għat-tidwil (għadu operattiv). Fl-1857 tħaffer bir ieħor bl-idejn u nbniet raffinerija oħra qrib Ploiești, ir-Rumanija. Ir-Rumanija (dak iż-żmien vassall tal-[[Imperu Ottoman]]) kienet l-ewwel pajjiż fid-dinja li kellu l-output annwali taż-żejt grezz irreġistrat uffiċjalment fl-istatistika internazzjonali – 275 tunnellata għall-1857. Fl-1858, [[Georg Christian Konrad Hunäus]] sab ammont sinifikanti ta' petroleum hu u jħaffer għal-linjite f'Wietze, il-Ġermanja. Il-belt ta' Wietze iktar 'il quddiem ipprovdiet madwar 80 % tal-konsum Ġermaniż fl-Era ta' Wilhelm. Il-produzzjoni waqfet fl-1963, iżda l-belt ta' Wietze ospitat [[mużew]] tal-petroleum mill-1970. Ir-ramel taż-żejt ilhom jiġu estratti mis-seklu 18. Fil-belt ta' Wietze, l-asfalt jew il-bitum naturali ilu jiġi esplorat mis-seklu 18. Kemm f'Pechelbronn kif ukoll f'Wietze, l-industrija tal-faħam iddominat it-teknoloġiji tal-petroleum. L-ispiżjar [[James Young]] fl-1847 innota tnixxija tal-petroleum naturali fil-minjiera tal-faħam f'Riddings, Derbyshire, li minnha huwa wettaq id-distillazzjoni ta' żejt irqiq ħafif adattat għall-użu bħala żejt tal-lampi, u fl-istess ħin kiseb żejt iktar viskuż adattat għal-lubrikazzjoni tal-makkinarju. Fl-1848, Young stabbilixxa negozju żgħir tar-raffinar taż-żejt grezz. Eventwalment Young irnexxielu (permezz tad-distillazzjoni tal-faħam tal-kannol bi sħana baxxa) joħloq fluwidu simili għall-petroleum, li meta jiġi ttrattat bl-istess mod bħaż-żejt mix-xquq jagħti prodotti simili. Young sab li permezz tad-distillazzjoni bil-mod huwa seta' jikseb diversi likwidi utli minnu, u wieħed minnu semmih bħala "żejt tal-paraffina" peress li f'temperaturi baxxi kien jagħqad f'sustanza simili għax-xama' tal-paraffina. Il-produzzjoni ta' dawn iż-żjut u tax-xama' solida tal-paraffina mill-faħam kienu soġġetti għal privattiva min-naħa tiegħu tas-17 ta' Ottubru 1850. Fl-1850, Young & Meldrum u [[Edward William Binney]] daħlu fi sħubija bit-titlu ta' E.W. Binney & Co. f'Bathgate f'West Lothian u E. Meldrum & Co. fi [[Glasgow]]; ix-xogħlijiet tagħhom f'Bathgate tlestew fl-1851 u saru l-ewwel impjanti kummerċjali reali taż-żejt fid-dinja bl-ewwel raffinerija moderna taż-żejt. Id-domanda għall-petroleum bħala fjuwil għat-tidwil fl-[[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta' Fuq]] u madwar id-dinja kibret malajr. L-ewwel bir taż-żejt fl-Amerki tħaffer fl-1859 minn [[Edwin Drake]] f'dak li issa jissejjaħ bħala l-Bir ta' Drake fil-muniċipalità ta' Cherrytree, Pennsylvania. Hemm ukoll kumpanija assoċjata miegħu, u minnha nibtet espansjoni kbira u rapida tal-industrija taż-żejt globali. Fl-istess sena tfaċċaw il-bjar bit-tħaffir mekkaniku f'West Virginia. L-ewwel bir kummerċjali taż-żejt fil-[[Kanada]] sar operattiv fl-1858 f'Oil Springs, [[Ontario]]. In-negozjant [[James Miller Williams]] ħaffer diversi bjar bejn l-1855 u l-1858 qabel ma skopra riżerva rikka taż-żejt 4 metri taħt l-art. Williams wettaq l-estrazzjoni ta' 1.5 miljun litru ta' żejt grezz sal-1860, u wettaq ir-raffinar tal-biċċa l-kbira minnu f'żejt tal-kerosin. Il-bir ta' Williams sar kummerċjalment vijabbli sena qabel l-operat ta' Pennsylvania ta' Drake u jista' jitqies bħala l-ewwel bir kummerċjali taż-żejt fl-Amerka ta' Fuq. L-iskoperta f'Oil Springs skattat espansjoni taż-żejt li wasslet biex mijiet ta' spekulaturi u ħaddiema jiġu fl-inħawi. L-avvanzi fit-tħaffir baqgħu għaddejjin fl-1862 meta ħaddiem lokali tat-tħaffir, Shaw, laħaq fond ta' 62 metru bl-użu ta' metodu tat-tħaffir b'armlu f'fawwara. Fis-16 ta' Jannar 1862, wara splużjoni tal-gass naturali, ġie prodott l-ewwel bir taż-żejt bi fluss naturali fil-Kanada, li spara ż-żejt fl-arja b'rata rreġistrata ta' 480 metru kubu (3,000 bbl) kuljum. Sal-aħħar tas-seklu 19, l-Imperu Russu, b'mod partikolari l-kumpanija Branobel fl-Ażerbajġan, ħadet ir-riedni f'idejha fil-produzzjoni. === Seklu 20 === In the 1930s, Alfred Treibs determined the biological origin of petroleum, which was previously controversial. Access to oil was a major factor in several military conflicts of the 20th century, including World War II, during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were extensively bombed. The German invasion of the Soviet Union included the goal to capture the Baku oilfields, as it would provide much-needed oil supplies for the German military which was suffering from blockades. Oil exploration in North America during the early 20th century led to the U.S. becoming the leading producer by mid-century. As petroleum production in the U.S. peaked during the 1960s, the United States was surpassed by Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union in total output. During the 1973 oil crisis, Saudi Arabia and other Arab nations imposed an oil embargo against the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and other Western nations which supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War. This was followed by the 1979 oil crisis, which was caused by a drop in oil production in the wake of the Iranian Revolution and caused oil prices to more than double. The two oil price shocks had many short and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy. They led to sustained reductions in demand as a result of substitution to other fuels, especially coal and nuclear, and improvements in energy efficiency, facilitated by government policies. High oil prices also induced investment in oil production by non-OPEC countries, including Prudhoe Bay in Alaska, the North Sea offshore fields of the United Kingdom and Norway, the Cantarell offshore field of Mexico, and oil sands in Canada. === Seklu 21 === About 90 percent of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum makes up 40 percent of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only one percent of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important commodities. The top three oil-producing countries as of 2018 are the United States, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. In 2018, due in part to developments in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, the United States became the world's largest producer. About 80 percent of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5 percent coming from the Arab five: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Qatar, and Kuwait. A large portion of the world's total oil exists as unconventional sources, such as bitumen in Athabasca oil sands and extra heavy oil in the Orinoco Belt. While significant volumes of oil are extracted from oil sands, particularly in Canada, logistical and technical hurdles remain, as oil extraction requires large amounts of heat and water, making its net energy content quite low relative to conventional crude oil. Thus, Canada's oil sands are not expected to provide more than a few million barrels per day in the foreseeable future. Many modern geopolitical conflicts are to do with petroleum. == Kompożizzjoni == Petroleum consists of a variety of liquid, gaseous, and solid components. Lighter hydrocarbons are the gases methane, ethane, propane and butane. Otherwise the bulk of the liquid and solids are largely heavier organic compounds, often hydrocarbons (C and H only). The proportion of light hydrocarbons in a petroleum mixture varies among oil fields. An oil well produces predominantly crude oil. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as ''associated gas'' or ''solution gas''. A gas well produces predominantly natural gas. However, because the underground temperature is higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane ("natural-gas condensate", often shortened to ''condensate.'') Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils. The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons, while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and traces of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. Many oil reservoirs contain live bacteria. The molecular composition of crude oil varies widely from formation to formation, but the proportion of chemical elements varies over fairly narrow limits as follows: {| class="wikitable" |+Composition by weight !Element !Percent range |- |Carbon |83 to 85% |- |Hydrogen |10 to 14% |- |Nitrogen |0.1 to 2% |- |Oxygen |0.05 to 1.5% |- |Sulfur |0.05 to 6.0% |- |Metals |< 0.1% |} Four different types of hydrocarbon appear in crude oil. The relative percentage of each varies, determining the properties of each oil. {| class="wikitable" |+Composition by weight !Hydrocarbon !Average !Range |- |Alkanes (paraffins) |30% |15 to 60% |- |Naphthenes |49% |30 to 60% |- |Aromatics |15% |3 to 30% |- |Asphaltics |6% |remainder |} The alkanes from pentane (C₅H₁₂) to octane (C₈H₁₈) are refined into gasoline, the ones from nonane (C₉H₂₀) to hexadecane (C₁₆H₃₄) into diesel fuel, kerosene and jet fuel. Alkanes with more than 16 carbon atoms can be refined into fuel oil and lubricating oil. At the heavier end of the range, paraffin wax is an alkane with approximately 25 carbon atoms, while asphalt has 35 and up, although these are usually cracked in modern refineries into more valuable products. The lightest fraction, the so-called petroleum gases, are subjected to diverse processing depending on cost. These gases are either flared off, sold as liquefied petroleum gas, or used to power the refinery's own burners. During the winter, butane (C₄H₁₀) is blended into the gasoline pool at high rates because its high vapour pressure assists with cold starts. The ''aromatic hydrocarbons'' are unsaturated hydrocarbons that have one or more benzene rings. They tend to burn with a sooty flame, and many have a sweet aroma. Some are carcinogenic. These different components are separated by fractional distillation at an oil refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbon fractions. The components in an oil sample can be determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Due to the large number of co-eluted hydrocarbons within oil, many cannot be resolved by traditional gas chromatography. This unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of hydrocarbons is particularly apparent when analysing weathered oils and extracts from tissues of organisms exposed to oil. Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish). In the reservoir it is usually found in association with natural gas (which being lighter forms a "gas cap" over the petroleum) and saline water (which being heavier than most forms of crude oil, generally sinks beneath it). Crude oil may also be found in a semi-solid form mixed with sand and water, as in the Athabasca oil sands in Canada, where it is usually referred to as crude bitumen. In Canada, bitumen is considered a sticky, black, tar-like form of crude oil which is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow. Venezuela also has large amounts of oil in the Orinoco oil sands, although the hydrocarbons trapped in them are less viscous than in Canada and are usually called extra heavy oil. Oil sands resources are called unconventional oil to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods. Between them, Canada and Venezuela contain an estimated 3.6 trillion barrels (570×10⁹ m³) of bitumen and extra heavy oil, about twice the volume of the world's reserves of conventional oil. == Formazzjoni == === Żejt grezz mill-fossili === Petroleum is a fossil fuel derived from fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae. Vast amounts of these remains settled to sea or lake bottoms where they were covered in stagnant water (water with no dissolved oxygen) or sediments (such as mud and silt) faster than they could decompose aerobically. Approximately 1 m below this sediment, water oxygen concentration was low, below 0.1 mg/L, and anoxic conditions existed. Temperatures also remained constant. As further layers settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. This process caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as kerogen (found in various oil shales around the world) and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons via a process known as catagenesis. Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis in a variety of mainly endothermic reactions at high temperatures or pressures, or both. These phases are described in detail below. ==== Diżintegrazzjoni anaeronika ==== In the absence of plentiful oxygen, ''aerobic'' bacteria were prevented from decaying the organic matter after it was buried under a layer of sediment or water. However, ''anaerobic'' bacteria were able to reduce sulfates and nitrates among the matter to H₂S and N₂ respectively by using the matter as a source for other reactants. Due to such anaerobic bacteria, at first, this matter began to break apart mostly via hydrolysis: polysaccharides and proteins were hydrolyzed to simple sugars and amino acids respectively. These were further anaerobically oxidized at an accelerated rate by the enzymes of the bacteria: e.g., proteins went through oxidative deamination to amino acids, which in turn reacted further to ammonia and α-keto acids. Monosaccharides in turn ultimately decayed to CO₂ and methane. The anaerobic decay products of amino acids, monosaccharides, phenols and aldehydes combined into fulvic acids. Fats and waxes were not extensively hydrolyzed under these mild conditions. ==== Formazzjoni tal-keroġen ==== Some phenolic compounds produced from previous reactions worked as bactericides and the Actinomycetales order of bacteria also produced antibiotic compounds (e.g., streptomycin). Thus the action of anaerobic bacteria ceased at about 10 m below the water or sediment. The mixture at this depth contained fulvic acids, unreacted and partially reacted fats and waxes, slightly modified lignin, resins and other hydrocarbons. As more layers of organic matter settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. As a consequence, compounds of this mixture began to combine in poorly understood ways to kerogen. Combination happened in a similar fashion as phenol and formaldehyde molecules react to urea-formaldehyde resins, but kerogen formation occurred in a more complex manner due to a bigger variety of reactants. The total process of kerogen formation from the beginning of anaerobic decay is called '''diagenesis''', a word that means a transformation of materials by dissolution and recombination of their constituents. ==== Trasformazzjoni tal-keroġen fi fjuwils fossili ==== Kerogen formation continued to a depth of about 1 km from the Earth's surface where temperatures may reach around 50 °C. Kerogen formation represents a halfway point between organic matter and fossil fuels: kerogen can be exposed to oxygen, oxidize and thus be lost, or it could be buried deeper inside the Earth's crust and be subjected to conditions which allow it to slowly transform into fossil fuels like petroleum. The latter happened through '''catagenesis''' in which the reactions were mostly radical rearrangements of kerogen. These reactions took thousands to millions of years, and no external reactants were involved. Due to the radical nature of these reactions, kerogen reacted towards two classes of products: those with low H/C ratio (anthracene or products similar to it) and those with high H/C ratio (methane or products similar to it); i.e., carbon-rich or hydrogen-rich products. Because catagenesis was closed off from external reactants, the resulting composition of the fuel mixture was dependent on the composition of the kerogen via reaction stoichiometry. Three types of kerogen exist: type I (algal), II (liptinic) and III (humic), which were formed mainly from algae, plankton and woody plants (this term includes trees, shrubs and lianas) respectively. The hydrocarbon-generating potential and thermal maturity of petroleum source rocks are commonly evaluated using Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance measurements, which provide quantitative indicators of organic matter type, maturation level, and the likelihood of oil or gas generation. Catagenesis was pyrolytic despite the fact that it happened at relatively low temperatures (when compared to commercial pyrolysis plants) of 60 to several hundred °C. Pyrolysis was possible because of the long reaction times involved. Heat for catagenesis came from the decomposition of radioactive materials of the crust, especially ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, ²³⁵U and ²³⁸U. The heat varied with geothermal gradient and was typically 10–30 °C per km of depth from the Earth's surface. Unusual magma intrusions, however, could have created greater localized heating. ==== Tieqa taż-żejt (medda ta' temperaturi) ==== Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an ''"oil window"''. Below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen. Above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking. Sometimes, oil formed at extreme depths may migrate and become trapped at a much shallower level. The Athabasca oil sands are one example of this. === Żejt grezz abijoġeniku === An alternative mechanism to the one described above was proposed by Russian scientists in the mid-1850s, the hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin (petroleum formed by inorganic means), but this is contradicted by geological and geochemical evidence. Abiogenic sources of oil have been found but never in commercially profitable amounts. "The controversy isn't over whether abiogenic oil reserves exist," said Larry Nation of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. "The controversy is over how much they contribute to Earth's overall reserves and how much time and effort geologists should devote to seeking them out." == Riżervi == Three conditions must be present for a petroleum reservoir to form: * A source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deeply enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil, * A porous and permeable reservoir rock where it can accumulate, * A caprock (seal) or other mechanism to prevent the oil from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs. Because most hydrocarbons are less dense than rock or water, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping. The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where hydrocarbons are broken down to oil and natural gas by a set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions. The latter set is regularly used in petrochemical plants and oil refineries. Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling (natural petroleum springs are rare). Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisation (mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures). Wells are drilled into oil reservoirs to extract the crude oil. "Natural lift" production methods that rely on the natural reservoir pressure to force the oil to the surface are usually sufficient for a while after reservoirs are first tapped. In some reservoirs, such as in the Middle East, the natural pressure is sufficient over a long time. The natural pressure in most reservoirs, however, eventually dissipates. Then the oil must be extracted using "artificial lift" means. Over time, these "primary" methods become less effective and "secondary" production methods may be used. A common secondary method is "waterflood" or injection of water into the reservoir to increase pressure and force the oil to the drilled shaft or "wellbore". Eventually "tertiary" or "enhanced" oil recovery methods may be used to increase the oil's flow characteristics by injecting steam, carbon dioxide and other gases or chemicals into the reservoir. In the United States, primary production methods account for less than 40 percent of the oil produced on a daily basis, secondary methods account for about 50 percent, and tertiary recovery the remaining 10 percent. Extracting oil (or "bitumen") from oil/tar sand and oil shale deposits requires mining the sand or shale and heating it in a vessel or retort, or using "in-situ" methods of injecting heated liquids into the deposit and then pumping the liquid back out saturated with oil. === Riżervi taż-żejt mhux konvenzjonali === Oil-eating bacteria biodegrade oil that has escaped to the surface. Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped, vast amounts are still present—more than can be found in conventional oil reservoirs. The lighter fractions of the crude oil are destroyed first, resulting in reservoirs containing an extremely heavy form of crude oil, called crude bitumen in Canada, or extra-heavy crude oil in Venezuela. These two countries have the world's largest deposits of oil sands. On the other hand, oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed to heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Technically speaking, oil shales are not always shales and do not contain oil, but are fined-grain sedimentary rocks containing an insoluble organic solid called kerogen. The kerogen in the rock can be converted into crude oil using heat and pressure to simulate natural processes. The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tar, and oil out of a sort of stone." Although oil shales are found in many countries, the United States has the world's largest deposits. == Klassifikazzjoni == The petroleum industry generally classifies crude oil by the geographic location it is produced in (e.g., West Texas Intermediate, Brent, or Oman), its API gravity (an oil industry measure of density), and its sulfur content. Crude oil may be considered ''light'' if it has low density, ''heavy'' if it has high density, or ''medium'' if it has a density between that of ''light'' and ''heavy''. Additionally, it may be referred to as ''sweet'' if it contains relatively little sulfur or ''sour'' if it contains substantial amounts of sulfur. The geographic location is important because it affects transportation costs to the refinery. ''Light'' crude oil is more desirable than ''heavy'' oil since it produces a higher yield of gasoline, while ''sweet'' oil commands a higher price than ''sour'' oil because it has fewer environmental problems and requires less refining to meet sulfur standards imposed on fuels in consuming countries. Each crude oil has unique molecular characteristics which are revealed by the use of crude oil assay analysis in petroleum laboratories. Barrels from an area in which the crude oil's molecular characteristics have been determined and the oil has been classified are used as pricing references throughout the world. Some of the common reference crudes are: * West Texas Intermediate (WTI), a very high-quality, sweet, light oil delivered at Cushing, Oklahoma for North American oil. * Brent Blend, consisting of 15 oils from fields in the Brent and Ninian systems in the East Shetland Basin of the North Sea. The oil landed at Sullom Voe terminal in Shetland. Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off this oil, which forms a benchmark. * Dubai-Oman, used as a benchmark for the Middle East sour crude oil flowing to the Asia-Pacific region. * Tapis (from Malaysia, used as a reference for light Far East oil). * Minas (from Indonesia, used as a reference for heavy Far East oil). * The OPEC Reference Basket, a weighted average of oil blends from various OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries * Midway Sunset Heavy, by which heavy oil in California is priced.^{[''failed verification'']} * Western Canadian Select the benchmark crude oil for emerging heavy, high TAN (acidic) crudes. There are declining amounts of these benchmark oils being produced each year, so other oils are more commonly what is actually delivered. While the reference price may be for WTI delivered at Cushing, the actual oil being traded may be a discounted Canadian heavy oil – Western Canadian Select – delivered at Hardisty, Alberta, and for a Brent Blend delivered at Shetland, it may be a discounted Russian Export Blend delivered at the port of Primorsk. == Użu == Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by distillation, into numerous products for direct use or use in manufacturing, such as gasoline (petrol), diesel and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents (ethylene, propylene, butene, acrylic acid, para-xylene) used to make plastics, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. In terms of volume, most petroleum is converted into fuels for combustion engines. In terms of value, petroleum underpins the petrochemical industry, which includes many high value products such as pharmaceuticals and plastics. By volume, 84% of hydrocarbons present in petroleum are converted into fuels. === Fjuwils u lubrikanti === Due to its high energy density, easy transportability and relative abundance, oil has become the world's most important source of energy since the mid-1950s. Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for refining into fuel oil and gasoline, both important ''primary energy'' sources. , including gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and liquefied petroleum gas. Closely related to fuels for combustion engines are Lubricants, greases, and viscosity stabilizers. === Sustanzi kimiċi === Many pharmaceuticals are derived from petroleum, albeit via multi-step processes. Modern medicine depends on petroleum as a source of building blocks, reagents, and solvents. Similarly, virtually all pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides are derived from petroleum. Pesticides have profoundly affected life expectancies by controlling disease vectors and by increasing crop yield. Like pharmaceuticals, pesticides are in essence petrochemicals. Almost all plastics and synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum, which is the source of monomers. Alkenes (olefins) are one important class of these precursor molecules. === Derivati oħra === * Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others, paraffin wax, derived from petroleum oil. * Sulfur and its derivative sulfuric acid. Hydrogen sulfide is a product of sulfur removal from petroleum fraction. It is oxidized to elemental sulfur and then to sulfuric acid. * Bulk tar and asphalt. * Petroleum coke, used in speciality carbon products or as solid fuel. == Industrija == The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, synthetic fragrances, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Upstream regards exploration and extraction of crude oil, midstream encompasses transportation and storage of it, and downstream concerns refining crude oil into various end products. Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is necessary for the maintenance of industrial civilization in its current configuration, making it a critical concern for many nations. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world's energy consumption, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, to a high of 53% for the Middle East. Other geographic regions' consumption patterns are as follows: South and Central America (44%), Africa (41%), and North America (40%). The world consumes 36 billion barrels (5.8 km³) of oil per year, with developed nations being the largest consumers. The United States consumed 18% of the oil produced in 2015. The production, distribution, refining, and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represents the world's largest industry in terms of dollar value. === Trasport === Petroleum transport is the transportation of petroleum and derivatives such as gasoline (petrol). Petroleum products are transported via rail cars, trucks, tanker vessels, and pipeline networks. The method used to move the petroleum products depends on the volume that is being moved and its destination. Land-based transportation modes such as pipelines and rail each have strengths and weaknesses.  One of the key differences is the cost associated with transporting petroleum though pipeline or rail. The risks with moving petroleum products are pollution related and the chance of spillage. Petroleum oil is very hard to clean up and is very toxic to living animals and their surroundings. In the 1950s, shipping costs made up 33% of the price of oil transported from the Persian Gulf to the United States, but with the development of supertankers in the 1970s, the cost of shipping dropped to 5% of the price of Persian oil in the US. The share of the shipping cost on the final cost of the delivered commodity was less than 3% in 2010. === Prezz === The price of oil, or the oil price, generally refers to the spot price of a barrel (42 U.S. gallons; 159 liters) of benchmark crude oil—a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent Crude, Dubai Crude, OPEC Reference Basket, Tapis crude, Bonny Light, Urals oil, Isthmus, and Western Canadian Select (WCS) among others. Oil prices are determined by global supply and demand, rather than any country's domestic production level, although the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has considerable influence. === Trade === Crude oil is traded as a future on both the NYMEX and ICE exchanges. Futures contracts are agreements in which buyers and sellers agree to purchase and deliver specific amounts of physical crude oil on a given date in the future. A contract covers any multiple of 1,000 barrels and can be purchased up to nine years into the future. == Użu skont il-pajjiż == === Konsum === In the 2021 US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimate, the world consumes 97.26 million barrels of oil each day. This table orders the amount of petroleum consumed in 2011 in thousand barrels (1,000 bbl) per day and in thousand cubic metres (1,000 m³) per day: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Consuming nation 2011 !(1,000 bbl/ day) !(1,000 m³/ day) !Population in millions !bbl/year per capita !m³/year per capita !National production/ consumption |- |United States ¹ |18,835.5 |2,994.6 |314 |21.8 |3.47 |0.51 |- |China |9,790.0 |1,556.5 |1345 |2.7 |0.43 |0.41 |- |Japan ² |4,464.1 |709.7 |127 |12.8 |2.04 |0.03 |- |India ² |3,292.2 |523.4 |1198 |1 |0.16 |0.26 |- |Russia ¹ |3,145.1 |500.0 |140 |8.1 |1.29 |3.35 |- |Saudi Arabia (OPEC) |2,817.5 |447.9 |27 |40 |6.4 |3.64 |- |Brazil |2,594.2 |412.4 |193 |4.9 |0.78 |0.99 |- |Germany ² |2,400.1 |381.6 |82 |10.7 |1.70 |0.06 |- |Canada |2,259.1 |359.2 |33 |24.6 |3.91 |1.54 |- |South Korea ² |2,230.2 |354.6 |48 |16.8 |2.67 |0.02 |- |Mexico ¹ |2,132.7 |339.1 |109 |7.1 |1.13 |1.39 |- |France ² |1,791.5 |284.8 |62 |10.5 |1.67 |0.03 |- |Iran (OPEC) |1,694.4 |269.4 |74 |8.3 |1.32 |2.54 |- |United Kingdom ¹ |1,607.9 |255.6 |61 |9.5 |1.51 |0.93 |- |Italy ² |1,453.6 |231.1 |60 |8.9 |1.41 |0.10 |} Source: US Energy Information Administration Population Data: <small>¹ peak production of oil already passed in this state</small> <small>² This country is not a major oil producer</small> == Referenzi == 99jvjgdx9lds0n5z8lcrsvysdwgxur4 330582 330580 2026-06-17T10:37:08Z Trigcly 17859 /* Seklu 20 */ 330582 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Petroleum sample.jpg|daqsminuri|Kampjun taż-żejt.]] Iż-'''żejt''', magħruf ukoll bħala '''żejt grezz''', '''żejt mhux maħdum''' jew '''petroleum''' (mhux "pitrolju" li huwa kerosin jew żejt tal-paraffina), huwa riżorsa naturali b'dehra ta' taħlita [[kimika]] likwida [[Iswed|sewda]] fl-[[isfar]] li tinstab fil-formazzjonijiet [[Ġeoloġija|ġeoloġiċi]], u jikkonsisti primarjament minn idrokarburi.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.eia.gov/KIDS/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics-k.cfm|titlu=EIA Energy Kids - Oil (petroleum)|sit=www.eia.gov|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref> It-terminu ''petroleum'' jirreferi kemm għaż-żejt grezz mhux ipproċessat li jokkorri b'mod naturali, kif ukoll għall-prodotti tal-petroleum li jikkonsistu minn żejt grezz raffinat. Il-petroleum huwa fjuwil fossili li fforma tul miljuni ta' snin mid-diżintegrazzjoni anaerobika ta' materjali organiċi minn organiżmi [[Preistorja|preistoriċi]] mirdumin, b'mod partikolari l-plankton u l-algi. Huwa stmat li 70 % tad-depożiti taż-żejt tad-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]] ffurmaw matul il-perjodu Mesożojku, 20 % ffurmaw fil-perjodu Ċenożojku, u 10 % biss iffurmaw fil-perjodu Paleożojku.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Oil_formation|titlu=Oil formation - Energy Education|sit=energyeducation.ca|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref> Ir-riżervi konvenzjonali tal-petroleum jiġu rkuprati primarjament bit-tħaffir, li jsir wara studju tal-ġeoloġija strutturali rilevanti, analiżi tal-baċir sedimentarju, u karatterizzazzjoni tar-riżerva tal-petroleum. Hemm ukoll riżervi mhux konvenzjonali bħar-ramel taż-żejt u l-iskist keroġenuż li jiġu rkuprati bl-użu ta' metodi bħall-fratturazzjoni. [[Stampa:Oil well.jpg|daqsminuri|Bir taż-żejt.]] Ladarba jiġi estratt, iż-żejt jiġi raffinat u sseparat, l-iktar faċilment permezz tad-distillazzjoni, f'bosta prodotti għall-użu dirett jew għall-użu fil-manifattura. Il-prodotti tal-petroleum jinkludu l-fjuwils bħall-petrol, id-diżil, il-kerosin u l-fjuwil tal-ġettijiet; il-bitum, ix-xama' tal-paraffina u l-lubrikanti; ir-reaġenti li jintużaw għall-produzzjoni tal-plastik; is-solventi, it-tessuti, ir-refriġeranti, iż-żebgħa, il-lastku sintentiku, il-fertilizzanti, il-pestiċidi, il-farmaċewtiċi, u eluf ta' sustanzi petrokimiċi oħra. Il-petroleum jintuża għall-manifattura ta' varjetà wiesgħa ta' materjali essenzjali għall-ħajja moderna,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/01/stories/2011030155921100.htm|titlu=The Hindu : Opinion / News Analysis : Libyan tremors threaten to rattle the oil world|sit=www.hindu.com|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref> u huwa stmat li d-dinja tikkonsma madwar 100 miljun barmil (16-il miljun [[metru]] kubu) kuljum. Il-produzzjoni tal-petroleum kellha rwol ewlieni fl-industrijalizzazzjoni u fl-iżvilupp ekonomiku, speċjalment wara t-Tieni Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali. Xi pajjiżi għonja bir-riżervi taż-żejt kisbu influwenza ekonomika u internazzjonali sinifikanti matul l-aħħar nofs tas-seklu 20 minħabba l-kontroll tagħhom tal-produzzjoni u tal-kummerċ taż-żejt. [[Stampa:Photo lg kuwait.jpg|daqsminuri|Raffinerija taż-żejt fil-[[Kuwajt]].]] Il-petroleum huwa riżorsa naturali mhux rinnovabbli, u l-isfruttament tiegħu jagħmel ħsara lill-[[Ambjent (bijoloġija)|ambjent]] naturali, lis-sistema klimatika u lis-saħħa tal-[[bniedem]]. L-estrazzjoni, ir-raffinar u l-ħruq tal-fjuwils tal-petroleum ipattu negattivament għall-bjar tal-karbonju billi jirrilaxxaw kwantitajiet kbar ta' gassijiet tal-effett ta' serra lura fl-[[atmosfera]] tad-Dinja, u b'hekk il-petroleum huwa wieħed mill-kontributuri ewlenin tat-[[tibdil fil-klima]] antropoġeniku. Effetti ambjentali negattivi oħra, kważi fl-istadji kollha tal-użu, jinkludu r-rilaxx dirett — bħall-irqajja' jew it-tnixxijiet taż-żejt — u t-tniġġis sekondarju tas-sorsi tal-arja u tal-ilma. Storikament, il-prossimità għad-depożiti tal-petroleum, u l-aċċess u l-ipprezzar sussegwenti taż-żejt, qanqlu l-kunflitti domestiċi u ġeopolitiċi, il-gwerer taż-żejt issanzjonati mill-istat, it-tensjonijiet diplomatiċi u kummerċjali, id-diżgwidi marbuta mal-politika dwar l-enerġija u kunflitti oħra b'rabta mar-riżorsi. Filwaqt li huwa stmat li l-produzzjoni se tilħaq il-produzzjoni massima taż-żejt qabel l-2035, l-enfasi ekonomika globali fuq il-mitigazzjoni tat-tibdil fil-klima fit-tranżizzjoni lejn sorsi tal-enerġija rinnovabbli u ż-żieda fl-elettrifikazzjoni se tnaqqas ferm id-dipendenza fuq il-petroleum. == [[Etimoloġija]] == Il-[[kelma]] ''petroleum'' ġejja mil-[[Lingwa Latina|Latin]] [[Medjuevu|Medjevali]] ''petroleum'' (li litteralment tfisser "żejt tal-blat"), li oriġinat mil-Latin: ''petra'' li tfisser "blat" (mill-[[Lingwa Griega|Grieg]]: ''pétra'' πέτρα) u ''oleum'' li tfisser "żejt" (mill-Grieg: ''élaion'' ἔλαιον).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=petroleum|titlu=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: petroleum|kunjom=Publishers|isem=HarperCollins|sit=www.ahdictionary.com|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita enċiklopedija|titlu=petroleum|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/petroleum|data-aċċess=2026-06-16}}</ref> L-oriġini tat-terminu tirriżulta mill-monasteri fin-Nofsinhar tal-[[Italja]] fejn kien jintuża sal-aħħar tal-ewwel millenju bħala alternattiva għall-eqdem terminu, "nafta".<ref>van Dijk, J.P. (2022); Unravelling the Maze of Scientific Writing Through the eras: On the Origins of the Terms Hydrocarbon, Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Methane. Amazon Publishers, 166 pp. PaperBack Edition B0BKRZRKHW. ISBN 979-8-3539-8917-2.</ref> Wara dak il-perjodu, it-terminu ntuża f'bosta manuskritti u kotba, bħat-trattat ''De Natura Fossilium'', ippubblikat fl-1546 mill-mineraloġista [[Ġermanja|Ġermaniż]] [[Georg Bauer]]. Wara l-wasla tal-industrija taż-żejt matul it-tieni nofs tas-seklu 19, it-terminu sar magħruf sew għall-forma likwida tal-idrokarburi.<ref>Bauer, Georg (1955) [1546]. ''De Natura Fossilium''. Translated by Bandy, Mark Chance; Bandy, Jean A. Mineola, NY: Dover.</ref> == [[Storja]] == === Storja bikrija === Iż-żejt, f'xi forma jew oħra, ilu jintuża minn żmien il-qedem. Iktar minn 4,300 sena ilu, il-bitum issemma meta użawh is-[[Sumeri]] għall-produzzjoni tad-dgħajjes. Tavla tal-leġġenda tat-twelid ta' Sargon ta' Akkad issemmi qoffa li ngħalqet bit-tiben u bil-bitum. Iktar minn 4,000 sena ilu, skont [[Erodotu]] u Diodorus Siculus, l-asfalt (bitum) intuża fil-kostruzzjoni tal-ħitan u tat-torrijiet tal-[[Babilonja]]; kien hemm fosos taż-żejt qrib Ardericca u l-Babilonja u fawwara taż-żift f'Zakynthos. Fil-Babilonja, il-petroleum kien jintuża fil-kostruzzjoni tat-toroq, fit-tqalfit tal-bastimenti u fil-[[mediċina]]. L-użu tal-petroleum fiċ-[[Ċina]] tal-qedem imur lura iktar minn 2,000 sena. L-''I Ching'', waħda mill-iżjed kitbiet Ċiniżi bikrin, tikkwota li ż-żejt grezz, mhux raffinat, ġie skopert, estratt u ntuża fiċ-Ċina għall-ewwel darba fis-seklu 1 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. Barra minn hekk, iċ-Ċiniżi kienu l-ewwel li rreġistraw l-użu tal-petroleum bħala fjuwil saħansitra fis-seklu 4 Q.K. Sat-347 [[WK|W.K]]., iż-żejt ġie prodott mill-bjar imħaffrin bil-bambù fiċ-Ċina. Fis-seklu 7, il-petroleum kien fost l-ingredjenti essenzjali għall-hekk imsejjaħ nar tal-[[Greċja]], jiġifieri arma ppuntata mqabbda bin-nar li kienet tintuża mill-Griegi [[Biżantini]] kontra l-bastimenti [[Għarab]] li kienu qed jattakkaw [[Kostantinopli]]. Iż-żejt grezz ġie distillat minn spiżjara [[Persjani]], b'deskrizzjonijiet ċari mogħtija f'manwali bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]] bħal dawk ta' [[Abu Bakr al-Razi]]. Fis-seklu 9, is-siti tat-tħaffir għaż-żejt ġew sfruttati fl-inħawi madwar [[Baku]] moderna, l-[[Ażerbajġan]]. Dawn is-siti ġew deskritti minn Abu Bakr al-Razi fis-seklu 10 u minn [[Marco Polo]] fis-seklu 13, li jiddeskrivi l-output ta' dawk il-bjar bħala mijiet ta' tagħbijiet tal-bastimenti. L-ispiżjara Għarab u Persjani wettqu d-distillazzjoni taż-żejt grezz biex jipproduċu prodotti li jieħdu n-nar għal skopijiet militari. Permezz ta' [[Spanja]] [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]], id-distillazzjoni saret disponibbli fil-Punent tal-[[Ewropa]] sas-seklu 12. Sas-seklu 13 saret preżenti fir-[[Rumanija]] wkoll u ġiet irreġistrata bħala păcură. Fosos sofistikati taż-żejt, fondi bejn 4.5 sa 6 metri (15 sa 20 pied), tħaffru mill-poplu Seneka u Iroquois oħra fil-Punent ta' Pennsylvania diġà fl-1415–1450. Il-Ġeneral [[Franza|Franċiż]] [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] iltaqa' mal-poplu Seneka bl-użu tal-petroleum għan-nar ċerimonjali u bħala ingwent ta' fejqan matul żjara fil-Forti ta' Duquesne fl-1750. Esploraturi [[Renju Unit|Brittaniċi]] bikrin lejn il-[[Burma|Myanmar]] iddokumentaw industrija tal-estrazzjoni taż-żejt fl-aqwa tagħha bbażata f'Yenangyaung, li fl-1795 kellha mijiet ta' bjar imħaffrin bl-idejn. Merkwiller-Pechelbronn jingħad li huwa l-ewwel sit Ewropew fejn saret l-ewwel esplorazzjoni għaż-żejt u fejn sar l-ewwel użu taż-żejt. Erdpechquelle, fawwara li għadha attiva fejn il-petroleum jitfaċċa mħallat mal-ilma, ilha tintuża mill-1498, b'mod partikolari għal skopijiet mediċi. === Seklu 19 === F'nofs is-seklu 19, il-bjar taż-żejt żviluppaw malajr f'diversi partijiet tad-dinja, għalkemm liema bir taż-żejt ġie l-ewwel jiddependi fuq il-kriterji. Fl-1846, grupp ta' inġiniera Imperjali [[Russja|Russi]] mmexxija mill-Maġġur Alexeyev tal-Korp tal-Inġiniera tal-Estrazzjoni ta' Bakinskii b'kumbinazzjoni sabu ż-żejt huma u jħaffru bl-idejn b'rigg primittiv tal-perkussjoni f'Bibi-Heybat, qrib Baku (issa l-Ażerbajġan), għalkemm ma kinux qed ifittxu speċifikament għaż-żejt. Fl-1853, [[Ignacy Łukasiewicz]], li skopra kif issir id-distillazzjoni tal-kerosin miż-żejt grezz fix-xquq tal-blat u vvinta l-lampa moderna tal-kerosin, ħaffer b'idejh l-ewwel bir intenzjonali għall-estrazzjoni kummerċjali taż-żejt f'Bóbrka, il-[[Polonja]], għall-provvista tal-fjuwil għat-tidwil (għadu operattiv). Fl-1857 tħaffer bir ieħor bl-idejn u nbniet raffinerija oħra qrib Ploiești, ir-Rumanija. Ir-Rumanija (dak iż-żmien vassall tal-[[Imperu Ottoman]]) kienet l-ewwel pajjiż fid-dinja li kellu l-output annwali taż-żejt grezz irreġistrat uffiċjalment fl-istatistika internazzjonali – 275 tunnellata għall-1857. Fl-1858, [[Georg Christian Konrad Hunäus]] sab ammont sinifikanti ta' petroleum hu u jħaffer għal-linjite f'Wietze, il-Ġermanja. Il-belt ta' Wietze iktar 'il quddiem ipprovdiet madwar 80 % tal-konsum Ġermaniż fl-Era ta' Wilhelm. Il-produzzjoni waqfet fl-1963, iżda l-belt ta' Wietze ospitat [[mużew]] tal-petroleum mill-1970. Ir-ramel taż-żejt ilhom jiġu estratti mis-seklu 18. Fil-belt ta' Wietze, l-asfalt jew il-bitum naturali ilu jiġi esplorat mis-seklu 18. Kemm f'Pechelbronn kif ukoll f'Wietze, l-industrija tal-faħam iddominat it-teknoloġiji tal-petroleum. L-ispiżjar [[James Young]] fl-1847 innota tnixxija tal-petroleum naturali fil-minjiera tal-faħam f'Riddings, Derbyshire, li minnha huwa wettaq id-distillazzjoni ta' żejt irqiq ħafif adattat għall-użu bħala żejt tal-lampi, u fl-istess ħin kiseb żejt iktar viskuż adattat għal-lubrikazzjoni tal-makkinarju. Fl-1848, Young stabbilixxa negozju żgħir tar-raffinar taż-żejt grezz. Eventwalment Young irnexxielu (permezz tad-distillazzjoni tal-faħam tal-kannol bi sħana baxxa) joħloq fluwidu simili għall-petroleum, li meta jiġi ttrattat bl-istess mod bħaż-żejt mix-xquq jagħti prodotti simili. Young sab li permezz tad-distillazzjoni bil-mod huwa seta' jikseb diversi likwidi utli minnu, u wieħed minnu semmih bħala "żejt tal-paraffina" peress li f'temperaturi baxxi kien jagħqad f'sustanza simili għax-xama' tal-paraffina. Il-produzzjoni ta' dawn iż-żjut u tax-xama' solida tal-paraffina mill-faħam kienu soġġetti għal privattiva min-naħa tiegħu tas-17 ta' Ottubru 1850. Fl-1850, Young & Meldrum u [[Edward William Binney]] daħlu fi sħubija bit-titlu ta' E.W. Binney & Co. f'Bathgate f'West Lothian u E. Meldrum & Co. fi [[Glasgow]]; ix-xogħlijiet tagħhom f'Bathgate tlestew fl-1851 u saru l-ewwel impjanti kummerċjali reali taż-żejt fid-dinja bl-ewwel raffinerija moderna taż-żejt. Id-domanda għall-petroleum bħala fjuwil għat-tidwil fl-[[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta' Fuq]] u madwar id-dinja kibret malajr. L-ewwel bir taż-żejt fl-Amerki tħaffer fl-1859 minn [[Edwin Drake]] f'dak li issa jissejjaħ bħala l-Bir ta' Drake fil-muniċipalità ta' Cherrytree, Pennsylvania. Hemm ukoll kumpanija assoċjata miegħu, u minnha nibtet espansjoni kbira u rapida tal-industrija taż-żejt globali. Fl-istess sena tfaċċaw il-bjar bit-tħaffir mekkaniku f'West Virginia. L-ewwel bir kummerċjali taż-żejt fil-[[Kanada]] sar operattiv fl-1858 f'Oil Springs, [[Ontario]]. In-negozjant [[James Miller Williams]] ħaffer diversi bjar bejn l-1855 u l-1858 qabel ma skopra riżerva rikka taż-żejt 4 metri taħt l-art. Williams wettaq l-estrazzjoni ta' 1.5 miljun litru ta' żejt grezz sal-1860, u wettaq ir-raffinar tal-biċċa l-kbira minnu f'żejt tal-kerosin. Il-bir ta' Williams sar kummerċjalment vijabbli sena qabel l-operat ta' Pennsylvania ta' Drake u jista' jitqies bħala l-ewwel bir kummerċjali taż-żejt fl-Amerka ta' Fuq. L-iskoperta f'Oil Springs skattat espansjoni taż-żejt li wasslet biex mijiet ta' spekulaturi u ħaddiema jiġu fl-inħawi. L-avvanzi fit-tħaffir baqgħu għaddejjin fl-1862 meta ħaddiem lokali tat-tħaffir, Shaw, laħaq fond ta' 62 metru bl-użu ta' metodu tat-tħaffir b'armlu f'fawwara. Fis-16 ta' Jannar 1862, wara splużjoni tal-gass naturali, ġie prodott l-ewwel bir taż-żejt bi fluss naturali fil-Kanada, li spara ż-żejt fl-arja b'rata rreġistrata ta' 480 metru kubu (3,000 bbl) kuljum. Sal-aħħar tas-seklu 19, l-Imperu Russu, b'mod partikolari l-kumpanija Branobel fl-Ażerbajġan, ħadet ir-riedni f'idejha fil-produzzjoni. === Seklu 20 === Fis-snin 30 tas-seklu 20, [[Alfred Treibs]] iddetermina l-oriġini bijoloġika tal-petroleum, li qabel kienet kontroversjali. L-aċċess għaż-żejt kien fattur ewlieni f'diversi kunflitti militari tas-seklu 20, inkluż [[it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], li matulha l-faċilitajiet taż-żejt kienu assi strateġiku importanti u kienu jiġu bbumbardjati b'mod estensiv. L-invażjoni Ġermaniża tal-[[Unjoni Sovjetika]] kienet tinkludi l-għan li jinħatfu s-siti tal-produzzjoni taż-żejt ta' Baku, peress li dawn kienu jipprovdu l-provvista taż-żejt tant meħtieġa għall-militar Ġermaniż li kien qed ibati minħabba l-imblokkar tar-riżorsi. L-esplorazzjoni għaż-żejt fl-Amerka ta' Fuq matul il-bidu tas-seklu 20 wasslet biex l-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]] jsiru l-produttur ewlieni sa nofs is-seklu. Il-produzzjoni tal-petroleum fl-Istati Uniti laħqet il-qofol tagħha matul is-snin 60 tas-seklu 20, għalkemm l-[[Arabja Sawdija]] u l-Unjoni Sovjetika qabżu lill-Istati Uniti bħala output totali. Matul il-kriżi taż-żejt tal-1973, l-Arabja Sawdija u nazzjonijiet [[Għarab]] oħra imponew embargo fuq iż-żejt kontra l-Istati Uniti, ir-[[Renju Unit]], il-[[Ġappun]] u nazzjonijiet oħra tal-Punent li appoġġaw lil [[Iżrael]] fil-Gwerra tal-Yom Kippur. Din il-kriżi ġiet segwita mill-kriżi taż-żejt tal-1979, li ġiet ikkawżata minn tnaqqis fil-produzzjoni taż-żejt fid-dawl tar-Rivoluzzjoni Iranjana u wasslet biex il-prezzijiet taż-żejt jogħlew b'iktar mid-doppju. Iż-żewġ xokkijiet fil-prezzijiet taż-żejt kellhom effetti fi żmien qasir u fit-tul fuq il-politika globali u fuq l-ekonomija globali. Dawn wasslu għal tnaqqis sostanzjali fid-domanda bħala riżultat tas-sostituzzjoni ma' fjuwils oħra, speċjalment il-faħam u l-enerġija nukleari, u għal titjib fl-effiċjenza fl-użu tal-enerġija, iffaċilitat mill-politiki tal-gvernijiet. Il-prezzijiet għoljin taż-żejt qanqlu wkoll investiment fil-produzzjoni taż-żejt mill-pajjiżi mhux tal-[[OPEC]], inkluż il-Bajja ta' Prudhoe fl-[[Alaska]], is-siti lil hinn mill-kosta fil-[[Baħar tat-Tramuntana]] tar-Renju Unit u tan-[[Norveġja]], is-sit lil hinn mill-kosta ta' Cantarell tal-[[Messiku]] u r-ramel taż-żejt fil-[[Kanada]]. === Seklu 21 === Madwar 90 fil-mija tal-ħtiġijiet tal-fjuwil tal-vetturi jiġu ssodisfati miż-żejt. Il-petroleum jirrappreżenta sa 40 fil-mija tal-konsum totali tal-enerġija fl-Istati Uniti, iżda huwa responsabbli għal 1 fil-mija biss tal-ġenerazzjoni tal-elettriku. Il-valur tal-petroleum bħala sors portabbli u dens tal-enerġija li jintuża għall-maġġoranza l-kbira tal-vetturi u bħala l-bażi ta' bosta sustanzi kimiċi industrijali jagħmluh wieħed mill-iżjed prodotti bażiċi importanti tad-dinja. L-iktar tliet pajjiżi li jipproduċu ż-żejt sal-2018 huma l-Istati Uniti, ir-Russja u l-Arabja Sawdija. Fl-2018, parzjalment minħabba l-iżviluppi fil-fratturazzjoni idrawlika u fit-tħaffir orizzontali, l-Istati Uniti saru l-ikbar produttur tad-dinja. Madwar 80 fil-mija tar-riżervi aċċessibbli fid-dinja jinsabu fil-Lvant Nofsani, bi 62.5 fil-mija ġejjin minn ħames pajjiżi Għarab: l-Arabja Sawdija, l-[[Emirati Għarab Magħquda]], l-[[Iraq]], il-[[Qatar]] u l-[[Kuwajt]]. Parti kbira miż-żejt totali fid-dinja teżisti bħala sorsi mhux konvenzjonali, bħall-bitum fir-ramel taż-żejt f'Athabasca u ż-żejt kombustibbli fil-Medda ta' Orinoco. Filwaqt li volumi sinifikanti taż-żejt jiġu estratti mir-ramel taż-żejt, b'mod partikolari fil-Kanada, għad fadal ostakli loġistiċi u tekniċi, peress li l-estrazzjoni taż-żejt tirrikjedi ammonti kbar ta' sħana u ta' ilma, u b'hekk il-kontenut nett tal-enerġija huwa pjuttost baxx meta mqabbel maż-żejt grezz konvenzjonali. Għaldaqstant, mhux mistenni li r-ramel taż-żejt tal-Kanada jipprovdi iktar minn ftit miljuni ta' bramel kuljum fil-futur. Bosta kunflitti ġeopolitiċi moderni huma dovuti għall-petroleum. == Kompożizzjoni == Il-petroleum jikkonsisti minn varjetà ta' komponenti likwidi, gassużi u solidi. L-idrokarburi iktar ħfief huma l-gassijiet: metan, etan, propan u butan. Apparti minn hekk il-biċċa l-kbira tal-likwidi u tas-solidi huma komposti kimiċi itqal, spiss idrokarburi (C u H biss). Il-proporzjon ta' idrokarburi ħfief f'taħlita tal-petroleum ivarja minn sit tal-estrazzjoni taż-żejt għal ieħor. Bir taż-żejt jipproduċi l-iktar żejt grezz. Peress li l-pressjoni tkun iktar baxxa fil-wiċċ milli taħt l-art, ftit mill-gass joħroġ mis-soluzzjoni u jiġi rkuprat (jew jinħaraq) bħala gass assoċjat jew gas tas-soluzzjoni. Bir tal-gass jipproduċi l-iktar gass naturali. Madankollu, minħabba li t-temperatura taħt l-art tkun ogħla fil-wiċċ, il-gass jaf ikun fih idrokarburi tqal bħall-pentan, l-eżan u l-eptan ("kondensat tal-gass naturali", spiss magħruf fil-qosor bħala kondensat). Il-kondensat huwa simili għall-petrol bħala dehra u bħala kompożizzjoni huwa simili għal xi żjut grezzi ħfief u volatili. L-idrokarburi fiż-żejt grezz fil-biċċa l-kbira huma alkani, ċikloalkani u diversi idrokarburi aromatiċi, filwaqt li komposti organiċi oħra fihom in-[[nitroġenu]], l-[[ossiġenu]] u l-kubrit, kif ukoll traċċi ta' metalli bħall-[[ħadid]], in-nikil, ir-ram u l-vanadju. Bosta riżervi taż-żejt fihom batterji [[Ħajja|ħajjin]]. Il-kompożizzjoni molekolari taż-żejt grezz tvarja ferm minn formazzjoni għal oħra, iżda l-proporzjon ta' [[Element kimiku|elementi kimiċi]] jvarja bi ftit kif ġej: {| class="wikitable" |+Kompożizzjoni skont il-piż !Element !Medda perċentwali |- |[[Karbonju]] |83 sa 85 % |- |[[Idroġenu]] |10 sa 14 % |- |Nitroġenu |0.1 sa 2 % |- |Ossiġenu |0.05 sa 1.5 % |- |Kubrit |0.05 sa 6.0 % |- |Metalli |< 0.1 % |} Fiż-żejt grezz hemm erba' tipi differenti ta' idrokarburi. Il-perċentwal relattiv ta' kull wieħed ivarja u jiddetermina l-proprjetajiet ta' kull żejt. {| class="wikitable" |+Kompożizzjoni skont il-piż !Idrokarburi !Medja !Medda |- |Alkani (paraffini) |30 % |15 sa 60 % |- |Nafteni |49 % |30 sa 60 % |- |Aromatiċi |15 % |3 sa 30 % |- |Asfaltiċi |6 % |remainder |} L-alkani mill-pentan (C₅H₁₂) sal-oktan (C₈H₁₈) jiġu raffinati f'petrol, dawk min-nonan (C₉H₂₀) jiġu raffinati f'eżadekan (C₁₆H₃₄) fi fjuwil tad-diżil, f'kerosin u fi fjuwil tal-ġettijiet. L-alkani b'iktar minn 16-il [[atomu]] tal-karbonju jistgħu jiġu raffinati f'żejt tal-fjuwil u f'żejt tal-lubrikazzjoni. Fin-naħa l-iktar tqila tal-medda, ix-xama' tal-paraffina hija alkan b'madwar 25 atomu tal-karbonju, filwaqt li l-asfalt fih 35 jew iktar, għalkemm normalment dawn jixxaqqu f'raffineriji moderni fi prodotti iktar ta' valur. L-eħfef naħa tal-medda, l-hekk imsejħa gassijiet tal-petroleum, jiġu soġġetti għal diversità ta' pproċessar li jiddependi skont il-kostijiet. Dawn il-gassijiet jinħarqu, jinbiegħu bħala gass tal-petroleum likwifikat jew jintużaw biex iqabbdu l-berners stess tar-raffineriji. Matul ix-xitwa, il-butan (C₄H₁₀) jitħallat mal-petrol b'rati għoljin peress li l-ħafna fwar li jipproduċi jgħin il-vetturi jistartjaw meta jkollhom magna li tkun għadha bierda. L-idrokarburi aromatiċi huma idrokarburi mhux saturati b'anella waħda jew iktar tal-benżen. Għandhom it-tendenza li jinħarqu bi fjamma mimlija nugrufun, u bosta jkollhom aroma ħelwa. Uħud huma karċinoġeniċi. Dawn il-komponenti differenti jiġu sseparati permezz tad-distillazzjoni frazzjonarja f'raffinerija taż-żejt biex jiġu prodotti l-petrol, il-fjuwil tal-ġettijiet, il-kerosin u frazzjonijiet oħra tal-idrokarburi. Il-komponenti f'kampjun taż-żejt jistgħu jiġu ddeterminati permezz tal-kromatografija tal-gassijiet u tal-ispettrometrija tal-massa. Minħabba l-għadd kbir ta' idrokarburi koelwiti fi ħdan iż-żejt, ħafna minnhom ma jistgħux jiġu indirizzati bil-kromatografija tradizzjonali tal-gassijiet. Din it-taħlita kumplessa tal-idrokarburi hija apparenti b'mod partikolari meta jiġu analizzati ż-żjut affettwati mill-elementi u l-estratti mit-tessuti tal-organiżmi esposti għaż-żejt. Iż-żejt grezz ivarja ferm fid-dehra skont il-kompożizzjoni tiegħu. Normalment ikun [[iswed]] jew [[Kannella (kulur)|kannella]] skur (għalkemm jaf ikun fl-[[isfar]], fl-[[aħmar]] jew saħansitra fl-[[aħdar]]). Fir-riżerva normalment jinstab flimkien mal-gass naturali (li peress li huwa eħfef jifforma "kappa tal-gass" fuq il-petroleum) u mal-ilma b'salinità (li peress li huwa itqal mill-biċċa l-kbira tal-forom taż-żejt grezz, ġeneralment jibqa' taħtu). Iż-żejt grezz jista' jinstab ukoll f'forma semisolida mħallat mar-ramel u mal-ilma, bħal fir-ramel taż-żejt ta' Athabasca fil-Kanada, fejn normalment jissejjaħ bħala bitum grezz. Fil-Kanada, il-bitum jitqies bħala forma twaħħal, sewda u qisha qatran taż-żejt grezz li tant ikun oħxon u tqil li jrid jissaħħan jew jiġi dilwit qabel ma jnixxi. Il-[[Veneżwela|Venezwela]] wkoll għandha ammonti kbar ta' żejt fir-ramel taż-żejt ta' Orinoco, għalkemm l-idrokarburi maqbuda hemm huma inqas viskużi milli fil-Kanada, u normalment jissejjaħ żejt kombustibbli ħafna. Ir-riżorsi tar-ramel taż-żejt jissejħu żejt mhux konvenzjonali biex issir distinzjoni maż-żejt li jista' jiġi estratt bl-użu ta' metodi tradizzjonali tal-bjar taż-żejt. Huwa stmat li bejniethom, il-Kanada u l-Venezwela għandhom 3.6 triljun barmil (570×10⁹ m³) ta' bitum u ta' żejt kombustibbli ħafna, jiġifieri madwar id-doppju tal-volum tar-riżervi tad-dinja ta' żejt konvenzjonali. == Formazzjoni == === Żejt grezz mill-fossili === Petroleum is a fossil fuel derived from fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae. Vast amounts of these remains settled to sea or lake bottoms where they were covered in stagnant water (water with no dissolved oxygen) or sediments (such as mud and silt) faster than they could decompose aerobically. Approximately 1 m below this sediment, water oxygen concentration was low, below 0.1 mg/L, and anoxic conditions existed. Temperatures also remained constant. As further layers settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. This process caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as kerogen (found in various oil shales around the world) and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons via a process known as catagenesis. Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis in a variety of mainly endothermic reactions at high temperatures or pressures, or both. These phases are described in detail below. ==== Diżintegrazzjoni anaeronika ==== In the absence of plentiful oxygen, ''aerobic'' bacteria were prevented from decaying the organic matter after it was buried under a layer of sediment or water. However, ''anaerobic'' bacteria were able to reduce sulfates and nitrates among the matter to H₂S and N₂ respectively by using the matter as a source for other reactants. Due to such anaerobic bacteria, at first, this matter began to break apart mostly via hydrolysis: polysaccharides and proteins were hydrolyzed to simple sugars and amino acids respectively. These were further anaerobically oxidized at an accelerated rate by the enzymes of the bacteria: e.g., proteins went through oxidative deamination to amino acids, which in turn reacted further to ammonia and α-keto acids. Monosaccharides in turn ultimately decayed to CO₂ and methane. The anaerobic decay products of amino acids, monosaccharides, phenols and aldehydes combined into fulvic acids. Fats and waxes were not extensively hydrolyzed under these mild conditions. ==== Formazzjoni tal-keroġen ==== Some phenolic compounds produced from previous reactions worked as bactericides and the Actinomycetales order of bacteria also produced antibiotic compounds (e.g., streptomycin). Thus the action of anaerobic bacteria ceased at about 10 m below the water or sediment. The mixture at this depth contained fulvic acids, unreacted and partially reacted fats and waxes, slightly modified lignin, resins and other hydrocarbons. As more layers of organic matter settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. As a consequence, compounds of this mixture began to combine in poorly understood ways to kerogen. Combination happened in a similar fashion as phenol and formaldehyde molecules react to urea-formaldehyde resins, but kerogen formation occurred in a more complex manner due to a bigger variety of reactants. The total process of kerogen formation from the beginning of anaerobic decay is called '''diagenesis''', a word that means a transformation of materials by dissolution and recombination of their constituents. ==== Trasformazzjoni tal-keroġen fi fjuwils fossili ==== Kerogen formation continued to a depth of about 1 km from the Earth's surface where temperatures may reach around 50 °C. Kerogen formation represents a halfway point between organic matter and fossil fuels: kerogen can be exposed to oxygen, oxidize and thus be lost, or it could be buried deeper inside the Earth's crust and be subjected to conditions which allow it to slowly transform into fossil fuels like petroleum. The latter happened through '''catagenesis''' in which the reactions were mostly radical rearrangements of kerogen. These reactions took thousands to millions of years, and no external reactants were involved. Due to the radical nature of these reactions, kerogen reacted towards two classes of products: those with low H/C ratio (anthracene or products similar to it) and those with high H/C ratio (methane or products similar to it); i.e., carbon-rich or hydrogen-rich products. Because catagenesis was closed off from external reactants, the resulting composition of the fuel mixture was dependent on the composition of the kerogen via reaction stoichiometry. Three types of kerogen exist: type I (algal), II (liptinic) and III (humic), which were formed mainly from algae, plankton and woody plants (this term includes trees, shrubs and lianas) respectively. The hydrocarbon-generating potential and thermal maturity of petroleum source rocks are commonly evaluated using Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance measurements, which provide quantitative indicators of organic matter type, maturation level, and the likelihood of oil or gas generation. Catagenesis was pyrolytic despite the fact that it happened at relatively low temperatures (when compared to commercial pyrolysis plants) of 60 to several hundred °C. Pyrolysis was possible because of the long reaction times involved. Heat for catagenesis came from the decomposition of radioactive materials of the crust, especially ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, ²³⁵U and ²³⁸U. The heat varied with geothermal gradient and was typically 10–30 °C per km of depth from the Earth's surface. Unusual magma intrusions, however, could have created greater localized heating. ==== Tieqa taż-żejt (medda ta' temperaturi) ==== Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an ''"oil window"''. Below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen. Above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking. Sometimes, oil formed at extreme depths may migrate and become trapped at a much shallower level. The Athabasca oil sands are one example of this. === Żejt grezz abijoġeniku === An alternative mechanism to the one described above was proposed by Russian scientists in the mid-1850s, the hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin (petroleum formed by inorganic means), but this is contradicted by geological and geochemical evidence. Abiogenic sources of oil have been found but never in commercially profitable amounts. "The controversy isn't over whether abiogenic oil reserves exist," said Larry Nation of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. "The controversy is over how much they contribute to Earth's overall reserves and how much time and effort geologists should devote to seeking them out." == Riżervi == Three conditions must be present for a petroleum reservoir to form: * A source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deeply enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil, * A porous and permeable reservoir rock where it can accumulate, * A caprock (seal) or other mechanism to prevent the oil from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs. Because most hydrocarbons are less dense than rock or water, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping. The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where hydrocarbons are broken down to oil and natural gas by a set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions. The latter set is regularly used in petrochemical plants and oil refineries. Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling (natural petroleum springs are rare). Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisation (mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures). Wells are drilled into oil reservoirs to extract the crude oil. "Natural lift" production methods that rely on the natural reservoir pressure to force the oil to the surface are usually sufficient for a while after reservoirs are first tapped. In some reservoirs, such as in the Middle East, the natural pressure is sufficient over a long time. The natural pressure in most reservoirs, however, eventually dissipates. Then the oil must be extracted using "artificial lift" means. Over time, these "primary" methods become less effective and "secondary" production methods may be used. A common secondary method is "waterflood" or injection of water into the reservoir to increase pressure and force the oil to the drilled shaft or "wellbore". Eventually "tertiary" or "enhanced" oil recovery methods may be used to increase the oil's flow characteristics by injecting steam, carbon dioxide and other gases or chemicals into the reservoir. In the United States, primary production methods account for less than 40 percent of the oil produced on a daily basis, secondary methods account for about 50 percent, and tertiary recovery the remaining 10 percent. Extracting oil (or "bitumen") from oil/tar sand and oil shale deposits requires mining the sand or shale and heating it in a vessel or retort, or using "in-situ" methods of injecting heated liquids into the deposit and then pumping the liquid back out saturated with oil. === Riżervi taż-żejt mhux konvenzjonali === Oil-eating bacteria biodegrade oil that has escaped to the surface. Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped, vast amounts are still present—more than can be found in conventional oil reservoirs. The lighter fractions of the crude oil are destroyed first, resulting in reservoirs containing an extremely heavy form of crude oil, called crude bitumen in Canada, or extra-heavy crude oil in Venezuela. These two countries have the world's largest deposits of oil sands. On the other hand, oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed to heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Technically speaking, oil shales are not always shales and do not contain oil, but are fined-grain sedimentary rocks containing an insoluble organic solid called kerogen. The kerogen in the rock can be converted into crude oil using heat and pressure to simulate natural processes. The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tar, and oil out of a sort of stone." Although oil shales are found in many countries, the United States has the world's largest deposits. == Klassifikazzjoni == The petroleum industry generally classifies crude oil by the geographic location it is produced in (e.g., West Texas Intermediate, Brent, or Oman), its API gravity (an oil industry measure of density), and its sulfur content. Crude oil may be considered ''light'' if it has low density, ''heavy'' if it has high density, or ''medium'' if it has a density between that of ''light'' and ''heavy''. Additionally, it may be referred to as ''sweet'' if it contains relatively little sulfur or ''sour'' if it contains substantial amounts of sulfur. The geographic location is important because it affects transportation costs to the refinery. ''Light'' crude oil is more desirable than ''heavy'' oil since it produces a higher yield of gasoline, while ''sweet'' oil commands a higher price than ''sour'' oil because it has fewer environmental problems and requires less refining to meet sulfur standards imposed on fuels in consuming countries. Each crude oil has unique molecular characteristics which are revealed by the use of crude oil assay analysis in petroleum laboratories. Barrels from an area in which the crude oil's molecular characteristics have been determined and the oil has been classified are used as pricing references throughout the world. Some of the common reference crudes are: * West Texas Intermediate (WTI), a very high-quality, sweet, light oil delivered at Cushing, Oklahoma for North American oil. * Brent Blend, consisting of 15 oils from fields in the Brent and Ninian systems in the East Shetland Basin of the North Sea. The oil landed at Sullom Voe terminal in Shetland. Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off this oil, which forms a benchmark. * Dubai-Oman, used as a benchmark for the Middle East sour crude oil flowing to the Asia-Pacific region. * Tapis (from Malaysia, used as a reference for light Far East oil). * Minas (from Indonesia, used as a reference for heavy Far East oil). * The OPEC Reference Basket, a weighted average of oil blends from various OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries * Midway Sunset Heavy, by which heavy oil in California is priced.^{[''failed verification'']} * Western Canadian Select the benchmark crude oil for emerging heavy, high TAN (acidic) crudes. There are declining amounts of these benchmark oils being produced each year, so other oils are more commonly what is actually delivered. While the reference price may be for WTI delivered at Cushing, the actual oil being traded may be a discounted Canadian heavy oil – Western Canadian Select – delivered at Hardisty, Alberta, and for a Brent Blend delivered at Shetland, it may be a discounted Russian Export Blend delivered at the port of Primorsk. == Użu == Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by distillation, into numerous products for direct use or use in manufacturing, such as gasoline (petrol), diesel and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents (ethylene, propylene, butene, acrylic acid, para-xylene) used to make plastics, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. In terms of volume, most petroleum is converted into fuels for combustion engines. In terms of value, petroleum underpins the petrochemical industry, which includes many high value products such as pharmaceuticals and plastics. By volume, 84% of hydrocarbons present in petroleum are converted into fuels. === Fjuwils u lubrikanti === Due to its high energy density, easy transportability and relative abundance, oil has become the world's most important source of energy since the mid-1950s. Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for refining into fuel oil and gasoline, both important ''primary energy'' sources. , including gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and liquefied petroleum gas. Closely related to fuels for combustion engines are Lubricants, greases, and viscosity stabilizers. === Sustanzi kimiċi === Many pharmaceuticals are derived from petroleum, albeit via multi-step processes. Modern medicine depends on petroleum as a source of building blocks, reagents, and solvents. Similarly, virtually all pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides are derived from petroleum. Pesticides have profoundly affected life expectancies by controlling disease vectors and by increasing crop yield. Like pharmaceuticals, pesticides are in essence petrochemicals. Almost all plastics and synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum, which is the source of monomers. Alkenes (olefins) are one important class of these precursor molecules. === Derivati oħra === * Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others, paraffin wax, derived from petroleum oil. * Sulfur and its derivative sulfuric acid. Hydrogen sulfide is a product of sulfur removal from petroleum fraction. It is oxidized to elemental sulfur and then to sulfuric acid. * Bulk tar and asphalt. * Petroleum coke, used in speciality carbon products or as solid fuel. == Industrija == The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, synthetic fragrances, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Upstream regards exploration and extraction of crude oil, midstream encompasses transportation and storage of it, and downstream concerns refining crude oil into various end products. Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is necessary for the maintenance of industrial civilization in its current configuration, making it a critical concern for many nations. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world's energy consumption, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, to a high of 53% for the Middle East. Other geographic regions' consumption patterns are as follows: South and Central America (44%), Africa (41%), and North America (40%). The world consumes 36 billion barrels (5.8 km³) of oil per year, with developed nations being the largest consumers. The United States consumed 18% of the oil produced in 2015. The production, distribution, refining, and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represents the world's largest industry in terms of dollar value. === Trasport === Petroleum transport is the transportation of petroleum and derivatives such as gasoline (petrol). Petroleum products are transported via rail cars, trucks, tanker vessels, and pipeline networks. The method used to move the petroleum products depends on the volume that is being moved and its destination. Land-based transportation modes such as pipelines and rail each have strengths and weaknesses.  One of the key differences is the cost associated with transporting petroleum though pipeline or rail. The risks with moving petroleum products are pollution related and the chance of spillage. Petroleum oil is very hard to clean up and is very toxic to living animals and their surroundings. In the 1950s, shipping costs made up 33% of the price of oil transported from the Persian Gulf to the United States, but with the development of supertankers in the 1970s, the cost of shipping dropped to 5% of the price of Persian oil in the US. The share of the shipping cost on the final cost of the delivered commodity was less than 3% in 2010. === Prezz === The price of oil, or the oil price, generally refers to the spot price of a barrel (42 U.S. gallons; 159 liters) of benchmark crude oil—a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent Crude, Dubai Crude, OPEC Reference Basket, Tapis crude, Bonny Light, Urals oil, Isthmus, and Western Canadian Select (WCS) among others. Oil prices are determined by global supply and demand, rather than any country's domestic production level, although the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has considerable influence. === Trade === Crude oil is traded as a future on both the NYMEX and ICE exchanges. Futures contracts are agreements in which buyers and sellers agree to purchase and deliver specific amounts of physical crude oil on a given date in the future. A contract covers any multiple of 1,000 barrels and can be purchased up to nine years into the future. == Użu skont il-pajjiż == === Konsum === In the 2021 US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimate, the world consumes 97.26 million barrels of oil each day. This table orders the amount of petroleum consumed in 2011 in thousand barrels (1,000 bbl) per day and in thousand cubic metres (1,000 m³) per day: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Consuming nation 2011 !(1,000 bbl/ day) !(1,000 m³/ day) !Population in millions !bbl/year per capita !m³/year per capita !National production/ consumption |- |United States ¹ |18,835.5 |2,994.6 |314 |21.8 |3.47 |0.51 |- |China |9,790.0 |1,556.5 |1345 |2.7 |0.43 |0.41 |- |Japan ² |4,464.1 |709.7 |127 |12.8 |2.04 |0.03 |- |India ² |3,292.2 |523.4 |1198 |1 |0.16 |0.26 |- |Russia ¹ |3,145.1 |500.0 |140 |8.1 |1.29 |3.35 |- |Saudi Arabia (OPEC) |2,817.5 |447.9 |27 |40 |6.4 |3.64 |- |Brazil |2,594.2 |412.4 |193 |4.9 |0.78 |0.99 |- |Germany ² |2,400.1 |381.6 |82 |10.7 |1.70 |0.06 |- |Canada |2,259.1 |359.2 |33 |24.6 |3.91 |1.54 |- |South Korea ² |2,230.2 |354.6 |48 |16.8 |2.67 |0.02 |- |Mexico ¹ |2,132.7 |339.1 |109 |7.1 |1.13 |1.39 |- |France ² |1,791.5 |284.8 |62 |10.5 |1.67 |0.03 |- |Iran (OPEC) |1,694.4 |269.4 |74 |8.3 |1.32 |2.54 |- |United Kingdom ¹ |1,607.9 |255.6 |61 |9.5 |1.51 |0.93 |- |Italy ² |1,453.6 |231.1 |60 |8.9 |1.41 |0.10 |} Source: US Energy Information Administration Population Data: <small>¹ peak production of oil already passed in this state</small> <small>² This country is not a major oil producer</small> == Referenzi == 921e2bnv6nzcqr07oi47msulztzgpmb