Wikipedija mtwiki https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il-Pa%C4%A1na_prin%C4%8Bipali MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Medja Speċjali Diskussjoni Utent Diskussjoni utent Wikipedija Diskussjoni Wikipedija Stampa Diskussjoni stampa MediaWiki Diskussjoni MediaWiki Mudell Diskussjoni mudell Għajnuna Diskussjoni għajnuna Kategorija Diskussjoni kategorija Portal Diskussjoni portal TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3066 331543 243707 2026-08-18T03:34:17Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Kunflitt Militari |kunflitt = Gwerra Anglo-Żanżibarjana |parti_minn = |stampa = [[Stampa:AngloZanzibarWar.jpg|300px|]] |deskrizzjoni_stampa = Il-ħarem tas-sultan wara l-bombardamenti |data = 09:02–09:40 [[Ħin tal-Afrika tal-Lvant|EAT]] (06:02–06:40 UTC), 27 ta' Awwissu 1896 |post = [[Zanzibar Town]], [[Żanżibar]] |territorju = |riżultat = Rebħa [[Renju Unit|Brittanika]] |kumbattent1 = [[Stampa:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] [[Imperu Britanniku]] |kumbattent2 = [[Stampa:Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.svg|25px]] [[Żanżibar]] |kmandant1 = [[Harry Rawson]],<br />[[Lloyd Mathews]] |kmandant2 = [[Khalid bin Barghash of Zanzibar|Khalid bin Bargash]],<br />Saleh |saħħa1 = 900 suldat tal-armata regolari ta' Żanżibar; 150 150 [[Marini Rjali]] u baħħara fuq l-art; [[HMS Philomel (1890)|HMS ''Philomel'']]; [[HMS Thrush (1889)|HMS ''Thrush'']]; [[NZS Amokura|HMS ''Sparrow'']]; [[HMS Racoon (1887)|HMS ''Racoon'']]; [[HMS St George (1892)|HMS ''St George'']] |saħħa2 = 2,800 truppa;<br />[[HHS Glasgow|HHS ''Glasgow'']];<br />diversi mijiet ta' skjavi u servjenti preżenti f'dak il-post |korruti1 = Baħħar wieħed imweġġa' |korruti2 = Madwar 500 persuna maqtula u korruta }} Il-'''Gwerra Anglo-Żanżibarjana''' kienet miġġielda bejn ir-[[renju Unit]] u [[Żanżibar]] fis-[[27 t'Awwissu]] [[1896]]. B'ħin kumplessiv ta' 45 minuta biss, din il-gwerra għandha r-rikordju tal-iqsar [[gwerra]] fl-istorja. Il-gwerra faqqgħet wara li s-[[Sultan ta' Żanżibar|Sultan]] [[Hamad bin Thuwaini ta' Żanżibar|Hamad bin Thuwaini]], li bil-qalb kollha kien qiegħed jikkoopera mal-amministrazzjoni kolonjali tal-Brittanja, miet fil-[[25 t'Awwissu]], u n-neptui tiegħu, [[Khalid bin Barghash ta' Żanżibar|Khalid bin Bargash]], ħataf il-poter b'[[kolp ta' stat]]. Il-Britanniċi kienu jappoġġjaw kandidat ieħor, [[Hamud bin Muhammed ta' Żanżibar|Hamud bin Muhammed]], għax kienu jemmnu li setgħu jaħdmu u jmorru tajjeb miegħu, u b'hekk taw [[ultimatum]] lil Bargash biex jabdika. Bargash irrifjuta u minflok għaqqad armata ta' madwar 2,800 ruħ flimkien mal-jott armat tas-Sultan, l-[[HHS Glasgow|H.H.S. ''Glasgow'']] li kien ankrat fil-port. Filwaqt li t-truppo ta' Bargash bdew jiffortifikaw il-palazz, il-[[Marina Rjali]] ġabret ħames vapuri tal-gwerra fil-port qudddiem il-palazz (tliet krużers moderni, l-[[Edgar class cruiser|Edgar class]] [[krużer armat]] [[HMS St George|HMS ''St George'']], il-[[Pearl class cruiser|Pearl class]] [[krużer protett]] [[HMS Philomel|HMS ''Philomel'']], l-[[Archer class cruiser]] [[HMS Racoon|HMS ''Racoon'']], u żewġ [[gunboat]]s [[HMS Thrush|HMS ''Thrush'']]; [[HMS Sparrow|HMS ''Sparrow'']]). Il-Britanniċi wkoll kellhom gruppi ta' [[Marini Rjali]] biex jagħtu s-support lill-armata regolari "lealista" ta' Żanżibar, li kienet tammonta għal 900 ruħ f' żewġ [[battaljun]]i mmexxija mill-Ġeneral Lloyd Mathews, li għamel żmien bħala [[logutenen]] tal-[[Marina Rjali]]. Allavolja s-Sultan fl-aħħar, iddeċieda li jinneggoza l-paċi permezz tar-rappreżentant tal-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]] li kien hemm fuq il-gżira, il-vapuri tal-Marina Rjali fetħu n-nar fuq il-palazz fid-9 ta' filgħodu tas-[[27 t'Awwissu]], hekk kif għalaq l-ultimatum. Il-''Glasgow'' ġie mgħarraq fi ftit ħin, u l-palazz waqa'. Kif ra hekk, Bargash irtira malajr lejn il-konsulat [[Imperu Ġermaniż|Ġermaniż]] fejn ingħata [[asylum]]. Il-bumbardament waqaf wara 45 minuta. Il-Britanniċi ordnaw lill-Ġemaniżi biex jagħtuhom jeħilsu lis-sultan tagħhom, iżda dan irnexxielu jaħrab bil-baħar fit-[[2 t'Ottubru]]. Huwa baqa' jgħix f'eżilju f'[[Dar es Salaam]] sakemm inqabad mill-Britanniċi fl-1916. Wara ngħata l-permess biex jgħix f'[[Mombasa]], fejn eventwalment miet fl-1925. == Ara wkoll == * [[Il-Gwerra tat-Tliet Mija u Ħamsa u Tletin Sena]]: probabbilment l-itwal gwerra fl-istorja. == Ħoloq esterni == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070422002655/http://home.globalfrontiers.com/Zanzibar/Zanzibar_Courage.htm Artiklu tal-Global Frontiers dwar il-gwerra] * [http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=46235 L-entrata fil-Guinness Book of Records] [[Kategorija:Żanżibar]] [[Kategorija:Gwerer tar-Renju Unit]] [[Kategorija:Gwerer tal-Afrika]] dhn7e0ei4hsmeqw56e5sk536xuoyd0y 0 10230 331547 299387 2026-08-18T06:54:27Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TaxoboxIng | name = ''Henosepilachna elaterii'' | image = Henosepilachna argus.jpg | image_width = 240px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | classis = [[Insect]]a | ordo = [[Beetle|Coleoptera]] | familia = [[Coccinellidae]] | genus = ''[[Henosepilachna]]'' | species = '''''H.elaterii''''' | binomial = Henosepilachna elaterii'' | binomial_authority = ([[Rossi]], [[1794]]) }} In-Nannakola tal-Faqqus il-ħmir (''Henosepilachna elaterii'') hija ferm komuni fil-gżejjer Maltin. Id-dieta tagħha tikkonsisti biss f'[[ħaxix]] illi ġej mill-Familja [[Cucurbitaceae]] li hija familja ta' pjanti li tinkludi [[ħjar]] u [[dulliegħ]]. Din in-nannakola hija [[erbivoru|erbivora]] u ma tiekolx [[insett|insetti]] bħall-maġġoranza tan-[[nannakoli]] l-oħra. B'hekk minħabba din id-dieta, ''Henosepilachna elaterii'' ġiet ikklassifikata taħt is-[[sottofamilja]] [[Epilachninae]] (sottofamilja ta nannakoli erbivori). Il-[[pjanta]] ferm preferuta minn din l-i[[speċi]] hija, kif l-[[isem]] jissuġġerixi, dik tal-[[faqqus il-ħmir]] (''[[Ecballium elaterium]]''). Din l-ispeċi tqatta kważi ħajjitha kollha fuq il-Faqqus il-ħmir u għandha ċiklu tal-ħajja ferm adattat għall-ghixien fuq din il-pjanta. == Adult == Il-[[ġisem]] tan-Nannakoli adulti għandu forma tonda illi issir ċatta fil-qiegħ u daqs medju ta' 7-8mm. Għalkemm ġisimhom huwa żgħir, mhuwiex diffiċli biex tarahom. Dan għaliex in-nannakoli tal-Faqqus il-Ħmir għandhom kulur [[oranġjo]] skur illi jikkuntrasta ferm mal-[[weraq]] [[ahdar|ħodor]] tal-pjanta. Dan il-[[kulur]] jirriżulta minn sustanzi li jissejħu [[karotenojdi]] illi jinsabu fuq il-ġwienaħ protettivi tan-nannakola. Kull ġewnaħ estern tan-nannakola għandu 6 tikki suwed fuqu. B'hekk Henosepilachna elaterii għandha 12-il tikka b'kollox. Tnejn minn dawn it-tikek xi kultant jistgħu jkunu tant viċin illi jidħlu f'xulxin u jiffurmaw marka akbar. Barra minn hekk, il-ġwienaħ ta' din l-ispeċi huma miksijjin b'ħafna [[suf]] mikroskopiku illi jgħin biex in-nannakola ma tiżloqx. Dan is-suf mikroskopiku huwa ukoll utli għal pjanta tal-faqqus il-ħmir. Dan għaliex fih jeħel il-[[pollinu]] żgħir tal-pjanta u b'hekk malli in-nannakola timxi minn [[fjura]] għall-oħra tkun qed tgħin lil pjanti fil-poliniżżazjoni. Il-partijiet tal-ħalq ta' din l-ispeċi jissejħu [[mandiboli]]. Dawn huma addattati biex itaqqbu u jgħasru iċ-[[ċelloli]] tal-pjanta biex b'hekk in-nannakola tkun tista' tieħu in-[[nutrijenti]] meħtieġa mill-pjanta. Il-fjuri ta' ''Ecballium elaterium'' ukoll jagħmlu parti mid-dieta tan-nannakola. == Il-Bajd u il-Larva == Il-[[bajd]] ta' din l-ispeċi huwa ferm żgħir u għandu lewn [[isfar]]. Dan jiġi iddepożitat fi gruppi taħt weraq tal-faqqus il-ħmir. Wara erbat ijiem ta' żvilupp il-bajd ifaqqas f'[[larva]]. Il-larva ta' Henosepilachna elaterii għandhu lewn isfar ċar u jiekol ukoll il-weraq tal-faqqus il-ħmir. L-esoskeletru tiegħu mhuwiex ċatt iżda għandu ħafna frugħa ħerġin minnu. Dawn il-frugħa jagħtuh dehra brillanti u jibqgħu hemm sa l-istadju tal-[[metamorfosi]]. Qabel ma tibda il-metamorfosi, il-larva jgħaddi minn erba' stadji ta' żvilupp fejn fihom iwaqqa l-[[esoskeletru]] l-antik u jibni ieħor ġdid. X'ħin il-larva ikun kbir biżżejjed jibni [[pupa]] madwaru bi [[proteini]] speċjali. Il-pupa jkollha qoxra ħoxna ta' lewn kannella illi tipproteġi il-larva waqt l-istadju tal-metamorfosi. Wara perjodu ta' 8-10 ijiem, in-nannakola adulta toħroġ mill-pupa u tkompli ħajjitha fuq il-pjanta tal-Faqqus il-ħmir. == Mġiba Naturali == Din in-nannakola ma tidħolx fi stat ta rqad fix-xitwa. Dan għaliex il-pjanta tal-Faqqus il-ħmir tinsab tifjorixxi matul is-sena kollha u għalhekk l-ikel tan-nannakola qatt ma jkun skars. Il-mekkaniżmi ta' difiża ta' din in-nannakola huma l-istess bħal dawk tan-nannakoli l-oħra tal-familja Coccinellidae: * L-użu tal-kulur oranġjo bħala avvertiment lil [[predatur|predaturi]] * In-nannakola tilgħaba ta' mejta malli tkun esposta għal attakk. * In-nannakola terħi id-[[demm]] mill-[[ġogi]]. Dan ikun fih [[sustanzi]] ripellanti li jkeċċu il-predaturi In-nannakola tal-faqqus il-ħmir tkun abbundanti fejn hemm pjanti tal-Familja Cucurbitaceae. B'hekk pjanta waħda tista' tkun abitata minn 10 nannakoli jew aktar. == Effett Negattiv == Peres li ''Henosepilachna elaterii'' hija erbivora, tista' tkun ta' ħsara lil prodotti agrikoli. Fost dawn il-prodotti, in-nannakola tattakka il-pjanti tal-ħjar, dulliegħ, [[bettiegħ]] u [[qargħa aħmar]]. Din in-nannakola tuża il-mandiboli tagħha biex tqatta' u tiekol weraq, fjuri u [[frott]] u għalhekk mhijiex favorita ma ħafna bdiewa. Barra minn hekk din in-nannakola tista tkun qed iġġorr magħha [[virus]] li bl-Ingliż jissejjaħ "Squash Mosaic Virus". Dan jista joqtol il-pjanti tal-ħaxix u jnaqqas il-kwantita ta' frott drastikament. Din il-marda tista' tiġi evitata billi l-bdiewa jbexxu [[bexx]] apposta. ==Gallerija== <gallery> Image:pupa.jpg|Wara erba' stadji ta' żvilupp, tifforma il-pupa Image: Mating ladybirds.jpg| Kopulazzjoni tan-nannakoli Image:larvae 3.jpg| Żewġ eżemplari ta' larva ta' ''Henosepilachna elaterii'' </gallery> [[Category: Insetti]] [[Category: Entomoloġija]] == Ħoloq esterni == * [http://elmundodelosinsectos.blogspot.com/2007/06/epilachna-chrysomelina.html Spanish Ladybird Blog] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080703195801/http://tchad.ipm-info.org/guide/mil_penicillaire.htm Field Guide] * [http://articulos.infojardin.com/huerto/plagas-horticolas-3.htm Infojardin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250415060243/https://www.naturamediterraneo.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=12594 ''Henosepilachna elaterii'' Blog] * [http://www.inra.fr/internet/Hebergement/OPIE-Insectes/pdf/i146coutin1.pdf Les coccinelles phytophages] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080914184455/http://strano16.interfree.it/epic39.htm#he Coleoptera] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140826174324/http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=230136 Fauna Europea] ow11mcwdm0e3o9nhtp5e3ljh8oqa8di 0 16387 331544 330097 2026-08-18T03:56:37Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331544 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Maurycy Gottlieb - Shylock e jessica.jpg|thumb|200px|Shylock u Jessica]] '''''Il-Merkant ta' Venezja''''' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''The Merchant of Venice'') hija traġikummiedja miktuba minn [[William Shakespeare]], maħsuba li nkitbet bejn l-1596 u l-1598. Għalkemm fl-''Ewwel Folju'' hija klassifikata bħala kummiedja, id-dramm hu magħruf l-iktar għax-xeni drammatiċi tiegħu, u għal [[Shylock]] u għad-diskors famuż 'Mela Lhudi m'għandux għajnejn'. Famuż ukoll id-diskors ta' Portia fuq il-'kwalità tal-ħniena'. Minkejja li d-dramm mhuwiex imsemmi għalih, Shylock, huwa l-iktar karattru magħruf tad-dramm. == Is-sorsi== [[Stampa:Merchant venice tp.jpg|thumb|200px|Frontespizzju tal-ewwel ''quarto'' tal-''Merchant of Venice'' (1600)]] L-istorja ta' merkant li jħallas garanzija li twassal għall-mewt li kien għamel għal somma li kien issellef ħabib kienet magħrufa sew fl-Ingilterra tard fis-seklu 16.<ref name="Muir2005">Muir Kenneth, ''Shakespeare's Sources: Comedies and Tragedies'', 2005, Routledge, New York, {{ISBN|0-415-35269-X}}, p. 49</ref> Il-ħelsien tal-merkant mill-ħlas ta' "libbra laħam" mill-mara li kien għadu kif iżżewweġ liebsa ta' [[avukat]] u t-talba tagħha għaċ-ċurkett tal-għerusija bħala rikompens kollha qegħdin fil-ħrafa tas-seklu 14, ''Il Pecorone'' ta' Giovanni Fiorentino, li kienet ippubblikata Milan fl-1558 u tradotta għall-Ingliż minn William Painter.<ref>Bloom (2007: 112–113)</ref> L-elementi tax-xena fil-qorti wkoll nsibuhom f'''L'Orateur'' ta' Alexandre Sylvane, ippubblikata f'traduzzjoni Ingliża fl-1596.<ref name="Muir2005"/> ==It-trama fil-qosor== ===L-ewwel att=== ====L-ewwel Xena==== Id-dramm jiftaħ fi triq ta' [[Venezja]]. Jidħlu Antonio, Salarino u Salanio. Antonio għandu qalbu sewda u qiegħed jistaqsi x'kienet ir-raġuni ta' dan in-niket. Ħbiebu jissuġġerulu li kien l-inkwiet li kellu fuq il-finanzi. Kien investa ħafna flus fuq merkanzija ġejja minn barra u jispjegawlu li ħaġa naturali li jkun inkwitat u mħawwad. Antonio jiżgurahom li mhux il-flus li kienu qegħdin jinkwitawh għax kien firex l-investimenti tiegħu. Salarino jgħidlu li ladarba mhux il-flus qegħdin jinkwitawh, allura kien tilef qalbu wara xi ħadd. Antonio jiċħad li hu hekk u jħalli 'l ħbiebu imħawdin dwar in-niket tiegħu li milli jidher ma kellux raġuni. Jidħlu Bassanio, Lorenzo u Gratiano. Salanio u Salarino jiskużaw ruħhom għax kellhom x'jagħmlu. Gratiano jinduna kemm kellu qalbu sewda Antonio, u biex iferrħu jagħmel solilokwiju enigmatiku qasir fuq in-natura tal-għerf u nies li suppost għandhom l-għerf u jitlaq ma' Lorenzo. Il-kliem ta' Gratiano jħawdu 'l Antonio. Bassanio jispjegalu li Gratiano hu l-ikbar fanfarun ġo Venezja. Antonio jistaqsi min hi l-mara li Bassanio marritlu qalbu bih warajha. Bassanio jammetti lil Antonio li kien irvinat bid-djun li kellu l-iżjed lil Antonio stess. Antonio jiżgura 'l Bassanio li jagħmel kull ma jista' biex jgħinu. Bassanio jfiehmu li ġġenen wara Portia, mara għanja li toqgħod Belmont. Madankollu kien inkwitat li mhux ħa jkun jista' jiżżewiġha, hi tant sabiħa daqskemm hi għanja u għandha ammiraturi abbli jiġru warajha mill-Ewropa kollha. Antonio joffri li jgħin, imma jfiehmu li billi l-iġfna tiegħu kienu għadhom barra, ma kellux flus x'jagħtih. Madankollu joffri l-kredtu tiegħu lil Bassanio biex ikun jista' jissellef bil-garanzija tiegħu u jmur Belmont bħala bniedem għani. ====It-tieni xena==== Ix-xena tiftaħ f'kamra fid-dar ta' Portia f'Belmont. Jidħlu Portia u l-qaddejja tagħha, Nerissa. Portia mxabba' mill-ħajja tagħha, imma Nerissa tfakkarha li minkejja l-problemi li kellha, kien għad għandha ġid enormi. Portia tisħet xortiha li hi mara, tant kapaċi u intelliġenti, m'għandhiex kontroll fuq id-destin tagħha. Hawn jinkixef punt importanti mit-trama - Missier Portia miet u ħalliha għanja imma mingħajr ma għażillha żewġa. Però qabel ma miet fassal lobgħa tal-ażżard biex ikun jaf jekk ammiratur jistħoqqlux jiżżewwiġha. Kull ammiratur irid jagħżel minn tliet kaxxetti u min jagħżel il-kaxxetta t-tajba jiżżewwiġha. Portia u Nerissa jiddiskutu l-ammiraturi u jmaqdruhom kollha. Portia tifraħ meta tisma' li l-ammiraturi kollha rrefjutaw li jieħdu sehem fil-logħba tal-kaxxetti u kienu ħa jitilqu. Nerissa tfakkar lil Portia f'Bassanio, li kienet iltaqgħet miegħu meta kien ħaj missierha. Iż-żewġ nisa t-tnejn intlaqtu minnu, kif tgħid Nerissa "hu, mill-irġiel kollha li l-għajnejn boloh tiegħi waqgħu fuqhom, kien l-iżjed mistoqq ta' sinjura sabiħa".<ref>"he, of all the men that my foolish eyes looked upon, was the best deserving of a fair lady" Att 1, Xena 2, versi 129-31.</ref> Qaddej iġib messaġġ li kien ġej ammiratur ieħor, il-Prinċep tal-Marokk. Portia ma tiħux gost u t-tlieta joħorġu biex Portia ssellem lill-ammiraturi li kienu sejrin. ====It-tielet xena==== Ix-xena tiftaħ f'misraħ f'Venezja. Bassanio u Shylock qegħdin jiftiehmu fuq kuntratt - Bassanio jrid jissellef tlett elef Dukat għal tliet xhur. Shylock qiegħed jaħsibha sew, jirrepeti kull kundizzjoni tal-kuntratt. Bassanio joffri l-garanzija ta' Antonio għall-flus. Shylock jaqbel li Antonio hu raġel sewwa, imma jargumenta li flusu kollha marbutin fuq merkanziji li minn natura tagħhom mhux ta' min jorbot fuqhom: "l-iġfna mhux ħlief twavel, il-baħrin mhux ħlief nies; hemm firien tal-art u tal-baħar, ħallelin tal-art u tal-baħar, --irrid ngħid pirati,--u mbagħad hemm il-periklu tal-ilma, irjieħ u blat." <ref>"ships are but boards, sailors but men; there be land-rats and water-rats, land-thieves and water-thieves,--I mean pirates,--and then there is the peril of waters, winds, and rocks." Atct 1, Xena 3, versi 22-5.</ref> Minkejja d-dubji li għandu, Shylock jaqbel li l-kelma ta' Antonio tajba biżżejjed bħala garanzija għad-dejn, imma jrid ikellem lil Antonio nnifsu. Bassanio jaċċetta u jistieden lil Shylock għall-ikel. Jidħol Antonio. Shylock jdur lejn l-ispettaturi u jkellimhomm direttament, u jgħidilhom għaliex jobgħod lil Antonio. Jobgħodu mhux biss għax Nisrani, imma għax Antonio kien jislef mingħajr imgħax, u fl-istess ħin imaqdar lil dawk li jieħdu l-imgħax. Ħa jieħu din l-okkazjoni biex jirvinah 'l Antonio. Antonio jgħid li hu s-soltu ma jsellifx u ma jissellifx bl-imgħax imma ħa jagħmel eċċezzjoni biex jgħin lil Bassanio meta għandu bżonnu. Shylock jaqbel mal-kundizzjonijiet tas-self, imbagħad jibda jfakkar lil Antonio fuq l-insulti kollha li għamillu. Antonio kien insultalu twemminu, għajru qattiel u kelb, u kien beżaqlu. Jiskanta kif wasal li jislef il-flus lil xi ħadd li kien jobgħodu daqshekk? Antonio jwieġbu li eħfef issellef li xi ħadd li tobgħod - hekk, Shylock ma jiddejjaqx jeżiġi l-kastig jekk id-dejn ma jiħallasx. Shylock jesklama li ma rridx ikun l-għadu ta' Antonio, u joffri li jinsa l-insulti kollha u jneħħi l-imgħax fuq il-flus li kien ħa jselfu. Kull ma jitlob kien li jmorru għand nutar u jiffirmaw kuntratt, bil-kundizzjoni li fil-każ ta' kontumaċja, Antonio jkollux iħallas multa, minflok, Shylock jieħu "libra eżatta ta' laħam, minn ġismek sabiħ, maqtugħa u meħuda minn liema parti ta' ġismek togħġobni." <ref>"an equal pound of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken in what part of your body pleaseth me." Act 1, Xena 3, versi 150-3</ref> Antonio ma jiħdux bis-serjetà, u jqis din l-offertà bħala att ta' ħbiberija. Bassanio jwissi 'l Antonio biex ma jiffirmax il-kuntratt, imma Antonio jiżgurah li ħa jkollu disagħt elef dukat kull xahar qabel jiskadi ż-żmien li fih kellu jħallas id-dejn. Wara li jiftiehmu biex jiltaqgħu għand in-nutar iktar tard, Shylock jitlaq. Ix-xena tintemm b'Antonio kuntent bil-bidla fl-imġiba ta' Shylock, waqt li Bassanio suspettuż tal-iskopijiet tiegħu. ===It-tieni att=== ====L-ewwel xena==== Din tiftaħ fid-dar ta' Portia f'Belmont. Id-daqq tat-trumbetti jħabbar il-wasla tal-Prinċep tal-Marokk, li jidħol bil-korteġġjani tiegħu. Jidħlu Portia u Nerissa, segwiti mill-korteġġjani ta' Portia. Il-Prinċep tal-Marokk ikellem lil Portia, u jitlobha li ma tiġġudikahx fuq id-dehra tiegħu li jiżguraha m'għandhiex x'taqsam mal-valur tiegħu bħala wieħed li jista' jsir żewġha: "Ġibli l-bniedem l-iżjed bjond imwieled fit-tramuntana, fejn in-nar ta' Febe bilkemm iħoll il-ponot indendlin tas-silġ, u ejjew nagħmlu qasma fil-ġilda biex għal imħabbtek nippruvaw liema demm hu l-iżjed aħmar, tiegħu jew tieghi" <ref>"Bring me the fairest creature northward born, where Phoebus' fire scarce thaws the icicles, and let us make incision for your love to prove whose blood is reddest, his or mine." Att 2, Xena 1, versi 4-7</ref> Portia tiżgura l-Prinċep li hi mhux daqshekk superfiċjali li se tiġġudikah fuq il-kulur ta' ġilditu, u anki kieku kienet hekk, ma kienx jimporta, għax ma setgħitx tagħżel 'l min tiżżewweġ. Il-Prinċep reġa' enfasizza kemm kien den li jiżżewwiġha, u jisħet ix-xorti li tħalli wieħed inqas den minnu li jkun ir-rebbieħ. Portia tfakkru li jekk jagħżel il-kaxxetta l-ħażina, ma jistax jerġa' jiġi biex jiżżewwiġha. Il-Prinċep jaqbel, u jitlob li jmur jipprova xortih billi jagħżel il-kaxxetta. Joħorġu kollha mad-daqq tat-trumbetti. ====It-tieni xena==== Din ix-xena tiftaħ fi triq ġo Venezja. Jidħol Launcelot Gobbo li għandu dilemma. Qiegħed jaħsibha jitlaqx l-impjieg tiegħu ma' Shylock imma ma jistax jiddeċiedi. Jidħol missieru, Gobbo x-xiħ li hu għama, b'ġewlaq f'idu fejn kellu rigal għal Shylock. Wara diskussjoni ma' ibnu, li għall-ewwel ma għarafx, dwar l-impjieg tiegħu fid-dar ta' Shylock, Lancelot jitlob 'il missieru li jagħti r-rigal lil Bassanio minflok u jitolbu jimpjegah f'daru. Jidħlu Bassanio, Leonardo, u s-segwaċi tagħhom. Gobbo x-xiħ joffri r-rigal lil Bassanio, u jitolbu favur, li ibnu Launcelot isir qaddej tiegħu. Bassanio jaċċetta li jimpjega 'l Lancelot bħala qaddej u jibgħat qaddej ieħor ilestilu fejn joqgħod. Launcelot jirringrazzja 'l Bassanio bl-abbundanza, u jitlaq ma' missieru. Jidħol Gratiano u joħroġ Leonardo. Gratiano jrid imur Belmont ma' Bassanio, imma Bassanio ma' tantx irid għax billi hu storbjuż jista' joffendi 'l xi ħadd f'Belmont u jgħarraqlu kollox. Gratiano jiżgurah bil-qawwa li mil-lejla stess jibda jġib ruħu sewwa. Bassanio jgħidlu li m'hemmx għalfejn jibda mil-lum u joħorġu. ====It-tielet xena==== Ix-xena tibda Venezja, f'kamra f'dar Shylock. Jessica, bint Shylock, qiegħda tkellem lil Launcelot. Ma tixtiqux jitlaq u titolbu jwassal ittra lil Lorenzo bil-moħbi. Lancelot jiżguraha li hi l-aħjar persuna Lhudija li qatt iltaqa' magħha. Jitlaq u Jessica tkellem lill-ispettaturi. Tilfet qalbha wara Lorenzo, u tistħi billi hi Lhudija u ma tistax tiżżewġu. Jekk irid, tikkonverti u ssir Nisranija biex ikunu jistgħu jiżżewġu. ====Ir-raba' xena==== Ix-xena hi triq ġo Venezja. Jidħlu Gratiano, Lorenzo, Salarino u Salanio. Qegħdin jikkonfoffaw xi ħaġa li tinvolvi l-ilbies tal-maskri wara l-ikel. Salanio jgħid li ma jaqbilx għal kollox. Jidħol Launcelot b'ittra minn għand Jessica . Lorenzo jagħraf il-kitba tagħha. Launcelot ikun ħa jitlaq biex jistieden lil Shylock għall-ikel f'dar Bassanio. Lorenzo jitolbu jgħidilha li mhux ħa jonqosha. Launcelot joħroġ. Salarino u Salanio jiftiehmu li jiltaqgħu iżjed tard għad-'divertiment' li lestew u jitilqu. Lorenzo jgħarraf lil Gratiano li hu u Jessica kienu ppjanaw li joħodha minn dar missierha. Joħorġu flimkien eċitati dwar il-pjan. ====Il-ħames xena==== Ix-xena tiftaħ barra d-dar ta' Shylock. Jidħlu Shylock u Launcelot, Shylock iwiddeb lil Launcelot li ħajtu tkun ħafna iżjed iebsa bħala qaddej ta' Bassanio. Isejjaħ lil Jessica u jgħidilha li sejjer jiekol għand Bassanio. Jagħtiha ċ-ċwievet u jgħidilha toqgħod attenta. Launcelot javża lil Shylock li Bassanio u sħabu qegħdin jikkonfoffaw kontra tiegħu. Shylock jibgħat lil Launcelot biex jgħid lil Bassanio li kien sejjer għall-ikel. Qabel ma jitlaq Lancelot lil Jessica jagħtiha xi ħjiel dwar il-pjan ta' Lorenzo: "Sinjorina, ħares mit-tieqa, għal dan kollu. Jiġi Nisrani li jiswieha ħarsa ta' Lhudija". <ref>"Mistress, look out at window, for all this. There will come a Christian by will be worth a Jewess' eye." Act 2, Scene 5, lines 40-3</ref> Imbagħad joħroġ. Shylock irid jaf x'qallha Launcelot, imma Jessica ma tgħidlux u Shylock joħroġ. Wara li joħroġ Jessica tgħidlu: "Saħħa, jekk xortija ma' tmurx kontrija, jien tlift missier u inti bintek". <ref>"Farewell, and if my fortune be not crost, I have a father, you a daughter, lost." Act 2, Scene 5, lines 56-7</ref> ====Is-sitt xena==== Dix-xena sseħħ fl-istess post, iktar tard fil-għaxija. Jidħlu Gratiano u Salarino, libsin il-maskri li semmew qabel u jitħassbu għaliex Lorenzo għadu ma għadu ġiex. Jasal Lorenzo, u Jessica toħroġ fit-tieqa fuqhom liebsa ta' tifel. Lorenzo jwiegħedha mħabbtu u Jessica titfa' kaxxetta bil-ġojjelli u tidħol 'l ġewwa. Qiegħda tistħi liebsa ta' tifel imma tinżel u ġġib magħha iżjed muniti tad-deheb u taħrab mal-maħbub tagħha, Lorenzo. Dak il-ħin jidħol Antonio bl-aħbar li mhux ħa jkun hemm ikla dak inhar; ir-riħ kien dar u Bassanio ħa jitlaq fuq il-ġifen lejn Belmont. Gratiano ħa gost bl-aħbar u hu ħerqan li jmur ma' Bassanio. Joħorġu kollha jiġru. ====Is-seba' xena==== Ix-xena fid-dar ta' Portia f'Belmont. Tidħol Portia mal-Prinċep tal-Marokk u tieħdu jagħżel il-kaxxetta. Jistaqsi kif ħa jkun jaf li għażel il-kaxxetta t-tajba, u Portia tgħidlu li jkun hemm fiha ritratt tagħha. Il-prinċep jifli l-kitba fuq il-kaxxetti, Jagħżel dik tad-deheb għax jirraġuna li Portia u hu tant huma sbieħ u tajbin li d-deheb biss jista' jirrappreżentahom. Madankollu meta jiftaħ il-kaxxetta jsib rotlu bil-kitba "Mhux kull ma jleqq hu deheb". Il-prinċep jitlaq malajr u Portia tifraħ li telaq. ====It-tmien xena==== Ix-xena tiftaħ fi triq ta' Venezja. Jidħlu Salarino u Salanio, ipaċpċu fuq Shylock. Meta sab li bintu kienet ħarbet ma' Nisrani u ħaditlu ġidu wkoll, Shylock jisplodi u jibda jgħajjat fuq bintu u d-dukati li kellu. Salerio u Solanio jindunaw li ħabibhom Antonio qiegħed fil-periklu; jekk Antonio ma jħallasx id-dejn, Shylock iġiegħlu jħallas għal kull ma jaħseb li bata. Imbagħad Salerio u Solanio jsemmu t-tjubija ta' Antonio, u l-imħabba tiegħu għal Bassanio; Salerio jgħid kif għajnejn Antonio imtlew bid-dmugħ meta qal saħħa lil Bassanio. Iż-żewġt iħbieb imorru jfittxu 'l Antonio biex iferħuh. ====Id-disa' xena==== Ix-xena tibda fid-dar ta' Portia f'Belmont. Jidħlu l-Prinġep ta' Aragona bil-korteġġjani tiegħu u Portia. Il-prinċep irid jiżżwweġ lil Portia u ġie jagħżel il-kaxxetta. Iqis il-kaxxetti u jirrifjuta dik taċ-ċomb li għandha miktub fuqha "Min jagħżilni jkollu jagħti u jazzarda kull ma għandu." Billi ma jridx ikun wieħed mill-"folla ta' boloħ", jirrifjuta wkoll il-kaxxetta tad-deheb li fuqha hemm miktub, "Min jagħżilni jikseb dak li ħafna nies jixtiequ." Togħġbu l-kitba fuq il-kaxxetta tal-fidda, "Min jagħżilni jingħata dak li jistħoqqlu," u jagħżilha għax jaħseb li jistħoqqlu ħafna. Fiha jsib ras ta' iblaħ bil-messaġġ li hu wkoll iblaħ. Jitlaq minnufih u jasal messaġġier li jgħid li wasal namrat ieħor minn Venezja. Portia toħroġ tiġri tara min hu, u Nerissa tittama li hu Bassanio. ===It-tielet att=== ====L-ewwel xena==== Ix-xena tiftaħ fi triq f'Venezja. Jidħlu Salanio u Salarino, jiddiskutu l-isfortuna ta' Antonio għax semgħu li kien għeriqlu ġifen. Jixtiqulu x-xorti tajba għax jafu li Shylock mhux ħa jħenn għalih. Jidħol Shylock u Solanio jistaqsih jekk semax xi aħbar "fost il-merkanti." Solanio u Salerio jridu jkun jafu jekk Shylock semax fuq il-ġifen li tilef Antonio, imma Shylock iffissa fuq bintu. Jgħidilhom, "Intom tafu, daqskom ħadd, daqskom ħadd ma jaf fuq il-ħarba ta' binti," <ref>"You know, none so well, none so well as you, of my daughter's flight,"</ref> qishom kienu ttradewh, imma Salerio u Solanio jiżżufjettaw bih. Wara dan, Salerio jistaqsi d-domanda li l-iżjed għandu f'moħħu: "Imma għidilna jekk Antonio kellux xi telfa fuq il-baħar jew le?" <ref>"But tell us, do you hear whether Antonio have had any loss at sea or no?"</ref> Kif isemmgħu 'il Antonio, Shylock jirrabja; jgħid li Antonio aħjar jaħseb fil-garanzija. Salerio jistaqsi, "Għala, jien żgur li jekk ma jħallsikx mhux ħa toħodlu laħmu: x'tambih?" <ref>"Why, I am sure, if he forfeit, thou wilt not take his flesh: what's that good for?"</ref> "Nużah lixka għall-ħut" <ref>"To bait fish withal,"</ref> iwieġeb Shylock b'sarkażmu aħrax. Shylock imbagħad isemmi d-deni kollu li kien għamillu Antonio, u jistaqsi, "għaliex?" Shylock jirrispondi l-mistoqsija tiegħu stess: "Jiena Lhudi." U jkompli, "Jekk tniggiżna, ma joħroġilniex demm? jekk tagħraxna, ma nidħqux? jekk tivvelenana, ma mmutux?" <ref>"If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh? if you poison us, do we not die?"</ref> U l-konklużjoni tal-biża' tiegħu hi "jekk tagħmlilna d-deni, ma npattuhilikx?" <ref>"if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?"</ref> Kif Shylock jispiċċa dal-kliem aħdar fuq Antonio, jidħol Tubal, ħabib Lhudi ta' Shylock. Tubal kien qiegħed ifittex lil Jessica imma ma sabhiex. Jgħidlu fuqha u li Antonio x'aktarx ma jkunx jista' jħallas id-dejn lil Shylock. Sakemm jispiċċa, Shylock jsir tant ħerqan li "jieħu qalb" Antonio li jgħid lil Tubal biex iqabbad uffiċjal biex jarresta 'l Antonio minnufih malli ma jkunx jista' jħallas id-dejn. ====It-tieni xena==== Ix-xena fid-dar ta' Portia f'Belmont. Jidħlu Bassanio, Portia, Gratiano, Nerissa u bosta qaddejja oħra. Bassanio ġie jagħżel il-kaxxetta. Portia li ħadet grazzja miegħu, tistenna l-għażla b'nifisha maqtugħ. Waqt li Bassanio qiegħed jaħsibha, titkanta għanja li tagħtih ħjiel fuq liema għandu jagħżel. L-għanja tgħid li "il-ġenn tal-imħabba" (u mhux l-imħabba vera) jibda b'ħarsa. Minn din Bassanio jikkonkludi li d-dehra mhux importanti u jagħżel il-kaxxetta taċ-ċomb. Il-kaxxetta taċ-ċomb fiha ritratt ta' Portia u messaġġ li jgħid "Int li mid-dehra ma tagħżilx, / Ix-xorti t-tajba w żbal tagħmilx!" <ref>"You that choose not by the view, / Chance as fair and choose as true!"</ref> Bassanio u Portia jimtlew bil-ferħ, u Portia tagħti 'l Bassanio ċurkett li Bassanio jwiegħed li jilbes għal dejjem. Imbagħad Nerissa u Gratiano jħabbru li huma t-tnejn ukoll qabdithom l-imħabba lejn xulxin u kienu tgħarrsu. Kulħadd jifraħ. Jidħlu Lorenzo, Jessica u Salerio messaġġier minn Venezja. Salerio ġab aħbar ħażina: L-iġfna kollha ta' Antonio għerqu u Antonio m'għandux mnejn iħallas il-flus li ssellef minn għand Shylock. Shylock qed jiġri wara d-Duka biex jinforza l-kondizzjonijiet tal-kuntratt, u Antonio hu żgur — kif kiteb f'ittra lil Bassanio — li ħa jmut. Antonio jiktiblu, "id-djun bejnietna imħassrin, nixtieq biss narak waqt mewti." Meta Portia tisma' b'dan, tiżgura 'l Bassanio li m'hemmx problema. Bi flusha, Bassanio jista' jħallas id-doppju tad-dejn jew iżjed. Ftiehmu li minnufih wara t-tieġ, Bassanio jmur Venezja biex iħallas id-dejn. Bassanio jaċċetta l-offerta ta' Portia bil-gratitudni. ====It-tielet xena==== Ix-xena tiftaħ fi triq ġo Venezja. Jidħlu Shylock, Solanio, Antonio u karċrier. Huwa u dieħel Shylock jgħid, "Issemmulix il-ħniena; / Dan l-iblaħ li jsellef flusu gratis." Warajh hemm Antonio, miżmum mill-karċrier, u warajhom ħabib Antonio, Solanio. Jidher li qal xi ħaġa fuq li Shylock għandu jħenn għal Antonio, imma Shylock ma jridx jisma', minkejja li Antonio biddel kliemu. Iżjed kmieni fid-dramm, Antonio qal li Shylock hu xitan, imma issa jitolbu, "Erġa' ismagħni, twajjeb Shylock." Minkejja l-bidla fit-ton, Shylock jibqa' sod; jgħid, "Nieħu l-garanzija," u joħroġ. Meta joħroġ Shylock, Solanio jibda jgħajru "kelb rasu iebsa" imma Antonio jifhem. Jgħid li Shylock jobgħodu għax ħeles ħafna nies li kellhom jagħtu 'l Shylock minn multi ħorox. Solanio jipprova jiżgura 'l Antonio li d-Duka ta' Venezja qatt m'hu ħa jħalli 'l Shylock joħodlu libbra laħam, imma Antonio jaħseb li jħallih, u jittama biss li "Bassanio jiġi / Biex jarani nħallas dejnu." <ref>"Bassanio come / To see me pay his debt."</ref> ====Ir-raba' xena==== Ix-xena fid-dar ta' Portia f'Belmont. Jidħlu Portia, Nerissa, Lorenzo, Jessica u Balthasar qaddej ta' Portia. Lorenzo, ir-raġel Nisrani ta' Jessica, jgħid lil Portia kemm kien raġel tajjeb Antonio, li għalih Portia qed tbati billi ir-raġel li għadha kif iżżewġet, Bassanio, kellu jitlaq malajr. Portia twieġeb "Qatt ma sogħobini li għamilt il-ġid," <ref>"I never did repent for doing good,"</ref> u tgħid lil Lorenzo li ħa tagħtih id-dar tagħha f'idejh biex hi u Nerissa jgħaddu ż-żmien sakemm jiġi lura Bassanio "f'talb u kontemplazzjoni" f'kunvent. Joħorġu Jessica u Lorenzo. Portia tikkmanda 'l Balthasar joħdilha ittra għand kuġinuha, Dottor Bellario, li mbagħad jagħti 'l Balthasar ċerti noti u lbies biex iġibhom għand Portia fuq il-moll tal-lanċa li tmur Venezja. Minn dan jidher li Portia fasslet xi pjan. Kif jitlaq Balthasar, Portia tikxef iżjed mill-pjan. Tgħid lil Nerissa li dalwaqt jaraw lil żwieġhom imma dawn mhux ħa jagħrfuhom għax ikunu libsin ta' rġiel. U twiegħed li tgħidilha iżjed fuq il-karozzella. ====Il-ħames xena==== Ix-xena fil-ġnien tad-dar ta' Portia f'Belmont. Jidħlu l-buffu Lancelot u Jessica. Il-buffu qiegħed jinki 'l Jessica. Jgħidilha li hi indannata għax missierha Lhudi, jew jekk Shylock mhux missierha, hi illeġitma u allura indannata xorta. Jessica twieġbu "Ħa jslavani żewġi; għamilni Nisranija."<ref>"I shall be saved by my husband; he hath made me a Christian."</ref> Il-buffu biċ-ċajt jgħidilha li iżjed ma jkun hemm Lhud li jsiru Nsara, iżjed jgħola l-prezz tal-majjal. Jidħol Lorenzo li jsofri bumbardament ta' botti mill-Buffu qabel ma jġiegħlu jidħol ġewwa biex jordna li jservu l-pranzu. Meta jitlaq il-Buffu, Lorenzo u Jessica jfaħħru 'l sidt id-dar, Portia. Jessica tgħid li Bassanio miżżewweġ lil Portia, "Isib l-hena tal-ġenna hawn fl-art." ===Ir-raba' att=== ====L-ewwel xena==== [[Stampa:Gilbert-Shylock.jpg|thumb|300px|''Shylock wara s-sentenza'' ta' John Gilbert (seklu 18 tard)]] Ix-xena qorti f'Venezja. Jidħlu d-Duka, Antonio, Bassanio, Gratiano, Salerio, il-Manjifiċi, u oħrajn. Id-Duka li ħa jiġġudika l-każ ta' Antonio u Shylock, jesprimi simpatija kbira għal Antonio, li jgħid li hu lest għal kull ma jista' jagħmillu Shylock. Jidħol Shylock. Id-Duka jagħmillu ħafna pressjoni biex jerġa' jibdielu, u jaħfer il-piena tal-libbra laħam. Shylock jirrifjuta u jisħaq li m'għandux għalfejn jagħti raġuni, barra li hi fin-natura tiegħu li jobgħod 'il Antonio, kif hi fin-natura ta' xi nies li jagħmlu taħthom meta jisimgħu id-daqq taċ-ċirimella. Bassanio jipprova jargumenta miegħu imma Antonio jgħidlu li għal xejn, għax xejn mhu ħa jrattab il-qalb Lhudija kiefra ta' Shylock. Bassanio imbagħad joffri sitt elf dukat għal dejn ta' tlett elef. Shylock jirrifjuta l-offerta u d-Duka jistaqsih, "Kif tistenna l-ħniena, meta ma tagħti xejn?" Id-Duka jgħidilhom li ħa jxolji l-laqgħa tal-qorti jekk ma' jiġix id-duttur tal-liġi Bellario, biex jiddeċiedi l-każ. F'dak il-waqt Salerio jħabbar li hemm messaġġier mingħand Bellario jistenna barra. Tidħol Nerissa (liebsa taparsi [[skrivan]] tal-avukat) u ġġib ittra mingħand id-duttur tal-liġi, Bellario. L-ittra titlob id-Duka li jħalli id-duttur tal-liġi żagħżugħ, Balthasar, jiġġudika l-każ. Waqt li d-Duka qiegħed jaqra l-ittra, Shylock qiegħed isinn sikkina fuq il-qiegħ taż-żarbun biex ilesti biex jaqta' libbra laħam minn ġisem Antonio. Meta Portia (liebsa taparsi ta' "Balthasar") tibda tiġġudika l-każ, tipprova tħajjar 'il Shylock li jkun ħanin, u Bassanio joffri d-doppju tas-somma, imma Shylock jisħaq fuq "il-ħaqq" u l-kuntratt. Portia tgħid lil Antonio biex ilesti ruħu għas-sikkina u Shylock jifraħ. Imma fl-aħħar minuta Portia tinsisti li Shylock ma jistax joħroġ lanqas qatra waħda demm meta jaqta', għaliex ma kienx hemm demm imsemmi fil-garanzija. Meta induna li tilef, Shylock jitlob il-flus li kien offra Bassanio, imma Portia tgħid li la Shylock kien diġà rrifjuthom quddiem il-qort ma jistax joħodhom. Infatti, Shylock lanqas ma jista' jieħu s-somma mislufa u ma jistax iħalli l-qorti għax hu mixli li kkonfoffa kontra l-ħajja ta' ċittadin ta' Venezja — Antonio. Il-piena għad-delitt ta' Shylock hi l-mewt u t-telf ta' ġidu kollu - nofsu jmur għand Antonio u n-nofs l-ieħor għand l-istat ta' Venezja. Id-Duka jaħfirlu l-piena tal-mewt 'il Shylock, u Antonio jistipula li Shylock jagħti ġidu kollu lil bintu Jessica. Shylock joħroġ. Lil Bassanio u Antonio, id-Duka jgħidilhom li jafulu ħafna gratitudni lill-imħallef żagħżugħ u joħroġ mal-korteġġjani tiegħu. Jibqgħu hemm Portia u Nerissa waħidhom ma' Antonio, Gratiano, u Bassanio. Bassanio lill-mħallef joffrilu bħala ħlas it-tlett elef dukat li kien ħa jagħti 'l Shylock. Portia tirrifjuthom, għax tgħid li s-sodisfazzjoni li s-salva 'l Antonio biżżejjed għaliha. Bassanio jinsisti li l-imħallef għandu jieħu xi ħaġa bħala ħlas, u Portia ċċedi u titolbu ċ-ċurkett li kellu f'subajh. Bassanio jweġibha li ma' jistax jagħtihulha għax kien rigal mingħand martu. Portia tirrispondi li dik skuża u tgħidlu "jekk martek mhux miġnuna, / U taf sew kemm ħaqqni dak iċ-ċurkett, / Mhux ħa tibqa' għadu għal dejjem, / Għax tajtuli."<ref>"if your wife be not a madwoman, / And know how well I have deserved the ring, / She would not hold out enemy for ever, / For giving it to me."</ref> Imbagħad toħroġ ma' Nerissa. Kif joħorġu, Antonio jipperswadi 'l Bassanio li għamel żball u Bassanio jibgħat 'il Gratiano jiġri wara l-imħallef biex jagħtih iċ-ċurkett. ====It-tieni xena==== Jidħlu Portia u Neriisa. Portia tibgħat lil Nerissa għand Shylock biex jiffirma l-kuntratt biex jagħti kollox lil bintu. Gratiano jilħaqhom u jagħti ċ-ċurkett lill-"imħallef". Portia titlob lil Gratiano biex iwassal l-"iskrivan" tagħha (Nerissa) għand Shylock. Nerissa tiġiha idea u tgħidha 'l Portia f'widnejha. Kienet ħa titlob lil Gratiano ċ-ċurkett li tatu martu (hi stess) u Portia taqbel magħha. Ħa jaraw kemm ħa jkollhom inkwiet iż-żewġ irġiel biex jispjegaw lil marthom li taw iċ-ċurkett. ===Il-ħames att=== ====L-ewwel xena==== Ix-xena f'Belmont. Jidħlu Lorenzo u Jessica u jistennew 'l Portia. Lejla sabiħa b'qamar jiddi u żiffa ħelwa. It-tnejn jitkellmu fuq l-imħabba. Jidħol il-messaġġier Stephano u jgħidilhom li Portia ħa tasal qabel jisbaħ. Imbagħad jasal Launcelot bl-aħbar li Bassanio wkoll ħa jasal matul il-lejl. Jidħlu Portia u Nerissa kif ikun qiegħed jisbaħ. Portia tistaqsi jekk żwieġhom kinux waslu u meta jgħidulhom li għadhom ma waslux jikkmandawhom li ma jgħidulhomx li kienu telqu minn Belmont. Jidħlu Bassanio, Antonio, Gratiano u n-nies tagħhom. Bassanio jsellem lil Portia bit-tifħir fuq sbuħitha. Bassanio jintroduċi 'l Antonio, u waqt li Portia qiegħda tagħtih il-merħba, ifaqqa' argument bejn Gratiano u Nerissa. Nerissa takkuża 'l Gratiano li ta ċ-ċurkett tat-tieġ lil mara oħra u Gratiano jinsisti li tah lill-"iskrivan tal-imħallef". Bassanio ma jdumx ma jkollu jammetti li ċ-ċurkett tiegħu tah ukoll u n-nisa jgħidulhom li ħa jorqdu mal-irġiel li ħadu ċ-ċrieket. Wara li jdumu jinkuhom in-nisa jtuhom lura ċ-ċrieket. L-irġiel jagħrfuhom u jibqgħu skantati. In-nisa jkomplu jinkuhom u jgħidulhom li diġà raqdu mal-irġiel li rċivew iċ-ċrieket. Imbagħad Portia tgħidilhom il-verità: hi kienet l-imħallef u Nerissa l-iskrivan. Portia għandha aħbar tajba oħra: Tlieta mill-iġfna ta' Antonio daħlu fil-port qawwin u sħaħ. Mhux hekk biss, Nerissa għandha d-dokument mingħand Shylock li jagħmel 'il Lorenzo l-werriet tiegħu. Jidħlu ġewwa biex Portia tirrakkontalhom kollox. ==Adazzjonijiet u referenzi kulturali == ===Adazzjonijiet għall-film=== Id-dramm ta' Shakespeare ispira ħafna films. * 1910 — ''Shylock, le marchand de Venise'', film Franċiż ta' Henri Desfontaines * 1914 — film sieket dirett minn Lois Weber ** Lois Weber, li ħadmet ukoll il-parti ta' Portia, b'dan il-film saret l-ewwel mara li d-diriġiet film twil sħiħ fl-Amerika. * 1916 — ''The Merchant of Venice'', film sieket Brittaniku dirett minn Walter West għal Broadwest. * 1923 — ''Der Kaufmann von Venedig'', film sieket Ġermaniż dirett minn Peter Paul Felner * 1953 — ''Le Marchand de Venise'', film Franċiż ta' Pierre Billon * 1969 — ''The Merchant of Venice'', telefilm ta' 40 minuta dirett u jaħdem fih Orson Welles; il-film qatt ma ħareġ, infatti tlesta imma is-soundtrack insteraq kollu ħlief l-ewwel bubun qabel ma ħareġ. * 1973 — film għat-televiżin dirett minn John Sichel ** Fost l-atturi kien hemm [[Laurence Olivier]] fil-parti ta' Shylock, Anthony Nicholls bħala Antonio, Jeremy Brett bħala Bassanio, Joan Plowright bħala Portia, Louise Purnell bħala Jessica. * 1972 — telefilm dirett minn Cedric Messina magħmul għall-BBC taħdem fih [[Maggie Smith]] * 1980 — telefilm tal-BBC dirett minn Jack Gold ** Fost l-atturi hemm Gemma Jones fil-parti ta' Portia u Warren Mitchell ta' Shylock. * 1980 — ''Le Marchand de Venise'', telefilm Franċiż ta' Jean Manceau * 1996 — telefilm ta' Channel 4 dirett minn Alan Horrox ** Fost l-atturi hemm Paul McGann fil-parti ta' Bassanio u Haydn Gwynne ta' Portia. * 2001 — telefilm tal-BBC dirett minn Trevor Nunn ** Produzzjoni tar-''Royal National Theatre'' b'Henry Goodman fil-parti ta' Shylock * 2003 — ''Shakespeare's Merchant'', dirett minn Paul Wagar * 2004 — ''The Merchant of Venice'', dirett minn [[Michael Radford]]. ** Fost l-atturi hemm [[Al Pacino]] fil-parti ta' Shylock, [[Jeremy Irons]] bħala Antonio, [[Joseph Fiennes]] bħala Bassanio, [[Lynn Collins]] bħala Portia, u Zuleikha Robinson fil-parti ta' Jessica. ===Opri=== * 1905 — ''Jessika'' opra Ċeka fi tliet atti ta' Josef Bohuslav Foerster, l-ewwel rappreżentazzjoni fit-teatru Nazzjonali ta' [[Praga]], 16 ta' April 1905. * 1935 — ''Le marchand de Venise'' opra Franċiża fi tliet atti ta' Reynaldo Hahn, l-ewwel rappreżentazzjoni fit-teatru ''Paris Opéra'', 25 ta' Marzu 1935. * 2013 — ''The Merchant of Venice'' fi tliet atti ta' [[André Tchaikowsky]]'s (1935–1982), l-ewwel rappreżentazzjoni fil-festival ta' Bregenz, 18 ta' Lulju 2013. ===Referenzi kulturali=== * ''The Merchant'' dramm ta' [[Arnold Wesker]] jirrakonta l-istorja mill-punto di vista ta' Shylock. Hawn Shylock u Antonio huma ħbieb tal-qalb bi mħabba komuni għall-kotba u l-kultura u bl-istmerrija tal-anti-Semitiżmu sfaċċat tal-liġijiet tal-Insara. New york fis-16 ta' Novembru 1977. * ''Shylock's Revenge'' dramm ta' David Henry Wilson, li jista' jitqis bħala segwita tad-dramm ta' Shakespeare. Id-dramm ittella' għall-ewwel darba [[Hamburg]] fis-9 ta' Ġunju. * Id-drammaturgu u poeta Franċiż, Edmond Haraucourt, kiteb verżjoni tad-dramm ta' Shakespeare bil-Franċiż bil-vers, ordnata mid-direttur teatrali Paul Porel. Id-dramm ''Shylock'', kellu l-ewwel rappreżentazzjoni fit-''Théâtre de l'Odéon'' ta' [[Pariġi]] f'Diċembru tal-1889, b'mużika ta' akkompanjament mill-kompożitur Franċiż [[Gabriel Fauré]]. Aktar tard il-mużika ġiet inkorporata fi suite orkestrali bl-istess isem.<ref>Jean-Michel Nectoux, ''Gabriel Fauré: A musical life'', Cambridge University Press, 1991, {{ISBN|0-521-23524-3}} }}</nowiki></ref> * Il-mużika korali ta' [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], ''Serenade to Music'' tuża t-test mid-diskussjoni dwar il-mużika u l-mużika tal-isferi f'Att V, xena 1. * Fiż-żewġ verżjonijiet tal-film komiku ''To Be or Not to Be'' il-persunaġġ "Greenberg", imsemmi bħala Lhudi fit-tieni verżjoni biss, jirreċta d-diskors "Lhudi m'għandux għajnejn?" lis-suldati Nażisti.<ref name="Bernardi2001">Sammond, Nicholas, Mukerji, Chandra, editur Bernardi, Daniel, ''Classic Hollywood, Classic Whiteness'', 2001, University of Minnesota Press {{ISBN|0-8166-3239-1}}</ref> * F' ''Śmierć miasta'' (Il-Pjanista), Henryk Szpilman jikkwota silta mid-diskors ta' Shylock "Lhudi m'għandux għajnejn?" lil ħuh Władysław Szpilman f'getto Lhudi f'[[Warsaw]], matul l-okkupazzjoni Nażista fit-[[Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]]. * Il-film ta' [[Steven Spielberg]], ''[[Schindler's List]]'' juri l-lokotenent tal-SS Amon Göth jikkwota d-diskors ta' Shylock "Lhudi m'għandux għajnejn?" meta jkun qiegħed jaħsibha jistuprax is-seftura tiegħu Lhudija. *Ir-''rock musical'', ''Fire Angel'' kien ibbażat fuq l-istorja tad-dramm, bil-post mibdul għad-distrett ta' Little Italy f'New York. Il-musical ittella' għall-ewwel darba [[Edinburgu]] fl-1974 u f'form riveduta [[Londra]] fl-1977. ==Ħoloq esterni== *[http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/merchantscenes.html The Merchant of Venice] - Analiżi kritika minn Shakespeare Online *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120724011333/http://www.shakespeare-navigators.com/merchant/ The Merchant of Venice Navigator] – Tinkludi test annotat, numri tal-versi, navigatur u x-xeni fil-qosor. *[http://www.bartleby.com/70/index19.html ''Entire Script''- The Merchant of Venice</i>] *[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2243 The Merchant of Venice] – [[Project Gutenberg]] *[http://shakespeare.mit.edu/merchant/full.html The Merchant of Venice] – verżjoni HTML *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160830031520/http://www.maximumedge.com/shakespeare/merchant.htm The Merchant of Venice] – Verzjoni li fiha wieħed jista' jfittex. *[http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-76.html CliffsNotes] *[http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/merchant/ SparkNotes: Study Guide] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160416132609/http://www.webenglishteacher.com/merchant.html Lesson plans for The Merchant of Venice] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130424174336/http://www.shmoop.com/merchant-of-venice/ ''The Merchant of Venice''] *[http://merchantofvenice.weebly.com/ ''A Contemporary English Version of The Merchant of Venice''] *[http://www.bookrags.com/notes/mov/PART1.html] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130112061344/http://www.shakespeare-navigators.com/merchant/MerchantSceneTextIndex.html] *[http://www.liberliber.it/mediateca/libri/s/shakespeare/il_mercante_di_venezia/html/testo.htm Verżjoni bit-Taljan] ==Referenzi== {{Referenzi}} {{titlu bil-korsiv}} [[Kategorija:Drammi ta' William Shakespeare]] qijwvpvublc1eqv0435c6omi4gbsftv 2 25623 331490 331402 2026-08-17T13:14:38Z Trigcly 17859 aġġornament 331490 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Artikli ġodda (2022)''' == === <u>'''A'''</u> === * [[Aapravasi Ghat]] * [[Aasivissuit-Nipisat: Territorju tal-Kaċċa 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Fried]] *[[Alfred Nobel]] *[[Alfredo Casella]] *[[Alois Dryák]] *[[Alto Douro]] *[[Amazigh Marokkin Standard]] *[[Ambohimanga]] *[[Ambra Sabatini]] *[[Amerigo Vespucci]] *[[Amerigo Vespucci (vapur għoli)|''Amerigo Vespucci'' (vapur għoli)]] * [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]] * [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]] *[[Amilcare Ponchielli]] *[[Anastasia Golovina]] *[[Anders Jonas Ångström]] *[[André Citroën]] *[[André Weil]] *[[Anfibju]] *[[Anfiteatru ta' El Jem]] *[[Angelina Mango]] * [[Angkor Wat]] * [[Angra do Heroísmo]] * [[Ani]] * [[Anjar]] * [[Anna Brigadere]] * [[Anna Kyriakou]] *[[Anna Seghers]] *[[Anna Sychravová]] *[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]] *[[Anse aux Meadows]] * [[Antartika]] * [[Anticosti]] * [[Antigua Guatemala]] *[[Antoine de Jussieu]] *[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]] *[[Antoinette Miggiani]] *[[Anton Diabelli]] *[[Anuradhapura]] *[[Aplogruppi Y-DNA fit-tribujiet tal-Każakistan]] *[[Aporofobija]] *[[Aquileia]] *[[Arċipelagu ta' Bijagós]] *[[Arċipelagu ta' Revillagigedo]] *[[Arċipelagu ta' Vega]] *[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]] *[[Arequipa]] *[[Arġentier]] *[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]] *[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]] *[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]] *[[Arkeoloġija]] *[[Arkitett]] *[[Arkitettura Mudéjar ta' Aragona]] *[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]] *[[Arles]] *[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]] *[[Arslantepe]] *[[Art tal-Inċens]] *[[Arthur Schnitzler]] *[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]] *[[Artiġjan]] *[[Artijiet Għoljin Ċentrali tas-Sri Lanka]] *[[As-Salt]] *[[Asmara]] * [[Assisi]] * [[Assi Ċentrali ta' Beijing]] * [[Assur]] * [[Astrofiżika]] *[[Asuman Baytop]] *[[Athos]] *[[Attrazzjonijiet Ewlenin tar-Renju Antik ta' Saba f'Marib]] *[[Auschwitz]] *[[Austin Camilleri]] *[[Ávila]] *[[Avukat]] === '''<u>B</u>''' === * [[Baalbek]] * [[Babilonja]] * [[Baċir tal-Lag ta' Uvs]] * [[Baċir tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Nord-Pas de Calais]] * [[Baeza]] * [[Bagan]] * [[Baħar l-Abjad]] * [[Baħar l-Iswed]] *[[Baħar ta' Wadden]] *[[Baħar tar-Ramel tan-Namibja]] *[[Bajja ta' Dungonab]] *[[Bajja ta' Ha Long]] *[[Bajja ta' Tallinn]] *[[Bajja tal-Klieb il-Baħar]] *[[Bajjad]] *[[Baleron]] *[[Bamberg]] *[[Ban Chiang]] *[[Banská Štiavnica]] *[[Barbier]] *[[Bardejov]] *[[Barokk]] *[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]] *[[Bath, Somerset]] *[[Batlejka]] *[[Battaljun Mediku tal-Ospedalieri]] *[[Battir]] *[[Bauhaus u s-Siti tal-Moviment f'Weimar, f'Dessau u f'Bernau]] *[[Baxkortostan]] *[[Bażi tad-Data tal-Osservazzjoni tal-Kometi]] *[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]] *[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]] *[[Beatriz Carrillo]] *[[Beemster]] *[[Béguinage]] *[[Belintersat-1]] *[[BelKA]] *[[Belt Bajda ta' Tel Aviv – il-Moviment Modern]] *[[Belt Kolonjali ta' Santo Domingo]] *[[Belt Projbita]] *[[Belt Storika ta' Ahmadabad]] *[[Belt Storika tal-Kajr]] *[[Belt Storika tal-Moskej ta' Bagerhat]] *[[Belt ta' Guanajuato]] *[[Belt ta' New York]] *[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]] *[[Belt Universitarja ta' Caracas]] *[[Bennej]] *[[Berġa tal-Italja, il-Belt Valletta]] *[[Berġa tal-Italja, il-Birgu]] *[[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]] *[[Bernard Grech]] *[[Betlem]] *[[Betti Alver]] *[[Burkhan Khaldun]] *[[Bidwi]] *[[Bieb il-Belt]] *[[Binjiet Gotiċi Vittorjani u tal-Art Deco ta' Mumbai]] *[[Binjiet Tradizzjonali tal-Asante]] *[[BirdLife International]] *[[Blat Imkenni ta' Bhimbetka]] *[[Bliet Antiki tal-Pyu]] *[[Bliet Kapitali u Oqbra tar-Renju Antik ta' Koguryo]] *[[Bliet Storiċi tal-Istrett ta' Malakka]] *[[Bobby Charlton]] *[[Bolgar]] *[[Bordeaux]] *[[Borobudur]] *[[Borża ta' Malta]] *[[Bosra]] *[[Bridgetown]] *[[Brook Taylor]] *[[Brú na Bóinne]] *[[Bruno Pizzul]] *[[Bryggen]] *[[Bucha]] *[[Buddha Ġgantesk ta' Leshan]] *[[Bugeddum Armen]] *[[Bukhara]] *[[Burt Bacharach]] *[[Buskett]] *[[Butrint]] *[[Byblos]] === '''<u>Ċ/C</u>''' === * [[Cáceres (Spanja)]] * [[Calakmul]] * [[Camagüey]] * [[Camino Real de Tierra Adentro]] * [[Campeche]] * [[Canal du Midi]] * [[Canaletto]] * [[Caral]] * [[Carcassonne]] *[[Carl Bosch]] *[[Carl David Anderson]] *[[Carl Linnaeus]] *[[Carla Fracci]] *[[Carlo Collodi]] *[[Caroline Mikkelsen]] *[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]] *[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]] *[[Çatalhöyük]] *[[Causses u Cévennes]] *[[Ċellola]] *[[Ċensu Apap]] *[[Ċentru Kulturali ta' Heydar Aliyev]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Lijiang]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Macao]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Rauma]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Salvador de Bahia]] *[[Český Krumlov]] *[[Ċetta Chevalier]] *[[Chaîne des Puys]] *[[Chakapuli]] *[[Chan Chan]] *[[Changdeokgung]] *[[Chankillo]] *[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]] *[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]] *[[Charles Nicolle]] *[[Charles Richter]] *[[Charles Xuereb]] *[[Charlie Watts]] *[[Chavín]] *[[Choeung Ek]] *[[Chersonesus Tawrika]] *[[Chichén Itzá]] *[[Chilehaus]] *[[Choirokoitia]] *[[Christiansfeld]] *[[Christopher Polhem]] *[[Chun Wang]] *[[Cidade Velha]] *[[Cienfuegos]] *[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]] *[[Cinque Terre]] *[[Ċirkewwa]] *[[Ċiru l-Kbir]] *[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]] *[[Ċittadella ta' Erbil]] *[[Ċittadella tad-Dinastija Hồ]] *[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]] *[[Climats u Terroirs ta' Bourgogne]] *[[Colonia del Sacramento]] *[[Copan]] *[[Córdoba, Spanja]] *[[Coro]] *[[Crespi d'Adda]] *[[Ċrieki tal-Ġebel tas-Senegambja]] *[[Cristofano Allori]] *[[Cuenca, l-Ekwador]] *[[Cuenca (Spanja)]] *[[Cueva de las Manos]] *[[Cumalıkızık]] *[[Curzio Maltese]] *[[Cusco]] *[[Cynthia Turner]] *[[Cyrene]] === '''<u>D</u>''' === * [[Daiga Mieriņa]] * [[Damasku]] * [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]] * [[Danxia]] * [[Darius I]] *[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder|Dar ta' Rietveld Schröder]] *[[Dar tal-Kimeri]] *[[Dar tat-Twelid ta' Martin Luteru]] *[[Dar u Studjo ta' Luis Barragán]] *[[Delos]] *[[Delphi]] *[[Delta ta' Saloum]] *[[Delta ta' Okavango]] *[[Delta tad-Danubju]] *[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]] *[[Demokrazija]] *[[Dengfeng]] *[[Dentist]] *[[Denys Shmyhal]] *[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]] *[[Deżert ta' Badain Jaran]] *[[Deżert ta' Lut]] *[[Deżerta tal-isfarġel]] *[[Dholavira]] *[[Diamantina]] *[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]] *[[Diaolou]] *[[Diga ta' Karakaya]] *[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]] *[[Dimitrana Ivanova]] *[[Distrett ta' At-Turaif]] *[[Diy-Gid-Biy]] *[[Dizzjunarju]] *[[Djalett]] *[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]] *[[Djémila]] *[[Djerba]] *[[DNA]] *[[Dolċier]] *[[Dolmen ta' Menga]] *[[Dolmen ta' Viera]] *[[Dolomiti]] *[[Domenico Allegri]] *[[Domenico Scarlatti]] *[[Domowina]] *[[Domus de Janas]] *[[Domus Rumana]] *[[Donatello]] *[[Dougga]] *[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]] *[[Dubrovnik]] *[[Durmitor]] * [[Dwejra]] === '''<u>E</u>''' === * [[Edgar Preca]] * [[Edward Sexton]] * [[Edinburgu]] * [[Edward de Bono]] * [[Edwin Hubble]] * [[Efesu]] * [[Eise Eisinga]] *[[Ekonomista]] *[[Ekosistema u Relitt tal-Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Lopé-Okanda]] *[[El Escorial]] *[[El Jadida]] *[[El Tajin]] *[[El Torcal]] *[[Eladio Dieste]] *[[Eleonora Jenko Groyer]] *[[Elisha Graves Otis]] *[[Elvas]] *[[Emil Nolde]] *[[Emma Andrijewska]] *[[Emma Muscat]] *[[Ernst Schröder]] *[[Esperantoloġija]] *[[Essaouira]] *[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]] *[[Ethel Anderson]] *[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]] *[[Eugenio Montale]] *[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]] *[[Evelyn Bonaci]] *[[Évora]] *[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]] === '''<u>F</u>''' === * [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]] * [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Ħarir ta' Tomioka]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Injam u tal-Kartun ta' Verla]] * [[Fabbriki tal-Wied ta' Derwent]] * [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]] * [[Fanjingshan]] * [[Fasil Ghebbi]] * [[Fatehpur Sikri]] * [[Fdalijiet Arkeoloġiċi ta' Moenjodaro]] * [[Fdalijiet ta' Gedi]] * [[Fdalijiet ta' León Viejo]] * [[Fdalijiet ta' Loropéni]] * [[Fdalijiet tal-Vihara Buddista f'Paharpur]] * [[Fehme Agani]] *[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]] *[[Fenno-Skandinavja]] *[[Fernando Botero]] *[[Ferrara]] *[[Ferruccio Lamborghini]] *[[Festival ta' Sanremo]] *[[Fiera Internazzjonali ta' Rachid Karami f'Tripoli]] *[[Figolla]] *[[Firenze]] *[[Fjord tas-Silġ ta' Ilulissat]] *[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]] *[[Flora Martirosian]] *[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]] *[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]] *[[Foresti Irkanjani]] *[[Foresti Muntanjużi ta' Odzala-Kokoua]] *[[Foresti Sagri ta' Kaya tal-Mijikenda]] *[[Foresti tas-Siġar tar-Rand ta' Madeira]] *[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]] *[[Foresti Tropikali tal-Atsinanana]] *[[Foresti Tropikali u Artijiet Mistagħdra Kolkiċi]] *[[Foresti Verġni ta' Komi]] *[[Formazzjonijiet u Għerien Karstiċi Evaporitiċi tar-Reġjun ta' Emilia Romagna]] *[[Forti l-Aħmar]] * [[Forti ta' Agra]] *[[Forti ta' Bahla]] *[[Forti ta' Galle]] *[[Forti ta' Ġesù]] *[[Forti ta' Rohtas]] *[[Fortifikazzjonijiet fuq in-Naħa tal-Karibew tal-Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo]] *[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]] *[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]] *[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]] *[[Fortijiet u Kastelli tal-Ghana]] *[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]] *[[Fortizza ta' Hwaseong]] *[[Fortizza ta' Pirot]] *[[Fortizza ta' San Nikola]] *[[Fortizza ta' Suomenlinna]] *[[Fortizzi ta' Dacia fil-Muntanji Orăștie]] *[[Fortizzi Tondi tal-Vikingi]] *[[Foss ta' Messel]] *[[Fotografu]] *[[Fram2]] *[[Francesco Guardi]] *[[François-Alphonse Forel]] *[[François Couperin]] *[[François Girardon]] *[[Francois Mauriac]] *[[Franco Migliacci]] *[[Franġisk Zahra]] *[[Frank Drake]] *[[Franz Beckenbauer]] *[[Franz Kafka]] *[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]] *[[Franz von Suppé]] *[[Frawla]] *[[Fray Bentos]] *[[Frédéric Bartholdi]] *[[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve]] *[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]] *[[Frosta tal-Għid]] * [[Frott]] * [[Fruntieri Rumani Ġermaniċi t'Isfel]] * [[Fruntieri Rumani ta' Dacia]] * [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]] * [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]] *[[Fuji]] *[[Furnar]] === '''<u>Ġ</u>''' === * [[Ġardinar]] *[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]] * [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]] * [[Ġeoloġija]] * [[Ġeriko tal-Qedem]] * [[Ġerusalemm]] * [[Ġibjun ta' Bovilla]] * [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]] * [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]] * [[Ġnien Persjan]] * [[Ġobon ta' Jāņi]] * [[Ġonna Botaniċi Rjali ta' Kew]] * [[Ġonna Botaniċi ta' Singapore]] * [[Ġonna Klassiċi ta' Suzhou]] * [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]] * [[Ġonna ta' Shalimar]] *[[Ġurnalist]] === '''<u>G</u>''' === * [[Gammelstad]] * [[Gamzigrad]] * [[Gati tal-Punent]] * [[Gebel Barkal]] * [[Geirangerfjord]] * [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]] *[[Georg Ohm]] *[[Georg von Békésy]] *[[George Gallup]] *[[Georges Bernanos]] *[[Georges J.F. Kohler]] *[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]] *[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]] *[[Ghadamès]] *[[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola]] *[[Giacomo Zanella]] *[[Giampiero Galeazzi]] *[[Gianni Vella]] *[[Gigi Riva]] *[[Giorgia Meloni]] *[[Giorgio Vasari]] *[[Giosuè Carducci]] *[[Giotto]] *[[Giovanni Arduino]] *[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]] *[[Giovanni Boccaccio]] *[[Giovanni Paisiello]] *[[Giovanni Papini]] *[[Giulio Natta]] *[[Gjirokastër]] *[[Glossarju]] *[[Göbekli Tepe]] *[[Goffredo Mameli]] *[[Goiás]] *[[Golf ta' California]] *[[Golf ta' Porto]] *[[Gonbad-e Qābus]] *[[Gordion]] *[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]] *[[Gotiku]] *[[Gozinaki]] *[[Gran Ordni tar-Re Tomislav]] *[[Grand Pré]] *[[Grand-Bassam]] *[[Grand Place, Brussell]] *[[Graz]] *[[Grazia Deledda]] *[[Greenland]] *[[Gregorio Allegri]] *[[Gremxula ta' Malta]] *[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]] *[[Grotti ta' Longmen]] *[[Grotti ta' Yungang]] *[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]] *[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Mahabalipuram]] *[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]] *[[Guimarães]] *[[Gustave Charpentier]] * [[Gżejjer Eolji]] * [[Gżejjer Falkland]] * [[Gżejjer Galapagos]] * [[Gżejjer Marquesas]] * [[Gżejjer Solovetsky]] * [[Gżejjer Sub-Antartiċi ta' New Zealand]] * [[Gżejjer ta' Amami-Ōshima, ta' Tokunoshima u ta' Iriomote, u t-Tramuntana ta' Okinawa]] * [[Gżejjer ta' Ogasawara]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Blat]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Aldabra]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Bikini]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Rocas]] * [[Gżejjer tan-Nofsinhar u Ibħra Awstrali Franċiżi]] * [[Gżira Heard u l-Gżejjer McDonald]] * [[Gżira Inaċċessibbli]] * [[Gżira Sagra ta' Okinoshima u Siti Assoċjati fir-Reġjun ta' Munakata]] * [[Gżira ta' Cocos]] * [[Gżira ta' Fraser]] * [[Gżira ta' Gorée]] * [[Gżira ta' Henderson]] *[[Gżira ta' Jeju]] *[[Gżira ta' Kunta Kinteh]] *[[Gżira ta' Lord Howe]] *[[Gżira ta' Macquarie]] *[[Gżira ta' Mozambique]] *[[Gżira ta' Pico]] *[[Gżira ta' Robben]] *[[Gżira ta' Saint-Louis]] *[[Gżira ta' Tiwai]] *[[Gżira ta' Wrangel]] *[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]] === '''<u>GĦ</u>''' === * [[Għajn Tuffieħa]] * [[Għalliem]] *[[Għar Dalam]] *[[Għar ta' Altamira]] *[[Għar ta' Gorham]] *[[Għar ta' Karain]] *[[Għar ta' Optymistychna]] *[[Għar ta' Vjetrenica]] *[[Għar tal-Apokalissi]] *[[Għar tal-Irħam]] *[[Għar tas-Silġ ta' Dobšiná]] *[[Għarb]] *[[Għelieqi Mtarrġa tar-Ross tal-Cordilleras tal-Filippini]] *[[Għerien Karstiċi ta' Aggtelek u tas-Slovakkja]] *[[Għerien ta' Ajanta]] *[[Għerien ta' Elephanta]] *[[Għerien ta' Ellora]] *[[Għerien ta' Mogao]] *[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]] *[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]] *[[Għid]] *[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]] *[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]] *[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]] *[[Għoljiet ta' Matobo]] *[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]] === '''<u>H</u>''' === * [[Hagia Sophia]] * [[Hahoe]] * [[Haley Bugeja]] * [[Halloumi]] * [[Hallstatt]] * [[Hampi]] *[[Hans Geiger]] *[[Hans Memling]] *[[Hans Sloane]] *[[Hans Spemann]] *[[Harar]] *[[Harry Belafonte]] *[[Hatı Çırpan]] *[[Hatra]] *[[Hattusha]] *[[Hawa Mahal]] *[[Hebron]] *[[Hedeby]] *[[Hegmataneh]] *[[Hegra]] *[[Heinrich Hertz]] *[[Helena Kottler Vurnik]] *[[Henri Fantin-Latour]] *[[Henri Frederic Amiel]] *[[Hermannus Contractus]] *[[Hideki Shirakawa]] *[[Hideki Yukawa]] *[[Hildesheim]] *[[Höga Kusten]] *[[Hoh Xil]] *[[Hội An]] *[[Holašovice]] *[[Hollókő]] *[[Hongcun]] *[[Hospicio Cabañas]] *[[Hospital de Sant Pau]] *[[Hovgården]] *[[Howard Carter]] *[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]] *[[Huangshan]] *[[Hubert de Givenchy]] === '''<u>Ħ</u>''' === * [[Ħaġar Megalitiku ta' Carnac]] * [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]] * [[Ħajja]] *[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]] *[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]] *[[Ħsad tal-Perli fil-Bahrain]] *[[Ħuta]] === '''<u>I</u>''' === * [[Ibn Battuta]] * [[ICOMOS]] * [[Idolu ta' Shigir]] * [[Idrija]] * [[Idrijski žlikrofi]] * [[Ilha Grande]] * [[Il'ja Prigožini]] * [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]] *[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]] *[[Impjanti tan-Nitrat tal-Potassju ta' Humberstone u ta' Santa Laura]] *[[Inara Luigas]] *[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]] *[[Independence Hall]] *[[Indiċi]] *[[Industrija tal-lavanja f'Wales]] *[[Ingredjent]] *[[Intaljatur]] *[[Internet]] *[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]] * [[Ipproċessar testwali]] * [[Irdumijiet ta' Bandiagara]] * [[Iremel]] * [[Irħula Antiki ta' Djenné]] * [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]] * [[Irpin]] * [[Irziezet Imżejnin ta' Hälsingland]] *[[Isabella d'Este]] *[[ISBN]] *[[Istitut tar-Riċerka dwar il-Foresti tal-Malażja]] *[[Istmu Kuronjan]] *[[Ivan Turgenev]] *[[Ivrea]] === '''<u>J</u>''' === * [[Jacinto Benavente]] * [[Jaipur]] * [[Jakob Bogdani]] * [[Jan Novák]] *[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]] *[[Jarrod Sammut]] *[[Jean Antoine Houdon]] *[[Jean Dieudonné]] *[[Jean Picard]] *[[Jebel Faya]] *[[Jeddah]] *[[Jodensavanne]] *[[Joggins]] *[[Johann Christian Bach]] *[[Johan Jensen]] *[[John Edward Critien]] *[[John Kendrew]] *[[John Strutt Rayleigh]] *[[Jongmyo]] *[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]] *[[Josef Hoffman]] *[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] *[[Joya de Cerén]] *[[Jože Plečnik]] *[[Jules Pascin]] *[[Julia Malinova]] *[[Julia Sanina]] *[[Júlia Sigmond]] *[[Julio Baghy]] *[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] *[[Jum il-Ġifa]] *[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]] *[[Jum l-Ewropa]] *[[Jum Zamenhof]] === '''<u>K</u>''' === * [[Kaċċa bl-ajkli]] * [[Kairouan]] * [[Kaja Kallas]] *[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]] *[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]] *[[Kanal il-Kbir (iċ-Ċina)]] *[[Kanal ta' Rideau]] *[[Kanali ta' Amsterdam]] *[[Kandy]] *[[Kappella]] *[[Karavanseraj Persjani]] *[[Karbalayi Safikhan Karabakhi]] *[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]] *[[Karl Weierstrass]] *[[Karlskrona]] *[[Karlu III]] *[[Kasbah tal-Alġier]] *[[Kaskati ta' Galdelsha]] *[[Kaskati ta' Vitorja]] *[[Kastell ta' Ankara]] *[[Kastell ta' Durham]] *[[Kastell ta' Himeji]] *[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]] *[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]] *[[Kastell ta' Kuressaare]] *[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]] *[[Kastell ta' Lubart]] *[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]] *[[Kastell ta' Nesvizh]] *[[Kastell ta' Neuschwanstein]] *[[Kastell ta' Paphos]] *[[Kastell ta' San Pedro de la Roca]] *[[Kastell ta' Spiš]] *[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]] *[[Kastell ta' Zerzevan]] *[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]] *[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]] *[[Kastelli u Swar tal-Irħula tar-Re Dwardu fi Gwynedd]] *[[Katarina Vitale]] * [[Katidral]] *[[Katidral ta' Aachen]] *[[Katidral ta' Amiens]] *[[Katidral ta' Bourges]] *[[Katidral ta' Burgos]] *[[Katidral ta' Canterbury]] *[[Katidral ta' Chartres]] *[[Katidral ta' Köln]] *[[Katidral ta' León, Nikaragwa]] *[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]] *[[Katidral ta' Reims]] *[[Katidral ta' Roskilde]] *[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]] *[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]] *[[Katidral ta' Speyer]] *[[Katidral ta' Tournai]] *[[Katidral ta' Zvartnots]] *[[Katidral tat-Tlugħ is-Sema tal-Madonna ta' Kiev]] *[[Katidral tat-Trasfigurazzjoni, Dnipro]] *[[Katina Muntanjuża ta' Ennedi]] *[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]] *[[Katina Muntanjuża ta' Mulanje]] *[[Katsiaryna Barysevich]] *[[Kauksi Ülle]] *[[Kaunas]] *[[Kavallier ta' Madara]] * [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]] * [[Kawkasu tal-Punent]] * [[KazCosmos]] *[[Kelma]] *[[Kerkuane]] *[[Kernavė]] *[[Kewkbet is-Safar]] *[[Khafre]] *[[Khami]] *[[Khinalug]] *[[Khiva]] *[[Khor Rori]] *[[Khorramabad]] *[[Khuttal]] *[[Kibbeh]] *[[Kiki Kogelnik]] *[[Kinderdijk]] *[[Kirurgu]] *[[Kizhi Pogost]] *[[Kladruby nad Labem]] * [[Klima ta' Malta]] * [[Klondike]] * [[Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Bajja tal-Glaċieri / Tatshenshini-Alsek]] * [[Knarik Vardanyan]] * [[Knejjes Barokki tal-Filippini]] * [[Knejjes Imħaffrin fil-Blat ta' Ivanovo]] * [[Knejjes Imħaffrin fil-Blat ta' Lalibela]] *[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]] *[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]] *[[Knejjes ta' Chiloé]] *[[Knejjes tal-Injam ta' Maramureș]] *[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]] *[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]] *[[Knejjes tal-Iskola tal-Arkitettura ta' Pskov]] *[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]] *[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]] *[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]] *[[Knisja Antika ta' Petäjävesi]] *[[Knisja ta' Atlántida]] *[[Knisja ta' Boyana]] *[[Knisja ta' San Ġwann f'Kaneo]] *[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]] *[[Knisja ta' Santa Margerita]] *[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]] *[[Knisja tal-Injam ta' Urnes]] *[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]] *[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]] *[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]] *[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]] *[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]] *[[Koh Ker]] *[[Kok]] *[[Kolomenskoye]] *[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]] *[[Kolonji tal-Benevolenza]] *[[Kolonna ta' Ġuljanu]] *[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]] * [[Kolossew]] * [[Konso]] *[[Konversazzjoni]] *[[Korfù]] *[[Kosta Ġurassika]] *[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]] *[[Kosta ta' Ningaloo]] *[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]] *[[Kotlovina]] *[[Koutammakou]] *[[Krak des Chevaliers]] *[[Krakovja]] *[[Krater ta' Logoisk]] *[[Krater ta' Vredefort]] *[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]] *[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]] *[[Kreta]] *[[Krisztina Tóth]] *[[Krzemionki]] *[[Ksour Antiki ta' Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt u Oualata]] *[[Kubdari]] *[[Kujataa]] *[[Kulangsu]] *[[Kuldīga]] *[[Kulleġġ Navali Rjali Antik]] *[[Kultura ta' Chaco]] *[[Kultura ta' Chinchorro]] *[[Kultura ta' Liangzhu]] *[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]] *[[Kumpless Modern ta' Pampulha]] *[[Kumpless Monumentali ta' Brâncuși f'Târgu Jiu]] *[[Kumpless ta' Konservazzjoni tal-Amażonja Ċentrali]] *[[Kumpless ta' W-Arly-Pendjari]] *[[Kumpless tal-Bażar Storiku ta' Tabriz]] *[[Kumpless tal-Foresti ta' Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai]] *[[Kumpless tal-Foresta ta' Kaeng Krachan]] *[[Kumpless tal-Kastell ta' Mir]] *[[Kumpless tal-Khānegāh u tas-Santwarju tax-Xejikk Safi al-din f'Ardabil]] *[[Kumpless tal-Monumenti ta' Huế]] *[[Kumpless tal-Muntanji u tat-Tempji ta' Chengde]] *[[Kumpless tal-Oqbra ta' Koguryo]] *[[Kumpless tal-Pajsaġġ ta' Tràng An]] *[[Kumpless u l-Estancias tal-Ġiżwiti ta' Córdoba]] *[[Kumplessi Monastiċi Armeni tal-Iran]] *[[Kumplessi Petroglifiċi tal-Altai tal-Mongolja]] *[[Kumplessi Sagri tal-Hoysala]] *[[Kumitat tal-Wirt Dinji]] *[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]] *[[Kunvent ta' Kristu f'Tomar]] *[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]] *[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]] *[[Kunya-Urgench]] *[[Kuruna ta' Zvonimir]] *[[Kutná Hora]] === '''<u>L</u>''' === * [[L-Arti]] * [[L-Ewwel Mara jew Raġel ta' Malta]] * [[Lag ta' Baikal]] * [[Lag ta' Brebeneskul]] * [[Lag ta' Kezenoyam]] * [[Lag ta' Laach]] * [[Lag tal-Punent, Hangzhou]] * [[Lagi ta' Ounianga]] * [[Lag ta' Skadar]] * [[Lagi ta' Willandra]] * [[Lake District]] * [[Lamu]] *[[Landier]] *[[Lapponja Żvediża]] *[[Las Médulas]] *[[Lascaux]] *[[Lavaux]] *[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]] *[[Lazzaro Pisani]] *[[Le Corbusier]] *[[Le Havre]] *[[Le Locle]] *[[Léon Werth]] *[[Leptis Magna]] *[[Lessikoloġija]] * [[Lessiku]] * [[Letoon]] * [[Lev Davidovich Landau]] * [[Lev Semenovič Pontrjagin]] * [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]] * [[Levuka]] * [[Leyla Mammadbeyova]] * [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]] *[[Lika Kavzharadze]] *[[Lima]] *[[Lingwa Erżjana]] *[[Lingwa Ġermaniża]] *[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]] *[[Linja Ferrovjarja Trans-Iranjana]] *[[Linji Ferrovjarji tal-Muntanji tal-Indja]] *[[Linji ta' Nazca]] *[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]] *[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]] *[[Lista ta' kumpaniji elenkati fil-Borża ta' Malta]] *[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]] *[[Lista ta' peniżoli]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Andorra]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Iżrael]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Kuba]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Madagascar]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'San Marino]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fi Franza]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fi Spanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċilì]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fid-Danimarka]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bangladesh]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belarussja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belġju]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Brażil]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bulgarija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Filippini]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Finlandja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġappun]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġermanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġordan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Georgia]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Greċja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Jemen]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kambodja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kanada]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Karibew]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kenja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kirgistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kolombja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Korea t'Isfel]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Korea ta' Fuq]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Laos]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lussemburgu]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lvant tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lvant tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Malażja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Marokk]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Mauritania]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Messiku]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Moldova]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Mongolja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Myanmar]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Pakistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Palestina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Perù]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Portugall]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Punent tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Punent tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Vjetnam]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nepal]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Netherlands]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nofsinhar tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nofsinhar tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Norveġja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Renju Unit]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Rumanija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Russja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Serbja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Sirja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovakkja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Sri Lanka]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Taġikistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tajlandja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tanzanija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tramuntana tal-Asja u fl-Asja Ċentrali]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tramuntana tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tuneżija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkmenistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fix-Xlokk tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afganistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afrika]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afrika t'Isfel]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Albanija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka Ċentrali]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka t'Isfel]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka ta' Fuq]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Arabja Sawdija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Arġentina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Armenja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstralja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ażerbajġan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Eġittu]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Etjopja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Indja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Indoneżja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Istati Għarab]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Istati Uniti]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżlanda]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżvezja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżvizzera]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Oċeanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ungerija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Użbekistan]] *[[Liz Truss]] *[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]] *[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]] *[[Lorenzo de' Medici]] *[[Lorenzo Gafà]] *[[Lorenzo Valla]] *[[Luang Prabang]] *[[Lübeck]] *[[Luca Parmitano]] *[[Lucavsala]] *[[Lucia Piussi]] *[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]] *[[Ludmila tal-Boemja]] *[[Ludovico Ariosto]] *[[Ludovico Carracci]] *[[Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof]] *[[Luigi Boccherini]] *[[Luigi Galvani]] *[[Luigi Pirandello]] *[[Lumbini]] *[[Luna 26]] *[[Lunenburg]] *[[Lvant ta' Rennell]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Lyon]] *[[Lyubov Panchenko]] === '''<u>M</u>''' === * [[Maċedonit]] * [[Machu Picchu]] * [[Madinat Al-Zahra]] *[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]] *[[Magda Šaturová-Seppová]] *[[Maison Carrée]] * [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]] *[[Maltin]] *[[Måneskin]] *[[Manhush]] *[[Manto Mavrogenous]] *[[Mantova]] *[[Margaret Abela]] *[[Maria De Filippi]] *[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]] *[[Maria Grollmuß]] *[[Marian Smoluchowski]] *[[Mario Draghi]] *[[Mário Zagallo]] *[[Marrakesh]] *[[Marta Kos]] *[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]] *[[Mary Chronopoulou]] *[[Mary Fenech Adami]] *[[Mary Moser]] *[[Masada]] *[[Masġar tal-Palm ta' Elche]] *[[Maurizio Costanzo]] *[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]] *[[Maymand]] *[[Mbanza Kongo]] *[[Medalja ta' Marian Smoluchowski]] *[[Medina ta' Sousse]] *[[Mehmet Ali Ağca]] *[[Melka Kunture]] *[[Mérida (Spanja)]] *[[Merill]] *[[Meroe]] *[[Merv]] *[[Meteora]] *[[Michael Refalo]] *[[Michail Glinka]] *[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]] *[[Milan]] *[[Mileva Filipović]] *[[Mimoza Kusari-Lila]] *[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]] *[[Minaret ta' Jam]] *[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]] *[[Minjiera tal-Faħam ta' Ombilin]] *[[Minjiera tal-Fidda ta' Iwami Ginzan]] *[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]] *[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]] *[[Minjieri tad-Deheb tal-Gżira ta' Sado]] *[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]] *[[Mira Alečković]] *[[Mirella Freni]] *[[Miroslav Řepa]] *[[Missjonijiet Franġiskani fis-Sierra Gorda ta' Querétaro]] *[[Missjonijiet ta' San Antonio]] *[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti fost il-Guarani]] *[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti ta' Chiquitos]] *[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti ta' La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná u Jesús de Tavarangue]] *[[Mnajdra]] *[[Modena]] *[[Mogħdija tal-Ġgant]] *[[Moidam]] *[[Monasteri fuq ix-xaqlibiet ta' Popocatépetl]] *[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]] *[[Monasteru ta' Alcobaça]] *[[Monasteru ta' Batalha]] *[[Monasteru ta' Ferapontov]] *[[Monasteru ta' Gelati]] *[[Monasteru ta' Geghard]] *[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]] *[[Monasteru ta' Haghpat]] *[[Monasteru ta' Hoge]] *[[Monasteru ta' Horezu]] *[[Monasteru ta' Hosios Loukas]] *[[Monasteru ta' Maulbronn]] *[[Monasteru ta' Neghuts]] *[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]] *[[Monasteru ta' Rila]] *[[Monasteru ta' San Ġwann it-Teologu]] *[[Monasteru ta' San Ilarjun]] *[[Monasteru ta' Sanahin]] *[[Monasteru ta' Santa Katarina]] *[[Monasteru ta' Sopoćani]] *[[Monasteru ta' Studenica]] *[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]] *[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]] *[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]] *[[Monika Kryemadhi]] *[[Møns Klint]] *[[Mont-Saint-Michel]] *[[Monte Albán]] *[[Monte San Giorgio]] *[[Monte Titano]] *[[Monticello]] * [[Monument]] * [[Monument Nazzjonali ta' Żimbabwe l-Kbir]] * [[Monumenti Bojod ta' Vladimir u ta' Suzdal]] * [[Monumenti Buddisti fl-inħawi ta' Hōryū-ji]] * [[Monumenti Paleokristjani u Biżantini ta' Thessaloniki]] * [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]] * [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]] * [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]] * [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Makli]] *[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]] *[[Monumenti ta' Oviedo u tar-Renju tal-Asturjas]] *[[Monumenti tal-Ġebel taċ-Ċriev]] *[[Monumenti u Siti Storiċi f'Kaesong]] *[[Monumenti u Siti Storiċi ta' Hiraizumi]] *[[Morelia]] *[[Moritz Cantor]] *[[Moskea Antika ta' Edirne]] *[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]] *[[Moskea ta' Arif Agha]] *[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]] *[[Moskea tal-Ġimgħa ta' Esfahan]] *[[Moskea tat-Tatari]] *[[Moskej bi stil Sudaniż fit-Tramuntana tal-Kosta tal-Avorju]] *[[Moskej tal-Pilastri tal-Injam tal-Anatolja Medjevali]] *[[Motoori Norinaga]] *[[Mramorje]] *[[Mtskheta]] *[[Mtsvane]] *[[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] *[[Muħammed]] *[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]] *[[Muntanja Pelée]] *[[Muntanja Qingcheng]] *[[Muntanja ta' Kumgang]] *[[Muntanja Wutai]] *[[Muntanji Blu u John Crow]] *[[Muntanji Makhonjwa ta' Barberton]] *[[Muntanji ta' Homolje]] *[[Muntanji tad-Deheb ta' Altai]] *[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]] *[[Muntanji Wudang]] *[[Muntanji Wuyi]] *[[Mużew Brittaniku]] *[[Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Montenegro]] *[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]] *[[Mużew ta' Trojja]] *[[Myśliwska]] *[[Mystras]] === '''<u>N</u>''' === * [[Nærøyfjord]] * [[Nadur]] * [[Naftalan]] * [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] * [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]] * [[Nalanda Mahavihara]] * [[Namhansanseong]] * [[Nancy]] * [[Nan Madol]] *[[Napli]] *[[Naryn-Kala]] *[[Nataliya Kobrynska]] *[[Nea Moni ta' Chios]] *[[Nekropoli]] *[[Nekropoli ta' Beit She'arim]] *[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]] *[[Nemrut Dağı]] *[[Nessebar]] *[[New Lanark]] *[[New Secret (jott)]] *[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]] *[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]] *[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]] *[[Nicolas Flamel]] *[[Nicolau Coelho]] *[[Nida]] *[[Nika Križnar]] *[[Nikkō]] *[[Nil]] *[[Nino Ramishvili]] *[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]] *[[Nisa f’Malta]] *[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]] *[[Nizza]] *[[Norman Morrison]] *[[Nutar]] === '''<u>O</u>''' === * [[Oażi ta' Al-Ahsa]] * [[Olga Tass]] *[[Olimpja]] *[[Olinda]] *[[Ophrys caucasica|''Ophrys caucasica'']] *[[Oplontis]] *[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]] *[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastija Xixia]] *[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]] *[[Oqbra Rjali tad-Dinastija Joseon]] *[[Oqbra ta' Mozu]] *[[Oqbra tar-Rejiet ta' Buganda f'Kasubi]] *[[Orthohantavirus]] *[[Ortografija Litwana]] *[[Osservatorji Astronomiċi tal-Università Federali ta' Kazan]] *[[Osservatorju ta' Črni Vrh]] *[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]] *[[Osservatorju ta' Rozhen]] *[[Osun-Osogbo]] *[[Otto Toeplitz]] *[[Ouro Preto]] === '''<u>P</u>''' === * [[Pablo Neruda]] * [[Pagoda ta' Vinh Nghiem]] * [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]] * [[Pajsaġġ Arkeoloġiku tal-Ewwel Pjantaġġuni tal-Kafè fix-Xlokk ta' Kuba]] * [[Pajsaġġ Arkeoloġiku tas-Sassanidi fil-Provinċja ta' Fars]] * [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]] * [[Pajsaġġ Karstiku tan-Nofsinhar taċ-Ċina]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' ǂKhomani]] * [[Pajsaġġi Kulturali ta' Bassari, Fula u Bedik]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Budj Bim]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Gedeo]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Hawraman/Uramanat]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Le Morne]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Sukur]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Għelieqi Mtarrġa tar-Ross ta' Honghe Hani]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Kafè tal-Kolombja]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Lag ta' Kenozero]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Wied ta' Orkhon]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tat-Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Gobustan]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Zuojiang]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali u Botaniku ta' Richtersveld]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali u l-Fdalijiet Arkeoloġiċi tal-Wied ta' Bamiyan]] * [[Pajsaġġ Migratorju ta' Boma–Badingilo]] * [[Pajsaġġi Militari tal-Imperu Maratha fl-Indja]] * [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]] * [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]] * [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]] * [[Pajsaġġi ta' Dauria]] * [[Pál Maléter]] * [[Palazz Irjali ta' Aranjuez]] *[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]] *[[Palazz Mariinskyi]] *[[Palazz ta' Blenheim]] *[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]] *[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]] *[[Palazz ta' Eggenberg]] *[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]] *[[Palazz ta' Golestan]] *[[Palazz ta' Ishak Paşa]] *[[Palazz ta' Mafra]] *[[Palazz ta' Orbeliani]] *[[Palazz ta' Potala]] *[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]] *[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]] *[[Palazz ta' Versailles]] *[[Palazz tal-Khan]] *[[Palazz tas-Sajf]] *[[Palazz tax-Shirvanshah]] *[[Palazzi Minojċi]] *[[Palazzi Rjali ta' Abomey]] *[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]] *[[Palenque]] *[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]] *[[Palestina]] *[[Palianytsia]] *[[Palmaria]] *[[Palmyra]] *[[Pamukkale]] *[[Panamá Viejo]] *[[Papa Ljun XIV]] *[[Papahānaumokuākea]] *[[Paquimé]] *[[Paramaribo]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku Nazzjonali ta' Tierradentro]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Champaner-Pavagadh]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' San Agustín]] *[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]] *[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]] *[[Park Naturali ta' Dinara]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Karula]] *[[Park Naturali ta' Korab-Koritnik]] *[[Park Naturali tal-Iskolli tal-Qroll ta' Tubbataha]] *[[Park Naturali tal-Pilastri ta' Lena]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Impenetrabbli ta' Bwindi]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Olimpiku]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Trakai]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Alejandro de Humboldt]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Banc d'Arguin]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Beit Guvrin-Maresha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Canaima]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chapada dos Veadeiros]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chiribiquete]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Coiba]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Comoé]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Darien]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Defileul Jiului]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Desembarco del Granma]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Doñana]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Everglades]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garamba]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Great Smoky Mountains]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Gros Morne]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Gunung Mulu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Hortobágy]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Huascarán]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ichkeul]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Iguaçu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Iguazú]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ivindo]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kahuzi-Biega]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kakadu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kaziranga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Khangchendzonga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kilimanjaro]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kinabalu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kiskunság]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lahemaa]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lençóis Maranhenses]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lorentz]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Alerces]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Glaciares]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Katíos]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lushan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Mammoth Cave]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manas]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manú]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manovo-Gounda St Floris]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Mesa Verde]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Miguasha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Morne Trois Pitons]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Murujuga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Nahanni]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Niah]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Niokolo-Koba]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Noel Kempff Mercado]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Nyungwe]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Þingvellir]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Pirin]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Purnululu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Rapa Nui]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Rio Abiseo]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Salonga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sangay]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sanqingshan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Serengeti]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Serra da Capivara]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Simien]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Taï]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Talampaya]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Tongariro]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Una]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Vatnajökull]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Virunga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Yellowstone]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Yosemite]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Biżonti tal-Boskijiet]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Foresta Pluvjali ta' Gola]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Fortizza tal-Għolja ta' Brimstone]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għadajjar ta' Mana]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Carlsbad]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Peruaçu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Grand Canyon]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Himalayas il-Kbar]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Rodopi]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lag tal-Malawi]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja Dajti]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja tal-Kenja]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja Tomorr]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanji ta' Bale]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanji ta' Rwenzori]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Vulkani ta' Hawaii]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tas-Sundarbans]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tat-Taġikistan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tax-Xmara ta' Taħt l-Art ta' Puerto Princesa]] *[[Park Provinċjali ta' Ischigualasto]] *[[Park Provinċjali ta' Writing-on-Stone]] *[[Park Provinċjali tad-Dinosawri]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Phu Phrabat]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Si Thep]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Sukhothai]] *[[Park ta' Maloti-Drakensberg]] *[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]] *[[Park tal-Art Mistagħdra ta' iSimangaliso]] *[[Park tal-Mafkar tar-Rewwixta u tar-Rivoluzzjoni]] *[[Park Trinazzjonali ta' Sangha]] *[[Parks Internazzjonali tal-Paċi ta' Waterton-tal-Glaċieri]] *[[Parks Nazzjonali ta' Nanda Devi u tal-Wied tal-Fjuri]] *[[Parks Nazzjonali tal-Lag ta' Turkana]] *[[Parks Nazzjonali u Statali tas-Siġar tal-Injam tal-Aħmar]] *[[Parks tal-Muntanji tar-Rockies Kanadiżi]] *[[Parmigianino]] *[[Parrukkier]] *[[Pasargadae]] *[[Paseo del Prado]] *[[Patoloġija]] *[[Pattadakal]] *[[Paulo Coelho]] *[[Pavlo Lee]] *[[Pécs]] *[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]] *[[Peña de los Enamorados]] *[[Peniżola]] *[[Peniżola Valdés]] *[[Pergamon]] *[[Peri-Khan Sofiyeva]] *[[Persepolis]] *[[Peter Carl Fabergé]] *[[Péter Magyar]] *[[Pëtr Kapica]] *[[Petra]] *[[Petra Brocková]] *[[Petroglifiċi ta' Bangudae]] *[[Petroglifiċi tal-Lag ta' Onega u l-Baħar Abjad]] *[[Philipp Otto Runge]] *[[Philippi]] *[[Pienza]] *[[Piero Angela]] *[[Pierre Fatou]] *[[Pietro Longhi]] *[[Pietru l-Kbir]] *[[Pimachiowin Aki]] *[[Ping Yao]] *[[Pippo Baudo]] *[[Pirinej-Monte Perdido]] *[[Pitons]] *[[Pitons, Cirques u Rdumijiet tal-Gżira ta' Réunion]] *[[Pjanta]] *[[Pjanura ta' Bărăgan]] *[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]] *[[Pjanura tal-Ġarer]] *[[Pjazza]] *[[Pjazza ta' Naqsh-e Jahan]] * [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]] * [[Pkhali]] *[[Plamer]] *[[Planetarju Rjali ta' Eise Eisinga]] *[[Pobiti Kamani]] *[[Politika]] *[[Polonnaruwa]] *[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]] *[[Pont ta' Forth]] *[[Pont ta' Malabadi]] *[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]] *[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]] *[[Pont tal-Fjuri]] *[[Pont tal-Paċi, Tbilisi]] *[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]] *[[Port Ħieles ta' Malta]] *[[Port Royal]] *[[Port ta' Mariupol]] *[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]] *[[Porta Nigra]] *[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]] *[[Porto]] *[[Postijiet Sagri tal-Bahá'i]] *[[Potosí]] *[[Pożati]] *[[Prambanan]] *[[Professjoni]] *[[Proklos]] *[[Promontorju ta' Putorana]] *[[Provins]] *[[Pu'er]] *[[Puebla (belt)]] *[[Pythagoreion]] === '''<u>Q</u>''' === * [[Qabar ta' Askia]] * [[Qabar ta' Humayun]] * [[Qabar Traċjan ta' Kazanlak]] * [[Qabar Traċjan ta' Sveshtari]] * [[Qabża tal-Biżonti Sfrakassati]] * [[Qal'at al-Bahrain]] * [[Qala (Għawdex)]] * [[Qalba Neolitika tal-Gżejjer Orkney]] * [[Qalhat]] * [[Qanat]] * [[Qaryat al-Faw]] * [[Qaytarma]] * [[Qorti Rjali ta' Tiébélé]] * [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]] * [[Quanzhou]] * [[Quebrada de Humahuaca]] * [[Quedlinburg]] * [[Quirigua]] * [[Quito]] * [[Quseir Amra]] * [[Qutb Minar]] === '''<u>R</u>''' === * [[Rachid Chouhal]] * [[Raħal Storiku ta' St. George u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati, Bermuda]] * [[Rammelsberg]] * [[Ramses II]] * [[Rani-ki-Vav]] * [[Ras'ken' Ozks]] * [[Ravenna]] * [[Ravesa Lleshi]] * [[Red Bay]] * [[Regensburg]] * [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]] * [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]] * [[Reġjun tal-Inbid ta' Tokaj]] *[[Reichenau]] *[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]] *[[Rembrandt]] *[[Renata Scotto]] *[[Renju ta' Mapungubwe]] *[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]] *[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]] *[[Residenza ta' Würzburg]] *[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]] *[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]] *[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]] *[[Rettilu]] *[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]] *[[Riga]] *[[Risco Caído]] *[[Riversleigh]] *[[Riżerva Ekoloġika ta' Mistaken Point]] *[[Riżerva Forestali ta' Sinharaja]] *[[Riżerva Naturali Stretta tal-Muntanja ta' Nimba]] *[[Riżerva Naturali Stretta tat-Tsingy ta' Bemaraha]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Darwin]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Nahal Me'arot]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Okapi]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Selous]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Srebarna]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Tigrovaya Balka]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]] *[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]] *[[Riżerva Naturali tas-Suriname Ċentrali]] *[[Riżerva ta' Bijosfera ta' El Pinacate u Gran Desierto de Altar]] *[[Riżerva ta' Bijosfera ta' Río Plátano]] *[[Riżerva tal-Baħar ta' Aqaba]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera ta' Tehuacán-Cuicatlán]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Baħar l-Iswed]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]] *[[Riżerva tal-Fawna ta' Dja]] *[[Riżervi Naturali ta' Air u ta' Ténéré]] *[[Riżervi tal-Foresti Atlantiċi tal-Kosta tal-Iskoperti]] *[[Riżervi tal-Foresti Atlantiċi tax-Xlokk]] *[[Riżervi tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Talamanca-La Amistad]] *[[Robert Fico]] *[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]] *[[Roberto Burle Marx]] *[[Rodi (belt)]] * [[Roi Mata]] * [[Roșia Montană]] * [[Ronald Searle]] * [[Røros]] * [[Rotta tal-Inċens – Bliet tad-Deżert f'Negev]] * [[Rotta Wixárika tas-Siti Sagri lejn Wirikuta]] * [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]] * [[Royal Exhibition Building]] * [[Róža Domašcyna]] *[[Rudolf Diesel]] *[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]] === '''<u>S</u>''' === * [[Sabratha]] * [[Saeva Dupka]] * [[Safranbolu]] * [[Saint-Émilion]] * [[Sajjied]] *[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]] *[[Salamanca]] *[[Salib ta' Santa Ewfrosina]] *[[Salini Rjali ta' Arc-et-Senans]] *[[Salme Kann]] *[[Saltaire]] *[[Salvatore Accardo]] *[[Salzburg]] *[[Samantha Cristoforetti]] *[[Samarkanda]] *[[Samarra]] *[[Sambor Prei Kuk]] *[[Sammallahdenmäki]] *[[Samuel Deguara]] *[[San Cristóbal de La Laguna]] *[[San Gimignano]] *[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]] *[[San Miguel de Allende]] *[[San Pietruburgu]] *[[Sana'a]] *[[Sanchi]] *[[Sandra Milo]] *[[Sandra Mondaini]] *[[Sandro Botticelli]] *[[Sangiran]] *[[Sansa, il-Monasteri Buddisti tal-Muntanji tal-Korea t'Isfel]] *[[Santa Cruz de Mompox]] *[[Santiago de Compostela]] *[[Santiago de Querétaro]] *[[Santiniketan]] *[[Santwarji tal-Għasafar tal-Passa tul il-Kosta tal-Baħar Isfar u l-Golf ta' Bohai]] *[[Santwarji tal-Pandas Ġganteski ta' Sichuan]] *[[Santwarji tan-Natura Selvaġġa ta' Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng]] *[[Santwarju Nazzjonali tal-Għasafar ta' Djoudj]] *[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus de Matosinhos]] *[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]] *[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]] *[[Santwarju tal-Balieni ta' El Vizcaino]] *[[Santwarju ta' Mỹ Sơn]] *[[Santwarju tal-Fawna u tal-Flora ta' Malpelo]] *[[Santwarju tan-Natura Selvaġġa tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Hamiguitan]] *[[São Cristóvão]] *[[São Luís]] *[[Sarazm]] *[[Sardis]] * [[Saryarka]] * [[Sassi ta' Matera]] * [[Satsivi]] *[[Schokland]] *[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]] *[[Sebastian Brant]] *[[Segovia]] *[[Seka Sablić]] *[[Sengħa]] *[[Seokguram]] *[[Seowon]] *[[Severo Ochoa]] *[[Sevil Shhaideh]] *[[Sewell]] *[[Sferi tal-Ġebel tal-Costa Rica]] *[[SGang Gwaay]] *[[Shahr-e Sukhteh]] *[[Shahrisabz]] *[[Shaken Aimanov]] *[[Shales ta' Maotianshan]] *[[Sheki]] *[[Shennongjia]] *[[Shibam]] *[[Shirakami-Sanchi]] *[[Shiretoko]] *[[Sian Ka'an]] *[[Šibenik]] *[[Sibila Petlevski]] *[[Sidney Webb]] *[[Siega Verde]] *[[Siena]] *[[Sighișoara]] *[[Sigiriya]] *[[Siġra tal-Ballut ta' Stelmužė]] *[[Siġra tal-ballut ta' Tamme-Lauri]] *[[Sikhote-Alin]] *[[Simon Kldiashvili]] *[[Sinagoga Antika (Erfurt)]] *[[Sinéad O'Connor]] *[[Sintra]] *[[Siracusa]] *[[Sistema Idrawlika Storika ta' Shushtar]] *[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]] *[[Sistema tat-Toroq tal-Inka]] *[[Sit Agrikolu Bikri ta' Kuk]] *[[Sit arkeoloġiku ta' Al-Balid|Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Al-Balid]] *[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]] *[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]] *[[Sit Arkeoloġiku tal-Maħżen ta' Valongo]] *[[Sit Storiku Nazzjonali ta' San Juan]] *[[Sit Storiku Statali tat-Tumbati tal-Ħamrija ta' Cahokia]] * [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] * [[Sit ta' Wirt Industrijali ta' Rjukan-Notodden]] *[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]] *[[Sit tar-Raġel ta' Peking f'Zhoukoudian]] *[[Siti tad-Dolmens ta' Gochang, Hwasun u Ganghwa]] *[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Bat, Al-Khutm u Al-Ayn]] *[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]] *[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]] *[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]] *[[Siti Funebri u Mfakar tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija (il-Front tal-Punent)]] *[[Siti Kristjani Moħbija fir-Reġjun ta' Nagasaki]] *[[Siti Metallurġiċi Antiki tal-Burkina Faso]] *[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]] *[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]] *[[Siti Preistoriċi ta' Jōmon fit-Tramuntana tal-Ġappun]] *[[Siti Sagri u Rotot ta' Pellegrinaġġ fil-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Kii]] *[[Siti tal-Fossili tal-Ominidi tal-Afrika t'Isfel]] *[[Siti tar-Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali Meiji tal-Ġappun]] *[[Siti tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Kondoa]] *[[Siti tat-Tusi]] *[[Skarpan]] *[[Skellig Michael]] *[[Skogskyrkogården]] *[[Skojjattlu tal-art ta' Tian Shan]] *[[Skola Superjuri tal-Mekkanika tal-Armata]] *[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]] *[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]] *[[Skoll tal-Qroll tal-Belize]] *[[Skorba]] *[[Skrivan]] *[[Slavko Brezoski]] *[[Socotra]] *[[Soltaniyeh]] *[[Songo Mnara]] *[[Sophia Loren]] *[[Sophie Germain]] *[[Sophie Liebknecht]] *[[Söyembikä]] *[[Speicherstadt]] *[[Spinalonga]] *[[Sputnik 5]] *[[Stari Ras]] *[[Statwa]] *[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]] *[[Statwa tal-Libertà]] *[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]] *[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]] *[[Stećak]] *[[Stepan Erzya]] *[[Stevns Klint]] *[[Stonehenge]] *[[Stone Town]] *[[Strett ta' Hormuz]] *[[Su Nuraxi]] *[[Subak]] *[[Sulaiman-Too]] *[[Sundarbans]] *[[Supra (festa)]] *[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]] *[[Surtsey]] *[[Susa]] *[[Svaneti]] *[[Svetlana Antonovska]] *[[Sviyazhsk]] === '''<u>T</u>''' === * [[Ta' Bakkja]] * [[Ta' Ħaġrat]] * [[Ta' Kandja]] *[[Tabib]] *[[Tadrart Acacus]] *[[Taħdit]] *[[Taishan]] *[[Taj Mahal]] *[[Takalik Abaj]] *[[Takht-e Soleyman]] *[[Takht-i-Bahi]] *[[Takkanot Shum]] *[[Taksim]] *[[Tallinn]] *[[Tamgaly]] *[[Tanġier]] *[[Taos Pueblo]] *[[Taputapuātea]] *[[Tarraco]] *[[Tarzna Navali ta' Antigua u s-Siti Arkeoloġiċi Relatati]] *[[Tassili n'Ajjer]] *[[Tavla ta' Narmer]] *[[Taxila]] *[[Tchogha Zanbil]] *[[Te Wahipounamu]] *[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]] *[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]] *[[Teatru da Paz]] *[[Teatru Rjal]] *[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]] *[[Teatru tal-Amażonja]] *[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]] *[[Teatru tal-Opri ta' Sydney]] *[[Tebe (Eġittu)]] *[[Tekniku]] *[[Telč]] *[[Tempji Ħajjin Kbar taċ-Ċola]] * [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]] * [[Tempji ta' Ħal Tarxien]] *[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]] *[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]] *[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]] *[[Tempju ta' Kakatiya Rudreshwara]] *[[Tempju ta' Mahabodhi]] *[[Tempju ta' Preah Vihear]] *[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]] *[[Tempju tal-Għar ta' Dambulla]] *[[Tempju tax-Xemx ta' Konarak]] *[[Tempju u Ċimiterju ta' Konfuċju u l-Villa tal-Familja Kong f'Qufu]] *[[Teotihuacan]] *[[Tequila (Belt)]] * [[Terminoloġija]] * [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]] * [[Tétouan]] *[[Teżawru]] *[[Theobald Boehm]] *[[Theodore Géricault]] *[[Thimlich Ohinga]] *[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]] *[[Thomas à Kempis]] *[[Thoros ta' Edessa]] *[[Tian Shan]] * [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]] * [[Tieqa ta' Wied il-Mielaħ]] * [[Tikal]] * [[Timbuktu]] * [[Timgad]] * [[Tina Turner]] * [[Tinetto]] * [[Tino]] * [[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Alta]] *[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]] *[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat fir-Reġjun ta' Ha'il]] *[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat ta' Dazu]] *[[Tinqix ta' Bisotun]] *[[Tipasa]] *[[Tiryns]] *[[Tiwanaku]] *[[Tiya]] *[[Tlacotalpan]] *[[TNMK]] *[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]] *[[Toledo]] *[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]] *[[Tomiri]] *[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: il-Kuritur ta' Zarafshan-Karakum]] *[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]] * [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]] * [[Torri ta' Belém]] *[[Torri ta' Erkole]] *[[Torri ta' Londra]] *[[Torri tax-Xebba (Baku)]] *[[Torrijiet residenzjali tas-Svan|Torrijiet Residenzjali tas-Svan]] *[[Toruń]] *[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Sierra de San Francisco]] *[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Baċir Mediterran Iberiku]] *[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Għar ta' Shulgan-Tash]] *[[Trattat ta' Kaunas]] *[[Třebíč]] *[[Trinidad, Kuba]] *[[Trogir]] *[[Trojja]] *[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]] *[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]] *[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]] *[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]] *[[Tsodilo]] *[[Tubeteika]] *[[Tulou ta' Fujian|''Tulou'' ta' Fujian]] *[[Tumbati Ċerimonjali tal-Ħamrija ta' Hopewell]] *[[Tumbati Funebri ta' Dilmun]] *[[Tumbati Funebri ta' Gaya]] *[[Tumbati Monumentali tal-Ħamrija ta' Poverty Point]] *[[Turan]] *[[Tutankhamun]] *[[Twyfelfontein]] *[[Tyre]] === '''<u>U</u>''' === * [[Úbeda]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] *[[Uluru]] *[[Um er-Rasas]] *[[Umm Al-Jimāl]] *[[UNESCO]] *[[Università Iżlamika Russa]] *[[Università Nazzjonali Awtonoma tal-Messiku]] *[[Università ta' Al-Qarawiġin|Università ta' Al-Qarawijin]] *[[Università ta' Coimbra]] *[[Unjoni Sovjetika]] *[[Urbino]] *[['Uruq Bani Mu'arid]] *[[Uxmal]] === '''<u>V</u>''' === * [[Val d'Orcia]] *[[Val di Noto]] *[[Valentyna Radzymovska]] *[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]] *[[Vallée de Mai]] *[[Vasco da Gama]] *[[Vat Phou]] *[[Velimir Khlebnikov]] *[[Venera 7]] *[[Verona]] *[[Via Appia]] *[[Victoria Amelina]] *[[Vigan]] *[[Vincent van Gogh]] *[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]] *[[Villa d'Este]] *[[Villa Romana del Casale]] *[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]] *[[Villa Tugendhat]] *[[Villaġġi Antiki tat-Tramuntana tas-Sirja]] *[[Villaġġi bil-Knejjes Iffortifikati f'Transilvanja]] *[[Villaġġi Storiċi ta' Shirakawa-gō u Gokayama]] *[[Vilnius]] *[[Visby]] *[[Vitaliy Kim]] *[[Vito Volterra]] *[[Vittorio De Sica]] *[[Vjenna]] *[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]] *[[Vlkolínec]] *[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] *[[Volubilis]] *[[Võros]] *[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]] *[[Vulkani ta' Kamchatka]] === '''<u>W</u>''' === * [[Wachau]] * [[Wadi Al-Hitan]] *[[Wadi Rum]] *[[Wales]] *[[Weimar Klassika]] *[[Werrej]] *[[Wied Superjuri tar-Renu Nofsani]] *[[Wied t'Isfel tal-Awash]] *[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]] *[[Wied ta' Loire]] *[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]] *[[Wied ta' M'zab]] *[[Wied ta' Qadisha]] *[[Wied ta' Viñales]] *[[Wied tal-Fondoq il-Kbir]] *[[Wied tat-Tempji]] *[[Wilhelm Grimm]] *[[Wilhelm Röntgen]] *[[Willem de Sitter]] *[[Willemstad]] *[[William Boeing]] *[[Wirt Arkeoloġiku tal-Wied ta' Lenggong]] *[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]] *[[Wismar]] *[[Władysław Horodecki]] *[[Wolfgang Paul]] === '''<u>X</u>''' === * [[Xanadu]] * [[Xanthos]] * [[Xatt it-Tiben]] *[[Xeff]] *[[Xerxes I]] *[[Xidi]] *[[Xmara Omo]] *[[Xochicalco]] *[[Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto]] *[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] *[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] *[[Xjenza spazjali]] *[[Xtatol]] === '''<u>Y</u>''' === * [[Yagul]] * [[Yakushima]] * [[Yana Zinkevych]] * [[Yangdong]] * [[Yarmak]] * [[Yaroslavl]] * [[Yazd]] * [[Yeni-Kale]] * [[Yin Xu]] * [[Yllka Mujo]] * [[Yogyakarta]] *[[Yuliya Gushchina]] *[[Yuri Lysianskyi]] === '''<u>Ż</u>''' === * [[Żapoteki]] * [[Żejt]] * [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]] * [[Żona Kulturali ta' Ḥimā]] *[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]] *[[Żona Naturali Selvaġġa tat-Tażmanja]] *[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]] *[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]] *[[Żona Protetta tal-Gżejjer Phoenix]] *[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku ta' Huanglong]] *[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku tal-Wied ta' Jiuzhaigou]] *[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku ta' Wulingyuan]] *[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Guanacaste]] *[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Ngorongoro]] *[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Pantanal]] *[[Żona tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Chongoni]] *[[Żoni Protetti tar-Reġjun tal-Fjuri tal-Kap]] *[[Żoni Protetti tat-Tliet Xmajjar Paralleli ta' Yunnan]] *[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]] *[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Gyeongju]] *[[Żooloġija]] === '''<u>Z</u>''' === * [[Zabid]] * [[Zacatecas (belt)]] * [[Zagori]] * [[Zamość]] * [[Žatec]] * [[Žehra]] * [[Ziba Ganiyeva]] * [[Zivana]] * [[Zlata Kolarić-Kišur]] *[[Zofia Zamenhof]] *[[Zollverein]] *[[Zond 5]] *[[Zsuzsanna Lorántffy]] kwt7ldo64bwb3iq9l45e01ajpkwy9xn 331499 331490 2026-08-17T13:55:28Z Trigcly 17859 aġġornament 331499 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Artikli ġodda (2023)''' == === <u>'''A'''</u> === * [[Aapravasi Ghat]] * [[Aasivissuit-Nipisat: Territorju tal-Kaċċa tal-Inuit bejn is-Silġ u l-Baħar]] * [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]] * [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]] * [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]] * [[Abbazija ta' Pannonhalma]] *[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]] *[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]] *[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]] *[[Abu al-Fida]] *[[Abu Mena]] *[[Abu Simbel]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Acre|Acre]] *[[Afag Bashirgyzy]] *[[Aflaj tal-Oman]] *[[Afrodisja]] *[[Agadez]] *[[Agostino Carracci]] *[[Agostino Matrenza]] *[[Ahwar tan-Nofsinhar tal-Iraq]] *[[Aigai]] *[[Aït Benhaddou]] *[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]] *[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]] *[[Akshata Murthy]] *[[Aksum]] *[[Al Qal'a ta' Beni Hammad]] *[[Al Zubarah]] *[[Al-Maghtas]] *[[Alatyr]] *[[Albéric Magnard]] *[[Alberobello]] *[[Albi]] *[[Alcalá de Henares]] *[[Alcide d'Orbigny]] *[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]] *[[Alenush Terian]] *[[Aleppo]] *[[Alessandro Scarlatti]] *[[Alessandro Volta]] *[[Alexander Pushkin]] *[[Alexander Wolszczan]] *[[Aleksandra Smiljanić]] *[[Alfred Hermann Fried]] *[[Alfred Nobel]] *[[Alfredo Casella]] *[[Alois Dryák]] *[[Alto Douro]] *[[Amazigh Marokkin Standard]] *[[Ambohimanga]] *[[Ambra Sabatini]] *[[Amerigo Vespucci]] *[[Amerigo Vespucci (vapur għoli)|''Amerigo Vespucci'' (vapur għoli)]] * [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]] * [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]] *[[Amilcare Ponchielli]] *[[Anastasia Golovina]] *[[Anders Jonas Ångström]] *[[André Citroën]] *[[André Weil]] *[[Anfibju]] *[[Anfiteatru ta' El Jem]] *[[Angelina Mango]] * [[Angkor Wat]] * [[Angra do Heroísmo]] * [[Ani]] * [[Anjar]] * [[Anna Brigadere]] * [[Anna Kyriakou]] *[[Anna Seghers]] *[[Anna Sychravová]] *[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]] *[[Anse aux Meadows]] * [[Antartika]] * [[Anticosti]] * [[Antigua Guatemala]] *[[Antoine de Jussieu]] *[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]] *[[Antoinette Miggiani]] *[[Anton Diabelli]] *[[Anuradhapura]] *[[Aplogruppi Y-DNA fit-tribujiet tal-Każakistan]] *[[Aporofobija]] *[[Aquileia]] *[[Arċipelagu ta' Bijagós]] *[[Arċipelagu ta' Revillagigedo]] *[[Arċipelagu ta' Vega]] *[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]] *[[Arequipa]] *[[Arġentier]] *[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]] *[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]] *[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]] *[[Arkeoloġija]] *[[Arkitett]] *[[Arkitettura Mudéjar ta' Aragona]] *[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]] *[[Arles]] *[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]] *[[Arslantepe]] *[[Art tal-Inċens]] *[[Arthur Schnitzler]] *[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]] *[[Artiġjan]] *[[Artijiet Għoljin Ċentrali tas-Sri Lanka]] *[[As-Salt]] *[[Asmara]] * [[Assisi]] * [[Assi Ċentrali ta' Beijing]] * [[Assur]] * [[Astrofiżika]] *[[Asuman Baytop]] *[[Athos]] *[[Attrazzjonijiet Ewlenin tar-Renju Antik ta' Saba f'Marib]] *[[Auschwitz]] *[[Austin Camilleri]] *[[Ávila]] *[[Avukat]] === '''<u>B</u>''' === * [[Baalbek]] * [[Babilonja]] * [[Baċir tal-Lag ta' Uvs]] * [[Baċir tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Nord-Pas de Calais]] * [[Baeza]] * [[Bagan]] * [[Baħar l-Abjad]] * [[Baħar l-Iswed]] *[[Baħar ta' Wadden]] *[[Baħar tar-Ramel tan-Namibja]] *[[Bajja ta' Dungonab]] *[[Bajja ta' Ha Long]] *[[Bajja ta' Tallinn]] *[[Bajja tal-Klieb il-Baħar]] *[[Bajjad]] *[[Baleron]] *[[Bamberg]] *[[Ban Chiang]] *[[Banská Štiavnica]] *[[Barbier]] *[[Bardejov]] *[[Barokk]] *[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]] *[[Bath, Somerset]] *[[Batlejka]] *[[Battaljun Mediku tal-Ospedalieri]] *[[Battir]] *[[Bauhaus u s-Siti tal-Moviment f'Weimar, f'Dessau u f'Bernau]] *[[Baxkortostan]] *[[Bażi tad-Data tal-Osservazzjoni tal-Kometi]] *[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]] *[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]] *[[Beatriz Carrillo]] *[[Beemster]] *[[Béguinage]] *[[Belintersat-1]] *[[BelKA]] *[[Belt Bajda ta' Tel Aviv – il-Moviment Modern]] *[[Belt Kolonjali ta' Santo Domingo]] *[[Belt Projbita]] *[[Belt Storika ta' Ahmadabad]] *[[Belt Storika tal-Kajr]] *[[Belt Storika tal-Moskej ta' Bagerhat]] *[[Belt ta' Guanajuato]] *[[Belt ta' New York]] *[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]] *[[Belt Universitarja ta' Caracas]] *[[Bennej]] *[[Berġa tal-Italja, il-Belt Valletta]] *[[Berġa tal-Italja, il-Birgu]] *[[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]] *[[Bernard Grech]] *[[Betlem]] *[[Betti Alver]] *[[Burkhan Khaldun]] *[[Bidwi]] *[[Bieb il-Belt]] *[[Binjiet Gotiċi Vittorjani u tal-Art Deco ta' Mumbai]] *[[Binjiet Tradizzjonali tal-Asante]] *[[BirdLife International]] *[[Blat Imkenni ta' Bhimbetka]] *[[Bliet Antiki tal-Pyu]] *[[Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara]] *[[Bliet Kapitali u Oqbra tar-Renju Antik ta' Koguryo]] *[[Bliet Storiċi tal-Istrett ta' Malakka]] *[[Bobby Charlton]] *[[Bolgar]] *[[Bordeaux]] *[[Borobudur]] *[[Borża ta' Malta]] *[[Bosra]] *[[Bridgetown]] *[[Brook Taylor]] *[[Brú na Bóinne]] *[[Bruno Pizzul]] *[[Bryggen]] *[[Bucha]] *[[Buddha Ġgantesk ta' Leshan]] *[[Bugeddum Armen]] *[[Bukhara]] *[[Burt Bacharach]] *[[Buskett]] *[[Butrint]] *[[Byblos]] === '''<u>Ċ/C</u>''' === * [[Cáceres (Spanja)]] * [[Calakmul]] * [[Camagüey]] * [[Camino Real de Tierra Adentro]] * [[Campeche]] * [[Canal du Midi]] * [[Canaletto]] * [[Caral]] * [[Carcassonne]] *[[Carl Bosch]] *[[Carl David Anderson]] *[[Carl Linnaeus]] *[[Carla Fracci]] *[[Carlo Collodi]] *[[Caroline Mikkelsen]] *[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]] *[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]] *[[Çatalhöyük]] *[[Causses u Cévennes]] *[[Ċellola]] *[[Ċensu Apap]] *[[Ċentru Kulturali ta' Heydar Aliyev]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Lijiang]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Macao]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Rauma]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Salvador de Bahia]] *[[Český Krumlov]] *[[Ċetta Chevalier]] *[[Chaîne des Puys]] *[[Chakapuli]] *[[Chan Chan]] *[[Changdeokgung]] *[[Chankillo]] *[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]] *[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]] *[[Charles Nicolle]] *[[Charles Richter]] *[[Charles Xuereb]] *[[Charlie Watts]] *[[Chavín]] *[[Choeung Ek]] *[[Chersonesus Tawrika]] *[[Chichén Itzá]] *[[Chilehaus]] *[[Choirokoitia]] *[[Christiansfeld]] *[[Christopher Polhem]] *[[Chun Wang]] *[[Cidade Velha]] *[[Cienfuegos]] *[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]] *[[Cinque Terre]] *[[Ċirkewwa]] *[[Ċiru l-Kbir]] *[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]] *[[Ċittadella ta' Erbil]] *[[Ċittadella tad-Dinastija Hồ]] *[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]] *[[Climats u Terroirs ta' Bourgogne]] *[[Colonia del Sacramento]] *[[Copan]] *[[Córdoba, Spanja]] *[[Coro]] *[[Crespi d'Adda]] *[[Ċrieki tal-Ġebel tas-Senegambja]] *[[Cristofano Allori]] *[[Cuenca, l-Ekwador]] *[[Cuenca (Spanja)]] *[[Cueva de las Manos]] *[[Cumalıkızık]] *[[Curzio Maltese]] *[[Cusco]] *[[Cynthia Turner]] *[[Cyrene]] === '''<u>D</u>''' === * [[Daiga Mieriņa]] * [[Damasku]] * [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]] * [[Danxia]] * [[Darius I]] *[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder|Dar ta' Rietveld Schröder]] *[[Dar tal-Kimeri]] *[[Dar tat-Twelid ta' Martin Luteru]] *[[Dar u Studjo ta' Luis Barragán]] *[[Delos]] *[[Delphi]] *[[Delta ta' Saloum]] *[[Delta ta' Okavango]] *[[Delta tad-Danubju]] *[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]] *[[Demokrazija]] *[[Dengfeng]] *[[Dentist]] *[[Denys Shmyhal]] *[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]] *[[Deżert ta' Badain Jaran]] *[[Deżert ta' Lut]] *[[Deżerta tal-isfarġel]] *[[Dholavira]] *[[Diamantina]] *[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]] *[[Diaolou]] *[[Diga ta' Karakaya]] *[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]] *[[Dimitrana Ivanova]] *[[Distrett ta' At-Turaif]] *[[Diy-Gid-Biy]] *[[Dizzjunarju]] *[[Djalett]] *[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]] *[[Djémila]] *[[Djerba]] *[[DNA]] *[[Dolċier]] *[[Dolmen ta' Menga]] *[[Dolmen ta' Viera]] *[[Dolomiti]] *[[Domenico Allegri]] *[[Domenico Scarlatti]] *[[Domowina]] *[[Domus de Janas]] *[[Domus Rumana]] *[[Donatello]] *[[Dougga]] *[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]] *[[Dubrovnik]] *[[Durmitor]] * [[Dwejra]] === '''<u>E</u>''' === * [[Edgar Preca]] * [[Edward Sexton]] * [[Edinburgu]] * [[Edward de Bono]] * [[Edwin Hubble]] * [[Efesu]] * [[Eise Eisinga]] *[[Ekonomista]] *[[Ekosistema u Relitt tal-Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Lopé-Okanda]] *[[El Escorial]] *[[El Jadida]] *[[El Tajin]] *[[El Torcal]] *[[Eladio Dieste]] *[[Eleonora Jenko Groyer]] *[[Elisha Graves Otis]] *[[Elvas]] *[[Emil Nolde]] *[[Emma Andrijewska]] *[[Emma Muscat]] *[[Ernst Schröder]] *[[Esperantoloġija]] *[[Essaouira]] *[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]] *[[Ethel Anderson]] *[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]] *[[Eugenio Montale]] *[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]] *[[Evelyn Bonaci]] *[[Évora]] *[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]] === '''<u>F</u>''' === * [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]] * [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Ħarir ta' Tomioka]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Injam u tal-Kartun ta' Verla]] * [[Fabbriki tal-Wied ta' Derwent]] * [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]] * [[Fanjingshan]] * [[Fasil Ghebbi]] * [[Fatehpur Sikri]] * [[Fdalijiet Arkeoloġiċi ta' Moenjodaro]] * [[Fdalijiet ta' Gedi]] * [[Fdalijiet ta' León Viejo]] * [[Fdalijiet ta' Loropéni]] * [[Fdalijiet tal-Vihara Buddista f'Paharpur]] * [[Fehme Agani]] *[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]] *[[Fenno-Skandinavja]] *[[Fernando Botero]] *[[Ferrara]] *[[Ferruccio Lamborghini]] *[[Festival ta' Sanremo]] *[[Fiera Internazzjonali ta' Rachid Karami f'Tripoli]] *[[Figolla]] *[[Firenze]] *[[Fjord tas-Silġ ta' Ilulissat]] *[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]] *[[Flora Martirosian]] *[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]] *[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]] *[[Foresti Irkanjani]] *[[Foresti Muntanjużi ta' Odzala-Kokoua]] *[[Foresti Sagri ta' Kaya tal-Mijikenda]] *[[Foresti tas-Siġar tar-Rand ta' Madeira]] *[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]] *[[Foresti Tropikali tal-Atsinanana]] *[[Foresti Tropikali u Artijiet Mistagħdra Kolkiċi]] *[[Foresti Verġni ta' Komi]] *[[Formazzjonijiet u Għerien Karstiċi Evaporitiċi tar-Reġjun ta' Emilia Romagna]] *[[Forti l-Aħmar]] * [[Forti ta' Agra]] *[[Forti ta' Bahla]] *[[Forti ta' Galle]] *[[Forti ta' Ġesù]] *[[Forti ta' Rohtas]] *[[Fortifikazzjonijiet fuq in-Naħa tal-Karibew tal-Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo]] *[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]] *[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]] *[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]] *[[Fortijiet u Kastelli tal-Ghana]] *[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]] *[[Fortizza ta' Hwaseong]] *[[Fortizza ta' Pirot]] *[[Fortizza ta' San Nikola]] *[[Fortizza ta' Suomenlinna]] *[[Fortizzi ta' Dacia fil-Muntanji Orăștie]] *[[Fortizzi Tondi tal-Vikingi]] *[[Foss ta' Messel]] *[[Fotografu]] *[[Fram2]] *[[Francesco Guardi]] *[[François-Alphonse Forel]] *[[François Couperin]] *[[François Girardon]] *[[Francois Mauriac]] *[[Franco Migliacci]] *[[Franġisk Zahra]] *[[Frank Drake]] *[[Franz Beckenbauer]] *[[Franz Kafka]] *[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]] *[[Franz von Suppé]] *[[Frawla]] *[[Fray Bentos]] *[[Frédéric Bartholdi]] *[[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve]] *[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]] *[[Frosta tal-Għid]] * [[Frott]] * [[Fruntieri Rumani Ġermaniċi t'Isfel]] * [[Fruntieri Rumani ta' Dacia]] * [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]] * [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]] *[[Fuji]] *[[Furnar]] === '''<u>Ġ</u>''' === * [[Ġardinar]] *[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]] * [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]] * [[Ġeoloġija]] * [[Ġeriko tal-Qedem]] * [[Ġerusalemm]] * [[Ġibjun ta' Bovilla]] * [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]] * [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]] * [[Ġnien Persjan]] * [[Ġobon ta' Jāņi]] * [[Ġonna Botaniċi Rjali ta' Kew]] * [[Ġonna Botaniċi ta' Singapore]] * [[Ġonna Klassiċi ta' Suzhou]] * [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]] * [[Ġonna ta' Shalimar]] *[[Ġurnalist]] === '''<u>G</u>''' === * [[Gammelstad]] * [[Gamzigrad]] * [[Gati tal-Punent]] * [[Gebel Barkal]] * [[Geirangerfjord]] * [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]] *[[Georg Ohm]] *[[Georg von Békésy]] *[[George Gallup]] *[[Georges Bernanos]] *[[Georges J.F. Kohler]] *[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]] *[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]] *[[Ghadamès]] *[[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola]] *[[Giacomo Zanella]] *[[Giampiero Galeazzi]] *[[Gianni Vella]] *[[Gigi Riva]] *[[Giorgia Meloni]] *[[Giorgio Vasari]] *[[Giosuè Carducci]] *[[Giotto]] *[[Giovanni Arduino]] *[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]] *[[Giovanni Boccaccio]] *[[Giovanni Paisiello]] *[[Giovanni Papini]] *[[Giulio Natta]] *[[Gjirokastër]] *[[Glossarju]] *[[Göbekli Tepe]] *[[Goffredo Mameli]] *[[Goiás]] *[[Golf ta' California]] *[[Golf ta' Porto]] *[[Gonbad-e Qābus]] *[[Gordion]] *[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]] *[[Gotiku]] *[[Gozinaki]] *[[Gran Ordni tar-Re Tomislav]] *[[Grand Pré]] *[[Grand-Bassam]] *[[Grand Place, Brussell]] *[[Graz]] *[[Grazia Deledda]] *[[Greenland]] *[[Gregorio Allegri]] *[[Gremxula ta' Malta]] *[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]] *[[Grotti ta' Longmen]] *[[Grotti ta' Yungang]] *[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]] *[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Mahabalipuram]] *[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]] *[[Guimarães]] *[[Gustave Charpentier]] * [[Gżejjer Eolji]] * [[Gżejjer Falkland]] * [[Gżejjer Galapagos]] * [[Gżejjer Marquesas]] * [[Gżejjer Solovetsky]] * [[Gżejjer Sub-Antartiċi ta' New Zealand]] * [[Gżejjer ta' Amami-Ōshima, ta' Tokunoshima u ta' Iriomote, u t-Tramuntana ta' Okinawa]] * [[Gżejjer ta' Ogasawara]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Blat]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Aldabra]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Bikini]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Rocas]] * [[Gżejjer tan-Nofsinhar u Ibħra Awstrali Franċiżi]] * [[Gżira Heard u l-Gżejjer McDonald]] * [[Gżira Inaċċessibbli]] * [[Gżira Sagra ta' Okinoshima u Siti Assoċjati fir-Reġjun ta' Munakata]] * [[Gżira ta' Cocos]] * [[Gżira ta' Fraser]] * [[Gżira ta' Gorée]] * [[Gżira ta' Henderson]] *[[Gżira ta' Jeju]] *[[Gżira ta' Kunta Kinteh]] *[[Gżira ta' Lord Howe]] *[[Gżira ta' Macquarie]] *[[Gżira ta' Mozambique]] *[[Gżira ta' Pico]] *[[Gżira ta' Robben]] *[[Gżira ta' Saint-Louis]] *[[Gżira ta' Tiwai]] *[[Gżira ta' Wrangel]] *[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]] === '''<u>GĦ</u>''' === * [[Għajn Tuffieħa]] * [[Għalliem]] *[[Għar Dalam]] *[[Għar ta' Altamira]] *[[Għar ta' Gorham]] *[[Għar ta' Karain]] *[[Għar ta' Optymistychna]] *[[Għar ta' Vjetrenica]] *[[Għar tal-Apokalissi]] *[[Għar tal-Irħam]] *[[Għar tas-Silġ ta' Dobšiná]] *[[Għarb]] *[[Għelieqi Mtarrġa tar-Ross tal-Cordilleras tal-Filippini]] *[[Għerien Karstiċi ta' Aggtelek u tas-Slovakkja]] *[[Għerien ta' Ajanta]] *[[Għerien ta' Elephanta]] *[[Għerien ta' Ellora]] *[[Għerien ta' Mogao]] *[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]] *[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]] *[[Għid]] *[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]] *[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]] *[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]] *[[Għoljiet ta' Matobo]] *[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]] === '''<u>H</u>''' === * [[Hagia Sophia]] * [[Hahoe]] * [[Haley Bugeja]] * [[Halloumi]] * [[Hallstatt]] * [[Hampi]] *[[Hans Geiger]] *[[Hans Memling]] *[[Hans Sloane]] *[[Hans Spemann]] *[[Harar]] *[[Harry Belafonte]] *[[Hatı Çırpan]] *[[Hatra]] *[[Hattusha]] *[[Hawa Mahal]] *[[Hebron]] *[[Hedeby]] *[[Hegmataneh]] *[[Hegra]] *[[Heinrich Hertz]] *[[Helena Kottler Vurnik]] *[[Henri Fantin-Latour]] *[[Henri Frederic Amiel]] *[[Hermannus Contractus]] *[[Hideki Shirakawa]] *[[Hideki Yukawa]] *[[Hildesheim]] *[[Höga Kusten]] *[[Hoh Xil]] *[[Hội An]] *[[Holašovice]] *[[Hollókő]] *[[Hongcun]] *[[Hospicio Cabañas]] *[[Hospital de Sant Pau]] *[[Hovgården]] *[[Howard Carter]] *[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]] *[[Huangshan]] *[[Hubert de Givenchy]] === '''<u>Ħ</u>''' === * [[Ħaġar Megalitiku ta' Carnac]] * [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]] * [[Ħajja]] *[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]] *[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]] *[[Ħsad tal-Perli fil-Bahrain]] *[[Ħuta]] === '''<u>I</u>''' === * [[Ibn Battuta]] * [[ICOMOS]] * [[Idolu ta' Shigir]] * [[Idrija]] * [[Idrijski žlikrofi]] * [[Ilha Grande]] * [[Il'ja Prigožini]] * [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]] *[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]] *[[Impjanti tan-Nitrat tal-Potassju ta' Humberstone u ta' Santa Laura]] *[[Inara Luigas]] *[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]] *[[Independence Hall]] *[[Indiċi]] *[[Industrija tal-lavanja f'Wales]] *[[Ingredjent]] *[[Intaljatur]] *[[Internet]] *[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]] * [[Ipproċessar testwali]] * [[Irdumijiet ta' Bandiagara]] * [[Iremel]] * [[Irħula Antiki ta' Djenné]] * [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]] * [[Irpin]] * [[Irziezet Imżejnin ta' Hälsingland]] *[[Isabella d'Este]] *[[ISBN]] *[[Istitut tar-Riċerka dwar il-Foresti tal-Malażja]] *[[Istmu Kuronjan]] *[[Ivan Turgenev]] *[[Ivrea]] === '''<u>J</u>''' === * [[Jacinto Benavente]] * [[Jaipur]] * [[Jakob Bogdani]] * [[Jan Novák]] *[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]] *[[Jarrod Sammut]] *[[Jean Antoine Houdon]] *[[Jean Dieudonné]] *[[Jean Picard]] *[[Jebel Faya]] *[[Jeddah]] *[[Jodensavanne]] *[[Joggins]] *[[Johann Christian Bach]] *[[Johan Jensen]] *[[John Edward Critien]] *[[John Kendrew]] *[[John Strutt Rayleigh]] *[[Jongmyo]] *[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]] *[[Josef Hoffman]] *[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] *[[Joya de Cerén]] *[[Jože Plečnik]] *[[Jules Pascin]] *[[Julia Malinova]] *[[Julia Sanina]] *[[Júlia Sigmond]] *[[Julio Baghy]] *[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] *[[Jum il-Ġifa]] *[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]] *[[Jum l-Ewropa]] *[[Jum Zamenhof]] === '''<u>K</u>''' === * [[Kaċċa bl-ajkli]] * [[Kairouan]] * [[Kaja Kallas]] *[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]] *[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]] *[[Kanal il-Kbir (iċ-Ċina)]] *[[Kanal ta' Rideau]] *[[Kanali ta' Amsterdam]] *[[Kandy]] *[[Kappella]] *[[Karavanseraj Persjani]] *[[Karbalayi Safikhan Karabakhi]] *[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]] *[[Karl Weierstrass]] *[[Karlskrona]] *[[Karlu III]] *[[Kasbah tal-Alġier]] *[[Kaskati ta' Galdelsha]] *[[Kaskati ta' Vitorja]] *[[Kastell ta' Ankara]] *[[Kastell ta' Durham]] *[[Kastell ta' Himeji]] *[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]] *[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]] *[[Kastell ta' Kuressaare]] *[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]] *[[Kastell ta' Lubart]] *[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]] *[[Kastell ta' Nesvizh]] *[[Kastell ta' Neuschwanstein]] *[[Kastell ta' Paphos]] *[[Kastell ta' San Pedro de la Roca]] *[[Kastell ta' Spiš]] *[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]] *[[Kastell ta' Zerzevan]] *[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]] *[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]] *[[Kastelli u Swar tal-Irħula tar-Re Dwardu fi Gwynedd]] *[[Katarina Vitale]] * [[Katidral]] *[[Katidral ta' Aachen]] *[[Katidral ta' Amiens]] *[[Katidral ta' Bourges]] *[[Katidral ta' Burgos]] *[[Katidral ta' Canterbury]] *[[Katidral ta' Chartres]] *[[Katidral ta' Köln]] *[[Katidral ta' León, Nikaragwa]] *[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]] *[[Katidral ta' Reims]] *[[Katidral ta' Roskilde]] *[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]] *[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]] *[[Katidral ta' Speyer]] *[[Katidral ta' Tournai]] *[[Katidral ta' Zvartnots]] *[[Katidral tat-Tlugħ is-Sema tal-Madonna ta' Kiev]] *[[Katidral tat-Trasfigurazzjoni, Dnipro]] *[[Katina Muntanjuża ta' Ennedi]] *[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]] *[[Katina Muntanjuża ta' Mulanje]] *[[Katsiaryna Barysevich]] *[[Kauksi Ülle]] *[[Kaunas]] *[[Kavallier ta' Madara]] * [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]] * [[Kawkasu tal-Punent]] * [[KazCosmos]] *[[Kelma]] *[[Kerkuane]] *[[Kernavė]] *[[Kewkbet is-Safar]] *[[Khafre]] *[[Khami]] *[[Khinalug]] *[[Khiva]] *[[Khor Rori]] *[[Khorramabad]] *[[Khuttal]] *[[Kibbeh]] *[[Kiki Kogelnik]] *[[Kinderdijk]] *[[Kirurgu]] *[[Kizhi Pogost]] *[[Kladruby nad Labem]] * [[Klima ta' Malta]] * [[Klondike]] * [[Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Bajja tal-Glaċieri / Tatshenshini-Alsek]] * [[Knarik Vardanyan]] * [[Knejjes Barokki tal-Filippini]] * [[Knejjes Imħaffrin fil-Blat ta' Ivanovo]] * [[Knejjes Imħaffrin fil-Blat ta' Lalibela]] *[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]] *[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]] *[[Knejjes ta' Chiloé]] *[[Knejjes tal-Injam ta' Maramureș]] *[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]] *[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]] *[[Knejjes tal-Iskola tal-Arkitettura ta' Pskov]] *[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]] *[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]] *[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]] *[[Knisja Antika ta' Petäjävesi]] *[[Knisja ta' Atlántida]] *[[Knisja ta' Boyana]] *[[Knisja ta' San Ġwann f'Kaneo]] *[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]] *[[Knisja ta' Santa Margerita]] *[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]] *[[Knisja tal-Injam ta' Urnes]] *[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]] *[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]] *[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]] *[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]] *[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]] *[[Koh Ker]] *[[Kok]] *[[Kolomenskoye]] *[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]] *[[Kolonji tal-Benevolenza]] *[[Kolonna ta' Ġuljanu]] *[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]] * [[Kolossew]] * [[Konso]] *[[Konversazzjoni]] *[[Korfù]] *[[Kosta Ġurassika]] *[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]] *[[Kosta ta' Ningaloo]] *[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]] *[[Kotlovina]] *[[Koutammakou]] *[[Krak des Chevaliers]] *[[Krakovja]] *[[Krater ta' Logoisk]] *[[Krater ta' Vredefort]] *[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]] *[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]] *[[Kreta]] *[[Krisztina Tóth]] *[[Krzemionki]] *[[Ksour Antiki ta' Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt u Oualata]] *[[Kubdari]] *[[Kujataa]] *[[Kulangsu]] *[[Kuldīga]] *[[Kulleġġ Navali Rjali Antik]] *[[Kultura ta' Chaco]] *[[Kultura ta' Chinchorro]] *[[Kultura ta' Liangzhu]] *[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]] *[[Kumpless Modern ta' Pampulha]] *[[Kumpless Monumentali ta' Brâncuși f'Târgu Jiu]] *[[Kumpless ta' Konservazzjoni tal-Amażonja Ċentrali]] *[[Kumpless ta' W-Arly-Pendjari]] *[[Kumpless tal-Bażar Storiku ta' Tabriz]] *[[Kumpless tal-Foresti ta' Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai]] *[[Kumpless tal-Foresta ta' Kaeng Krachan]] *[[Kumpless tal-Kastell ta' Mir]] *[[Kumpless tal-Khānegāh u tas-Santwarju tax-Xejikk Safi al-din f'Ardabil]] *[[Kumpless tal-Monumenti ta' Huế]] *[[Kumpless tal-Muntanji u tat-Tempji ta' Chengde]] *[[Kumpless tal-Oqbra ta' Koguryo]] *[[Kumpless tal-Pajsaġġ ta' Tràng An]] *[[Kumpless u l-Estancias tal-Ġiżwiti ta' Córdoba]] *[[Kumplessi Monastiċi Armeni tal-Iran]] *[[Kumplessi Petroglifiċi tal-Altai tal-Mongolja]] *[[Kumplessi Sagri tal-Hoysala]] *[[Kumitat tal-Wirt Dinji]] *[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]] *[[Kunvent ta' Kristu f'Tomar]] *[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]] *[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]] *[[Kunya-Urgench]] *[[Kuruna ta' Zvonimir]] *[[Kutná Hora]] === '''<u>L</u>''' === * [[L-Arti]] * [[L-Ewwel Mara jew Raġel ta' Malta]] * [[Lag ta' Baikal]] * [[Lag ta' Brebeneskul]] * [[Lag ta' Kezenoyam]] * [[Lag ta' Laach]] * [[Lag tal-Punent, Hangzhou]] * [[Lagi ta' Ounianga]] * [[Lag ta' Skadar]] * [[Lagi ta' Willandra]] * [[Lake District]] * [[Lamu]] *[[Landier]] *[[Lapponja Żvediża]] *[[Las Médulas]] *[[Lascaux]] *[[Lavaux]] *[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]] *[[Lazzaro Pisani]] *[[Le Corbusier]] *[[Le Havre]] *[[Le Locle]] *[[Léon Werth]] *[[Leptis Magna]] *[[Lessikoloġija]] * [[Lessiku]] * [[Letoon]] * [[Lev Davidovich Landau]] * [[Lev Semenovič Pontrjagin]] * [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]] * [[Levuka]] * [[Leyla Mammadbeyova]] * [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]] *[[Lika Kavzharadze]] *[[Lima]] *[[Lingwa Erżjana]] *[[Lingwa Ġermaniża]] *[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]] *[[Linja Ferrovjarja Trans-Iranjana]] *[[Linji Ferrovjarji tal-Muntanji tal-Indja]] *[[Linji ta' Nazca]] *[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]] *[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]] *[[Lista ta' kumpaniji elenkati fil-Borża ta' Malta]] *[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]] *[[Lista ta' peniżoli]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Andorra]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Iżrael]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Kuba]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Madagascar]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'San Marino]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fi Franza]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fi Spanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċilì]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fid-Danimarka]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bangladesh]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belarussja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belġju]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Brażil]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bulgarija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Filippini]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Finlandja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġappun]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġermanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġordan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Georgia]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Greċja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Jemen]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kambodja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kanada]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Karibew]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kenja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kirgistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kolombja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Korea t'Isfel]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Korea ta' Fuq]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Laos]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lussemburgu]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lvant tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lvant tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Malażja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Marokk]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Mauritania]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Messiku]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Moldova]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Mongolja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Myanmar]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Pakistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Palestina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Perù]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Portugall]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Punent tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Punent tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Vjetnam]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nepal]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Netherlands]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nofsinhar tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nofsinhar tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Norveġja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Renju Unit]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Rumanija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Russja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Serbja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Sirja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovakkja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Sri Lanka]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Taġikistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tajlandja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tanzanija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tramuntana tal-Asja u fl-Asja Ċentrali]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tramuntana tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tuneżija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkmenistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fix-Xlokk tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afganistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afrika]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afrika t'Isfel]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Albanija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka Ċentrali]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka t'Isfel]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka ta' Fuq]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Arabja Sawdija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Arġentina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Armenja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstralja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ażerbajġan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Eġittu]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Etjopja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Indja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Indoneżja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Istati Għarab]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Istati Uniti]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżlanda]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżvezja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżvizzera]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Oċeanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ungerija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Użbekistan]] *[[Liz Truss]] *[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]] *[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]] *[[Lorenzo de' Medici]] *[[Lorenzo Gafà]] *[[Lorenzo Valla]] *[[Luang Prabang]] *[[Lübeck]] *[[Luca Parmitano]] *[[Lucavsala]] *[[Lucia Piussi]] *[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]] *[[Ludmila tal-Boemja]] *[[Ludovico Ariosto]] *[[Ludovico Carracci]] *[[Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof]] *[[Luigi Boccherini]] *[[Luigi Galvani]] *[[Luigi Pirandello]] *[[Lumbini]] *[[Luna 26]] *[[Lunenburg]] *[[Lvant ta' Rennell]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Lyon]] *[[Lyubov Panchenko]] === '''<u>M</u>''' === * [[Maċedonit]] * [[Machu Picchu]] * [[Madinat Al-Zahra]] *[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]] *[[Magda Šaturová-Seppová]] *[[Maison Carrée]] * [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]] *[[Maltin]] *[[Måneskin]] *[[Manhush]] *[[Manto Mavrogenous]] *[[Mantova]] *[[Margaret Abela]] *[[Maria De Filippi]] *[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]] *[[Maria Grollmuß]] *[[Marian Smoluchowski]] *[[Mario Draghi]] *[[Mário Zagallo]] *[[Marrakesh]] *[[Marta Kos]] *[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]] *[[Mary Chronopoulou]] *[[Mary Fenech Adami]] *[[Mary Moser]] *[[Masada]] *[[Masġar tal-Palm ta' Elche]] *[[Maurizio Costanzo]] *[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]] *[[Maymand]] *[[Mbanza Kongo]] *[[Medalja ta' Marian Smoluchowski]] *[[Medina ta' Sousse]] *[[Mehmet Ali Ağca]] *[[Melka Kunture]] *[[Mérida (Spanja)]] *[[Merill]] *[[Meroe]] *[[Merv]] *[[Meteora]] *[[Michael Refalo]] *[[Michail Glinka]] *[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]] *[[Milan]] *[[Mileva Filipović]] *[[Mimoza Kusari-Lila]] *[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]] *[[Minaret ta' Jam]] *[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]] *[[Minjiera tal-Faħam ta' Ombilin]] *[[Minjiera tal-Fidda ta' Iwami Ginzan]] *[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]] *[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]] *[[Minjieri tad-Deheb tal-Gżira ta' Sado]] *[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]] *[[Mira Alečković]] *[[Mirella Freni]] *[[Miroslav Řepa]] *[[Missjonijiet Franġiskani fis-Sierra Gorda ta' Querétaro]] *[[Missjonijiet ta' San Antonio]] *[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti fost il-Guarani]] *[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti ta' Chiquitos]] *[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti ta' La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná u Jesús de Tavarangue]] *[[Mnajdra]] *[[Modena]] *[[Mogħdija tal-Ġgant]] *[[Moidam]] *[[Monasteri fuq ix-xaqlibiet ta' Popocatépetl]] *[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]] *[[Monasteru ta' Alcobaça]] *[[Monasteru ta' Batalha]] *[[Monasteru ta' Ferapontov]] *[[Monasteru ta' Gelati]] *[[Monasteru ta' Geghard]] *[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]] *[[Monasteru ta' Haghpat]] *[[Monasteru ta' Hoge]] *[[Monasteru ta' Horezu]] *[[Monasteru ta' Hosios Loukas]] *[[Monasteru ta' Maulbronn]] *[[Monasteru ta' Neghuts]] *[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]] *[[Monasteru ta' Rila]] *[[Monasteru ta' San Ġwann it-Teologu]] *[[Monasteru ta' San Ilarjun]] *[[Monasteru ta' Sanahin]] *[[Monasteru ta' Santa Katarina]] *[[Monasteru ta' Sopoćani]] *[[Monasteru ta' Studenica]] *[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]] *[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]] *[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]] *[[Monika Kryemadhi]] *[[Møns Klint]] *[[Mont-Saint-Michel]] *[[Monte Albán]] *[[Monte San Giorgio]] *[[Monte Titano]] *[[Monticello]] * [[Monument]] * [[Monument Nazzjonali ta' Żimbabwe l-Kbir]] * [[Monumenti Bojod ta' Vladimir u ta' Suzdal]] * [[Monumenti Buddisti fl-inħawi ta' Hōryū-ji]] * [[Monumenti Paleokristjani u Biżantini ta' Thessaloniki]] * [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]] * [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]] * [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]] * [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Makli]] *[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]] *[[Monumenti ta' Oviedo u tar-Renju tal-Asturjas]] *[[Monumenti tal-Ġebel taċ-Ċriev]] *[[Monumenti u Siti Storiċi f'Kaesong]] *[[Monumenti u Siti Storiċi ta' Hiraizumi]] *[[Morelia]] *[[Moritz Cantor]] *[[Moskea Antika ta' Edirne]] *[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]] *[[Moskea ta' Arif Agha]] *[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]] *[[Moskea tal-Ġimgħa ta' Esfahan]] *[[Moskea tat-Tatari]] *[[Moskej bi stil Sudaniż fit-Tramuntana tal-Kosta tal-Avorju]] *[[Moskej tal-Pilastri tal-Injam tal-Anatolja Medjevali]] *[[Motoori Norinaga]] *[[Mramorje]] *[[Mtskheta]] *[[Mtsvane]] *[[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] *[[Muħammed]] *[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]] *[[Muntanja Pelée]] *[[Muntanja Qingcheng]] *[[Muntanja ta' Kumgang]] *[[Muntanja Wutai]] *[[Muntanji Blu u John Crow]] *[[Muntanji Makhonjwa ta' Barberton]] *[[Muntanji ta' Homolje]] *[[Muntanji tad-Deheb ta' Altai]] *[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]] *[[Muntanji Wudang]] *[[Muntanji Wuyi]] *[[Mużew Brittaniku]] *[[Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Montenegro]] *[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]] *[[Mużew ta' Trojja]] *[[Myśliwska]] *[[Mystras]] === '''<u>N</u>''' === * [[Nærøyfjord]] * [[Nadur]] * [[Naftalan]] * [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] * [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]] * [[Nalanda Mahavihara]] * [[Namhansanseong]] * [[Nancy]] * [[Nan Madol]] *[[Napli]] *[[Naryn-Kala]] *[[Nataliya Kobrynska]] *[[Nea Moni ta' Chios]] *[[Nekropoli]] *[[Nekropoli ta' Beit She'arim]] *[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]] *[[Nemrut Dağı]] *[[Nessebar]] *[[New Lanark]] *[[New Secret (jott)]] *[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]] *[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]] *[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]] *[[Nicolas Flamel]] *[[Nicolau Coelho]] *[[Nida]] *[[Nika Križnar]] *[[Nikkō]] *[[Nil]] *[[Nino Ramishvili]] *[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]] *[[Nisa f’Malta]] *[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]] *[[Nizza]] *[[Norman Morrison]] *[[Nutar]] === '''<u>O</u>''' === * [[Oażi ta' Al-Ahsa]] * [[Olga Tass]] *[[Olimpja]] *[[Olinda]] *[[Ophrys caucasica|''Ophrys caucasica'']] *[[Oplontis]] *[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]] *[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastija Xixia]] *[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]] *[[Oqbra Rjali tad-Dinastija Joseon]] *[[Oqbra ta' Mozu]] *[[Oqbra tar-Rejiet ta' Buganda f'Kasubi]] *[[Orthohantavirus]] *[[Ortografija Litwana]] *[[Osservatorji Astronomiċi tal-Università Federali ta' Kazan]] *[[Osservatorju ta' Črni Vrh]] *[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]] *[[Osservatorju ta' Rozhen]] *[[Osun-Osogbo]] *[[Otto Toeplitz]] *[[Ouro Preto]] === '''<u>P</u>''' === * [[Pablo Neruda]] * [[Pagoda ta' Vinh Nghiem]] * [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]] * [[Pajsaġġ Arkeoloġiku tal-Ewwel Pjantaġġuni tal-Kafè fix-Xlokk ta' Kuba]] * [[Pajsaġġ Arkeoloġiku tas-Sassanidi fil-Provinċja ta' Fars]] * [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]] * [[Pajsaġġ Karstiku tan-Nofsinhar taċ-Ċina]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' ǂKhomani]] * [[Pajsaġġi Kulturali ta' Bassari, Fula u Bedik]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Budj Bim]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Gedeo]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Hawraman/Uramanat]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Le Morne]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Sukur]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Għelieqi Mtarrġa tar-Ross ta' Honghe Hani]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Kafè tal-Kolombja]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Lag ta' Kenozero]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Wied ta' Orkhon]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tat-Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Gobustan]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Zuojiang]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali u Botaniku ta' Richtersveld]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali u l-Fdalijiet Arkeoloġiċi tal-Wied ta' Bamiyan]] * [[Pajsaġġ Migratorju ta' Boma–Badingilo]] * [[Pajsaġġi Militari tal-Imperu Maratha fl-Indja]] * [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]] * [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]] * [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]] * [[Pajsaġġi ta' Dauria]] * [[Pál Maléter]] * [[Palazz Irjali ta' Aranjuez]] *[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]] *[[Palazz Mariinskyi]] *[[Palazz ta' Blenheim]] *[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]] *[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]] *[[Palazz ta' Eggenberg]] *[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]] *[[Palazz ta' Golestan]] *[[Palazz ta' Ishak Paşa]] *[[Palazz ta' Mafra]] *[[Palazz ta' Orbeliani]] *[[Palazz ta' Potala]] *[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]] *[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]] *[[Palazz ta' Versailles]] *[[Palazz tal-Khan]] *[[Palazz tas-Sajf]] *[[Palazz tax-Shirvanshah]] *[[Palazzi Minojċi]] *[[Palazzi Rjali ta' Abomey]] *[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]] *[[Palenque]] *[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]] *[[Palestina]] *[[Palianytsia]] *[[Palmaria]] *[[Palmyra]] *[[Pamukkale]] *[[Panamá Viejo]] *[[Papa Ljun XIV]] *[[Papahānaumokuākea]] *[[Paquimé]] *[[Paramaribo]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku Nazzjonali ta' Tierradentro]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Champaner-Pavagadh]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' San Agustín]] *[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]] *[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]] *[[Park Naturali ta' Dinara]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Karula]] *[[Park Naturali ta' Korab-Koritnik]] *[[Park Naturali tal-Iskolli tal-Qroll ta' Tubbataha]] *[[Park Naturali tal-Pilastri ta' Lena]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Impenetrabbli ta' Bwindi]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Olimpiku]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Trakai]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Alejandro de Humboldt]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Banc d'Arguin]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Beit Guvrin-Maresha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Canaima]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chapada dos Veadeiros]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chiribiquete]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Coiba]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Comoé]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Darien]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Defileul Jiului]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Desembarco del Granma]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Doñana]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Everglades]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garamba]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Great Smoky Mountains]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Gros Morne]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Gunung Mulu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Hortobágy]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Huascarán]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ichkeul]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Iguaçu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Iguazú]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ivindo]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kahuzi-Biega]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kakadu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kaziranga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Khangchendzonga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kilimanjaro]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kinabalu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kiskunság]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lahemaa]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lençóis Maranhenses]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lorentz]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Alerces]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Glaciares]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Katíos]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lushan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Mammoth Cave]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manas]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manú]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manovo-Gounda St Floris]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Mesa Verde]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Miguasha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Morne Trois Pitons]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Murujuga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Nahanni]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Niah]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Niokolo-Koba]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Noel Kempff Mercado]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Nyungwe]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Þingvellir]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Pirin]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Purnululu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Rapa Nui]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Rio Abiseo]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Salonga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sangay]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sanqingshan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Serengeti]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Serra da Capivara]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Simien]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Taï]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Talampaya]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Tongariro]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Una]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Vatnajökull]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Virunga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Yellowstone]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Yosemite]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Biżonti tal-Boskijiet]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Foresta Pluvjali ta' Gola]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Fortizza tal-Għolja ta' Brimstone]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għadajjar ta' Mana]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Carlsbad]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Peruaçu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Grand Canyon]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Himalayas il-Kbar]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Rodopi]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lag tal-Malawi]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja Dajti]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja tal-Kenja]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja Tomorr]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanji ta' Bale]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanji ta' Rwenzori]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Vulkani ta' Hawaii]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tas-Sundarbans]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tat-Taġikistan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tax-Xmara ta' Taħt l-Art ta' Puerto Princesa]] *[[Park Provinċjali ta' Ischigualasto]] *[[Park Provinċjali ta' Writing-on-Stone]] *[[Park Provinċjali tad-Dinosawri]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Phu Phrabat]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Si Thep]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Sukhothai]] *[[Park ta' Maloti-Drakensberg]] *[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]] *[[Park tal-Art Mistagħdra ta' iSimangaliso]] *[[Park tal-Mafkar tar-Rewwixta u tar-Rivoluzzjoni]] *[[Park Trinazzjonali ta' Sangha]] *[[Parks Internazzjonali tal-Paċi ta' Waterton-tal-Glaċieri]] *[[Parks Nazzjonali ta' Nanda Devi u tal-Wied tal-Fjuri]] *[[Parks Nazzjonali tal-Lag ta' Turkana]] *[[Parks Nazzjonali u Statali tas-Siġar tal-Injam tal-Aħmar]] *[[Parks tal-Muntanji tar-Rockies Kanadiżi]] *[[Parmigianino]] *[[Parrukkier]] *[[Pasargadae]] *[[Paseo del Prado]] *[[Patoloġija]] *[[Pattadakal]] *[[Paulo Coelho]] *[[Pavlo Lee]] *[[Pécs]] *[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]] *[[Peña de los Enamorados]] *[[Peniżola]] *[[Peniżola Valdés]] *[[Pergamon]] *[[Peri-Khan Sofiyeva]] *[[Persepolis]] *[[Peter Carl Fabergé]] *[[Péter Magyar]] *[[Pëtr Kapica]] *[[Petra]] *[[Petra Brocková]] *[[Petroglifiċi ta' Bangudae]] *[[Petroglifiċi tal-Lag ta' Onega u l-Baħar Abjad]] *[[Philipp Otto Runge]] *[[Philippi]] *[[Pienza]] *[[Piero Angela]] *[[Pierre Fatou]] *[[Pietro Longhi]] *[[Pietru l-Kbir]] *[[Pimachiowin Aki]] *[[Ping Yao]] *[[Pippo Baudo]] *[[Pirinej-Monte Perdido]] *[[Pitons]] *[[Pitons, Cirques u Rdumijiet tal-Gżira ta' Réunion]] *[[Pjanta]] *[[Pjanura ta' Bărăgan]] *[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]] *[[Pjanura tal-Ġarer]] *[[Pjazza]] *[[Pjazza ta' Naqsh-e Jahan]] * [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]] * [[Pkhali]] *[[Plamer]] *[[Planetarju Rjali ta' Eise Eisinga]] *[[Pobiti Kamani]] *[[Politika]] *[[Polonnaruwa]] *[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]] *[[Pont ta' Forth]] *[[Pont ta' Malabadi]] *[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]] *[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]] *[[Pont tal-Fjuri]] *[[Pont tal-Paċi, Tbilisi]] *[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]] *[[Port Ħieles ta' Malta]] *[[Port Royal]] *[[Port ta' Mariupol]] *[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]] *[[Porta Nigra]] *[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]] *[[Porto]] *[[Postijiet Sagri tal-Bahá'i]] *[[Potosí]] *[[Pożati]] *[[Prambanan]] *[[Professjoni]] *[[Proklos]] *[[Promontorju ta' Putorana]] *[[Provins]] *[[Pu'er]] *[[Puebla (belt)]] *[[Pythagoreion]] === '''<u>Q</u>''' === * [[Qabar ta' Askia]] * [[Qabar ta' Humayun]] * [[Qabar Traċjan ta' Kazanlak]] * [[Qabar Traċjan ta' Sveshtari]] * [[Qabża tal-Biżonti Sfrakassati]] * [[Qal'at al-Bahrain]] * [[Qala (Għawdex)]] * [[Qalba Neolitika tal-Gżejjer Orkney]] * [[Qalhat]] * [[Qanat]] * [[Qaryat al-Faw]] * [[Qaytarma]] * [[Qorti Rjali ta' Tiébélé]] * [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]] * [[Quanzhou]] * [[Quebrada de Humahuaca]] * [[Quedlinburg]] * [[Quirigua]] * [[Quito]] * [[Quseir Amra]] * [[Qutb Minar]] === '''<u>R</u>''' === * [[Rachid Chouhal]] * [[Raħal Storiku ta' St. George u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati, Bermuda]] * [[Rammelsberg]] * [[Ramses II]] * [[Rani-ki-Vav]] * [[Ras'ken' Ozks]] * [[Ravenna]] * [[Ravesa Lleshi]] * [[Red Bay]] * [[Regensburg]] * [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]] * [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]] * [[Reġjun tal-Inbid ta' Tokaj]] *[[Reichenau]] *[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]] *[[Rembrandt]] *[[Renata Scotto]] *[[Renju ta' Mapungubwe]] *[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]] *[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]] *[[Residenza ta' Würzburg]] *[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]] *[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]] *[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]] *[[Rettilu]] *[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]] *[[Riga]] *[[Risco Caído]] *[[Riversleigh]] *[[Riżerva Ekoloġika ta' Mistaken Point]] *[[Riżerva Forestali ta' Sinharaja]] *[[Riżerva Naturali Stretta tal-Muntanja ta' Nimba]] *[[Riżerva Naturali Stretta tat-Tsingy ta' Bemaraha]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Darwin]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Nahal Me'arot]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Okapi]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Selous]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Srebarna]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Tigrovaya Balka]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]] *[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]] *[[Riżerva Naturali tas-Suriname Ċentrali]] *[[Riżerva ta' Bijosfera ta' El Pinacate u Gran Desierto de Altar]] *[[Riżerva ta' Bijosfera ta' Río Plátano]] *[[Riżerva tal-Baħar ta' Aqaba]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera ta' Tehuacán-Cuicatlán]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Baħar l-Iswed]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]] *[[Riżerva tal-Fawna ta' Dja]] *[[Riżervi Naturali ta' Air u ta' Ténéré]] *[[Riżervi tal-Foresti Atlantiċi tal-Kosta tal-Iskoperti]] *[[Riżervi tal-Foresti Atlantiċi tax-Xlokk]] *[[Riżervi tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Talamanca-La Amistad]] *[[Robert Fico]] *[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]] *[[Roberto Burle Marx]] *[[Rodi (belt)]] * [[Roi Mata]] * [[Roșia Montană]] * [[Ronald Searle]] * [[Røros]] * [[Rotta tal-Inċens – Bliet tad-Deżert f'Negev]] * [[Rotta Wixárika tas-Siti Sagri lejn Wirikuta]] * [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]] * [[Royal Exhibition Building]] * [[Róža Domašcyna]] *[[Rudolf Diesel]] *[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]] === '''<u>S</u>''' === * [[Sabratha]] * [[Saeva Dupka]] * [[Safranbolu]] * [[Saint-Émilion]] * [[Sajjied]] *[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]] *[[Salamanca]] *[[Salib ta' Santa Ewfrosina]] *[[Salini Rjali ta' Arc-et-Senans]] *[[Salme Kann]] *[[Saltaire]] *[[Salvatore Accardo]] *[[Salzburg]] *[[Samantha Cristoforetti]] *[[Samarkanda]] *[[Samarra]] *[[Sambor Prei Kuk]] *[[Sammallahdenmäki]] *[[Samuel Deguara]] *[[San Cristóbal de La Laguna]] *[[San Gimignano]] *[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]] *[[San Miguel de Allende]] *[[San Pietruburgu]] *[[Sana'a]] *[[Sanchi]] *[[Sandra Milo]] *[[Sandra Mondaini]] *[[Sandro Botticelli]] *[[Sangiran]] *[[Sansa, il-Monasteri Buddisti tal-Muntanji tal-Korea t'Isfel]] *[[Santa Cruz de Mompox]] *[[Santiago de Compostela]] *[[Santiago de Querétaro]] *[[Santiniketan]] *[[Santwarji tal-Għasafar tal-Passa tul il-Kosta tal-Baħar Isfar u l-Golf ta' Bohai]] *[[Santwarji tal-Pandas Ġganteski ta' Sichuan]] *[[Santwarji tan-Natura Selvaġġa ta' Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng]] *[[Santwarju Nazzjonali tal-Għasafar ta' Djoudj]] *[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus de Matosinhos]] *[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]] *[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]] *[[Santwarju tal-Balieni ta' El Vizcaino]] *[[Santwarju ta' Mỹ Sơn]] *[[Santwarju tal-Fawna u tal-Flora ta' Malpelo]] *[[Santwarju tan-Natura Selvaġġa tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Hamiguitan]] *[[São Cristóvão]] *[[São Luís]] *[[Sarazm]] *[[Sardis]] * [[Saryarka]] * [[Sassi ta' Matera]] * [[Satsivi]] *[[Schokland]] *[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]] *[[Sebastian Brant]] *[[Segovia]] *[[Seka Sablić]] *[[Sengħa]] *[[Seokguram]] *[[Seowon]] *[[Severo Ochoa]] *[[Sevil Shhaideh]] *[[Sewell]] *[[Sferi tal-Ġebel tal-Costa Rica]] *[[SGang Gwaay]] *[[Shahr-e Sukhteh]] *[[Shahrisabz]] *[[Shaken Aimanov]] *[[Shales ta' Maotianshan]] *[[Sheki]] *[[Shennongjia]] *[[Shibam]] *[[Shirakami-Sanchi]] *[[Shiretoko]] *[[Sian Ka'an]] *[[Šibenik]] *[[Sibila Petlevski]] *[[Sidney Webb]] *[[Siega Verde]] *[[Siena]] *[[Sighișoara]] *[[Sigiriya]] *[[Siġra tal-Ballut ta' Stelmužė]] *[[Siġra tal-ballut ta' Tamme-Lauri]] *[[Sikhote-Alin]] *[[Simon Kldiashvili]] *[[Sinagoga Antika (Erfurt)]] *[[Sinéad O'Connor]] *[[Sintra]] *[[Siracusa]] *[[Sistema Idrawlika Storika ta' Shushtar]] *[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]] *[[Sistema tat-Toroq tal-Inka]] *[[Sit Agrikolu Bikri ta' Kuk]] *[[Sit arkeoloġiku ta' Al-Balid|Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Al-Balid]] *[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]] *[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]] *[[Sit Arkeoloġiku tal-Maħżen ta' Valongo]] *[[Sit Storiku Nazzjonali ta' San Juan]] *[[Sit Storiku Statali tat-Tumbati tal-Ħamrija ta' Cahokia]] * [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] * [[Sit ta' Wirt Industrijali ta' Rjukan-Notodden]] *[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]] *[[Sit tar-Raġel ta' Peking f'Zhoukoudian]] *[[Siti tad-Dolmens ta' Gochang, Hwasun u Ganghwa]] *[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Bat, Al-Khutm u Al-Ayn]] *[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]] *[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]] *[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]] *[[Siti Funebri u Mfakar tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija (il-Front tal-Punent)]] *[[Siti Kristjani Moħbija fir-Reġjun ta' Nagasaki]] *[[Siti Metallurġiċi Antiki tal-Burkina Faso]] *[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]] *[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]] *[[Siti Preistoriċi ta' Jōmon fit-Tramuntana tal-Ġappun]] *[[Siti Sagri u Rotot ta' Pellegrinaġġ fil-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Kii]] *[[Siti tal-Fossili tal-Ominidi tal-Afrika t'Isfel]] *[[Siti tar-Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali Meiji tal-Ġappun]] *[[Siti tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Kondoa]] *[[Siti tat-Tusi]] *[[Skarpan]] *[[Skellig Michael]] *[[Skogskyrkogården]] *[[Skojjattlu tal-art ta' Tian Shan]] *[[Skola Superjuri tal-Mekkanika tal-Armata]] *[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]] *[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]] *[[Skoll tal-Qroll tal-Belize]] *[[Skorba]] *[[Skrivan]] *[[Slavko Brezoski]] *[[Socotra]] *[[Soltaniyeh]] *[[Songo Mnara]] *[[Sophia Loren]] *[[Sophie Germain]] *[[Sophie Liebknecht]] *[[Söyembikä]] *[[Speicherstadt]] *[[Spinalonga]] *[[Sputnik 5]] *[[Stari Ras]] *[[Statwa]] *[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]] *[[Statwa tal-Libertà]] *[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]] *[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]] *[[Stećak]] *[[Stepan Erzya]] *[[Stevns Klint]] *[[Stonehenge]] *[[Stone Town]] *[[Strett ta' Hormuz]] *[[Su Nuraxi]] *[[Subak]] *[[Sulaiman-Too]] *[[Sundarbans]] *[[Supra (festa)]] *[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]] *[[Surtsey]] *[[Susa]] *[[Svaneti]] *[[Svetlana Antonovska]] *[[Sviyazhsk]] === '''<u>T</u>''' === * [[Ta' Bakkja]] * [[Ta' Ħaġrat]] * [[Ta' Kandja]] *[[Tabib]] *[[Tadrart Acacus]] *[[Taħdit]] *[[Taishan]] *[[Taj Mahal]] *[[Takalik Abaj]] *[[Takht-e Soleyman]] *[[Takht-i-Bahi]] *[[Takkanot Shum]] *[[Taksim]] *[[Tallinn]] *[[Tamgaly]] *[[Tanġier]] *[[Taos Pueblo]] *[[Taputapuātea]] *[[Tarraco]] *[[Tarzna Navali ta' Antigua u s-Siti Arkeoloġiċi Relatati]] *[[Tassili n'Ajjer]] *[[Tavla ta' Narmer]] *[[Taxila]] *[[Tchogha Zanbil]] *[[Te Wahipounamu]] *[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]] *[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]] *[[Teatru da Paz]] *[[Teatru Rjal]] *[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]] *[[Teatru tal-Amażonja]] *[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]] *[[Teatru tal-Opri ta' Sydney]] *[[Tebe (Eġittu)]] *[[Tekniku]] *[[Telč]] *[[Tempji Ħajjin Kbar taċ-Ċola]] * [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]] * [[Tempji ta' Ħal Tarxien]] *[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]] *[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]] *[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]] *[[Tempju ta' Kakatiya Rudreshwara]] *[[Tempju ta' Mahabodhi]] *[[Tempju ta' Preah Vihear]] *[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]] *[[Tempju tal-Għar ta' Dambulla]] *[[Tempju tax-Xemx ta' Konarak]] *[[Tempju u Ċimiterju ta' Konfuċju u l-Villa tal-Familja Kong f'Qufu]] *[[Teotihuacan]] *[[Tequila (Belt)]] * [[Terminoloġija]] * [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]] * [[Tétouan]] *[[Teżawru]] *[[Theobald Boehm]] *[[Theodore Géricault]] *[[Thimlich Ohinga]] *[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]] *[[Thomas à Kempis]] *[[Thoros ta' Edessa]] *[[Tian Shan]] * [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]] * [[Tieqa ta' Wied il-Mielaħ]] * [[Tikal]] * [[Timbuktu]] * [[Timgad]] * [[Tina Turner]] * [[Tinetto]] * [[Tino]] * [[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Alta]] *[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]] *[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat fir-Reġjun ta' Ha'il]] *[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat ta' Dazu]] *[[Tinqix ta' Bisotun]] *[[Tipasa]] *[[Tiryns]] *[[Tiwanaku]] *[[Tiya]] *[[Tlacotalpan]] *[[TNMK]] *[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]] *[[Toledo]] *[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]] *[[Tomiri]] *[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: il-Kuritur ta' Zarafshan-Karakum]] *[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]] * [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]] * [[Torri ta' Belém]] *[[Torri ta' Erkole]] *[[Torri ta' Londra]] *[[Torri tax-Xebba (Baku)]] *[[Torrijiet residenzjali tas-Svan|Torrijiet Residenzjali tas-Svan]] *[[Toruń]] *[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Sierra de San Francisco]] *[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Baċir Mediterran Iberiku]] *[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Għar ta' Shulgan-Tash]] *[[Trattat ta' Kaunas]] *[[Třebíč]] *[[Trinidad, Kuba]] *[[Trogir]] *[[Trojja]] *[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]] *[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]] *[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]] *[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]] *[[Tsodilo]] *[[Tubeteika]] *[[Tulou ta' Fujian|''Tulou'' ta' Fujian]] *[[Tumbati Ċerimonjali tal-Ħamrija ta' Hopewell]] *[[Tumbati Funebri ta' Dilmun]] *[[Tumbati Funebri ta' Gaya]] *[[Tumbati Monumentali tal-Ħamrija ta' Poverty Point]] *[[Turan]] *[[Tutankhamun]] *[[Twyfelfontein]] *[[Tyre]] === '''<u>U</u>''' === * [[Úbeda]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] *[[Uluru]] *[[Um er-Rasas]] *[[Umm Al-Jimāl]] *[[UNESCO]] *[[Università Iżlamika Russa]] *[[Università Nazzjonali Awtonoma tal-Messiku]] *[[Università ta' Al-Qarawiġin|Università ta' Al-Qarawijin]] *[[Università ta' Coimbra]] *[[Unjoni Sovjetika]] *[[Urbino]] *[['Uruq Bani Mu'arid]] *[[Uxmal]] === '''<u>V</u>''' === * [[Val d'Orcia]] *[[Val di Noto]] *[[Valentyna Radzymovska]] *[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]] *[[Vallée de Mai]] *[[Vasco da Gama]] *[[Vat Phou]] *[[Velimir Khlebnikov]] *[[Venera 7]] *[[Verona]] *[[Via Appia]] *[[Victoria Amelina]] *[[Vigan]] *[[Vincent van Gogh]] *[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]] *[[Villa d'Este]] *[[Villa Romana del Casale]] *[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]] *[[Villa Tugendhat]] *[[Villaġġi Antiki tat-Tramuntana tas-Sirja]] *[[Villaġġi bil-Knejjes Iffortifikati f'Transilvanja]] *[[Villaġġi Storiċi ta' Shirakawa-gō u Gokayama]] *[[Vilnius]] *[[Visby]] *[[Vitaliy Kim]] *[[Vito Volterra]] *[[Vittorio De Sica]] *[[Vjenna]] *[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]] *[[Vlkolínec]] *[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] *[[Volubilis]] *[[Võros]] *[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]] *[[Vulkani ta' Kamchatka]] === '''<u>W</u>''' === * [[Wachau]] * [[Wadi Al-Hitan]] *[[Wadi Rum]] *[[Wales]] *[[Weimar Klassika]] *[[Werrej]] *[[Wied Superjuri tar-Renu Nofsani]] *[[Wied t'Isfel tal-Awash]] *[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]] *[[Wied ta' Loire]] *[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]] *[[Wied ta' M'zab]] *[[Wied ta' Qadisha]] *[[Wied ta' Viñales]] *[[Wied tal-Fondoq il-Kbir]] *[[Wied tat-Tempji]] *[[Wilhelm Grimm]] *[[Wilhelm Röntgen]] *[[Willem de Sitter]] *[[Willemstad]] *[[William Boeing]] *[[Wirt Arkeoloġiku tal-Wied ta' Lenggong]] *[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]] *[[Wismar]] *[[Władysław Horodecki]] *[[Wolfgang Paul]] === '''<u>X</u>''' === * [[Xanadu]] * [[Xanthos]] * [[Xatt it-Tiben]] *[[Xeff]] *[[Xerxes I]] *[[Xidi]] *[[Xmara Omo]] *[[Xochicalco]] *[[Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto]] *[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] *[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] *[[Xjenza spazjali]] *[[Xtatol]] === '''<u>Y</u>''' === * [[Yagul]] * [[Yakushima]] * [[Yana Zinkevych]] * [[Yangdong]] * [[Yarmak]] * [[Yaroslavl]] * [[Yazd]] * [[Yeni-Kale]] * [[Yin Xu]] * [[Yllka Mujo]] * [[Yogyakarta]] *[[Yuliya Gushchina]] *[[Yuri Lysianskyi]] === '''<u>Ż</u>''' === * [[Żapoteki]] * [[Żejt]] * [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]] * [[Żona Kulturali ta' Ḥimā]] *[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]] *[[Żona Naturali Selvaġġa tat-Tażmanja]] *[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]] *[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]] *[[Żona Protetta tal-Gżejjer Phoenix]] *[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku ta' Huanglong]] *[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku tal-Wied ta' Jiuzhaigou]] *[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku ta' Wulingyuan]] *[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Guanacaste]] *[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Ngorongoro]] *[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Pantanal]] *[[Żona tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Chongoni]] *[[Żoni Protetti tar-Reġjun tal-Fjuri tal-Kap]] *[[Żoni Protetti tat-Tliet Xmajjar Paralleli ta' Yunnan]] *[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]] *[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Gyeongju]] *[[Żooloġija]] === '''<u>Z</u>''' === * [[Zabid]] * [[Zacatecas (belt)]] * [[Zagori]] * [[Zamość]] * [[Žatec]] * [[Žehra]] * [[Ziba Ganiyeva]] * [[Zivana]] * [[Zlata Kolarić-Kišur]] *[[Zofia Zamenhof]] *[[Zollverein]] *[[Zond 5]] *[[Zsuzsanna Lorántffy]] lsxsb1to46fe5sy8vysy19ysud4f35p 331506 331499 2026-08-17T14:39:27Z Trigcly 17859 aġġornament 331506 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Artikli ġodda (2024)''' == === <u>'''A'''</u> === * [[Aapravasi Ghat]] * [[Aasivissuit-Nipisat: Territorju tal-Kaċċa tal-Inuit bejn is-Silġ u l-Baħar]] * [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]] * [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]] * [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]] * [[Abbazija ta' Pannonhalma]] *[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]] *[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]] *[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]] *[[Abu al-Fida]] *[[Abu Mena]] *[[Abu Simbel]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Acre|Acre]] *[[Afag Bashirgyzy]] *[[Aflaj tal-Oman]] *[[Afrodisja]] *[[Agadez]] *[[Agostino Carracci]] *[[Agostino Matrenza]] *[[Ahwar tan-Nofsinhar tal-Iraq]] *[[Aigai]] *[[Aït Benhaddou]] *[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]] *[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]] *[[Akshata Murthy]] *[[Aksum]] *[[Al Qal'a ta' Beni Hammad]] *[[Al Zubarah]] *[[Al-Maghtas]] *[[Alatyr]] *[[Albéric Magnard]] *[[Alberobello]] *[[Albi]] *[[Alcalá de Henares]] *[[Alcide d'Orbigny]] *[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]] *[[Alenush Terian]] *[[Aleppo]] *[[Alessandro Scarlatti]] *[[Alessandro Volta]] *[[Alexander Pushkin]] *[[Alexander Wolszczan]] *[[Aleksandra Smiljanić]] *[[Alfred Hermann Fried]] *[[Alfred Nobel]] *[[Alfredo Casella]] *[[Alois Dryák]] *[[Alto Douro]] *[[Amazigh Marokkin Standard]] *[[Ambohimanga]] *[[Ambra Sabatini]] *[[Amerigo Vespucci]] *[[Amerigo Vespucci (vapur għoli)|''Amerigo Vespucci'' (vapur għoli)]] * [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]] * [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]] *[[Amilcare Ponchielli]] *[[Anastasia Golovina]] *[[Anders Jonas Ångström]] *[[André Citroën]] *[[André Weil]] *[[Anfibju]] *[[Anfiteatru ta' El Jem]] *[[Angelina Mango]] * [[Angkor Wat]] * [[Angra do Heroísmo]] * [[Ani]] * [[Anjar]] * [[Anna Brigadere]] * [[Anna Kyriakou]] *[[Anna Seghers]] *[[Anna Sychravová]] *[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]] *[[Anse aux Meadows]] * [[Antartika]] * [[Anticosti]] * [[Antigua Guatemala]] *[[Antoine de Jussieu]] *[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]] *[[Antoinette Miggiani]] *[[Anton Diabelli]] *[[Anuradhapura]] *[[Aplogruppi Y-DNA fit-tribujiet tal-Każakistan]] *[[Aporofobija]] *[[Aquileia]] *[[Arċipelagu ta' Bijagós]] *[[Arċipelagu ta' Revillagigedo]] *[[Arċipelagu ta' Vega]] *[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]] *[[Arequipa]] *[[Arġentier]] *[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]] *[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]] *[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]] *[[Arkeoloġija]] *[[Arkitett]] *[[Arkitettura Mudéjar ta' Aragona]] *[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]] *[[Arles]] *[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]] *[[Arslantepe]] *[[Art tal-Inċens]] *[[Arthur Schnitzler]] *[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]] *[[Artiġjan]] *[[Artijiet Għoljin Ċentrali tas-Sri Lanka]] *[[As-Salt]] *[[Asmara]] * [[Assisi]] * [[Assi Ċentrali ta' Beijing]] * [[Assur]] * [[Astrofiżika]] *[[Asuman Baytop]] *[[Athos]] *[[Attrazzjonijiet Ewlenin tar-Renju Antik ta' Saba f'Marib]] *[[Auschwitz]] *[[Austin Camilleri]] *[[Ávila]] *[[Avukat]] === '''<u>B</u>''' === * [[Baalbek]] * [[Babilonja]] * [[Baċir tal-Lag ta' Uvs]] * [[Baċir tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Nord-Pas de Calais]] * [[Baeza]] * [[Bagan]] * [[Baħar l-Abjad]] * [[Baħar l-Iswed]] *[[Baħar ta' Wadden]] *[[Baħar tar-Ramel tan-Namibja]] *[[Bajja ta' Dungonab]] *[[Bajja ta' Ha Long]] *[[Bajja ta' Tallinn]] *[[Bajja tal-Klieb il-Baħar]] *[[Bajjad]] *[[Baleron]] *[[Bamberg]] *[[Ban Chiang]] *[[Banská Štiavnica]] *[[Barbier]] *[[Bardejov]] *[[Barokk]] *[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]] *[[Bath, Somerset]] *[[Batlejka]] *[[Battaljun Mediku tal-Ospedalieri]] *[[Battir]] *[[Bauhaus u s-Siti tal-Moviment f'Weimar, f'Dessau u f'Bernau]] *[[Baxkortostan]] *[[Bażi tad-Data tal-Osservazzjoni tal-Kometi]] *[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]] *[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]] *[[Beatriz Carrillo]] *[[Beemster]] *[[Béguinage]] *[[Belintersat-1]] *[[BelKA]] *[[Belt Bajda ta' Tel Aviv – il-Moviment Modern]] *[[Belt Kolonjali ta' Santo Domingo]] *[[Belt Projbita]] *[[Belt Storika ta' Ahmadabad]] *[[Belt Storika tal-Kajr]] *[[Belt Storika tal-Moskej ta' Bagerhat]] *[[Belt ta' Guanajuato]] *[[Belt ta' New York]] *[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]] *[[Belt Universitarja ta' Caracas]] *[[Bennej]] *[[Berġa tal-Italja, il-Belt Valletta]] *[[Berġa tal-Italja, il-Birgu]] *[[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]] *[[Bernard Grech]] *[[Betlem]] *[[Betti Alver]] *[[Burkhan Khaldun]] *[[Bidwi]] *[[Bieb il-Belt]] *[[Binjiet Gotiċi Vittorjani u tal-Art Deco ta' Mumbai]] *[[Binjiet Tradizzjonali tal-Asante]] *[[BirdLife International]] *[[Blat Imkenni ta' Bhimbetka]] *[[Bliet Antiki tal-Pyu]] *[[Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara]] *[[Bliet Kapitali u Oqbra tar-Renju Antik ta' Koguryo]] *[[Bliet Storiċi tal-Istrett ta' Malakka]] *[[Bobby Charlton]] *[[Bolgar]] *[[Bordeaux]] *[[Borobudur]] *[[Borża ta' Malta]] *[[Bosra]] *[[Bridgetown]] *[[Brook Taylor]] *[[Brú na Bóinne]] *[[Bruno Pizzul]] *[[Bryggen]] *[[Bucha]] *[[Buddha Ġgantesk ta' Leshan]] *[[Bugeddum Armen]] *[[Bukhara]] *[[Burt Bacharach]] *[[Buskett]] *[[Butrint]] *[[Byblos]] === '''<u>Ċ/C</u>''' === * [[Cáceres (Spanja)]] * [[Calakmul]] * [[Camagüey]] * [[Camino Real de Tierra Adentro]] * [[Campeche]] * [[Canal du Midi]] * [[Canaletto]] * [[Caral]] * [[Carcassonne]] *[[Carl Bosch]] *[[Carl David Anderson]] *[[Carl Linnaeus]] *[[Carla Fracci]] *[[Carlo Collodi]] *[[Caroline Mikkelsen]] *[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]] *[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]] *[[Çatalhöyük]] *[[Causses u Cévennes]] *[[Ċellola]] *[[Ċensu Apap]] *[[Ċentru Kulturali ta' Heydar Aliyev]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Lijiang]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Macao]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Rauma]] *[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Salvador de Bahia]] *[[Český Krumlov]] *[[Ċetta Chevalier]] *[[Chaîne des Puys]] *[[Chakapuli]] *[[Chan Chan]] *[[Changdeokgung]] *[[Chankillo]] *[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]] *[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]] *[[Charles Nicolle]] *[[Charles Richter]] *[[Charles Xuereb]] *[[Charlie Watts]] *[[Chavín]] *[[Choeung Ek]] *[[Chersonesus Tawrika]] *[[Chichén Itzá]] *[[Chilehaus]] *[[Choirokoitia]] *[[Christiansfeld]] *[[Christopher Polhem]] *[[Chun Wang]] *[[Cidade Velha]] *[[Cienfuegos]] *[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]] *[[Cinque Terre]] *[[Ċirkewwa]] *[[Ċiru l-Kbir]] *[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]] *[[Ċittadella ta' Erbil]] *[[Ċittadella tad-Dinastija Hồ]] *[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]] *[[Climats u Terroirs ta' Bourgogne]] *[[Colonia del Sacramento]] *[[Copan]] *[[Córdoba, Spanja]] *[[Coro]] *[[Crespi d'Adda]] *[[Ċrieki tal-Ġebel tas-Senegambja]] *[[Cristofano Allori]] *[[Cuenca, l-Ekwador]] *[[Cuenca (Spanja)]] *[[Cueva de las Manos]] *[[Cumalıkızık]] *[[Curzio Maltese]] *[[Cusco]] *[[Cynthia Turner]] *[[Cyrene]] === '''<u>D</u>''' === * [[Daiga Mieriņa]] * [[Damasku]] * [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]] * [[Danxia]] * [[Darius I]] *[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder|Dar ta' Rietveld Schröder]] *[[Dar tal-Kimeri]] *[[Dar tat-Twelid ta' Martin Luteru]] *[[Dar u Studjo ta' Luis Barragán]] *[[Delos]] *[[Delphi]] *[[Delta ta' Saloum]] *[[Delta ta' Okavango]] *[[Delta tad-Danubju]] *[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]] *[[Demokrazija]] *[[Dengfeng]] *[[Dentist]] *[[Denys Shmyhal]] *[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]] *[[Deżert ta' Badain Jaran]] *[[Deżert ta' Lut]] *[[Deżerta tal-isfarġel]] *[[Dholavira]] *[[Diamantina]] *[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]] *[[Diaolou]] *[[Diga ta' Karakaya]] *[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]] *[[Dimitrana Ivanova]] *[[Distrett ta' At-Turaif]] *[[Diy-Gid-Biy]] *[[Dizzjunarju]] *[[Djalett]] *[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]] *[[Djémila]] *[[Djerba]] *[[DNA]] *[[Dolċier]] *[[Dolmen ta' Menga]] *[[Dolmen ta' Viera]] *[[Dolomiti]] *[[Domenico Allegri]] *[[Domenico Scarlatti]] *[[Domowina]] *[[Domus de Janas]] *[[Domus Rumana]] *[[Donatello]] *[[Dougga]] *[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]] *[[Dubrovnik]] *[[Durmitor]] * [[Dwejra]] === '''<u>E</u>''' === * [[Edgar Preca]] * [[Edward Sexton]] * [[Edinburgu]] * [[Edward de Bono]] * [[Edwin Hubble]] * [[Efesu]] * [[Eise Eisinga]] *[[Ekonomista]] *[[Ekosistema u Relitt tal-Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Lopé-Okanda]] *[[El Escorial]] *[[El Jadida]] *[[El Tajin]] *[[El Torcal]] *[[Eladio Dieste]] *[[Eleonora Jenko Groyer]] *[[Elisha Graves Otis]] *[[Elvas]] *[[Emil Nolde]] *[[Emma Andrijewska]] *[[Emma Muscat]] *[[Ernst Schröder]] *[[Esperantoloġija]] *[[Essaouira]] *[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]] *[[Ethel Anderson]] *[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]] *[[Eugenio Montale]] *[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]] *[[Evelyn Bonaci]] *[[Évora]] *[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]] === '''<u>F</u>''' === * [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]] * [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Ħarir ta' Tomioka]] * [[Fabbrika tal-Injam u tal-Kartun ta' Verla]] * [[Fabbriki tal-Wied ta' Derwent]] * [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]] * [[Fanjingshan]] * [[Fasil Ghebbi]] * [[Fatehpur Sikri]] * [[Fdalijiet Arkeoloġiċi ta' Moenjodaro]] * [[Fdalijiet ta' Gedi]] * [[Fdalijiet ta' León Viejo]] * [[Fdalijiet ta' Loropéni]] * [[Fdalijiet tal-Vihara Buddista f'Paharpur]] * [[Fehme Agani]] *[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]] *[[Fenno-Skandinavja]] *[[Fernando Botero]] *[[Ferrara]] *[[Ferruccio Lamborghini]] *[[Festival ta' Sanremo]] *[[Fiera Internazzjonali ta' Rachid Karami f'Tripoli]] *[[Figolla]] *[[Firenze]] *[[Fjord tas-Silġ ta' Ilulissat]] *[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]] *[[Flora Martirosian]] *[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]] *[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]] *[[Foresti Irkanjani]] *[[Foresti Muntanjużi ta' Odzala-Kokoua]] *[[Foresti Sagri ta' Kaya tal-Mijikenda]] *[[Foresti tas-Siġar tar-Rand ta' Madeira]] *[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]] *[[Foresti Tropikali tal-Atsinanana]] *[[Foresti Tropikali u Artijiet Mistagħdra Kolkiċi]] *[[Foresti Verġni ta' Komi]] *[[Formazzjonijiet u Għerien Karstiċi Evaporitiċi tar-Reġjun ta' Emilia Romagna]] *[[Forti l-Aħmar]] * [[Forti ta' Agra]] *[[Forti ta' Bahla]] *[[Forti ta' Galle]] *[[Forti ta' Ġesù]] *[[Forti ta' Rohtas]] *[[Fortifikazzjonijiet fuq in-Naħa tal-Karibew tal-Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo]] *[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]] *[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]] *[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]] *[[Fortijiet u Kastelli tal-Ghana]] *[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]] *[[Fortizza ta' Hwaseong]] *[[Fortizza ta' Pirot]] *[[Fortizza ta' San Nikola]] *[[Fortizza ta' Suomenlinna]] *[[Fortizzi ta' Dacia fil-Muntanji Orăștie]] *[[Fortizzi Tondi tal-Vikingi]] *[[Foss ta' Messel]] *[[Fotografu]] *[[Fram2]] *[[Francesco Guardi]] *[[François-Alphonse Forel]] *[[François Couperin]] *[[François Girardon]] *[[Francois Mauriac]] *[[Franco Migliacci]] *[[Franġisk Zahra]] *[[Frank Drake]] *[[Franz Beckenbauer]] *[[Franz Kafka]] *[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]] *[[Franz von Suppé]] *[[Frawla]] *[[Fray Bentos]] *[[Frédéric Bartholdi]] *[[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve]] *[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]] *[[Frosta tal-Għid]] * [[Frott]] * [[Fruntieri Rumani Ġermaniċi t'Isfel]] * [[Fruntieri Rumani ta' Dacia]] * [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]] * [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]] *[[Fuji]] *[[Furnar]] === '''<u>Ġ</u>''' === * [[Ġardinar]] *[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]] * [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]] * [[Ġeoloġija]] * [[Ġeriko tal-Qedem]] * [[Ġerusalemm]] * [[Ġibjun ta' Bovilla]] * [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]] * [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]] * [[Ġnien Persjan]] * [[Ġobon ta' Jāņi]] * [[Ġonna Botaniċi Rjali ta' Kew]] * [[Ġonna Botaniċi ta' Singapore]] * [[Ġonna Klassiċi ta' Suzhou]] * [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]] * [[Ġonna ta' Shalimar]] *[[Ġurnalist]] === '''<u>G</u>''' === * [[Gammelstad]] * [[Gamzigrad]] * [[Gati tal-Punent]] * [[Gebel Barkal]] * [[Geirangerfjord]] * [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]] *[[Georg Ohm]] *[[Georg von Békésy]] *[[George Gallup]] *[[Georges Bernanos]] *[[Georges J.F. Kohler]] *[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]] *[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]] *[[Ghadamès]] *[[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola]] *[[Giacomo Zanella]] *[[Giampiero Galeazzi]] *[[Gianni Vella]] *[[Gigi Riva]] *[[Giorgia Meloni]] *[[Giorgio Vasari]] *[[Giosuè Carducci]] *[[Giotto]] *[[Giovanni Arduino]] *[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]] *[[Giovanni Boccaccio]] *[[Giovanni Paisiello]] *[[Giovanni Papini]] *[[Giulio Natta]] *[[Gjirokastër]] *[[Glossarju]] *[[Göbekli Tepe]] *[[Goffredo Mameli]] *[[Goiás]] *[[Golf ta' California]] *[[Golf ta' Porto]] *[[Gonbad-e Qābus]] *[[Gordion]] *[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]] *[[Gotiku]] *[[Gozinaki]] *[[Gran Ordni tar-Re Tomislav]] *[[Grand Pré]] *[[Grand-Bassam]] *[[Grand Place, Brussell]] *[[Graz]] *[[Grazia Deledda]] *[[Greenland]] *[[Gregorio Allegri]] *[[Gremxula ta' Malta]] *[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]] *[[Grotti ta' Longmen]] *[[Grotti ta' Yungang]] *[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]] *[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Mahabalipuram]] *[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]] *[[Guimarães]] *[[Gustave Charpentier]] * [[Gżejjer Eolji]] * [[Gżejjer Falkland]] * [[Gżejjer Galapagos]] * [[Gżejjer Marquesas]] * [[Gżejjer Solovetsky]] * [[Gżejjer Sub-Antartiċi ta' New Zealand]] * [[Gżejjer ta' Amami-Ōshima, ta' Tokunoshima u ta' Iriomote, u t-Tramuntana ta' Okinawa]] * [[Gżejjer ta' Ogasawara]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Blat]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Aldabra]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Bikini]] * [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Rocas]] * [[Gżejjer tan-Nofsinhar u Ibħra Awstrali Franċiżi]] * [[Gżira Heard u l-Gżejjer McDonald]] * [[Gżira Inaċċessibbli]] * [[Gżira Sagra ta' Okinoshima u Siti Assoċjati fir-Reġjun ta' Munakata]] * [[Gżira ta' Cocos]] * [[Gżira ta' Fraser]] * [[Gżira ta' Gorée]] * [[Gżira ta' Henderson]] *[[Gżira ta' Jeju]] *[[Gżira ta' Kunta Kinteh]] *[[Gżira ta' Lord Howe]] *[[Gżira ta' Macquarie]] *[[Gżira ta' Mozambique]] *[[Gżira ta' Pico]] *[[Gżira ta' Robben]] *[[Gżira ta' Saint-Louis]] *[[Gżira ta' Tiwai]] *[[Gżira ta' Wrangel]] *[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]] === '''<u>GĦ</u>''' === * [[Għajn Tuffieħa]] * [[Għalliem]] *[[Għar Dalam]] *[[Għar ta' Altamira]] *[[Għar ta' Gorham]] *[[Għar ta' Karain]] *[[Għar ta' Optymistychna]] *[[Għar ta' Vjetrenica]] *[[Għar tal-Apokalissi]] *[[Għar tal-Irħam]] *[[Għar tas-Silġ ta' Dobšiná]] *[[Għarb]] *[[Għelieqi Mtarrġa tar-Ross tal-Cordilleras tal-Filippini]] *[[Għerien Karstiċi ta' Aggtelek u tas-Slovakkja]] *[[Għerien ta' Ajanta]] *[[Għerien ta' Elephanta]] *[[Għerien ta' Ellora]] *[[Għerien ta' Mogao]] *[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]] *[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]] *[[Għid]] *[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]] *[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]] *[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]] *[[Għoljiet ta' Matobo]] *[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]] === '''<u>H</u>''' === * [[Hagia Sophia]] * [[Hahoe]] * [[Haley Bugeja]] * [[Halloumi]] * [[Hallstatt]] * [[Hampi]] *[[Hans Geiger]] *[[Hans Memling]] *[[Hans Sloane]] *[[Hans Spemann]] *[[Harar]] *[[Harry Belafonte]] *[[Hatı Çırpan]] *[[Hatra]] *[[Hattusha]] *[[Hawa Mahal]] *[[Hebron]] *[[Hedeby]] *[[Hegmataneh]] *[[Hegra]] *[[Heinrich Hertz]] *[[Helena Kottler Vurnik]] *[[Henri Fantin-Latour]] *[[Henri Frederic Amiel]] *[[Hermannus Contractus]] *[[Hideki Shirakawa]] *[[Hideki Yukawa]] *[[Hildesheim]] *[[Höga Kusten]] *[[Hoh Xil]] *[[Hội An]] *[[Holašovice]] *[[Hollókő]] *[[Hongcun]] *[[Hospicio Cabañas]] *[[Hospital de Sant Pau]] *[[Hovgården]] *[[Howard Carter]] *[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]] *[[Huangshan]] *[[Hubert de Givenchy]] === '''<u>Ħ</u>''' === * [[Ħaġar Megalitiku ta' Carnac]] * [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]] * [[Ħajja]] *[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]] *[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]] *[[Ħsad tal-Perli fil-Bahrain]] *[[Ħuta]] === '''<u>I</u>''' === * [[Ibn Battuta]] * [[ICOMOS]] * [[Idolu ta' Shigir]] * [[Idrija]] * [[Idrijski žlikrofi]] * [[Ilha Grande]] * [[Il'ja Prigožini]] * [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]] *[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]] *[[Impjanti tan-Nitrat tal-Potassju ta' Humberstone u ta' Santa Laura]] *[[Inara Luigas]] *[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]] *[[Independence Hall]] *[[Indiċi]] *[[Industrija tal-lavanja f'Wales]] *[[Ingredjent]] *[[Intaljatur]] *[[Internet]] *[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]] * [[Ipproċessar testwali]] * [[Irdumijiet ta' Bandiagara]] * [[Iremel]] * [[Irħula Antiki ta' Djenné]] * [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]] * [[Irpin]] * [[Irziezet Imżejnin ta' Hälsingland]] *[[Isabella d'Este]] *[[ISBN]] *[[Istitut tar-Riċerka dwar il-Foresti tal-Malażja]] *[[Istmu Kuronjan]] *[[Ivan Turgenev]] *[[Ivrea]] === '''<u>J</u>''' === * [[Jacinto Benavente]] * [[Jaipur]] * [[Jakob Bogdani]] * [[Jan Novák]] *[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]] *[[Jarrod Sammut]] *[[Jean Antoine Houdon]] *[[Jean Dieudonné]] *[[Jean Picard]] *[[Jebel Faya]] *[[Jeddah]] *[[Jodensavanne]] *[[Joggins]] *[[Johann Christian Bach]] *[[Johan Jensen]] *[[John Edward Critien]] *[[John Kendrew]] *[[John Strutt Rayleigh]] *[[Jongmyo]] *[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]] *[[Josef Hoffman]] *[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] *[[Joya de Cerén]] *[[Jože Plečnik]] *[[Jules Pascin]] *[[Julia Malinova]] *[[Julia Sanina]] *[[Júlia Sigmond]] *[[Julio Baghy]] *[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] *[[Jum il-Ġifa]] *[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]] *[[Jum l-Ewropa]] *[[Jum Zamenhof]] === '''<u>K</u>''' === * [[Kaċċa bl-ajkli]] * [[Kairouan]] * [[Kaja Kallas]] *[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]] *[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]] *[[Kanal il-Kbir (iċ-Ċina)]] *[[Kanal ta' Rideau]] *[[Kanali ta' Amsterdam]] *[[Kandy]] *[[Kappella]] *[[Karavanseraj Persjani]] *[[Karbalayi Safikhan Karabakhi]] *[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]] *[[Karl Weierstrass]] *[[Karlskrona]] *[[Karlu III]] *[[Kasbah tal-Alġier]] *[[Kaskati ta' Galdelsha]] *[[Kaskati ta' Vitorja]] *[[Kastell ta' Alamut]] *[[Kastell ta' Ankara]] *[[Kastell ta' Durham]] *[[Kastell ta' Himeji]] *[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]] *[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]] *[[Kastell ta' Kuressaare]] *[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]] *[[Kastell ta' Lubart]] *[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]] *[[Kastell ta' Nesvizh]] *[[Kastell ta' Neuschwanstein]] *[[Kastell ta' Paphos]] *[[Kastell ta' San Pedro de la Roca]] *[[Kastell ta' Spiš]] *[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]] *[[Kastell ta' Zerzevan]] *[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]] *[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]] *[[Kastelli u Swar tal-Irħula tar-Re Dwardu fi Gwynedd]] *[[Katarina Vitale]] * [[Katidral]] *[[Katidral ta' Aachen]] *[[Katidral ta' Amiens]] *[[Katidral ta' Bourges]] *[[Katidral ta' Burgos]] *[[Katidral ta' Canterbury]] *[[Katidral ta' Chartres]] *[[Katidral ta' Köln]] *[[Katidral ta' León, Nikaragwa]] *[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]] *[[Katidral ta' Reims]] *[[Katidral ta' Roskilde]] *[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]] *[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]] *[[Katidral ta' Speyer]] *[[Katidral ta' Tournai]] *[[Katidral ta' Zvartnots]] *[[Katidral tat-Tlugħ is-Sema tal-Madonna ta' Kiev]] *[[Katidral tat-Trasfigurazzjoni, Dnipro]] *[[Katina Muntanjuża ta' Ennedi]] *[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]] *[[Katina Muntanjuża ta' Mulanje]] *[[Katsiaryna Barysevich]] *[[Kauksi Ülle]] *[[Kaunas]] *[[Kavallier ta' Madara]] * [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]] * [[Kawkasu tal-Punent]] * [[KazCosmos]] *[[Kelma]] *[[Kerkuane]] *[[Kernavė]] *[[Kewkbet is-Safar]] *[[Khafre]] *[[Khami]] *[[Khinalug]] *[[Khiva]] *[[Khor Rori]] *[[Khorramabad]] *[[Khuttal]] *[[Kibbeh]] *[[Kiki Kogelnik]] *[[Kinderdijk]] *[[Kirurgu]] *[[Kizhi Pogost]] *[[Kladruby nad Labem]] * [[Klima ta' Malta]] * [[Klondike]] * [[Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Bajja tal-Glaċieri / Tatshenshini-Alsek]] * [[Knarik Vardanyan]] * [[Knejjes Barokki tal-Filippini]] * [[Knejjes Imħaffrin fil-Blat ta' Ivanovo]] * [[Knejjes Imħaffrin fil-Blat ta' Lalibela]] *[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]] *[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]] *[[Knejjes ta' Chiloé]] *[[Knejjes tal-Injam ta' Maramureș]] *[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]] *[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]] *[[Knejjes tal-Iskola tal-Arkitettura ta' Pskov]] *[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]] *[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]] *[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]] *[[Knisja Antika ta' Petäjävesi]] *[[Knisja ta' Atlántida]] *[[Knisja ta' Boyana]] *[[Knisja ta' San Ġwann f'Kaneo]] *[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]] *[[Knisja ta' Santa Margerita]] *[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]] *[[Knisja tal-Injam ta' Urnes]] *[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]] *[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]] *[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]] *[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]] *[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]] *[[Koh Ker]] *[[Kok]] *[[Kolomenskoye]] *[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]] *[[Kolonji tal-Benevolenza]] *[[Kolonna ta' Ġuljanu]] *[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]] * [[Kolossew]] * [[Konso]] *[[Konversazzjoni]] *[[Korfù]] *[[Kosta Ġurassika]] *[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]] *[[Kosta ta' Ningaloo]] *[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]] *[[Kotlovina]] *[[Koutammakou]] *[[Krak des Chevaliers]] *[[Krakovja]] *[[Krater ta' Logoisk]] *[[Krater ta' Vredefort]] *[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]] *[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]] *[[Kreta]] *[[Krisztina Tóth]] *[[Krzemionki]] *[[Ksour Antiki ta' Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt u Oualata]] *[[Kubdari]] *[[Kujataa]] *[[Kulangsu]] *[[Kuldīga]] *[[Kulleġġ Navali Rjali Antik]] *[[Kultura ta' Chaco]] *[[Kultura ta' Chinchorro]] *[[Kultura ta' Liangzhu]] *[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]] *[[Kumpless Modern ta' Pampulha]] *[[Kumpless Monumentali ta' Brâncuși f'Târgu Jiu]] *[[Kumpless ta' Konservazzjoni tal-Amażonja Ċentrali]] *[[Kumpless ta' W-Arly-Pendjari]] *[[Kumpless tal-Bażar Storiku ta' Tabriz]] *[[Kumpless tal-Foresti ta' Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai]] *[[Kumpless tal-Foresta ta' Kaeng Krachan]] *[[Kumpless tal-Kastell ta' Mir]] *[[Kumpless tal-Khānegāh u tas-Santwarju tax-Xejikk Safi al-din f'Ardabil]] *[[Kumpless tal-Monumenti ta' Huế]] *[[Kumpless tal-Muntanji u tat-Tempji ta' Chengde]] *[[Kumpless tal-Oqbra ta' Koguryo]] *[[Kumpless tal-Pajsaġġ ta' Tràng An]] *[[Kumpless u l-Estancias tal-Ġiżwiti ta' Córdoba]] *[[Kumplessi Monastiċi Armeni tal-Iran]] *[[Kumplessi Petroglifiċi tal-Altai tal-Mongolja]] *[[Kumplessi Sagri tal-Hoysala]] *[[Kumitat tal-Wirt Dinji]] *[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]] *[[Kunvent ta' Kristu f'Tomar]] *[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]] *[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]] *[[Kunya-Urgench]] *[[Kuruna ta' Zvonimir]] *[[Kutná Hora]] === '''<u>L</u>''' === * [[L-Arti]] * [[L-Ewwel Mara jew Raġel ta' Malta]] * [[Lag ta' Baikal]] * [[Lag ta' Brebeneskul]] * [[Lag ta' Kezenoyam]] * [[Lag ta' Laach]] * [[Lag tal-Punent, Hangzhou]] * [[Lagi ta' Ounianga]] * [[Lag ta' Skadar]] * [[Lagi ta' Willandra]] * [[Lake District]] * [[Lamu]] *[[Landier]] *[[Lapponja Żvediża]] *[[Las Médulas]] *[[Lascaux]] *[[Lavaux]] *[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]] *[[Lazzaro Pisani]] *[[Le Corbusier]] *[[Le Havre]] *[[Le Locle]] *[[Léon Werth]] *[[Leptis Magna]] *[[Lessikoloġija]] * [[Lessiku]] * [[Letoon]] * [[Lev Davidovich Landau]] * [[Lev Semenovič Pontrjagin]] * [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]] * [[Levuka]] * [[Leyla Mammadbeyova]] * [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]] *[[Lika Kavzharadze]] *[[Lima]] *[[Lingwa Erżjana]] *[[Lingwa Ġermaniża]] *[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]] *[[Linja Ferrovjarja Trans-Iranjana]] *[[Linji Ferrovjarji tal-Muntanji tal-Indja]] *[[Linji ta' Nazca]] *[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]] *[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]] *[[Lista ta' kumpaniji elenkati fil-Borża ta' Malta]] *[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]] *[[Lista ta' peniżoli]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Andorra]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Iżrael]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Kuba]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Madagascar]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'San Marino]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fi Franza]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fi Spanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċilì]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fid-Danimarka]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bangladesh]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belarussja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belġju]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Brażil]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bulgarija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Filippini]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Finlandja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġappun]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġermanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġordan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Georgia]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Greċja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Jemen]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kambodja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kanada]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Karibew]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kenja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kirgistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kolombja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Korea t'Isfel]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Korea ta' Fuq]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Laos]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lussemburgu]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lvant tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lvant tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Malażja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Marokk]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Mauritania]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Messiku]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Moldova]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Mongolja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Myanmar]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Pakistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Palestina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Perù]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Portugall]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Punent tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Punent tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Vjetnam]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nepal]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Netherlands]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nofsinhar tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nofsinhar tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Norveġja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Renju Unit]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Rumanija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Russja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Serbja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Sirja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovakkja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Sri Lanka]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Taġikistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tajlandja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tanzanija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tramuntana tal-Asja u fl-Asja Ċentrali]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tramuntana tal-Ewropa]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tuneżija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkmenistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fix-Xlokk tal-Asja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afganistan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afrika]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afrika t'Isfel]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Albanija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka Ċentrali]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka t'Isfel]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka ta' Fuq]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Arabja Sawdija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Arġentina]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Armenja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstralja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ażerbajġan]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Eġittu]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Etjopja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Indja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Indoneżja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Istati Għarab]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Istati Uniti]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżlanda]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżvezja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżvizzera]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Oċeanja]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ungerija]] *[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Użbekistan]] *[[Liz Truss]] *[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]] *[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]] *[[Lorenzo de' Medici]] *[[Lorenzo Gafà]] *[[Lorenzo Valla]] *[[Luang Prabang]] *[[Lübeck]] *[[Luca Parmitano]] *[[Lucavsala]] *[[Lucia Piussi]] *[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]] *[[Ludmila tal-Boemja]] *[[Ludovico Ariosto]] *[[Ludovico Carracci]] *[[Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof]] *[[Luigi Boccherini]] *[[Luigi Galvani]] *[[Luigi Pirandello]] *[[Lumbini]] *[[Luna 26]] *[[Lunenburg]] *[[Lvant ta' Rennell]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Lyon]] *[[Lyubov Panchenko]] === '''<u>M</u>''' === * [[Maċedonit]] * [[Machu Picchu]] * [[Madinat Al-Zahra]] *[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]] *[[Magda Šaturová-Seppová]] *[[Maison Carrée]] * [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]] *[[Maltin]] *[[Måneskin]] *[[Manhush]] *[[Manto Mavrogenous]] *[[Mantova]] *[[Margaret Abela]] *[[Maria De Filippi]] *[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]] *[[Maria Grollmuß]] *[[Marian Smoluchowski]] *[[Mario Draghi]] *[[Mário Zagallo]] *[[Marrakesh]] *[[Marta Kos]] *[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]] *[[Mary Chronopoulou]] *[[Mary Fenech Adami]] *[[Mary Moser]] *[[Masada]] *[[Masġar tal-Palm ta' Elche]] *[[Maurizio Costanzo]] *[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]] *[[Maymand]] *[[Mbanza Kongo]] *[[Medalja ta' Marian Smoluchowski]] *[[Medina ta' Sousse]] *[[Mehmet Ali Ağca]] *[[Melka Kunture]] *[[Mérida (Spanja)]] *[[Merill]] *[[Meroe]] *[[Merv]] *[[Meteora]] *[[Michael Refalo]] *[[Michail Glinka]] *[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]] *[[Milan]] *[[Mileva Filipović]] *[[Mimoza Kusari-Lila]] *[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]] *[[Minaret ta' Jam]] *[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]] *[[Minjiera tal-Faħam ta' Ombilin]] *[[Minjiera tal-Fidda ta' Iwami Ginzan]] *[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]] *[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]] *[[Minjieri tad-Deheb tal-Gżira ta' Sado]] *[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]] *[[Mira Alečković]] *[[Mirella Freni]] *[[Miroslav Řepa]] *[[Missjonijiet Franġiskani fis-Sierra Gorda ta' Querétaro]] *[[Missjonijiet ta' San Antonio]] *[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti fost il-Guarani]] *[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti ta' Chiquitos]] *[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti ta' La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná u Jesús de Tavarangue]] *[[Mnajdra]] *[[Modena]] *[[Mogħdija tal-Ġgant]] *[[Moidam]] *[[Monasteri fuq ix-xaqlibiet ta' Popocatépetl]] *[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]] *[[Monasteru ta' Alcobaça]] *[[Monasteru ta' Batalha]] *[[Monasteru ta' Ferapontov]] *[[Monasteru ta' Gelati]] *[[Monasteru ta' Geghard]] *[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]] *[[Monasteru ta' Haghpat]] *[[Monasteru ta' Hoge]] *[[Monasteru ta' Horezu]] *[[Monasteru ta' Hosios Loukas]] *[[Monasteru ta' Maulbronn]] *[[Monasteru ta' Neghuts]] *[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]] *[[Monasteru ta' Rila]] *[[Monasteru ta' San Ġwann it-Teologu]] *[[Monasteru ta' San Ilarjun]] *[[Monasteru ta' Sanahin]] *[[Monasteru ta' Santa Katarina]] *[[Monasteru ta' Sopoćani]] *[[Monasteru ta' Studenica]] *[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]] *[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]] *[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]] *[[Monika Kryemadhi]] *[[Møns Klint]] *[[Mont-Saint-Michel]] *[[Monte Albán]] *[[Monte San Giorgio]] *[[Monte Titano]] *[[Monticello]] * [[Monument]] * [[Monument Nazzjonali ta' Żimbabwe l-Kbir]] * [[Monumenti Bojod ta' Vladimir u ta' Suzdal]] * [[Monumenti Buddisti fl-inħawi ta' Hōryū-ji]] * [[Monumenti Paleokristjani u Biżantini ta' Thessaloniki]] * [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]] * [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]] * [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]] * [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Makli]] *[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]] *[[Monumenti ta' Oviedo u tar-Renju tal-Asturjas]] *[[Monumenti tal-Ġebel taċ-Ċriev]] *[[Monumenti u Siti Storiċi f'Kaesong]] *[[Monumenti u Siti Storiċi ta' Hiraizumi]] *[[Morelia]] *[[Moritz Cantor]] *[[Moskea Antika ta' Edirne]] *[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]] *[[Moskea ta' Arif Agha]] *[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]] *[[Moskea tal-Ġimgħa ta' Esfahan]] *[[Moskea tat-Tatari]] *[[Moskej bi stil Sudaniż fit-Tramuntana tal-Kosta tal-Avorju]] *[[Moskej tal-Pilastri tal-Injam tal-Anatolja Medjevali]] *[[Motoori Norinaga]] *[[Mramorje]] *[[Mtskheta]] *[[Mtsvane]] *[[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] *[[Muħammed]] *[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]] *[[Muntanja Pelée]] *[[Muntanja Qingcheng]] *[[Muntanja ta' Kumgang]] *[[Muntanja Wutai]] *[[Muntanji Blu u John Crow]] *[[Muntanji Makhonjwa ta' Barberton]] *[[Muntanji ta' Homolje]] *[[Muntanji tad-Deheb ta' Altai]] *[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]] *[[Muntanji Wudang]] *[[Muntanji Wuyi]] *[[Mużew Brittaniku]] *[[Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Montenegro]] *[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]] *[[Mużew ta' Trojja]] *[[Myśliwska]] *[[Mystras]] === '''<u>N</u>''' === * [[Nærøyfjord]] * [[Nadur]] * [[Naftalan]] * [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] * [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]] * [[Nalanda Mahavihara]] * [[Namhansanseong]] * [[Nancy]] * [[Nan Madol]] *[[Napli]] *[[Naryn-Kala]] *[[Nataliya Kobrynska]] *[[Nea Moni ta' Chios]] *[[Nekropoli]] *[[Nekropoli ta' Beit She'arim]] *[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]] *[[Nemrut Dağı]] *[[Nessebar]] *[[New Lanark]] *[[New Secret (jott)]] *[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]] *[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]] *[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]] *[[Nicolas Flamel]] *[[Nicolau Coelho]] *[[Nida]] *[[Nika Križnar]] *[[Nikkō]] *[[Nil]] *[[Nino Ramishvili]] *[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]] *[[Nisa f’Malta]] *[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]] *[[Nizza]] *[[Norman Morrison]] *[[Nutar]] === '''<u>O</u>''' === * [[Oażi ta' Al-Ahsa]] * [[Olga Tass]] *[[Olimpja]] *[[Olinda]] *[[Ophrys caucasica|''Ophrys caucasica'']] *[[Oplontis]] *[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]] *[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastija Xixia]] *[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]] *[[Oqbra Rjali tad-Dinastija Joseon]] *[[Oqbra ta' Mozu]] *[[Oqbra tar-Rejiet ta' Buganda f'Kasubi]] *[[Orthohantavirus]] *[[Ortografija Litwana]] *[[Osservatorji Astronomiċi tal-Università Federali ta' Kazan]] *[[Osservatorju ta' Črni Vrh]] *[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]] *[[Osservatorju ta' Rozhen]] *[[Osun-Osogbo]] *[[Otto Toeplitz]] *[[Ouro Preto]] === '''<u>P</u>''' === * [[Pablo Neruda]] * [[Pagoda ta' Vinh Nghiem]] * [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]] * [[Pajsaġġ Arkeoloġiku tal-Ewwel Pjantaġġuni tal-Kafè fix-Xlokk ta' Kuba]] * [[Pajsaġġ Arkeoloġiku tas-Sassanidi fil-Provinċja ta' Fars]] * [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]] * [[Pajsaġġ Karstiku tan-Nofsinhar taċ-Ċina]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' ǂKhomani]] * [[Pajsaġġi Kulturali ta' Bassari, Fula u Bedik]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Budj Bim]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Gedeo]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Hawraman/Uramanat]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Le Morne]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Sukur]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Għelieqi Mtarrġa tar-Ross ta' Honghe Hani]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Kafè tal-Kolombja]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Lag ta' Kenozero]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Wied ta' Orkhon]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tat-Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Gobustan]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Zuojiang]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali u Botaniku ta' Richtersveld]] * [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali u l-Fdalijiet Arkeoloġiċi tal-Wied ta' Bamiyan]] * [[Pajsaġġ Migratorju ta' Boma–Badingilo]] * [[Pajsaġġi Militari tal-Imperu Maratha fl-Indja]] * [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]] * [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]] * [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]] * [[Pajsaġġi ta' Dauria]] * [[Pál Maléter]] * [[Palazz Irjali ta' Aranjuez]] *[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]] *[[Palazz Mariinskyi]] *[[Palazz ta' Blenheim]] *[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]] *[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]] *[[Palazz ta' Eggenberg]] *[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]] *[[Palazz ta' Golestan]] *[[Palazz ta' Ishak Paşa]] *[[Palazz ta' Mafra]] *[[Palazz ta' Orbeliani]] *[[Palazz ta' Potala]] *[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]] *[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]] *[[Palazz ta' Versailles]] *[[Palazz tal-Khan]] *[[Palazz tas-Sajf]] *[[Palazz tax-Shirvanshah]] *[[Palazzi Minojċi]] *[[Palazzi Rjali ta' Abomey]] *[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]] *[[Palenque]] *[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]] *[[Palestina]] *[[Palianytsia]] *[[Palmaria]] *[[Palmyra]] *[[Pamukkale]] *[[Panamá Viejo]] *[[Papa Ljun XIV]] *[[Papahānaumokuākea]] *[[Paquimé]] *[[Paramaribo]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku Nazzjonali ta' Tierradentro]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Champaner-Pavagadh]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili]] *[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' San Agustín]] *[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]] *[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]] *[[Park Naturali ta' Dinara]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Karula]] *[[Park Naturali ta' Korab-Koritnik]] *[[Park Naturali tal-Iskolli tal-Qroll ta' Tubbataha]] *[[Park Naturali tal-Pilastri ta' Lena]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Impenetrabbli ta' Bwindi]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Olimpiku]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]] *[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Trakai]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Alejandro de Humboldt]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Banc d'Arguin]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Beit Guvrin-Maresha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Canaima]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chapada dos Veadeiros]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chiribiquete]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Coiba]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Comoé]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Darien]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Defileul Jiului]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Desembarco del Granma]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Doñana]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Everglades]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garamba]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Great Smoky Mountains]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Gros Morne]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Gunung Mulu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Hortobágy]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Huascarán]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ichkeul]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Iguaçu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Iguazú]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ivindo]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kahuzi-Biega]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kakadu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kaziranga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Khangchendzonga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kilimanjaro]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kinabalu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kiskunság]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lahemaa]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lençóis Maranhenses]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lorentz]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Alerces]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Glaciares]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Katíos]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lushan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Mammoth Cave]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manas]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manú]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manovo-Gounda St Floris]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Mesa Verde]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Miguasha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Morne Trois Pitons]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Murujuga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Nahanni]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Niah]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Niokolo-Koba]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Noel Kempff Mercado]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Nyungwe]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Þingvellir]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Pirin]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Purnululu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Rapa Nui]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Rio Abiseo]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Salonga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sangay]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sanqingshan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Serengeti]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Serra da Capivara]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Simien]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Taï]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Talampaya]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Tongariro]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Una]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Vatnajökull]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Virunga]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Yellowstone]] *[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Yosemite]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Biżonti tal-Boskijiet]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Foresta Pluvjali ta' Gola]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Fortizza tal-Għolja ta' Brimstone]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għadajjar ta' Mana]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Carlsbad]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Peruaçu]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Grand Canyon]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Himalayas il-Kbar]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Rodopi]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lag tal-Malawi]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja Dajti]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja tal-Kenja]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja Tomorr]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanji ta' Bale]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanji ta' Rwenzori]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Vulkani ta' Hawaii]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tas-Sundarbans]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tat-Taġikistan]] *[[Park Nazzjonali tax-Xmara ta' Taħt l-Art ta' Puerto Princesa]] *[[Park Provinċjali ta' Ischigualasto]] *[[Park Provinċjali ta' Writing-on-Stone]] *[[Park Provinċjali tad-Dinosawri]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Phu Phrabat]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Si Thep]] *[[Park Storiku ta' Sukhothai]] *[[Park ta' Maloti-Drakensberg]] *[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]] *[[Park tal-Art Mistagħdra ta' iSimangaliso]] *[[Park tal-Mafkar tar-Rewwixta u tar-Rivoluzzjoni]] *[[Park Trinazzjonali ta' Sangha]] *[[Parks Internazzjonali tal-Paċi ta' Waterton-tal-Glaċieri]] *[[Parks Nazzjonali ta' Nanda Devi u tal-Wied tal-Fjuri]] *[[Parks Nazzjonali tal-Lag ta' Turkana]] *[[Parks Nazzjonali u Statali tas-Siġar tal-Injam tal-Aħmar]] *[[Parks tal-Muntanji tar-Rockies Kanadiżi]] *[[Parmigianino]] *[[Parrukkier]] *[[Pasargadae]] *[[Paseo del Prado]] *[[Patoloġija]] *[[Pattadakal]] *[[Paulo Coelho]] *[[Pavlo Lee]] *[[Pécs]] *[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]] *[[Peña de los Enamorados]] *[[Peniżola]] *[[Peniżola Valdés]] *[[Pergamon]] *[[Peri-Khan Sofiyeva]] *[[Persepolis]] *[[Peter Carl Fabergé]] *[[Péter Magyar]] *[[Pëtr Kapica]] *[[Petra]] *[[Petra Brocková]] *[[Petroglifiċi ta' Bangudae]] *[[Petroglifiċi tal-Lag ta' Onega u l-Baħar Abjad]] *[[Philipp Otto Runge]] *[[Philippi]] *[[Pienza]] *[[Piero Angela]] *[[Pierre Fatou]] *[[Pietro Longhi]] *[[Pietru l-Kbir]] *[[Pimachiowin Aki]] *[[Ping Yao]] *[[Pippo Baudo]] *[[Pirinej-Monte Perdido]] *[[Pitons]] *[[Pitons, Cirques u Rdumijiet tal-Gżira ta' Réunion]] *[[Pjanta]] *[[Pjanura ta' Bărăgan]] *[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]] *[[Pjanura tal-Ġarer]] *[[Pjazza]] *[[Pjazza ta' Naqsh-e Jahan]] * [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]] * [[Pkhali]] *[[Plamer]] *[[Planetarju Rjali ta' Eise Eisinga]] *[[Pobiti Kamani]] *[[Politika]] *[[Polonnaruwa]] *[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]] *[[Pont ta' Forth]] *[[Pont ta' Malabadi]] *[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]] *[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]] *[[Pont tal-Fjuri]] *[[Pont tal-Paċi, Tbilisi]] *[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]] *[[Port Ħieles ta' Malta]] *[[Port Royal]] *[[Port ta' Mariupol]] *[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]] *[[Porta Nigra]] *[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]] *[[Porto]] *[[Postijiet Sagri tal-Bahá'i]] *[[Potosí]] *[[Pożati]] *[[Prambanan]] *[[Professjoni]] *[[Proklos]] *[[Promontorju ta' Putorana]] *[[Provins]] *[[Pu'er]] *[[Puebla (belt)]] *[[Pythagoreion]] === '''<u>Q</u>''' === * [[Qabar ta' Askia]] * [[Qabar ta' Humayun]] * [[Qabar Traċjan ta' Kazanlak]] * [[Qabar Traċjan ta' Sveshtari]] * [[Qabża tal-Biżonti Sfrakassati]] * [[Qal'at al-Bahrain]] * [[Qala (Għawdex)]] * [[Qalba Neolitika tal-Gżejjer Orkney]] * [[Qalhat]] * [[Qanat]] * [[Qaryat al-Faw]] * [[Qaytarma]] * [[Qorti Rjali ta' Tiébélé]] * [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]] * [[Quanzhou]] * [[Quebrada de Humahuaca]] * [[Quedlinburg]] * [[Quirigua]] * [[Quito]] * [[Quseir Amra]] * [[Qutb Minar]] === '''<u>R</u>''' === * [[Rachid Chouhal]] * [[Raħal Storiku ta' St. George u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati, Bermuda]] * [[Rammelsberg]] * [[Ramses II]] * [[Rani-ki-Vav]] * [[Ras'ken' Ozks]] * [[Ravenna]] * [[Ravesa Lleshi]] * [[Red Bay]] * [[Regensburg]] * [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]] * [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]] * [[Reġjun tal-Inbid ta' Tokaj]] *[[Reichenau]] *[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]] *[[Rembrandt]] *[[Renata Scotto]] *[[Renju ta' Mapungubwe]] *[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]] *[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]] *[[Residenza ta' Würzburg]] *[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]] *[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]] *[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]] *[[Rettilu]] *[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]] *[[Riga]] *[[Risco Caído]] *[[Riversleigh]] *[[Riżerva Ekoloġika ta' Mistaken Point]] *[[Riżerva Forestali ta' Sinharaja]] *[[Riżerva Naturali Stretta tal-Muntanja ta' Nimba]] *[[Riżerva Naturali Stretta tat-Tsingy ta' Bemaraha]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Darwin]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Nahal Me'arot]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Okapi]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Selous]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Srebarna]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Tigrovaya Balka]] *[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]] *[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]] *[[Riżerva Naturali tas-Suriname Ċentrali]] *[[Riżerva ta' Bijosfera ta' El Pinacate u Gran Desierto de Altar]] *[[Riżerva ta' Bijosfera ta' Río Plátano]] *[[Riżerva tal-Baħar ta' Aqaba]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera ta' Tehuacán-Cuicatlán]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Baħar l-Iswed]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]] *[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]] *[[Riżerva tal-Fawna ta' Dja]] *[[Riżervi Naturali ta' Air u ta' Ténéré]] *[[Riżervi tal-Foresti Atlantiċi tal-Kosta tal-Iskoperti]] *[[Riżervi tal-Foresti Atlantiċi tax-Xlokk]] *[[Riżervi tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Talamanca-La Amistad]] *[[Robert Fico]] *[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]] *[[Roberto Burle Marx]] *[[Rodi (belt)]] * [[Roi Mata]] * [[Roșia Montană]] * [[Ronald Searle]] * [[Røros]] * [[Rotta tal-Inċens – Bliet tad-Deżert f'Negev]] * [[Rotta Wixárika tas-Siti Sagri lejn Wirikuta]] * [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]] * [[Royal Exhibition Building]] * [[Róža Domašcyna]] *[[Rudolf Diesel]] *[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]] === '''<u>S</u>''' === * [[Sabratha]] * [[Saeva Dupka]] * [[Safranbolu]] * [[Saint-Émilion]] * [[Sajjied]] *[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]] *[[Salamanca]] *[[Salib ta' Santa Ewfrosina]] *[[Salini Rjali ta' Arc-et-Senans]] *[[Salme Kann]] *[[Saltaire]] *[[Salvatore Accardo]] *[[Salzburg]] *[[Samantha Cristoforetti]] *[[Samarkanda]] *[[Samarra]] *[[Sambor Prei Kuk]] *[[Sammallahdenmäki]] *[[Samuel Deguara]] *[[San Cristóbal de La Laguna]] *[[San Gimignano]] *[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]] *[[San Miguel de Allende]] *[[San Pietruburgu]] *[[Sana'a]] *[[Sanchi]] *[[Sandra Milo]] *[[Sandra Mondaini]] *[[Sandro Botticelli]] *[[Sangiran]] *[[Sansa, il-Monasteri Buddisti tal-Muntanji tal-Korea t'Isfel]] *[[Santa Cruz de Mompox]] *[[Santiago de Compostela]] *[[Santiago de Querétaro]] *[[Santiniketan]] *[[Santwarji tal-Għasafar tal-Passa tul il-Kosta tal-Baħar Isfar u l-Golf ta' Bohai]] *[[Santwarji tal-Pandas Ġganteski ta' Sichuan]] *[[Santwarji tan-Natura Selvaġġa ta' Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng]] *[[Santwarju Nazzjonali tal-Għasafar ta' Djoudj]] *[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus de Matosinhos]] *[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]] *[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]] *[[Santwarju tal-Balieni ta' El Vizcaino]] *[[Santwarju ta' Mỹ Sơn]] *[[Santwarju tal-Fawna u tal-Flora ta' Malpelo]] *[[Santwarju tan-Natura Selvaġġa tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Hamiguitan]] *[[São Cristóvão]] *[[São Luís]] *[[Sarazm]] *[[Sardis]] * [[Saryarka]] * [[Sassi ta' Matera]] * [[Satsivi]] *[[Schokland]] *[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]] *[[Sebastian Brant]] *[[Segovia]] *[[Seka Sablić]] *[[Sengħa]] *[[Seokguram]] *[[Seowon]] *[[Severo Ochoa]] *[[Sevil Shhaideh]] *[[Sewell]] *[[Sferi tal-Ġebel tal-Costa Rica]] *[[SGang Gwaay]] *[[Shahr-e Sukhteh]] *[[Shahrisabz]] *[[Shaken Aimanov]] *[[Shales ta' Maotianshan]] *[[Sheki]] *[[Shennongjia]] *[[Shibam]] *[[Shirakami-Sanchi]] *[[Shiretoko]] *[[Sian Ka'an]] *[[Šibenik]] *[[Sibila Petlevski]] *[[Sidney Webb]] *[[Siega Verde]] *[[Siena]] *[[Sighișoara]] *[[Sigiriya]] *[[Siġra tal-Ballut ta' Stelmužė]] *[[Siġra tal-ballut ta' Tamme-Lauri]] *[[Sikhote-Alin]] *[[Simon Kldiashvili]] *[[Sinagoga Antika (Erfurt)]] *[[Sinéad O'Connor]] *[[Sintra]] *[[Siracusa]] *[[Sistema Idrawlika Storika ta' Shushtar]] *[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]] *[[Sistema tat-Toroq tal-Inka]] *[[Sit Agrikolu Bikri ta' Kuk]] *[[Sit arkeoloġiku ta' Al-Balid|Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Al-Balid]] *[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]] *[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]] *[[Sit Arkeoloġiku tal-Maħżen ta' Valongo]] *[[Sit Storiku Nazzjonali ta' San Juan]] *[[Sit Storiku Statali tat-Tumbati tal-Ħamrija ta' Cahokia]] * [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] * [[Sit ta' Wirt Industrijali ta' Rjukan-Notodden]] *[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]] *[[Sit tar-Raġel ta' Peking f'Zhoukoudian]] *[[Siti tad-Dolmens ta' Gochang, Hwasun u Ganghwa]] *[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Bat, Al-Khutm u Al-Ayn]] *[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]] *[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]] *[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]] *[[Siti Funebri u Mfakar tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija (il-Front tal-Punent)]] *[[Siti Kristjani Moħbija fir-Reġjun ta' Nagasaki]] *[[Siti Metallurġiċi Antiki tal-Burkina Faso]] *[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]] *[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]] *[[Siti Preistoriċi ta' Jōmon fit-Tramuntana tal-Ġappun]] *[[Siti Sagri u Rotot ta' Pellegrinaġġ fil-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Kii]] *[[Siti tal-Fossili tal-Ominidi tal-Afrika t'Isfel]] *[[Siti tar-Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali Meiji tal-Ġappun]] *[[Siti tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Kondoa]] *[[Siti tat-Tusi]] *[[Skarpan]] *[[Skellig Michael]] *[[Skogskyrkogården]] *[[Skojjattlu tal-art ta' Tian Shan]] *[[Skola Superjuri tal-Mekkanika tal-Armata]] *[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]] *[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]] *[[Skoll tal-Qroll tal-Belize]] *[[Skorba]] *[[Skrivan]] *[[Slavko Brezoski]] *[[Socotra]] *[[Soltaniyeh]] *[[Songo Mnara]] *[[Sophia Loren]] *[[Sophie Germain]] *[[Sophie Liebknecht]] *[[Söyembikä]] *[[Speicherstadt]] *[[Spinalonga]] *[[Sputnik 5]] *[[Stari Ras]] *[[Statwa]] *[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]] *[[Statwa tal-Libertà]] *[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]] *[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]] *[[Stećak]] *[[Stepan Erzya]] *[[Stevns Klint]] *[[Stonehenge]] *[[Stone Town]] *[[Strett ta' Hormuz]] *[[Su Nuraxi]] *[[Subak]] *[[Sulaiman-Too]] *[[Sundarbans]] *[[Supra (festa)]] *[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]] *[[Surtsey]] *[[Susa]] *[[Svaneti]] *[[Svetlana Antonovska]] *[[Sviyazhsk]] === '''<u>T</u>''' === * [[Ta' Bakkja]] * [[Ta' Ħaġrat]] * [[Ta' Kandja]] *[[Tabib]] *[[Tadrart Acacus]] *[[Taħdit]] *[[Taishan]] *[[Taj Mahal]] *[[Takalik Abaj]] *[[Takht-e Soleyman]] *[[Takht-i-Bahi]] *[[Takkanot Shum]] *[[Taksim]] *[[Tallinn]] *[[Tamgaly]] *[[Tanġier]] *[[Taos Pueblo]] *[[Taputapuātea]] *[[Tarraco]] *[[Tarzna Navali ta' Antigua u s-Siti Arkeoloġiċi Relatati]] *[[Tassili n'Ajjer]] *[[Tavla ta' Narmer]] *[[Taxila]] *[[Tchogha Zanbil]] *[[Te Wahipounamu]] *[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]] *[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]] *[[Teatru da Paz]] *[[Teatru Rjal]] *[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]] *[[Teatru tal-Amażonja]] *[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]] *[[Teatru tal-Opri ta' Sydney]] *[[Tebe (Eġittu)]] *[[Tekniku]] *[[Telč]] *[[Tempji Ħajjin Kbar taċ-Ċola]] * [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]] * [[Tempji ta' Ħal Tarxien]] *[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]] *[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]] *[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]] *[[Tempju ta' Kakatiya Rudreshwara]] *[[Tempju ta' Mahabodhi]] *[[Tempju ta' Preah Vihear]] *[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]] *[[Tempju tal-Għar ta' Dambulla]] *[[Tempju tax-Xemx ta' Konarak]] *[[Tempju u Ċimiterju ta' Konfuċju u l-Villa tal-Familja Kong f'Qufu]] *[[Teotihuacan]] *[[Tequila (Belt)]] * [[Terminoloġija]] * [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]] * [[Tétouan]] *[[Teżawru]] *[[Theobald Boehm]] *[[Theodore Géricault]] *[[Thimlich Ohinga]] *[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]] *[[Thomas à Kempis]] *[[Thoros ta' Edessa]] *[[Tian Shan]] * [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]] * [[Tieqa ta' Wied il-Mielaħ]] * [[Tikal]] * [[Timbuktu]] * [[Timgad]] * [[Tina Turner]] * [[Tinetto]] * [[Tino]] * [[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Alta]] *[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]] *[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat fir-Reġjun ta' Ha'il]] *[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat ta' Dazu]] *[[Tinqix ta' Bisotun]] *[[Tipasa]] *[[Tiryns]] *[[Tiwanaku]] *[[Tiya]] *[[Tlacotalpan]] *[[TNMK]] *[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]] *[[Toledo]] *[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]] *[[Tomiri]] *[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: il-Kuritur ta' Zarafshan-Karakum]] *[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]] * [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]] * [[Torri ta' Belém]] *[[Torri ta' Erkole]] *[[Torri ta' Londra]] *[[Torri tax-Xebba (Baku)]] *[[Torrijiet residenzjali tas-Svan|Torrijiet Residenzjali tas-Svan]] *[[Toruń]] *[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Sierra de San Francisco]] *[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Baċir Mediterran Iberiku]] *[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Għar ta' Shulgan-Tash]] *[[Trattat ta' Kaunas]] *[[Třebíč]] *[[Trinidad, Kuba]] *[[Trogir]] *[[Trojja]] *[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]] *[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]] *[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]] *[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]] *[[Tsodilo]] *[[Tubeteika]] *[[Tulou ta' Fujian|''Tulou'' ta' Fujian]] *[[Tumbati Ċerimonjali tal-Ħamrija ta' Hopewell]] *[[Tumbati Funebri ta' Dilmun]] *[[Tumbati Funebri ta' Gaya]] *[[Tumbati Monumentali tal-Ħamrija ta' Poverty Point]] *[[Turan]] *[[Tutankhamun]] *[[Twyfelfontein]] *[[Tyre]] === '''<u>U</u>''' === * [[Úbeda]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] *[[Uluru]] *[[Um er-Rasas]] *[[Umm Al-Jimāl]] *[[UNESCO]] *[[Università Iżlamika Russa]] *[[Università Nazzjonali Awtonoma tal-Messiku]] *[[Università ta' Al-Qarawiġin|Università ta' Al-Qarawijin]] *[[Università ta' Coimbra]] *[[Unjoni Sovjetika]] *[[Urbino]] *[['Uruq Bani Mu'arid]] *[[Uxmal]] === '''<u>V</u>''' === * [[Val d'Orcia]] *[[Val di Noto]] *[[Valentyna Radzymovska]] *[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]] *[[Vallée de Mai]] *[[Vasco da Gama]] *[[Vat Phou]] *[[Velimir Khlebnikov]] *[[Venera 7]] *[[Verona]] *[[Via Appia]] *[[Victoria Amelina]] *[[Vigan]] *[[Vincent van Gogh]] *[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]] *[[Villa d'Este]] *[[Villa Romana del Casale]] *[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]] *[[Villa Tugendhat]] *[[Villaġġi Antiki tat-Tramuntana tas-Sirja]] *[[Villaġġi bil-Knejjes Iffortifikati f'Transilvanja]] *[[Villaġġi Storiċi ta' Shirakawa-gō u Gokayama]] *[[Vilnius]] *[[Visby]] *[[Vitaliy Kim]] *[[Vito Volterra]] *[[Vittorio De Sica]] *[[Vjenna]] *[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]] *[[Vlkolínec]] *[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] *[[Volubilis]] *[[Võros]] *[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]] *[[Vulkani ta' Kamchatka]] === '''<u>W</u>''' === * [[Wachau]] * [[Wadi Al-Hitan]] *[[Wadi Rum]] *[[Wales]] *[[Weimar Klassika]] *[[Werrej]] *[[Wied Superjuri tar-Renu Nofsani]] *[[Wied t'Isfel tal-Awash]] *[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]] *[[Wied ta' Loire]] *[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]] *[[Wied ta' M'zab]] *[[Wied ta' Qadisha]] *[[Wied ta' Viñales]] *[[Wied tal-Fondoq il-Kbir]] *[[Wied tat-Tempji]] *[[Wilhelm Grimm]] *[[Wilhelm Röntgen]] *[[Willem de Sitter]] *[[Willemstad]] *[[William Boeing]] *[[Wirt Arkeoloġiku tal-Wied ta' Lenggong]] *[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]] *[[Wismar]] *[[Władysław Horodecki]] *[[Wolfgang Paul]] === '''<u>X</u>''' === * [[Xanadu]] * [[Xanthos]] * [[Xatt it-Tiben]] *[[Xeff]] *[[Xerxes I]] *[[Xidi]] *[[Xmara Omo]] *[[Xochicalco]] *[[Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto]] *[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] *[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] *[[Xjenza spazjali]] *[[Xtatol]] === '''<u>Y</u>''' === * [[Yagul]] * [[Yakushima]] * [[Yana Zinkevych]] * [[Yangdong]] * [[Yarmak]] * [[Yaroslavl]] * [[Yazd]] * [[Yeni-Kale]] * [[Yin Xu]] * [[Yllka Mujo]] * [[Yogyakarta]] *[[Yuliya Gushchina]] *[[Yuri Lysianskyi]] === '''<u>Ż</u>''' === * [[Żapoteki]] * [[Żejt]] * [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]] * [[Żona Kulturali ta' Ḥimā]] *[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]] *[[Żona Naturali Selvaġġa tat-Tażmanja]] *[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]] *[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]] *[[Żona Protetta tal-Gżejjer Phoenix]] *[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku ta' Huanglong]] *[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku tal-Wied ta' Jiuzhaigou]] *[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku ta' Wulingyuan]] *[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Guanacaste]] *[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Ngorongoro]] *[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Pantanal]] *[[Żona tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Chongoni]] *[[Żoni Protetti tar-Reġjun tal-Fjuri tal-Kap]] *[[Żoni Protetti tat-Tliet Xmajjar Paralleli ta' Yunnan]] *[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]] *[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Gyeongju]] *[[Żooloġija]] === '''<u>Z</u>''' === * [[Zabid]] * [[Zacatecas (belt)]] * [[Zagori]] * [[Zamość]] * [[Žatec]] * [[Žehra]] * [[Ziba Ganiyeva]] * [[Zivana]] * [[Zlata Kolarić-Kišur]] *[[Zofia Zamenhof]] *[[Zollverein]] *[[Zond 5]] *[[Zsuzsanna Lorántffy]] bc18fhjg5ld7mo7e1xrye69egbhlpyl 0 25665 331542 313079 2026-08-18T02:59:44Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox city}} '''Firenze''' ([fiˈrɛntse]<ref>Luciano Canepari, Firenze, in Il DiPI – Dizionario di pronuncia italiana, Zanichelli, 2009, <nowiki>ISBN 978-88-08-10511-0</nowiki>.</ref>) hija belt fl-[[Italja]] Ċentrali u l-belt kapitali tar-reġjun ta' [[Toskana]]. Firenze għandha l-ikbar popolazzjoni fit-Toskana, bi {{#statements:P1082}} abitant, u b'iktar minn 1,520,000 abitant fiż-żona metropolitana kollha.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://demo.istat.it/|titlu=“Bilancio demografico anno 2013, dati ISTAT”|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=}}</ref> Firenze kienet ċentru kummerċjali u finanzjarju [[Medjuevu|Medjevali]] Ewropew u kienet waħda mill-iktar bliet għonja ta' dak iż-żmien.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Economy-of-Renaissance-Florence/Richard-A-Goldthwaite/e/9780801889820|titlu="Economy of Renaissance Florence, Richard A. Goldthwaite, Book – Barnes & Noble". Search.barnesandnoble.com. Arkivjat 04-04-2010.|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=|data-aċċess=2021-02-07|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404082637/http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Economy-of-Renaissance-Florence/Richard-A-Goldthwaite/e/9780801889820|arkivju-data=2010-04-04|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Ħafna akkademiċi jqisuha bħala n-nieqa tar-[[Rinaxximent]], u ġiet imsejħa wkoll "l-[[Ateni]] tal-Medjuevu".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/tag/firenze-del-rinascimento/|titlu="Firenze-del-rinascimento: Documenti, foto e citazioni nell'Enciclopedia Treccani".|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=}}</ref> Matul l-istorja politika turbolenti tagħha, b'diversi rivoluzzjonijiet reliġjużi u repubblikani, tiddomina l-governanza tal-familja potenti [[Medici]].<ref>Brucker, Gene A. (1969). ''Renaissance Florence''. New York: Wiley. p. 23. ISBN <bdi>978-0520046955</bdi>.</ref> Mill-1865 sal-1871 Firenze kienet il-belt kapitali tar-[[Renju tal-Italja]] (stabbilit fl-1861). Id-[[djalett]] ta' Firenze pprovda s-sisien tat-[[Taljan]] standard u sar il-[[lingwa]] tal-kultura fl-Italja kollha minħabba l-kapulavuri prestiġjużi ta' [[Dante Alighieri]], [[Petrarka]], [[Giovanni Boccaccio]], [[Macchiavelli|Niccolò Machiavelli]] u [[Leonardo da Vinci]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/storia-della-lingua_(Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano)/|titlu="Storia della lingua in 'Enciclopedia dell'Italiano'". Treccani.it.|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=}}</ref> Il-belt tattira miljuni ta' turisti kull sena, u l-[[UNESCO]] ddikjarat iċ-Ċentru Storiku ta' Firenze bħala [[Sit ta’ Wirt Dinji|Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] fl-1982 għar-rikkezza kulturali u Rinaxximentali tal-arkitettura u tal-monumenti tagħha.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/174/|titlu=Historic Centre of Florence|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-03-06}}</ref> Firenze fiha wkoll għadd ta' mużewijiet u galleriji tal-arti, bħall-Uffizi u [[Palazzo Pitti]], u għadha influwenti ħafna fil-oqsma tal-arti, il-kultura u l-politika. Fid-dawl tal-wirt artistiku u arkitettoniku tal-belt, [[Forbes]] ikklassifikat lil Firenze bħala waħda mill-isbaħ bliet fid-dinja.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/01/22/paris-london-travel-lifestyle-travel-tourism-new-york-top-ten-cities.html|titlu=Tim Kiladze (22 January 2010). "World's Most Beautiful Cities". Forbes.|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=}}</ref> Firenze taqdi rwol importanti fil-[[moda]] Taljana u hija kklassifikata bħala waħda mill-iktar 15-il belt tal-moda ewlenin fid-dinja mill-Global Language Monitor.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,822094,00.html|titlu="FASHION: Italy's Renaissance". TIME.|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=|data-aċċess=2021-02-07|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827080553/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,822094,00.html|arkivju-data=2013-08-27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion-capitals/paris-towers-over-world-of-fashion-as-top-global-fashion-capital-for-2015/|titlu="Paris Towers Over World of Fashion as Top Global Fashion Capital for 2015". Languagemonitor.com.|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=|data-aċċess=2021-02-07|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052553/https://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion-capitals/paris-towers-over-world-of-fashion-as-top-global-fashion-capital-for-2015/|arkivju-data=2018-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> Barra minn hekk, il-belt hija ċentru ekonomiku nazzjonali ewlieni, kif ukoll ċentru turistiku u industrijali. Fl-2008, il-belt kellha s-17-il ogħla introjti medji fl-Italja.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/speciali/redditi_comuni_08/|titlu="La classifica dei redditi nei comuni capoluogo di provincia". Il Sole 24 ORE.|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=|data-aċċess=2021-02-07|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174557/http://www.ilsole24ore.com/speciali/redditi_comuni_08/|arkivju-data=2011-05-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ġeografija == === Territorju === [[Stampa:Firenze - Panorama dalle rampe del Poggi (HDR).jpg|daqsminuri|460x460px|Veduta panoramika ta' Firenze]] Firenze tinsab f'pożizzjoni xenofrafika, fin-nofs ta' pajsaġġ imdawwar bl-għoljiet u l-muntanji tal-[[Appennini]]. Ix-xmara [[Arno]] tgħaddi mill-pjanura li fiha tinsab il-belt ta' Firenze. Barra minn hekk, hemm ukoll nixxigħat żgħar bħal Mugnone, Terzolle e x-xmara Greve. Il-Kunsill Reġjonali ta' Toskana stabbilixxa ż-żona metropolitana tat-tliet provinċji ta' Firenze, [[Prato]] u [[Pistoia]] fid-29 ta' Marzu 2000, b'popolazzjoni ta' madwar 1,520,000 abitant. Iż-żoni metropolitani tal-pjanura għandhom ambjent antropizzat bil-preżenza ta' żoni industrijali u kummerċjali kbar bi ftit spazji naturali. Fiż-żoni bl-għoljiet hemm interdipendenza qawwija bejn l-abitanti u l-agrikoltura, b'irqajja' żgħar ta' boskijiet antiki, speċjalment lejn in-Nofsinhar u l-Lvant tal-belt. Fil-pjanura hemm żoni umdużi mhux urbani lejn il-Punent tal-belt tul ix-xmara Arno. It-territorju ġie kklassifikat fuq livell nazzjonali li għandu sismiċità tal-livell 2 jiġifieri pjuttost għolja. === Klima === Fil-panorama meteoroloġiku dinji, il-belt ta' Firenze kienet waħda minn tal-bidu li feġġet storikament, bis-saħħa tal-istazzjon meteoroloġiku ta' Firenze Monastero degli Angeli li bejn l-1654 u l-1670 kienet twettaq osservazzjonijiet meteoroloġiċi u reġistrazzjonijiet tad-''data'' termometriku għan-network meteoroloġiku Grandukali, li ġie stabbilit minn [[Ferdinandu II tal-Medici]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://climatic.inforef.be/szczecin_rapport/meteorologia/rete.htm|titlu=“Visita IMSS”|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=}}</ref> Minkejja li għandha klima iktar kiesħa mill-bliet [[Spanja|Spanjoli]] u [[Franza|Franċiżi]] b'latitudni u b'altitudni simili, il-belt ta' Firenze għandha klima iktar temperata minn [[Toronto]], pereżempju.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://weatherspark.com/compare/y/69010~19863/Comparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Florence-and-Toronto|titlu=“The Typical Weather Anywhere on Earth - Weather Spark, weatherspark.com.”|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=}}</ref> Minkejja li tinsab għaxar gradi iktar fin-Nofsinhar, Atlanta (Georgia, l-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]]) għandha klima simili ħafna bħala temperatura, anke jekk il-preċipitazzjonijiet huma iktar subtropikali.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.bytemuse.com/post/interactive-equivalent-latitude-map/|titlu=“Interactive Equivalent Latitude Map {{!}} Chris Polis, ByteMuse.com, www.bytemuse.com.”|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=}}</ref> Mill-puntdivista klimatiku, Firenze jkollha sjuf sħan ħafna b'waqtiet ta' sħana eċċessiva u xtiewi pjuttost kesħin u umdużi; fil-fatt skont il-klassifikazzjoni tal-klimi ta' Köppen, il-klima ta' Firenze titqies bħala klima temperata umduża. Xi kultant fix-xitwa, u xi kultant anke bejn Novembru u Diċembru kif ukoll bejn Frar u Marzu, it-temperatura jaf tinżel ftit gradi taħt iż-żero. Fis-sajf ikun hemm ħafna jiem b'35-36 °C u xi drabi anke jiem li jlaħħqu jew saħansitra jisbqu l-40 °C. Ir-rekords tat-temperaturi massimi u minimi li qatt ġew irreġistrati fl-istazzjon meteoroloġiku tal-ajruport ta' Peretola fil-periferija lejn il-Majjistral tal-belt laħħqu t-42.6 °C fis-26 ta' Lulju 1983 u saħansitra −23.2 °C fit-12 ta' Jannar 1985. Ix-xita tinżel l-iktar fir-rebbiegħa u fil-ħarifa, kemm-il darba b'xita qliel. L-iktar sena li kienet niżlet xita f'Firenze kienet l-1937 b'total ta' 1,269.9 mm, filwaqt li fl-1894 kienet l-inqas sena li kienet niżlet xita b'total ta' 433.7 mm. Kważi kull sena tinżel il-borra anke jekk mhux wisq. Fix-xhur tas-sajf spiss ikun hemm perjodi ta' riħ isfel u sħana kbira.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.tutiempo.net/clima/ws-161700.html|titlu=Valuri medji klimatiċi annwali qrib Firenze Peretola|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=|data-aċċess=2021-02-07|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172257/https://www.tutiempo.net/clima/ws-161700.html|arkivju-data=2020-09-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Firenze Peretola ! colspan="12" |Xhur ! colspan="4" |Staġjuni ! rowspan="2" |Sena |- !Jan !Frar !Mar !Apr !Mej !Ġun !Lul !Aww !Set !Ott !Nov !Diċ !Xitwa !Reb. !Sajf !Ħarifa |- !T. mass. medja (°C) |10,1 |12,0 |15,0 |18,8 |23,4 |27,3 |31,1 |30,6 |26,6 |21,1 |14,9 |10,4 |'''10,8''' |'''19,1''' |'''29,7''' |'''20,9''' |'''20,1''' |- !T. min. medja (°C) |1,4 |2,8 |4,9 |7,7 |11,3 |14,7 |17,2 |17,0 |14,2 |10,0 |5,5 |2,4 |'''2,2''' |'''8,0''' |'''16,3''' |'''9,9''' |'''9,1''' |- !T. mass. assoluta (°C) |19,0 <small>(1985)</small> |23,4 <small>(1991)</small> |25,8 <small>(1989)</small> |31,2 <small>(2012)</small> |35,0 <small>(2009)</small> |40,0 <small>(1990)</small> |42,6 <small>(1983)</small> |41,1 <small>(2003)</small> |36,7 <small>(1949)</small> |31,6 <small>(2011)</small> |27,0 <small>(2004)</small> |20,4 <small>(1989)</small> |'''23,4''' |'''35,0''' |'''42,6''' |'''36,7''' |'''42,6''' |- !T. min. assoluta (°C) |−23,2 <small>(1985)</small> |−11,4 <small>(1956)</small> |−11,6 <small>(1949)</small> |−3,2 <small>(2003)</small> |1,0 <small>(1957)</small> |5,6 <small>(1975)</small> |8,0 <small>(1954)</small> |9,2 <small>(1963)</small> |3,6 <small>(1977)</small> |−2,6 <small>(1970)</small> |−6,0 <small>(1981)</small> |−10,2 <small>(2005)</small> |'''−23,2''' |'''−11,6''' |'''5,6''' |'''−6,0''' |'''−23,2''' |- !Jiem ta' ġlata (T_min ≤ 0 °C) |12 |9 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |5 |10 |'''31''' |'''5''' |'''0''' |'''5''' |'''41''' |- !Livell ta' sħab (okta kuljum) |4,9 |4,7 |4,7 |4,9 |4,4 |3,8 |2,7 |2,8 |3,3 |3,8 |4,9 |5,1 |'''4,9''' |'''4,7''' |'''3,1''' |'''4,0''' |'''4,2''' |- !Preċipitazzjonijiet (mm) |73,1 |69,2 |80,1 |77,5 |72,6 |54,7 |39,6 |76,1 |77,5 |87,8 |111,2 |91,3 |'''233,6''' |'''230,2''' |'''170,4''' |'''276,5''' |'''910,7''' |- !Jiem ta' xita |9 |8 |9 |9 |9 |6 |4 |6 |6 |7 |10 |9 |'''26''' |'''27''' |'''16''' |'''23''' |'''92''' |- !Umdità relattiva medja (%) |76 |70 |66 |68 |68 |68 |65 |66 |69 |73 |76 |78 |'''74,7''' |'''67,3''' |'''66,3''' |'''72,7''' |'''70,3''' |- !Pressjoni f'0 metri (hPa) |1 017 |1 015 |1 015 |1 013 |1 015 |1 015 |1 015 |1 014 |1 017 |1 018 |1 015 |1 014 |'''1 015,3''' |'''1 014,3''' |'''1 014,7''' |'''1 016,7''' |'''1 015,3''' |- !Riħ(direzzjoni-m/s) |<small>N</small> 4,2 |<small>N</small> 4,3 |<small>NE</small> 4,3 |<small>N</small> 4,1 |<small>SW</small> 3,8 |<small>W</small> 3,8 |<small>W</small> 3,8 |<small>W</small> 3,6 |<small>NE</small> 3,8 |<small>NE</small> 4,3 |<small>N</small> 4,2 |<small>N</small> 4,2 |'''4,2''' |'''4,1''' |'''3,7''' |'''4,1''' |'''4,0''' |} == Storja == === Storja antika === [[Stampa:Palafitte-Lago di Ledro.jpg|daqsminuri|232x232px|Replika tal-villaġġi mibnija fuq il-puntali]] Il-pjanura ta' Firenze u l-għoljiet tal-madwar ilhom abitati minn żminijiet preistoriċi, kif jistgħu jixhdu diversi fdalijiet arkeoloġiċi li nstabu fl-akkwati. L-ewwel insedjament stabbli kien villaġġ mibni fuq il-puntali, li ġie stabbilit għall-ħabta tad-disa' seklu Q.K. mill-[[Etruski]], qrib xatt bl-ilma baxx tax-xmara Arno. Dan il-villaġġ inbena apposta fin-nofs tal-pjanura għammiela. Lejn il-150 Q.K., l-Etruski tar-raħal viċin ta' [[Visul]] (illum il-ġurnata [[Fiesole]]), fil-quċċata taż-żona bl-għoljiet, stabbilew belt oħra qrib l-Arno, sabiex jisfruttaw il-preżenza tal-mogħdijiet tal-ilma, u bnew pont tal-injam. Fi żmien l-Etruski, Firenze kienet imsejħa ''Florentia'', bil-[[Latin]], li kien lingwa li bdiet issib saqajha u tintuża fil-wied minn diversi nies li kienu jittranżitaw minn dawn l-inħawi. ''Florentia'' kien isem li jawgura tajjeb u li jfisser: "j'Alla tiffjorixxi" jew "belt li tiffjorixxi". Din l-istess tradizzjoni fit-tismija tal-bliet insibuha fl-ismijiet ta' bliet oħra fil-qrib bħal ''Potentia, Piacentia, Valentia, Pollentia'' anke f'reġjuni oħra tal-Imperu. Pereżempju, [[Granada]] fi Spanja kienet imsejħa ''Florentia Illiberitana''. L-oriġini ta' isem il-belt ta' Firenze mill-kelma ''Florentia'' ġiet ikkonfermata wkoll mill-[[Accademia della Crusca]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lanazione.it/firenze/cultura/nome-firenze-crusca-1.2076216|titlu=“Perché Firenze si chiama così: la Crusca risponde” - La Nazione.|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=}}</ref> Wara l-gwerer bejn Silla u Mario, ir-raħal Visul tal-Etruski sar Ruman, u ngħata l-isem bil-Latin ta' ''Fæsule'' u, fid-59 Q.K., bis-saħħa tal-Liġi Ġulja, anke ''Florentia'' saret ''castrum'' għar-[[Rumani]] veterani. ''Florentia'' ġiet imdawra bi swar, bi pjanta rettangolari tipika, bi pjazza ċentrali li minnha kienu jgħaddu t-toroq prinċipali. Fil-bidu tar-raba' seklu, il-belt kienet sede ta' djoċesi u ġiet definita ''Municipium splendidissimum.'' Minn żmien l-imperatur [[Adrijanu]], il-belt kienet ikkollegata ma' Ruma permezz tat-triq ta' Cassia. Taħt it-tmexxija ta' [[Djoklezjanu]] saret ''Corrector Italiae'' (belt kapitali tal-[[Etrurja]] u tal-[[Umbria]]) u mbagħad għaddiet minn taħt idejn il-[[Biżantini]], l-[[Ostrogoti]], il-[[Longobardi]] u l-[[Franki]]. Matul dawn il-ħakmiet, il-popolazzjoni naqset għal ftit eluf ta' persuni. === Storja tal-Medjuevu === [[Stampa:DUOMO FIRENZE 15042015.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|245x245px|Il-koppla ta' Brunelleschi tal-katidral ta' Firenze]] Mis-seklu X il-belt ta' Firenze bdiet tiżviluppa u fl-1115 saret Komun awtonomu. Fis-seklu XIII faqqgħet ġlieda interna bejn il-Gibellini, li kienu jappoġġaw l-imperatur tal-Imperu Ruman Sagru, u l-Gwelfi, li kienu favur il-Papat Ruman. Wara ħafna tilwim, il-Gwelfi rebħu l-hekk imsejħa battalja tal-għolja fis-17 ta' Ġunju 1269, iżda mbagħad inqasmu internament fl-hekk imsejħa Gwelfi Bojod u Gwelfi Suwed (Dante Alighieri stess ġie skjerat fil-fazzjoni tal-Gwelfi Bojod). Il-kunflitt politiku intern ma xekkilx lill-belt milli tiżviluppa, tant li saret waħda mill-iktar bliet b'saħħithom u fejn l-iktar tkattar il-ġid fl-[[Ewropa]]. Dan seħħ bl-għajnuna tal-munita tad-deheb tal-belt ta' Firenze stess, il-fjorin (li beda jintuża fl-1252), bis-saħħa tad-dekadenza tal-belt rivali tagħha [[Pisa]] (li tilfet kontra [[Genova]] fl-1284 u nxtrat minn Firenze fl-1406), kif ukoll permezz tal-qawwa kummerċjali tagħha frott il-[[kostituzzjoni]] kontra l-[[aristokrazija]] magħrufa bħala "Ordinamenti tal-ġustizzja" ta' [[Giano della Bella]] (1293). L-espansjoni territorjali kienet tirrigwarda wkoll ir-[[Romagna]] u fil-bidu tas-seklu XV waslet sa [[Forlì]], li dak iż-żmien kienet taħt id-dominju tal-Ordelaffi, u l-akkwist ta' [[Castrocaro]] (1403).<ref>Francesco Guicciardini, ''Storie fiorentine'', cap. I.</ref> B'hekk twieldet l-hekk imsejħa Romagna Toskana. [[Stampa:Palazzo Vecchio Apr 2008 (1)-Palazzo Vecchio Apr 2008 v02.jpg|daqsminuri|234x234px|Palazzo Vecchio, is-sede tal-kunsill lokali muniċipali ta' Firenze]] Mill-istima tal-popolazzjoni li qabel il-[[pesta s-sewda]] tal-1348 kienet ta' 80,000 persuna (eżatt wara dik tal-[[Venezja]], u qabel dik ta' [[Milan]] u [[Bolonja]]), 25,000 persuna kienu jaħdu fl-[[industrija]] tas-[[suf]]. Fl-1345, f'Firenze seħħ strajk min-naħa taċ-''Ciompi'', li fl-1378 organizzaw rewwixta qasira kontra d-dominju oligarkiku tal-belt. Wara r-repressjoni, il-belt ta' Firenze spiċċat taħt id-dominju tal-familja [[Albizi]] (1382-1434), għedewwa kbar u prekursuri tal-familja Medici. Kien proprju taħt id-dominju, anzi s-''Signoria'', ta' din il-familja tal-aħħar li Firenze esperjenzat x'aktarx l-aqwa żmien tagħha. Mill-bidu tal-1437 u għal diversi sekli, il-familja Medici biex juru l-qawwa tagħhom, iżda anke bħala ġest ta' mħabba lejn iċ-ċittadini u l-belt tagħhom, impjegaw l-aqwa artisti, litterati, umanisti u filosofi ta' dak iż-żmien biex isebbħu l-belt ta' Firenze. Fosthom kien hemm [[Mikelanġlu|Michelangelo Buonarroti]], [[Pico della Mirandola]], [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Filippo Brunelleschi]] u Leonardo da Vinci. === Storja Rinaxximentali === Il-belt ta' Firenze hija magħrufa bħala n-nieqa tar-Rinaxximent. Kull fejn wieħed iħares, x'aktarx jilmaħ xi binja, monument, mużew, statwa, pjazza jew knisja frott l-iżvilupp letterarju, artistiku u xjentifiku straordinarju ta' bejn is-sekli XIV-XVI. Permezz tal-artisti, l-għorrief, il-filosofi, u x-xjenzati ta' fama dinjija tagħha (biżżejjed wieħed isemmi lil Leonardo da Vinci, li hawnhekk ħoloq il-kapulavuri tiegħu bħall-[[Mona Lisa]], Michelangelo, Raffaello, Sandro Botticelli, Niccolò Machiavelli, Filippo Brunelleschi, Galileo fost ħafna oħrajn), Firenze gawdiet materjalment u spiritwalment minn din il-bidla soċjali kbira u saret wieħed mill-postijiet li xprunaw dan il-moviment Rinaxximentali u wieħed miċ-ċentri l-iktar importanti tat-twelid mill-ġdid tal-kultura fid-dinja. === Storja moderna === [[Stampa:Uffizi Gallery, Florence.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-Gallerija tal-Uffizi]] L-ewwel perjodu ta' dominju tal-familja Medici ntemm bir-ritorn ta' gvern repubblikan, bl-influwenza mit-tagħlim tal-pirjol radikali [[Domenicano Girolamo Savonarola]] (li ġie ġustizzjat fl-1498 u li qabel miet ħalla trattat fuq il-gvern ta' Firenze). Fis-sekli ta' wara, kliem il-pirjol spiss qanqal kontroversji reliġjużi. L-avvenimenti ta' dak iż-żmien wasslu għal modifika tas-sistema lajka tal-belt li kienet ibbażata fuq gvernijiet immexxija minn xi konslu jew podestà (qisu sindku ta' dak iż-żmien). Figura importanti oħra kien Niccolò Machiavelli. L-indikazzjonijiet li kien ta għall-gvern ta' Firenze biex titmexxa minn xi ħadd b'poter qawwi, sikwit jiġu interpretati bħala leġittimazzjoni le cui indicazioni per il governo di Firenze da parte di una figura forte sono spesso lette come una legittimazione tal-qerq jew anke tal-abbużi tal-poter min-naħa tal-politiċi. Fis-16 ta' Mejju 1527, iċ-ċittadini ta' Firenze reġgħu keċċew il-familja Medici – li kienet reġgħet kisbet il-poter permezz tal-Ispanjoli fl-1521 – u mill-ġdid reġgħu stabbilew repubblika. Madankollu, fl-1530, bl-appoġġ kemm tal-Imperatur kif ukoll tal-[[Papa]], il-familja Medici kisbu l-poter għal darb'oħra. Fl-1532 saru duki ereditarji ta' Firenze u fl-1555, permezz ta' eżerċtu msawwar flimkien mal-alleati Spanjoli u Ġermaniżi, rebħu kontra [[Siena]] fil-Battalja ta' Scannagallo. Bis-saħħa tad-digriet tal-paċi ta' Cateau-Cambrésis, kisbu t-territorju kollu tar-Repubblika ta' Siena, għajr il-kosta ta' Maremma li saret parti mill-Istat tal-''Presidi'' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ispanjoli permezz tal-Viċire ta' [[Napli]]. [[Cosimo]] (tal-familja Medici) kellu f'idejh il-gvern ta' żewġ Stati: l-Istat "Qadim" ta' Firenze u l-Istat il-"Ġdid" ta' Siena. Iż-żewġ stati kienu Dukati awtonomi separati fil-livell tal-istrutturi politiċi kif ukoll fil-livell tal-istrutturi istituzzjonali, iżda mbagħad kienu magħqudin taħt Sovran uniku. Din il-qagħda ambigwa ġiet solvuta fis-27 ta' Awwissu 1569, meta kiseb it-titlu ta' Gran Duka ta' Toskana mill-[[Papa Piju V]], u dan indika li kellu poter kemm fuq id-Dukat ta' Siena kif ukoll fuq dak ta' Firenze. [[Stampa:Florence Cathedral Façade.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-faċċata u l-kampnar tal-Katidral ta' Firenze]] Fis-seklu XVII, il-belt ta' Firenze laħqet il-quċċata tagħha fil-qasam tax-[[xjenza]]. Bejn l-1654 u l-1670, Firenze kienet waħda mill-ewwel bliet fid-dinja fil-qasam tal-meteoroloġija, bis-saħħa tal-istazzjon tal-meteoroloġija ta' Firenze Monastero degli Angeli, qrib il-monasteru bl-istess isem tal-istazzjon. Dan l-istazzjon kien jagħmel osservazzjonijiet tat-temp u jirreġistra d-''data'' dwar it-temperaturi skont skala ta' Firenze ta' 50º skont in-network tal-meteoroloġija tal-Gran Dukat li kien ġie stabbilit dak iż-żmien minn Ferdinandu II tal-Medici li kienu jagħmlu parti minnu stazzjonijiet oħra tat-Toskana bħal dawk ta' Vallombrosa, Pisa u Cutigliano, stazzjonijiet oħra tal-Italja bħal dawk ta' [[Bolonja]], [[Parma]] u [[Milan]], kif ukoll stazzjonijiet oħra tal-Ewropa bħal dawk ta' [[Innsbruck]], [[Varsavja]] u [[Pariġi]]. Fl-istess żmien, f'Firenze twaqqfet l-''Accademia del Cimento (''Akkademja tal-Esperiment), li kompliet tħeġġeġ l-esperimenti fil-qasam tax-xjenza. Matul is-sekli Firenze rnexxielha tirrenja fuq it-Toskana kollha, ħlief ir-Repubblika ta' [[Lucca]], li baqgħet indipendenti u sovrana sas-seklu 18 (sal-wasla ta' [[Napuljun Bonaparte]] fl-Italja, li qatta' seba' snin minn ħajtu hemmhekk), u d-Dukat ta' [[Massa]] u l-Prinċipat ta' [[Carrara]], li baqgħu indipendenti sal-1829, meta ġew assorbiti mid-Dukat ta' [[Modena]]. Il-Gran Dukat l-ewwel sar ir-Renju tal-Etrurja u mbagħad ġie assorbit direttament bħala parti mit-territorju Franċiż. F'dan il-perjodu seħħ serq kbir mill-monumenti tat-Toskana. It-tmiem tad-dinastija tal-familja Medici u t-tlugħ fil-poter ta' Francesco Stefano fl-1737, id-duka ta' [[Lorraine]] u r-raġel ta' Marija Tereża tal-[[Awstrija]], wasslu biex it-Toskana tiġi inkluża fit-territorji li kellhom influwenza fuqhom l-[[Asburġiċi]]. Il-Gran Duka [[Pietru Leopoldu]], fit-30 ta' Novembru 1786, ippromulga kodiċi kriminali ġdid u bis-saħħa tiegħu, għall-ewwel darba fl-istorja tal-istati moderni, ġew aboliti l-[[piena tal-mewt]] u t-[[tortura]]. === Storja kontemporanja === [[Stampa:Fireworks over Ponte Vecchio.JPG|daqsminuri|Logħob tan-nar fuq Ponte Vecchio]] Ir-renju tad-dinastija Awstrijaka spiċċa l-ewwel f'idejn Franza u mbagħad ġie anness mar-Renju ta' [[Sardenja]] fl-1859 qabel ma sar ir-Renju tal-Italja fl-1861. Firenze ħadet post Torino bħala l-belt kapitali tal-Italja fl-1865, fuq talba ta' Napuljun III abbażi tal-Konvenzjoni ta' Settembru, u fl-1871 Ruma ħadet post Firenze bħala l-belt kapitali meta ġiet annessa mar-Renju. Fit-18 ta' Mejju 1895, seħħ l-ikbar terremot li qatt ġie rreġistrat fil-belt, u Firenze ġarrbet ħsarat kbar anke f'binjiet monumentali. Matul is-seklu XIX, il-popolazzjoni ta' Firenze rdoppjat, u mbagħad ittriplikat matul is-seklu XX bit-tkabbir permezz tat-turiżmu, il-kummerċ, is-servizzi finanzjarji u l-industrija. Waqt it-[[Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]] l-belt ġiet okkupata għal sena mill-Ġermaniżi (1943-1944). Fl-aħħar ta' Lulju u l-bidu ta' Awwissu 1944, it-truppi tal-eżerċtu tat-tieni diviżjoni ta' [[New Zealand]] waslu fl-għoljiet ta' Pian dei Cerri, u wara ħafna jiem ta' ġlied aħrax mal-Ġermaniżi, rebħulhom. [[Stampa:Cimabue cross.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-Kurċifiss ta' Cimabue li kien imtela tajn fl-għargħar ta' Firenze]] Il-belt ta' Firenze inħelset mill-eżerċtu ta' New Zealand fl-4 ta' Awwissu 1944 u mill-ġlied tal-brigati partiġjani tal-Kumitat tat-Toskana għall-Ħelsien Nazzjonali fil-11 ta' Awwissu 1944, wara li ġarrbet ħsarat kbar, bħat-tiġrif ta' pontijiet (ħlief Ponte Vecchio, grazzi għall-inizjattiva tal-konslu Ġermaniż [[Gerhard Wolf]]) u binjiet residenzjali minħabba l-mini tal-art li ħallew warajhom il-Ġermaniżi qabel ħarbu.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://toscano27.wordpress.com/2011/07/22/hubert-howard-entrata-a-firenze/|titlu=“Hubert Howard, Entrata a Firenze”|kunjom=|isem=|aċċess=|koawturi=}}</ref> Firenze hija waħda mill-iktar bliet li ngħatat onorifiċenzi għall-Qlubija Militari fil-Gwerra tal-Ħelsien peress li ngħatat il-Medalja tad-Deheb għall-Qlubija Militari għas-sagrifiċċji tal-popolazzjoni tagħha u għall-attivitajiet tagħha fil-ġlied bejn il-partiġjani waqt it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija. L-4 ta' Novembru 1966 huwa jum li daħal fl-istorja ta' Firenze minħabba għargħar kbir li seħħ. Il-biċċa l-kbira taċ-ċentru tal-belt ġie mgħerreq bl-ilma mix-xmara Arno. Dan l-għargħar ġab miegħu devastazzjoni kbira qalb il-knejjes, il-binjiet storiċi u l-mużewijiet, kif ukoll għexieren ta' nies mejta. Barra minn hekk, qered l-arkivji, l-opri tal-arti, u ħafna volumi prezzjużi ta' kotba fil-Biblijoteka Nazzjonali Ċentrali. Biex tkompli tgħaxxaq, iċ-ċisterni tal-karburant infaqgħu u dan malajr niġġes l-ilma tax-xmara u wassal għal iktar ħsara. Il-Kurċifiss prezzjuż ta' [[Cimabue]] tal-Knisja tal-Kurċifiss Imqaddes imtela tajn u sar simbolu tad-devastazzjoni tal-għargħar. Din it-traġedja qanqlet solidarjetà kbira mid-dinja kollha u fuq livell nazzjonali twieled spontanjament grupp ta' volontarjat magħruf bħala l-anġli tat-tajn, magħmul minn żgħażagħ mill-Italja kollha li marru jagħtu daqqa t'id biex ineħħu t-tajn u l-ilma bit-tama li jiġu rkuprati ħafna mit-teżori artistiċi danneġġati. === Simboli === [[Stampa:FlorenceCoA.svg|xellug|daqsminuri|118x118px|L-istemma ta' Firenze]] Is-simbolu fuq l-istemma ta' Firenze huwa l-''fleur-de-lis'' jew il-ġilju, u ilu s-simbolu tal-belt mis-seklu XI. Illum il-ġurnata l-ġilju huwa aħmar fuq sfond abjad, għalkemm fl-imgħoddi l-kuluri kienu bil-kontra b'referenza għall-kulur tal-''Iris florentina''. Il-kuluri attwali jmorru lura għall-1251 meta l-Gibellini, eżiljati minn Firenze, baqgħu jħaddnu s-simbolu tal-belt bħallikieku tagħhom. Għalhekk, il-Gwelfi, li kellhom lil Firenze taħt il-kontroll tagħhom, għamlu l-kuluri bil-maqlub biex jiddistingwu ruħhom mill-għadu u s-simbolu baqa' hekk sa żminijietna. Fl-1809, Napuljun Bonaparte pprova jimponi simbolu ġdid permezz ta' digriet: il-pjanta tal-ġilju bl-inwar fuq ħaxix aħdar u sfond fiddien bi strixxa ħamra u tliet naħliet kulur id-deheb (li huwa simbolu li kien jingħata lill-bliet il-kbar tal-imperu ta' Napuljun). Madankollu, id-digriet qatt ma ġie implimentat u s-simbolu tradizzjonali ta' Firenze baqa' dak tal-Gwelfi sal-lum. Fit-tradizzjoni tal-''commedia dell'arte'', il-maskra li hija simbolu tal-belt ta' Firenze tissejjaħ [[Stenterello]]. == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Il-belt ta' Firenze hija magħrufa bħala waħda mill-isbaħ bliet mhux biss fl-Italja imma anke fid-dinja. Fl-1982, Firenze tniżżlet fil-lista tas-Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO abbażi ta' saħansitra ħames kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' "Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem", il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ", il-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet", il-'''kriterju (iv)''' "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem", u l-'''kriterju (vi)''' "Assoċjazzjoni diretta jew tanġibbli ma' avvenimenti jew ma' tradizzjonijiet ħajjin, ma' ideat jew ma' twemmin, jew ma' xogħlijiet artistiċi jew letterarji ta' valur universali straordinarju".<ref name=":0" /> Il-belt ta' Firenze nbiet fuq sit ta' insedjament tal-Etruski u tinkorpora 600 sena ta' attività artistika ta' valur universali straordinarju. Minkejja dan, il-belt hija s-simbolu tar-Rinaxximent, meta Firenze laħqet il-quċċata tagħha taħt id-dominju ekonomiku u kulturali tal-familja Medici fis-sekli 15 u 16. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Bliet tal-Italja]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Bliet Ewropej]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]] d1hxs3cov2bdbk79czcs8eiq8jturwu 0 26770 331519 267828 2026-08-17T15:04:31Z ToniSant 4257 +defaultsort 331519 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mario Azzopardi''' jista' jirreferi għal: * [[Mario Azzopardi (poeta)]] * [[Mario A. Azzopardi]] - kritiku tal-films * [[Mario Philip Azzopardi]] - direttur tal-films, teatru, television * [[Patri Mario Azzopardi OFM. Cap.]] {{diżambigwazzjoni}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Azzopardi, Mario}} [[Kategorija:Azzopardi (kunjom)|Mario]] teudu7bf28oyil7i6wntve6mptowd3d 0 28851 331546 313452 2026-08-18T06:46:00Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:PrintingPress.JPG|daqsminuri|239x239px|It-tagħmir oriġinali tal-Istamperija ta' Plantin.]] Il-'''Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus''' (bl-[[Lingwa Olandiża|Olandiż]]: ''Plantin-Moretusmuseum'') huwa mużew tal-istampar f'[[Anversa]], il-[[Belġju]], li jiffoka fuq ix-xogħol tal-istampaturi tas-seklu 16 [[Christophe Plantin]] u [[Jan Moretus]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://museumplantinmoretus.be/en/page/unesco|titlu=Unesco {{!}} Museum Plantin-Moretus|sit=museumplantinmoretus.be|data-aċċess=2022-08-19}}</ref> Il-mużew jinsab fl-eks residenza u stabbiliment tal-istampar tagħhom, l-Istamperija ta' Plantin, fil-Vrijdagmarkt (is-Suq tal-Ġimgħa) f'Anversa, u ġie ddeżinjat bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2005.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1185/|titlu=Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-19}}</ref> == Storja == Il-kumpanija tal-istampar ġiet stabbilita fis-seklu 16 minn Christophe Plantin, li kiseb it-tipi mill-produtturi ewlenin tat-tipi ta' dak iż-żmien f'[[Pariġi]], [[Franza]].<ref>Uchelen, editjat minn Ton Croiset van; Dijstelberge, P. (2013). ''Dutch typography in the sixteenth century the collected works of Paul Valema Blouw''. [[Leiden]]: Brill. p. 426. ISBN <bdi>9789004256552</bdi>.</ref> Plantin kien figura ewlenija fl-istampar kontemporanju b'interessi fl-umaniżmu; il-Bibbja Poliglotta tiegħu ta' tmien volumi b'testi bl-[[Ebrajk]], bl-[[Aramajk ta' Ġesù|Aramajk]], bil-[[Lingwa griega|Grieg]] u bis-[[Sirja|Sirjan]] kienet waħda mill-iżjed produzzjonijiet kumplessi ta' dak il-perjodu. Plantin issa huwa ssuspettat li mill-inqas kien relatat ma' membri ta' gruppi eretiċi magħrufa bħala l-Familisti, u dan jaf wasslu biex iqatta' ż-żmien fl-eżilju f'art twelidu fi Franza.<ref>Bowen, Karen L.; Imhof, Dirk (2008). ''Christopher Plantin and Engraved Book Illustrations in Sixteenth-Century Europe''. [[Cambridge]]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN <bdi>9780521852760</bdi>.</ref><ref>Harris, Jason (2004). ''The Low Countries as a crossroads of religious beliefs'' ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. ISBN <bdi>9789004122888</bdi>.</ref> [[Stampa:Antwerp Belgium Museum-Plantin-Moretus-05.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|318x318px|Il-bitħa interna tal-mużew.]] Wara l-[[mewt]] ta' Plantin, is-sjieda tal-kumpanija għaddiet għand ibnu tar-rispett Jan Moretus. Filwaqt li l-biċċa l-kbira tal-kumpaniji tal-istampar iddisponew mill-kollezzjonijiet tagħhom ta' tipi antiki fis-sekli 18 u 19 b'rispons għal bidla fil-gosti, il-kumpanija ta' Plantin-Moretus "b'mod devot ippreservat il-kollezzjoni tal-fundatur tagħha".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2012/07/caracteres-de-luniversite.html|titlu=Typefoundry: Caractères de l’Université|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2011/04/garamond-or-garamont.html|titlu=Typefoundry: Garamond or Garamont?|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-19}}</ref><ref>Warde, Beatrice (1926). "The 'Garamond' Types". ''The Fleuron'': 131–179.</ref> Erba' nisa ħadu ħsieb l-amministrazzjoni tal-istamperija tal-familja ta' Plantin-Moretus matul is-sekli 16, 17 u 18: [[Martina Plantin]], [[Anna Goos]], [[Anna Maria de Neuf]] u [[Maria Theresia Borrekens]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://medium.com/@museumplantinmoretus/leading-ladies-806a59931791|titlu=Leading Ladies|kunjom=Plantin-Moretus|isem=Museum|data=2020-10-22|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-19}}</ref> Fl-1876 [[Edward Moretus]] bigħ il-kumpanija lill-belt ta' Anversa. Sena wara l-pubbliku seta' jżur il-kwartieri tal-għajxien tagħha kif ukoll it-tagħmir antik tal-istamperija. Il-kollezzjoni ntużat b'mod estensiv għar-riċerka, mill-istoriċi [[H. D. L. Vervliet]], [[Mike Parker]] u [[Harry Carter]].<ref>Carter, Harry (2002). ''A view of early typography up to about 1600'' (Reprinted ed.). [[Londra]]: Hyphen. ISBN <bdi>9780907259213</bdi>.</ref> Iben Carter, Matthew, iktar 'il quddiem iddeskriva din ir-riċerka bħala daqqa t'id biex jintwera "li l-ifjen kollezzjoni ta' tipi tal-istampar prodotti fl-epoka tad-deheb tat-tipografija kienet tinsab f'kundizzjoni perfetta (apparti xi ftit diżordni) flimkien mar-rakkonti u mal-inventarji ta' Plantin li saħansitra jelenka min qata' t-tipi tiegħu".<ref>Drucker, Margaret Re ; essays by Johanna; Mosley, James (2003). ''Typographically speaking : the art of Matthew Carter'' (2. ed.). [[Belt ta' New York|New York]]: Princeton Architectural. p. 33. ISBN <bdi>9781568984278</bdi>.</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Fl-2002 il-mużew ġie nnominat bħala sit indikattiv sabiex isir Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://placeandsee.com/wiki/plantin-moretus-museum?spmchkbj=spmprvbj6uov54hruLH9P8x3BrTQLULLeZ|titlu=Plantin-Moretus Museum|sit=placeandsee.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-19}}</ref> u fl-2005 ġie ddeżinjat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> Il-Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus għandu kollezzjoni eċċezzjonali ta' materjal tipografiku.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2006/01/materials-of-typefounding.html|titlu=Typefoundry: The materials of typefounding|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-19}}</ref> Mhux biss fih tnejn mill-eqdem stamperiji fid-dinja u settijiet kompluti ta' forom u ta' matriċi, talli fih librerija estensiva, tiżjin rikk fuq ġewwa u l-arkivji kollha tan-negozju ta' Plantin, li tniżżlu fir-Reġistru tal-[[Programm Memorja tad-Dinja]] tal-UNESCO fl-2001 bħala rikonoxximent tal-importanza storika tagħhom.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://en.unesco.org/memoryoftheworld/registry/366|titlu=Business Archives of the Officina Plantiniana|kunjom=https://plus.google.com/+UNESCO|sit=UNESCO|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://vlaamse-erfgoedbibliotheken.be/nieuws/search/results/taxonomy:967|titlu=Zoeken in Nieuws: Memory of the World {{!}} Vlaamse Erfgoedbibliotheken|sit=vlaamse-erfgoedbibliotheken.be|data-aċċess=2022-08-19|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819160440/https://vlaamse-erfgoedbibliotheken.be/nieuws/search/results/taxonomy:967|arkivju-data=2022-08-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Il-valur universali straordinarju tal-Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' erba' kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; il-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet"; il-'''kriterju (iv)''' "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem"; u l-'''kriterju (vi)''' "Assoċjazzjoni diretta jew tanġibbli ma' avvenimenti jew ma' tradizzjonijiet ħajjin, ma' ideat jew ma' twemmin, jew ma' xogħlijiet artistiċi jew letterarji ta' valur universali straordinarju".<ref name=":0" /> [[Stampa:Library of Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Il-librerija tal-Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus f'Anversa.]] == Kollezzjoni == * [[Bibbja]] b'ħames lingwi: ''Biblia Polyglotta'' (1568-1573); * it-[[teżawru]] ''Teutoniae Linguae'' ta' [[Cornelis Kiliaan]]; * ktieb tal-[[ġeografija]]: ''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum'' ta' [[Abraham Ortelius]]; * ktieb li jiddeskrivi l-ħxejjex aromatiċi: ''Cruydeboeck'' ta' [[Rembert Dodoens]]; * ktieb tal-[[astronomija]] ta' [[Andreas Vesalius]] u [[Joannes Valverde]]; * ktieb dwar in-numri deċimali ta' [[Simon Stevin]]; * Bibbja ta' 36 vers; * [[Pittura|pitturi]] u tpinġijiet ta' [[Peter Paul Rubens]]; * l-istudju tal-umanist [[Justus Lipsius]] u ħafna mix-xogħlijiet tiegħu;<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.trabel.com/antwerp-plantin.htm|titlu=The Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp, Antwerpen|sit=www.trabel.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-19}}</ref> * uħid mill-materjali li ntużaw mid-disinjatur tat-tipa u l-istampatur [[Franza|Franċiż]] [[Robert Granjon]]. == Biblijografija == * Voet, Leon (1969), The Golden Compasses: a history and evaluation of the printing and publishing activities of the Officina Plantiniana at Antwerp. Vol. 1, Christopher Plantin and the Moretuses: their lives and their world, [[Amsterdam]]: Vangendt & Co. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, <nowiki>ISBN 0710064667</nowiki>. * Voet, Leon; Kaye, Raymond H. (1972), The Golden Compasses: a history and evaluation of the printing and publishing activities of the Officina Plantiniana at Antwerp. Vol.2 The management of a printing and publishing house in Renaissance and Baroque, Amsterdam: Vangendt & Co. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0839000049. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Mużewijiet]] [[Kategorija:Belġju]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belġju]] d6lm3kmaktenccdl4gdv3s8mj4cl430 0 31002 331538 297699 2026-08-18T00:23:06Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331538 wikitext text/x-wiki '''L-altruwiżmu ineffettiv''' huwa l-prassi ta’ donazzjonijiet ineffettivi u jirreferi għal meta l-isforzi biex isir il-ġid billi wieħed jagħti l-flus lilll-karità ma jipproduċux l-impatt pożittiv maħsub.<ref name=":0">Caviola, Lucius; Schubert, Stefan; Greene, Joshua D. (July 2021). "The Psychology of (In)Effective Altruism". ''Trends in Cognitive Sciences''. '''25''' (7): 596–607. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.03.015. ISSN 1364-6613. <nowiki>PMID 33962844</nowiki>.</ref> Huwa kunċett li għandu l-oriġini tiegħu fil-[[psikoloġija soċjali]],<ref name=":3">Berman, Jonathan Z.; Barasch, Alixandra; Levine, Emma E.; Small, Deborah A. (May 2018). "Impediments to Effective Altruism: The Role of Subjective Preferences in Charitable Giving". ''Psychological Science''. '''29''' (5): 834–844. doi:10.1177/0956797617747648. ISSN 0956-7976. <nowiki>PMID 29659341</nowiki>. S2CID 4901791 – via Association for Psychological Science.</ref> [[psikoloġija morali]],<ref name=":12">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Greene|isem=Joshua|sena=2013|titlu=Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them|lingwa=en|post=New York, NY|pubblikatur=Penguin Press|isbn=978-0-14-312605-8}}</ref> [[filosofija]]<ref name=":7">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Singer|isem=Peter|sena=2009|titlu=The Life You Can Save: Acting Now to End World Poverty|lingwa=en|edizzjoni=1st|post=United States|pubblikatur=Random House|isbn=978-1-4000-6710-7}}</ref> u [[Karità (prattika)|l-għoti ta' karità]]. Il-bnedmin huma motivati biex jagħmlu affarijiet tajbin fid-dinja, kemm jekk permezz ta' donazzjonijiet għall-karità, ħin ta' volontarjat għal xi kawża, jew sempliċiment biex jagħtu daqqa t'id lil xi ħadd li għandu bżonn l-għajnuna.<ref name=":4">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-research/wgi_report_2023_final.pdf?sfvrsn=402a5447_2|titlu=CAF World Giving Index 2023|awtur-ħolqa=Charities Aid Foundation|data=2023|sit=Charities Aid Foundation (CAF)|data-aċċess=14 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-research/caf_world_giving_index_2022_210922-final.pdf|titlu=World Giving Index 2022: A global view of giving trends|awtur-ħolqa=Charities Aid Foundation|data=2022|sit=Charities Aid Foundation (CAF)|data-aċċess=10 November 2023}}</ref> Fl-2022, madwar 4.2 biljun ruħ taw il-flus, il-ħin tagħhom, jew għenu lil xi ħadd li ma jafux.<ref name=":4" /> Id-donazzjonijiet li jmorru għall-karità huma sostanzjali. Pereżempju, madwar 2% tal-[[PGD tal-Istati Uniti|PDG tal-Istati Uniti]] jmur għal organizzazzjonijiet tal-karità - total ta 'aktar minn $450 biljun f'donazzjonijiet annwali.<ref>{{Ċita ktieb|sena=2020|titlu=Giving USA 2020: The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the Year 2019.|pubblikatur=Giving USA Foundation|isbn=9780998746654}}</ref> Minkejja din it-tendenza umana biex wieħed jagħti jew jgħin billi jeżibwixxi imġieba [[Imġieba altruistika|altruista]], ir-riċerka qiegħda turi li l-bniedem għandu wkoll motivazzjoni inugwali biex jagħti b'mod effettiv.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Burum, Bethany; Nowak, Martin A.; Hoffman, Moshe (December 2020). "An evolutionary explanation for ineffective altruism". ''Nature Human Behaviour''. '''4''' (12): 1245–1257. doi:10.1038/s41562-020-00950-4. ISSN 2397-3374. <nowiki>PMID 33046859</nowiki>. S2CID 222318993.</ref> == Ħarsa ġenerali == [[Stampa:Peter_Singer_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_Porto_Alegre_(9616423447).jpg|daqsminuri|320x320px| [[Peter Singer|Pietru Singer]] huwa wieħed mill-filosfi prominenti wara l-[[Normattività|qafas normattiv]] tal-[[Altruiżmu effettiv|altruwiżmu effettiv]] .]] It-terminu "altruiżmu ineffettiv" jirreferi għal imġieba altruista li twassal għal riżultat sub-ottimali b'ammont partikolari ta' riżorsi.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.effectivealtruism.org/articles/introduction-to-effective-altruism#faq|titlu=What is effective altruism? {{!}} Effective Altruism|sit=www.effectivealtruism.org|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-11-23}}</ref> Pereżempju, att altruistiku jista’ jkun effettiv jekk ammont ta’ riżorsi jsalva l-akbar numru ta' ħajjiet possibbli.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10">Lewis, Joshua; Small, Deborah (2018). Gershoff, Andrew; Kozinets, Robert; White, Tiffany (eds.). "Ineffective Altruism: Giving Less When Donations Do More". ''NA - Advances in Consumer Research''. Duluth, Minnesota: Association for Consumer Research. '''46''': 194–198.</ref> Ta' min jgħid li dan it-terminu mhuwiex relatat mal-moviment tal-[[altruiżmu effettiv]], iżda għandu l-oriġini tiegħu fl-altruiżmu effettiv bħala [[Normattività|qafas normattiv]]. === Il-paradoss tal-altruwiżmu ineffettiv === Il-bnedmin huma motivati biex jagħtu, iżda mhux motivati biex jagħtu b'mod effettiv.<ref name=":1" /> Fil-qasam tan-negozju, l-investituri jfittxu kemm se jiksbu qligħ għal kull dollaru li jinvestu. Madankollu, meta niġu għad-dominju ta’ deċiżjonijiet altruistiċi, din il-linja ta’ ħsieb hija ferm inqas komuni. Fil-fatt, il-biċċa l-kbira tan-nies li jagħtu donazzjonijiet jagħtu prijorità lil dawk l-organizzazzjonijiet li jonfqu l-inqas ammont possibbli fuq spejjeż amministrattivi bit-tama li jaraw id-donazzjoni tagħhom tmur dirett lejn il-kawża propja.<ref name=":11">Caviola, Lucius; Faulmüller, Nadira; Everett, Jim A. C.; Savulescu, Julian; Kahane, Guy (July 2014). "The evaluability bias in charitable giving: Saving administration costs or saving lives?". ''Judgment and Decision Making''. '''9''' (4): 303–315. doi:10.1017/S1930297500006185. S2CID 18730753. ProQuest 1548669952.</ref><ref name=":10" /> == Teorija evoluzzjonarja tal-altruwiżmu ineffettiv == Filwaqt li diversi studji fix-xjenzi tal-imġieba u l-psikoloġija wrew ir-rwol tal-emozzjoni fl-għoti tal-karità, xi wħud jargumentaw li r-raġunijiet wara l-għoti ineffettiv huma aktar profondi.<ref name=":5">Jaeger, Bastian; van Vugt, Mark (April 2022). "Psychological barriers to effective altruism: An evolutionary perspective". ''Current Opinion in Psychology''. '''44''': 130–134. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.008. <nowiki>PMID 34628365</nowiki>. S2CID 238582556 – via Elsevier Science Direct.</ref><ref name=":1" /> Studju prominenti minn akkademiċi ġewwa l-[[Università ta' Harvard]] u l-[[Massachusetts Istitut tat-Teknoloġija|Istitut tat-Teknoloġija ta' Massachusetts]] jargumenta li t-tendenza tal-bniedem li jeżebwixxi altruiżmu ineffettiv tista' tiġi spjegata permezz [[Evoluzzjoni|ta' motivi evoluzzjonarji]] u [[Teorija tal-logħob evoluzzjonarju|''game theory'']].<ref name=":1" /> L-istess riċerkaturi jargumentaw li s-soċjetà tirrikkonoxxi lil min jagħti iżda ma tipprovdi l-ebda inċentiv biex wieħed jagħti b’mod effettiv. Fil-fatt ħafna mir-riċerka turi li l-motivi altruistiċi huma mfixkla mill-[[Parrokkjalizmu|parrokkjaliżmu]], [[Status soċjali|status]] u [[konformità]], fost oħrajn.<ref name=":8">Nowak, M. A. (2006). "Five rules for the evolution of cooperation". ''Science''. '''314''' (5805): 1560–1563. Bibcode:2006Sci...314.1560N. doi:10.1126/science.1133755. PMC 3279745. <nowiki>PMID 17158317</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Panchanathan, Karthik; Boyd, Robert (November 2004). "Indirect reciprocity can stabilize cooperation without the second-order free rider problem". ''Nature''. '''432''' (7016): 499–502. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..499P. doi:10.1038/nature02978. ISSN 1476-4687. <nowiki>PMID 15565153</nowiki>. S2CID 4373929.</ref><ref name=":5" /> === Parrokkjaliżmu === In-nies jipprijoritizzaw l-effettività meta huma jew il-qraba tagħhom ikunu f'riskju,<ref name=":8" /> iżda mhux daqstant meta jħabbtu wiċċhom ma' xi barrani jew stranġier fil-bżonn.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Hamilton, W. D. (September 1963). "The Evolution of Altruistic Behavior". ''The American Naturalist''. '''97''' (896): 354–356. doi:10.1086/497114. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 84216415 – via The University of Chicago Press Journals.</ref><ref name=":9">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Darwin|isem=C.|sena=1859|titlu=On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life|pubblikatur=P. F. Collier & Son}}</ref> Studji juru li donaturi huma sensittivi għall-impatt u l-effikaċja meta jagħtu l-flus lilhom infushom jew lil ta' madwarhom, iżda inqas meta jagħtu donazzjoni għall-karità.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> Fil-fatt, filwaqt li wieħed jaf isibha diffiċli jevalwa l-informazzjoni tal-kosteffettività tal-karitajiet,<ref name=":15">Caviola, Lucius; Schubert, Stefan; Nemirow, Jason (March 2020). "The many obstacles to effective giving". ''Judgment and Decision Making''. '''15''' (2): 159–172. doi:10.1017/S1930297500007312. ISSN 1930-2975 – via CambridgeCore.</ref><ref name=":7"/> studji wrew li n-nies huma inqas insensittivi għall-għan meta l-benefiċjarji huma membri tal-familja.<ref name=":1" /> L-istorja evoluzzjonarja tal-bniedem tiddetta li l-ispeċi umana qattgħet diversi snin tgħix fi gruppi ċkejknin u magħqudin; dawn il-fatturi wasslu sabiex żviluppaw emozzjonijiet u intenzjonijiet prosoċjali lejn membri tal-familja u qraba oħrajn, filwaqt li l-istess emozzjonijiet u intenzjonijiet ma ġewx estiżi bl-istess mod lejn individwi li m'humiex tal-qalba.<ref>Aktipis, Athena; Cronk, Lee; Alcock, Joe; Ayers, Jessica D.; Baciu, Cristina; Balliet, Daniel; Boddy, Amy M.; Curry, Oliver Scott; Krems, Jaimie Arona; Muñoz, Andrés; Sullivan, Daniel; Sznycer, Daniel; Wilkinson, Gerald S.; Winfrey, Pamela (July 2018). "Understanding cooperation through fitness interdependence". ''Nature Human Behaviour''. '''2''' (7): 429–431. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0378-4. ISSN 2397-3374. <nowiki>PMID 31097813</nowiki>. S2CID 49667807.</ref><ref name=":12"/> Il-bnedmin għandhom tendenzi [[Parrokkjalizmu|parrokkjali]], jaħsbu fil-membri tal-qalba, u ma tantx jagħtu każ lill-barranin.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /> Din l-inklinazzjoni parrokkjali tista’ tfixkel 'l-intenzjonijiet altruwistiċi effettivi, speċjalment peress li parti sostanzjali tat-tbatija u sofferenza umana sseħħ f’reġjuni u pajjiżi mbiegħda.<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":6">Bloom, Paul (January 2017). "Empathy and Its Discontents". ''Trends in Cognitive Sciences''. '''21''' (1): 24–31. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.11.004. ISSN 1364-6613. <nowiki>PMID 27916513</nowiki>. S2CID 3863278 – via Elsevier Science Direct.</ref> Minkejja l-impatt qawwi li jistgħu jħallu d-donazzjonijiet f’reġjuni differenti madwar id-dinja, individwi f’pajjiżi sinjuri u żviluppati ħafna drabi jqisu l-assistenza lil dawk li huma fiżikament 'il bogħod bħala inqas fil-bżonn tal-għajnuna minn dawk viċini.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /> Minflok jimmiraw li jimmassimizzaw l-impatt u l-effettività bid-donazzjonijiet tagħhom, diversi individwi jimpenjaw ruħhom billi jagħtu flus lill-organizzazzjonijiet tal-karità lokali u/jew organizzazzjonijiet li magħhom għandhom xi konnessjoni personali, u b'hekk jgħixu bil-kunċett tal-"karità tibda ma' tal-qalba."<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/blog/charity-begins-at-home-shouldnt-we-solve-our-own-problems-before-helping#|titlu=Charity begins at home; shouldn't we solve our own problems before helping others?|isem=Toni|awtur=Adleberg|isem2=Faiz|awtur2=Surani|kunjom3=GWWC|isem3=Team|data=May 2021|sit=Giving What We Can|data-aċċess=31 October 2023}}</ref><ref>Kogut, Tehila; Ritov, Ilana; Rubaltelli, Enrico; Liberman, Nira (September 2018). "How far is the suffering? The role of psychological distance and victims' identifiability in donation decisions". ''Judgment and Decision Making''. '''13''' (5): 458–466. doi:10.1017/S1930297500008731. ISSN 1930-2975 – via CambridgeCore.</ref> === L-istatus === Il-bnedmin jimmiraw li jilħqu status għoli fi ħdan is-soċjeta tagħhom għal skopijiet ta' sopravvivenza u ġejjieni tajjeb għal uliedhom.<ref name=":9" /> In-nies għandhom it-tendenza li jimmiraw għal pożizzjonijiet ta' status għoli sabiex igawdu mill-benefiċċji li jiġu frott il-qagħda tagħhom, bħal per eżempju, biex jitgħammru mal-persuna li jixtiequ huma.<ref>von Rueden, Christopher R.; Jaeggi, Adrian V. (2016-09-27). "Men's status and reproductive success in 33 nonindustrial societies: Effects of subsistence, marriage system, and reproductive strategy". ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''113''' (39): 10824–10829. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11310824V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1606800113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5047206. <nowiki>PMID 27601650</nowiki>.</ref> Għalhekk, imġieba li tista' tipproduċi benefiċċji ta' reputazzjoni huma mixtieqa biex itejbu l-pożizzjoni ta' wieħed fis-soċjetà.<ref>Schaller, Mark; Kenrick, Douglas T.; Neel, Rebecca; Neuberg, Steven L. (June 2017). "Evolution and human motivation: A fundamental motives framework". ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass''. '''11''' (6). doi:10.1111/spc3.12319. ISSN 1751-9004 – via Wiley.</ref> L-atti altruwistiċi huma ġeneralment meqjusa b'mod pożittiv,<ref>Durkee, Patrick K.; Lukaszewski, Aaron W.; Buss, David M. (September 2020). "Psychological foundations of human status allocation". ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''117''' (35): 21235–21241. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11721235D. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006148117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7474695. <nowiki>PMID 32817486</nowiki>.</ref> jagħtu premjijiet soċjali,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" /> u jakkumulaw f'forma ta' kapital.<ref>Ashraf, Nava; Bandiera, Oriana (May 2017). "Altruistic Capital". ''American Economic Review''. '''107''' (5): 70–75. doi:10.1257/aer.p20171097. ISSN 0002-8282 – via American Economic Association.</ref> Madankollu, altruwiżmu ''effettiv'', jiġifieri, imġieba altruwista li tiffoka fuq il-massimizzazzjoni tal-benesseri ta' ħaddieħor, ma ġġibx wisq benefiċċji soċjali intanġibbli.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Yudkin, Daniel A.; Prosser, Annayah M. B.; Crockett, Molly J. (October 2019). "Actions speak louder than outcomes in judgments of prosocial behavior". ''Emotion''. '''19''' (7): 1138–1147. doi:10.1037/emo0000514. ISSN 1931-1516. <nowiki>PMID 30475039</nowiki>. S2CID 53746918.</ref> Anke jekk l-atti altruwistiċi huma meqjusa b'mod favorevoli, terzi persuni jagħtu priojorità ikbar għall-minimizzazzjoni tal-ispejjeż għall-persuna altruwistika vis-a-vis il-benefiċċji ta' min qiegħed jirċievi d-donazzjoni.<ref>Kawamura, Yuta; Ohtsubo, Yohsuke; Kusumi, Takashi (May 2021). "Effects of Cost and Benefit of Prosocial Behavior on Reputation". ''Social Psychological and Personality Science''. '''12'''(4): 452–460. doi:10.1177/1948550620929163. hdl:2433/263148. ISSN 1948-5506. S2CID 225662209.</ref> Fil-fatt, ir-raġunament razzjonali fl-għotja tal-karità ma tantx jintlaqa' b'mod tajjeb, huwa meqjus amorali, u jnaqqas l-attirazzjoni tal-persuna li ssegwi tali ħsieb.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/2zbax/|titlu=Does Maximizing Good Make People Look Bad?|isem=Andres|awtur=Montealegre|isem2=Lance|awtur2=Bush|kunjom3=Moss|isem3=David|kunjom4=Pizarro|isem4=David|kunjom5=Jimenez-Leal|isem5=William|data=2023|sit=osf.io|data-aċċess=2023-11-22}}</ref> Xi wħud saħansitra jargumentaw li l-ispejjeż soċjali li persuna razzjonali ġġarrab minħabba l-ħsieb tagħha jispjegaw għaliex nies oħra jistmerru l-karità motivata mill-ħsieb minflok l-emozzjoni.<ref name=":0" /> === Il-konformità === Ħafna kreaturi ħajjin jeżebwixxu konformità,<ref>Boyd, Robert; Richerson, Peter J.; Henrich, Joseph (2011-06-28). "The cultural niche: Why social learning is essential for human adaptation". ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''108''' (Suppl 2): 10918–10925. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10810918B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100290108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3131818. <nowiki>PMID 21690340</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Muthukrishna, Michael; Morgan, Thomas J. H.; Henrich, Joseph (2016-01-01). "The when and who of social learning and conformist transmission". ''Evolution and Human Behavior''. '''37'''(1): 10–20. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.05.004. ISSN 1090-5138.</ref> jiġifieri, it-tendenza li jintużaw normi tal-grupp dominanti (jew [[Descriptive norms|normi deskrittivi]]) bħala liġijiet li jiddettaw kif wieħed għandu jġib ruħu. Ir-riċerka fuq il-bnedmin wriet ukoll li n-normi soċjali għandhom is-setgħa li jinfluwenzaw dak li jagħmel ħaddieħor.<ref>Pike, Thomas W.; Laland, Kevin N. (2010-08-23). "Conformist learning in nine-spined sticklebacks' foraging decisions". ''Biology Letters''. '''6''' (4): 466–468. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1014. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 2936200. <nowiki>PMID 20129948</nowiki>.</ref> Fir-riċerka dwar il-ġudizzju u t-teħid tad-deċiżjonijiet, din l-osservazzjoni saret magħrufa bħala l-bandwagon effect. Il-qawwa ta’ dan il-bias ħareġ ukoll fil-qasam tal-karità. Fil-fatt, in-nies intwerew li jagħtu aktar donazzjoni, jew li juru probabbiltà akbar li jagħtu donazzjoni, meta pperċepew li d-donazzjoni għall-karità hija n-norma soċjali jew l- għażla normali.<ref>Everett, Jim A.C.; Caviola, Lucius; Kahane, Guy; Savulescu, Julian; Faber, Nadira S. (March 2015). "Doing good by doing nothing? The role of social norms in explaining default effects in altruistic contexts". ''European Journal of Social Psychology''. '''45'''(2): 230–241. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2080. ISSN 0046-2772.</ref> Għalhekk, il-fatt li ħafna nies isiru dejjem aktar favur donazzjonijiet għal karitajiet ineffettivi, jimbuttaw lis-soċjetà sabiex toħloq norma biex in-nies jagħtu b'mod ineffettiv.<ref name=":5" /> Minħabba f'hekk, in-nies jistrieħu aktar fuq l-intuwizzjonijiet tagħhom<ref>Croson, Rachel; Handy, Femida; Shang, Jen (June 2009). "Keeping up with the Joneses: The relationship of perceived descriptive social norms, social information, and charitable giving". ''Nonprofit Management and Leadership''. '''19''' (4): 467–489. doi:10.1002/nml.232. ISSN 1048-6682.</ref> li jwassluhom biex jagħżlu li jagħtu b’mod ineffettiv sempliċement għax jafu li ħafna oħrajn jagħmlu (jew għamlu) l-istess ħaġa.<ref name=":5" /> == Ostakli għal għoti effettiv == === Ostakli motivazzjonali === ==== Suġġettività ==== In-nies ħafna drabi jagħżlu li jagħtu l-flus lill-karitajiet li jħossu konnessjoni magħhom.<ref name=":3" /> Spiss in-nies jemmnu li l-karità hija deċiżjoni suġġettiva li m'għandhiex tkun motivata min-numri jew razzjonalita, iżda mill-passjoni għall-kawża. Dan jallinja mat-teorija tal-warm glow proposta oriġinarjament mill-ekonomista James Andreoni. Skont Andreoni (1990), l-individwi jiksbu sodisfazzjon mill-att li jagħtu iżda ma jagħtux daqshekk każ tal-benefiċċji li joħolqu mid-donazzjonijiet tagħhom.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":16">Andreoni, James (1990). "Impure altruism and donations to public goods: A theory of warm-glow giving". ''The Economic Journal''. '''100''' (401): 464–477. doi:10.2307/2234133. JSTOR 2234133. S2CID 6001457.</ref> ==== Ċirku morali limitat ==== L-espansjoni taċ-ċirku morali huwa l-kunċett li wieħed għandu jżid in-numru u t-tip ta' suġġetti li jistħoqqilhom attenzjoni morali matul iż-żmien.<ref name=":14">Anthis, Jacy Reese; Paez, Eze (2021-06-01). "Moral circle expansion: A promising strategy to impact the far future". ''Futures''. '''130''': 102756. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2021.102756. ISSN 0016-3287.</ref> L-istabbiliment taċ-ċirku morali jiddependi fuq il-prossimità spazjali, bijoloġika u temporali.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":0" /> Pereżempju, ħafna donaturi f'pajjiżi [[Psikoloġija|WEIRD]] għandhom it-tendenza li jiffavorixxu karitajiet li jwettqu xogħol fil-konfini ġeografiċi rispettivi tagħhom. F'termini bijoloġiċi, in-nies jiffavorixxu li jagħtu flus biex jgħinu lill-bnedmin minflok lill-annimali, anke f'każijiet meta l-annimali jista' jkollhom kapaċitajiet ta' ħsieb u ta' tbatija dans il-bnedmin.<ref>Caviola, Lucius; Everett, Jim A. C.; Faber, Nadira S. (June 2019). "The moral standing of animals: Towards a psychology of speciesism". ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''. '''116'''(6): 1011–1029. doi:10.1037/pspp0000182. ISSN 1939-1315. <nowiki>PMID 29517258</nowiki>. S2CID 3818419.</ref><ref>Caviola, Lucius; Kahane, Guy; Everett, Jim A. C.; Teperman, Elliot; Savulescu, Julian; Faber, Nadira S. (May 2021). "Utilitarianism for animals, Kantianism for people? Harming animals and humans for the greater good". ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: General''. '''150''' (5): 1008–1039. doi:10.1037/xge0000988. ISSN 1939-2222. <nowiki>PMID 33074696</nowiki>.</ref> L-idea tal-prossimità temporali tirrelata mat-tendenza tan-nies li jippreferu jgħinu ġenerazzjonijiet preżenti minflok dawk tal-ġejjieni.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=MacAskill|isem=William|sena=2022|titlu=What We Owe the Future|lingwa=en|edizzjoni=1st|pubblikatur=Basic Books|isbn=978-1541618626}}</ref> ==== Negliġenza tal-ambitu (Insensittività) ==== It-traskuraġni tal-ambitu (jew ''l-insensittività tal-ambitu'') huwa l-kunċett li n-nies huma reżistenti għall-ammont ta' vittmi f'sitwazzjonijiet umanitarji gravi.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/2ftJ38y9SRBCBsCzy/scope-insensitivity|titlu=Scope Insensitivity|isem=Eliezer|awtur=Yudkowsky|data=13 May 2007|sit=lesswrong.com|data-aċċess=16 October 2023|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005013714/https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/2ftJ38y9SRBCBsCzy/scope-insensitivity|arkivju-data=5 October 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">Dickert, Stephan; Västfjäll, Daniel; Kleber, Janet; Slovic, Paul (September 2015). "Scope insensitivity: The limits of intuitive valuation of human lives in public policy". ''Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition''. '''4''' (3): 248–255. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.09.002. ISSN 2211-369X.</ref> Xi riċerka qabblet dan il-preġudizzju mal-kunċett tal-[[Tnaqqis ta' utilità marġinali|utilità marġinali li tonqos]] fejn in-nies juru tħassib mhux lineari li jonqos għall-individwi hekk kif in-numru ta' nies jiżdied.<ref name=":2" /> === Ostakli epistemiċi === ==== Stmerrija kontra l-ispejjeż ==== Id-donaturi joqogħdu lura milli jagħtu karitajiet li jonfqu ħafna mill-flus li jaqilgħu fuq spejjeż amministrattivi<ref name=":17">Gneezy, U.; Keenan, E. A.; Gneezy, A. (2014-10-30). "Avoiding overhead aversion in charity". ''Science''. '''346''' (6209): 632–635. Bibcode:2014Sci...346..632G. doi:10.1126/science.1253932. ISSN 0036-8075. <nowiki>PMID 25359974</nowiki>. S2CID 206557384.</ref> jew tal-operat.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>Spiteri, Glen William (March 2022). "Does the evaluability bias hold when giving to animal charities?". ''Judgment and Decision Making''. '''17''' (2): 315–330. doi:10.1017/s1930297500009128. ISSN 1930-2975.</ref> Diversi studji wrew l-effett universali tal-overhead aversion (stmerrija kontra l-ispejjeż) li ta' spiss jiġi attribwit għall-konflazzjoni tan-nies bejn l-infiq u l-effettività (jew l-impatt) tal-karità.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /> Barra minn hekk, xi wħud argumentaw li meta d-donaturi jitgħallmu li karità tuża d-donazzjoni tagħhom biex tiffinanzja l-ispejjeż operattivi, id-donaturi jħossu nuqqas ta’ warm glow,<ref name=":16" /> li huwa raġuni sinifikanti għaliex jagħtu l-flus.<ref name=":17" /> ==== Xettiċiżmu tal-kwantifikabbiltà ==== [[Stampa:QALY_graph-en.svg|daqsminuri|320x320px| Dimostrazzjoni ta' snin ta' ħajja aġġustati għall-kwalità (QALYs) għal żewġ individwi. L-individwu A (li m'għaddiex taħt intervent) għandu inqas QALYs mill-individwu B (li għadda taħt intervent).]] Riżultati intanġibbli (bħal interventi tas-saħħa, effettività tal-karità) huma diffiċli biex jiġu kkwantifikati. Fil-fatt ħafna nies jiddubitaw li qatt jistgħu jiġu kkwantifikati jew ikkumparati.<ref name=":0" /> Madankollu, f'dixxiplini bħall-ekonomija tas-saħħa, ir-riżultati u l-interventi tas-saħħa huma kkwantifikati u evalwati bl-użu ta' metriċi bħas-snin tal-ħajja aġġustati għall-kwalità (QALYs).<ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Banerjee|isem=Abhijit V.|kunjom2=Duflo|isem2=Esther|sena=2011|titlu=Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty|lingwa=en|post=United States|pubblikatur=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-58648-798-0}}</ref> B'mod simili, l-ekonomisti tal-ferħ żviluppaw il-kunċett ta' snin ta' hena (WELLBYs) li jevalwa l-effettività f'termini ta' snin ta' ħajja b'hena massima.<ref>De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel; Clark, Andrew E.; Krekel, Christian; Layard, Richard; O’Donnell, Gus (2020-10-05). "Taking a wellbeing years approach to policy choice". ''BMJ''. '''371''': m3853. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3853. ISSN 1756-1833. <nowiki>PMID 33020062</nowiki>.</ref> Fi kliem sempliċi, WELLBY huwa riżultat ta': Fejn <math>L</math> huwa n-numru ta' ħajjiet li jifdal mil-life expectancy tar-reġjun u <math>\Delta W</math> hija l-bidla fil-kuntentizza bil-ħajja mistennija li tirriżulta minn azzjoni jew intervent.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1005388/Wellbeing_guidance_for_appraisal_-_supplementary_Green_Book_guidance.pdf|titlu=Wellbeing Guidance for Appraisal: Supplementary Green Book Guidance|isem=HM|awtur=Treasury|data=2021|sit=HM Treasury|data-aċċess=11 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Għalhekk, l-analiżi tal-kost-effettività tal-karità jużaw għadd ta' miżuri differenti bbażati fuq riċerka akkademika biex jikkwantifikaw l-impatt tagħhom, li jippermettu paraguni diretti bejn karitajiet li jindirizzaw kawżi diversi.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Injoranza dwar karitajiet effettivi ==== Il-moviment [[altruiżmu effettiv|tal-altruwiżmu effettiv]] jagħmel xogħol sostanzjali biex jidentifika l-aktar karitajiet effettivi fid-dinja permezz ta’ valutaturi bħal [[AgħtiWell|GiveWell]], [[Nagħtu Dak Li Nistgħu|Giving What We Can]], u [[Evalwaturi tal-Karità tal-Annimali|Animal Charity Evaluators]]. Madankollu, ħafna nies ma jafux b'dawn il-valutaturi u l-karitajiet li jevalwaw.<ref name=":15" /> Fl-istess ħin, in-nies mmexxija b'mod qawwi minn reazzjonijiet emozzjonali meta jistmaw l-effettività ta' karità<ref name=":15" /> u jagħtu prijorità lil dawk il-kawżi li magħhom għandhom konnessjoni personali.<ref name=":3" /> == Referenzi == {{Referenzi|30em}} [[Kategorija:Ekonomija]] [[Kategorija:Soċjoloġija]] [[Kategorija:Psikoloġija]] 8hmnky1gm7qqn06rnfq7ulvckh11ah9 0 31764 331539 327720 2026-08-18T01:33:45Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city}} '''Canberra''' / / kãbɛʁa / [ 1 <ref>[[Prononciation du français|Prononciation]] en [[français de France]] [[Transcription phonétique|retranscrite]] selon la norme [[Alphabet phonétique international|API]].</ref> ; <small>bl-Ingliż :</small> /k æ n b ɹ ə / <ref>[[Prononciation de l'anglais|Prononciation]] en [[anglais australien]] [[Transcription phonétique|retranscrite]] selon la norme [[Alphabet phonétique international|API]].</ref>{{Awdjo|En-au-Canberra-ACT.ogg}} ) hija l- [[Belt kapitali|kapitali]] tal [[Awstralja|-Awstralja]] u [[Territorju Ta' Kapital Awstraljan|t-Territorju Kapitali Awstraljan]] . Il-belt tinsab fil-ponta tat-tramuntana tat-Territorju Kapitali, 280 kilomètres fil-Lbiċ ta [[Sydney|’ Sydney]] u 680  fil-grigal ta ’ Melbourne . Is-sit ta’ Canberra ntgħażlet bħala l-kapitali Awstraljana fl- 1908 ; din l-għażla kienet kompromess bejn iż-żewġ bliet rivali ta’ Sydney u Melbourne, l-akbar żewġ bliet fl-Awstralja. It-terminu ''canberra'' jindika “ Żona tal-assemblaġġ » f'Ngunnawal, il- lingwa Aboriġinali lokali. Canberra toffri partikolarità għal belt Awstraljana: il-pjanijiet tagħha saru qabel ma bdiet xi kostruzzjoni. Kien biss wara kompetizzjoni internazzjonali mirbuħa mill-koppja tal-periti Amerikani Walter Burley Griffin u Marion Mahony Griffin li l-iżvilupp tal-kapitali beda fl-1913. Id-disinn tal-belt kien influwenzat ħafna mill-idea ta 'belt ħadra. għalhekk Canberra għandha żoni kbar ta 'veġetazzjoni naturali li qalgħuha l-isem "bush capital". Għalkemm it-tkabbir tal-belt naqas ħafna minn żewġ gwerer dinjija u mid-Depressjoni l-Kbira, Canberra saret belt b'saħħitha wara t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija meta l-Prim Ministru Robert Menzies ħeġġeġ l-iżvilupp tagħha u stabbilixxa l-Kummissjoni għall-Iżvilupp tal-Kapitali Nazzjonali. għall-iżvilupp tal-kapitali nazzjonali) billi tagħtiha setgħat eżekuttivi. Din il-kummissjoni se titneħħa fl-1988 u tiġi sostitwita mill-Awtorità Nazzjonali tal-Kapitali, li tippermetti lill-Istat iżomm ċerta influwenza fuq it-territorju anke jekk issa sar awtonomu. == Ġeografija == [[Stampa:Canberra_SPOT_1088.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri| Canberra tidher mis-satellita Spot.]] Canberra tinsab fit-Tramuntana [[Territorju Ta' Kapital Awstraljan|tat-Territorju Kapitali Awstraljan]] (imqassar għal "). ATT "), 280 kilomètres minn [[Sydney]], 680 kilomètres minn Melbourne u 150 kilomètres mill-kosta tal-lvant tal-Awstralja, li jagħmilha l-akbar belt mhux kostali fil-pajjiż. Il-maġġoranza l-kbira tal-popolazzjoni tal-ACT tinsab fl-ibliet. Canberra għandha erja ta ' 814,2  u tinsab ħdejn il- Muntanji Brindabella ( ) madwar 150  mill-baħar. Hija abitata f'żona li l-altitudni tagħha tvarja minn 550 sa 700 mètres skond il-post <ref name="bom">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/nsw/canberra/climate.shtml|titlu=Climate of Canberra Area|pubblikatur=Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=13 mai 2010}}</ref> . L-ogħla punt tal-belt hija l-Muntanja Majura li tilħaq 888 mètres <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.queanbeyanage.com.au/news/local/news/general/lady-luck-or-lucky-lady/250543.aspx?storypage=0|titlu=Lady luck or lucky lady?|data=19 juillet|pubblikatur=The Queanbeyan Age|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=13 mai 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303151249/http://www.queanbeyanage.com.au/news/local/news/general/lady-luck-or-lucky-lady/250543.aspx?storypage=0|arkivju-data=2012-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> , . L-għoljiet ewlenin l-oħra huma Mount Taylor, Mount Ainslie, Mount Mugga Mugga u . === Organizzazzjoni tal-belt === [[Stampa:Inner-canberra_01MJC.png|daqsminuri| Mappa taċ-ċentru tal-belt ta' Canberra.]] Canberra hija belt ġdida mibnija skond il-pjanijiet ta' Walter Burley Griffin, wieħed mill-akbar periti Amerikani tas- XX . seklu . It-toroq prinċipali jsegwu tqassim tar-rota tal-iskell aktar milli l-grilja tradizzjonali . Iċ-ċentru tal-belt jinsab fl-intersezzjoni ta 'żewġ assi perpendikolari : assi tal-ilma tal-lvant-punent iċċentrat fuq il-Lag Burley Griffin u l-assi tal-art tat-tramuntana-nofsinhar użat għaċ-ċerimonji, li jmur mill -Parlament fuq Capital Hill sa ANZAC Parade sal-monument tal-gwerra f'riġlejn il -Muntanja Ainslie . L-assi li jimxi tul ix-xatt tat-tramuntana tal-lag jissejjaħ l-assi muniċipali u issa jikkorrispondi mal-" Vjal il-Commonwealth " li huwa wieħed mil-limiti taż-żona magħrufa bħala " trijangolu tal-parlament » ( ''{{Lang|en|Parliamentary Triangle}}'' ) limitat flimkien mal-“ Vjal il-Commonwealth » li jmur minn ''Capital Hill'' saċ- ''Ċentru Ċiviku'' ħdejn ''City Hill'', permezz tal-“ Vjal il-Kostituzzjoni » li jmur minn ''City Hill'' sad-distrett tad-difiża fuq ''Russell Hill'' u permezz tal-“ Vjal ir-Rejiet » li jagħlaq it-trijangolu li jirritorna lejn ''Capital Hill'' . Is-subborgi ta' Canberra ma jsegwux dan it-tqassim ġeometriku rigoruż . === Enerġija === Fl-1 ta’ Jannar 2020, il-kapital jista’ jsir l-ewwel – barra mill-Ewropa – li jaqleb kompletament mill -fjuwils fossili għal sorsi rinnovabbli . Fl- 2019, seba' komunitajiet kbar biss fid-dinja jipproduċu jew jixtru l-ekwivalenti ta' 100 % tal-konsum tal-elettriku tagħhom minn sorsi rinnovabbli <ref>[https://www.tai.org.au/content/act-first-outside-europe-100-renewable-transition rapport] du groupe de réflexion sur les politiques, l'Australian Institute de Canberra 18 septembre, basé sur l'étude de plus de 500 régions du monde comptant plus de 100 000 habitants. En 2012 c'est le district de Rhein-Hunsrück, en Allemagne, qui a été le premier puis deux États allemands, trois États en Autriche et une région en Espagne ont fait de même ; Source : Nature (2019) [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02804-0 ''Australia’s capital city switches to 100% renewable energy''], publié le 19 sept</ref> . === Klima === [[Stampa:Diagramme_climatique_de_Canberra.png|daqsminuri| Termometrija u xita f'Canberra<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (sors : Uffiċċju tal-Meteoroloġija <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_070282.shtml|titlu={{en}} Climat de Canberra|pubblikatur=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|data-aċċess=11 février 2011}}</ref> ).]] [[Stampa:Blundells Cottage overview.jpg|lemin|daqsminuri| Il-Blundells' Cottage, mibnija fis- <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/visiting/attractions/blundells_cottage.asp|titlu=Historic Blundells' Cottage|pubblikatur=National Capital Authority|lingwa=en}}</ref>, hija waħda mill-ftit bini li baqa’ ħaj mill-perjodu f’Canberra.]] [[Stampa:St_johns_church_in_reid_canberra.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri| Il-Knisja Anglikana ta’ San Ġwann Battista hija l-eqdem monument f’Canberra (1845).]] L-ewwel Ewropej bdew jesploraw ir-reġjun fil-bidu tas -snin 1820. <ref name="p5" /> , <ref name="g3-8" /> Inizjalment kien hemm erba' spedizzjonijiet fir-reġjun bejn l-1820 u l-1824 , . L-ewwel qagħda bajda probabbilment tmur mill -1824 meta nbena lean-to fuq dik li llum hija l- [[Peniżola|Peniżola ta']] Acton minn cowhands impjegati minn Joshua John Moore. Huwa fl-aħħar xtara l-post fl -1826 u sejjaħ il-proprjetà tiegħu ''Canberry'' . Il-popolazzjoni Ewropea tar-reġjun kompliet tikber bil-mod fis- XIX . seklu . Fost dawn is-settlers kien hemm il-familja Campbell ta’ “ Duntroon » ; id-dar tal-ġebel imponenti tagħhom hija l- kantin attwali tal-uffiċjali tar- Royal Military College, Duntroon . Il-Campbells iffavorixxu l-issetiljar ta 'familji oħra ta' bdiewa li ġew jaħdmu fuq l-art tagħhom bħas-Southwells ta '" Weetangera » <ref>{{En}} Gibbney, </ref> . Settturi bikrin oħra kienu l-familji alleati Murray u Gibbes, li kellhom il-proprjetà Yarralumla —issa s-sede tar-Residenza tal-Gvernatur Ġenerali Awstraljan —mis- snin 1830 sal- 1881 . L-eqdem bini eżistenti fiċ-ċentru tal-belt hija l-Knisja Anglikana ta’ San Ġwann Battista, fid-distrett ta’ Reid, li ġiet ikkonsagrata fl- 1845 , . Iċ-ċimiterju tal-knisja fih l-oqbra ta’ ħafna pijunieri. Hekk kif il-popolazzjoni Ewropea żdiedet, dik tal-Aborigines naqset prinċipalment minħabba mard bħall -ġidri jew il-ħosba . [[Stampa:Naming_of_city_of_canberra_capital_hill_1913.jpg|daqsminuri| Inawgurazzjoni tal-belt fit-12 ta’ Marzu 1913.]] == Gvern == [[Stampa:Australian_Capital_Territory_Legislative_Assembly_and_the_statue_Ethos.jpg|daqsminuri| L-Assemblea Leġiżlattiva tat-Territorju Kapitali Awstraljan<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> u l-istatwa ''tal-Ethos'' (Tom Bass, 1961)]] <nowiki></br></nowiki>Barra minn Canberra, it-Territorju Kapitali Awstraljan (bl-Ingliż : “ Territorju Kapitali Awstraljan » jew ACT) ma tinkludi ebda raħal ta’ xi importanza. L-Assemblea ''Leġiżlattiva'' tat-Territorju Kapitali Awstraljan għandha rwol doppju : dak tal-kunsill muniċipali u dak tal-gvern territorjali <ref name="govt">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.legassembly.act.gov.au/education/role-of-the-assembly.asp|titlu=Role of the Assembly|sena=2010|pubblikatur=Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=13 mai 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527141718/http://www.legassembly.act.gov.au/education/role-of-the-assembly.asp|arkivju-data=2010-05-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> . Huwa magħmul minn ħamsa u għoxrin membru eletti skond sistema ta' rappreżentanza proporzjonali, fi tliet kostitwenzi elettorali li huma mifruxa fuq it-territorju federali <ref name="state_el">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/act/2008/guide/pastelections.htm|titlu=Past Election Results|pubblikatur=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|data-aċċess=13 janvier 2010}}</ref> . Dawn it-tliet kostitwenzi huma dawk ta' Molonglo, Ginninderra u Brindabella li jeleġġu seba', ħames u ħames membri rispettivament <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/act/2008/guide/summary.htm|titlu=Election Summary|pubblikatur=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|data-aċċess=13 janvier 2010}}</ref> . == Ekonomija == [[Stampa:Australian_Treasury.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri| Ħafna Canberrans huma impjegati minn dipartimenti tal-gvern bħad-Dipartiment tal-Finanzi hawn.]] Fil-bidu tal-2010, ir-rata tal-qgħad kienet 3.9 % f'Canberra, ferm taħt iċ-ċifra nazzjonali ta' 5.3 % b'nuqqas ta' ħaddiema f'ċerti setturi. Minħabba qgħad baxx u pagi għoljin fis-setturi pubbliċi u kummerċjali, Canberrans għandhom l-ogħla dħul medju minn kwalunkwe belt kapitali Awstraljana. <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/D1427AE6A791C71CCA2570D700081161?opendocument|titlu={{en}} Household Income and Income Distribution in the ACT|pubblikatur=Australian Bureau of Statistics|data-aċċess=11 février 2011}}</ref> F'Novembru 2009 kien 1 392 AUD fil-ġimgħa meta mqabbel ma' 1 223,30 għall-pajjiż kollu <ref name="acttreasuryawe">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.treasury.act.gov.au/snapshot/AWOTE.pdf|titlu={{en}} Full-Time Adult Average Weekly Ordinary Time Earnings|pubblikatur=ACT Department of Treasury Economics Branch Publication|data-aċċess=11 février 2011|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217211103/http://www.treasury.act.gov.au/snapshot/AWOTE.pdf|arkivju-data=2011-02-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> . Il-prezz medju tad-djar f'Canberra kien, minn Settembru 2009, 511 820 AUD inqas minn [[Sydney|f'Sydney]] iżda ogħla mill-prezzijiet f'Melbourne, Perth u bliet ewlenin oħra. <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/10/29/2727042.htm|titlu=House prices surge as rate hike looms|kunjom=Janda|isem=Michael|data=29 octobre 2009|pubblikatur=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=13 mai 2010}}</ref> , <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.reiaustralia.com.au/media/releases.asp|titlu=It’s official: the property market has cooled|data=9 septembre 2010|pubblikatur=Real Estate Institute of Australia|data-aċċess=7 juin 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719140035/http://reiaustralia.com.au/media/releases.asp|arkivju-data=2008-07-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fl-ewwel kwart tal-2009, il-prezz medju tal-kiri għal appartament b'erba' kmamar tas-sodda kien 420 AUD fil-ġimgħa, <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/06/17/2600326.htm|titlu=Canberra homes cheaper to buy than rent: REIA|data=17 juin 2009|pubblikatur=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|data-aċċess=7 juin 2010}}</ref> it-tielet l-inqas fl-Awstralja <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Price-History|titlu=Australian house prices surge!|data=22 novembre 2009|pubblikatur=Global Property Guide|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=13 mai 2010}}</ref> . == Kultura == <gallery mode="packed"> Stampa:Haute_Cour_Canberra.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Haute_Cour_Canberra.jpg|alt=La Haute Cour.|Il-Qorti Għolja. Stampa:NewParliamentHouseInCanberra.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:NewParliamentHouseInCanberra.jpg|alt=Le nouveau parlement.|He-speak he-ġdid. Stampa:Aboriginal_Tent_Embassy_in_Parkes_(3).jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Aboriginal_Tent_Embassy_in_Parkes_(3).jpg|alt=L'ambassade aborigène.|L-Ambaxxata Abo stabbilit. Stampa:ParlTriangle.JPG|ħolqa=Fichier:ParlTriangle.JPG|alt=Vue nocturne sur l'axe des parlements (maquette) : le nouveau parlement au premier plan, puis l'ancien. Derrière le lac Burley Griffin se dessine Anzac Parade, menant à l’Australian War Memorial.|Veduta bil-lejl tal-assi tal-parlamenti (mudell) : il-parlament il-ġdid fit-tagħrif miksub, imbagħad il-qadim. Wara l-Lag Burley Griffin tinsab Anzac Parade, li proprjetà għall''-tal-Gwerra Awstraljan Monument''. </gallery> === Trasport === [[Stampa:Canberra_(AU),_Commonwealth_Avenue_Bridge_--_2019_--_1811.jpg|alt=Deux grandes arcades de pont parallèles portées par plein de piliers sur une eau calme.|daqsminuri| Il-Commonwealth Avenue Bridge f'Canberra. Ottubru 2019.]] ==== Trasport bit-trakk ==== [[Stampa:Overpass_at_Bowen_Place,_Canberra_ACT.jpg|daqsminuri| Triq li tgħaddi taħt passaġġ f'Parkes, lokal f'Canberra. Marzu 2016.]] Canberra tinsab madwar tliet sigħat ta’ sewqan minn [[Sydney]] permezz ta ''{{Lang|en|National Highway 23}}'' <ref name="cov">{{En}} ''The Penguin Australian Road Atlas'', intérieur de la couverture.</ref> li tgħaqqad ma’ ''{{Lang|en|[[Hume Highway]]}}'' ( ''{{Lang|en|National Highway 31}}'' ) ħdejn Goulburn u għaxar sigħat minn Melbourne permezz tal- ''{{Lang|en|[[Barton Highway]]}}'' ( ''{{Lang|en|National Highway 25}}'' ) <ref name="cov" /> li tgħaqqad ma’ ''{{Lang|en|Hume Highway}}'' f'Yass. Huwa sagħtejn permezz tal- ''{{Lang|en|[[Monaro Highway]]}}'' ( ''{{Lang|en|National Highway 23}}'' ) mill-iski resorts tal- ''{{Lang|en|[[Snowy Mountains]]}}'' u l- Park Nazzjonali ta 'Kosciuszko . ''{{Lang|en|[[Batemans Bay (Australie)|Batemans Bay]]}}'', bajja popolari fuq il-kosta tan-nofsinhar ta' New South Wales, hija wkoll sagħtejn drive 'l isfel mill- ''{{Lang|en|[[Kings Highway]]}}'' . <ref name="drive" /> Il-karozza hija bil-bosta l-mezz ewlieni tat-trasport użat f'Canberra . Il-politiki ta' żvilupp tal-imgħoddi tal-belt ipprovdew netwerk tat-toroq ta' kwalità tajba fil-biċċa l-kbira tal-belt. Il-viċinat differenti huma ġeneralment konnessi minn toroq b'erba' karreġġjati fejn il-limitu tal-veloċità huwa 80 jew 100 km/h skond il-post. L-aktar magħrufa minn dawn it-toroq hija l- ''{{Lang|en|[[Tuggeranong Parkway]]}}'' li tgħaqqad iċ-ċentru tal-belt mal-borough ta' Tuggeranong billi taqsam ''{{Lang|en|[[Weston Creek]]}}'' . Il-belt għandha sistema ta 'trasport pubbliku bix-xarabank : ''{{Lang|en|Australian Capital Territory Internal Omnibus Network}}'' (AZZJONI) . Żewġ sussidjarji ta' ''{{Lang|en|Deane's Transit Group}}'' jipprovdu servizzi tal-karozzi tal-linja bejn Canberra u żoni ġirien ta' New South Wales : ''{{Lang|en|Transborder Express}}'' (lil Murrumbateman u Yass <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.transborder.com.au/aboutus.html|titlu=About Us|pubblikatur=Transborder Express|data-aċċess=23 avril 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425130912/http://transborder.com.au/aboutus.html|arkivju-data=2013-04-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> ) u ''{{Lang|en|Deane's Buslines}}'' (lil Queanbeyan <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.deanesbuslines.com.au/aboutus.html|titlu=About Us|data=4 février 2010|pubblikatur=Deane's Buslines|data-aċċess=23 avril 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715113825/http://www.deanesbuslines.com.au/aboutus.html|arkivju-data=2012-07-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> ). ==== Trasport bil-ferrovija ==== [[Stampa:2006-06-30_canberra-railway-station-front-entrance.jpg|daqsminuri| stazzjon ta' Canberra.]] Linja tal-ferrovija li tappartjeni lil Countrylink tgħaqqad Canberra ma' [[Sydney]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.countrylink.info/timetables|titlu=Timetables|pubblikatur=CountryLink|data-aċċess=23 avril 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622065722/http://www.countrylink.info/timetables|arkivju-data=2013-06-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> . L-Istazzjon ta' Canberra jinsab fil-parti tan-nofsinhar tad-distrett ta' Kingston. <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.countrylink.info/travel_passes/travelpass_agencies|titlu=Travel pass agencies|data=14 décembre 2009|pubblikatur=[[CountryLink]]|data-aċċess=23 avril 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220052328/http://www.countrylink.info/travel_passes/travelpass_agencies|arkivju-data=2011-02-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bejn l-1920 u l-1922 il-linja qasmet ix-Xmara Molonglo u kompliet fiċ-ċentru tal-belt iżda din is-sezzjoni ġiet meqruda minn għargħar vjolenti u qatt ma reġgħet inbniet. Il-konnessjonijiet tal-ferroviji għal Melbourne huma pprovduti minn servizz tal-linja CountryLink li jieħu l-passiġġieri għall-istazzjon Yass, siegħa minn Canberra, fuq il-linja li tgħaqqad Sydney ma’ Melbourne. Linja ferrovjarja ta’ veloċità għolja ħafna li tgħaqqad Melbourne, Canberra u Sydney kienet ġiet ippjanata <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2000/07/19/ausrail.2.t.php|titlu=Sydney to Canberra in 80 Minutes–by High-Speed Train|awtur=Michael Richardson|data=19 juillet 2000|pubblikatur=International Herald Tribune|lingwa=en}}</ref> iżda qatt ma twettqet la minn kumpanija privata jew minn kumpanija pubblika minħabba li kienet ikkunsidrata mhux ta’ profitt u l-proġett kien finalment abbandunat mill-ministru federali ta’ Trasport John Anderson fis-sena 2000 <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://eriksrailnews.com/archive/hst2.html|titlu=Oz HSR Received?|data=29 octobre 2002|pubblikatur=''The Australian''|lingwa=en}}</ref> , <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/stories/s312944.htm|titlu=Govt considers rail link between eastern cities|data=14 juin 2001|pubblikatur=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|lingwa=en}}</ref> . Linja ferrovjarja narrow gauge inbniet fl-1923 bejn il-Briks ta' Yarralumla u l-Parlament Proviżorju, aktar tard estiża għal Civic, iżda l-linja kollha għalqet f'Mejju 1927. <ref>{{Ċita ktieb|sena=|kapitlu=Railways|titlu=Canberra's Engineering Heritage|url=http://www.engineer.org.au/chapter02.html|lingwa=en|edizzjoni=Engineers Australia|isbn=|data-aċċess=7 juin 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723191327/http://engineer.org.au/chapter02.html|arkivju-data=2013-07-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> Il-pjan inizjali ta' Canberra sejjaħ għal sistema ta' trasport bil-ferrovija fil-belt iżda qatt ma ġie realizzat, kif kienet linja li tgħaqqad Canberra mal- bajja ta' Jervis . ==== Trasport bl-Ajru ==== Ajruport ta' Canberra ( kodiċi AITA : CBR, kodiċi ICAO : YSCB) jipprovdi servizzi domestiċi lejn [[Sydney]], Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide u Perth . Hemm titjiriet diretti kuljum lejn il-bliet ta' New South Wales ta' Albury u Newcastle . M'hemm l-ebda titjiriet internazzjonali skedati minn Canberra. Sal-2003, l-ajruport ċivili qasam ir-runways tiegħu ma 'RAAF Air Force Base Fairbairn. Fis- {{Data|27|juin|2003}}, il-bażi ngħalqet u l-ajruport sar esklussivament ajruport ċivili. === Servizzi pubbliċi === Il-gvern territorjali jamministra, permezz tal-Korporazzjoni ACTEW, il-provvista tal-ilma tal-belt u t-trattament tal-ilma mormi <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.actew.com.au/about/profile.aspx|titlu=Company Profile|pubblikatur=[[ACTEW Corporation]]|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=23 avril 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215212417/http://www.actew.com.au/about/profile.aspx|arkivju-data=2011-02-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.actewagl.com.au/wastewater/default.aspx|titlu=Wastewater Networks|pubblikatur=ActewAGL|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=23 avril 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917054542/http://actewagl.com.au/wastewater/default.aspx|arkivju-data=2010-09-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> . ActewAGL hija impriża konġunta bejn ACTEW u l- [[Australian Gas Light Company]] li tforni l-ilma, il-gass tal-belt, l-elettriku u, permezz ta’ sussidjarja ta’ TransACT, it-telefon lill-individwi. <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.actewagl.com.au/about/company/default.aspx|titlu=Our company|pubblikatur=ActewAGL|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=23 avril 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917050833/http://actewagl.com.au/about/company/default.aspx|arkivju-data=2010-09-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mill-2003, ir-residenti kollha tal-belt kienu ħielsa li jagħżlu l-fornitur tal-elettriku tal-għażla tagħhom. L-ilma meħtieġ għall-belt huwa maħżun f'erba 'ġibjuni ffurmati mid-Digi Corin, Bendora u Cotter fuq ix-Xmara Cotter u d-Diga Googong fuq ix-Xmara Queanbeyan . Din l-aħħar diga tinsab fi New South Wales iżda hija ġestita mill-Gvern tat-Territorju Kapitali <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.actewagl.com.au/water/catchment/default.aspx|titlu=Water Catchment|pubblikatur=ActewAGL|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=23 avril 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126222400/http://actewagl.com.au/water/catchment/default.aspx|arkivju-data=2009-01-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> . ACTEW Corporation għandha żewġ impjanti <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.actewagl.com.au/wastewater/reuse/lowermolonglo.aspx|titlu=Lower Molonglo Water Quality Control Centre (LMWQCC) effluent reuse scheme|pubblikatur=ActewAGL|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=23 avril 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918043737/http://actewagl.com.au/wastewater/reuse/lowermolonglo.aspx|arkivju-data=2010-09-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> tad-drenaġġ li jinsabu f'Fyshwick u Lower Molonglo fuq ix-Xmara Molonglo <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.actewagl.com.au/wastewater/reuse/northcanberra.aspx|titlu=North Canberra Water Reuse Scheme (NCWRS)|pubblikatur=ActewAGL|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=23 avril 2010|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918043544/http://actewagl.com.au/wastewater/reuse/northcanberra.aspx|arkivju-data=2010-09-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> , == Pairings == == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g82gh13g25ypnyp50jtqb0xsk7kcrhk 0 33323 331521 320905 2026-08-17T15:06:36Z ToniSant 4257 +defaultsort 331521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victor Grech''' jista jirreferi għal: * [[Mons. Victor Grech]] * [[Victor Grech (attur)|Victor Grech]] - attur (1926–2023) {{diżambigwazzjoni}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Grech, Victor}} [[Kategorija:Grech (kunjom)|Victor]] gooq1atxakvj28c9j0onlywhmzq3fsb 0 34089 331500 331480 2026-08-17T14:20:03Z ToniSant 4257 /* Awwissu */ +ref 331500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Din hija lista ta' nies notevoli Maltin li mietu fl-2026.''' F'din il-lista jidhru biss ismijiet ta' nies li l-mewt tagħhom hija kkonfermata peremezz ta' rapport/i minn sorsi verifikabbli. Żidiet bla referenza għal sors verifikabbli jitneħħew minn hawn u jitpoġġew fil-[[Diskussjoni:Nies Maltin li mietu fl-2026|paġna ta' diskussjoni]] sakemm jiġu verifikati sew. Dwar kull persuna jinġabru biss dawn id-dettalji hawn: * Data: Isem u Kunjom, età (jew "??" meta din mhux magħrufa), għal xiex inhi magħrufa l-persuna, kawża tal-mewt (m'għandu jiddaħħal xejn meta mhux magħrufa uffiċjalment) - tagħrif ieħor f'każ ta' persuna li mhux inkluża f'Wikidata (eż. data tat-twelid), referenzi (għandu jkun hemm aktar minn waħda f'każ ta' nies aktar notevoli) '''''Nota:''' id-data tal-mewt m'għandix tkun dik ta' meta tħabbret imma ta' meta seħħet.'' ---- == Jannar == * 2: [[Tony Carr]], 98, mużiċist <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tony-carr-pioneering-maltese-jazz-drummer-dies.1121949|titlu=Tony Carr, Maltese jazz drummer to the stars, dies|kunjom=Borg|isem=Emma|data=2026-01-02|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/il-perkussjonist-tony-carr-george-caruana-jmut-fl-eta-ta-98-sena/|titlu=Il-perkussjonist Tony Carr (George Caruana) jmut fl-età ta’ 98 sena|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=2 Jannar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/01/02/tony-carr-passes-away/|titlu=Renowned Maltese drummer, Tony Carr, passes away aged 98|kunjom=Fenech|isem=Gerald|data=2026-01-02|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/138938/maltese_jazz_great_tony_carr_dies_aged_98|titlu=Maltese jazz great Tony Carr dies aged 98|kunjom=Meilak|isem=Nicole|data=2 Jannar 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-01-02/local-news/Maltese-jazz-legend-Tony-Carr-passes-away-aged-98-6736286044|titlu=Maltese jazz legend, Tony Carr, passes away aged 98 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-ta-98-sena-d-drummer-malti-tony-carr/|titlu=Imut ta' 98 sena d-drummer Malti Tony Carr|data=2026-01-02|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/imut-ta-98-sena-d-drummer-famuz-malti-tony-carr-li-daqq-mal-akbar-stilel-muzikali/|titlu=Imut ta’ 98 sena d-drummer famuż Malti Tony Carr li daqq mal-akbar stilel mużikali|kunjom=Caruana|isem=Josef|data=3 Jannar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.melodija.eu/post/tony-carr-george-caruana-maltese-jazz-pioneer-dies-at-98|titlu=Tony Carr (George Caruana): Maltese Jazz Pioneer Dies at 98|kunjom=Mifsud|isem=Noel|data=2026-01-05|sit=Melodija|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/fond-tribute-on-death-of-drummer-who-played-with-the-greats-5465983|titlu=Fond tribute on death of drummer who played with the greats|kunjom=Hewitt|isem=Phil|data=2026-01-10|sit=SussexWorld|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-10}}</ref> * 5: [[George Spiteri]], 90, mużiċist u l-ewwel leader tal-[[Orkestra Filarmonika ta' Malta]] (twieled: 20 ta’ Lulju 1935) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-january-6-2026.1122080|titlu=Announcements − January 6, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-george-spiteri-l-ewwel-leader-tal-orkestra-filarmonika-ta-malta/|titlu=Imut George Spiteri, l-ewwel leader tal-Orkestra Filarmonika ta’ Malta|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=6 Jannar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1540894257190704/?t=49|titlu=MPO: Protagonisti - George Spiteri|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Joe Julian|data=6 Jannar 2026|sit=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/a-real-gentleman-good-musician-violinist-george-spiteri-dies-aged-90.1122103|titlu='A real gentleman': trailblazing violinist George Spiteri dies at 90|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-01-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-06}}</ref> * 6: [[Thomas Farrell]], 89, għalliem u l-ewwel sindku ta' Ħaż Żabbar <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/thomas-farrell-first-mayor-zabbar-dies-aged-89.1122141|titlu=Thomas Farrell, first mayor of Żabbar, dies aged 89|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-07|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-07}}</ref> * 14: [[Paul Chetcuti Caruana]], 77, tabib u politiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-eks-deputat-laburista-t-tabib-paul-chetcuti-caruana/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-eks Deputat Laburista t-Tabib Paul Chetcuti Caruana|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=14 Jannar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-mp-paul-chetcuti-caruana-dies.1122497|titlu=Mosta doctor Paul Chetcuti Caruana, targeted by 1977 letter bomb, dies aged 77|kunjom=Calleja|isem=Claudia|data=2026-01-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-01-14/local-news/Paul-Chetcuti-Caruana-who-survived-letter-bomb-attempt-in-1977-dies-6736286334|titlu=Paul Chetcuti Caruana, who survived letter-bomb attempt in 1977, dies - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-15}}</ref> <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/parliament-pays-tribute-mosta-doctor-pl-mp-paul-chetcuti-caruana.1123482|titlu=Parliament pays tribute to Mosta doctor and PL MP Paul Chetcuti Caruana|kunjom=Magri|isem=Giulia|data=2026-02-02|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-02}}</ref> * 20: [[Matthew Wismayer]], 53, fundatur ta' Schools for Africa (Malta) Foundation <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/matthew-wismayer-schools-africa-foundation-entrepreneur-dies.1122791|titlu=Matthew Wismayer, who turned a cancer diagnosis into inspiration, dies aged 53|kunjom=Debono|isem=Fiona Galea|data=2026-01-20|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-matthew-wismayer-il-mohh-wara-progett-biex-jigu-meghjuna-tfal-fl-afrika/|titlu=Imut Matthew Wismayer, il-moħħ wara proġett biex jiġu megħjuna tfal fl-Afrika|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-20|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/malta/founder-of-prince-princess-malta-matthew-wismayer-passes-away/|titlu=Founder Of 'Prince & Princess Malta' Matthew Wismayer Passes Away|kunjom=Spiteri|isem=Rebecca Scalvini|data=2026-01-20|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whoswho.mt/en/matthew-wismayer-passes-away-aged-53|titlu=Maltese Entrepreneur Matthew Wismayer passes away at 53|sit=whoswho.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-january-21-2026.1122811|titlu=Announcements – January 21, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-21|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref> * 20: [[George Callus]], 88, ko-fundatur tal-Comtec (twieled: 8 ta' Settembru 1937) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whoswho.mt/en/comtec-co-founder-george-callus-has-passed-away|titlu=Comtec Co-Founder George Callus has passed away|sit=whoswho.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-ir-ragel-ta-amy-callus-orlando-mrs-axiak-ta-simpatici/|titlu=Imut ir-raġel ta’ Amy Callus Orlando, Mrs Axiak ta’ Simpatiċi|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=21 Jannar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/nimmissjak-immens-ghaziz-l-attrici-amy-callus-thabbar-it-telfa-ta-zewgha-george/|titlu="Nimmissjak Immens, Għażiż" - L-Attriċi Amy Callus Tħabbar It-Telfa Ta' Żewġha George|kunjom=Zarb|isem=Kyle|data=2026-01-22|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-january-23-2026.1122923|titlu=Announcements – January 23, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-23|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Frar == * 4: [[Alfred Abela]], 80, eks-assistent kummissarju tal-pulizija <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-eks-assistent-kummissarju-tal-pulizija-alfred-abela/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-eks Assistent Kummissarju tal-Pulizija Alfred Abela|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=4 Frar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 5: [[Philip Farrugia Randon]], 76, avukat u kittieb li ħoloq il-karattru ta' Puttinu <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/dedicated-patriot-philip-farrugia-randon-dies.1123612|titlu='Dedicated patriot' Philip Farrugia Randon dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-february-6-2026.1123652|titlu=Announcements − February 6, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-dr-philip-farrugia-randon-avukat-u-awtur-li-holoq-il-karattru-puttinu/|titlu=Imut Dr Philip Farrugia Randon, avukat u awtur li ħoloq il-karattru Puttinu|kunjom=Micallef|isem=Gaetano|data=2026-02-05|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-philip-farrugia-randon.1124083|titlu=Appreciation: Philip Farrugia Randon|kunjom=De Bono|isem=Anthony|data=2026-02-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-15}}</ref> * 5: [[Helen Micallef]], 75, kantanta <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/helen-micallef-eurovision-1972-singer-dies-aged-75.1123643|titlu=Helen Micallef, Eurovision 1972 singer, dies aged 75|kunjom=Bonanno|isem=Matthew|data=2026-02-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-helen-micallef-l-ewwel-maltija-fil-eurovision/|titlu=Tmut Helen Micallef, l-ewwel kantanta Maltija fil-Eurovision|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=5 Frar 2025|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/139589/veteran_singer_helen_micallef_dies_aged_75|titlu=Veteran singer Helen Micallef dies aged 75|kunjom=Meilak|isem=Nicole|data=5 Frar 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/helen-micallef-tinghata-l-ahhar-tislima-ghada-s-sibt/|titlu=Helen Micallef tingħata l-aħħar tislima għada s-Sibt|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=6 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-02-05/local-news/Helen-Micallef-first-Maltese-woman-at-Eurovision-dies-at-75-6736286990|titlu=Helen Micallef, first Maltese woman at Eurovision, dies at 75 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/iccelebrata-l-hajja-tal-kantanta-helen-micallef/|titlu=Iċċelebrata l-ħajja tal-kantanta Helen Micallef|kunjom=Falzon|isem=Anton|data=7 Frar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 8: [[Paul Aquilina]], 94, Ġiżwita Malti bbażat fl-Indja <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-fr-paul-aquilina-l-ahhar-patri-gizwita-malti-fl-indja/|titlu=Imut Fr Paul Aquilina – l-aħħar Ġiżwita Malti fl-Indja|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=8 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/l-ahhar-patri-gizwita-malti-fl-indja-jkanta-l-ghanjiet-tal-milied/|titlu=L-aħħar Patri Ġiżwita Malti fl-Indja jkanta l-Għanjiet tal-Milied|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=25 Diċembru 2025|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/mort-l-indja-biex-narah-jordna-sacerdot-u-kantajt-bil-malti-waqt-il-funeral-ta-fr-aquilina/|titlu=“Mort l-Indja nara żagħżugħ jiġi ordnat qassis, u spiċċajt inkanta bil-Malti fil-funeral ta’ Fr Aquilina”|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=11 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-february-15-2026.1124084|titlu=Announcements – February 15, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-15}}</ref> * 10: [[Lina Brockdorff|Lina Brockdorff,]] 95, kittieba <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/awardwinning-writer-lina-brockdorff-dies-aged-96.1123850|titlu=Novelist and playwright Lina Brockdorff dies aged 95|kunjom=Borg|isem=Emma|data=2026-02-10|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-l-awtrici-lina-brockdorff-fl-eta-ta-95-sena/|titlu=Tmut l-awtriċi Lina Brockdorff fl-età ta' 95 sena|data=2026-02-10|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/thabbret-il-mewt-tax-xandara-u-l-kittieba-lina-brockdorff/|titlu=Tħabbret il-mewt tax-xandara u l-kittieba Lina Brockdorff|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=10 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-02-10/local-news/Maltese-novelist-and-playwright-Lina-Brockdorff-dies-aged-95-6736287109|titlu=Maltese novelist and playwright Lina Brockdorff dies aged 95 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-10}}</ref> * 10: [[Achille Cauchi]], 86, monsinjur Għawdxi, ħu l-Isqof [[Nikol Cauchi]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-monsinjur-achille-cauchi/|titlu=Imut Monsinjur Achille Cauchi|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=11 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://rip.com.mt/obituary/mons-achille-cauchi-10-02-2026|titlu=Mons. Achille Cauchi - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=rip.com.mt|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref> * 15: [[Laurence Grech]], 77, ġurnalist u eks-editur tas-Sunday Times of Malta <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-times-malta-editor-laurence-grech-dies-aged-77.1124107|titlu=Former Times of Malta editor Laurence Grech dies, aged 77|kunjom=Carabott|isem=Sarah|data=2026-02-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-laurence-grech-il-ggant-tal-gurnalizmu-l-eks-editur-tat-times-of-malta/|titlu=Imut Laurence Grech, “il-ġgant tal-ġurnaliżmu”, l-eks-editur tat-Times of Malta|data=15 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-february-16-2026.1124125|titlu=Announcements – February 16, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-16|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://rip.com.mt/obituary/laurence-grech-15-02-2026|titlu=Laurence Grech - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref> * 15: [[Esmeralda Galea Camilleri]], 37, mużiċista <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/hafna-mahsuda-bil-mewt-tal-muzicista-brava-esmeralda-galea-camilleri/|titlu=Ħafna Maħsuda Bil-Mewt Tal-Mużiċista Brava Esmeralda Galea Camilleri|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-02-16|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/kont-titpaxxa-tismaghha-tmut-il-muzicista-esmeralda-galea-camilleri/|titlu=“Kont titpaxxa tismagħha” – tmut il-mużiċista Esmeralda Galea Camilleri|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=16 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 16: [[Mario Bonnici]], 76, kantant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/il-kanzunetta-li-kont-iddedikaktli-se-tibqa-fqalbi-imut-il-kantant-mario-bonnici/|titlu=“Il-kanzunetta li kont iddedikajtli se tibqa’ f’qalbi” – imut il-kantant Mario Bonnici|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 18: [[Julian Attard]], 44, amministratur tal-futbol ma' [[Marsaxlokk FC]] u [[Floriana FC]] (twieled fis-27 ta' Novembru 1981) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sport.timesofmalta.com/2026/02/18/former-marsaxlokk-and-floriana-fc-administrator-julian-attard-dies/|titlu=Former Marsaxlokk and Floriana FC administrator Julian Attard dies|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gianluca|data=2026-02-18|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/hallejtna-kmieni-wisq-habib-imut-julian-attard-tat-tim-tal-futbol-ta-marsaxlokk/|titlu=“Ħallejtna kmieni wisq ħabib” – imut Julian Attard, tat-tim tal-futbol ta’ Marsaxlokk|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=18 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 23: [[Manuel Casha]], 81, mużiċist, kittieb, u folklorista <ref> {{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kittieb-u-muzicist-manuel-casha-fl-awstralja/ |sit=ONEnews|data=24 Frar 2026|isem=Josef|kunjom=Caruana|lingwa=mt|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-kittieb u mużiċist Manuel Casha fl-Awstralja}}</ref> * 28: [[Mario Buhagiar]], 81 professur tal-istorja tal-arti <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/mario-buhagiar-founder-art-history-department-dies-aged-81.1124795|titlu=Mario Buhagiar, founder of art history department dies aged 81|kunjom=Carabott|isem=Sarah|data=2026-03-01|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/03/02/prof-mario-buhagiar/|titlu=Founder of the arts History Department – Professor Mario Buhagiar passes away|kunjom=Fenech|isem=Gerald|data=2 Marzu 2026|sit=The Maltese Herald|lingwa=en}}</ref> == Marzu == * 8: [[Joseph Gatt (Caritas)|Joseph Gatt]], 81, pijunier fir-riabilitazzjoni tad-drogati f'Malta <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/joseph-gatt-drug-rehabilitation-pioneer-dies-aged-81.1125168|titlu=Joseph Gatt, drug rehabilitation pioneer, dies aged 81|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-03-08|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/segwi-meta-konna-fl-infern-habba-d-droga-joe-kien-anglu-kustodju/|titlu=Segwi: “Meta konna fl-infern ħabba d-droga Joe kien anġlu kustodju”|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=9 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 13: [[Luciano Bonello Bianco]], 72, propjetarju ta' Luciano Restaurant <ref>{{Ċita web|url= https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-march-15-2026.1125478 |titlu=Announcements|sit=Times of Malta|data-aċċess=2026-03-15}}</ref> * 21: [[Charles Micallef St John]], 81, kittieb u eks-kunsillier tal-Gżira <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-l-awtur-charles-micallef-st-john/|titlu=Imut l-awtur Charles Micallef St John|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=21 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/03/21/imut-l-awtur-chaf-st-john/|titlu=Imut l-awtur Charles Micallef St. John|kunjom=Balbi|isem=Nicole Sciberras|data=2026-03-21|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-23}}</ref> * 22: [[Calvin Brincat]], 32, parteċipant fil-programm tat-television ''Hazzzard'', kanċer <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-calvin-brincat-li-ggieled-2-tipi-ta-kancer-u-kien-ippartecipa-fhazzzard/|titlu=Imut Calvin Brincat li ġġieled 2 tipi ta' kanċer u kien ipparteċipa f'HazZzard|data=2026-03-23|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-iz-zaghzugh-calvin-brincat-ta-hazzzard/|titlu=Imut iż-żagħżugħ Calvin Brincat ta’ HazZzard|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=23 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tributes-paid-truly-sensitive-soul-cancer-patient-calvin-brincat.1125893|titlu=Tributes paid to 'truly sensitive soul', cancer victim Calvin Brincat|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-03-23|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-23}}</ref> * 29: [[Elio Lombardi]], 92, kittieb u direttur tal-films <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/prolific-filmmaker-author-elio-lombardi-dies-aged-92.1126197|titlu=Prolific film-maker, author Elio Lombardi dies aged 92|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-03-29|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-l-awtur-tal-kotba-u-direttur-tal-films-elio-lombardi/|titlu=Imut l-awtur tal-kotba u direttur tal-films Elio Lombardi|kunjom=Micallef|isem=Gaetano|data=2026-03-29|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/03/29/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-elio-lombardi-fl-eta-ta-92-sena/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt ta' Elio Lombardi fl-età ta' 92 sena|kunjom=Catania|isem=Francesco|data=2026-03-29|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kittieb-u-attur-elio-lombardi-fl-eta-ta-92-sena/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-kittieb u attur Elio Lombardi fl-età ta’ 92 Sena|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Shanaya|data=29 Marzu 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-elio-lombardi-figura-prominenti-fil-films-u-l-letteratura-maltija/|titlu=Imut Elio Lombardi, figura prominenti fil-films u l-letteratura Maltija|kunjom=Cachia|isem=Paul|data=29 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-03-29/local-news/Maltese-author-and-film-director-Elio-Lombardi-dies-aged-92-6736288379|titlu=Maltese author and film director Elio Lombardi dies aged 92 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/thabbar-meta-se-jinghata-l-ahhar-tislima-elio-lombardi/|titlu=Tħabbar meta se jingħata l-aħħar tislima Elio Lombardi|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=1 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/ara-elio-dejjem-gharaf-li-kien-mimli-doni-minn-alla/|titlu=Ara: “Elio dejjem għaraf li kien mimli doni minn Alla”|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=8 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tinghata-l-ahhar-tislima-lil-elio-lombardi-ikona-fid-drama-maltija/|titlu=Tingħata l-aħħar tislima lil Elio Lombardi … ikona fid-drama Maltija|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Enrique|data=8 April 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref> == April == * 2: [[Edmond Zarb]], 81, kittieb u mużiċist <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/04/02/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-muzicist-u-awtur-edmond-zarb/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-mużiċist u awtur Edmond Zarb|kunjom=Catania|isem=Francesco|data=2026-04-02|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tajt-kontribut-lill-kultura-maltija-imut-l-awtur-u-pjanist-edmond-zarb|titlu=“Tajt kontribut lill-kultura Maltija” – imut l-awtur u pjanist Edmond Zarb|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=2 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 6: [[Graziella Castillo]], 47, direttur tal-Aġenzija Appoġġ <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/graziella-castillo-director-agenzija-appogg-dies-aged-47.1126547|titlu=Graziella Castillo, director of Agenzija Appoġġ, dies aged 47|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-04-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-graziella-castillo-direttrici-tal-agenzija-appogg/|titlu=Tmut Graziella Castillo – Direttriċi tal-Aġenzija Appoġġ|data=6 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 11: [[Colin Willis]], 81, eks-kummissajru Awstraljan għal Malta u attur <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-04-13/local-news/Well-known-actor-Colin-Willis-passes-away-aged-81-6736288759|titlu=Well-known actor Colin Willis passes away aged 81 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-13}}</ref> * 12: [[Aurelio Belli]], 49, mużiċist u arranġatur <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/musician-mpo-manager-aurelio-belli-dies-aged-49.1126829|titlu=Musician and MPO manager Aurelio Belli dies, aged 49|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-04-12|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://slippedisc.com/2026/04/malta-mourns-maestro-49/|titlu=Malta mourns maestro, 49|kunjom=lebrecht|isem=Norman|data=12 April 2026|sit=Slipped Disc|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-04-12/local-news/Maestro-Aurelio-Belli-dies-aged-49-6736288731|titlu=Maestro Aurelio Belli dies, aged 49 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/140933/maestro_aurelio_belli_dies_at_49_|titlu=Maestro Aurelio Belli dies at 49|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Juliana|data=12 April 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-il-maestro-aurelio-belli/|titlu=Imut il-Maestro Aurelio Belli|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=12 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-is-surmast-aurelio-belli/|titlu=Imut is-Surmast Aurelio Belli|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-04-12|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-maestro-aurelio-belli-fl-eta-ta-49-sena/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-Maestro Aurelio Belli fl-età ta’ 49 sena|kunjom=Sacco Baldacchino|isem=Kimberley|data=12 April 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/04/12/tithabbar-il-mewt-tas-surmast-aurelio-belli/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tas-Surmast Aurelio Belli|kunjom=Catania|isem=Francesco|data=2026-04-12|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/il-maestro-aurelio-belli-jinghata-l-ahhar-tislima|titlu=Tislima lill-Maestro Aurelio Belli: “Mela s-silenzju b’ħajja ta’ noti”|kunjom=Mamo|isem=Christine|data=18 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 19: [[Desmond Morris]], 98, etoloġista Ingliż li għex f'Malta (1968–1974) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/desmond-morris-famous-zoologist-author-painter-malta-past-dies-98.1127264|titlu=Desmond Morris, famous zoologist, author and painter with Malta past, dies at 98|kunjom=Debono|isem=Fiona Galea|data=2026-04-21|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-21}}</ref> * 24: [[Mary Grech]], 88, attriċi u xandara <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/veteran-actress-mary-grech-dies-aged-88.1127413|titlu=Veteran actress Mary Grech dies aged 88|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-04-24|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-l-attrici-u-prezentatrici-mary-grech/|titlu=Tmut l-attriċi u preżentatriċi Mary Grech|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=24 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-l-eks-prezentattrici-televiziva-mary-grech/|titlu=Tmut l-eks preżentattriċi televiżiva Mary Grech|kunjom=Attard|isem=Francesca|data=2026-04-24|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/04/24/tmut-mary-grech-pijufniera-tax-xandir-u-fost-l-ewwel-ucuh-tat-televizjoni-maltija/|titlu=Tmut Mary Grech, attriċi, pijuniera tax-xandir u fost l-ewwel uċuħ tat-televiżjoni Maltija|kunjom=Abdilla|isem=Raymond|data=2026-04-24|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-24}}</ref> == Mejju == * 1: [[Dolindo Cassar]], 83, xandar u eks-president tas-[[Soċjetà Filarmonika La Stella]] u tat-[[Teatru Astra]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/tislima-lil-dolindo-cassar-li-ghadda-ghall-hajja-ta-dejjem-figura-li-halliet-marka-kbira-fil-kultura-ghawdxija/|titlu=Tislima Lil Dolindo Cassar Li Għadda Għall-Ħajja Ta’ Dejjem - Figura Li Ħalliet Marka Kbira Fil-Kultura Għawdxija|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-05-05|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.stgeorge.org.mt/events/funeral-of-dolindo-cassar/|titlu=Funeral of DOLINDO CASSAR|data=2026-05-03|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-dolindo-cassar.1129615|titlu=Appreciation: Dolindo Cassar|kunjom=Spiteri|isem=Charles|data=2026-06-08|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref> * 14: [[Noel Galea Bason]], 71, skultur <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/05/15/imut-l-artist-noel-galea-bason/|titlu=Imut l-artist Noel Galea Bason|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-15|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/artist-noel-galea-bason-dies-aged-71.1128464|titlu=Artist Noel Galea Bason dies aged 71|kunjom=Carabott|isem=Sarah|data=2026-05-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-noel-galea-bason-furjaniz-moghni-btalenti-artistici-varji/|titlu=Imut Noel Galea Bason, Furjaniż mogħni b’talenti artistiċi varji|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=15 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 19: [[Norbert Ellul Vincenti]], 88, patri Franġiskan, għalliem u kittieb <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/05/19/imut-p-norbert-ellul-vincenti-ofm/|titlu=Imut P. Norbert Ellul Vincenti OFM|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-19|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-patri-norbert-ellul-vincenti/|titlu=Imut Patri Norbert Ellul Vincenti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=19 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 22: [[Franco Fenech]], 47, ko-eredi ta' Tumas Group <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/franco-fenech-22-05-2026|titlu=Franco Fenech - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|data=22 Mejju 2026|sit=www.rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tumas-group-director-franco-fenech-dies.1128869|titlu=Tumas Group heir Franco Fenech dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-22|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/142011/franco_fenech_yorgen_fenechs_older_brother_passes_away|titlu=Franco Fenech, Yorgen Fenech's older brother, passes away|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Matthew|data=22 Mejju 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/05/22/franco-fenech-dies-with-drug-overdose/|titlu=Franco Fenech dies by drug overdose|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Mark|data=2026-05-22|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref> * 26: [[Benny Muscat]], 86, sid ta' diversi ristorant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/goodbye-nonno-renowned-restaurateur-benny-muscat-dies.1129052|titlu='Goodbye Nonno' – renowned restaurateur Benny Muscat dies|kunjom=Debono|isem=Fiona Galea|data=2026-05-26|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-benny-muscat-il-qalb-wara-ta-marija-palazzo-pescatore-u-trattoria-del-nonno/|titlu=Imut Benny Muscat, il-qalb wara Ta’ Marija, Palazzo Pescatore u Trattoria del Nonno|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=26 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://rip.com.mt/obituary/benny-muscat-26-05-2026|titlu=Benny Muscat - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-05-28}}</ref> * 28: [[Rose Riolo]], 90, attriċi <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-l-eks-attrici-rose-riolo/|titlu=Tmut l-eks attriċi Rose Riolo|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=28 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-29-2026.1129195|titlu=Announcements – May 29, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-29|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-29}}</ref> * 28: [[Ray Ghigo Laferla]], ??, imprenditur u DJ <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-ray-ghigo-laferla-eks-dj-tal-griffin-u-fundatur-tal-ghigos-disco/|titlu=Imut Ray Ghigo Laferla, eks DJ tal-Griffin u fundatur tal-Ghigos Disco|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=29 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> == Ġunju == * 4: [[Jonathan Cardona]], 47, eks-CEO tal-[[Enemalta]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-enemalta-ceo-residency-malta-head-jonathan-cardona-dies.1129476|titlu=Former Enemalta CEO, Residency Malta head Jonathan Cardona dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-04|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-eks-kap-ezekuttiv-tal-enemalta-u-residenza-malta-jonathan-cardona/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-eks Kap Eżekuttiv tal-Enemalta u Residenza Malta Jonathan Cardona|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=4 Ġunju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/142318/former_joseph_muscat_aide_jonathan_cardona_passes_away_|titlu=Former Joseph Muscat aide Jonathan Cardona passes away|kunjom=Azzopardi|isem=Karl|data=4 Ġunju 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-l-eks-kap-tal-enemalta-u-tal-programm-tac-cittadinanza-jonathan-cardona/|titlu=Imut l-eks kap tal-Enemalta u tal-programm taċ-ċittadinanza Jonathan Cardona|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=4 Ġunju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/ara-il-pm-jinhasad-bil-mewt-ta-jonathan-cardona-waqt-il-gurament-tal-hatra-tal-membri-tal-kabinett/|titlu=ARA: il-PM jinħasad bil-mewt ta' Jonathan Cardona waqt il-ġurament tal-ħatra tal-membri tal-Kabinett|data=2026-06-04|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-06-04/local-news/CEO-of-Residency-Malta-Agency-Jonathan-Cardona-dies-6736290235|titlu=CEO of Residency Malta Agency, Jonathan Cardona, passes away - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref> * 5: [[Olivia Dow]]: ??, żeffiena u għalliema tal-ballet <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/renowned-ballet-teacher-olivia-dow-dies.1129558|titlu=Renowned ballet teacher Olivia Dow dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-olivia-dow.1129901|titlu=Appreciation: Olivia Dow|kunjom=Chetcuti|isem=Kristina|data=2026-06-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 8: [[Antonio Briguglio]], 91, referee tal-futbol <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/sport/imut-l-ex-referee-internazzjonali-tonio-briguglio/|titlu=Imut l-ex-referee internazzjonali Tonio Briguglio|kunjom=Cossai|isem=Peter|data=2026-06-08|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/sports/football/142408/former_referee_antonio_briguglio_dies_|titlu=Former referee Antonio Briguglio dies|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sport.timesofmalta.com/2026/06/08/maltese-legendary-referee-tonio-briguglio-dies-aged-91/|titlu=Maltese legendary referee Tonio Briguglio dies, aged 91|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Valhmor|data=2026-06-08|sit=SportsDesk|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref> * 14: [[Josephine Xuereb]], ??, attivita u politiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-pn-election-candidate-dies.1129912|titlu=Former PN election candidate dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/14/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-josephine-xuereb/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt ta' Josephine Xuereb|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-14|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-06-14/local-news/Former-PN-candidate-Josephine-Xuereb-dies-6736290504|titlu=Former PN candidate Josephine Xuereb dies|data=14 Ġunju 2026|sit=The Malta Independent|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/17/josephine-xuereb-kienet-mara-li-uzat-it-talenti-taghha-biex-tkattar-il-gid/|titlu="Josephine Xuereb kienet mara li użat it-talenti tagħha biex tkattar il-ġid"|kunjom=Balbi|isem=Nicole Sciberras|data=2026-06-17|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 18: [[Helen Borg]], ??, eks President tal-Kunsill tal-Iskola għat-Tagħlim Tul il-Ħajja u eks Kap tal-Iskola Vincenzo Borg Brared, marda tal-Parkinson's <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/riptmut-helen-borg-eks-president-tal-kunsill-tal-iskola-ghat-taghlim-tul-il-hajja-u-eks-headteacher-ta-birkirkara/|titlu=Tmut Helen Borg, Eks President Tal-Kunsill Tal-Iskola Għat-Tagħlim Tul Il-Ħajja U Eks Headteacher Ta’ Birkirkara|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-06-19|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 21: [[Żeppi l-Ħafi|Joseph Fenech]], 71, kriminal magħruf bħala Żeppi l-Ħafi <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/joseph-fenech-known-zeppi-lhafi-dies-aged-71.1130234|titlu=Joseph Fenech, known as Żeppi l-Ħafi, dies aged 71|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-21|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-joseph-fenech-maghruf-bhal-zeppi-l-hafi/|titlu=Imut Joseph Fenech, magħruf bħal Żeppi l-Ħafi|kunjom=Cachia|isem=Paul|data=21 Ġunju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-joseph-fenech-maghruf-bhala-zeppi-l-hafi/|titlu=Imut Joseph Fenech magħruf bħala Żeppi l-Ħafi|data=2026-06-21|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 22: [[Paul Fenech (kunsilleri)|Paul Fenech]], 79, kunsillier tas-Swieqi, artist u kowċ tal-basketball <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-swieqi-councillor-artist-basketball-coach-paul-fenech-dies.1130293|titlu=Former Swieqi councillor, artist and basketball coach, Paul Fenech dies aged 79|kunjom=Magri|isem=Giulia|data=2026-06-22|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/22/il-pn-isellem-il-memorja-ta-paul-fenech-li-serva-ghal-snin-twal-bhala-kunsillier-lokali-tal-pn-fi-swieqi/|titlu=Il-PN isellem il-memorja ta' Paul Fenech li serva għal snin twal bħala kunsillier lokali tal-PN fi Swieqi|kunjom=Borg|isem=Maria|data=2026-06-22|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/paul-fenech-22-06-2026|titlu=Paul Fenech - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=www.rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-25}}</ref> * 29: [[Antoinette Miggiani]], 88, sopran u għalliema tal-kant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-is-sopran-u-ghallieam-tal-kant-antoinette-miggiani/|titlu=Tmut is-sopran u għalliema tal-kant Antoinette Miggiani|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-29|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/29/thabbret-il-mewt-tas-sopran-u-ghalliema-tal-kant-antoinette-miggiani/|titlu=Tħabbret il-mewt tas-sopran u għalliema tal-kant Antoinette Miggiani|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-29|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/antoinette-miggiani-soprano-teacher-dies-aged-88.1130669|titlu=Antoinette Miggiani, soprano, teacher dies aged 88|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-29|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-06-29/local-news/Renowned-Maltese-soprano-and-vocal-teacher-Antoinette-Miggiani-dies-aged-88-6736290961|titlu=Renowned Maltese soprano and vocal teacher Antoinette Miggiani dies aged 88|data=29 June 2026|sit=The Malta Independent|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/antoinette-miggiani-29-06-2026|titlu=Antoinette Miggiani|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|data=30 Ġunju 2026|sit=RIP.com.mt|lingwa=rn}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-antoinette-miggiani-19372026.1130913|titlu=Appreciation: Antoinette Miggiani (1937-2026)|kunjom=Said|isem=Mark|data=2026-07-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-05}}</ref> == Lulju == * 1: [[John Ripard Snr]], 96, baħħar Olimpiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-07-01/local-news/Sailing-icon-and-RMYC-Honorary-President-John-Ripard-Snr-Passes-Away-6736291009|titlu=Sailing icon and RMYC Honorary President John Ripard Snr dies, aged 96 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/john-ripard-snr-cofounder-rolex-middle-sea-race-dies-aged-96.1130762|titlu=John Ripard Snr, Olympian and co-founder of Rolex Middle Sea Race, dies aged 96|kunjom=Bonanno|isem=Matthew|data=2026-07-01|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/01/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-john-ripard-pijunier-tal-ibburdjar-fmalta/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt ta' John Ripard...pijunier tal-ibburdjar f'Malta|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-01|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-july-3-2026.1130831|titlu=Announcements – July 3, 2026|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/john-c-ripard-01-07-2026|titlu=John C Ripard|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=RIP.com.mt|lingwa=en}}</ref> * 3: [[Carmen Vella]], 79, kantanta u xandara <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-carmen-vella-li-kienet-kantanta-u-xandara-ma-radju-malta/|titlu=Tmut Carmen Vella li kienet kantanta u xandara ma’ Radju Malta|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kantanta-u-xandara-carmen-vella/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-kantanta u xandara Carmen Vella|kunjom=Cini|isem=Luana|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-il-kantanta-carmen-vella/|titlu=Tmut il-kantanta Carmen Vella|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/kelli-x-xorti-nipprezenta-maghha-ghal-diversi-snin-il-programm-tar-radju-maltin-biss-in-neputija-bmessagg-lil-carmen-vella-li-hallietna/|titlu=“Kelli X-Xorti Nippreżenta Magħha Għal Diversi Snin Il-Programm Tar-Radju Maltin Biss” – In-Neputija B’Messaġġ Lil Carmen Vella Li Ħallietna|kunjom=Grech|isem=Matthea|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/04/farewell-carmen-vella-another-icon-of-the-maltese-song-scene-passes-away/|titlu=Farewell Carmen Vella - another icon of the Maltese song scene passes away|kunjom=Fenech|isem=Gerald|data=2026-07-04|sit=The Maltese Herald|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260704130639/https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/04/farewell-carmen-vella-another-icon-of-the-maltese-song-scene-passes-away/|arkivju-data=2026-07-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sliema.news/local/carmen-vella-sliema-cabaret-legend-dies-at-79/|titlu=Carmen Vella, Sliema Cabaret Legend, Dies at 79|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Paul|data=2026-07-04|sit=sliema.news|lingwa=en-MT|data-aċċess=2026-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-july-6-2026.1130957|titlu=Announcements – July 6, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.mt/obituary/carmen-portanier-03-07-2026|titlu=Carmen Portanier - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=www.rip.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-08}}</ref> * 14: [[Ryan Spiteri]], 47, DJ, avvelenament aċċidentali mill-monossidu tal-karbonju <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/two-found-dead-parked-car-marsascala.1131404|titlu=Two found dead in parked car in Marsascala|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/dj-woman-died-accidental-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-probe-indicates.1131419|titlu=DJ and woman died of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Mark Laurence|data=2026-07-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tributes-dj-ryan-spiteri-following-sudden-death.1131405|titlu=Tributes to DJ Ryan Spiteri after he is found dead in car with woman|kunjom=Magri|isem=Giulia|data=2026-07-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/ryan-spiteri-and-woman-believed-to-have-died-from-carbon-monoxide-poisoning/|titlu=Ryan Spiteri And Woman Believed To Have Died From Carbon Monoxide Poisoning|kunjom=Falzon|isem=Gabriel|data=2026-07-15|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/police-confirm-ryan-spiteri-and-woman-died-from-accidental-carbon-monoxide-poisoning/|titlu=Police Confirm Ryan Spiteri And Woman Died From Accidental Carbon Monoxide Poisoning|kunjom=Falzon|isem=Gabriel|data=2026-07-15|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/l-investigazzjoni-fil-mewt-taz-zewg-persuni-fkarozza-tindika-li-sehh-b-avvelenament-accidentali/|titlu=L-awtopsja turi li ż-żewġ persuni f'karozza f'Wied il-Għajn mietu b' avvelenament aċċidentali|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-15|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/ragel-u-mara-jinstabu-mejta-fgaraxx-fwied-il-ghajn-eskluz-omicidju/|titlu=AĠĠORNAT: DJ Ryan Spiteri u mara ta' 41 sena jinstabu mejta f'garaxx f'Wied il-Għajn – eskluż omiċidju|data=2026-07-14|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tad-dj-mahbub-ryan-spiteri/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tad-DJ maħbub Ryan Spiteri|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Shanaya|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/il-prim-ministru-jsellem-il-memorja-ta-ryan-spiteri/|titlu=Il-Prim Ministru jsellem il-memorja ta’ Ryan Spiteri|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Shanaya|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/15/ragel-umara-jinstabu-mejta-fkarozza/|titlu="Mhu se ninsewk qatt" - qraba u ħbieb isellmu lil Ryan Spiteri wara l-mewt tiegħu|kunjom=Balbi|isem=Nicole Sciberras|data=2026-07-15|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/15/l-investigaturi-jemmnu-li-mietu-avvelenati-bil-carbon-monoxide-mill-ac-tal-karozza/|titlu=L-investigaturi jemmnu li mietu avvelenati bil-carbon monoxide mill-AC tal-karozza|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-15|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/eluf-ixxukkjati-bil-mewt-tad-dj-ryan-spiteri/|titlu=Eluf ixxukkjati bil-mewt tad-DJ Ryan Spiteri|kunjom=Gauci|isem=Francesca|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/mara-u-ragel-jinstabu-mejta-fkarozza-pparkjata-fmarsaskala/|titlu=DJ u mara jmutu “b’avvelenament tal-monossidu tal-karbonju b’mod aċċidentali”|kunjom=Attard|isem=Charmaine|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/hafna-mbikkma-u-mahsuda-bil-mewt-tad-dj-mahbub-ryan-spiteri-strieh-fis-sliem/|titlu=Ħafna Mbikkma U Maħsuda Bil-Mewt Tad-DJ Maħbub Ryan Spiteri - Strieħ Fis-Sliem|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-07-14|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/court_and_police/143172/two_found_dead_in_car_in_marsaskala1|titlu=DJ Ryan Spiteri and woman died from carbon monoxide poisoning, death considered accidental|kunjom=Sansone|isem=Kurt|data=15 July 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/ara-id-dj-ryan-spiteri-jinghata-l-ahhar-tislima/|titlu=Ara: Id-DJ Ryan Spiteri jingħata l-aħħar tislima|kunjom=Gauci|isem=Francesca|data=18 July 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 28: [[Anthony Spiteri]], ??, eks-membru tas-sigurtà tal-MFA <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/28/imut-anthony-spiteri-imlaqqam-bhala-jerry-lewis-li-ghal-snin-twal-hadem-bhala-membru-tas-sigurta-tal-mfa/|titlu=Imut Anthony Spiteri, imlaqqam bħala 'Jerry Lewis', li għal snin twal ħadem bħala membru tas-sigurtà tal-MFA|kunjom=Micallef|isem=Christian|data=2026-07-28|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-28}}</ref> == Awwissu == * 11: [[Norman Hamilton]], 85, xandar u negozjant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/veteran-broadcaster-norman-hamilton-dies-aged-85.1132535|titlu=Veteran broadcaster Norman Hamilton dies aged 85|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-11|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/kien-pedament-tax-xandir-fpajjizna-l-ewwel-reazzjonijiet-wara-l-mewt-tax-xandar-veteran-norman-hamilton/|titlu=“Kien pedament tax-xandir f’pajjiżna” – l-ewwel reazzjonijiet wara l-mewt tax-xandar veteran Norman Hamilton|data=11 Awwissu 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/il-prim-ministru-u-l-partit-laburista-jsellmu-l-memorja-ta-norman-hamilton/|titlu=Il-Prim Ministru u l-Partit Laburista jsellmu l-memorja ta’ Norman Hamilton|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=11 Awwissu 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-norman-hamilton-pijunier-tax-xandir-fmalta/|titlu=Imut Norman Hamilton, pijunier tax-xandir f’Malta|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-11|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/norman-hamilton-imut-fl-eta-ta-85-sena/|titlu=Norman Hamilton imut fl-età ta’ 85 sena|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=11 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-08-11/local-news/Veteran-broadcaster-Norman-Hamilton-dies-aged-85-6736292052|titlu=Veteran broadcaster Norman Hamilton dies aged 85 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/08/11/thabbret-il-mewt-tal-eks-prezentatur-televiziv-norman-hamilton-fl-eta-ta-85-sena/|titlu=Tħabbret il-mewt tal-eks preżentatur televiżiv Norman Hamilton fl-età ta' 85 sena|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-11|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/143727/veteran_broadcaster_and_former_ambassador_norman_hamilton_dead_at_85|titlu=Veteran broadcaster and former ambassador Norman Hamilton dead at 85|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-august-13-2026.1132660|titlu=Announcements – August 13, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-13|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/l-ikbar-vokazzjoni-ta-norman-kienet-il-familja/|titlu=Ara: “L-ikbar vokazzjoni ta’ Norman kienet il-familja”|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=14 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 13: [[Raymond Chetcuti]], 66, eks-Direttur Ġenerali fil-qasam soċjali <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-raymond-chetcuti-ex-direttur-generali-fil-qasam-socjali-fl-eta-ta-66-sena/|titlu=Imut Raymond Chetcuti, ex Direttur Ġenerali fil-qasam soċjali fl-età ta' 66 sena|data=2026-08-13|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/ragel-umli-ta-qalb-kbira-u-bgentilezza-li-ma-tinsa-qatt-imut-raymond-chetcuti/|titlu=“Raġel umli, ta’ qalb kbira u b’ġentilezza li ma tinsa qatt”: imut Raymond Chetcuti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=13 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 16: [[Charles Demicoli]], 80, eks-spettur tal-pulizija u attivist politiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/ex-police-inspector-pn-activist-charles-demicoli-dies-aged-80.1132824|titlu=Ex police inspector and PN activist Charles Demicoli dies aged 80|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-16|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/08/16/il-pn-isellem-il-memorja-ta-charles-demicoli/|titlu=Il-PN isellem il-memorja ta’ Charles Demicoli|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-16|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-16}}</ref> * 17: [[Lino Cauchi (mużiċist)|Lino Cauchi]], 76, mużiċist (twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> == Ara aktar == * [[:Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026]] - tinkludi ħoloq għal artikli fil-Wikipedija dwar nies li mietu fl-2026 == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}} [[Kategorija:Nies Maltin]] [[Kategorija:2026 f'Malta]] [[Kategorija:Imwiet f'Malta]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026|*]] [[Kategorija:Listi ta' mwiet bis-sena]] exsbjd34z9bdmdulfwsjbtpx60z3kbj 331501 331500 2026-08-17T14:28:36Z ToniSant 4257 /* Awwissu */ +ref 331501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Din hija lista ta' nies notevoli Maltin li mietu fl-2026.''' F'din il-lista jidhru biss ismijiet ta' nies li l-mewt tagħhom hija kkonfermata peremezz ta' rapport/i minn sorsi verifikabbli. Żidiet bla referenza għal sors verifikabbli jitneħħew minn hawn u jitpoġġew fil-[[Diskussjoni:Nies Maltin li mietu fl-2026|paġna ta' diskussjoni]] sakemm jiġu verifikati sew. Dwar kull persuna jinġabru biss dawn id-dettalji hawn: * Data: Isem u Kunjom, età (jew "??" meta din mhux magħrufa), għal xiex inhi magħrufa l-persuna, kawża tal-mewt (m'għandu jiddaħħal xejn meta mhux magħrufa uffiċjalment) - tagħrif ieħor f'każ ta' persuna li mhux inkluża f'Wikidata (eż. data tat-twelid), referenzi (għandu jkun hemm aktar minn waħda f'każ ta' nies aktar notevoli) '''''Nota:''' id-data tal-mewt m'għandix tkun dik ta' meta tħabbret imma ta' meta seħħet.'' ---- == Jannar == * 2: [[Tony Carr]], 98, mużiċist <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tony-carr-pioneering-maltese-jazz-drummer-dies.1121949|titlu=Tony Carr, Maltese jazz drummer to the stars, dies|kunjom=Borg|isem=Emma|data=2026-01-02|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/il-perkussjonist-tony-carr-george-caruana-jmut-fl-eta-ta-98-sena/|titlu=Il-perkussjonist Tony Carr (George Caruana) jmut fl-età ta’ 98 sena|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=2 Jannar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/01/02/tony-carr-passes-away/|titlu=Renowned Maltese drummer, Tony Carr, passes away aged 98|kunjom=Fenech|isem=Gerald|data=2026-01-02|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/138938/maltese_jazz_great_tony_carr_dies_aged_98|titlu=Maltese jazz great Tony Carr dies aged 98|kunjom=Meilak|isem=Nicole|data=2 Jannar 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-01-02/local-news/Maltese-jazz-legend-Tony-Carr-passes-away-aged-98-6736286044|titlu=Maltese jazz legend, Tony Carr, passes away aged 98 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-ta-98-sena-d-drummer-malti-tony-carr/|titlu=Imut ta' 98 sena d-drummer Malti Tony Carr|data=2026-01-02|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/imut-ta-98-sena-d-drummer-famuz-malti-tony-carr-li-daqq-mal-akbar-stilel-muzikali/|titlu=Imut ta’ 98 sena d-drummer famuż Malti Tony Carr li daqq mal-akbar stilel mużikali|kunjom=Caruana|isem=Josef|data=3 Jannar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.melodija.eu/post/tony-carr-george-caruana-maltese-jazz-pioneer-dies-at-98|titlu=Tony Carr (George Caruana): Maltese Jazz Pioneer Dies at 98|kunjom=Mifsud|isem=Noel|data=2026-01-05|sit=Melodija|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/fond-tribute-on-death-of-drummer-who-played-with-the-greats-5465983|titlu=Fond tribute on death of drummer who played with the greats|kunjom=Hewitt|isem=Phil|data=2026-01-10|sit=SussexWorld|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-10}}</ref> * 5: [[George Spiteri]], 90, mużiċist u l-ewwel leader tal-[[Orkestra Filarmonika ta' Malta]] (twieled: 20 ta’ Lulju 1935) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-january-6-2026.1122080|titlu=Announcements − January 6, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-george-spiteri-l-ewwel-leader-tal-orkestra-filarmonika-ta-malta/|titlu=Imut George Spiteri, l-ewwel leader tal-Orkestra Filarmonika ta’ Malta|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=6 Jannar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1540894257190704/?t=49|titlu=MPO: Protagonisti - George Spiteri|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Joe Julian|data=6 Jannar 2026|sit=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/a-real-gentleman-good-musician-violinist-george-spiteri-dies-aged-90.1122103|titlu='A real gentleman': trailblazing violinist George Spiteri dies at 90|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-01-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-06}}</ref> * 6: [[Thomas Farrell]], 89, għalliem u l-ewwel sindku ta' Ħaż Żabbar <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/thomas-farrell-first-mayor-zabbar-dies-aged-89.1122141|titlu=Thomas Farrell, first mayor of Żabbar, dies aged 89|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-07|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-07}}</ref> * 14: [[Paul Chetcuti Caruana]], 77, tabib u politiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-eks-deputat-laburista-t-tabib-paul-chetcuti-caruana/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-eks Deputat Laburista t-Tabib Paul Chetcuti Caruana|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=14 Jannar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-mp-paul-chetcuti-caruana-dies.1122497|titlu=Mosta doctor Paul Chetcuti Caruana, targeted by 1977 letter bomb, dies aged 77|kunjom=Calleja|isem=Claudia|data=2026-01-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-01-14/local-news/Paul-Chetcuti-Caruana-who-survived-letter-bomb-attempt-in-1977-dies-6736286334|titlu=Paul Chetcuti Caruana, who survived letter-bomb attempt in 1977, dies - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-15}}</ref> <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/parliament-pays-tribute-mosta-doctor-pl-mp-paul-chetcuti-caruana.1123482|titlu=Parliament pays tribute to Mosta doctor and PL MP Paul Chetcuti Caruana|kunjom=Magri|isem=Giulia|data=2026-02-02|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-02}}</ref> * 20: [[Matthew Wismayer]], 53, fundatur ta' Schools for Africa (Malta) Foundation <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/matthew-wismayer-schools-africa-foundation-entrepreneur-dies.1122791|titlu=Matthew Wismayer, who turned a cancer diagnosis into inspiration, dies aged 53|kunjom=Debono|isem=Fiona Galea|data=2026-01-20|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-matthew-wismayer-il-mohh-wara-progett-biex-jigu-meghjuna-tfal-fl-afrika/|titlu=Imut Matthew Wismayer, il-moħħ wara proġett biex jiġu megħjuna tfal fl-Afrika|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-20|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/malta/founder-of-prince-princess-malta-matthew-wismayer-passes-away/|titlu=Founder Of 'Prince & Princess Malta' Matthew Wismayer Passes Away|kunjom=Spiteri|isem=Rebecca Scalvini|data=2026-01-20|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whoswho.mt/en/matthew-wismayer-passes-away-aged-53|titlu=Maltese Entrepreneur Matthew Wismayer passes away at 53|sit=whoswho.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-january-21-2026.1122811|titlu=Announcements – January 21, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-21|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref> * 20: [[George Callus]], 88, ko-fundatur tal-Comtec (twieled: 8 ta' Settembru 1937) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whoswho.mt/en/comtec-co-founder-george-callus-has-passed-away|titlu=Comtec Co-Founder George Callus has passed away|sit=whoswho.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-ir-ragel-ta-amy-callus-orlando-mrs-axiak-ta-simpatici/|titlu=Imut ir-raġel ta’ Amy Callus Orlando, Mrs Axiak ta’ Simpatiċi|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=21 Jannar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/nimmissjak-immens-ghaziz-l-attrici-amy-callus-thabbar-it-telfa-ta-zewgha-george/|titlu="Nimmissjak Immens, Għażiż" - L-Attriċi Amy Callus Tħabbar It-Telfa Ta' Żewġha George|kunjom=Zarb|isem=Kyle|data=2026-01-22|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-january-23-2026.1122923|titlu=Announcements – January 23, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-23|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Frar == * 4: [[Alfred Abela]], 80, eks-assistent kummissarju tal-pulizija <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-eks-assistent-kummissarju-tal-pulizija-alfred-abela/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-eks Assistent Kummissarju tal-Pulizija Alfred Abela|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=4 Frar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 5: [[Philip Farrugia Randon]], 76, avukat u kittieb li ħoloq il-karattru ta' Puttinu <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/dedicated-patriot-philip-farrugia-randon-dies.1123612|titlu='Dedicated patriot' Philip Farrugia Randon dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-february-6-2026.1123652|titlu=Announcements − February 6, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-dr-philip-farrugia-randon-avukat-u-awtur-li-holoq-il-karattru-puttinu/|titlu=Imut Dr Philip Farrugia Randon, avukat u awtur li ħoloq il-karattru Puttinu|kunjom=Micallef|isem=Gaetano|data=2026-02-05|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-philip-farrugia-randon.1124083|titlu=Appreciation: Philip Farrugia Randon|kunjom=De Bono|isem=Anthony|data=2026-02-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-15}}</ref> * 5: [[Helen Micallef]], 75, kantanta <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/helen-micallef-eurovision-1972-singer-dies-aged-75.1123643|titlu=Helen Micallef, Eurovision 1972 singer, dies aged 75|kunjom=Bonanno|isem=Matthew|data=2026-02-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-helen-micallef-l-ewwel-maltija-fil-eurovision/|titlu=Tmut Helen Micallef, l-ewwel kantanta Maltija fil-Eurovision|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=5 Frar 2025|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/139589/veteran_singer_helen_micallef_dies_aged_75|titlu=Veteran singer Helen Micallef dies aged 75|kunjom=Meilak|isem=Nicole|data=5 Frar 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/helen-micallef-tinghata-l-ahhar-tislima-ghada-s-sibt/|titlu=Helen Micallef tingħata l-aħħar tislima għada s-Sibt|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=6 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-02-05/local-news/Helen-Micallef-first-Maltese-woman-at-Eurovision-dies-at-75-6736286990|titlu=Helen Micallef, first Maltese woman at Eurovision, dies at 75 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/iccelebrata-l-hajja-tal-kantanta-helen-micallef/|titlu=Iċċelebrata l-ħajja tal-kantanta Helen Micallef|kunjom=Falzon|isem=Anton|data=7 Frar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 8: [[Paul Aquilina]], 94, Ġiżwita Malti bbażat fl-Indja <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-fr-paul-aquilina-l-ahhar-patri-gizwita-malti-fl-indja/|titlu=Imut Fr Paul Aquilina – l-aħħar Ġiżwita Malti fl-Indja|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=8 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/l-ahhar-patri-gizwita-malti-fl-indja-jkanta-l-ghanjiet-tal-milied/|titlu=L-aħħar Patri Ġiżwita Malti fl-Indja jkanta l-Għanjiet tal-Milied|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=25 Diċembru 2025|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/mort-l-indja-biex-narah-jordna-sacerdot-u-kantajt-bil-malti-waqt-il-funeral-ta-fr-aquilina/|titlu=“Mort l-Indja nara żagħżugħ jiġi ordnat qassis, u spiċċajt inkanta bil-Malti fil-funeral ta’ Fr Aquilina”|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=11 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-february-15-2026.1124084|titlu=Announcements – February 15, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-15}}</ref> * 10: [[Lina Brockdorff|Lina Brockdorff,]] 95, kittieba <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/awardwinning-writer-lina-brockdorff-dies-aged-96.1123850|titlu=Novelist and playwright Lina Brockdorff dies aged 95|kunjom=Borg|isem=Emma|data=2026-02-10|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-l-awtrici-lina-brockdorff-fl-eta-ta-95-sena/|titlu=Tmut l-awtriċi Lina Brockdorff fl-età ta' 95 sena|data=2026-02-10|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/thabbret-il-mewt-tax-xandara-u-l-kittieba-lina-brockdorff/|titlu=Tħabbret il-mewt tax-xandara u l-kittieba Lina Brockdorff|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=10 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-02-10/local-news/Maltese-novelist-and-playwright-Lina-Brockdorff-dies-aged-95-6736287109|titlu=Maltese novelist and playwright Lina Brockdorff dies aged 95 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-10}}</ref> * 10: [[Achille Cauchi]], 86, monsinjur Għawdxi, ħu l-Isqof [[Nikol Cauchi]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-monsinjur-achille-cauchi/|titlu=Imut Monsinjur Achille Cauchi|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=11 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://rip.com.mt/obituary/mons-achille-cauchi-10-02-2026|titlu=Mons. Achille Cauchi - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=rip.com.mt|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref> * 15: [[Laurence Grech]], 77, ġurnalist u eks-editur tas-Sunday Times of Malta <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-times-malta-editor-laurence-grech-dies-aged-77.1124107|titlu=Former Times of Malta editor Laurence Grech dies, aged 77|kunjom=Carabott|isem=Sarah|data=2026-02-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-laurence-grech-il-ggant-tal-gurnalizmu-l-eks-editur-tat-times-of-malta/|titlu=Imut Laurence Grech, “il-ġgant tal-ġurnaliżmu”, l-eks-editur tat-Times of Malta|data=15 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-february-16-2026.1124125|titlu=Announcements – February 16, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-16|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://rip.com.mt/obituary/laurence-grech-15-02-2026|titlu=Laurence Grech - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref> * 15: [[Esmeralda Galea Camilleri]], 37, mużiċista <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/hafna-mahsuda-bil-mewt-tal-muzicista-brava-esmeralda-galea-camilleri/|titlu=Ħafna Maħsuda Bil-Mewt Tal-Mużiċista Brava Esmeralda Galea Camilleri|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-02-16|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/kont-titpaxxa-tismaghha-tmut-il-muzicista-esmeralda-galea-camilleri/|titlu=“Kont titpaxxa tismagħha” – tmut il-mużiċista Esmeralda Galea Camilleri|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=16 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 16: [[Mario Bonnici]], 76, kantant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/il-kanzunetta-li-kont-iddedikaktli-se-tibqa-fqalbi-imut-il-kantant-mario-bonnici/|titlu=“Il-kanzunetta li kont iddedikajtli se tibqa’ f’qalbi” – imut il-kantant Mario Bonnici|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 18: [[Julian Attard]], 44, amministratur tal-futbol ma' [[Marsaxlokk FC]] u [[Floriana FC]] (twieled fis-27 ta' Novembru 1981) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sport.timesofmalta.com/2026/02/18/former-marsaxlokk-and-floriana-fc-administrator-julian-attard-dies/|titlu=Former Marsaxlokk and Floriana FC administrator Julian Attard dies|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gianluca|data=2026-02-18|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/hallejtna-kmieni-wisq-habib-imut-julian-attard-tat-tim-tal-futbol-ta-marsaxlokk/|titlu=“Ħallejtna kmieni wisq ħabib” – imut Julian Attard, tat-tim tal-futbol ta’ Marsaxlokk|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=18 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 23: [[Manuel Casha]], 81, mużiċist, kittieb, u folklorista <ref> {{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kittieb-u-muzicist-manuel-casha-fl-awstralja/ |sit=ONEnews|data=24 Frar 2026|isem=Josef|kunjom=Caruana|lingwa=mt|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-kittieb u mużiċist Manuel Casha fl-Awstralja}}</ref> * 28: [[Mario Buhagiar]], 81 professur tal-istorja tal-arti <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/mario-buhagiar-founder-art-history-department-dies-aged-81.1124795|titlu=Mario Buhagiar, founder of art history department dies aged 81|kunjom=Carabott|isem=Sarah|data=2026-03-01|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/03/02/prof-mario-buhagiar/|titlu=Founder of the arts History Department – Professor Mario Buhagiar passes away|kunjom=Fenech|isem=Gerald|data=2 Marzu 2026|sit=The Maltese Herald|lingwa=en}}</ref> == Marzu == * 8: [[Joseph Gatt (Caritas)|Joseph Gatt]], 81, pijunier fir-riabilitazzjoni tad-drogati f'Malta <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/joseph-gatt-drug-rehabilitation-pioneer-dies-aged-81.1125168|titlu=Joseph Gatt, drug rehabilitation pioneer, dies aged 81|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-03-08|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/segwi-meta-konna-fl-infern-habba-d-droga-joe-kien-anglu-kustodju/|titlu=Segwi: “Meta konna fl-infern ħabba d-droga Joe kien anġlu kustodju”|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=9 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 13: [[Luciano Bonello Bianco]], 72, propjetarju ta' Luciano Restaurant <ref>{{Ċita web|url= https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-march-15-2026.1125478 |titlu=Announcements|sit=Times of Malta|data-aċċess=2026-03-15}}</ref> * 21: [[Charles Micallef St John]], 81, kittieb u eks-kunsillier tal-Gżira <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-l-awtur-charles-micallef-st-john/|titlu=Imut l-awtur Charles Micallef St John|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=21 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/03/21/imut-l-awtur-chaf-st-john/|titlu=Imut l-awtur Charles Micallef St. John|kunjom=Balbi|isem=Nicole Sciberras|data=2026-03-21|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-23}}</ref> * 22: [[Calvin Brincat]], 32, parteċipant fil-programm tat-television ''Hazzzard'', kanċer <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-calvin-brincat-li-ggieled-2-tipi-ta-kancer-u-kien-ippartecipa-fhazzzard/|titlu=Imut Calvin Brincat li ġġieled 2 tipi ta' kanċer u kien ipparteċipa f'HazZzard|data=2026-03-23|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-iz-zaghzugh-calvin-brincat-ta-hazzzard/|titlu=Imut iż-żagħżugħ Calvin Brincat ta’ HazZzard|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=23 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tributes-paid-truly-sensitive-soul-cancer-patient-calvin-brincat.1125893|titlu=Tributes paid to 'truly sensitive soul', cancer victim Calvin Brincat|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-03-23|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-23}}</ref> * 29: [[Elio Lombardi]], 92, kittieb u direttur tal-films <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/prolific-filmmaker-author-elio-lombardi-dies-aged-92.1126197|titlu=Prolific film-maker, author Elio Lombardi dies aged 92|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-03-29|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-l-awtur-tal-kotba-u-direttur-tal-films-elio-lombardi/|titlu=Imut l-awtur tal-kotba u direttur tal-films Elio Lombardi|kunjom=Micallef|isem=Gaetano|data=2026-03-29|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/03/29/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-elio-lombardi-fl-eta-ta-92-sena/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt ta' Elio Lombardi fl-età ta' 92 sena|kunjom=Catania|isem=Francesco|data=2026-03-29|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kittieb-u-attur-elio-lombardi-fl-eta-ta-92-sena/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-kittieb u attur Elio Lombardi fl-età ta’ 92 Sena|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Shanaya|data=29 Marzu 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-elio-lombardi-figura-prominenti-fil-films-u-l-letteratura-maltija/|titlu=Imut Elio Lombardi, figura prominenti fil-films u l-letteratura Maltija|kunjom=Cachia|isem=Paul|data=29 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-03-29/local-news/Maltese-author-and-film-director-Elio-Lombardi-dies-aged-92-6736288379|titlu=Maltese author and film director Elio Lombardi dies aged 92 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/thabbar-meta-se-jinghata-l-ahhar-tislima-elio-lombardi/|titlu=Tħabbar meta se jingħata l-aħħar tislima Elio Lombardi|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=1 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/ara-elio-dejjem-gharaf-li-kien-mimli-doni-minn-alla/|titlu=Ara: “Elio dejjem għaraf li kien mimli doni minn Alla”|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=8 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tinghata-l-ahhar-tislima-lil-elio-lombardi-ikona-fid-drama-maltija/|titlu=Tingħata l-aħħar tislima lil Elio Lombardi … ikona fid-drama Maltija|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Enrique|data=8 April 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref> == April == * 2: [[Edmond Zarb]], 81, kittieb u mużiċist <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/04/02/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-muzicist-u-awtur-edmond-zarb/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-mużiċist u awtur Edmond Zarb|kunjom=Catania|isem=Francesco|data=2026-04-02|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tajt-kontribut-lill-kultura-maltija-imut-l-awtur-u-pjanist-edmond-zarb|titlu=“Tajt kontribut lill-kultura Maltija” – imut l-awtur u pjanist Edmond Zarb|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=2 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 6: [[Graziella Castillo]], 47, direttur tal-Aġenzija Appoġġ <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/graziella-castillo-director-agenzija-appogg-dies-aged-47.1126547|titlu=Graziella Castillo, director of Agenzija Appoġġ, dies aged 47|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-04-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-graziella-castillo-direttrici-tal-agenzija-appogg/|titlu=Tmut Graziella Castillo – Direttriċi tal-Aġenzija Appoġġ|data=6 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 11: [[Colin Willis]], 81, eks-kummissajru Awstraljan għal Malta u attur <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-04-13/local-news/Well-known-actor-Colin-Willis-passes-away-aged-81-6736288759|titlu=Well-known actor Colin Willis passes away aged 81 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-13}}</ref> * 12: [[Aurelio Belli]], 49, mużiċist u arranġatur <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/musician-mpo-manager-aurelio-belli-dies-aged-49.1126829|titlu=Musician and MPO manager Aurelio Belli dies, aged 49|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-04-12|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://slippedisc.com/2026/04/malta-mourns-maestro-49/|titlu=Malta mourns maestro, 49|kunjom=lebrecht|isem=Norman|data=12 April 2026|sit=Slipped Disc|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-04-12/local-news/Maestro-Aurelio-Belli-dies-aged-49-6736288731|titlu=Maestro Aurelio Belli dies, aged 49 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/140933/maestro_aurelio_belli_dies_at_49_|titlu=Maestro Aurelio Belli dies at 49|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Juliana|data=12 April 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-il-maestro-aurelio-belli/|titlu=Imut il-Maestro Aurelio Belli|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=12 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-is-surmast-aurelio-belli/|titlu=Imut is-Surmast Aurelio Belli|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-04-12|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-maestro-aurelio-belli-fl-eta-ta-49-sena/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-Maestro Aurelio Belli fl-età ta’ 49 sena|kunjom=Sacco Baldacchino|isem=Kimberley|data=12 April 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/04/12/tithabbar-il-mewt-tas-surmast-aurelio-belli/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tas-Surmast Aurelio Belli|kunjom=Catania|isem=Francesco|data=2026-04-12|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/il-maestro-aurelio-belli-jinghata-l-ahhar-tislima|titlu=Tislima lill-Maestro Aurelio Belli: “Mela s-silenzju b’ħajja ta’ noti”|kunjom=Mamo|isem=Christine|data=18 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 19: [[Desmond Morris]], 98, etoloġista Ingliż li għex f'Malta (1968–1974) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/desmond-morris-famous-zoologist-author-painter-malta-past-dies-98.1127264|titlu=Desmond Morris, famous zoologist, author and painter with Malta past, dies at 98|kunjom=Debono|isem=Fiona Galea|data=2026-04-21|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-21}}</ref> * 24: [[Mary Grech]], 88, attriċi u xandara <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/veteran-actress-mary-grech-dies-aged-88.1127413|titlu=Veteran actress Mary Grech dies aged 88|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-04-24|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-l-attrici-u-prezentatrici-mary-grech/|titlu=Tmut l-attriċi u preżentatriċi Mary Grech|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=24 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-l-eks-prezentattrici-televiziva-mary-grech/|titlu=Tmut l-eks preżentattriċi televiżiva Mary Grech|kunjom=Attard|isem=Francesca|data=2026-04-24|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/04/24/tmut-mary-grech-pijufniera-tax-xandir-u-fost-l-ewwel-ucuh-tat-televizjoni-maltija/|titlu=Tmut Mary Grech, attriċi, pijuniera tax-xandir u fost l-ewwel uċuħ tat-televiżjoni Maltija|kunjom=Abdilla|isem=Raymond|data=2026-04-24|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-24}}</ref> == Mejju == * 1: [[Dolindo Cassar]], 83, xandar u eks-president tas-[[Soċjetà Filarmonika La Stella]] u tat-[[Teatru Astra]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/tislima-lil-dolindo-cassar-li-ghadda-ghall-hajja-ta-dejjem-figura-li-halliet-marka-kbira-fil-kultura-ghawdxija/|titlu=Tislima Lil Dolindo Cassar Li Għadda Għall-Ħajja Ta’ Dejjem - Figura Li Ħalliet Marka Kbira Fil-Kultura Għawdxija|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-05-05|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.stgeorge.org.mt/events/funeral-of-dolindo-cassar/|titlu=Funeral of DOLINDO CASSAR|data=2026-05-03|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-dolindo-cassar.1129615|titlu=Appreciation: Dolindo Cassar|kunjom=Spiteri|isem=Charles|data=2026-06-08|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref> * 14: [[Noel Galea Bason]], 71, skultur <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/05/15/imut-l-artist-noel-galea-bason/|titlu=Imut l-artist Noel Galea Bason|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-15|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/artist-noel-galea-bason-dies-aged-71.1128464|titlu=Artist Noel Galea Bason dies aged 71|kunjom=Carabott|isem=Sarah|data=2026-05-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-noel-galea-bason-furjaniz-moghni-btalenti-artistici-varji/|titlu=Imut Noel Galea Bason, Furjaniż mogħni b’talenti artistiċi varji|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=15 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 19: [[Norbert Ellul Vincenti]], 88, patri Franġiskan, għalliem u kittieb <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/05/19/imut-p-norbert-ellul-vincenti-ofm/|titlu=Imut P. Norbert Ellul Vincenti OFM|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-19|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-patri-norbert-ellul-vincenti/|titlu=Imut Patri Norbert Ellul Vincenti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=19 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 22: [[Franco Fenech]], 47, ko-eredi ta' Tumas Group <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/franco-fenech-22-05-2026|titlu=Franco Fenech - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|data=22 Mejju 2026|sit=www.rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tumas-group-director-franco-fenech-dies.1128869|titlu=Tumas Group heir Franco Fenech dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-22|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/142011/franco_fenech_yorgen_fenechs_older_brother_passes_away|titlu=Franco Fenech, Yorgen Fenech's older brother, passes away|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Matthew|data=22 Mejju 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/05/22/franco-fenech-dies-with-drug-overdose/|titlu=Franco Fenech dies by drug overdose|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Mark|data=2026-05-22|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref> * 26: [[Benny Muscat]], 86, sid ta' diversi ristorant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/goodbye-nonno-renowned-restaurateur-benny-muscat-dies.1129052|titlu='Goodbye Nonno' – renowned restaurateur Benny Muscat dies|kunjom=Debono|isem=Fiona Galea|data=2026-05-26|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-benny-muscat-il-qalb-wara-ta-marija-palazzo-pescatore-u-trattoria-del-nonno/|titlu=Imut Benny Muscat, il-qalb wara Ta’ Marija, Palazzo Pescatore u Trattoria del Nonno|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=26 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://rip.com.mt/obituary/benny-muscat-26-05-2026|titlu=Benny Muscat - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-05-28}}</ref> * 28: [[Rose Riolo]], 90, attriċi <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-l-eks-attrici-rose-riolo/|titlu=Tmut l-eks attriċi Rose Riolo|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=28 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-29-2026.1129195|titlu=Announcements – May 29, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-29|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-29}}</ref> * 28: [[Ray Ghigo Laferla]], ??, imprenditur u DJ <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-ray-ghigo-laferla-eks-dj-tal-griffin-u-fundatur-tal-ghigos-disco/|titlu=Imut Ray Ghigo Laferla, eks DJ tal-Griffin u fundatur tal-Ghigos Disco|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=29 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> == Ġunju == * 4: [[Jonathan Cardona]], 47, eks-CEO tal-[[Enemalta]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-enemalta-ceo-residency-malta-head-jonathan-cardona-dies.1129476|titlu=Former Enemalta CEO, Residency Malta head Jonathan Cardona dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-04|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-eks-kap-ezekuttiv-tal-enemalta-u-residenza-malta-jonathan-cardona/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-eks Kap Eżekuttiv tal-Enemalta u Residenza Malta Jonathan Cardona|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=4 Ġunju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/142318/former_joseph_muscat_aide_jonathan_cardona_passes_away_|titlu=Former Joseph Muscat aide Jonathan Cardona passes away|kunjom=Azzopardi|isem=Karl|data=4 Ġunju 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-l-eks-kap-tal-enemalta-u-tal-programm-tac-cittadinanza-jonathan-cardona/|titlu=Imut l-eks kap tal-Enemalta u tal-programm taċ-ċittadinanza Jonathan Cardona|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=4 Ġunju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/ara-il-pm-jinhasad-bil-mewt-ta-jonathan-cardona-waqt-il-gurament-tal-hatra-tal-membri-tal-kabinett/|titlu=ARA: il-PM jinħasad bil-mewt ta' Jonathan Cardona waqt il-ġurament tal-ħatra tal-membri tal-Kabinett|data=2026-06-04|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-06-04/local-news/CEO-of-Residency-Malta-Agency-Jonathan-Cardona-dies-6736290235|titlu=CEO of Residency Malta Agency, Jonathan Cardona, passes away - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref> * 5: [[Olivia Dow]]: ??, żeffiena u għalliema tal-ballet <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/renowned-ballet-teacher-olivia-dow-dies.1129558|titlu=Renowned ballet teacher Olivia Dow dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-olivia-dow.1129901|titlu=Appreciation: Olivia Dow|kunjom=Chetcuti|isem=Kristina|data=2026-06-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 8: [[Antonio Briguglio]], 91, referee tal-futbol <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/sport/imut-l-ex-referee-internazzjonali-tonio-briguglio/|titlu=Imut l-ex-referee internazzjonali Tonio Briguglio|kunjom=Cossai|isem=Peter|data=2026-06-08|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/sports/football/142408/former_referee_antonio_briguglio_dies_|titlu=Former referee Antonio Briguglio dies|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sport.timesofmalta.com/2026/06/08/maltese-legendary-referee-tonio-briguglio-dies-aged-91/|titlu=Maltese legendary referee Tonio Briguglio dies, aged 91|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Valhmor|data=2026-06-08|sit=SportsDesk|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref> * 14: [[Josephine Xuereb]], ??, attivita u politiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-pn-election-candidate-dies.1129912|titlu=Former PN election candidate dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/14/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-josephine-xuereb/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt ta' Josephine Xuereb|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-14|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-06-14/local-news/Former-PN-candidate-Josephine-Xuereb-dies-6736290504|titlu=Former PN candidate Josephine Xuereb dies|data=14 Ġunju 2026|sit=The Malta Independent|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/17/josephine-xuereb-kienet-mara-li-uzat-it-talenti-taghha-biex-tkattar-il-gid/|titlu="Josephine Xuereb kienet mara li użat it-talenti tagħha biex tkattar il-ġid"|kunjom=Balbi|isem=Nicole Sciberras|data=2026-06-17|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 18: [[Helen Borg]], ??, eks President tal-Kunsill tal-Iskola għat-Tagħlim Tul il-Ħajja u eks Kap tal-Iskola Vincenzo Borg Brared, marda tal-Parkinson's <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/riptmut-helen-borg-eks-president-tal-kunsill-tal-iskola-ghat-taghlim-tul-il-hajja-u-eks-headteacher-ta-birkirkara/|titlu=Tmut Helen Borg, Eks President Tal-Kunsill Tal-Iskola Għat-Tagħlim Tul Il-Ħajja U Eks Headteacher Ta’ Birkirkara|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-06-19|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 21: [[Żeppi l-Ħafi|Joseph Fenech]], 71, kriminal magħruf bħala Żeppi l-Ħafi <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/joseph-fenech-known-zeppi-lhafi-dies-aged-71.1130234|titlu=Joseph Fenech, known as Żeppi l-Ħafi, dies aged 71|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-21|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-joseph-fenech-maghruf-bhal-zeppi-l-hafi/|titlu=Imut Joseph Fenech, magħruf bħal Żeppi l-Ħafi|kunjom=Cachia|isem=Paul|data=21 Ġunju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-joseph-fenech-maghruf-bhala-zeppi-l-hafi/|titlu=Imut Joseph Fenech magħruf bħala Żeppi l-Ħafi|data=2026-06-21|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 22: [[Paul Fenech (kunsilleri)|Paul Fenech]], 79, kunsillier tas-Swieqi, artist u kowċ tal-basketball <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-swieqi-councillor-artist-basketball-coach-paul-fenech-dies.1130293|titlu=Former Swieqi councillor, artist and basketball coach, Paul Fenech dies aged 79|kunjom=Magri|isem=Giulia|data=2026-06-22|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/22/il-pn-isellem-il-memorja-ta-paul-fenech-li-serva-ghal-snin-twal-bhala-kunsillier-lokali-tal-pn-fi-swieqi/|titlu=Il-PN isellem il-memorja ta' Paul Fenech li serva għal snin twal bħala kunsillier lokali tal-PN fi Swieqi|kunjom=Borg|isem=Maria|data=2026-06-22|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/paul-fenech-22-06-2026|titlu=Paul Fenech - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=www.rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-25}}</ref> * 29: [[Antoinette Miggiani]], 88, sopran u għalliema tal-kant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-is-sopran-u-ghallieam-tal-kant-antoinette-miggiani/|titlu=Tmut is-sopran u għalliema tal-kant Antoinette Miggiani|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-29|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/29/thabbret-il-mewt-tas-sopran-u-ghalliema-tal-kant-antoinette-miggiani/|titlu=Tħabbret il-mewt tas-sopran u għalliema tal-kant Antoinette Miggiani|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-29|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/antoinette-miggiani-soprano-teacher-dies-aged-88.1130669|titlu=Antoinette Miggiani, soprano, teacher dies aged 88|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-29|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-06-29/local-news/Renowned-Maltese-soprano-and-vocal-teacher-Antoinette-Miggiani-dies-aged-88-6736290961|titlu=Renowned Maltese soprano and vocal teacher Antoinette Miggiani dies aged 88|data=29 June 2026|sit=The Malta Independent|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/antoinette-miggiani-29-06-2026|titlu=Antoinette Miggiani|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|data=30 Ġunju 2026|sit=RIP.com.mt|lingwa=rn}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-antoinette-miggiani-19372026.1130913|titlu=Appreciation: Antoinette Miggiani (1937-2026)|kunjom=Said|isem=Mark|data=2026-07-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-05}}</ref> == Lulju == * 1: [[John Ripard Snr]], 96, baħħar Olimpiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-07-01/local-news/Sailing-icon-and-RMYC-Honorary-President-John-Ripard-Snr-Passes-Away-6736291009|titlu=Sailing icon and RMYC Honorary President John Ripard Snr dies, aged 96 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/john-ripard-snr-cofounder-rolex-middle-sea-race-dies-aged-96.1130762|titlu=John Ripard Snr, Olympian and co-founder of Rolex Middle Sea Race, dies aged 96|kunjom=Bonanno|isem=Matthew|data=2026-07-01|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/01/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-john-ripard-pijunier-tal-ibburdjar-fmalta/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt ta' John Ripard...pijunier tal-ibburdjar f'Malta|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-01|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-july-3-2026.1130831|titlu=Announcements – July 3, 2026|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/john-c-ripard-01-07-2026|titlu=John C Ripard|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=RIP.com.mt|lingwa=en}}</ref> * 3: [[Carmen Vella]], 79, kantanta u xandara <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-carmen-vella-li-kienet-kantanta-u-xandara-ma-radju-malta/|titlu=Tmut Carmen Vella li kienet kantanta u xandara ma’ Radju Malta|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kantanta-u-xandara-carmen-vella/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-kantanta u xandara Carmen Vella|kunjom=Cini|isem=Luana|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-il-kantanta-carmen-vella/|titlu=Tmut il-kantanta Carmen Vella|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/kelli-x-xorti-nipprezenta-maghha-ghal-diversi-snin-il-programm-tar-radju-maltin-biss-in-neputija-bmessagg-lil-carmen-vella-li-hallietna/|titlu=“Kelli X-Xorti Nippreżenta Magħha Għal Diversi Snin Il-Programm Tar-Radju Maltin Biss” – In-Neputija B’Messaġġ Lil Carmen Vella Li Ħallietna|kunjom=Grech|isem=Matthea|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/04/farewell-carmen-vella-another-icon-of-the-maltese-song-scene-passes-away/|titlu=Farewell Carmen Vella - another icon of the Maltese song scene passes away|kunjom=Fenech|isem=Gerald|data=2026-07-04|sit=The Maltese Herald|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260704130639/https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/04/farewell-carmen-vella-another-icon-of-the-maltese-song-scene-passes-away/|arkivju-data=2026-07-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sliema.news/local/carmen-vella-sliema-cabaret-legend-dies-at-79/|titlu=Carmen Vella, Sliema Cabaret Legend, Dies at 79|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Paul|data=2026-07-04|sit=sliema.news|lingwa=en-MT|data-aċċess=2026-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-july-6-2026.1130957|titlu=Announcements – July 6, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.mt/obituary/carmen-portanier-03-07-2026|titlu=Carmen Portanier - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=www.rip.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-08}}</ref> * 14: [[Ryan Spiteri]], 47, DJ, avvelenament aċċidentali mill-monossidu tal-karbonju <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/two-found-dead-parked-car-marsascala.1131404|titlu=Two found dead in parked car in Marsascala|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/dj-woman-died-accidental-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-probe-indicates.1131419|titlu=DJ and woman died of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Mark Laurence|data=2026-07-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tributes-dj-ryan-spiteri-following-sudden-death.1131405|titlu=Tributes to DJ Ryan Spiteri after he is found dead in car with woman|kunjom=Magri|isem=Giulia|data=2026-07-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/ryan-spiteri-and-woman-believed-to-have-died-from-carbon-monoxide-poisoning/|titlu=Ryan Spiteri And Woman Believed To Have Died From Carbon Monoxide Poisoning|kunjom=Falzon|isem=Gabriel|data=2026-07-15|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/police-confirm-ryan-spiteri-and-woman-died-from-accidental-carbon-monoxide-poisoning/|titlu=Police Confirm Ryan Spiteri And Woman Died From Accidental Carbon Monoxide Poisoning|kunjom=Falzon|isem=Gabriel|data=2026-07-15|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/l-investigazzjoni-fil-mewt-taz-zewg-persuni-fkarozza-tindika-li-sehh-b-avvelenament-accidentali/|titlu=L-awtopsja turi li ż-żewġ persuni f'karozza f'Wied il-Għajn mietu b' avvelenament aċċidentali|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-15|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/ragel-u-mara-jinstabu-mejta-fgaraxx-fwied-il-ghajn-eskluz-omicidju/|titlu=AĠĠORNAT: DJ Ryan Spiteri u mara ta' 41 sena jinstabu mejta f'garaxx f'Wied il-Għajn – eskluż omiċidju|data=2026-07-14|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tad-dj-mahbub-ryan-spiteri/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tad-DJ maħbub Ryan Spiteri|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Shanaya|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/il-prim-ministru-jsellem-il-memorja-ta-ryan-spiteri/|titlu=Il-Prim Ministru jsellem il-memorja ta’ Ryan Spiteri|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Shanaya|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/15/ragel-umara-jinstabu-mejta-fkarozza/|titlu="Mhu se ninsewk qatt" - qraba u ħbieb isellmu lil Ryan Spiteri wara l-mewt tiegħu|kunjom=Balbi|isem=Nicole Sciberras|data=2026-07-15|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/15/l-investigaturi-jemmnu-li-mietu-avvelenati-bil-carbon-monoxide-mill-ac-tal-karozza/|titlu=L-investigaturi jemmnu li mietu avvelenati bil-carbon monoxide mill-AC tal-karozza|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-15|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/eluf-ixxukkjati-bil-mewt-tad-dj-ryan-spiteri/|titlu=Eluf ixxukkjati bil-mewt tad-DJ Ryan Spiteri|kunjom=Gauci|isem=Francesca|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/mara-u-ragel-jinstabu-mejta-fkarozza-pparkjata-fmarsaskala/|titlu=DJ u mara jmutu “b’avvelenament tal-monossidu tal-karbonju b’mod aċċidentali”|kunjom=Attard|isem=Charmaine|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/hafna-mbikkma-u-mahsuda-bil-mewt-tad-dj-mahbub-ryan-spiteri-strieh-fis-sliem/|titlu=Ħafna Mbikkma U Maħsuda Bil-Mewt Tad-DJ Maħbub Ryan Spiteri - Strieħ Fis-Sliem|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-07-14|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/court_and_police/143172/two_found_dead_in_car_in_marsaskala1|titlu=DJ Ryan Spiteri and woman died from carbon monoxide poisoning, death considered accidental|kunjom=Sansone|isem=Kurt|data=15 July 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/ara-id-dj-ryan-spiteri-jinghata-l-ahhar-tislima/|titlu=Ara: Id-DJ Ryan Spiteri jingħata l-aħħar tislima|kunjom=Gauci|isem=Francesca|data=18 July 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 28: [[Anthony Spiteri]], ??, eks-membru tas-sigurtà tal-MFA <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/28/imut-anthony-spiteri-imlaqqam-bhala-jerry-lewis-li-ghal-snin-twal-hadem-bhala-membru-tas-sigurta-tal-mfa/|titlu=Imut Anthony Spiteri, imlaqqam bħala 'Jerry Lewis', li għal snin twal ħadem bħala membru tas-sigurtà tal-MFA|kunjom=Micallef|isem=Christian|data=2026-07-28|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-28}}</ref> == Awwissu == * 11: [[Norman Hamilton]], 85, xandar u negozjant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/veteran-broadcaster-norman-hamilton-dies-aged-85.1132535|titlu=Veteran broadcaster Norman Hamilton dies aged 85|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-11|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/kien-pedament-tax-xandir-fpajjizna-l-ewwel-reazzjonijiet-wara-l-mewt-tax-xandar-veteran-norman-hamilton/|titlu=“Kien pedament tax-xandir f’pajjiżna” – l-ewwel reazzjonijiet wara l-mewt tax-xandar veteran Norman Hamilton|data=11 Awwissu 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/il-prim-ministru-u-l-partit-laburista-jsellmu-l-memorja-ta-norman-hamilton/|titlu=Il-Prim Ministru u l-Partit Laburista jsellmu l-memorja ta’ Norman Hamilton|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=11 Awwissu 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-norman-hamilton-pijunier-tax-xandir-fmalta/|titlu=Imut Norman Hamilton, pijunier tax-xandir f’Malta|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-11|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/norman-hamilton-imut-fl-eta-ta-85-sena/|titlu=Norman Hamilton imut fl-età ta’ 85 sena|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=11 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-08-11/local-news/Veteran-broadcaster-Norman-Hamilton-dies-aged-85-6736292052|titlu=Veteran broadcaster Norman Hamilton dies aged 85 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/08/11/thabbret-il-mewt-tal-eks-prezentatur-televiziv-norman-hamilton-fl-eta-ta-85-sena/|titlu=Tħabbret il-mewt tal-eks preżentatur televiżiv Norman Hamilton fl-età ta' 85 sena|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-11|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/143727/veteran_broadcaster_and_former_ambassador_norman_hamilton_dead_at_85|titlu=Veteran broadcaster and former ambassador Norman Hamilton dead at 85|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-august-13-2026.1132660|titlu=Announcements – August 13, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-13|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/l-ikbar-vokazzjoni-ta-norman-kienet-il-familja/|titlu=Ara: “L-ikbar vokazzjoni ta’ Norman kienet il-familja”|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=14 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 13: [[Raymond Chetcuti]], 66, eks-Direttur Ġenerali fil-qasam soċjali <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-raymond-chetcuti-ex-direttur-generali-fil-qasam-socjali-fl-eta-ta-66-sena/|titlu=Imut Raymond Chetcuti, ex Direttur Ġenerali fil-qasam soċjali fl-età ta' 66 sena|data=2026-08-13|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/ragel-umli-ta-qalb-kbira-u-bgentilezza-li-ma-tinsa-qatt-imut-raymond-chetcuti/|titlu=“Raġel umli, ta’ qalb kbira u b’ġentilezza li ma tinsa qatt”: imut Raymond Chetcuti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=13 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 16: [[Charles Demicoli]], 80, eks-spettur tal-pulizija u attivist politiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/ex-police-inspector-pn-activist-charles-demicoli-dies-aged-80.1132824|titlu=Ex police inspector and PN activist Charles Demicoli dies aged 80|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-16|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/08/16/il-pn-isellem-il-memorja-ta-charles-demicoli/|titlu=Il-PN isellem il-memorja ta’ Charles Demicoli|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-16|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-16}}</ref> * 17: [[Lino Cauchi (mużiċist)|Lino Cauchi]], 76, mużiċist (twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Ara aktar == * [[:Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026]] - tinkludi ħoloq għal artikli fil-Wikipedija dwar nies li mietu fl-2026 == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}} [[Kategorija:Nies Maltin]] [[Kategorija:2026 f'Malta]] [[Kategorija:Imwiet f'Malta]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026|*]] [[Kategorija:Listi ta' mwiet bis-sena]] bk8f585uysrko4daqtd60zabtx8dn4a 331534 331501 2026-08-17T17:04:35Z ToniSant 4257 /* Awwissu */ +John Lowell 331534 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Din hija lista ta' nies notevoli Maltin li mietu fl-2026.''' F'din il-lista jidhru biss ismijiet ta' nies li l-mewt tagħhom hija kkonfermata peremezz ta' rapport/i minn sorsi verifikabbli. Żidiet bla referenza għal sors verifikabbli jitneħħew minn hawn u jitpoġġew fil-[[Diskussjoni:Nies Maltin li mietu fl-2026|paġna ta' diskussjoni]] sakemm jiġu verifikati sew. Dwar kull persuna jinġabru biss dawn id-dettalji hawn: * Data: Isem u Kunjom, età (jew "??" meta din mhux magħrufa), għal xiex inhi magħrufa l-persuna, kawża tal-mewt (m'għandu jiddaħħal xejn meta mhux magħrufa uffiċjalment) - tagħrif ieħor f'każ ta' persuna li mhux inkluża f'Wikidata (eż. data tat-twelid), referenzi (għandu jkun hemm aktar minn waħda f'każ ta' nies aktar notevoli) '''''Nota:''' id-data tal-mewt m'għandix tkun dik ta' meta tħabbret imma ta' meta seħħet.'' ---- == Jannar == * 2: [[Tony Carr]], 98, mużiċist <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tony-carr-pioneering-maltese-jazz-drummer-dies.1121949|titlu=Tony Carr, Maltese jazz drummer to the stars, dies|kunjom=Borg|isem=Emma|data=2026-01-02|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/il-perkussjonist-tony-carr-george-caruana-jmut-fl-eta-ta-98-sena/|titlu=Il-perkussjonist Tony Carr (George Caruana) jmut fl-età ta’ 98 sena|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=2 Jannar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/01/02/tony-carr-passes-away/|titlu=Renowned Maltese drummer, Tony Carr, passes away aged 98|kunjom=Fenech|isem=Gerald|data=2026-01-02|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/138938/maltese_jazz_great_tony_carr_dies_aged_98|titlu=Maltese jazz great Tony Carr dies aged 98|kunjom=Meilak|isem=Nicole|data=2 Jannar 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-01-02/local-news/Maltese-jazz-legend-Tony-Carr-passes-away-aged-98-6736286044|titlu=Maltese jazz legend, Tony Carr, passes away aged 98 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-ta-98-sena-d-drummer-malti-tony-carr/|titlu=Imut ta' 98 sena d-drummer Malti Tony Carr|data=2026-01-02|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/imut-ta-98-sena-d-drummer-famuz-malti-tony-carr-li-daqq-mal-akbar-stilel-muzikali/|titlu=Imut ta’ 98 sena d-drummer famuż Malti Tony Carr li daqq mal-akbar stilel mużikali|kunjom=Caruana|isem=Josef|data=3 Jannar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.melodija.eu/post/tony-carr-george-caruana-maltese-jazz-pioneer-dies-at-98|titlu=Tony Carr (George Caruana): Maltese Jazz Pioneer Dies at 98|kunjom=Mifsud|isem=Noel|data=2026-01-05|sit=Melodija|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/fond-tribute-on-death-of-drummer-who-played-with-the-greats-5465983|titlu=Fond tribute on death of drummer who played with the greats|kunjom=Hewitt|isem=Phil|data=2026-01-10|sit=SussexWorld|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-10}}</ref> * 5: [[George Spiteri]], 90, mużiċist u l-ewwel leader tal-[[Orkestra Filarmonika ta' Malta]] (twieled: 20 ta’ Lulju 1935) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-january-6-2026.1122080|titlu=Announcements − January 6, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-george-spiteri-l-ewwel-leader-tal-orkestra-filarmonika-ta-malta/|titlu=Imut George Spiteri, l-ewwel leader tal-Orkestra Filarmonika ta’ Malta|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=6 Jannar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1540894257190704/?t=49|titlu=MPO: Protagonisti - George Spiteri|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Joe Julian|data=6 Jannar 2026|sit=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/a-real-gentleman-good-musician-violinist-george-spiteri-dies-aged-90.1122103|titlu='A real gentleman': trailblazing violinist George Spiteri dies at 90|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-01-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-06}}</ref> * 6: [[Thomas Farrell]], 89, għalliem u l-ewwel sindku ta' Ħaż Żabbar <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/thomas-farrell-first-mayor-zabbar-dies-aged-89.1122141|titlu=Thomas Farrell, first mayor of Żabbar, dies aged 89|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-07|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-07}}</ref> * 14: [[Paul Chetcuti Caruana]], 77, tabib u politiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-eks-deputat-laburista-t-tabib-paul-chetcuti-caruana/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-eks Deputat Laburista t-Tabib Paul Chetcuti Caruana|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=14 Jannar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-mp-paul-chetcuti-caruana-dies.1122497|titlu=Mosta doctor Paul Chetcuti Caruana, targeted by 1977 letter bomb, dies aged 77|kunjom=Calleja|isem=Claudia|data=2026-01-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-01-14/local-news/Paul-Chetcuti-Caruana-who-survived-letter-bomb-attempt-in-1977-dies-6736286334|titlu=Paul Chetcuti Caruana, who survived letter-bomb attempt in 1977, dies - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-15}}</ref> <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/parliament-pays-tribute-mosta-doctor-pl-mp-paul-chetcuti-caruana.1123482|titlu=Parliament pays tribute to Mosta doctor and PL MP Paul Chetcuti Caruana|kunjom=Magri|isem=Giulia|data=2026-02-02|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-02}}</ref> * 20: [[Matthew Wismayer]], 53, fundatur ta' Schools for Africa (Malta) Foundation <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/matthew-wismayer-schools-africa-foundation-entrepreneur-dies.1122791|titlu=Matthew Wismayer, who turned a cancer diagnosis into inspiration, dies aged 53|kunjom=Debono|isem=Fiona Galea|data=2026-01-20|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-matthew-wismayer-il-mohh-wara-progett-biex-jigu-meghjuna-tfal-fl-afrika/|titlu=Imut Matthew Wismayer, il-moħħ wara proġett biex jiġu megħjuna tfal fl-Afrika|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-20|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/malta/founder-of-prince-princess-malta-matthew-wismayer-passes-away/|titlu=Founder Of 'Prince & Princess Malta' Matthew Wismayer Passes Away|kunjom=Spiteri|isem=Rebecca Scalvini|data=2026-01-20|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whoswho.mt/en/matthew-wismayer-passes-away-aged-53|titlu=Maltese Entrepreneur Matthew Wismayer passes away at 53|sit=whoswho.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-january-21-2026.1122811|titlu=Announcements – January 21, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-21|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref> * 20: [[George Callus]], 88, ko-fundatur tal-Comtec (twieled: 8 ta' Settembru 1937) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whoswho.mt/en/comtec-co-founder-george-callus-has-passed-away|titlu=Comtec Co-Founder George Callus has passed away|sit=whoswho.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-ir-ragel-ta-amy-callus-orlando-mrs-axiak-ta-simpatici/|titlu=Imut ir-raġel ta’ Amy Callus Orlando, Mrs Axiak ta’ Simpatiċi|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=21 Jannar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/nimmissjak-immens-ghaziz-l-attrici-amy-callus-thabbar-it-telfa-ta-zewgha-george/|titlu="Nimmissjak Immens, Għażiż" - L-Attriċi Amy Callus Tħabbar It-Telfa Ta' Żewġha George|kunjom=Zarb|isem=Kyle|data=2026-01-22|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-january-23-2026.1122923|titlu=Announcements – January 23, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-23|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Frar == * 4: [[Alfred Abela]], 80, eks-assistent kummissarju tal-pulizija <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-eks-assistent-kummissarju-tal-pulizija-alfred-abela/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-eks Assistent Kummissarju tal-Pulizija Alfred Abela|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=4 Frar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 5: [[Philip Farrugia Randon]], 76, avukat u kittieb li ħoloq il-karattru ta' Puttinu <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/dedicated-patriot-philip-farrugia-randon-dies.1123612|titlu='Dedicated patriot' Philip Farrugia Randon dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-february-6-2026.1123652|titlu=Announcements − February 6, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-dr-philip-farrugia-randon-avukat-u-awtur-li-holoq-il-karattru-puttinu/|titlu=Imut Dr Philip Farrugia Randon, avukat u awtur li ħoloq il-karattru Puttinu|kunjom=Micallef|isem=Gaetano|data=2026-02-05|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-philip-farrugia-randon.1124083|titlu=Appreciation: Philip Farrugia Randon|kunjom=De Bono|isem=Anthony|data=2026-02-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-15}}</ref> * 5: [[Helen Micallef]], 75, kantanta <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/helen-micallef-eurovision-1972-singer-dies-aged-75.1123643|titlu=Helen Micallef, Eurovision 1972 singer, dies aged 75|kunjom=Bonanno|isem=Matthew|data=2026-02-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-helen-micallef-l-ewwel-maltija-fil-eurovision/|titlu=Tmut Helen Micallef, l-ewwel kantanta Maltija fil-Eurovision|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=5 Frar 2025|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/139589/veteran_singer_helen_micallef_dies_aged_75|titlu=Veteran singer Helen Micallef dies aged 75|kunjom=Meilak|isem=Nicole|data=5 Frar 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/helen-micallef-tinghata-l-ahhar-tislima-ghada-s-sibt/|titlu=Helen Micallef tingħata l-aħħar tislima għada s-Sibt|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=6 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-02-05/local-news/Helen-Micallef-first-Maltese-woman-at-Eurovision-dies-at-75-6736286990|titlu=Helen Micallef, first Maltese woman at Eurovision, dies at 75 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/iccelebrata-l-hajja-tal-kantanta-helen-micallef/|titlu=Iċċelebrata l-ħajja tal-kantanta Helen Micallef|kunjom=Falzon|isem=Anton|data=7 Frar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 8: [[Paul Aquilina]], 94, Ġiżwita Malti bbażat fl-Indja <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-fr-paul-aquilina-l-ahhar-patri-gizwita-malti-fl-indja/|titlu=Imut Fr Paul Aquilina – l-aħħar Ġiżwita Malti fl-Indja|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=8 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/l-ahhar-patri-gizwita-malti-fl-indja-jkanta-l-ghanjiet-tal-milied/|titlu=L-aħħar Patri Ġiżwita Malti fl-Indja jkanta l-Għanjiet tal-Milied|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=25 Diċembru 2025|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/mort-l-indja-biex-narah-jordna-sacerdot-u-kantajt-bil-malti-waqt-il-funeral-ta-fr-aquilina/|titlu=“Mort l-Indja nara żagħżugħ jiġi ordnat qassis, u spiċċajt inkanta bil-Malti fil-funeral ta’ Fr Aquilina”|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=11 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-february-15-2026.1124084|titlu=Announcements – February 15, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-15}}</ref> * 10: [[Lina Brockdorff|Lina Brockdorff,]] 95, kittieba <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/awardwinning-writer-lina-brockdorff-dies-aged-96.1123850|titlu=Novelist and playwright Lina Brockdorff dies aged 95|kunjom=Borg|isem=Emma|data=2026-02-10|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-l-awtrici-lina-brockdorff-fl-eta-ta-95-sena/|titlu=Tmut l-awtriċi Lina Brockdorff fl-età ta' 95 sena|data=2026-02-10|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/thabbret-il-mewt-tax-xandara-u-l-kittieba-lina-brockdorff/|titlu=Tħabbret il-mewt tax-xandara u l-kittieba Lina Brockdorff|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=10 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-02-10/local-news/Maltese-novelist-and-playwright-Lina-Brockdorff-dies-aged-95-6736287109|titlu=Maltese novelist and playwright Lina Brockdorff dies aged 95 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-10}}</ref> * 10: [[Achille Cauchi]], 86, monsinjur Għawdxi, ħu l-Isqof [[Nikol Cauchi]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-monsinjur-achille-cauchi/|titlu=Imut Monsinjur Achille Cauchi|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=11 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://rip.com.mt/obituary/mons-achille-cauchi-10-02-2026|titlu=Mons. Achille Cauchi - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=rip.com.mt|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref> * 15: [[Laurence Grech]], 77, ġurnalist u eks-editur tas-Sunday Times of Malta <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-times-malta-editor-laurence-grech-dies-aged-77.1124107|titlu=Former Times of Malta editor Laurence Grech dies, aged 77|kunjom=Carabott|isem=Sarah|data=2026-02-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-laurence-grech-il-ggant-tal-gurnalizmu-l-eks-editur-tat-times-of-malta/|titlu=Imut Laurence Grech, “il-ġgant tal-ġurnaliżmu”, l-eks-editur tat-Times of Malta|data=15 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-february-16-2026.1124125|titlu=Announcements – February 16, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-16|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://rip.com.mt/obituary/laurence-grech-15-02-2026|titlu=Laurence Grech - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref> * 15: [[Esmeralda Galea Camilleri]], 37, mużiċista <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/hafna-mahsuda-bil-mewt-tal-muzicista-brava-esmeralda-galea-camilleri/|titlu=Ħafna Maħsuda Bil-Mewt Tal-Mużiċista Brava Esmeralda Galea Camilleri|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-02-16|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/kont-titpaxxa-tismaghha-tmut-il-muzicista-esmeralda-galea-camilleri/|titlu=“Kont titpaxxa tismagħha” – tmut il-mużiċista Esmeralda Galea Camilleri|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=16 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 16: [[Mario Bonnici]], 76, kantant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/il-kanzunetta-li-kont-iddedikaktli-se-tibqa-fqalbi-imut-il-kantant-mario-bonnici/|titlu=“Il-kanzunetta li kont iddedikajtli se tibqa’ f’qalbi” – imut il-kantant Mario Bonnici|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 18: [[Julian Attard]], 44, amministratur tal-futbol ma' [[Marsaxlokk FC]] u [[Floriana FC]] (twieled fis-27 ta' Novembru 1981) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sport.timesofmalta.com/2026/02/18/former-marsaxlokk-and-floriana-fc-administrator-julian-attard-dies/|titlu=Former Marsaxlokk and Floriana FC administrator Julian Attard dies|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gianluca|data=2026-02-18|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/hallejtna-kmieni-wisq-habib-imut-julian-attard-tat-tim-tal-futbol-ta-marsaxlokk/|titlu=“Ħallejtna kmieni wisq ħabib” – imut Julian Attard, tat-tim tal-futbol ta’ Marsaxlokk|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=18 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 23: [[Manuel Casha]], 81, mużiċist, kittieb, u folklorista <ref> {{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kittieb-u-muzicist-manuel-casha-fl-awstralja/ |sit=ONEnews|data=24 Frar 2026|isem=Josef|kunjom=Caruana|lingwa=mt|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-kittieb u mużiċist Manuel Casha fl-Awstralja}}</ref> * 28: [[Mario Buhagiar]], 81 professur tal-istorja tal-arti <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/mario-buhagiar-founder-art-history-department-dies-aged-81.1124795|titlu=Mario Buhagiar, founder of art history department dies aged 81|kunjom=Carabott|isem=Sarah|data=2026-03-01|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/03/02/prof-mario-buhagiar/|titlu=Founder of the arts History Department – Professor Mario Buhagiar passes away|kunjom=Fenech|isem=Gerald|data=2 Marzu 2026|sit=The Maltese Herald|lingwa=en}}</ref> == Marzu == * 8: [[Joseph Gatt (Caritas)|Joseph Gatt]], 81, pijunier fir-riabilitazzjoni tad-drogati f'Malta <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/joseph-gatt-drug-rehabilitation-pioneer-dies-aged-81.1125168|titlu=Joseph Gatt, drug rehabilitation pioneer, dies aged 81|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-03-08|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/segwi-meta-konna-fl-infern-habba-d-droga-joe-kien-anglu-kustodju/|titlu=Segwi: “Meta konna fl-infern ħabba d-droga Joe kien anġlu kustodju”|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=9 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 13: [[Luciano Bonello Bianco]], 72, propjetarju ta' Luciano Restaurant <ref>{{Ċita web|url= https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-march-15-2026.1125478 |titlu=Announcements|sit=Times of Malta|data-aċċess=2026-03-15}}</ref> * 21: [[Charles Micallef St John]], 81, kittieb u eks-kunsillier tal-Gżira <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-l-awtur-charles-micallef-st-john/|titlu=Imut l-awtur Charles Micallef St John|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=21 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/03/21/imut-l-awtur-chaf-st-john/|titlu=Imut l-awtur Charles Micallef St. John|kunjom=Balbi|isem=Nicole Sciberras|data=2026-03-21|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-23}}</ref> * 22: [[Calvin Brincat]], 32, parteċipant fil-programm tat-television ''Hazzzard'', kanċer <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-calvin-brincat-li-ggieled-2-tipi-ta-kancer-u-kien-ippartecipa-fhazzzard/|titlu=Imut Calvin Brincat li ġġieled 2 tipi ta' kanċer u kien ipparteċipa f'HazZzard|data=2026-03-23|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-iz-zaghzugh-calvin-brincat-ta-hazzzard/|titlu=Imut iż-żagħżugħ Calvin Brincat ta’ HazZzard|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=23 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tributes-paid-truly-sensitive-soul-cancer-patient-calvin-brincat.1125893|titlu=Tributes paid to 'truly sensitive soul', cancer victim Calvin Brincat|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-03-23|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-23}}</ref> * 29: [[Elio Lombardi]], 92, kittieb u direttur tal-films <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/prolific-filmmaker-author-elio-lombardi-dies-aged-92.1126197|titlu=Prolific film-maker, author Elio Lombardi dies aged 92|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-03-29|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-l-awtur-tal-kotba-u-direttur-tal-films-elio-lombardi/|titlu=Imut l-awtur tal-kotba u direttur tal-films Elio Lombardi|kunjom=Micallef|isem=Gaetano|data=2026-03-29|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/03/29/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-elio-lombardi-fl-eta-ta-92-sena/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt ta' Elio Lombardi fl-età ta' 92 sena|kunjom=Catania|isem=Francesco|data=2026-03-29|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kittieb-u-attur-elio-lombardi-fl-eta-ta-92-sena/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-kittieb u attur Elio Lombardi fl-età ta’ 92 Sena|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Shanaya|data=29 Marzu 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-elio-lombardi-figura-prominenti-fil-films-u-l-letteratura-maltija/|titlu=Imut Elio Lombardi, figura prominenti fil-films u l-letteratura Maltija|kunjom=Cachia|isem=Paul|data=29 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-03-29/local-news/Maltese-author-and-film-director-Elio-Lombardi-dies-aged-92-6736288379|titlu=Maltese author and film director Elio Lombardi dies aged 92 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/thabbar-meta-se-jinghata-l-ahhar-tislima-elio-lombardi/|titlu=Tħabbar meta se jingħata l-aħħar tislima Elio Lombardi|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=1 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/ara-elio-dejjem-gharaf-li-kien-mimli-doni-minn-alla/|titlu=Ara: “Elio dejjem għaraf li kien mimli doni minn Alla”|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=8 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tinghata-l-ahhar-tislima-lil-elio-lombardi-ikona-fid-drama-maltija/|titlu=Tingħata l-aħħar tislima lil Elio Lombardi … ikona fid-drama Maltija|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Enrique|data=8 April 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref> == April == * 2: [[Edmond Zarb]], 81, kittieb u mużiċist <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/04/02/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-muzicist-u-awtur-edmond-zarb/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-mużiċist u awtur Edmond Zarb|kunjom=Catania|isem=Francesco|data=2026-04-02|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tajt-kontribut-lill-kultura-maltija-imut-l-awtur-u-pjanist-edmond-zarb|titlu=“Tajt kontribut lill-kultura Maltija” – imut l-awtur u pjanist Edmond Zarb|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=2 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 6: [[Graziella Castillo]], 47, direttur tal-Aġenzija Appoġġ <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/graziella-castillo-director-agenzija-appogg-dies-aged-47.1126547|titlu=Graziella Castillo, director of Agenzija Appoġġ, dies aged 47|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-04-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-graziella-castillo-direttrici-tal-agenzija-appogg/|titlu=Tmut Graziella Castillo – Direttriċi tal-Aġenzija Appoġġ|data=6 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 11: [[Colin Willis]], 81, eks-kummissajru Awstraljan għal Malta u attur <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-04-13/local-news/Well-known-actor-Colin-Willis-passes-away-aged-81-6736288759|titlu=Well-known actor Colin Willis passes away aged 81 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-13}}</ref> * 12: [[Aurelio Belli]], 49, mużiċist u arranġatur <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/musician-mpo-manager-aurelio-belli-dies-aged-49.1126829|titlu=Musician and MPO manager Aurelio Belli dies, aged 49|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-04-12|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://slippedisc.com/2026/04/malta-mourns-maestro-49/|titlu=Malta mourns maestro, 49|kunjom=lebrecht|isem=Norman|data=12 April 2026|sit=Slipped Disc|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-04-12/local-news/Maestro-Aurelio-Belli-dies-aged-49-6736288731|titlu=Maestro Aurelio Belli dies, aged 49 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/140933/maestro_aurelio_belli_dies_at_49_|titlu=Maestro Aurelio Belli dies at 49|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Juliana|data=12 April 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-il-maestro-aurelio-belli/|titlu=Imut il-Maestro Aurelio Belli|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=12 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-is-surmast-aurelio-belli/|titlu=Imut is-Surmast Aurelio Belli|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-04-12|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-maestro-aurelio-belli-fl-eta-ta-49-sena/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-Maestro Aurelio Belli fl-età ta’ 49 sena|kunjom=Sacco Baldacchino|isem=Kimberley|data=12 April 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/04/12/tithabbar-il-mewt-tas-surmast-aurelio-belli/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tas-Surmast Aurelio Belli|kunjom=Catania|isem=Francesco|data=2026-04-12|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/il-maestro-aurelio-belli-jinghata-l-ahhar-tislima|titlu=Tislima lill-Maestro Aurelio Belli: “Mela s-silenzju b’ħajja ta’ noti”|kunjom=Mamo|isem=Christine|data=18 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 19: [[Desmond Morris]], 98, etoloġista Ingliż li għex f'Malta (1968–1974) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/desmond-morris-famous-zoologist-author-painter-malta-past-dies-98.1127264|titlu=Desmond Morris, famous zoologist, author and painter with Malta past, dies at 98|kunjom=Debono|isem=Fiona Galea|data=2026-04-21|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-21}}</ref> * 24: [[Mary Grech]], 88, attriċi u xandara <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/veteran-actress-mary-grech-dies-aged-88.1127413|titlu=Veteran actress Mary Grech dies aged 88|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-04-24|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-l-attrici-u-prezentatrici-mary-grech/|titlu=Tmut l-attriċi u preżentatriċi Mary Grech|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=24 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-l-eks-prezentattrici-televiziva-mary-grech/|titlu=Tmut l-eks preżentattriċi televiżiva Mary Grech|kunjom=Attard|isem=Francesca|data=2026-04-24|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/04/24/tmut-mary-grech-pijufniera-tax-xandir-u-fost-l-ewwel-ucuh-tat-televizjoni-maltija/|titlu=Tmut Mary Grech, attriċi, pijuniera tax-xandir u fost l-ewwel uċuħ tat-televiżjoni Maltija|kunjom=Abdilla|isem=Raymond|data=2026-04-24|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-24}}</ref> == Mejju == * 1: [[Dolindo Cassar]], 83, xandar u eks-president tas-[[Soċjetà Filarmonika La Stella]] u tat-[[Teatru Astra]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/tislima-lil-dolindo-cassar-li-ghadda-ghall-hajja-ta-dejjem-figura-li-halliet-marka-kbira-fil-kultura-ghawdxija/|titlu=Tislima Lil Dolindo Cassar Li Għadda Għall-Ħajja Ta’ Dejjem - Figura Li Ħalliet Marka Kbira Fil-Kultura Għawdxija|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-05-05|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.stgeorge.org.mt/events/funeral-of-dolindo-cassar/|titlu=Funeral of DOLINDO CASSAR|data=2026-05-03|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-dolindo-cassar.1129615|titlu=Appreciation: Dolindo Cassar|kunjom=Spiteri|isem=Charles|data=2026-06-08|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref> * 14: [[Noel Galea Bason]], 71, skultur <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/05/15/imut-l-artist-noel-galea-bason/|titlu=Imut l-artist Noel Galea Bason|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-15|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/artist-noel-galea-bason-dies-aged-71.1128464|titlu=Artist Noel Galea Bason dies aged 71|kunjom=Carabott|isem=Sarah|data=2026-05-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-noel-galea-bason-furjaniz-moghni-btalenti-artistici-varji/|titlu=Imut Noel Galea Bason, Furjaniż mogħni b’talenti artistiċi varji|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=15 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 19: [[Norbert Ellul Vincenti]], 88, patri Franġiskan, għalliem u kittieb <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/05/19/imut-p-norbert-ellul-vincenti-ofm/|titlu=Imut P. Norbert Ellul Vincenti OFM|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-19|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-patri-norbert-ellul-vincenti/|titlu=Imut Patri Norbert Ellul Vincenti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=19 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 22: [[Franco Fenech]], 47, ko-eredi ta' Tumas Group <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/franco-fenech-22-05-2026|titlu=Franco Fenech - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|data=22 Mejju 2026|sit=www.rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tumas-group-director-franco-fenech-dies.1128869|titlu=Tumas Group heir Franco Fenech dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-22|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/142011/franco_fenech_yorgen_fenechs_older_brother_passes_away|titlu=Franco Fenech, Yorgen Fenech's older brother, passes away|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Matthew|data=22 Mejju 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/05/22/franco-fenech-dies-with-drug-overdose/|titlu=Franco Fenech dies by drug overdose|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Mark|data=2026-05-22|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref> * 26: [[Benny Muscat]], 86, sid ta' diversi ristorant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/goodbye-nonno-renowned-restaurateur-benny-muscat-dies.1129052|titlu='Goodbye Nonno' – renowned restaurateur Benny Muscat dies|kunjom=Debono|isem=Fiona Galea|data=2026-05-26|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-benny-muscat-il-qalb-wara-ta-marija-palazzo-pescatore-u-trattoria-del-nonno/|titlu=Imut Benny Muscat, il-qalb wara Ta’ Marija, Palazzo Pescatore u Trattoria del Nonno|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=26 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://rip.com.mt/obituary/benny-muscat-26-05-2026|titlu=Benny Muscat - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-05-28}}</ref> * 28: [[Rose Riolo]], 90, attriċi <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-l-eks-attrici-rose-riolo/|titlu=Tmut l-eks attriċi Rose Riolo|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=28 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-29-2026.1129195|titlu=Announcements – May 29, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-29|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-29}}</ref> * 28: [[Ray Ghigo Laferla]], ??, imprenditur u DJ <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-ray-ghigo-laferla-eks-dj-tal-griffin-u-fundatur-tal-ghigos-disco/|titlu=Imut Ray Ghigo Laferla, eks DJ tal-Griffin u fundatur tal-Ghigos Disco|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=29 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> == Ġunju == * 4: [[Jonathan Cardona]], 47, eks-CEO tal-[[Enemalta]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-enemalta-ceo-residency-malta-head-jonathan-cardona-dies.1129476|titlu=Former Enemalta CEO, Residency Malta head Jonathan Cardona dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-04|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-eks-kap-ezekuttiv-tal-enemalta-u-residenza-malta-jonathan-cardona/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-eks Kap Eżekuttiv tal-Enemalta u Residenza Malta Jonathan Cardona|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=4 Ġunju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/142318/former_joseph_muscat_aide_jonathan_cardona_passes_away_|titlu=Former Joseph Muscat aide Jonathan Cardona passes away|kunjom=Azzopardi|isem=Karl|data=4 Ġunju 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-l-eks-kap-tal-enemalta-u-tal-programm-tac-cittadinanza-jonathan-cardona/|titlu=Imut l-eks kap tal-Enemalta u tal-programm taċ-ċittadinanza Jonathan Cardona|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=4 Ġunju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/ara-il-pm-jinhasad-bil-mewt-ta-jonathan-cardona-waqt-il-gurament-tal-hatra-tal-membri-tal-kabinett/|titlu=ARA: il-PM jinħasad bil-mewt ta' Jonathan Cardona waqt il-ġurament tal-ħatra tal-membri tal-Kabinett|data=2026-06-04|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-06-04/local-news/CEO-of-Residency-Malta-Agency-Jonathan-Cardona-dies-6736290235|titlu=CEO of Residency Malta Agency, Jonathan Cardona, passes away - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref> * 5: [[Olivia Dow]]: ??, żeffiena u għalliema tal-ballet <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/renowned-ballet-teacher-olivia-dow-dies.1129558|titlu=Renowned ballet teacher Olivia Dow dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-olivia-dow.1129901|titlu=Appreciation: Olivia Dow|kunjom=Chetcuti|isem=Kristina|data=2026-06-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 8: [[Antonio Briguglio]], 91, referee tal-futbol <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/sport/imut-l-ex-referee-internazzjonali-tonio-briguglio/|titlu=Imut l-ex-referee internazzjonali Tonio Briguglio|kunjom=Cossai|isem=Peter|data=2026-06-08|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/sports/football/142408/former_referee_antonio_briguglio_dies_|titlu=Former referee Antonio Briguglio dies|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sport.timesofmalta.com/2026/06/08/maltese-legendary-referee-tonio-briguglio-dies-aged-91/|titlu=Maltese legendary referee Tonio Briguglio dies, aged 91|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Valhmor|data=2026-06-08|sit=SportsDesk|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref> * 14: [[Josephine Xuereb]], ??, attivita u politiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-pn-election-candidate-dies.1129912|titlu=Former PN election candidate dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/14/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-josephine-xuereb/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt ta' Josephine Xuereb|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-14|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-06-14/local-news/Former-PN-candidate-Josephine-Xuereb-dies-6736290504|titlu=Former PN candidate Josephine Xuereb dies|data=14 Ġunju 2026|sit=The Malta Independent|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/17/josephine-xuereb-kienet-mara-li-uzat-it-talenti-taghha-biex-tkattar-il-gid/|titlu="Josephine Xuereb kienet mara li użat it-talenti tagħha biex tkattar il-ġid"|kunjom=Balbi|isem=Nicole Sciberras|data=2026-06-17|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 18: [[Helen Borg]], ??, eks President tal-Kunsill tal-Iskola għat-Tagħlim Tul il-Ħajja u eks Kap tal-Iskola Vincenzo Borg Brared, marda tal-Parkinson's <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/riptmut-helen-borg-eks-president-tal-kunsill-tal-iskola-ghat-taghlim-tul-il-hajja-u-eks-headteacher-ta-birkirkara/|titlu=Tmut Helen Borg, Eks President Tal-Kunsill Tal-Iskola Għat-Tagħlim Tul Il-Ħajja U Eks Headteacher Ta’ Birkirkara|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-06-19|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 21: [[Żeppi l-Ħafi|Joseph Fenech]], 71, kriminal magħruf bħala Żeppi l-Ħafi <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/joseph-fenech-known-zeppi-lhafi-dies-aged-71.1130234|titlu=Joseph Fenech, known as Żeppi l-Ħafi, dies aged 71|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-21|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-joseph-fenech-maghruf-bhal-zeppi-l-hafi/|titlu=Imut Joseph Fenech, magħruf bħal Żeppi l-Ħafi|kunjom=Cachia|isem=Paul|data=21 Ġunju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-joseph-fenech-maghruf-bhala-zeppi-l-hafi/|titlu=Imut Joseph Fenech magħruf bħala Żeppi l-Ħafi|data=2026-06-21|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 22: [[Paul Fenech (kunsilleri)|Paul Fenech]], 79, kunsillier tas-Swieqi, artist u kowċ tal-basketball <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-swieqi-councillor-artist-basketball-coach-paul-fenech-dies.1130293|titlu=Former Swieqi councillor, artist and basketball coach, Paul Fenech dies aged 79|kunjom=Magri|isem=Giulia|data=2026-06-22|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/22/il-pn-isellem-il-memorja-ta-paul-fenech-li-serva-ghal-snin-twal-bhala-kunsillier-lokali-tal-pn-fi-swieqi/|titlu=Il-PN isellem il-memorja ta' Paul Fenech li serva għal snin twal bħala kunsillier lokali tal-PN fi Swieqi|kunjom=Borg|isem=Maria|data=2026-06-22|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/paul-fenech-22-06-2026|titlu=Paul Fenech - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=www.rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-25}}</ref> * 29: [[Antoinette Miggiani]], 88, sopran u għalliema tal-kant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-is-sopran-u-ghallieam-tal-kant-antoinette-miggiani/|titlu=Tmut is-sopran u għalliema tal-kant Antoinette Miggiani|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-29|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/29/thabbret-il-mewt-tas-sopran-u-ghalliema-tal-kant-antoinette-miggiani/|titlu=Tħabbret il-mewt tas-sopran u għalliema tal-kant Antoinette Miggiani|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-29|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/antoinette-miggiani-soprano-teacher-dies-aged-88.1130669|titlu=Antoinette Miggiani, soprano, teacher dies aged 88|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-29|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-06-29/local-news/Renowned-Maltese-soprano-and-vocal-teacher-Antoinette-Miggiani-dies-aged-88-6736290961|titlu=Renowned Maltese soprano and vocal teacher Antoinette Miggiani dies aged 88|data=29 June 2026|sit=The Malta Independent|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/antoinette-miggiani-29-06-2026|titlu=Antoinette Miggiani|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|data=30 Ġunju 2026|sit=RIP.com.mt|lingwa=rn}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-antoinette-miggiani-19372026.1130913|titlu=Appreciation: Antoinette Miggiani (1937-2026)|kunjom=Said|isem=Mark|data=2026-07-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-05}}</ref> == Lulju == * 1: [[John Ripard Snr]], 96, baħħar Olimpiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-07-01/local-news/Sailing-icon-and-RMYC-Honorary-President-John-Ripard-Snr-Passes-Away-6736291009|titlu=Sailing icon and RMYC Honorary President John Ripard Snr dies, aged 96 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/john-ripard-snr-cofounder-rolex-middle-sea-race-dies-aged-96.1130762|titlu=John Ripard Snr, Olympian and co-founder of Rolex Middle Sea Race, dies aged 96|kunjom=Bonanno|isem=Matthew|data=2026-07-01|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/01/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-john-ripard-pijunier-tal-ibburdjar-fmalta/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt ta' John Ripard...pijunier tal-ibburdjar f'Malta|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-01|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-july-3-2026.1130831|titlu=Announcements – July 3, 2026|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/john-c-ripard-01-07-2026|titlu=John C Ripard|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=RIP.com.mt|lingwa=en}}</ref> * 3: [[Carmen Vella]], 79, kantanta u xandara <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-carmen-vella-li-kienet-kantanta-u-xandara-ma-radju-malta/|titlu=Tmut Carmen Vella li kienet kantanta u xandara ma’ Radju Malta|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kantanta-u-xandara-carmen-vella/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-kantanta u xandara Carmen Vella|kunjom=Cini|isem=Luana|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-il-kantanta-carmen-vella/|titlu=Tmut il-kantanta Carmen Vella|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/kelli-x-xorti-nipprezenta-maghha-ghal-diversi-snin-il-programm-tar-radju-maltin-biss-in-neputija-bmessagg-lil-carmen-vella-li-hallietna/|titlu=“Kelli X-Xorti Nippreżenta Magħha Għal Diversi Snin Il-Programm Tar-Radju Maltin Biss” – In-Neputija B’Messaġġ Lil Carmen Vella Li Ħallietna|kunjom=Grech|isem=Matthea|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/04/farewell-carmen-vella-another-icon-of-the-maltese-song-scene-passes-away/|titlu=Farewell Carmen Vella - another icon of the Maltese song scene passes away|kunjom=Fenech|isem=Gerald|data=2026-07-04|sit=The Maltese Herald|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260704130639/https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/04/farewell-carmen-vella-another-icon-of-the-maltese-song-scene-passes-away/|arkivju-data=2026-07-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sliema.news/local/carmen-vella-sliema-cabaret-legend-dies-at-79/|titlu=Carmen Vella, Sliema Cabaret Legend, Dies at 79|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Paul|data=2026-07-04|sit=sliema.news|lingwa=en-MT|data-aċċess=2026-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-july-6-2026.1130957|titlu=Announcements – July 6, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.mt/obituary/carmen-portanier-03-07-2026|titlu=Carmen Portanier - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=www.rip.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-08}}</ref> * 14: [[Ryan Spiteri]], 47, DJ, avvelenament aċċidentali mill-monossidu tal-karbonju <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/two-found-dead-parked-car-marsascala.1131404|titlu=Two found dead in parked car in Marsascala|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/dj-woman-died-accidental-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-probe-indicates.1131419|titlu=DJ and woman died of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Mark Laurence|data=2026-07-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tributes-dj-ryan-spiteri-following-sudden-death.1131405|titlu=Tributes to DJ Ryan Spiteri after he is found dead in car with woman|kunjom=Magri|isem=Giulia|data=2026-07-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/ryan-spiteri-and-woman-believed-to-have-died-from-carbon-monoxide-poisoning/|titlu=Ryan Spiteri And Woman Believed To Have Died From Carbon Monoxide Poisoning|kunjom=Falzon|isem=Gabriel|data=2026-07-15|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/police-confirm-ryan-spiteri-and-woman-died-from-accidental-carbon-monoxide-poisoning/|titlu=Police Confirm Ryan Spiteri And Woman Died From Accidental Carbon Monoxide Poisoning|kunjom=Falzon|isem=Gabriel|data=2026-07-15|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/l-investigazzjoni-fil-mewt-taz-zewg-persuni-fkarozza-tindika-li-sehh-b-avvelenament-accidentali/|titlu=L-awtopsja turi li ż-żewġ persuni f'karozza f'Wied il-Għajn mietu b' avvelenament aċċidentali|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-15|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/ragel-u-mara-jinstabu-mejta-fgaraxx-fwied-il-ghajn-eskluz-omicidju/|titlu=AĠĠORNAT: DJ Ryan Spiteri u mara ta' 41 sena jinstabu mejta f'garaxx f'Wied il-Għajn – eskluż omiċidju|data=2026-07-14|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tad-dj-mahbub-ryan-spiteri/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tad-DJ maħbub Ryan Spiteri|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Shanaya|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/il-prim-ministru-jsellem-il-memorja-ta-ryan-spiteri/|titlu=Il-Prim Ministru jsellem il-memorja ta’ Ryan Spiteri|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Shanaya|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/15/ragel-umara-jinstabu-mejta-fkarozza/|titlu="Mhu se ninsewk qatt" - qraba u ħbieb isellmu lil Ryan Spiteri wara l-mewt tiegħu|kunjom=Balbi|isem=Nicole Sciberras|data=2026-07-15|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/15/l-investigaturi-jemmnu-li-mietu-avvelenati-bil-carbon-monoxide-mill-ac-tal-karozza/|titlu=L-investigaturi jemmnu li mietu avvelenati bil-carbon monoxide mill-AC tal-karozza|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-15|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/eluf-ixxukkjati-bil-mewt-tad-dj-ryan-spiteri/|titlu=Eluf ixxukkjati bil-mewt tad-DJ Ryan Spiteri|kunjom=Gauci|isem=Francesca|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/mara-u-ragel-jinstabu-mejta-fkarozza-pparkjata-fmarsaskala/|titlu=DJ u mara jmutu “b’avvelenament tal-monossidu tal-karbonju b’mod aċċidentali”|kunjom=Attard|isem=Charmaine|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/hafna-mbikkma-u-mahsuda-bil-mewt-tad-dj-mahbub-ryan-spiteri-strieh-fis-sliem/|titlu=Ħafna Mbikkma U Maħsuda Bil-Mewt Tad-DJ Maħbub Ryan Spiteri - Strieħ Fis-Sliem|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-07-14|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/court_and_police/143172/two_found_dead_in_car_in_marsaskala1|titlu=DJ Ryan Spiteri and woman died from carbon monoxide poisoning, death considered accidental|kunjom=Sansone|isem=Kurt|data=15 July 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/ara-id-dj-ryan-spiteri-jinghata-l-ahhar-tislima/|titlu=Ara: Id-DJ Ryan Spiteri jingħata l-aħħar tislima|kunjom=Gauci|isem=Francesca|data=18 July 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 28: [[Anthony Spiteri]], ??, eks-membru tas-sigurtà tal-MFA <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/28/imut-anthony-spiteri-imlaqqam-bhala-jerry-lewis-li-ghal-snin-twal-hadem-bhala-membru-tas-sigurta-tal-mfa/|titlu=Imut Anthony Spiteri, imlaqqam bħala 'Jerry Lewis', li għal snin twal ħadem bħala membru tas-sigurtà tal-MFA|kunjom=Micallef|isem=Christian|data=2026-07-28|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-28}}</ref> == Awwissu == * 11: [[Norman Hamilton]], 85, xandar u negozjant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/veteran-broadcaster-norman-hamilton-dies-aged-85.1132535|titlu=Veteran broadcaster Norman Hamilton dies aged 85|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-11|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/kien-pedament-tax-xandir-fpajjizna-l-ewwel-reazzjonijiet-wara-l-mewt-tax-xandar-veteran-norman-hamilton/|titlu=“Kien pedament tax-xandir f’pajjiżna” – l-ewwel reazzjonijiet wara l-mewt tax-xandar veteran Norman Hamilton|data=11 Awwissu 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/il-prim-ministru-u-l-partit-laburista-jsellmu-l-memorja-ta-norman-hamilton/|titlu=Il-Prim Ministru u l-Partit Laburista jsellmu l-memorja ta’ Norman Hamilton|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=11 Awwissu 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-norman-hamilton-pijunier-tax-xandir-fmalta/|titlu=Imut Norman Hamilton, pijunier tax-xandir f’Malta|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-11|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/norman-hamilton-imut-fl-eta-ta-85-sena/|titlu=Norman Hamilton imut fl-età ta’ 85 sena|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=11 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-08-11/local-news/Veteran-broadcaster-Norman-Hamilton-dies-aged-85-6736292052|titlu=Veteran broadcaster Norman Hamilton dies aged 85 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/08/11/thabbret-il-mewt-tal-eks-prezentatur-televiziv-norman-hamilton-fl-eta-ta-85-sena/|titlu=Tħabbret il-mewt tal-eks preżentatur televiżiv Norman Hamilton fl-età ta' 85 sena|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-11|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/143727/veteran_broadcaster_and_former_ambassador_norman_hamilton_dead_at_85|titlu=Veteran broadcaster and former ambassador Norman Hamilton dead at 85|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-august-13-2026.1132660|titlu=Announcements – August 13, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-13|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/l-ikbar-vokazzjoni-ta-norman-kienet-il-familja/|titlu=Ara: “L-ikbar vokazzjoni ta’ Norman kienet il-familja”|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=14 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 13: [[Raymond Chetcuti]], 66, eks-Direttur Ġenerali fil-qasam soċjali <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-raymond-chetcuti-ex-direttur-generali-fil-qasam-socjali-fl-eta-ta-66-sena/|titlu=Imut Raymond Chetcuti, ex Direttur Ġenerali fil-qasam soċjali fl-età ta' 66 sena|data=2026-08-13|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/ragel-umli-ta-qalb-kbira-u-bgentilezza-li-ma-tinsa-qatt-imut-raymond-chetcuti/|titlu=“Raġel umli, ta’ qalb kbira u b’ġentilezza li ma tinsa qatt”: imut Raymond Chetcuti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=13 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 16: [[Charles Demicoli]], 80, eks-spettur tal-pulizija u attivist politiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/ex-police-inspector-pn-activist-charles-demicoli-dies-aged-80.1132824|titlu=Ex police inspector and PN activist Charles Demicoli dies aged 80|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-16|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/08/16/il-pn-isellem-il-memorja-ta-charles-demicoli/|titlu=Il-PN isellem il-memorja ta’ Charles Demicoli|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-16|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-16}}</ref> * 17: [[Lino Cauchi (mużiċist)|Lino Cauchi]], 76, mużiċist (twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> * 17: [[John Lowell]], 88, bankier, eks-chairman tat-Teatru Manoel u ambaxxatur (twieled fis-7 ta' Frar 1938) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-manoel-theatre-chairman-ambassador-john-lowell-dies.1132874|titlu=Former Manoel Theatre chairman, ambassador John Lowell dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-17|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Ara aktar == * [[:Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026]] - tinkludi ħoloq għal artikli fil-Wikipedija dwar nies li mietu fl-2026 == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}} [[Kategorija:Nies Maltin]] [[Kategorija:2026 f'Malta]] [[Kategorija:Imwiet f'Malta]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026|*]] [[Kategorija:Listi ta' mwiet bis-sena]] p7ht1pbqt24io82ig4xgxg340v9imhi 331537 331534 2026-08-17T21:40:19Z Kittieb 11014 /* Awwissu */ 331537 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Din hija lista ta' nies notevoli Maltin li mietu fl-2026.''' F'din il-lista jidhru biss ismijiet ta' nies li l-mewt tagħhom hija kkonfermata peremezz ta' rapport/i minn sorsi verifikabbli. Żidiet bla referenza għal sors verifikabbli jitneħħew minn hawn u jitpoġġew fil-[[Diskussjoni:Nies Maltin li mietu fl-2026|paġna ta' diskussjoni]] sakemm jiġu verifikati sew. Dwar kull persuna jinġabru biss dawn id-dettalji hawn: * Data: Isem u Kunjom, età (jew "??" meta din mhux magħrufa), għal xiex inhi magħrufa l-persuna, kawża tal-mewt (m'għandu jiddaħħal xejn meta mhux magħrufa uffiċjalment) - tagħrif ieħor f'każ ta' persuna li mhux inkluża f'Wikidata (eż. data tat-twelid), referenzi (għandu jkun hemm aktar minn waħda f'każ ta' nies aktar notevoli) '''''Nota:''' id-data tal-mewt m'għandix tkun dik ta' meta tħabbret imma ta' meta seħħet.'' ---- == Jannar == * 2: [[Tony Carr]], 98, mużiċist <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tony-carr-pioneering-maltese-jazz-drummer-dies.1121949|titlu=Tony Carr, Maltese jazz drummer to the stars, dies|kunjom=Borg|isem=Emma|data=2026-01-02|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/il-perkussjonist-tony-carr-george-caruana-jmut-fl-eta-ta-98-sena/|titlu=Il-perkussjonist Tony Carr (George Caruana) jmut fl-età ta’ 98 sena|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=2 Jannar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/01/02/tony-carr-passes-away/|titlu=Renowned Maltese drummer, Tony Carr, passes away aged 98|kunjom=Fenech|isem=Gerald|data=2026-01-02|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/138938/maltese_jazz_great_tony_carr_dies_aged_98|titlu=Maltese jazz great Tony Carr dies aged 98|kunjom=Meilak|isem=Nicole|data=2 Jannar 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-01-02/local-news/Maltese-jazz-legend-Tony-Carr-passes-away-aged-98-6736286044|titlu=Maltese jazz legend, Tony Carr, passes away aged 98 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-ta-98-sena-d-drummer-malti-tony-carr/|titlu=Imut ta' 98 sena d-drummer Malti Tony Carr|data=2026-01-02|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/imut-ta-98-sena-d-drummer-famuz-malti-tony-carr-li-daqq-mal-akbar-stilel-muzikali/|titlu=Imut ta’ 98 sena d-drummer famuż Malti Tony Carr li daqq mal-akbar stilel mużikali|kunjom=Caruana|isem=Josef|data=3 Jannar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.melodija.eu/post/tony-carr-george-caruana-maltese-jazz-pioneer-dies-at-98|titlu=Tony Carr (George Caruana): Maltese Jazz Pioneer Dies at 98|kunjom=Mifsud|isem=Noel|data=2026-01-05|sit=Melodija|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/fond-tribute-on-death-of-drummer-who-played-with-the-greats-5465983|titlu=Fond tribute on death of drummer who played with the greats|kunjom=Hewitt|isem=Phil|data=2026-01-10|sit=SussexWorld|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-10}}</ref> * 5: [[George Spiteri]], 90, mużiċist u l-ewwel leader tal-[[Orkestra Filarmonika ta' Malta]] (twieled: 20 ta’ Lulju 1935) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-january-6-2026.1122080|titlu=Announcements − January 6, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-george-spiteri-l-ewwel-leader-tal-orkestra-filarmonika-ta-malta/|titlu=Imut George Spiteri, l-ewwel leader tal-Orkestra Filarmonika ta’ Malta|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=6 Jannar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1540894257190704/?t=49|titlu=MPO: Protagonisti - George Spiteri|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Joe Julian|data=6 Jannar 2026|sit=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/a-real-gentleman-good-musician-violinist-george-spiteri-dies-aged-90.1122103|titlu='A real gentleman': trailblazing violinist George Spiteri dies at 90|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-01-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-06}}</ref> * 6: [[Thomas Farrell]], 89, għalliem u l-ewwel sindku ta' Ħaż Żabbar <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/thomas-farrell-first-mayor-zabbar-dies-aged-89.1122141|titlu=Thomas Farrell, first mayor of Żabbar, dies aged 89|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-07|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-07}}</ref> * 14: [[Paul Chetcuti Caruana]], 77, tabib u politiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-eks-deputat-laburista-t-tabib-paul-chetcuti-caruana/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-eks Deputat Laburista t-Tabib Paul Chetcuti Caruana|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=14 Jannar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-mp-paul-chetcuti-caruana-dies.1122497|titlu=Mosta doctor Paul Chetcuti Caruana, targeted by 1977 letter bomb, dies aged 77|kunjom=Calleja|isem=Claudia|data=2026-01-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-01-14/local-news/Paul-Chetcuti-Caruana-who-survived-letter-bomb-attempt-in-1977-dies-6736286334|titlu=Paul Chetcuti Caruana, who survived letter-bomb attempt in 1977, dies - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-15}}</ref> <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/parliament-pays-tribute-mosta-doctor-pl-mp-paul-chetcuti-caruana.1123482|titlu=Parliament pays tribute to Mosta doctor and PL MP Paul Chetcuti Caruana|kunjom=Magri|isem=Giulia|data=2026-02-02|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-02}}</ref> * 20: [[Matthew Wismayer]], 53, fundatur ta' Schools for Africa (Malta) Foundation <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/matthew-wismayer-schools-africa-foundation-entrepreneur-dies.1122791|titlu=Matthew Wismayer, who turned a cancer diagnosis into inspiration, dies aged 53|kunjom=Debono|isem=Fiona Galea|data=2026-01-20|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-matthew-wismayer-il-mohh-wara-progett-biex-jigu-meghjuna-tfal-fl-afrika/|titlu=Imut Matthew Wismayer, il-moħħ wara proġett biex jiġu megħjuna tfal fl-Afrika|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-20|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/malta/founder-of-prince-princess-malta-matthew-wismayer-passes-away/|titlu=Founder Of 'Prince & Princess Malta' Matthew Wismayer Passes Away|kunjom=Spiteri|isem=Rebecca Scalvini|data=2026-01-20|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whoswho.mt/en/matthew-wismayer-passes-away-aged-53|titlu=Maltese Entrepreneur Matthew Wismayer passes away at 53|sit=whoswho.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-january-21-2026.1122811|titlu=Announcements – January 21, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-21|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref> * 20: [[George Callus]], 88, ko-fundatur tal-Comtec (twieled: 8 ta' Settembru 1937) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whoswho.mt/en/comtec-co-founder-george-callus-has-passed-away|titlu=Comtec Co-Founder George Callus has passed away|sit=whoswho.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-ir-ragel-ta-amy-callus-orlando-mrs-axiak-ta-simpatici/|titlu=Imut ir-raġel ta’ Amy Callus Orlando, Mrs Axiak ta’ Simpatiċi|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=21 Jannar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/nimmissjak-immens-ghaziz-l-attrici-amy-callus-thabbar-it-telfa-ta-zewgha-george/|titlu="Nimmissjak Immens, Għażiż" - L-Attriċi Amy Callus Tħabbar It-Telfa Ta' Żewġha George|kunjom=Zarb|isem=Kyle|data=2026-01-22|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-01-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-january-23-2026.1122923|titlu=Announcements – January 23, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-01-23|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Frar == * 4: [[Alfred Abela]], 80, eks-assistent kummissarju tal-pulizija <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-eks-assistent-kummissarju-tal-pulizija-alfred-abela/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-eks Assistent Kummissarju tal-Pulizija Alfred Abela|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=4 Frar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 5: [[Philip Farrugia Randon]], 76, avukat u kittieb li ħoloq il-karattru ta' Puttinu <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/dedicated-patriot-philip-farrugia-randon-dies.1123612|titlu='Dedicated patriot' Philip Farrugia Randon dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-february-6-2026.1123652|titlu=Announcements − February 6, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-dr-philip-farrugia-randon-avukat-u-awtur-li-holoq-il-karattru-puttinu/|titlu=Imut Dr Philip Farrugia Randon, avukat u awtur li ħoloq il-karattru Puttinu|kunjom=Micallef|isem=Gaetano|data=2026-02-05|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-philip-farrugia-randon.1124083|titlu=Appreciation: Philip Farrugia Randon|kunjom=De Bono|isem=Anthony|data=2026-02-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-15}}</ref> * 5: [[Helen Micallef]], 75, kantanta <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/helen-micallef-eurovision-1972-singer-dies-aged-75.1123643|titlu=Helen Micallef, Eurovision 1972 singer, dies aged 75|kunjom=Bonanno|isem=Matthew|data=2026-02-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-helen-micallef-l-ewwel-maltija-fil-eurovision/|titlu=Tmut Helen Micallef, l-ewwel kantanta Maltija fil-Eurovision|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=5 Frar 2025|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/139589/veteran_singer_helen_micallef_dies_aged_75|titlu=Veteran singer Helen Micallef dies aged 75|kunjom=Meilak|isem=Nicole|data=5 Frar 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/helen-micallef-tinghata-l-ahhar-tislima-ghada-s-sibt/|titlu=Helen Micallef tingħata l-aħħar tislima għada s-Sibt|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=6 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-02-05/local-news/Helen-Micallef-first-Maltese-woman-at-Eurovision-dies-at-75-6736286990|titlu=Helen Micallef, first Maltese woman at Eurovision, dies at 75 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/iccelebrata-l-hajja-tal-kantanta-helen-micallef/|titlu=Iċċelebrata l-ħajja tal-kantanta Helen Micallef|kunjom=Falzon|isem=Anton|data=7 Frar 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 8: [[Paul Aquilina]], 94, Ġiżwita Malti bbażat fl-Indja <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-fr-paul-aquilina-l-ahhar-patri-gizwita-malti-fl-indja/|titlu=Imut Fr Paul Aquilina – l-aħħar Ġiżwita Malti fl-Indja|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=8 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/l-ahhar-patri-gizwita-malti-fl-indja-jkanta-l-ghanjiet-tal-milied/|titlu=L-aħħar Patri Ġiżwita Malti fl-Indja jkanta l-Għanjiet tal-Milied|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=25 Diċembru 2025|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/mort-l-indja-biex-narah-jordna-sacerdot-u-kantajt-bil-malti-waqt-il-funeral-ta-fr-aquilina/|titlu=“Mort l-Indja nara żagħżugħ jiġi ordnat qassis, u spiċċajt inkanta bil-Malti fil-funeral ta’ Fr Aquilina”|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=11 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-february-15-2026.1124084|titlu=Announcements – February 15, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-15}}</ref> * 10: [[Lina Brockdorff|Lina Brockdorff,]] 95, kittieba <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/awardwinning-writer-lina-brockdorff-dies-aged-96.1123850|titlu=Novelist and playwright Lina Brockdorff dies aged 95|kunjom=Borg|isem=Emma|data=2026-02-10|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-l-awtrici-lina-brockdorff-fl-eta-ta-95-sena/|titlu=Tmut l-awtriċi Lina Brockdorff fl-età ta' 95 sena|data=2026-02-10|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/thabbret-il-mewt-tax-xandara-u-l-kittieba-lina-brockdorff/|titlu=Tħabbret il-mewt tax-xandara u l-kittieba Lina Brockdorff|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=10 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-02-10/local-news/Maltese-novelist-and-playwright-Lina-Brockdorff-dies-aged-95-6736287109|titlu=Maltese novelist and playwright Lina Brockdorff dies aged 95 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-10}}</ref> * 10: [[Achille Cauchi]], 86, monsinjur Għawdxi, ħu l-Isqof [[Nikol Cauchi]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-monsinjur-achille-cauchi/|titlu=Imut Monsinjur Achille Cauchi|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=11 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://rip.com.mt/obituary/mons-achille-cauchi-10-02-2026|titlu=Mons. Achille Cauchi - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=rip.com.mt|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref> * 15: [[Laurence Grech]], 77, ġurnalist u eks-editur tas-Sunday Times of Malta <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-times-malta-editor-laurence-grech-dies-aged-77.1124107|titlu=Former Times of Malta editor Laurence Grech dies, aged 77|kunjom=Carabott|isem=Sarah|data=2026-02-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-laurence-grech-il-ggant-tal-gurnalizmu-l-eks-editur-tat-times-of-malta/|titlu=Imut Laurence Grech, “il-ġgant tal-ġurnaliżmu”, l-eks-editur tat-Times of Malta|data=15 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-february-16-2026.1124125|titlu=Announcements – February 16, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-02-16|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://rip.com.mt/obituary/laurence-grech-15-02-2026|titlu=Laurence Grech - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref> * 15: [[Esmeralda Galea Camilleri]], 37, mużiċista <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/hafna-mahsuda-bil-mewt-tal-muzicista-brava-esmeralda-galea-camilleri/|titlu=Ħafna Maħsuda Bil-Mewt Tal-Mużiċista Brava Esmeralda Galea Camilleri|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-02-16|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/kont-titpaxxa-tismaghha-tmut-il-muzicista-esmeralda-galea-camilleri/|titlu=“Kont titpaxxa tismagħha” – tmut il-mużiċista Esmeralda Galea Camilleri|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=16 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 16: [[Mario Bonnici]], 76, kantant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/il-kanzunetta-li-kont-iddedikaktli-se-tibqa-fqalbi-imut-il-kantant-mario-bonnici/|titlu=“Il-kanzunetta li kont iddedikajtli se tibqa’ f’qalbi” – imut il-kantant Mario Bonnici|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 18: [[Julian Attard]], 44, amministratur tal-futbol ma' [[Marsaxlokk FC]] u [[Floriana FC]] (twieled fis-27 ta' Novembru 1981) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sport.timesofmalta.com/2026/02/18/former-marsaxlokk-and-floriana-fc-administrator-julian-attard-dies/|titlu=Former Marsaxlokk and Floriana FC administrator Julian Attard dies|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gianluca|data=2026-02-18|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/hallejtna-kmieni-wisq-habib-imut-julian-attard-tat-tim-tal-futbol-ta-marsaxlokk/|titlu=“Ħallejtna kmieni wisq ħabib” – imut Julian Attard, tat-tim tal-futbol ta’ Marsaxlokk|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=18 Frar 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 23: [[Manuel Casha]], 81, mużiċist, kittieb, u folklorista <ref> {{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kittieb-u-muzicist-manuel-casha-fl-awstralja/ |sit=ONEnews|data=24 Frar 2026|isem=Josef|kunjom=Caruana|lingwa=mt|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-kittieb u mużiċist Manuel Casha fl-Awstralja}}</ref> * 28: [[Mario Buhagiar]], 81 professur tal-istorja tal-arti <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/mario-buhagiar-founder-art-history-department-dies-aged-81.1124795|titlu=Mario Buhagiar, founder of art history department dies aged 81|kunjom=Carabott|isem=Sarah|data=2026-03-01|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/03/02/prof-mario-buhagiar/|titlu=Founder of the arts History Department – Professor Mario Buhagiar passes away|kunjom=Fenech|isem=Gerald|data=2 Marzu 2026|sit=The Maltese Herald|lingwa=en}}</ref> == Marzu == * 8: [[Joseph Gatt (Caritas)|Joseph Gatt]], 81, pijunier fir-riabilitazzjoni tad-drogati f'Malta <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/joseph-gatt-drug-rehabilitation-pioneer-dies-aged-81.1125168|titlu=Joseph Gatt, drug rehabilitation pioneer, dies aged 81|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-03-08|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/segwi-meta-konna-fl-infern-habba-d-droga-joe-kien-anglu-kustodju/|titlu=Segwi: “Meta konna fl-infern ħabba d-droga Joe kien anġlu kustodju”|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=9 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 13: [[Luciano Bonello Bianco]], 72, propjetarju ta' Luciano Restaurant <ref>{{Ċita web|url= https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-march-15-2026.1125478 |titlu=Announcements|sit=Times of Malta|data-aċċess=2026-03-15}}</ref> * 21: [[Charles Micallef St John]], 81, kittieb u eks-kunsillier tal-Gżira <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-l-awtur-charles-micallef-st-john/|titlu=Imut l-awtur Charles Micallef St John|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=21 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/03/21/imut-l-awtur-chaf-st-john/|titlu=Imut l-awtur Charles Micallef St. John|kunjom=Balbi|isem=Nicole Sciberras|data=2026-03-21|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-23}}</ref> * 22: [[Calvin Brincat]], 32, parteċipant fil-programm tat-television ''Hazzzard'', kanċer <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-calvin-brincat-li-ggieled-2-tipi-ta-kancer-u-kien-ippartecipa-fhazzzard/|titlu=Imut Calvin Brincat li ġġieled 2 tipi ta' kanċer u kien ipparteċipa f'HazZzard|data=2026-03-23|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-iz-zaghzugh-calvin-brincat-ta-hazzzard/|titlu=Imut iż-żagħżugħ Calvin Brincat ta’ HazZzard|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=23 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tributes-paid-truly-sensitive-soul-cancer-patient-calvin-brincat.1125893|titlu=Tributes paid to 'truly sensitive soul', cancer victim Calvin Brincat|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-03-23|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-23}}</ref> * 29: [[Elio Lombardi]], 92, kittieb u direttur tal-films <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/prolific-filmmaker-author-elio-lombardi-dies-aged-92.1126197|titlu=Prolific film-maker, author Elio Lombardi dies aged 92|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-03-29|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-l-awtur-tal-kotba-u-direttur-tal-films-elio-lombardi/|titlu=Imut l-awtur tal-kotba u direttur tal-films Elio Lombardi|kunjom=Micallef|isem=Gaetano|data=2026-03-29|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/03/29/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-elio-lombardi-fl-eta-ta-92-sena/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt ta' Elio Lombardi fl-età ta' 92 sena|kunjom=Catania|isem=Francesco|data=2026-03-29|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kittieb-u-attur-elio-lombardi-fl-eta-ta-92-sena/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-kittieb u attur Elio Lombardi fl-età ta’ 92 Sena|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Shanaya|data=29 Marzu 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-elio-lombardi-figura-prominenti-fil-films-u-l-letteratura-maltija/|titlu=Imut Elio Lombardi, figura prominenti fil-films u l-letteratura Maltija|kunjom=Cachia|isem=Paul|data=29 Marzu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-03-29/local-news/Maltese-author-and-film-director-Elio-Lombardi-dies-aged-92-6736288379|titlu=Maltese author and film director Elio Lombardi dies aged 92 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/thabbar-meta-se-jinghata-l-ahhar-tislima-elio-lombardi/|titlu=Tħabbar meta se jingħata l-aħħar tislima Elio Lombardi|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=1 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/ara-elio-dejjem-gharaf-li-kien-mimli-doni-minn-alla/|titlu=Ara: “Elio dejjem għaraf li kien mimli doni minn Alla”|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=8 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tinghata-l-ahhar-tislima-lil-elio-lombardi-ikona-fid-drama-maltija/|titlu=Tingħata l-aħħar tislima lil Elio Lombardi … ikona fid-drama Maltija|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Enrique|data=8 April 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref> == April == * 2: [[Edmond Zarb]], 81, kittieb u mużiċist <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/04/02/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-muzicist-u-awtur-edmond-zarb/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-mużiċist u awtur Edmond Zarb|kunjom=Catania|isem=Francesco|data=2026-04-02|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tajt-kontribut-lill-kultura-maltija-imut-l-awtur-u-pjanist-edmond-zarb|titlu=“Tajt kontribut lill-kultura Maltija” – imut l-awtur u pjanist Edmond Zarb|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=2 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 6: [[Graziella Castillo]], 47, direttur tal-Aġenzija Appoġġ <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/graziella-castillo-director-agenzija-appogg-dies-aged-47.1126547|titlu=Graziella Castillo, director of Agenzija Appoġġ, dies aged 47|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-04-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-graziella-castillo-direttrici-tal-agenzija-appogg/|titlu=Tmut Graziella Castillo – Direttriċi tal-Aġenzija Appoġġ|data=6 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 11: [[Colin Willis]], 81, eks-kummissajru Awstraljan għal Malta u attur <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-04-13/local-news/Well-known-actor-Colin-Willis-passes-away-aged-81-6736288759|titlu=Well-known actor Colin Willis passes away aged 81 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-13}}</ref> * 12: [[Aurelio Belli]], 49, mużiċist u arranġatur <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/musician-mpo-manager-aurelio-belli-dies-aged-49.1126829|titlu=Musician and MPO manager Aurelio Belli dies, aged 49|kunjom=Cummings|isem=James|data=2026-04-12|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://slippedisc.com/2026/04/malta-mourns-maestro-49/|titlu=Malta mourns maestro, 49|kunjom=lebrecht|isem=Norman|data=12 April 2026|sit=Slipped Disc|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-04-12/local-news/Maestro-Aurelio-Belli-dies-aged-49-6736288731|titlu=Maestro Aurelio Belli dies, aged 49 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/140933/maestro_aurelio_belli_dies_at_49_|titlu=Maestro Aurelio Belli dies at 49|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Juliana|data=12 April 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-il-maestro-aurelio-belli/|titlu=Imut il-Maestro Aurelio Belli|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=12 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-is-surmast-aurelio-belli/|titlu=Imut is-Surmast Aurelio Belli|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-04-12|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-maestro-aurelio-belli-fl-eta-ta-49-sena/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-Maestro Aurelio Belli fl-età ta’ 49 sena|kunjom=Sacco Baldacchino|isem=Kimberley|data=12 April 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/04/12/tithabbar-il-mewt-tas-surmast-aurelio-belli/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tas-Surmast Aurelio Belli|kunjom=Catania|isem=Francesco|data=2026-04-12|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/il-maestro-aurelio-belli-jinghata-l-ahhar-tislima|titlu=Tislima lill-Maestro Aurelio Belli: “Mela s-silenzju b’ħajja ta’ noti”|kunjom=Mamo|isem=Christine|data=18 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 19: [[Desmond Morris]], 98, etoloġista Ingliż li għex f'Malta (1968–1974) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/desmond-morris-famous-zoologist-author-painter-malta-past-dies-98.1127264|titlu=Desmond Morris, famous zoologist, author and painter with Malta past, dies at 98|kunjom=Debono|isem=Fiona Galea|data=2026-04-21|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-21}}</ref> * 24: [[Mary Grech]], 88, attriċi u xandara <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/veteran-actress-mary-grech-dies-aged-88.1127413|titlu=Veteran actress Mary Grech dies aged 88|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-04-24|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-l-attrici-u-prezentatrici-mary-grech/|titlu=Tmut l-attriċi u preżentatriċi Mary Grech|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=24 April 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-l-eks-prezentattrici-televiziva-mary-grech/|titlu=Tmut l-eks preżentattriċi televiżiva Mary Grech|kunjom=Attard|isem=Francesca|data=2026-04-24|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/04/24/tmut-mary-grech-pijufniera-tax-xandir-u-fost-l-ewwel-ucuh-tat-televizjoni-maltija/|titlu=Tmut Mary Grech, attriċi, pijuniera tax-xandir u fost l-ewwel uċuħ tat-televiżjoni Maltija|kunjom=Abdilla|isem=Raymond|data=2026-04-24|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-04-24}}</ref> == Mejju == * 1: [[Dolindo Cassar]], 83, xandar u eks-president tas-[[Soċjetà Filarmonika La Stella]] u tat-[[Teatru Astra]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/tislima-lil-dolindo-cassar-li-ghadda-ghall-hajja-ta-dejjem-figura-li-halliet-marka-kbira-fil-kultura-ghawdxija/|titlu=Tislima Lil Dolindo Cassar Li Għadda Għall-Ħajja Ta’ Dejjem - Figura Li Ħalliet Marka Kbira Fil-Kultura Għawdxija|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-05-05|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.stgeorge.org.mt/events/funeral-of-dolindo-cassar/|titlu=Funeral of DOLINDO CASSAR|data=2026-05-03|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-dolindo-cassar.1129615|titlu=Appreciation: Dolindo Cassar|kunjom=Spiteri|isem=Charles|data=2026-06-08|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref> * 14: [[Noel Galea Bason]], 71, skultur <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/05/15/imut-l-artist-noel-galea-bason/|titlu=Imut l-artist Noel Galea Bason|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-15|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/artist-noel-galea-bason-dies-aged-71.1128464|titlu=Artist Noel Galea Bason dies aged 71|kunjom=Carabott|isem=Sarah|data=2026-05-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-noel-galea-bason-furjaniz-moghni-btalenti-artistici-varji/|titlu=Imut Noel Galea Bason, Furjaniż mogħni b’talenti artistiċi varji|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gabriel|data=15 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 19: [[Norbert Ellul Vincenti]], 88, patri Franġiskan, għalliem u kittieb <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/05/19/imut-p-norbert-ellul-vincenti-ofm/|titlu=Imut P. Norbert Ellul Vincenti OFM|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-19|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-patri-norbert-ellul-vincenti/|titlu=Imut Patri Norbert Ellul Vincenti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=19 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 22: [[Franco Fenech]], 47, ko-eredi ta' Tumas Group <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/franco-fenech-22-05-2026|titlu=Franco Fenech - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|data=22 Mejju 2026|sit=www.rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tumas-group-director-franco-fenech-dies.1128869|titlu=Tumas Group heir Franco Fenech dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-22|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/142011/franco_fenech_yorgen_fenechs_older_brother_passes_away|titlu=Franco Fenech, Yorgen Fenech's older brother, passes away|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Matthew|data=22 Mejju 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/05/22/franco-fenech-dies-with-drug-overdose/|titlu=Franco Fenech dies by drug overdose|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Mark|data=2026-05-22|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-07}}</ref> * 26: [[Benny Muscat]], 86, sid ta' diversi ristorant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/goodbye-nonno-renowned-restaurateur-benny-muscat-dies.1129052|titlu='Goodbye Nonno' – renowned restaurateur Benny Muscat dies|kunjom=Debono|isem=Fiona Galea|data=2026-05-26|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-benny-muscat-il-qalb-wara-ta-marija-palazzo-pescatore-u-trattoria-del-nonno/|titlu=Imut Benny Muscat, il-qalb wara Ta’ Marija, Palazzo Pescatore u Trattoria del Nonno|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=26 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://rip.com.mt/obituary/benny-muscat-26-05-2026|titlu=Benny Muscat - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-05-28}}</ref> * 28: [[Rose Riolo]], 90, attriċi <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-l-eks-attrici-rose-riolo/|titlu=Tmut l-eks attriċi Rose Riolo|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=28 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-29-2026.1129195|titlu=Announcements – May 29, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-05-29|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-05-29}}</ref> * 28: [[Ray Ghigo Laferla]], ??, imprenditur u DJ <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-ray-ghigo-laferla-eks-dj-tal-griffin-u-fundatur-tal-ghigos-disco/|titlu=Imut Ray Ghigo Laferla, eks DJ tal-Griffin u fundatur tal-Ghigos Disco|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=29 Mejju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> == Ġunju == * 4: [[Jonathan Cardona]], 47, eks-CEO tal-[[Enemalta]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-enemalta-ceo-residency-malta-head-jonathan-cardona-dies.1129476|titlu=Former Enemalta CEO, Residency Malta head Jonathan Cardona dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-04|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-eks-kap-ezekuttiv-tal-enemalta-u-residenza-malta-jonathan-cardona/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-eks Kap Eżekuttiv tal-Enemalta u Residenza Malta Jonathan Cardona|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=4 Ġunju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/142318/former_joseph_muscat_aide_jonathan_cardona_passes_away_|titlu=Former Joseph Muscat aide Jonathan Cardona passes away|kunjom=Azzopardi|isem=Karl|data=4 Ġunju 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-l-eks-kap-tal-enemalta-u-tal-programm-tac-cittadinanza-jonathan-cardona/|titlu=Imut l-eks kap tal-Enemalta u tal-programm taċ-ċittadinanza Jonathan Cardona|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Neil|data=4 Ġunju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/ara-il-pm-jinhasad-bil-mewt-ta-jonathan-cardona-waqt-il-gurament-tal-hatra-tal-membri-tal-kabinett/|titlu=ARA: il-PM jinħasad bil-mewt ta' Jonathan Cardona waqt il-ġurament tal-ħatra tal-membri tal-Kabinett|data=2026-06-04|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-06-04/local-news/CEO-of-Residency-Malta-Agency-Jonathan-Cardona-dies-6736290235|titlu=CEO of Residency Malta Agency, Jonathan Cardona, passes away - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-04}}</ref> * 5: [[Olivia Dow]]: ??, żeffiena u għalliema tal-ballet <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/renowned-ballet-teacher-olivia-dow-dies.1129558|titlu=Renowned ballet teacher Olivia Dow dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-olivia-dow.1129901|titlu=Appreciation: Olivia Dow|kunjom=Chetcuti|isem=Kristina|data=2026-06-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 8: [[Antonio Briguglio]], 91, referee tal-futbol <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/sport/imut-l-ex-referee-internazzjonali-tonio-briguglio/|titlu=Imut l-ex-referee internazzjonali Tonio Briguglio|kunjom=Cossai|isem=Peter|data=2026-06-08|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/sports/football/142408/former_referee_antonio_briguglio_dies_|titlu=Former referee Antonio Briguglio dies|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sport.timesofmalta.com/2026/06/08/maltese-legendary-referee-tonio-briguglio-dies-aged-91/|titlu=Maltese legendary referee Tonio Briguglio dies, aged 91|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Valhmor|data=2026-06-08|sit=SportsDesk|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-06-08}}</ref> * 14: [[Josephine Xuereb]], ??, attivita u politiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-pn-election-candidate-dies.1129912|titlu=Former PN election candidate dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/14/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-josephine-xuereb/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt ta' Josephine Xuereb|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-14|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-06-14/local-news/Former-PN-candidate-Josephine-Xuereb-dies-6736290504|titlu=Former PN candidate Josephine Xuereb dies|data=14 Ġunju 2026|sit=The Malta Independent|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/17/josephine-xuereb-kienet-mara-li-uzat-it-talenti-taghha-biex-tkattar-il-gid/|titlu="Josephine Xuereb kienet mara li użat it-talenti tagħha biex tkattar il-ġid"|kunjom=Balbi|isem=Nicole Sciberras|data=2026-06-17|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 18: [[Helen Borg]], ??, eks President tal-Kunsill tal-Iskola għat-Tagħlim Tul il-Ħajja u eks Kap tal-Iskola Vincenzo Borg Brared, marda tal-Parkinson's <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/riptmut-helen-borg-eks-president-tal-kunsill-tal-iskola-ghat-taghlim-tul-il-hajja-u-eks-headteacher-ta-birkirkara/|titlu=Tmut Helen Borg, Eks President Tal-Kunsill Tal-Iskola Għat-Tagħlim Tul Il-Ħajja U Eks Headteacher Ta’ Birkirkara|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-06-19|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 21: [[Żeppi l-Ħafi|Joseph Fenech]], 71, kriminal magħruf bħala Żeppi l-Ħafi <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/joseph-fenech-known-zeppi-lhafi-dies-aged-71.1130234|titlu=Joseph Fenech, known as Żeppi l-Ħafi, dies aged 71|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-21|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-joseph-fenech-maghruf-bhal-zeppi-l-hafi/|titlu=Imut Joseph Fenech, magħruf bħal Żeppi l-Ħafi|kunjom=Cachia|isem=Paul|data=21 Ġunju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-joseph-fenech-maghruf-bhala-zeppi-l-hafi/|titlu=Imut Joseph Fenech magħruf bħala Żeppi l-Ħafi|data=2026-06-21|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-21}}</ref> * 22: [[Paul Fenech (kunsilleri)|Paul Fenech]], 79, kunsillier tas-Swieqi, artist u kowċ tal-basketball <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-swieqi-councillor-artist-basketball-coach-paul-fenech-dies.1130293|titlu=Former Swieqi councillor, artist and basketball coach, Paul Fenech dies aged 79|kunjom=Magri|isem=Giulia|data=2026-06-22|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/22/il-pn-isellem-il-memorja-ta-paul-fenech-li-serva-ghal-snin-twal-bhala-kunsillier-lokali-tal-pn-fi-swieqi/|titlu=Il-PN isellem il-memorja ta' Paul Fenech li serva għal snin twal bħala kunsillier lokali tal-PN fi Swieqi|kunjom=Borg|isem=Maria|data=2026-06-22|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/paul-fenech-22-06-2026|titlu=Paul Fenech - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=www.rip.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-25}}</ref> * 29: [[Antoinette Miggiani]], 88, sopran u għalliema tal-kant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-is-sopran-u-ghallieam-tal-kant-antoinette-miggiani/|titlu=Tmut is-sopran u għalliema tal-kant Antoinette Miggiani|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-29|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/06/29/thabbret-il-mewt-tas-sopran-u-ghalliema-tal-kant-antoinette-miggiani/|titlu=Tħabbret il-mewt tas-sopran u għalliema tal-kant Antoinette Miggiani|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-29|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/antoinette-miggiani-soprano-teacher-dies-aged-88.1130669|titlu=Antoinette Miggiani, soprano, teacher dies aged 88|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-06-29|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-06-29/local-news/Renowned-Maltese-soprano-and-vocal-teacher-Antoinette-Miggiani-dies-aged-88-6736290961|titlu=Renowned Maltese soprano and vocal teacher Antoinette Miggiani dies aged 88|data=29 June 2026|sit=The Malta Independent|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/antoinette-miggiani-29-06-2026|titlu=Antoinette Miggiani|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|data=30 Ġunju 2026|sit=RIP.com.mt|lingwa=rn}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/appreciation-antoinette-miggiani-19372026.1130913|titlu=Appreciation: Antoinette Miggiani (1937-2026)|kunjom=Said|isem=Mark|data=2026-07-05|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-05}}</ref> == Lulju == * 1: [[John Ripard Snr]], 96, baħħar Olimpiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-07-01/local-news/Sailing-icon-and-RMYC-Honorary-President-John-Ripard-Snr-Passes-Away-6736291009|titlu=Sailing icon and RMYC Honorary President John Ripard Snr dies, aged 96 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/john-ripard-snr-cofounder-rolex-middle-sea-race-dies-aged-96.1130762|titlu=John Ripard Snr, Olympian and co-founder of Rolex Middle Sea Race, dies aged 96|kunjom=Bonanno|isem=Matthew|data=2026-07-01|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/01/tithabbar-il-mewt-ta-john-ripard-pijunier-tal-ibburdjar-fmalta/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt ta' John Ripard...pijunier tal-ibburdjar f'Malta|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-01|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-july-3-2026.1130831|titlu=Announcements – July 3, 2026|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.com.mt/obituary/john-c-ripard-01-07-2026|titlu=John C Ripard|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=RIP.com.mt|lingwa=en}}</ref> * 3: [[Carmen Vella]], 79, kantanta u xandara <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/tmut-carmen-vella-li-kienet-kantanta-u-xandara-ma-radju-malta/|titlu=Tmut Carmen Vella li kienet kantanta u xandara ma’ Radju Malta|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kantanta-u-xandara-carmen-vella/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tal-kantanta u xandara Carmen Vella|kunjom=Cini|isem=Luana|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/tmut-il-kantanta-carmen-vella/|titlu=Tmut il-kantanta Carmen Vella|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/kelli-x-xorti-nipprezenta-maghha-ghal-diversi-snin-il-programm-tar-radju-maltin-biss-in-neputija-bmessagg-lil-carmen-vella-li-hallietna/|titlu=“Kelli X-Xorti Nippreżenta Magħha Għal Diversi Snin Il-Programm Tar-Radju Maltin Biss” – In-Neputija B’Messaġġ Lil Carmen Vella Li Ħallietna|kunjom=Grech|isem=Matthea|data=3 Lulju 2026|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/04/farewell-carmen-vella-another-icon-of-the-maltese-song-scene-passes-away/|titlu=Farewell Carmen Vella - another icon of the Maltese song scene passes away|kunjom=Fenech|isem=Gerald|data=2026-07-04|sit=The Maltese Herald|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260704130639/https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/04/farewell-carmen-vella-another-icon-of-the-maltese-song-scene-passes-away/|arkivju-data=2026-07-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://sliema.news/local/carmen-vella-sliema-cabaret-legend-dies-at-79/|titlu=Carmen Vella, Sliema Cabaret Legend, Dies at 79|kunjom=Camilleri|isem=Paul|data=2026-07-04|sit=sliema.news|lingwa=en-MT|data-aċċess=2026-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-july-6-2026.1130957|titlu=Announcements – July 6, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-06|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rip.mt/obituary/carmen-portanier-03-07-2026|titlu=Carmen Portanier - RIP.com.mt|kunjom=Gatt|isem=Thomas|sit=www.rip.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-08}}</ref> * 14: [[Ryan Spiteri]], 47, DJ, avvelenament aċċidentali mill-monossidu tal-karbonju <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/two-found-dead-parked-car-marsascala.1131404|titlu=Two found dead in parked car in Marsascala|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-14|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/dj-woman-died-accidental-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-probe-indicates.1131419|titlu=DJ and woman died of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Mark Laurence|data=2026-07-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/tributes-dj-ryan-spiteri-following-sudden-death.1131405|titlu=Tributes to DJ Ryan Spiteri after he is found dead in car with woman|kunjom=Magri|isem=Giulia|data=2026-07-15|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/ryan-spiteri-and-woman-believed-to-have-died-from-carbon-monoxide-poisoning/|titlu=Ryan Spiteri And Woman Believed To Have Died From Carbon Monoxide Poisoning|kunjom=Falzon|isem=Gabriel|data=2026-07-15|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/police-confirm-ryan-spiteri-and-woman-died-from-accidental-carbon-monoxide-poisoning/|titlu=Police Confirm Ryan Spiteri And Woman Died From Accidental Carbon Monoxide Poisoning|kunjom=Falzon|isem=Gabriel|data=2026-07-15|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/l-investigazzjoni-fil-mewt-taz-zewg-persuni-fkarozza-tindika-li-sehh-b-avvelenament-accidentali/|titlu=L-awtopsja turi li ż-żewġ persuni f'karozza f'Wied il-Għajn mietu b' avvelenament aċċidentali|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-15|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/ragel-u-mara-jinstabu-mejta-fgaraxx-fwied-il-ghajn-eskluz-omicidju/|titlu=AĠĠORNAT: DJ Ryan Spiteri u mara ta' 41 sena jinstabu mejta f'garaxx f'Wied il-Għajn – eskluż omiċidju|data=2026-07-14|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/tithabbar-il-mewt-tad-dj-mahbub-ryan-spiteri/|titlu=Titħabbar il-mewt tad-DJ maħbub Ryan Spiteri|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Shanaya|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/il-prim-ministru-jsellem-il-memorja-ta-ryan-spiteri/|titlu=Il-Prim Ministru jsellem il-memorja ta’ Ryan Spiteri|kunjom=Farrugia|isem=Shanaya|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/15/ragel-umara-jinstabu-mejta-fkarozza/|titlu="Mhu se ninsewk qatt" - qraba u ħbieb isellmu lil Ryan Spiteri wara l-mewt tiegħu|kunjom=Balbi|isem=Nicole Sciberras|data=2026-07-15|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/15/l-investigaturi-jemmnu-li-mietu-avvelenati-bil-carbon-monoxide-mill-ac-tal-karozza/|titlu=L-investigaturi jemmnu li mietu avvelenati bil-carbon monoxide mill-AC tal-karozza|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-07-15|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/eluf-ixxukkjati-bil-mewt-tad-dj-ryan-spiteri/|titlu=Eluf ixxukkjati bil-mewt tad-DJ Ryan Spiteri|kunjom=Gauci|isem=Francesca|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/mara-u-ragel-jinstabu-mejta-fkarozza-pparkjata-fmarsaskala/|titlu=DJ u mara jmutu “b’avvelenament tal-monossidu tal-karbonju b’mod aċċidentali”|kunjom=Attard|isem=Charmaine|data=15 Lulju 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/hafna-mbikkma-u-mahsuda-bil-mewt-tad-dj-mahbub-ryan-spiteri-strieh-fis-sliem/|titlu=Ħafna Mbikkma U Maħsuda Bil-Mewt Tad-DJ Maħbub Ryan Spiteri - Strieħ Fis-Sliem|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-07-14|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/court_and_police/143172/two_found_dead_in_car_in_marsaskala1|titlu=DJ Ryan Spiteri and woman died from carbon monoxide poisoning, death considered accidental|kunjom=Sansone|isem=Kurt|data=15 July 2026|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/ara-id-dj-ryan-spiteri-jinghata-l-ahhar-tislima/|titlu=Ara: Id-DJ Ryan Spiteri jingħata l-aħħar tislima|kunjom=Gauci|isem=Francesca|data=18 July 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 28: [[Anthony Spiteri]], ??, eks-membru tas-sigurtà tal-MFA <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/07/28/imut-anthony-spiteri-imlaqqam-bhala-jerry-lewis-li-ghal-snin-twal-hadem-bhala-membru-tas-sigurta-tal-mfa/|titlu=Imut Anthony Spiteri, imlaqqam bħala 'Jerry Lewis', li għal snin twal ħadem bħala membru tas-sigurtà tal-MFA|kunjom=Micallef|isem=Christian|data=2026-07-28|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-07-28}}</ref> == Awwissu == * 11: [[Norman Hamilton]], 85, xandar u negozjant <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/veteran-broadcaster-norman-hamilton-dies-aged-85.1132535|titlu=Veteran broadcaster Norman Hamilton dies aged 85|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-11|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/kien-pedament-tax-xandir-fpajjizna-l-ewwel-reazzjonijiet-wara-l-mewt-tax-xandar-veteran-norman-hamilton/|titlu=“Kien pedament tax-xandir f’pajjiżna” – l-ewwel reazzjonijiet wara l-mewt tax-xandar veteran Norman Hamilton|data=11 Awwissu 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://one.com.mt/il-prim-ministru-u-l-partit-laburista-jsellmu-l-memorja-ta-norman-hamilton/|titlu=Il-Prim Ministru u l-Partit Laburista jsellmu l-memorja ta’ Norman Hamilton|kunjom=Portelli|isem=Eman|data=11 Awwissu 2026|sit=ONEnews|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-norman-hamilton-pijunier-tax-xandir-fmalta/|titlu=Imut Norman Hamilton, pijunier tax-xandir f’Malta|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-11|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/norman-hamilton-imut-fl-eta-ta-85-sena/|titlu=Norman Hamilton imut fl-età ta’ 85 sena|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=11 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2026-08-11/local-news/Veteran-broadcaster-Norman-Hamilton-dies-aged-85-6736292052|titlu=Veteran broadcaster Norman Hamilton dies aged 85 - The Malta Independent|sit=www.independent.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/08/11/thabbret-il-mewt-tal-eks-prezentatur-televiziv-norman-hamilton-fl-eta-ta-85-sena/|titlu=Tħabbret il-mewt tal-eks preżentatur televiżiv Norman Hamilton fl-età ta' 85 sena|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-11|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/143727/veteran_broadcaster_and_former_ambassador_norman_hamilton_dead_at_85|titlu=Veteran broadcaster and former ambassador Norman Hamilton dead at 85|sit=MaltaToday.com.mt|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/announcements-august-13-2026.1132660|titlu=Announcements – August 13, 2026|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-13|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/l-ikbar-vokazzjoni-ta-norman-kienet-il-familja/|titlu=Ara: “L-ikbar vokazzjoni ta’ Norman kienet il-familja”|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=14 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 12: [[Nazju Cassar]], 74, Kunsillier f'isem il-Partit Nazzjonalista fir-Rabat sa mit-twaqqif tal-Kunsilli Lokali <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/08/12/tithabbar-il-mewt-tal-kunsillier-tal-pn-fir-rabat-nazju-cassar/}}</ref> * 13: [[Raymond Chetcuti]], 66, eks-Direttur Ġenerali fil-qasam soċjali <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/imut-raymond-chetcuti-ex-direttur-generali-fil-qasam-socjali-fl-eta-ta-66-sena/|titlu=Imut Raymond Chetcuti, ex Direttur Ġenerali fil-qasam soċjali fl-età ta' 66 sena|data=2026-08-13|sit=TVMnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/ragel-umli-ta-qalb-kbira-u-bgentilezza-li-ma-tinsa-qatt-imut-raymond-chetcuti/|titlu=“Raġel umli, ta’ qalb kbira u b’ġentilezza li ma tinsa qatt”: imut Raymond Chetcuti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=13 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> * 16: [[Charles Demicoli]], 80, eks-spettur tal-pulizija u attivist politiku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/ex-police-inspector-pn-activist-charles-demicoli-dies-aged-80.1132824|titlu=Ex police inspector and PN activist Charles Demicoli dies aged 80|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-16|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://netnews.com.mt/2026/08/16/il-pn-isellem-il-memorja-ta-charles-demicoli/|titlu=Il-PN isellem il-memorja ta’ Charles Demicoli|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-16|sit=NETnews|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-16}}</ref> * 17: [[Lino Cauchi (mużiċist)|Lino Cauchi]], 76, mużiċist (twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> * 17: [[John Lowell]], 88, bankier, eks-chairman tat-Teatru Manoel u ambaxxatur (twieled fis-7 ta' Frar 1938) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/former-manoel-theatre-chairman-ambassador-john-lowell-dies.1132874|titlu=Former Manoel Theatre chairman, ambassador John Lowell dies|kunjom=|isem=|data=2026-08-17|sit=Times of Malta|lingwa=en-gb|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Ara aktar == * [[:Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026]] - tinkludi ħoloq għal artikli fil-Wikipedija dwar nies li mietu fl-2026 == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}} [[Kategorija:Nies Maltin]] [[Kategorija:2026 f'Malta]] [[Kategorija:Imwiet f'Malta]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026|*]] [[Kategorija:Listi ta' mwiet bis-sena]] prgmxl70i38lu1wlg5qg2ng3vw5qa7o 0 34531 331540 331359 2026-08-18T01:39:57Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox|title=Belt Awtonoma ta' Ceuta <br> ''Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta (es)''|titlestyle=background-color: #ccffcc|headerstyle=background-color: #ccffcc|image=[[File:Flag of Ceuta.svg|150px|left]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Ceuta.svg|70px|right]]|header1=Amministrazzjoni|data2={{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Spanja]]|label2=Pajjiż|data3=14 ta' Marzu, 1995|label3=Status ta' awtonomija|data4=[[Juan Jesús Vivas Lara]]|label4=President|label5=Awtorità leġislattiva|data5=[[Assemblea ta' Ceuta]]|header6=Demografija|label7=Popolazzjoni|data7=82,787 (2026)|data8=4,475 hab./km2|label8=Densità|header9=Ġeografija|data10=1 850 ettaru = 18,5 km2|label10=Żona|header11=Mixxellanji|label12=Innu|data12=''Ceuta, mi ciudad querida'' (Ceuta, il-belt għażiża tiegħi)|header13=Mappa|header14=[[File:Localización de Ceuta.svg|245px]]|label15=Websajt|data15=https://www.ceuta.es/ceuta}} '''Ceuta''' (ippronunzjata bl- [[Lingwa Spanjola|Ispanjol]] [ ˈθeuta [ , mil ] Latin Septem [[Lingwa Latina|Fratres]] ''['' <ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Vicente|isem=Ángeles|sena=2005|titlu=Ceuta, une ville entre deux langues|url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=YW0Z6n1Qvx4C&pg=PA19|edizzjoni=[[Éditions L'Harmattan|L'Harmattan]]|paġna=19|paġni=220|isbn=978-2-7475-8584-2|data-aċċess=4 octobre 2011}}.</ref> ''Abyla'' fl-Antikità jew ''Ceuta'' ⵙⴱⵜⴰ bil- [[Lingwa Berbera|Berber]] u سبتة bl [[Lingwa Għarbija|-Għarbi]] <ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Malherbe|isem=Michel|sena=2008|titlu=Quand l'histoire change les noms de lieux|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=CpeHt6bGUpcC&pg=PA39|lingwa=fr|edizzjoni=[[Éditions L'Harmattan|L'Harmattan]]|post=Paris|paġna=39|paġni=303|isbn=978-2-296-05761-6|lccn=2008448758|data-aċċess=13 juin 2011}}.</ref> ) hija belt awtonoma [[Spanja|Spanjola]] li tinsab fuq il-kosta tat-tramuntana tal [[Afrika|-Afrika]], mal-fruntiera tal [[Marokk|-Marokk]] . L- enklavi Spanjola tinsab fil- [[Afrika|kontinent Afrikan]], faċċata tal -Peniżola Iberika, madwar ħmistax-il kilometru mill-kosti tal- provinċja Spanjola ta' Cadiz . Flimkien mal-esklavi ta' [[Melilla]] u l- blata ta' Vélez de la Gomera, dan jikkostitwixxi l-uniċi qsim tal-art li jgħaqqdu l- [[Unjoni Ewropea]] mal-Afrika. Ceuta tinsab taħt is-sovranità Spanjola ( ''Plazas de soberanía'' ) iżda ilha mitluba mill-Marokk mill-1956. == Ġeografija == [[Stampa:Perejilfr.png|xellug|daqsminuri| Mappa ta' Ceuta.]] Ceuta, b'erja ta' 18,5  <ref name="axi">Jacques Leclerc, « [https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/espagne-Ceuta.htm Ceuta : Cité autonome d'Espagne] », Université Laval (CEFAN), {{Data|11 décembre 2015}}.</ref> u 82 787 habitants, hija magħmula fil-parti l-kbira mit-territorju kontinentali, li jispiċċa bil-peniżola ta' Almina, iddominata minn Monte Hacho, u li fit-tarf tagħha hemm Punta Almina . Il-port ta' Ceuta, bħall-kosta tat-tramuntana kollha, jiftaħ fuq l- Istrett ta' Ġibiltà, filwaqt li l-kosta tan-nofsinhar tal-Peniżola ta' Almina tmiss mal- Baħar ta' Alboran . Il-forma mgħawġa tal-peniżola ppermettiet, grazzi għal xogħol ta’ żvilupp sinifikanti — digi twal, art irkuprata, mollijiet... — il-ħolqien ta’ faċilità portwarja ta’ kwalità. Ceuta tinsab fid-daħla tal-lvant għall-Istrett strateġiku ta’ Ġibiltà, madwar 18 km mit-territorju Brittaniku. Minħabba l-prossimità tagħha mal-kosta Spanjola, huwa possibbli li tara d-djar ta’ Ceuta minn Algeciras. Min-naħa tal-art, il-fruntiera bejn l-esklavi u l-Marokk hija mmarkata b'sistema ta' fruntiera msaħħa (ħajt, sensuri tal-moviment, kameras, triq ta' ronda...). B’kollox, elf raġel, li żewġ terzi minnhom ġejjin mill-Guardia Civil Spanjola, huma stazzjonati b’mod permanenti hemmhekk.<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://geoimage.cnes.fr/fr/geoimage/espagnemaroc-ceuta-une-enclave-entre-enjeux-geostrategiques-tensions-migratoires-et-zone|titlu=Espagne/Maroc - Ceuta : une enclave entre enjeux géostratégiques, tensions migratoires et zone grise économique|awtur=Fabien Vergez|data=2022-02-04|sit=Geoimage - CNES (Centre National d'études spatiales)|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-10-05}}</ref> == Storja == [[Stampa:Casa_de_los_Dragones,_Ceuta,_España,_2015-12-10,_DD_95-97_HDR.JPG|daqsminuri| Dar tad-Draguni.]] [[Stampa:Comandancia_General,_Ceuta,_España,_2015-12-10,_DD_67.JPG|daqsminuri| Kmand ġenerali.]] [[Stampa:Murallas_Reales,_Ceuta,_España,_2015-12-10,_DD_17.JPG|daqsminuri| Ħitan Irjali.]] [[Stampa:Plaza_de_África,_Ceuta,_España,_2015-12-10,_DD_02.JPG|daqsminuri| Pjazza tal-Afrika.]] Imwaqqfa mill- Feniċi VII 7 seklu QK <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">-Ċ.</abbr> Il-belt hija rikka fi storja kulturali fertili u oriġinali minħabba l-pożizzjoni strateġika tagħha u hija min-naħa tagħha differenti mill-kultura tal-madwar tal-Afrika ta' Fuq, [[Berberi|l-Amazigh]], il-Moorish imbagħad l-Għarbija. Maħkuma mill-Griegi Foċeani u msemmija " Hepta Adelphoi hi ssir [[Kartaġni|Kartaġiniża]]{{Bżonn refererenza|à partir de 319 avant notre ère}} . Wara r-rebħa ta' Ruma fuq Kartaġni, in- Numidjani okkupaw il-belt sal-renju tal-Imperatur Kaligula, li inkorporaha fl-Imperu fis-sena 40. Is ''-Septa'' Rumana, Kristjana u Latina damet sal -konkwista Musulmana fis-709, b'parentesi ta' dominazzjoni Vandala u Biżantina . Jappartjeni lil Mauretania Tingitana u jsir ċentru kummerċjali tal-ewwel rata, billi jieħu vantaġġ mill-post tiegħu bħala salib it-toroq fil-Mediterran. Il-bidliet fid-dominanza fuq il-belt huma riflessi fil-kultura predominanti ta' kull era. Seba’ sekli ta’ ħakma Musulmana kważi ħassru kompletament il-fdalijiet Rumani u [[Kristjaneżmu|Kristjani]] tal-belt. === Perjodu Pre-Ruman === * VII e seklu QK il-belt tinsab taħt kontroll [[Phénicie|Feniċju]] u mbagħad [[Phocée|Foċean]], u hija magħrufa bl-isem ''Hepta Adelphoi'' . * {{Data|-319}} : il-belt tinħakem minn [[Civilisation carthaginoise|Kartaġni]] . * {{Data|-201}} Kartaġni [[Deuxième guerre punique|titlef il-gwerra kontra Ruma]] u l-belt taqa' taħt il-kontroll tar- [[Royaume de Maurétanie|renju Berber ta' Numidia]] . * {{Data|-47}} Ceuta taqa' taħt il-kontroll tar-renju Berber tal- [[Royaume de Maurétanie|Mawretanja]] . === Dominazzjoni Rumana u ta' wara r-Rumani (40-709) === * 40 Il-belt ittieħdet mir-Rumani matul ir-renju tal-Imperatur Kaligula u ġiet integrata fil- provinċja Rumana ta' Mauretania Tingitana . * 296 : Mauretania Tingitana hija inkorporata fid - djoċesi ta ' Hispania . * 429 Il- Vandali jaqsmu l-Istrett ta’ Ġibiltà bejn Tangier u Ceuta, u jmorru lejn il-lvant lejn Kartaġni. * 534 Ceuta, flimkien mal-bqija tal-provinċja ta' qabel ta' Mauretania Tingitana, ittieħdet mill-ġeneral [[Biżantini|Biżantin]] Belisarius li aġixxa taħt l-ordnijiet tal-Imperatur Justinian . Il-provinċji ta' Baetica u Mauretania Tingitana ngħaqdu mill-Biżantini biex jiffurmaw l- Exarkat ta' Kartaġni . * 624 Ceuta taqa' f'idejn ir-renju Visigotiku Iberiku. === Ħakma Musulmana (709-1415) === * 709 Ceuta tingħata lill- Umayyads mill -Konti Julian, il-gvernatur lokali tal-belt u vassall tal-Visigoti tal-Peniżola Iberika. Jidher li ttradixxa lil Roderic mal-mewt ta' Wittiza fis-sena 711, favur il-Prinċep ta' Agila, billi ffaċilita l-mogħdija tat-truppi Musulmani. * 740 Ir-rivolta Berbera f'dik li llum hija t-Tramuntana tal-Marokk kontra l-ħakma Għarbija L-Umayyads ġew massakrati. * 789 Il-belt tittieħed mid-dinastija [[Dinastija Idrisija|Idrisidi]] (il-fundaturi tal-istat Marokkin). * 931 Il-belt, flimkien ma' parti mit-Tramuntana tal-Marokk, ittieħdet mill- Kalifat ta' Cordoba taħt Abd al-Rahman III . Bħall-bqija tal-Kalifat ta' [[Córdoba, Spanja|Cordoba]], Ceuta qed tidħol f'perjodu ta' tnaqqis. * 1061 Suqut al-Bargawati, gvernatur ta' Tangier u Ceuta, jiddikjara lilu nnifsu indipendenti. * 1084 Id-dinastija [[Imperu Almoravid|Almoravid]] stabbiliet ruħha bħala l-qawwa l-ġdida fir-reġjun. Youssef ben Tachfine, l-ewwel ħakkiem Almoravid u Sultan ta' [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]], ħa l-belt ta' Ceuta, imbagħad wara diversi snin wettaq il-konkwista tat-taifas kollha ta' al-Andalus, u imbotta r-renji Kristjani lura lejn it-tramuntana tal-Peniżola Iberika. * 1147 Ceuta tittieħed mis-sultan [[Kalifat Almohad|Almohad]] tal-Marokk li jikkonkwista l-Maghreb kollu u n-nofs tan-nofsinhar tal-Peniżola Iberika. * 1212 : telfa tal-Imperu Almohad fil -Battalja ta' Las Navas de Tolosa : l-Almohadi ċedew it-territorji Iberiċi tagħhom lill-Andalusjani, rikostituzzjoni tat-taifas. Ceuta tibqa' taħt il-ħakma tas-Sultan ta' [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]] . * 1232 : ħtif effimeru tal-belt mit- Taifa ta' Murcia . * 1233 : belt indipendenti. * 1236 il-belt tittieħed mid-dinastija Marinida, dinastija ġdida Zenata-Musulmana [[Fes|b'Fez]] bħala l-belt kapitali tagħha. * 1242 Il-belt waqgħet taħt il-kontroll għal żmien qasir tad-dinastija Hafsid ta' Tunis.{{Bżonn refererenza}} . * 1249 Il-familja [[Azafide|Azafid]] lokali tkeċċi lill-Ħafsidi, tieħu l-poter f'Ceuta u wegħdet lealtà lis-Sultan ta' Fez. * 1291 : iffirmar tat- Trattat ta' Monteagudo bejn ir-renji ta' Kastilja u Aragona . Iż-żewġ renji jaqsmu ż-żoni ta' influwenza fil-Mediterran. fit-trattat Ceuta kienet se terġa’ lura għand Kastilja. * 1305 Il-belt tittieħed mir- [[Emirat ta' Granada|renju Nasrid ta' Granada]] . * 1309 Il-belt ġiet maħkuma mill-ġdid mis-Sultan ta' Fez bl-għajnuna tar- Renju ta' Aragona. L-Ażafidi reġgħu nħatru walis ta' Ceuta mis-sultan Marokkin. * 1340 Is-sultan Marokkin Abou el-Hassan ben Othman jinżel f'Ceuta wara t-telfa tat-truppi tiegħu fil- Battalja ta' Salado, li timmarka t-tmiem tal-interventi Marokkini fil-Peniżola Iberika. * 1384 : ir-renju Nasrid ta' Granada jieħu lil Ceuta. * 1387 Ceuta tinħataf mill-ġdid mill-Marinidi ta' Fez. === Dominazzjoni Portugiża u Spanjola === == Status u amministrazzjoni == Il- Kostituzzjoni <nowiki><time about="#mwt54" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Data&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Mudell:Data&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1978&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAWM" typeof="mw:Transclusion">1978</time></nowiki> tawtorizza lil Ceuta biex tikkostitwixxi ruħha bħala [[Komunitajiet Awtonomi ta' Spanja|komunità awtonoma]] . Bejn {{Data|1979}} u l-1991, Ceuta ma għamlitx użu minn din id-dispożizzjoni u kkostitwiet muniċipalità tal- provinċja ta' Cadiz . Fl {{Data|1995}}, il- Cortes Generales adottaw il- liġi organika li tagħti lil Ceuta l-istatus ta' belt awtonoma ( en ). Il-governanza deċentralizzata tal-belt hija bbażata fuq żewġ korpi : * l- Assemblea, magħmula minn ħamsa u għoxrin membru eletti għal erba' snin u li teżerċita l- « setgħa normattiva » ; * il- president, li jippresiedi l-kunsill tal-gvern, l-Assemblea u jaġixxi bħala sindku . Għalhekk Ceuta ma tikkostitwixxix komunità awtonoma, bħall [[Andalusija|-Andalusija]], iżda tibbenefika minn istituzzjonijiet speċifiċi, ibridi bejn dawk ta' belt u dawk ta' awtonomija. Qabel ma [[Spanja]] ngħaqdet ma’ dik li dak iż-żmien kienet il-Komunità Ewropea fl-1986, il-belt kellha l-istatus ta’ port ħieles. L-enklavi hija parti mill-[[Unjoni Ewropea]]. == Popolazzjoni u soċjetà == Il-popolazzjoni, ta’ oriġini Spanjola u Marokkina, tgħodd kważi 45 % tal [[Iżlam|-Musulmani]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/10235205/The-battle-over-Ceuta-Spains-African-Gibraltar.html|titlu=The battle over Ceuta, Spain's African Gibraltar|data=|sit=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|data-aċċess=26 octobre 2016|kwotazzjoni=Of course Ceuta should stay a part of Spain”, said Mohammad, a small businessman and one of the Muslims who make up almost half of Ceutas population.}}.</ref> L-Ispanjol [[Kastiljan]], il-lingwa uffiċjali tal-istat Spanjol, huwa l-unika lingwa uffiċjali ta’ Ceuta (il-Belt Awtonoma ta’ Ceuta ma tirrikonoxxi l-ebda lingwa kouffiċjali). Madankollu, il-popolazzjoni Spanjola ta’ oriġini Ewropea, li l-lingwa materna tagħha hija l-Ispanjol Kastiljan, tirrappreżenta biss 55% tal-popolazzjoni totali. Il-popolazzjoni ta’ oriġini Marokkina, li tinkludi madwar 45% tal-popolazzjoni, titkellem l-Għarbi ta’ Ceuta, magħruf bħala ''[[dariya]]'' mill-gvern Spanjol, bħala l-lingwa materna tagħha. L-abitanti ta' oriġini Ewropea huma fil-biċċa l-kbira unilingwi, filwaqt li l-Musulmani huma fil-biċċa l-kbira bilingwi. Gruppi etno-lingwistiċi oħra huma rappreżentati b'mod fqir. [[Lhud]] li jitkellmu l-Lhudi-Spanjol (speċjalment ''il-Jaquita'' ), il-lingwa tal- [[Berberi]], [[Lingwa Portugiża|il-Portugiż]], [[Lingwa Franċiża|il-Franċiż]], u l-lingwa Sindhi mitkellma mir- Roma.<ref name="axi"/> == Ekonomija == Is-settur tas-servizzi għandu rwol importanti fl-ekonomija ta' Ceuta. Billi l-agrikoltura u t-trobbija tal-bhejjem huma rari, is-sajd huwa l-unika attività sinifikanti fis-settur primarju. It-terren imħarbat u n-nuqqas ta' ilma, enerġija u materja prima żammew l-iżvilupp tal-belt. Bl-istess mod, kemm is-settur sekondarju kif ukoll is-settur tal-kostruzzjoni huma ristretti ħafna minħabba l-prezz dejjem aktar għoli tal-art, għalkemm dan tal-aħħar settur ra żvilupp notevoli fis-snin riċenti. Ceuta, bħal Melilla, għandha l-istatus ta' port ħieles. Jibbenefika wkoll minn għadd ta’ vantaġġi fiskali, bħal tnaqqis fit-taxxa. === Kuntrabandu === Kuljum, bejn 12 000 et 15 000 personnes — l-aktar nisa Marokkini — pakketti tat-trasport li jiżnu għexieren ta’ kilogrammi li fihom oġġetti tal-kuntrabandu, li huma jdaħħlu bil-kuntrabandu bejn Ceuta u l-Marokk. Jippruvaw jaqsmu l-fruntiera kemm jista’ jkun drabi f’għodwa waħda biex jaqilgħu l-ekwivalenti ta’ ftit għexieren ta’ ewro sa tmiem il-ġurnata.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action=ia_nojs&retour=%2Fmagazine%2Fle-maroc-a-l-assaut-de-ceuta-et-mellila%2C3236|titlu=Le Maroc à l’assaut de Ceuta et Mellila|data=16 août 2019|sit=orientxxi.info|data-aċċess=2026-08-06|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220060855/https://orientxxi.info/spip.php?action=ia_nojs&retour=%2Fmagazine%2Fle-maroc-a-l-assaut-de-ceuta-et-mellila%2C3236|arkivju-data=2025-02-20|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Ix-xogħol huwa meqjus bħala wieħed mill-aktar diffiċli. Fl-2018, tnejn minnhom mietu waqt li kienu qed jaqsmu l-fruntiera u 84 oħra indarbu skont ir-rapport parlamentari Marokkin, ċifra li tissottovaluta r-realtà skont l-NGOs Spanjoli.<ref name=":0" /> Ceuta esportat oġġetti b'valur ta' 700 miljun ewro lejn il-Marokk kull sena.<ref name=":0"/> Fid {{Data|9 octobre 2019}}, l-awtoritajiet doganali Marokkini f'Bab Sebta ħabbru uffiċjalment id-deċiżjoni tagħhom li jagħlqu l-punt ta' qsim tal-fruntiera ta' Tarajal II li sa dakinhar kien qed jintuża għat-trasport tal-merkanzija.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/86282/maroc-aurait-confirme-officiellement-fermeture.html|titlu=Le Maroc aurait confirmé officiellement la fermeture définitive du poste-frontière Tarajal II}}</ref> L-għeluq tal-postijiet tal-fruntiera ta’ Bab Sebta u Bab Mélilia kkontribwixxa għal żieda fid-dħul mid-dwana ta’ 4 milliards de dirhams, li kkawża telf ekonomiku kbir fuq in-naħa Spanjola.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lavieeco.com/actualite-maroc/la-fermeture-de-bab-sebta-et-bab-melilia-a-contribue-a-laugmentation-des-recettes-douanieres/|titlu=La fermeture de Bab Sebta et Bab Mélilia a contribué à l’augmentation des recettes douanières}}</ref> Wara laqgħa bejn iż-żewġ ministri tal-affarijiet barranin Marokkini u Spanjoli, Nasser Bourita u José Manuel Albares, fil {{Data|21 septembre 2022}} fi [[Belt ta' New York|New York]], fil-marġni tal-Assemblea Ġenerali [[Ġnus Magħquda|tan-NU]], huma ħabbru li kienu qed jaħdmu biex jerġgħu jiftħu d-dwana {{Data|janvier 2023}}.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://mobile.ledesk.ma/encontinu/ceuta-melilla-albares-et-bourita-annoncent-louverture-des-douanes-durant-le-mois-de-janvier/|titlu=Ceuta-Melilla : albares et bourita annoncent l'ouverture des douanes durant le mois de janvier}} </ref> == Bini == [[Stampa:Edificio_Trujillo,_Ceuta,_España,_2015-12-10,_DD_57.JPG|daqsminuri| Bini Trujillo.]] [[Stampa:Catedral_de_Ceuta,_Ceuta,_España,_2015-12-10,_DD_03.JPG|daqsminuri| Katidral ta’ Santa Marija tal-Assunta.]] * Katidral ta’ Santa Marija tal-Assunta ; * Knisja ta’ San Franġisk ta’ Assisi ; * Knisja ta’ Santa Marija tal-Afrika ; * Knisja ta’ Santa Marija tar-Refuġju ; * Knisja ta’ Santa Tereża ta’ Ġesù. Dawn il-knejjes Kattoliċi jiddependu mid- djoċesi ta' Cadiz u Ceuta, li hi stess taqa' taħt il- provinċja ekkleżjastika ta' Sevilja . == It-talbiet Marokkini == Mill-indipendenza tiegħu fl-1956, il-Marokk sostna din l-enklavi, bħal Melilla u l-Plazas de Sóberanía l-oħra, anke jekk it-trattat li jċedi l-protettorat ma jsemmi l-ebda żewġ enklavi (li kienu jeżistu qabel il-protettorat Spanjol) jew jirreferi għalihom bħala li mhumiex "kontinent" għax huma gżejjer, speċifikament il-"presidji." Għall-Marokk, huwa vestiġju tal-kolonjaliżmu, u l-midja Marokkina tirreferi għal Ceuta bħala "l-presidju okkupat ta' Ceuta." Spanja, min-naħa tagħha, tikkunsidra lil Ceuta bħala parti integrali mit-territorju tagħha, mill-1995 bħala belt awtonoma jew "awtonomija" bħal reġjuni Spanjoli oħra, u bħala parti integrali mir-Renju ta' Spanja mill-1580 u l-1415 permezz ta' "retroattività Spanjola-Portugiża," kif indikat fil-ħarsa ġenerali storika ta' hawn fuq. === Appoġġ u status internazzjonali === [[Stampa:Puerto_de_Ceuta,_España,_2015-12-10,_DD_61.JPG|daqsminuri| Il-Port ta' Ceuta.]] Is-sovranità Spanjola fuq Ceuta u Melilla mhijiex rikonoxxuta mill-biċċa l-kbira tal-pajjiżi [[Afrika|Afrikani]], la mill- Unjoni Afrikana,<ref>[http://www.africa-union.org/au%20summit%202004/volume%203%20final%20-%20French%20-%204%20June%202004%20fr.pdf Le plan stratégique de la Commission de l'Union africaine] {{Pdf}}.</ref> la mill- Organizzazzjoni tal-Kooperazzjoni Islamika, la mil- Lega Għarbija, u lanqas mill- Unjoni tal-Magreb Għarbi . Il-pajjiżi membri ta’ dawn l-erba’ organizzazzjonijiet jemmnu li Spanja trid tiddekolonizza dawn it-territorji u tirritornahom lill-Marokk. Dawn it-territorji, mitluba minn Spanja jew il-Portugall għal kważi sitt mitt sena, madankollu mhumiex parti mil-lista [[Ġnus Magħquda|tan-NU]] ta' territorji mhux awtonomi li qed jistennew dekolonizzazzjoni . L-Unjoni Ewropea tgħin fil-finanzjament tal-politika għall-ġlieda kontra l-immigrazzjoni illegali f'dan ir-reġjun, u tikkunsidra bħala dipendenzi Ewropej id-dipendenzi tal-Istati tal-Unjoni (dipartimenti u territorji barranin Franċiżi, dipendenzi Olandiżi, Franċiżi, Daniżi u gżejjer imxerrda, u hawn anke dawk Spanjoli). == Kriżijiet migratorji == Bħala l-uniċi punti ta' qsim dirett bl-art lejn l-Unjoni Ewropea, Ceuta u Melilla huma soġġetti għal influss ta' migranti mill- [[Magreb]] u l-Afrika sub-Saħarjana . Kull sena, mijiet ta' migranti jippruvaw jaqsmu l-fruntiera għal ġo Spanja. === 2021 === {{Data|mai 2021}}, influss massiv ta' migranti f'Ceuta kkawża żieda fit-tensjoni bejn Spanja u l-Marokk.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/05/18/l-entree-massive-de-migrants-a-ceuta-provoque-une-crise-diplomatique-entre-l-espagne-et-le-maroc_6080616_3212.html|titlu=L’entrée massive de migrants à Ceuta aggrave la crise diplomatique entre l’Espagne et le Maroc|awtur=Sandrine Morel|data=18 mai 2021|sit=[[lemonde.fr]]|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=18 mai 2021}}.</ref> Matul il-lejl {{Data|17 mai 2021}}, eluf ta' migranti għamu jew qasmu l-fruntiera bejn il-Marokk u Spanja. Aktar minn tmien elef, fosthom ħafna żgħażagħ irġiel, nisa u minorenni. Din il-kriżi migratorja, bla preċedent għal Spanja, allegatament kienet orkestrata mill-Marokk,<ref>{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |date=2021-05-21 |title=Crise des migrants à Ceuta : il est temps de sortir d’une certaine naïveté dans le regard porté sur le Maroc |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2021/05/21/crise-des-migrants-a-ceuta-il-est-temps-de-sortir-d-une-certaine-naivete-dans-le-regard-porte-sur-le-maroc_6081001_3232.html |journal=Le Monde.fr |language=fr |access-date=2021-05-23}}.</ref> <ref>{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |date=2021-05-22 |title=King Muhammad of Morocco weaponises migration |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2021/05/22/king-muhammad-of-morocco-weaponises-migration |journal=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |access-date=2021-05-23}}.</ref> hekk kif ir-relazzjonijiet bejn iż-żewġ pajjiżi marru għall-agħar minn meta, fl-aħħar ta' April 2021, fi Spanja, intlaqa' l-mexxej tal-moviment tal-indipendenza Saħarjana tal- Front Polisario, Brahim Ghali, biex jiġi kkurat għall -Covid-19 . Għadu tal-Marokk, huwa akkużat b'mod partikolari minn Fadel Breika, avversarju politiku Saħarjan, li " detenzjoni illegali " tortura "U" ħsara lill-umanità ».<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/actu-et-enquetes/maroc-polisario-espagne-brahim-ghali-hospitalisation-justice-diplomatie-sahara-occidental|titlu=Brahim Ghali en Espagne : vérités et mensonges|sit=Middle East Eye édition française|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2021-05-23}}.</ref> === 2026 === Fit {{Data|30 juillet 2026}}, bejn 50 000 (skont il-gvern Spanjol) u 60 000 personnes (skont il-president tal-enklavi) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.touteleurope.eu/vie-politique-des-etats-membres/afflux-migratoire-a-ceuta-la-tension-monte-l-italie-s-indigne-et-la-france-renforce-ses-controles-aux-frontieres/|titlu=Afflux de migrants à Ceuta : 22 dirigeants de l'UE réclament une réunion d'urgence, la France renforce ses contrôles aux frontières|kunjom=Chaaban|isem=Florian|data=2026-08-01|sit=Touteleurope.eu|lingwa=fr-FR|data-aċċess=2026-08-01}}</ref> miġbura f'Fnideq daħlu illegalment f'Ceuta mill- fruntiera ta' Tarajal, u b'hekk żdiedu mal- {{Nowrap|1 500 arrivées}} fil-jiem ta' qabel.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/07/30/espagne-plus-de-1-500-personnes-sont-arrivees-depuis-le-maroc-a-ceuta-ces-derniers-jours-annoncent-les-autorites-regionales-espagnoles_6737020_3210.html|titlu=Espagne : plus de 1 500 personnes sont arrivées en provenance du Maroc à Ceuta « ces derniers jours », annoncent les autorités régionales, qui évoquent une « urgence humanitaire absolue »|data=30 juillet 2026|sit=lemonde.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=30 juillet 2026}}.</ref> Mill-inqas 88 persuna, u possibbilment sa 130, mietu, inkluż billi għerqu.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://fr.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/08/03/crise-migratoire-le-maroc-annonce-11-morts-a-ceuta-un-bilan-en-net-contraste-avec-les-chif|titlu=Rabat annonce 11 morts à Ceuta contre 88, selon Madrid|data=2026-08-03|sit=euronews|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2026-08-05}}</ref> Bi tweġiba, il -leġjun barrani bbażat f'Ceuta ġie skjerat.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://ciudadano.news/internacionales/ceuta-legion-espanola-despliegue-frontera-marruecos-n120618|titlu=Alerta en Ceuta: la Legión Española desplegó tropas de élite en la frontera|kunjom=Amura|sit=Ciudadano News|lingwa=es|data-aċċess=2026-08-01}}</ref> Fi żmien jumejn, kważi n-nies kollha li kienu daħlu f’Ceuta, 48 000 skont il-gvern Spanjol, irritornaw lejn il-Marokk.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/live/2026/08/01/en-direct-ceuta-67-migrants-sont-morts-en-tentant-de-rejoindre-l-enclave-a-la-nage-selon-un-nouveau-bilan-du-gouvernement-espagnol_6737133_3210.html|titlu=Crise migratoire à Ceuta : retrouvez nos informations sur l’afflux de migrants dans l’enclave espagnole|data=2026-08-01|sit=www.lemonde.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2026-08-01}}</ref> L-avveniment ġie kopert b'mod wiesa' minn figuri tal-lemin u tal-lemin estrem, notevolment minn [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |last=Delacroix |first=Guillaume |last2=Kaval |first2=Allan |last3=Joubinet |first3=Anna |date=2026-08-01 |title=Afflux de migrants à Ceuta : l’Espagne face à une crise inédite et sous le feu de la droite mondiale |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/08/01/afflux-de-migrants-a-ceuta-l-espagne-sous-le-feu-de-la-droite-reactionnaire-mondiale_6737180_3210.html |journal=Le Monde |language=fr |issn=1950-6244 |access-date=2026-08-01}}</ref> L-Italja qed titlob is-sospensjoni temporanja taż- [[żona Schengen]] ma’ Spanja, anke jekk din de facto ma tapplikax għal Ceuta.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.tf1info.fr/international/vague-migratoire-a-ceuta-pourquoi-l-enclave-espagnole-fait-bien-partie-de-l-espace-schengen-sans-appliquer-la-libre-circulation-2456306.html|titlu=Vague migratoire à Ceuta : pourquoi l'enclave espagnole fait bien partie de l'espace Schengen... sans appliquer la libre circulation {{!}} TF1 Info|data=2026-08-01|sit=www.tf1info.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2026-08-01}}</ref> [[Franza]] u l-Portugall iħabbru żieda fil-kontrolli fuq il-fruntieri.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rts.ch/info/monde/2026/article/l-italie-suspend-l-espace-schengen-avec-l-espagne-apres-l-afflux-a-ceuta-29317656.html|titlu=L'Italie suspend l'espace Schengen avec l'Espagne après l'afflux à Ceuta|data=2026-07-31|sit=rts.ch|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2026-07-31}}</ref> Diversi kawżi huma ssuġġeriti biex jispjegaw dan l-influss. : * Il-kampanja biex jiġu naturalizzati persuni mingħajr dokumenti li jgħixu u jaħdmu fi Spanja, anke jekk din il-kampanja ntemmet xahar qabel, fit- {{Data|30 juin}}, u l-kundizzjonijiet tagħha xorta ma kinux japplikaw għal migranti ġodda <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2026/07/31/afflux-de-migrants-a-ceuta-la-reforme-de-la-regularisation-espagnole-est-elle-responsable-de-la-situation-ce-que-dit-cette-loi-13491462.php|titlu=Afflux de migrants à Ceuta : la réforme de la régularisation espagnole est-elle responsable de la situation ? Ce que dit cette loi|sit=ladepeche.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2026-08-01}}</ref> ; * Interpretazzjoni ħażina ta' deċiżjoni mill-Qorti Suprema Spanjola maħruġa fit {{Data|8 juillet}} <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/monde/europe/migrants/crise-des-migrants-a-ceuta/decision-de-justice-mal-interpretee-rumeurs-tensions-diplomatiques-comment-expliquer-l-afflux-de-migrants-marocains-dans-l-enclave-espagnole-de-ceuta_8131058.html|titlu=Décision de justice mal interprétée, rumeurs, tensions diplomatiques... Comment expliquer l'afflux de migrants marocains dans l'enclave espagnole de Ceuta ?|data=2026-08-01|sit=franceinfo|lingwa=fr-FR|data-aċċess=2026-08-01}}</ref> ; * Strumentalizzazzjoni tal-pressjoni migratorja mill-Marokk, mhux kuntent bl-avviċinament diplomatiku li seħħ fl {{Data|20 juillet}} bejn Spanja u [[Alġerija|l-Alġerija]], li jappoġġja l-indipendenza tas- [[Saħara tal-Punent]] u l- Front Polisario kontra l-Marokk.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/010826/ceuta-nous-faisons-face-une-double-instrumentalisation-du-maroc-et-de-l-extreme-droite|titlu=À Ceuta, « nous faisons face à une double instrumentalisation : du Maroc et de l’extrême droite »|kunjom=Ramdani|isem=Ilyes|data=2026-08-01|sit=Mediapart|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2026-08-01}}</ref> == Personalitajiet marbuta mal-belt == * Soledad Ruiz Seguín, trejdunjonista u politika, imwielda f'Ceuta fl-1962, * Mounir Erramach, eks barun tad-droga, imwieled f'Ceuta, imwieled fl-1973 jew l-1974, * Anuar Tuhami, plejer tal-futbol internazzjonali [[Marokk|Marokkin]], imwieled f'Ceuta fl- 1995 , * José Martínez Sánchez, magħruf aħjar bħala Pirri, plejer tal-futbol Spanjol, imwieled fil-11 ta' Marzu 1945 f'Ceuta, * Eva María Isanta Foncuberta hija attriċi Spanjola, imwielda fid-19 ta' Ġunju, 1971. * Alicia Sanz hija attriċi Spanjola, imwielda fl-10 ta' April, 1988. * José Millán-Astray fundatur tal-Leġjun Spanjol ( Tercio de Extranjeros ), maħluq fl-1920 b'Ceuta bħala waħda mill-bażijiet storiċi tiegħu.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/unidades/Ceuta/tercio2/Historial/index.html|titlu=Contenido - Ejército de tierra|kunjom=JEME - Ejercito de Tierra|sit=ejercito.defensa.gob.es|lingwa=es|data-aċċess=2026-08-01|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424164018/https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/unidades/Ceuta/tercio2/Historial/index.html|arkivju-data=2024-04-24|url-status=live}}</ref> == Noti u referenzi == {{Referenzi}} [[Kategorija:Artikli tal-Wikipedija b'informazzjoni għall-kontroll tal-awtorità]] [[Kategorija:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g1lkevx7qlvx42ozrdxmjxldtaa57ym 0 34532 331541 331363 2026-08-18T02:30:27Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox|title=Euronews|titlestyle=background: #007FFF|headerstyle=background: #007FFF|image=[[File:Euronews Logo 2025.svg|100px]]|label1=Ħolqien|data1=1 ta' Jannar, 1993|label2=Sid|data2=Euronews SA|label3=Slogan|data3="All views"|label4=Lingwa|data4=Multilingwi (17-il lingwa)|label5=Status|data5=Tema internazzjonali semi-privata|label6=Headquarter|data6=[[Brussell]] ({{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Belġju]])|label7=Kanal oħt|data7=[[Africanews]]|label8=Websajt|data8=https://www.euronews.com/live}} '''Euronews''' huwa stazzjon televiżiv tal-aħbarijiet internazzjonali pan- [[Ewropa|Ewropew]] [[Multilingwiżmu|, multilingwi,]] 24/7, oriġinarjament pubbliku, maħluq fi{{Data|1 janvier 1993|à la télévision}} Fl-1993, il-kanal inħoloq minn 10 groupes biex jikkompetu mal-kanal Amerikan CNN International . Bil-karatteristika unika li m'għandhiex preżentatur fuq l-arja, tippożizzjona ruħha bħala « kanal tal-aħbarijiet pur u dirett » . Minħabba diżinvestiment gradwali mill- [[Kummissjoni Ewropea]], il-kanal ġie privatizzat gradwalment u fetaħ rabtiet kummerċjali ma' pajjiżi barra l- [[Unjoni Ewropea|UE]], inklużi stati Għarab tal-Golf . Euronews ixandar f'14-il lingwa permezz tat-televiżjoni terrestri, satellita, kejbil, IPTV, u l-web. Huwa disponibbli wkoll f'lukandi, fuq linji tal-ajru u linji tat-tbaħħir, f'ajruporti internazzjonali, stazzjonijiet tal-ferrovija, u fil-kampusijiet tal-universitajiet, u l-programmi tiegħu jiġu parzjalment imxandra mill-ġdid minn kanali tat-televiżjoni barranin. Disponibbli f'aktar minn 426 miljun dar madwar 158 pajjiż, Euronews jiġi segwit kuljum minn 4.2 miljun Ewropew, u dan jagħmilha l-kanal tal-aħbarijiet internazzjonali ewlieni tal-Ewropa. Barra minn hekk, il-websajt tiegħu tirċievi medja ta' 7.5 miljun viżitatur kull xahar. Mill-akkwist tal-2022, Euronews SA hija proprjetà ta' 88% % mill-fond ta' investiment Portugiż Alpac Capital (li nefaq madwar 170 miljun ewro fuq dan) u t-12 Il-% li jifdal huma proprjetà ta’ 21 grupp awdjoviżiv pubbliku u 3 awtoritajiet lokali. Fit {{Data|13 avril 2024}}, wara diversi xhur ta' investigazzjonijiet ġurnalistiċi Ewropej u « xahrejn qabel l-elezzjonijiet Ewropej L- Unjin Nazzjonali tal-Ġurnalisti (SNJ) qed titlob inkjesta parlamentari biex titfa’ dawl fuq l-akkwist ta’ Euronews minn interessi qrib in-nazzjonalista Viktor Orbán (magħruf għall-fehmiet tiegħu li spiss ikunu favur ir-Russja u xi kultant kontra l-Ewropa), akkwist li « skont l-SNJ u ''Le Monde,'' x’aktarx li jkollu implikazzjonijiet għal- libertà tal-istampa u l- indipendenza tal-kmamar tal-aħbarijiet . == Storja tal-kanal == === 1993 Ħolqien ta' Euronews === Il- Gwerra tal-Golf tal-1990-1991, li ġiet imxandra dirett minn CNN International, uriet il-qawwa tal-kanal Amerikan, maħluq fl-1985. Dan l-eżempju l-aktar reċenti juri li kanal tal-aħbarijiet 24/7 jista’ jinfluwenza l-opinjoni pubblika u politika. meqjus bħala l-" ikkritikat » effet CNN (ġo).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/medias/2000/06/01/la-premiere-chaine-d-information-en-continu-a-vingt-ans-cnn-le-culte-du-direct-permanent-trois-profe_327408|titlu=La première chaîne d'information en continu a vingt ans. CNN, le culte du direct permanent|awtur=Raphaël Garrigos|awtur2=Isabelle Roberts|data=1 juin 2000|sit=le site de [[Libération (journal)|Libération]]|data-aċċess=15 mai 2016}}.</ref> Fis {{Data|27 février 1991}}, l- Unjoni Ewropea tax-Xandir (EBU) ippreżentat lill- [[Kummissjoni Ewropea]] l-proġett tagħha għal stazzjon televiżiv tal-aħbarijiet multilingwi, Euronews, li kien maħsub biex jikkompeti mal-istazzjon Amerikan.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/28/02/1991/LesEchos/15838-095-ECH_presentation-de-la-chaine-d-information-euronews.htm|titlu=Présentation de la chaîne d'information Euronews|data=28 février 1991|sit=le site des [[Les Échos|Échos]]|data-aċċess=16 mai 2016|arkivju-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170822145632/https://www.lesechos.fr/28/02/1991/LesEchos/15838-095-ECH_presentation-de-la-chaine-d-information-euronews.htm|arkivju-data=2017-08-22|url-status=dead}}.</ref> IL-{{Data|1 janvier 1993}} Huwa mmaniġġjat minn SOCEMIE (il-kumpanija operattiva tal-istazzjon ta' informazzjoni multilingwi Euronews), li hija nnifisha proprjetà ta' SECEMIE (il-kumpanija tal-pubblikazzjoni tal-istazzjon ta' informazzjoni multilingwi Euronews) li tikkontrolla l-linja editorjali tal-istazzjon. SECEMIE hija proprjetà <ref name="EncyclopediaJournalism">{{Ċita ktieb|sena=2009|titlu=Encyclopedia of Journalism|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=pLV1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA551&dq=euronews+SECEMIE+SOCEMIE|lingwa=en|edizzjoni=SAGE Publications|post=Thousand Oaks, Calif.|paġna=551-554|paġni=3136|isbn=978-1-4522-6152-2}}.</ref> -xandir pubbliku Franċiżi ( France Télévisions ), Taljani ( [[Rai]] ), Ċiprijotti ( Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation ), Griegi ( ERT ), Eġizzjani ( ERTU ), Belġjani ( RTBF ), Portugiżi ( RTP ), Spanjoli ( RTVE ), Monegaski ( TMC ) u Finlandiżi ( YLE ) [2]. Il-gruppi Ġermaniżi ( ZDF u ARD ) u Ingliżi ( [[BBC]] ) opponew il-ħolqien tal-kanal,<ref name="Marchetti2004">{{Ċita ktieb|sena=2004|titlu=En quête d'Europe : Médias européens et médiatisation de l'Europe|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=tTQSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT37&dq=euronews+fondateur+%22Yle%22|sensiela=Res publica|lingwa=fr|edizzjoni=[[Presses universitaires de Rennes]]|post=Rennes|paġni=301|isbn=2-86847-936-7}}.</ref> filwaqt li l- SSR Żvizzera saret azzjonista ftit xhur wara.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/08/03/1993/LesEchos/16344-097-ECH_euronews-cherche-de-nouveaux-partenaires.htm|titlu=Euronews cherche de nouveaux partenaires|awtur=N.V.|data=8 mars 1993|sit=le site des Échos|data-aċċess=25 juillet 2016|arkivju-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170822145837/https://www.lesechos.fr/08/03/1993/LesEchos/16344-097-ECH_euronews-cherche-de-nouveaux-partenaires.htm|arkivju-data=2017-08-22|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Il-kwartieri ġenerali tal-katina jinsabu [[Lyon|f'Lyon]] ( [[Franza]] ), li ntgħażlet minflok [[Munich]] ( [[Ġermanja|il-Ġermanja]] ), [[Bolonja]] ( [[Italja|l-Italja]] ) u [[Valencia (Spanja)|Valenzja]] ( [[Spanja]] ).<ref name="Hermès" /> L-istazzjon jimpjega ġurnalisti ta’ diversi nazzjonalitajiet u huwa klijent tal- aġenzija tal-aħbarijiet Franċiża Agence France-Presse (AFP), l-aġenzija tal-aħbarijiet Ingliża Reuters, l- aġenzija tal-aħbarijiet Spanjola EFE, l-aġenzija tal-aħbarijiet Ġermaniża Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA) u l- aġenzija tal-aħbarijiet Taljana Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata (ANSA). Dawn is-sorsi multipli minn pajjiżi differenti jippermettu lill-istazzjon jikseb punti di vista differenti dwar l-avvenimenti rrappurtati.<ref name="Hermès">{{Pdf}}{{Ċita ktieb|sena=2004|titlu=Euronews, l'information dans les langues de l'Europe|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/9516/HERMES_2004_40_109.pdf;jsessionid=7D6E28A821101FF8D94ABB4838E1056A?sequence=1|edizzjoni=[[Hermès (revue)|Hermès]]|isbn=|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920053246/http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/9516/HERMES_2004_40_109.pdf;jsessionid=7D6E28A821101FF8D94ABB4838E1056A?sequence=1|arkivju-data=2016-09-20|access-date=2026-08-06|url-status=dead}}.</ref> === 1998 Żvilupp Diġitali === Fl-1998, Euronews għadda minn disinn mill-ġdid u karta grafika ġdida. Il-lingwa Ingliża issa hija aktar preżenti fuq l-arja, partikolarment minħabba li x-xandiriet diretti minn mexxejja internazzjonali qed jiżdiedu, iżda l-kanal iżomm id-diversità lingwistika tiegħu.<ref name="Hermès"/> F'Diċembru ta' dik l-istess sena, Euronews nediet [[Sit elettroniku|il-websajt]] tagħha, u {{Data|janvier 1999}}, bdiet ix-xandir diġitali tagħha permezz tas-satellita Hot Bird 3.<ref name="Strategies301098">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.strategies.fr/actualites/medias/r4511W/euronews.html|titlu=Euronews sur Hot Bird 3|data=30 octobre 1998|sit=le site de [[Stratégies]]|data-aċċess=25 juillet 2016|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122410/http://www.strategies.fr/actualites/medias/r4511W/euronews.html|arkivju-data=2016-08-09|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Il-kanal qed iżid aktar lingwi [[Lingwa Portugiża|Portugiż]] fl-1999,<ref name="Hermès" /> imbagħad [[Lingwa Russa|Russu]] f'Settembru {{Data|septembre 2001}} wara li r-Russi daħlu fis-sehem tal-kanal.<ref name="Telesatellite10901">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.telesatellite.com/actu/1976-la-premiere-chaine-russe-information-sera-lancee-en-septembre-2001-dans.html|titlu=La première chaîne russe d'information sera lancée en septembre 2001|data=1 septembre 2001|sit=telesatellite.com|data-aċċess=25 juillet 2016}}.</ref> Fil {{Data|21 février 2005}}, Euronews iffirma ftehim mal [[Unjoni Ewropea|-Unjoni Ewropea]] . Jirċievi għotja ta’ 5 millions ewro fis-sena għal ħames snin biex jikkompleta " Missjoni Ewropea ta' tiftix tal-fatti " Hija twiegħed li tiddedika 10 % tal-ħin tax-xandir tiegħu ddedikat għall-aħbarijiet Ewropej.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rap-info/i3589.asp|titlu=Rapport - Organisation et financement de l'audiovisuel extérieur|data=17 janvier 2007|sit=le site de l'[[Assemblée nationale (France)|Assemblée nationale]]|data-aċċess=26 juillet 2016}}.</ref> Fid {{Data|19 décembre 2008}}, il-laqgħa ġenerali tal-azzjonisti approvat l-għaqda ta' SECEMIE SA (kumpanija tal-pubblikazzjoni) u SOCEMIE SA (kumpanija operattiva) f'entità legali waħda. Euronews SA, li għadha taħt il-liġi Franċiża. Governanza ġdida Stil Ġermaniż » hija stabbilita b'bord superviżorju u bord eżekuttiv,<ref name="MediaPlus201210">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.lemediaplus.com/nouvelle-gouvernance-au-sein-deuronews/|titlu=Nouvelle gouvernance au sein d’Euronews|data=20 décembre 2010|sit=lemediaplus.com|data-aċċess=26 juillet 2016}}.</ref>.<ref name="BroadBand260109">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2009/01/26/euronews-restructures/|titlu=Euronews restructures|awtur=Julian Clover|data=26 janvier 2009|sit=broadbandtvnews.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=26 juillet 2016}}.</ref> === 2011 Żvilupp ġeografiku === Fl-2011, Euronews qalbet għall- format 16/9, adottat dehra ġdida u introduċiet programmi ġodda. Wara li fetħet uffiċċji fi [[Brussell]] ( [[Belġju|il-Belġju]] ), [[Kajr|fil-Kajr]] ( [[Eġittu|l-Eġittu]] ) u [[Doha|f'Doha]] ( [[Qatar|il-Qatar]] ), il-katina qed tiftaħ oħrajn [[Londra|f'Londra]] ( [[Renju Unit|ir-Renju Unit]] ), [[Pariġi]] ( [[Franza]] ), [[Kiev]] ( [[Ukrajna|l-Ukrajna]] ), [[Istanbul]] ( [[Turkija|it-Turkija]] ), [[Dubai (belt)|Dubai]] ( [[Emirati Għarab Magħquda|l-Emirati Għarab Magħquda]] ), [[Washington (Distrett ta' Columbia)|Washington]] ( [[Stati Uniti|l-Istati Uniti]] ) u [[Beijing]] ( [[Ċina|iċ-Ċina]] ).<ref name="Capital80211">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.capital.fr/bourse/communiques/euronews-se-donne-une-nouvelle-dimension-en-2011|titlu=Euronews se donne une nouvelle dimension en 2011|data=8 février 2011|sit=le site de [[Capital (magazine)|Capital]]|data-aċċess=26 juillet 2016}}.</ref>{{Bżonn refererenza|Elle lance son [[application mobile]] pour [[iOS]] et [[Android]], puis pour [[Téléviseur connecté|télévision connectée]].}} <sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;">[[wikipedija:Bżonn referenza|&#x5B;<nowiki> referenza.]</nowiki>&nbsp;neċessarju &#x5D;]]</sup> [[Catégorie:Article à référence nécessaire]] Fit {{Data|2 octobre 2012}}, l-istazzjon nieda stazzjon tar-radju diġitali msejjaħ Euronews Radio, li jħallat bullettini tal-aħbarijiet u programmi mużikali. Huwa mqassam fuq il-web u applikazzjonijiet mobbli.<ref name="Satmag141112">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.satmag.net/affichage_module.php?no_theme=1&no_news=16954&id_mod=50|titlu=Euronews radio : déjà 300.000 auditeurs|awtur=Serge Surpin|data=14 novembre 2012|sit=satmag.net|data-aċċess=26 juillet 2016}}.</ref>{{Bżonn refererenza|La chaîne de télévision se dote d'un service en [[grec]] en {{date|décembre 2012}}, et d'un autre en [[hongrois]] en 2013. En 2014, elle devient disponible sur [[Windows Phone]], [[BlackBerry OS]] et l'application [[Flipboard]].}} <span class="need_ref" style="cursor:help;" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence (demandé en juin 2025).">Fl-2014, sar disponibbli fuq Windows Phone, BlackBerry OS u l-applikazzjoni Flipboard .</span> <sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;">[[wikipedija:Bżonn referenza|&#x5B;<nowiki> referenza.]</nowiki>&nbsp;neċessarju &#x5D;]]</sup> [[Catégorie:Article à référence nécessaire]] Fi {{Data|février 2014}}, l-istazzjon nieda l-offerta tiegħu Euronews Campus, li tippermetti lill-universitajiet imsieħba jxandru l-istazzjon dirett u jużaw il-programmi tiegħu għall-korsijiet tagħhom. Seba’ universitajiet li jirrappreżentaw 130 000 étudiants qed iniedu l-offerta L-Università ta' Marmara fit-Turkija, l- Università ta' Auckland fi New Zealand, u l- {{Interlanguage link|Université Future d'Égypte|en}}, l- Istitut għal Studji Avvanzati fil-Komunikazzjoni Soċjali (IHECS) u l {{Interlanguage link|Collège Vesalius|en}} fil-Belġju, l- Istitut tat-Teknoloġija ta' Ċipru, u l-Iskola tan-Negozju EM Lyon . === 2015-2022 Żvilupp Internazzjonali === Fid {{Data|9 juillet 2015}}, Media Globe Networks (MGN), ikkontrollata min-negozjant Eġizzjan Naguib Sawiris, akkwistat 53 % ta' Euronews SA . Biex tiġi garantita l-indipendenza tal-linja editorjali tal-istazzjon, inħoloq kunsill editorjali flimkien mal-bord superviżorju u l-bord eżekuttiv,<ref name="LObs150815">{{Ċita web|url=http://teleobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20150811.OBS4040/et-euronews-passa-sous-pavillon-egyptien.html|titlu=Et Euronews passa sous pavillon Égyptien...|awtur=Pierre-Anthony Canovas|data=15 août 2015|sit=le site de [[L'Obs]]|data-aċċess=27 juillet 2016}}.</ref>.<ref name="JeuneAfrique100715">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/245327/economie/naguib-sawiris-prend-officiellement-le-controle-deuronews/|titlu=Naguib Sawiris prend officiellement le contrôle d'Euronews|awtur=Joël Té-Léssia|data=10 juillet 2015|sit=le site de [[Jeune Afrique]]|data-aċċess=27 juillet 2016}}.</ref> Fl-2021, Naguib Sawiris kellu 88 % tal-kumpanija.<ref>{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |date=7 avril 2021 |title=Euronews, chaine européenne très exotique |journal=Le Canard enchainé |page=4}}</ref> Fil {{Data|15 octobre 2015}}, Euronews inawgurat il-kwartieri ġenerali globali l-ġodda tagħha li jinsabu fid-distrett ta' La Confluence [[Lyon|f'Lyon]] . Id-ditta arkitettonika Jakob + MacFarlane ddisinjat bini modern b'erja ta' 10 000  fil-forma ta' rettangolu aħdar li jista' jakkomoda t- 800 collaborateurs tal-katina. Ix-xogħlijiet, li bdew {{Data|novembre 2011}}, swew 60 millions ewro.<ref name="LyonMag151015">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lyonmag.com/article/76043/confluence-8220-avec-ce-batiment-euronews-dispose-de-ce-qu-il-a-de-plus-moderne-8221|titlu=Confluence : "Avec ce bâtiment, Euronews dispose de ce qu’il a de plus moderne"|data=15 octobre 2015|sit=[[LyonMag]]|data-aċċess=27 juillet 2016}}.</ref> Fl {{Data|4 janvier 2016}}, Euronews SA nediet il-websajt tal-kanal pan-Afrikan il-ġdid Africanews, kanal oħt tal-kanal pan-Ewropew Euronews. L-istazzjon beda jxandar fl- {{Data|20 avril}} bil-Franċiż u bl-Ingliż minn Pointe-Noire fir [[Repubblika tal-Kongo|-Repubblika tal-Kongo]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2016/04/05/20004-20160405ARTFIG00093-euronews-lance-sa-chaine-africaine-le-20-avril.php|titlu=Euronews lance sa chaîne africaine le 20 avril|awtur=Enguérand Renault|data=5 avril 2016|sit=le site du [[Le Figaro|Figaro]]|data-aċċess=27 juillet 2016}}.</ref> L-istazzjon għandu madwar ħamsin ġurnalist ta’ ħmistax-il nazzjonalità, kif ukoll 45 correspondants mifruxa madwar il-kontinent Afrikan.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/21/africanews-la-chaine-qui-ambitionne-d-informer-le-continent-depuis-brazzaville_4906526_3212.html|titlu=Africanews, la chaîne qui ambitionne d'informer le continent depuis Brazzaville|awtur=Joan Tilouine|data=21 avril 2016|sit=le site du [[Le Monde|Monde]]|data-aċċess=27 juillet 2016}}.</ref> {{Data|17 mai 2016}}, Euronews adottat identità viżwali ġdida ddisinjata mill-aġenzija Brittanika Lambie-Nairn. : tibdel id-disinn u l-logo tal-antenna tagħha, u tpoġġi websajt ġdida online.<ref name="Progres170516">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.leprogres.fr/economie/2016/05/17/euronews-va-devoiler-a-cannes-sa-nouvelle-identite-visuelle|titlu=Euronews va dévoiler à Cannes sa nouvelle identité visuelle|data=17 mai 2016|sit=le site du [[Le Progrès (Lyon)|Progrès]]|data-aċċess=27 juillet 2016}}.</ref> Fil {{Data|21 mai 2017}}, il-kanal waqqaf il-verżjoni Ukrena tiegħu minħabba diffikultajiet finanzjarji, peress li l-gvern Ukren ma kienx iffinanzja dan is-servizz għal kważi sentejn,<ref name="Figaro210517">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/2017/05/21/97002-20170521FILWWW00098-euronews-ferme-son-service-ukrainien.php|titlu=Euronews ferme son service ukrainien|data=21 mai 2017|sit=le site du Figaro|data-aċċess=24 mai 2017}}.</ref>.<ref name="Telesatellite230517">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.telesatellite.com/actu/49612-fin-de-la-version-ukrainienne-euronews.html|titlu=Fin de la version ukrainienne d'Euronews|data=23 mai 2017|sit=telesatellite.com|data-aċċess=24 mai 2017}}.</ref> ''Libération'' innotat fl-2020 li l-kanal « Għal diversi xhur issa, ilhom jipproduċu numru dejjem jikber ta’ artikli entużjasti dwar l- Emirati Għarab Magħquda, u Dubai b’mod partikolari. Dawn l-advertorials, li " ma tgħidx isimhom tassew » et font frizzjoni interna.[ 27 ] » === Mill-2022 teħid f'idejn - taħt influwenza - tal-katina === {{Data|décembre 2021}}, Euronews ħabbret li 88% tal-parteċipanti % ta' Naguib Sawiris jiġi akkwistat minn fond ta' investiment Portugiż, Alpac Capital,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/tech-medias/medias/euronews-trouve-repreneur-et-vise-lequilibre-1373525|titlu=Euronews trouve repreneur et vise l'équilibre|awtur=Fabio Benedetti Valentini|data=17 décembre 2021|sit=Les Echos|lingwa=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.euractiv.fr/section/medias/news/liens-personnels-et-professionnels-entre-viktor-orban-et-le-nouveau-proprietaire-deuronews/|titlu=Liens personnels et professionnels entre Viktor Orbán et le nouveau propriétaire d’Euronews|awtur=Molly Killeen|data=23-12-2021|sit=euractiv.fr|data-aċċess=28-12-2021}}</ref> u jerġa' jsir " Ewropew " Iżda fl-2024, fuq il-websajt tagħha, Alpac Capital għadha tippreżenta lilha nnifisha (f'dik l-ordni) bħala li għandha preżenza fl- [[Emirati Għarab Magħquda]], [[Ungerija|l-Ungerija]] u [[Portugall|l-Portugall]], bil-missjoni « li nwasslu qligħ superjuri lill -investituri billi nattiraw u nżommu grupp ta’ nies eċċezzjonali u noħolqu impatt pożittiv fuq il-komunitajiet tagħna » ; u Mário David, missier is-CEO ta' Alpac Capital Pedro Vargas David, huwa assoċjat, konsulent u ħabib ta' Viktor Orbán għal żmien twil,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/euronews-independence-buyout-hungary-firm/|titlu=Personal and professional links between Orbán and new Euronews owner|awtur=Molly Killeen|data=Dec 22, 2021|lingwa=en}}</ref>,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/digital/news/personal-and-professional-links-between-orban-and-new-euronews-owner/|titlu=Euronews defends independence after buyout by Hungary-linked firm - Father of Alpac Capital’s CEO has close ties to Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán.|awtur=Samuel Stolton|awtur2=Lili Bayer|data=December 21, 2021|lingwa=en}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |last=Jean-Baptiste Chastand |last2=Micael Pereira |last3=Ágnès Gólya |last4=Andras Petho |date=2024-04-11 |title=Derrière le rachat d’Euronews, la main de Viktor Orban |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2024/04/11/derriere-le-rachat-d-euronews-la-main-de-viktor-orban_6227270_3234.html |journal=Le Monde |language=fr |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref> Fl-2022, il-kanal ġie akkwistat uffiċjalment minn Alpac wara li l-gvern Franċiż ta l-approvazzjoni tiegħu (l-approvazzjoni kienet meħtieġa għaliex kienet kumpanija skont il-liġi Franċiża, fis-settur tal-midja strateġika).<ref name="AFP13avril2024">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2024/04/13/rachat-d-euronews-le-syndicat-national-des-journalistes-reclame-une-enquete-parlementaire_6227668_3234.html|titlu=Rachat d’Euronews : le Syndicat national des journalistes réclame une enquête parlementaire|data=2024-04-13|sit=Le Monde.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2024-04-15|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415053055/https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2024/04/13/rachat-d-euronews-le-syndicat-national-des-journalistes-reclame-une-enquete-parlementaire_6227668_3234.html|arkivju-data=2024-04-15|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Il-fondi meħtieġa biex titlesta l-akkwist ġejjin parzjalment mill-fond sovran Ungeriż Széchenyi, iżda wkoll minn kumpanija tal-komunikazzjoni marbuta direttament ma' Viktor Orbán ( ''[[New Land Media]]'', is-sieħeb ewlieni fl-operazzjonijiet tal-komunikazzjoni tal-uffiċċju ta' Orbán, ta self ta' 12.5 miljun ewro lil sussidjarja Ungeriża ta' Alpac Capital, innota l-AFP) <ref name="AFP13avril2024" /> ; dawn iż-żewġ organizzazzjonijiet ikunu responsabbli għal aktar minn terz tas-somma meħtieġa għax-xiri, kważi 60 millions ewro minn total ta’ 170 millions,<ref name=":1"/>.<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20240413-euronews-rachet%C3%A9e-par-un-fonds-d-investissement-proche-du-hongrois-viktor-orban|titlu=Euronews rachetée par un fonds d’investissement proche du Hongrois Viktor Orban|data=2024-04-13|sit=RFI|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2024-04-13}}</ref> Barra minn hekk, il-ġurnalisti huma mħassba u jikkundannaw <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2022/11/24/chez-euronews-les-motifs-d-inquietude-se-multiplient-au-sein-de-la-redaction_6151463_3234.html|titlu=Chez Euronews, les motifs d’inquiétude se multiplient au sein de la rédaction|data=2022-11-24|sit=Le Monde.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2024-04-15|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414141251/https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2022/11/24/chez-euronews-les-motifs-d-inquietude-se-multiplient-au-sein-de-la-redaction_6151463_3234.html|arkivju-data=2024-04-14|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> l-immaniġġjar ta' informazzjoni dwar pajjiżi bħall [[Ażerbajġan|-Ażerbajġan]], [[Arabja Sawdija|l-Arabja Sawdija]], [[Qatar|il-Qatar]] jew [[Marokk|il-Marokk]], li jiffinanzjaw parzjalment lil Euronews. F'ittra, huma jindikaw trattament meqjus bħala wisq ħafif. « Jew ma nistgħux nittrattaw ċerti suġġetti, jew niġu mġiegħla nittrattawhom b'istruzzjonijiet speċifiċi ħafna sabiex ma noffendux lill-klijenti, jew saħansitra niġu mġiegħla nfaħħru klijent. » . Madankollu, l-impjegati tal-katina jsostnu li ma osservaw l-ebda « influwenza editorjali » Ungeriż.<ref name=":1"/> {{Data|13 avril 2024}}, « xahrejn qabel l-elezzjonijiet Ewropej ", fi stqarrija għall-istampa,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://snj.fr/article/rachat-d%E2%80%99euronews-le-snj-r%C3%A9clame-l%E2%80%99ouverture-d%E2%80%99une-enqu%C3%AAte-parlementaire-1269562517|titlu=Rachat d’Euronews : le SNJ réclame l’ouverture d’une enquête parlementaire.|data=13 4 2024|sit=SNJ}}</ref> l -Unjin Nazzjonali tal-Ġurnalisti (SNJ), 1ewlenija tal-ġurnalisti fi Franza, tistaqsi dwar l-approvazzjoni mogħtija mill-Ministeru tal-Finanzi għall-akkwist minn Alpac Capital wara dewmien ta' sitt xhur u investigazzjoni mwettqa mill-Ministeru dwar l-oriġini tal-fondi, peress li bejgħ bħal dan jista' jkollu implikazzjonijiet għal- libertà tal-istampa u l- indipendenza tal-kmamar tal-aħbarijiet ." L-SNJ jinnota « Il-gvern Franċiż kien għażel li ma jirreaġixxix uffiċjalment. Dan ma waqqafx milli, ftit xhur wara, iniedi forum nazzjonali dwar l-informazzjoni, inkluż grupp ta' ħidma intitolat "Is-Sovranità u l-Ġlieda Kontra l-Indħil Barrani." » . L-SNJ qed titlob inkjesta parlamentari dwar din l-akkwist. == Identità grafika == <gallery caption="Logos tal-Euronews"> Fichier:Euronews_(1993-1997).gif|alt=Logo d'Euronews du 1er janvier 1993 au 8 février 1997| Il-logo tal-Euronews{{Data|1 janvier 1993}} Fi{{Data|8 février 1997}} Fichier:Euronews_(1997-1998).svg|alt=Logo d'Euronews du 8 février 1997 au 26 octobre 1998| Il-logo tal-Euronews{{Data|8 février 1997}} Fi{{Data|26 octobre 1998}} Fichier:Euronews_(1998-2008).svg|alt=Logo d'Euronews du 26 octobre 1998 au 4 juin 2008| Il-logo tal-Euronews{{Data|26 octobre 1998}} Fi{{Data|4 juin 2008}} Fichier:Euronews_(2008).svg|alt=Logo d'Euronews du 4 juin 2008 au 17 mai 2016| Il-logo tal-Euronews{{Data|4 juin 2008}} Fi{{Data|17 mai 2016}} Stampa:Euronews_2022.svg|ħolqa=Fichier:Euronews_2022.svg|alt=Logo d'Euronews du 17 mai 2016 au 31 janvier 2023| Il-logo tal-Euronews{{Data|17 mai 2016}} Fi{{Data|31 janvier 2023}} Stampa:Euronews_Logo_2025.svg|ħolqa=Fichier:Euronews_Logo_2025.svg|alt=Logo d'Euronews depuis le 31 janvier 2023| Il-logo ta' Euronews minn mindu{{Data|31 janvier 2023}} </gallery> === Slogans === * {{Data|4 juin 2008}} -{{Data|17 mai 2016}} : Aħbarijiet puri "Jew" Euronews pur » * {{Data|17 mai 2016}} -{{Data|31 janvier 2023}} : Il-veduti kollha » ''(Il-veduti kollha)'' == Programmi == Il-kanal ilu magħruf li m’għandux preżentatur fuq l-arja, u b’hekk ippożizzjona ruħu bħala « kanal tal-aħbarijiet pur u dirett » . Din il-linja tinsab fil-programm {{Lang|en|''[[No Comment]]''}}, li jippreżenta vidjows tal-aħbarijiet mingħajr editjar u mingħajr kummentarju. Madankollu, fis-snin 2010, dehru rivisti bi preżentaturi fi sforz biex jippersonalizzaw aħjar ix-xandira għat-telespettatur. Barra minn hekk, 70 % tal-immaġini użati fl-aħbarijiet tat-televiżjoni mhumiex prodotti mill-kanal,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2013/01/21/euronews-20-ans-et-en-pleine-croissance_1819490_3246.html|titlu=Euronews, 20 ans et en pleine croissance|awtur=Alain Constant|data=21 janvier 2013|sit=le site du [[Le Monde|Monde]]|data-aċċess=31 juillet 2016}}.</ref>.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/futurs/2015/10/26/euronews-la-petite-chaine-qui-mute-qui-mute_1409019|titlu=Euronews, la petite chaîne qui mute, qui mute|awtur=Clara Potier|data=26 octobre 2015|sit=le site de Libération|data-aċċess=31 juillet 2016}}.</ref> == Radju Euronews == [[Stampa:Euronews.radio_logo_2016.png|daqsminuri| Il-logo tar-radju Euronews.]] {{Data|2 octobre 2012}}, Euronews nediet stazzjon tar-radju diġitali msejjaħ Euronews Radio. Ixandar bullettini tal-aħbarijiet kull nofs siegħa (kull 15 minutes bejn 6 siegħa u 10 h ), imħallat ma’ kolonni dwar l-ekonomija, l-isports, il-kultura, ix-xjenza, il-mużika, u programm mużikali.<ref name="Satmag141112"/> Ixandar bl-Ingliż, bil-Franċiż, bil-Ġermaniż, bit-Taljan, bl-Ispanjol u bir-Russu fuq il-web u f'applikazzjonijiet mobbli. Disponibbli f'aktar minn 200 pajjiż, instema' minn 1.4 miljun semmiegħ fix-xahar fl-2015. == Noti u referenzi ==   [[Kategorija:Artikli tal-Wikipedija b'informazzjoni għall-kontroll tal-awtorità]] [[Kategorija:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fb15kw85r2assnzva5tx1notvqem8di 0 34540 331552 331470 2026-08-18T09:36:03Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city|flag=Drapeau de la Savoie.svg}} '''Timișoara''' (pronunzjata bir -Rumen) : /t i . m i . ˈ ʃ o̯ a . ra / {{Awdjo|Timisoara.ogg}} en , jew qabel jew Temeschwar <ref name="GH">{{Ċita ktieb|sena=2001|titlu=Historische und Philologische Untersuchung des Ortsnames Temeschburg - Temesvár|lingwa=de|edizzjoni=Eurobit|paġna=7|isbn=}}.</ref> bl en / ˈtɛ . ​m <nowiki><span title="[ɛ] « è » dans « mère ».">ɛ</span></nowiki> <nowiki><span title="[.] indique la séparation entre deux syllabes.">.</span></nowiki> <nowiki><span title="[ʃ] « ch » dans « chou ».">ʃ</span></nowiki> <nowiki><span title="[v] « v » dans « vous ».">v</span></nowiki> <nowiki><span title="[a] « a » dans « patte ».">a</span></nowiki> <nowiki><span title="[ː] indique que le son précédent est allongé/géminé.">ː</span></nowiki> <nowiki><span title="[r] « r » roulé.">r</span></nowiki> / {{Awdjo|temesvár.ogg}},<ref name="GH" /> bis- serbo-croate : ,<ref name="SF">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.banat.ro/academica/Timisoara.pdf|titlu=Falsele denumiri ale orașului Timișoara|awtur=Sorin Forțiu|lingwa=ro|format=pdf|data-aċċess=2026-08-09|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410193937/http://www.banat.ro/academica/Timisoara.pdf|arkivju-data=2016-04-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> bil - Bulgaru mill - Banat ''Timišvár'' bit en  Temeşvar ) hija belt fil-Punent [[Rumanija|tar-Rumanija]], fir-reġjun tal Banat, fil-Kontea ta' Timiș li hija l-belt kapitali tagħha. Fl-2021 kellha 250 849 habitants. Magħrufa mit-tieni nofs tas-seklu 18 għall-ispirtu merkantilista tal-abitanti tagħha u aktar tard għall-iżvilupp tal-industrija tagħha, Timișoara hija belt multikulturali b'minoranzi influwenti, primarjament Ġermaniżi (Swabians jew "Schwaben"), Ungeriżi, Serbi, Roma, Taljani, Bulgari, Kroati, Ċeki u Slovakki, u Franċiżi (aktar minn 500 resident fl-2023). Matul l-aħħar deċennji tar-reġim komunista, ibbenefikat mill-istatus tal-punt ewlieni ta' kuntatt mad-"dinja ħielsa", li taha wkoll ftuħ akbar għall-bqija tad-dinja. It-territorju muniċipali jkopri 136  ( il-Kontea ta’ Timiș għandha 8 697  ). Ta' tip kontinentali, il-klima hija kkaratterizzata minn influwenza żgħira Mediterranja li ttaffi x-xtiewi ħorox. == Toponimija == L-isem tal-belt jirreferi għax- Xmara Timiș, li l-ilmijiet tagħha kienu jiċċirkolaw mill-Muntanji Semenic lejn il-belt fil-passat imbiegħed, iżda llum jiċċirkolaw biss fil-qrib. Hija l- Bega, li ilha tiġi kanalizzata mill-1728, li tgħaddi mill-lokalità<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/timisoara|titlu=TIMIŞOARA definition in American English {{!}} Collins English Dictionary|data=2020-02-13|sit=www.collinsdictionary.com|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-08-09}}</ref>. It-toponimu Rumen (Timișoara) ġej mill-forma Ungeriża Temesvár, li tal-aħħar tfisser kastell ( en ) fuq ix-Xmara Timiș. == Storja == [[Stampa:Fn_wagner-tm.jpg|daqsminuri| ''Temeswar'', 1685. F’Wagner, ''Delineatio Provinciæ Pannoniæ'', Augsburg, 1685.]] Timișoara, imwaqqfa mill- Ungeriżi, saret belt importanti fl-Ungerija mis- X 10 ' il quddiem., meta nbniet l-ewwel fortizza hemmhekk. Fl-1019, Timișoara tissemma għall-ewwel darba f'dokumenti miktuba mill- imperatur Biżantin Basile II (mhux l-istoriċi kollha jaqblu dwar din l-identifikazzjoni). Fis-snin 1300, matul ir-renju tar-Re Karlu Robert ta' Anjou tal-Ungerija, Timișoara serviet għal xi żmien bħala l-belt kapitali tar- Renju tal-Ungerija . Il-belt ġiet konkwistata mill- [[Imperu Ottoman|Ottomani]] fl-1552 u kienet fortizza militari Torka importanti sakemm inqabdet fl-aħħar tal-1716 wara assedju mmexxi mill-Prinċep Ewġenju ta' Savoya . L-influwenza modernizzanti tiegħu malajr kisbitlu l-laqam « Vjenna Żgħira ». L-ewwel fabbrika tat-tabakk f'dik li llum hija r-[[Rumanija]] twaqqfet f'Timișoara. Belt industrijali u ċentru amministrattiv, fit {{Data|12 novembre 1884}} saret l-ewwel belt fl-[[Ewropa]] li t-toroq tagħha kienu imdawwal bl-elettriku ( 731 lampes ),,,<ref name="primariatm">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.primariatm.ro/timisoara/index.php?meniuId=15&viewCat=134&viewItem=363|titlu=History of Timisoara - Primaria Timisoara - City Presentation - Timisoara Municipality|sit=www.primariatm.ro|data-aċċess=20 octobre 2019|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813210617/https://www.primariatm.ro/timisoara/index.php?meniuId=15&viewCat=134&viewItem=363|arkivju-data=2018-08-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> u waħda mill-ewwel bliet b'tramm elettriku fl-1899 <ref name="primariatm" /> u waħda mill-ewwel fit-territorju preżenti tar-[[Rumanija]] li kellha ferrovija fl-1857, li tgħaqqadha ma' Szeged . Ġiet annessa mar-[[Rumanija]] fl-1918. Bħall-bqija tar -Rumanija, Timișoara sofriet taħt ir-reġimi dittatorjali Karlisti, Faxxisti u Komunisti minn {{Data|février 1938}} sa {{Data|décembre 1989}}, iżda ilha tesperjenza [[Demokrazija|d-demokrazija]] mill-ġdid mill-1990 'l hawn<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://visit-timisoara.com/timisoara-a-short-history-timeline/|titlu=Timisoara a short history timeline|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-09|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260810034315/https://visit-timisoara.com/timisoara-a-short-history-timeline/|arkivju-data=2026-08-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Ir-Rivolta tal-1989 === Fis {{Data|16|décembre|1989}}, f’Timișoara bdiet rewwixta popolari kontra r-reġim komunista ta’ [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] . Għalhekk il-belt kienet l-ewwel waħda li rribellat kontra l-gvern. Ordni ta' evakwazzjoni amministrattiva għall-pastor Kalvinista László Tőkés tingħata lill-pulizija, immonitorjata mill-pulizija sigrieta, is- Securitate, u b'reazzjoni għaliha d-dar tiegħu tiġi mdawra minn membri tal-Knisja tiegħu, fil- {{Data|15 décembre}}. [[Stampa:Coloana_de_manifestanti_in_Timisoara,_17_decembrie_1989.jpg|lemin|daqsminuri| Protestanti f'Timișoara matul l-ewwel jiem tar- rivoluzzjoni Rumena, 17 ta' Diċembru, 1989.]] Fis {{Data|16 décembre}}, mijiet ta' ċittadini ta' kull reliġjon u twemmin, l-aktar Ortodossi Rumeni, iddeċidew li jesprimu n-nuqqas ta' qbil tagħhom mal-metodi tar-reġim komunista. Madwar is 17 Fil-11:00 a.m., tnedew l-ewwel slogans antikomunisti. : ''{{Lang|ro|Jos guvernul! Jos Securitatea!}}'' » ( 'L isfel mal-gvern! 'L isfel bis-Securitate! ! "), u l-ewwel tram jiġi mblukkat mill-protestanti. Iċ-ċentru tal-belt huwa okkupat kompletament u ''Piața Maria'' (Pjazza l-Verġni) hija mblukkata. Fit- 22 Jibda l-intervent qawwi tat-truppi tal-USLA biex inaddfu l-perimetru madwar id-dar parrokkjali, u jxerrdu lid-dimostranti fit-toroq tal-madwar. Matul il-lejl, forzi speċjali ttrasportaw lill-qassis u lill-familja tiegħu b'ambulanza u żewġ trakkijiet lejn Mineu, fit -Transilvanja . Il-forzi armati fetħu n-nar fuq il-protestanti u aġenti ''tal-Miliţia'' u ''s-Securitate'' wettqu mijiet ta’ arresti. Wara li reġgħu bdew l-irvellijiet, ir-repressjoni kompliet fit {{Data|18 décembre}}, partikolarment madwar il-katidral Ortodoss fi Pjazza Victoria (fiċ-ċentru tal-belt), Pjazza Libertà, u l-boulevards ewlenin Calea Girocului, Calea Lipovei u Calea Buziasului, jew il-Pont Decebal u Pjazza Trajan. Nhar it-Tnejn filgħodu, xnigħat infirxu mal-belt Madwar 40 katavru li ddepożitaw fil-kamra mortwarja nhar il-Ħadd filgħaxija ġew ittrasportati f'żewġ trakkijiet refriġerati, wara li ġew innumerati u fotografati, li telqu mill-belt qabel is-sebħ. Nhar it-Tlieta {{Data|19 décembre}}, il-kumitati f’kumpaniji kbar iddeċidew dwar waqfien sħiħ mix-xogħol u marċi ta’ solidarjetà mal-familji li tilfu lil xi ħadd u dawk arrestati. It-theddid mill-politiċi spostati lejn iż-żona m'għandu l-ebda effett<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://visit-timisoara.com/timisoara-a-short-history-timeline/|titlu=Timisoara a short history timeline|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-09|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260810034315/https://visit-timisoara.com/timisoara-a-short-history-timeline/|arkivju-data=2026-08-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nhar l-Erbgħa, 20 ta’ Diċembru, kumitat ta’ rappreżentanti ġie mistieden jippreżenta l-“lista ta’ lmenti” lill-Prim Ministru Komunista fil-bini tal-kunsill reġjonali. Billi sabu t-talbiet inaċċettabbli, ir-rappreżentanti, wara li ħabbru t-tmiem tan-negozjati mill-gallarija, sejħu lid-dimostranti biex jerġgħu jinġabru quddiem il-Palazz tal-Kultura (id-Dar tal-Opera). L-armata reġgħet ġiet ordnata tiftaħ in-nar fuq l-insurġenti, iżda xi uffiċjali rrifjutaw li jobdu u ngħaqdu mad-dimostranti. Dakinhar wara nofsinhar, kumitat rivoluzzjonarju stabbilixxa ruħu fid-Dar tal-Opera, u pproklama t-talbiet tal-popolazzjoni mill-gallarija. Fl-20 ta’ Diċembru, wara erbat ijiem ta’ insurrezzjoni, Timișoara ġiet iddikjarata l-ewwel “belt ħielsa” fir-[[Rumanija]]. Il-Front Demokratiku Rumen ġie ffurmat dakinhar filgħaxija. Fil {{Data|21 décembre}} inqrat ripetutament proklamazzjoni mir-rappreżentanti tal-Front Demokratiku Rumen, li talbet, fost affarijiet oħra, l-abolizzjoni tar-reġim u elezzjonijiet ħielsa. Ir-reġim intemm {{Data|22 décembre}}<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://visit-timisoara.com/timisoara-a-short-history-timeline/|titlu=Timisoara a short history timeline|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-09|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260810034315/https://visit-timisoara.com/timisoara-a-short-history-timeline/|arkivju-data=2026-08-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==== Qabar komuni tal-1989, falsifikazzjoni famuża ==== Ġurnalisti <ref>{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Charon|isem=Jean-Marie|sena=2007|titlu=Le Journalisme|lingwa=fr|edizzjoni=[[Milan (maison d'édition)|Milan]]|post=Toulouse|paġna=50|paġni=63|isbn=978-2-7459-2598-5}}.</ref> irrappurtaw li kien hemm 1 104 tués u 3 352 blessés matul ir-rivolta, b'kuntrast man-numru attwali ta' 93 morts fi tmiemha. Xbihat ta’ kadavri li l-oriġini vera tagħhom kienet ġiet moħbija nxterdu ħafna mad-dinja kollha. Kien biss fi {{Data|février 1990}} li ġie stabbilit uffiċjalment li din kienet kampanja ta’ diżinformazzjoni. Għalhekk, l-isem ta’ Timișoara baqa’ assoċjat ma’ manipulazzjonijiet li tagħhom il-midja x’aktarx li tkun kemm l-imqarrqa kif ukoll ir-relayers. Mill-ewwel xandir tax-xbihat lit-telespettaturi, kien viżibbli għal kwalunkwe osservatur raġonevolment attent li l-iġsma li nstabu kellhom bosta ċikatriċi minn feriti meħjutin, li jikxfu interventi kirurġiċi. == Ekonomija == [[Stampa:Bierfabrik.JPG|lemin|daqsminuri| Timișoreana, l - ewwel birrerija fir - Rumanija.<ref name="zf-2017">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.zf.ro/companii/retail-agrobusiness/povestea-fabricii-timisoreana-prima-fabrica-de-bere-din-romania-16208622|titlu=Povestea fabricii Timișoreana, prima fabrică de bere din România|kunjom=Panaete|isem=Mădălina|data=26 March 2017|sit=Ziarul Financiar}}</ref>]] Timișoara ilha ċentru ekonomiku importanti mis- XVIII 18 ' l hawn seklu . Minħabba l-kolonizzazzjoni Awstrijaka, id-diversità etnika u reliġjuża u l-liġijiet innovattivi wasslu għal żvilupp ekonomiku mgħaġġel. Fl-1718 inbniet il -birrerija Timișoreana f'Timișoara, l-ewwel waħda fit-territorju ta' dik li llum hija [[Rumanija|r-Rumanija]] . Matul [[Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali|ir-rivoluzzjoni industrijali]], ġew introdotti ħafna innovazzjonijiet moderni. Il-belt kienet l-ewwel waħda fl- Imperu Awstro-Ungariku li introduċiet dwal tat-toroq elettriku. Ix- Xmara Bega ġiet ukoll kanalizzata fl-istess ħin, u saret l-ewwel kanal navigabbli f'dak li llum huwa [[Rumanija|t-territorju Rumen]] . B'dan il-mod, Timișoara stabbiliet kuntatti mal-bqija tal [[Ewropa|-Ewropa]], u anke mal-bqija tad-dinja madwar il- [[Baħar l-Iswed]], u dan wassal għall-iżvilupp lokali tal- merkantiliżmu . Fi tmiem is- XIX 19 Fis-seklu 19, Timișoara kienet konnessa man-netwerk ferrovjarju. Timișoara kienet l-ewwel belt fil-pajjiż li laqgħet investiment barrani wara l-1989, partikolarment fit-teknoloġija għolja. F'termini ta' livell ta' għajxien, Timișoara tikklassifika fir-raba' post fuq livell nazzjonali. F'artiklu ppubblikat fi tmiem l-2005, ir-rivista Franċiża ''L'Expansion'' iddeskriviet lil Timișoara bħala l-vetrina ekonomika tar- [[Rumanija]] u qabblet iż-żieda sinifikanti fin-numru ta' investimenti barranin ma' " it-tieni rivoluzzjoni » Saru bosta investimenti barranin minn pajjiżi tal- [[Unjoni Ewropea]], b'mod partikolari [[Ġermanja|l-Ġermanja]] u [[Italja|l-Italja]] . Il-belt għandha impjant tal-manifattura tat-tajers li jappartjeni lill-grupp [[Ġermanja|Ġermaniż]] Continental AG, li fetaħ fl-2000. Linde AG tipproduċi gassijiet tekniċi, u parti mill-forom tal-wajers għal BMW u [[Audi]] huma prodotti mill-kumpanija Dräxlmaier. Kumpaniji bħal FM Logistic, Nestlé, Procter &amp;amp; Gamble, Cora, L'Oréal, Sanofi Aventis u Groupe Rocher huma bbażati hemmhekk. Ekonomikament, il-belt esperjenzat tkabbir qawwi, notevolment bit-twaqqif ta’ kumpaniji Ġermaniżi, bħal Continental u Dräxlmaier, kumpaniji Franċiżi, bħal Valeo jew Alcatel (wieħed mill-impjegaturi lokali ewlenin, b’aktar minn 800 maniġer, partikolarment speċjalisti tal-IT). == Demografija == [[Stampa:Sinagoga_din_Cetate_-_Timișoara_-_2023_-_IMG_01.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|213x213px| Sinagoga Cetate, l-akbar sinagoga f'Timișoara]] Timișoara għandha 336 089 habitants (statistika tal-2006, meta mqabbla ma' 317 660 fiċ-ċensiment tal-2002). It-tkabbir annwali medju huwa +1.5 %. 14.2 % tal-popolazzjoni għandha 15 ans jew inqas. 4 % għandhom aktar minn 75 ans. == Il-ħajja kulturali == Timisoara hija waħda miċ-ċentri kulturali u artistiċi l-aktar dinamiċi fir-[[Rumanija]]. Il-ħajja kulturali hija mmarkata mill-multikulturaliżmu Ewropew, il-vitalità ta’ diversi assoċjazzjonijiet komunitarji, l-influwenza tal-universitajiet inklużi dawk fil-Punent (il-mużikoloġija u l-arti viżiva huma mgħallma fl-UVT), il-preżenza ta’ gruppi mużikali rinomati, djar tal-pubblikazzjoni, eċċ. Iċ-Ċentru Kulturali Franċiż (aktar minn ħames mitt Franċiż jgħixu s-sena kollha f'Timisoara) : studenti, irtirati, ħaddiema li jaħdmu għal rashom...) u d-Deutsches Kulturezentrum Temeswar jikkontribwixxu bil-qawwa għall-kalendarju kulturali lokali billi jorganizzaw bosta avvenimenti, xi kultant b'mod konġunt. L-istaġuni kulturali huma mmarkati minn bosta festivals. Inizjalment nominata bħala [[Kapitali Ewropea tal-Kultura|l-Belt Kapitali Ewropea tal-Kultura]] għas-sena 2021,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/culture/roumanie-timisoara-capitale-europeenne-de-la-culture-en-2021--16-09-2016-2069044_3.php|titlu=Roumanie: Timisoara, capitale européenne de la culture en 2021|kunjom=magazine|isem=Le Point|data=2016-09-16|sit=Le Point|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2021-01-11}}</ref> Timișoara finalment se tkun hekk fl-2023,<ref name=":0">{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |last=Fabien Cazenave |date=8 janvier 2021 |title=Quelles sont les capitales européennes de la culture 2021 ? |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/culture/quelles-sont-les-capitales-europeennes-de-la-culture-2021-7111438 |journal=Ouest France |language=français}}</ref> posponiment attribwibbli għall-epidemija tal-[[Coronavirus|Covid-19]].<ref name=":0" /> == Wirt Arkitettoniku == [[Stampa:Domul_romano-catolic_„Sf._Gheorghe”.jpg|daqsminuri| Il-Knisja Kattolika ta’ San Ġorġ .]] F'termini ta' arkitettura, il-belt għandha wirt vast ta' monumenti storiċi (madwar 14 500 bâtiments ), l-ogħla numru fil-pajjiż kollu. Tabilħaqq, il-kumpless kollu ta’ bini fiċ-ċentru, id-distrett ta’ Fabric u d-distrett ta’ Iosefin huma kkunsidrati bħala monumenti storiċi. Dan huwa r-riżultat ta’ tradizzjoni twila ta’ ppjanar urban modern, li bdiet fis- XVIII18 . seklu, bil-wasla tal- Awstrijaċi . Iċ-ċentru, wara li ħa post il-fortizza l-qadima, ġie rrinovat bi pjazez u toroq dritti. L-influwenza Barokka kienet Vjenniża, u dan jiġġustifika l-laqam ta' Timișoara " [[Vjenna]] żgħira " [[Stampa:Palatul_Baroc_ziua.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri| Il- Palazz Barokk, li fih il- Mużew tal-Arti .]] Fi tmiem is- XIX 19 seklu, l-istruttura urbana tal-belt għaddiet minn proċess vast ta' modernizzazzjoni. Il-fortizzi militari qodma qed jitwaqqgħu u jiġu sostitwiti bi toroq u kwartieri ġodda. Fl-1904, il-belt ħolqot il-pożizzjoni ta' perit ewlieni, li ngħatat lil László Székely. Huwa ta kontribut deċiżiv għad-disinn mill-ġdid taż-żona ċentrali bl-introduzzjoni tal-istil Art Nouveau, l-istil Secession u pajsaġġ urban eklettiku fil-belt. Il-palazzi varji fi Place de la Victoire u Place de l'Union huma rappreżentattivi ta' dawn l-istili arkitettoniċi. Iċ-ċentru tal-belt u d-distrett ta' Iosefin żammew traċċi tad-diversità etnika tal-belt b'influwenzi [[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniżi]], Ungeriżi u Serbi . Il-bini ma jaqbiżx it-tliet sulari u ħafna drabi jkun ta’ kuluri jgħajtu. Viċinati bħal Mehala, Iosefin, u Freidorf żammew karatteristiċi tipiċi tal-irħula tradizzjonali ta' Banat Swabian. : djar kbar b'faċċati li jħarsu lejn it-triq, imżejna bil-fjuri u mdawra bi spazji ħodor. L-aħħar influwenza arkitettonika fuq il-belt il-qadima ġiet introdotta bl-annessjoni ta’ Timișoara mar-Renju tar-Rumanija fl-1918. L-aqwa eżempju ta’ dan huwa l-Katidral Metropolitan, eżempju ta’ arkitettura tradizzjonali Rumena li bħalissa huwa l-ogħla bini f’Timișoara, b’għoli ta’ 90.5 m. Fil-perjodu bejn iż-żewġ gwerer, inbnew distretti ġodda ta’ vilel madwar iċ-ċentru, fejn l-influwenza kienet Art Deco, Brâncovenesc jew l-istil Klassiku Franċiż. Il-belt għandha ħafna parks u spazji ħodor tul il-Kanal ta' Bega. Għal din ir-raġuni, il-belt hija msejħa l-"Belt tal-Ward", partikolarment għall-ġnien tal-ward tagħha, maħluq fl-1928, li fih kważi 1,200 varjetà ta' ward. [[Stampa:Teatrul_National_Timisoara.jpg|lemin|daqsminuri| It-Teatru tal-Opera ta' Timișoara .]] * Il -katidral Kattoliku jew id- ''Domu'' , * Il -katidral Ortodoss , * L -opra nazzjonali , * Il-monasteri tal- Eparkija ta' Timișoara , * Is -Sinagoga ta’ Fabric u s -Sinagoga ta’ Cetate * Il -Kolonna tal-Pesta * Il- muniċipju l-qadim == Edukazzjoni == === Skejjel sekondarji === * L-iskola sekondarja Nikolaus Lenau bil-lingwa Ġermaniża, stabbilita fl-1870 u li minnha ggradwat ir-rebbieħa tal-Premju Nobel Herta Müller, hija jattendiha studenti mid-diversi komunitajiet lingwistiċi tal-Banat.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://portal.isjtm.ro/?p=700|titlu=Liceul Teoretic "Nikolaus Lenau" Timișoara|sit=Inspectoratul Școlar Județean Timiș|data-aċċess=2026-08-09|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203060036/http://portal.isjtm.ro/?p=700|arkivju-data=2022-12-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> * L-iskola sekondarja Jean-Louis Calderon inħolqot fl-1990. Huwa msemmi għal ġurnalist Franċiż li miet waqt li kien qed jaħdem mal-Ħames Kanal Franċiż matul ir-rivoluzzjoni tal-1989 f'Bukarest.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://jlcalderon.ro/8-2/|titlu=Istoric - Liceul Teoretic Jean-Louis Calderon|data-aċċess=2026-08-09|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807143331/https://jlcalderon.ro/8-2/|arkivju-data=2020-08-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> * L-Iskola Sekondarja Shakespeare toffri korsijiet bl-Ingliż. Korsijiet jingħataw ukoll bl-Ungeriż jew bis-Serb f'diversi stabbilimenti u l-Istitut Interkulturali ta' Timișoara (ITT) jippromwovi l-integrazzjoni tal-istudenti Rom fl-iskejjel. * L-Ebrajk kien ukoll lingwa ta’ tagħlim fil-belt għal żmien twil minħabba d-daqs tal-komunità Ebrajka qabel id-deportazzjonijiet mir-reġimi faxxisti u mbagħad komunisti. === Universitajiet === [[Stampa:Universitatea_Politehnica_Timisoara_-_Rectorat.jpg|daqsminuri| Il- Palazz Lloyd, is-sede tar-rettorat tal- Università Politehnica Timișoara .]] * Università Politeknika * Università tal-Punent * Università tal-Mediċina u l-Farmaċija Victor Babeș * Università tax-Xjenzi Agrikoli ta' Banat * Università ta' Tibiscus, Privata == Trasport == [[Stampa:Map_of_the_Timișoara_tramway_and_trolleybus_routes.png|daqsminuri| Netwerks tat-trammijiet u tat-trolleybuses.]] Il-belt għandha netwerk tat-trasport urban imħaddem mis- Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara (STPT). Tinkludi linji tat-tramm, tat-trolleybus u tal-karozzi tal-linja . Mill- 1990 ' l hawn, in-netwerk ġie mgħammar b'vetturi użati mill-[[Ġermanja]] ([[Bremen]], [[Karlsruhe]], [[Munich]]) għat-trammijiet, mill-[[Belġju]] ([[Brussell]]), [[Franza]] ([[Mulhouse]]), u l-[[Awstrija]] ([[Salzburg]]) għall-karozzi tal-linja, u mill-[[Ġermanja]] ([[Eberswalde]], [[Wismar|Weimar]], [[Esslingen]]), l-[[Awstrija]] ([[Salzburg]]), l-[[Żvizzera|Iżvizzera]] ([[Winterthur]]) u [[Franza]] ([[Lyon]]) għat-trolleybuses. L-[[Ajruport Internazzjonali ta' Traian Vuia]] huwa servut minn bosta linji tal-ajru tradizzjonali u jservi bħala ċentru għal titjiriet operati mil-linja tal-ajru Skandinava-Moldova Carpatair. Linji tal-ajru low-cost joperaw ukoll mill-ajruporti fil-qrib ta' [[Arad]] u [[Cluj-Napoca|Cluj]]. Fl-2009, il-linja tal-ajru Ungeriża Wizz Air bdiet isservi l-Ajruport ta' Traian Vuia minn [[Beauvais]], Luton, Dortmund, u diversi ajruporti Spanjoli u Taljani. Fl-2016, Ryanair, l-akbar linja tal-ajru low-cost fl-[[Ewropa]], fetħet l-ewwel bażi Rumena tagħha hemmhekk. Ajruplan wieħed huwa allokat għas-seba' bażijiet ġodda tagħha, b'rotot li jinkludu: [[Londra]] Stansted kuljum; [[Berlin]], [[Düsseldorf]], u [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] kull ġimagħtejn; [[Brussell]] tliet darbiet fil-ġimgħa; [[Milan]] ħames darbiet fil-ġimgħa f'Novembru; u [[Bukarest]] 12-il darba fil-ġimgħa, għal total ta' 33 titjira fil-ġimgħa. Diversi kumpaniji tal-kowċis jipprovdu konnessjonijiet nazzjonali u internazzjonali regolari jew joffru servizzi lill-ajruporti ta' [[Budapest]] u [[Belgrad]]. Il-kumpanija ferrovjarja tipprovdi diversi konnessjonijiet kuljum lejn [[Budapest]] (dak iż-żmien [[Vjenna]] u bliet oħra) u servizz kuljum lejn [[Belgrad]]. == Ġemellaġġ == * {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Palermo]] ([[Italja]]) ; * {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Faenza]] ([[Italja]]) ; * {{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Graz]] ([[Awstrija]]) ; * {{Flagicon|GER}} [[Karksruhe]] ([[Ġermanja]]) ; * {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Mulhouse]] ([[Franza]]) ; * {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Rueil-Malmaison]] ([[Franza]]) ; * {{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Szeged]] ([[Ungerija]]) ; * {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Treviso]] ([[Italja]]). == Gallerija == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160px"> Stampa:Piața_Libertății_Timișoara.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Piața_Libertății_Timișoara.jpg|alt=La Place de la Liberté à Timisoara| Pjazza tal-Libertà f'Timisoara Stampa:Huniade_Castle,_Timișoara,_August_2022.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Huniade_Castle,_Timișoara,_August_2022.jpg|alt=Le château de Huniade| Il -kastell ta' Huniade Stampa:Biserica_Notre_Dame,_Timisoara_(1).jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Biserica_Notre_Dame,_Timisoara_(1).jpg|alt=L'église Notre-Dame de Timișoara.| Il-Knisja tal-Madonna ta’ Timișoara. Stampa:Bastionul_Theresia_din_Timisoara.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Bastionul_Theresia_din_Timisoara.jpg|alt=Le bastion de Marie-Thérèse.| Il-fortizza ta' Maria Tereża . </gallery> == Noti u referenzi == [[Kategorija:Artikli tal-Wikipedija b'informazzjoni għall-kontroll tal-awtorità]] [[Kategorija:Pages with unreviewed translations]] iocjuq5jeb2kfzrr51vwbsx7hbco7j9 0 34548 331549 331435 2026-08-18T08:51:53Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:JR_East_Shinkansen_lineup_at_Niigata_Depot_201210.jpg|daqsminuri| Ferroviji Shinkansen fil-Lvant tal-Ġappun.]] Ix {{Lang|ja|'''Shinkansen'''}} ( kanji :{{Lang|ja|新幹線}}, hiragana :{{Lang|ja|しんかんせん}}) hija s-sistema ferrovjarja b'veloċità għolja li qed topera [[Ġappun|fil-Ġappun]] . Dan l-isem jirreferi kemm għall-ferroviji kif ukoll għall-infrastruttura. L-użu ta' sett ta' linji ddedikati u t-tekniki użati għamlu x-Shinkansen prekursur, u [[Ġappun|l-Ġappun]] il-pijunier tal-ferrovija ta' veloċità għolja, meta daħlet fis-servizz fl-1964. Il-ferroviji Shinkansen issa huma rikonoxxuti globalment għall-kumdità, l-affidabbiltà u s-sikurezza tagħhom, kif ukoll għall-aktar ġestjoni rigoruża tagħhom (puntwalità, indafa, provvista ta' servizz),<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.japan.go.jp/_src/200167/018-021aki_fr.pdf|titlu=Le Shinkansen, le train à grande vitesse qui fait des miracles|data=|sit=japan.go.jp|lingwa=fr|format=PDF}}.</ref>,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.quechoisir.org/actualite-shinkansen-japonais-contre-tgv-francais-la-claque-n2207/|titlu=Shinkansen japonais contre TGV français - La claque|data=18/05/2014|sit=quechoisir.org|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2015-12-13}}.</ref>.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.kanpai.fr/voyage-japon/japan-rail-jr-botte-train-sncf|titlu=Comment Japan Rail botte le train de la SNCF|data=|sit=kanpai.fr|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2015-12-13}}.</ref> Is-suċċess kummerċjali (il-marka ta' 100 millions passiġġier intlaħqet f'inqas minn tliet snin) wassal għall-iżvilupp rapidu tan- netwerk tal-linja Shinkansen, li llum jgħaqqad l-akbar bliet fuq il-gżejjer ta' [[Honshu|Honshū]] u [[Kyūshū]] . Il-veloċità massima żdiedet ukoll, minn 210 km/siegħa 320 km/siegħa (ferroviji Hayabusa). == Denominazzjoni == It-terminu ''shinkansen'' litteralment ifisser " linja ewlenija ġdida » ( 新 : ġdid ; 幹 trunk, prinċipali ; 線 : linja). Il-ferroviji li joperaw fuq il-linji Shinkansen jissejħu uffiċjalment ''Super Express'' . Madankollu, it-terminu Shinkansen sar użu komuni biex jirreferi kemm għall-ferroviji kif ukoll għall-linji. L-espressjoni Ingliża " ''{{Lang|en|Bullet Train}}'' ," użata biss minn dawk li jitkellmu bl-Ingliż, hija traduzzjoni tal-espressjoni Ġappuniża " dangan ressha (弾丸列車? ), li kien l-isem tal-proġett inizjali meta ġie studjat għall-ewwel darba fl- {{Nowrap|années 1940}}. Il-prefiss shin (新) ifisser "ġdid" bil-Ġappuniż. Il-preżenza tiegħu fl-ismijiet tal-istazzjonijiet (pereżempju, l-[[istazzjon Shin-Osaka]]) għalhekk mhijiex tfakkira diretta tal-isem ''shinkansen'', iżda sempliċement il-konsegwenza tal-ħtieġa għal stazzjonijiet ġodda, partikolarment għal raġunijiet tekniċi: ix-Shinkansen juża wisa' tal-binarji differenti mill-bqija tan-netwerk Ġappuniż. Fil-bidu tal-operat tagħhom, dawn il-ferroviji kienu magħrufa wkoll fil-Punent bħala ''Tōkaidō'', wara l-isem tal-ewwel linja li kienet topera, il- linja Shinkansen Tōkaidō . == Storja == Il-Ġappun kien l-ewwel pajjiż li żviluppa linji ferrovjarji ddedikati għal veloċità għolja bil- gauge standard ta' 1 435  . Fil-fatt, in-netwerk Ġappuniż juża l-gauge Brittaniku oriġinali ta' 3 pieds 6 pouces ( 1 067  ), magħruf bħala " {{Lang|en|Cape Gauge}} » ( Spazjar tal-kappa, kif użat partikolarment fil-kolonji Brittaniċi tal-Afrika t'Isfel). Dan l-ispazjar huwa adattat tajjeb ħafna għall-karattru ġeneralment muntanjuż tal-pajjiż. Jippermetti l-użu ta' raġġi ta' kurvatura iżgħar u b'hekk inaqqas l-ispejjeż tal-infrastruttura anke f'terren diffiċli, iżda jirriżulta f'linji mdawwrin ħafna biex jinqerdu l-ostakli fit-terren, u dan jipprevjeni ż-żieda fil-veloċità tat-traffiku. Anke aktar milli għal-linji l-qodma, dawk tax-Shinkansen ikkawżaw il-kostruzzjoni ta’ diversi xogħlijiet ta’ inġinerija, bħal mini u viadotti xi kultant twal ħafna għal xi wħud minnhom, sabiex jingħelbu l-ostakli filwaqt li jiġu limitati l-kurvi għal raġġi ta’ 2,500 m u l-inklinazzjonijiet għal 1%. L-ewwel taqsima tax-Shinkansen, fuq it- Tōkaidō bejn [[Tokjo|Tokyo]] u Shin-Osaka, hija bbażata fuq studji mill-1938 u b'mod partikolari l-proġett ta' " ''{{Lang|en|bullet train}}'' » abbandunat fl-1943. Juża mill-ġdid parti mill-art akkwistata dak iż-żmien u mini mibnija parzjalment. Il-kostruzzjoni bdiet fl- 1959, u l-ewwel linja ġiet inawgurata fl-1959.{{Data|1|octobre|1964|dans les chemins de fer}} F’din l-okkażjoni, ġew inċiżi u ppreżentati midalji lil diversi persuni. Ix-Shinkansen tela’ għal 256 km/siegħa, iżda ma kiserx rekord dinji. Dan ir-rekord kien ġie stabbilit għal 331 km/siegħa mil-lokomotivi BB 9004 u CC 7107 tal- SNCF, mid- {{Data|29 mars 1955}} . Il-linja kienet suċċess immedjat; il-mira ta’ mitt miljun passiġġier intlaħqet f’inqas minn tliet snin, preċiżament il-{{Data|13|juillet|1967|dans les chemins de fer}} Wara 40 ans ta' servizz ({{Data|4|octobre|2004|dans les chemins de fer}} === Żieda fil-veloċitajiet === L-ewwel ferroviji elettriċi Shinkansen (serje 0) operaw b'veloċità massima ta' 210 km/h, imbagħad 220 km/h. L-aħħar ferroviji tas-serje 0, bl-imnieħer distintiv tagħhom li huwa strutturat b'mod aerodinamiku (li jixbah ħafna l-imnieħer tal-ajruplan DC-8), ġew irtirati mis-servizz fi tmiem l-2008. Eluf ta' nies ivvjaġġaw biex jaraw l-aħħar vjaġġ ta' wieħed minn dawn il-ferroviji fl-aħħar jum ta' operazzjoni kummerċjali tiegħu. Sussegwentement inbnew ħafna tipi oħra ta' ferroviji, kull wieħed distint minn forma u livrea partikolari, kif ukoll minn prestazzjoni li tevolvi, mingħajr ma neċessarjament il-veloċità massima ta' kull serje ġdida qabżet dik tas-serje preċedenti. Bil-ftuħ ta' linji ġodda u l-introduzzjoni ta' settijiet ta' ferroviji ġodda, il-veloċitajiet operattivi żdiedu gradwalment. : * Fuq il-linja Sanyo Shinkansen, il-ferroviji tas-serje {{Nowrap|séries [[Shinkansen série 500|500]]}} u N700 joperaw b'veloċità ta' 300 km/siegħa ; * Fuq il-linja Tōhoku Shinkansen, il-ferroviji l-ġodda tas-serje E5 (hayabusa) jimxu b'veloċità ta' 320 km/h minn {{Data|mars 2013}} (veloċità massima fuq ċerti sezzjonijiet, partikolarment lejn it-tramuntana tal-linja, lejn Aomori ) ; * fuq il-linja Hokkaido Shinkansen (qed tinbena sa Sapporo) 360 km/siegħa fl-2031 ; * Fuq il-linji l-oħra, il-veloċitajiet tal-kruċiera jvarjaw minn 240 għandu 275 km/siegħa . == Sfruttament == Oriġinarjament iddisinjati biex jittrasportaw passiġġieri u merkanzija lejl u nhar, il-linji Shinkansen fl-aħħar mill-aħħar iġorru biss passiġġieri, u n-netwerk ikun magħluq minn nofsillejl sas 6 h filgħodu biex ikun hemm ħin għall-manutenzjoni. Is-servizz ta’ billejl huwa pprovdut minn ftit ferroviji ta’ billejl fuq in-netwerk normali tal-kejl tal-miter. === Sigurtà === [[Stampa:JRW_500_series_shinkansen_set_W1.jpg|daqsminuri| Serje Shinkansen 500 .]] F'aktar minn 50 ans ta' storja, ix-Shinkansen ittrasporta aktar minn 5,6 milliards passiġġier mingħajr ebda inċident kbir.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lopinion.fr/international/le-tgv-japonais-passe-a-la-vitesse-superieure|titlu=Le TGV japonais passe à la vitesse supérieure|data=1/10/2014|sit=L'Opinion|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=02/01/2025}}</ref> ==== Riskji sismiċi ==== It -terremot tat- {{Data|23|octobre|2004}} ikkawża d-derailjament pjuttost spettakolari iżda mingħajr vittmi ta' ferrovija Shinkansen 200 li kienet qed topera s-servizz {{Nowrap|Tokyo 231}}, li kienet qed tivvjaġġa b'veloċità ta' 200 km/siegħa fuq il-linja Tokyo-Niigata, bejn l-istazzjonijiet ta' Echigoyuzawa u Nagaoka. Din kienet l-ewwel darba li seħħ derailjament fuq in-netwerk Shinkansen minn meta nfetaħ fl-1964. Il-linji Shinkansen huma tabilħaqq konnessi ma' sismografi li jindunaw bl-iċken movimenti tal-art u jattivaw ibbrejkjar ta' emerġenza tal-vetturi ferrovjarji f'każ ta' terremot. Fl-aħħar każ, il-ħin ta’ reazzjoni (b’mod aktar preċiż, il-ħin meħtieġ biex il-ferrovija tieqaf kompletament wara li nstab it-terremot) ma setax jipprevjeni d-derailjament moderat tax-Shinkansen, peress li l-linja għaddiet qrib wisq tal-epiċentru tal-mewġ sismiku. Wara t -terremot u t-tsunami tal-11 ta' Marzu 2011, il-linji kollha Shinkansen tal-kumpanija ferrovjarja {{Lang|en|[[JR East]]}} ġew sospiżi (iċċekkjar tal-istrutturi tal-inġinerija u diversi xogħlijiet bħal fl-istazzjon ta' Sendai, nuqqas temporanju ta' enerġija elettrika minħabba l-għeluq ta' 4 centrales ). Fl-aħħar, it-traffiku reġa’ beda suċċessivament fuq 4 lignes inizjalment <ref>{{En}} [http://www.jreast.co.jp/e/ {{Lang|en|JR East}}], le 31 mars 2011.</ref> iżda reġgħet seħħet interruzzjoni temporanja tas-servizz bit-theżżiża ta’ 7.4 fuq l-iskala Richter fis {{Data|7 avril 2011}} fuq dawn l-istess linji. Fl-aħħar, il-linji kollha Shinkansen tal-kumpanija ferrovjarja {{Lang|en|[[JR East]]}} reġgħu bdew is-servizz fid- {{Data|29 avril 2011}} (skedi tal-ħin adattati mbagħad l-iskeda tas-soltu).<ref>{{En}} [http://www.jreast.co.jp/e/ {{Lang|en|JR East}}], le 29 avril 2011.</ref> Ma kien hemm l-ebda derailjament tax-Shinkansen matul dan it-terremot u l-ħafna theżżiżiet sussegwenti tiegħu. Terremot qawwi fil-Lbiċ tal-Ġappun ħdejn Kumamoto filgħaxija tal- {{Data|14 avril 2016}} ikkawża d-derailjament parzjali ta' ferrovija Shinkansen mingħajr passiġġieri abbord. Bosta theżżiżiet ta' wara qawwija jeħtieġu s-sospensjoni temporanja tas-servizz Shinkansen fiż-żona. L-operat normali tiegħu ġie restawrat fis- {{Data|27 avril 2016}} . Terremot qawwi fis {{Data|16 mars 2022}} ikkawża għeluq ta' emerġenza tas-servizz Shinkansen fit-Tramuntana tal-Ġappun (reġjun ta' Tohoku). Ferrovija Shinkansen li kienet qed iġġorr 78 persuna (2 settijiet ta' treni akkoppjati - E5 + E6 - servizz Hayabusa) derailjat kważi għalkollox diversi kilometri fit-tramuntana tal -istazzjon ta' Fukushima ħdejn Shiroishi (interruzzjoni totali fit-taqsima bejn NasuShiobara u Moriaka). JR East tħabbar li l-konnessjoni bejn l-istazzjonijiet ta' Kōriyama u Fukushima reġgħet bdiet {{Data|2 avril 2022}} . Il-ferroviji qed jimxu b'veloċitajiet imnaqqsa, sa 160 kilometru fis-siegħa, li hija madwar nofs il-veloċità tas-soltu.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://furansujapon.com/shinkansen/|titlu=Shinkansen : le train à grande vitesse du Japon|data=2022-03-15|sit=FuransuJapon|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2022-04-02}}</ref> In-netwerk Shinkansen (Tohoku) reġa’ huwa attiv fuq il-linji kollha iżda b’veloċitajiet imnaqqsa fuq sezzjonijiet li għadhom qed jinbnew mill-Ħamis {{Data|14 avril 2022}} (il-vjaġġi tas-soltu huma bħala medja 30 minuta itwal fuq l-itwal rotot) Minn dakinhar 'l hawn, il-ħin tal-ivvjaġġar reġa' lura għan-normal. == Futur == === Tnaqqis tal-ħoss === It-tnaqqis tal-istorbju bħalissa huwa prijorità għall-kumpaniji ferrovjarji li joperaw ix-Shinkansen. Għal dan il-għan, qed jiġu studjati jew ittestjati ġenerazzjonijiet ġodda ta’ settijiet tal-ferroviji. Ladarba jidħlu fis-servizz, is-settijiet tal-ferroviji l-aktar antiki u storbjużi se jitneħħew mis-servizz. Minħabba d-densità għolja tal-popolazzjoni tal-Ġappun, kważi l-linji kollha tas-Shinkansen jgħaddu direttament mill-bliet, ħafna drabi inqas minn 20 metru mid-djar, bi ftit sezzjonijiet rurali fuq it-Tōkaidō Shinkansen. Is-Sanyō Shinkansen u l-Kyūshū Shinkansen huma aktar rurali iżda jinkludu ħafna mini. It-Tohoku Shinkansen, bl-eċċezzjoni notevoli taż-żona ħdejn Tokyo, huwa inqas affettwat mid-densità tal-popolazzjoni u r-restrizzjonijiet tal-istorbju. === Veloċitajiet miżjuda === Mill {{Data|5 mars 2011}}, 3 mois wara l-ftuħ tal-estensjoni tal-linja Tōhoku Shinkansen bejn Hachinohe u Shin-Aomori, {{Lang|en|JR East}} ilha topera s-servizz il-ġdid ''Hayabusa'' (falkun pellegrin). Jiġi operat mill-ferroviji lussużi <nowiki><span about="#mwt97" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Nowrap&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Mudell:Nowrap&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;série E5&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw9w" typeof="mw:Transclusion">série E5</span></nowiki> Shinkansen fi 300 km/siegħa . Traffiku fit- 320 km/h ilha fis-seħħ minn tmiem {{Data|mars 2013}} bejn Utsunomiya u Morioka Din il-veloċità tippermetti vjaġġi ta' 2 heures u 59 minutes bejn Tokyo u Shin-Aomori, distanza ta' 675  , meta mqabbla ma' 3 siegħa 10 qabel.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.jreast.co.jp/e/investor/ar/2013/pdf/ar_2013_all.pdf|titlu=East Japan Railway Company - Annual Report 2013|data=2013|sit=jreast.co.jp|lingwa=en|format=PDF}}</ref> Il-pjan inizjali kien li dawn is-settijiet tal-ferroviji, derivati mill-prototipi {{Nowrap|[[Fastech 360]]}}, jitħaddmu 360 km/siegħa, iżda dan il-proġett bħalissa huwa limitat mill-istorbju ġġenerat b'din il-veloċità u distanzi ta' bbrejkjar eċċessivament twal. Hemm ukoll pjanijiet fis-seħħ biex jitħaddmu settijiet ta’ ferrovija ġodda ta’ 350 km/siegħa fuq il-linja Sanyō. Il-prototip " ALFA-X ", li ilu jiġi ttestjat minn nofs l-2019, se jkun jista' jivvjaġġa b'veloċitajiet kummerċjali sa 360 km/h mingħajr id-difetti msemmija hawn fuq. == Lista tal-linji Shinkansen == === Linji normali === [[Stampa:Shinkansen_map_202405_en.png|daqsminuri| Mappa tal-linji Shinkansen (post) (Mejju 2024).]] * Tōkaidō Shinkansen ( Tokjo – Shin-Osaka ) * Shinkansen Sanyō (Shin-Osaka - Hakata ) * Shinkansen Tōhoku (Tokyo - Shin-Aomori ) * Shinkansen Jōetsu ( Ōmiya – Niigata ) * Shinkansen Hokuriku ( Takasaki - Tsuruga ) * Shinkansen Kyūshū (Hakata - Kagoshima-Chūō ) * Shinkansen Hokkaidō (Shin-Aomori - Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto permezz tal -Mina Seikan ) * Shinkansen Nishi Kyūshū ( Takeo-Onsen – Nagasaki ). Linji oħra ta' gauge standard jintużaw minn ferroviji Shinkansen, iżda ma jappartjenux għan-netwerk Shinkansen bħala tali. : * il- linja Hakata-Minami (Hakata - Hakata-Minami) Linja ta' 8  għad-depot ta' Hakata ; * il-linja Gala Yuzawa ( Echigo-Yuzawa - Gala Yuzawa ) : fergħa tal-linja Jōetsu biex isservi r-resort tal-isports tax-xitwa Gala Yuzawa. === Linji ta' gauge dejqa === Żewġ linji Shinkansen inbnew ukoll billi linji konvenzjonali qodma ġew konvertiti għal dawk b'gauge standard . Huma msejħa " Mini Shinkansen "għax il-limitu tal-veloċità ( 130 (massimu ) : * il-linja Shinkansen Yamagata ( Fukushima – Shinjō ) ; * il-linja Akita Shinkansen ( Morioka - Akita ). === Linji li qed jinbnew jew li qed jiġu studjati === Minħabba l-ispiża tal-linji l-ġodda, in-netwerk Shinkansen ippjanat fis- {{Nowrap|années 1960}} mhux komplut, iżda l-linji l-aktar importanti huma lesti jew kważi lesti. Il-politika attwali titlob it-tlestija tal-proġetti li għaddejjin u l-estensjoni lejn it-tramuntana, iżda xi fergħat ippjanati x'aktarx qatt ma jinbnew sakemm l-iżviluppi ekonomiċi u/jew demografiċi ma jkunux favorevoli. Pereżempju, il-linja ta' Shikoku, li kellha taqsam il-Pont Intern ta' Seto bejn Honshu u Shikoku, u l-linja maħsuba biex isservi l-Ajruport Internazzjonali ta' Narita f'Tokjo. L-estensjoni tal-linja Hokkaido Shinkansen minn Hakodate sa Sapporo għaddejja u hija skedata li titlesta fl-2031 <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.powderlife.com/blog/vote-on-the-new-kutchan-station-design/|titlu=Vote On The New Kutchan Station Design|data=18/1/2024|sit=Powder Life|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2/1/2025}}</ref> ; il-kostruzzjoni għaddejja minn Oshima-Ono sa Yakumo (inkluża l-kostruzzjoni tal-Mina Murayama ta' 5 265  ) (it-tlestija tiegħu hija ppjanata għall-aħħar tal-2022). Diversi sezzjonijiet oħra qegħdin jinbnew tul ir-rotta kollha lejn Sapporo, iżda l-ftuħ ġenerali tal-linja <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/fr/news/20240508_21/|titlu=La ligne d'extension du Hokkaido Shinkansen risque de manquer son objectif d’inauguration en 2030|sit=nhk.or.jp|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2024-05-09}}</ref> jista' jiġi ttardjat b'diversi snin.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nippon.com/fr/news/yjj2024050800660/|titlu=La date de l’ouverture d’une ligne de Shinkansen jusqu’à Sapporo est repoussée|data=2024-05-09|sit=nippon.com|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2024-05-09}}</ref> Proġetti tal-linja fit-tul (sitwazzjoni mill-10-09-2025) : * jistabbilixxi konnessjoni kummerċjali minn Kanazawa sa Shin-Osaka b'rotta definittiva tas-sezzjoni l-ġdida li għandha tinbena bejn Tsuruga u Shin-Osaka (tgħaddi minn Obama u Kyoto) li x-xogħlijiet tagħha għandhom jibdew fl-2031 bil-kummissjonar kummerċjali mistenni {{Data|mars 2046}}.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/society/general-news/20240316-175041/|titlu=Hokuriku Shinkansen’s Kanazawa-Tsuruga Section Opens|data=16 mars 2024|sit=japannews.yomiuri.co.jp|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=16 mars 2024}}.</ref> Jeħtieġ li jinbnew għadd ta' mini, partikolarment fis-sezzjoni minn Obama sa Kyoto, għalhekk it-tul tal-proġett ta' kostruzzjoni. ; * Chūō Maglev Shinkansen L-ewwel sezzjoni tinsab taħt kostruzzjoni mill -istazzjon ta' Shinagawa, li jinsab fin-nofsinhar ta' Tokyo (dan l-istazzjon u l-inħawi tiegħu huma s-suġġett ta' tiġdid urban importanti ħafna li beda fl-2015 u probabbilment se jkompli sal-2027) sal -istazzjon ta' Nagoya b'ftuħ lil hinn mill-2027.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/fr/news/20240329_26/|titlu=Central Japan Railway annonce que son train à sustentation magnétique ne sera pas mis en service d’ici 2027|sit=nhk.or.jp|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2024-03-29}}</ref> Aktar tard, it-tieni taqsima se tkun qed tinbena minn Nagoya sa Osaka bil-ftuħ ippjanat f'Marzu {{Data|mars 2037}} l-aktar kmieni, grazzi għal finanzjament pubbliku li jippermetti aċċelerazzjoni ta' 8 snin tal-iskeda inizjali ta' kummissjonar ippjanata għall-2045. == Tipi ta' Shinkansen == Shinkansen kollha huma unitajiet multipli elettriċi li joperaw fuq kurrent alternanti 20 50 Hz . Ferrovija tikkonsisti f'massimu ta' sittax-il element inseparabbli u motorizzati. Ferrovija tista' tkun magħmula minn diversi settijiet ta' ferroviji akkoppjati jekk il-ferrovija hekk iffurmata ma taqbiżx it-tul ta' sett ta' ferrovija ta' sittax-il vagun, jiġifieri madwar 400  twila. Fil-prattika, dan jikkorrispondi l-aktar għal akkoppjar magħmul b'żewġ trenijiet.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://tripleaincorporated.blogspot.com/2014/07/beautiful-japanese-trains-les-formes.html|titlu=Beautiful japanese trains : les formes|awtur=Hervé Lacrampe|data=19-07-2014|sit=tripleaincorporated.blogspot.com|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2026-08-11|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122142931/http://tripleaincorporated.blogspot.com/2014/07/beautiful-japanese-trains-les-formes.html|arkivju-data=2018-11-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Mudelli attwali === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Modèles actuels ! scope="col" |Serje ! scope="col" |Ritratt ! scope="col" |Kostruzzjoni ! scope="col" |Numru mibni ! scope="col" |Veloċità massima |- |500 |[[Stampa:Series500-Kodama.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Series500-Kodama.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |1995 - 1998 | align="center" |9 | align="center" |320 |- |700 |[[Stampa:JR_Central_Shinkansen_700.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:JR_Central_Shinkansen_700.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |1997 - 2006 | align="center" |91 | align="center" |285 |- |800 |[[Stampa:Kyushu_Railway_-_Series_800-1000_-_01.JPG|ħolqa=Fichier:Kyushu_Railway_-_Series_800-1000_-_01.JPG|75x75px]] | align="center" |2003 - 2010 | align="center" |9 | align="center" |260 |- |N700<br /><br />N700A N700S |[[Stampa:Series-N700S-J2.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Series-N700S-J2.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |2007 - 2030 | align="center" |202 | align="center" |300 |- |E2 |[[Stampa:E2_J53_Hayate_18_Nasu-Shiobara_20101212.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:E2_J53_Hayate_18_Nasu-Shiobara_20101212.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |1997 - 2010 | align="center" |53 | align="center" |320 |- |E3 |[[Stampa:E3-Komachi-R20-131109.JPG|ħolqa=Fichier:E3-Komachi-R20-131109.JPG|75x75px]] | align="center" |1997 - 2009 | align="center" |41 | align="center" |130 / 320 |- |E5/H5 |[[Stampa:Series-E5-U15_Yamabiko-50.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Series-E5-U15_Yamabiko-50.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |2009 - 2021 | align="center" |63 | align="center" |360 |- |E6 |[[Stampa:Series-E6_Z14_Komachi.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Series-E6_Z14_Komachi.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |2012 - 2014 | align="center" |24 | align="center" |130 / 360 |- |E7/W7 |[[Stampa:Series-E7-F19.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Series-E7-F19.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |2013 - 2021 | align="center" |41 | align="center" |275 |- |E8 | | align="center" |2022 - 2026 | align="center" |15 | align="center" |130 / 300 |} === Mudelli rtirati mis-servizz === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Mudelli rtirati mis-servizz ! scope="col" | Serje ! scope="col" | Ritratt ! scope="col" | Kostruzzjoni ! scope="col" | Nb mibni ! scope="col" | Veloċità massima ! scope="col" | Rimarki |- | 0 |[[Stampa:Shinkansen_type_0_Hikari_19890506a.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Shinkansen_type_0_Hikari_19890506a.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |1963 - 1986 | align="center" | 3 216 caisses | align="center" | 220 | L-ewwel mudell Shinkansen. Fis-servizz mill-1964 sal-2008. |- | 100 |[[Stampa:G1_Kodama_464_Nagoya_20030509.JPG|ħolqa=Fichier:G1_Kodama_464_Nagoya_20030509.JPG|75x75px]] | align="center" |1984 - 1991 | align="center" | 66 | align="center" | 230 | Fis-servizz mill-1985 sal-2012. |- | 200 |[[Stampa:221-1_Sendai_General_Shinkansen_Depot_20060729.JPG|ħolqa=Fichier:221-1_Sendai_General_Shinkansen_Depot_20060729.JPG|75x75px]] | align="center" |1980 - 1986 | align="center" | 66 | align="center" | 240 | Fis-servizz mill-1982 sal-2013. |- | 300 |[[Stampa:Shinkansen_300-3000_F1.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Shinkansen_300-3000_F1.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |1989 - 1998 | align="center" | 69 | align="center" | 270 | Fis-servizz mill-1992 sal-2012. |- | 400 |[[Stampa:JR_East_shinkansen_400_tsubasa_6cars.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:JR_East_shinkansen_400_tsubasa_6cars.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |1990 - 1992 | align="center" | 12 | align="center" | 240 | L-ewwel mudell mini-Shinkansen. Fis-servizz mill-1992 sal-2010. |- | E1 |[[Stampa:Shinkansen-e1.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Shinkansen-e1.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" | 1994 - 1995 | align="center" | 6 | align="center" | 240 | L-ewwel mudell kompletament 2 niveaux . Fis-servizz mill-1994 sal-2012. |- | E4 |[[Stampa:JR_East_Shinkansen_E4.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:JR_East_Shinkansen_E4.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" | 1997 - 2003 | align="center" | 26 | align="center" | 240 | Ferroviji b'żewġ sulari. Fis-servizz mill-1997 sal-2021. |} === Esportazzjoni ta' mudelli === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Esportazzjoni ta' mudelli ! scope="col" | Serje ! scope="col" | Ritratt ! scope="col" | Kostruzzjoni ! scope="col" | Nb mibni ! scope="col" | Veloċità massima ! scope="col" | Rimarki |- | 700T |[[Stampa:THSR_700T_126-12_20130807.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:THSR_700T_126-12_20130807.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |2004 - għaddej | align="center" | 34 sena | align="center" | 300 | Mudell ibbażat fuq is- {{Nowrap|série 700}} għall {{Lang|en|[[Taiwan High Speed Rail]]}} . Fis-servizz mill-2007. |- | CRH2A |[[Stampa:CRH2A-天津临时客站.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:CRH2A-天津临时客站.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |2007 - għaddej | align="center" | 100 | align="center" | 250 | Mudell ibbażat fuq is-serje E2 għall {{Lang|en|[[China Railways]]}} . Fis-servizz mill-2007. |- | CRH2C |[[Stampa:CRH2-011A.JPG|ħolqa=Fichier:CRH2-011A.JPG|75x75px]] | align="center" |2007 - għaddej | align="center" | 50 | align="center" | 350 | Mudell ibbażat fuq is-serje E2 għall {{Lang|en|[[China Railways]]}} . Fis-servizz mill-2008. |} === prototip u mqadef tal-kejl === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+prototip u mqadef tal-kejl ! scope="col" | Serje ! scope="col" | Ritratt ! scope="col" | Kostruzzjoni ! scope="col" | Nb mibni ! scope="col" | Veloċità massima ! scope="col" | Rimarki |- | WIN350 |[[Stampa:JRWest-500-906_(WIN350-6).jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:JRWest-500-906_(WIN350-6).jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |1992 - 1996 | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 350 | Prototip. |- | STAR21 |[[Stampa:JRE_953-5_953-1.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:JRE_953-5_953-1.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |1992 - 1998 | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 425 | Prototip. |- | 300X |[[Stampa:JR_Class_955_300X_001.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:JR_Class_955_300X_001.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |1995 - 2002 | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 443 | Prototip. |- | FASTECH 360 |[[Stampa:FASTECH_360-S.JPG|ħolqa=Fichier:FASTECH_360-S.JPG|75x75px]] | align="center" |2005 - 2006 | align="center" | 2 | align="center" | 405 | Prototipi li jbassru l-E5 u l-E6, riformati fl-2008 u l-2009. |- | FGT |[[Stampa:FGT_Kan-onji.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:FGT_Kan-onji.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" |1998 - 2014 | align="center" | 3 | align="center" | 300 | Prototipi ta' Shinkansen (Free Gauge Train) b'gauge varjabbli biex joperaw kemm fuq linji Shinkansen kif ukoll fuq linji konvenzjonali. Il-prototip tat- 3 Il-ġenerazzjoni tnediet f'April 2014.<ref>{{En}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234849/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201404200014 Article du Asahi Shimbun du 20 avril 2014].</ref> |- | ALFA-X |[[Stampa:E956S13Sendai.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:E956S13Sendai.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" | 2019 - | align="center" | 1 | align="center" | 400 | Prototip li jbassar il-ferroviji Shinkansen futuri ta' JR East sal-2030. Serje E956. |- | Tabib Isfar |[[Stampa:Type923-T4.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Type923-T4.jpg|75x75px]] | align="center" | 1961 - 2005 | align="center" | 8 | align="center" | 270 | Settijiet ta' trenijiet għall-kejl u l-analiżi, 2 rames li bħalissa qegħdin fis-servizz (JR West Series 923-3000 u JR East Series 926 East-i). |} === Gallerija tar-ritratti === <gallery mode="packed"> Stampa:Shinkansen_0-series.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Shinkansen_0-series.jpg|alt=Série 0.| Serje 0. Stampa:Shinkansen100.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Shinkansen100.jpg|alt=Série 100.| Serje 100. Stampa:Shinkansen_200kei_G45.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Shinkansen_200kei_G45.jpg|alt=Série 200.| Serje 200. Stampa:JR_Central_Shinkansen_300.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:JR_Central_Shinkansen_300.jpg|alt=Série 300.| Serje 300. Stampa:400_L3_Tsubasa_Yamagata_20020824.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:400_L3_Tsubasa_Yamagata_20020824.jpg|alt=Série 400 (Tsubasa).| Serje 400 ( ''Tsubasa'' ). Stampa:Shinkansen_500_series_W2_formation.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Shinkansen_500_series_W2_formation.jpg|alt=Série 500.| Serje 500. Stampa:JRW_Shinkansen_Series_700_B9_set.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:JRW_Shinkansen_Series_700_B9_set.jpg|alt=Série 700.| Serje 700. Stampa:Shinkansen_700_Rail_Star_(8086223807).jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Shinkansen_700_Rail_Star_(8086223807).jpg|alt=Série 700 (Hikari Rail Star).| Serje 700 ( ''{{Lang|en|Hikari Rail Star}}'' ). Stampa:Kyushu_Railway_-_Series_800-1000_-_01.JPG|ħolqa=Fichier:Kyushu_Railway_-_Series_800-1000_-_01.JPG|alt=Série 800 (Tsubame).| Serje 800 ( ''Tsubame'' ). Stampa:Series-N700A-F20.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Series-N700A-F20.jpg|alt=Série N700 / N700A / N700S.| Serje N700 / N700A / N700S. Stampa:Shinkansen_N700-7000_S1_(49766090102).jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Shinkansen_N700-7000_S1_(49766090102).jpg|alt=Série N700-7000 (Sakura).| Serje N700-7000 ( ''Sakura'' ). Stampa:JR_East_Shinkansen_E1(renewal).jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:JR_East_Shinkansen_E1(renewal).jpg|alt=Série E1 (Max Toki).| Serje E1 ( ''Max Toki'' ). Stampa:Series-E2-1000-J70.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Series-E2-1000-J70.jpg|alt=Série E2.| Serje E2. Stampa:E3-Komachi-R20-131109.JPG|ħolqa=Fichier:E3-Komachi-R20-131109.JPG|alt=Série E3.| Serje E3. Stampa:Series-E3-2000_R67_Tsubasa.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Series-E3-2000_R67_Tsubasa.jpg|alt=Série E3-2000 (Tsubasa).| Serje E3-2000 ( ''Tsubasa'' ). Stampa:Series-E4-P20.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Series-E4-P20.jpg|alt=Série E4 (Max).| Serje E4 ( ''Massimu'' ). Stampa:Shinkansen,_the_Hayabusa_and_the_Super-Komachi_super_express.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Shinkansen,_the_Hayabusa_and_the_Super-Komachi_super_express.jpg|alt=Série E5 (Hayabusa).| Serje E5 ( ''Hayabusa'' ). Stampa:E6_series_Z12_Komachi_20161013.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:E6_series_Z12_Komachi_20161013.jpg|alt=Série E6 (Komachi).| Serje E6 ( ''Komachi'' ). Stampa:SeriesE7-F19.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:SeriesE7-F19.jpg|alt=Série E7.| Serje E7. Stampa:Type923-T4.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:Type923-T4.jpg|alt=Série 923 (Doctor Yellow).| Serje 923 ( ''{{Lang|en|[[Doctor Yellow]]}}'' ). Stampa:TypeE926.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:TypeE926.jpg|alt=Série E926 (East i).| Serje E926 ( ''{{Lang|en|East i}}'' ). Stampa:THSR_700T_TR17_20130907.jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:THSR_700T_TR17_20130907.jpg|alt=Série 700T Series (Taiwan).| Serje 700T (Tajwan). Stampa:CRH2A-4028_at_Pearl_River_West_Bridge_(20180924125904).jpg|ħolqa=Fichier:CRH2A-4028_at_Pearl_River_West_Bridge_(20180924125904).jpg|alt=CRH2 (Chine).| CRH2 (Ċina). </gallery> == Noti u referenzi == [[Kategorija:Artikli tal-Wikipedija b'informazzjoni għall-kontroll tal-awtorità]] [[Kategorija:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ehrjqhdlnt270c54pzydvysba7p4heo 0 34550 331548 331429 2026-08-18T08:41:11Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox|title={{abjad|Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Nazzjonali Franċiża <br> ''Société nationale des chemins de fer français (fr)''}}|titlestyle=background:#700056|headerstyle=background:#700056|labelstyle=background:#700056|image1=[[File:LOGO SNCF GROUPE CMJN.jpg|100px]]|caption1=Logo tal-kumpanija|image2=[[File:Luxemburg train station 2019 3.jpg|300px]]|caption2=TGV Euroduplex, fl-istazzjon tal-Lussemburgu|label1={{abjad|Data tal-ħolqien}}|data1=1 ta' Jannar, 1938|label2={{abjad|Tip ta' negozju}}|data2=Kumpanija pubblika b'responsabbiltà limitata|label3={{abjad|Slogan}}|data3="SNCF. Pour nous tous" (SNCF. Għalina lkoll)|label4={{abjad|Headquarters}}|data4=[[Saint-Denis]] ({{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Franza]])|label5={{abjad|Azzjonist}}|data5=Stat Franċiż|label6={{abjad|Direzzjoni}}|data6=[[Jean Castex]]|label7={{abjad|Staff}}|data7=276,271 impjegat fi Franza (2022, għall-grupp kollu)|label8={{abjad|Websajt}}|data8=https://www.groupe-sncf.com/fr|header9=Mappa|header10=[[File:Carte TGV.svg|300px]]}} <span class="gloss-text">'''Kumpanija Nazzjonali tal-Ferroviji'''</span> (bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]] : '''Société nationale des chemins de fer français''' jew '''SNCF''') huwa l-operatur ferrovjarju tal-istat [[Franza|Franċiż]] . Billi daħal fis-seħħ fl-1 ta' Jannar 1938 wara ftehim fil-31 ta' Awwissu 1937 bejn il-gvern, kumpaniji ferrovjarji privati u unjins tal-ħaddiema tal-ferroviji, jopera kważi t-trasport ferrovjarju kollu fi [[Franza]] u [[Monako|Monaco]], inkluż it- [[TGV]], fuq in-netwerk ferrovjarju ta' veloċità għolja ta' Franza. Il-funzjonijiet tagħha jinkludu t-tħaddim ta' servizzi ferrovjarji għall-passiġġieri u l-merkanzija (permezz tas-sussidjarji tagħha SNCF Voyageurs u Rail Logistics Europe), kif ukoll il-ġestjoni tal-infrastruttura ferrovjarja (SNCF Réseau). In-netwerk ferrovjarju jikkonsisti minn madwar 35,000 kilometru tar-rotta, li minnhom 2,600 kilometru huma linji ta' veloċità għolja u 14,500 kilometru elettrifikat. Aktar minn 14,000 ferrovija jitħaddmu kuljum. Fl-2010, l-SNCF kienet ikklassifikata fit-22 post fi Franza u fil-214-il post globalment fil-lista <nowiki><i id="mwRQ">Fortune</i></nowiki> Global 500. <ref>{{Ċita aħbar|titlu=Global 500 2010: Countries|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/France.html|url-status=dead|pubblikazzjoni=CNN|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616030725/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/France.html|arkivju-data=16 June 2022|data-aċċess=24 October 2013}}</ref> Huwa n-negozju ewlieni tal-Grupp SNCF, li fl-2020 kellu €30 biljun ta’ bejgħ f’120 pajjiż. <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://medias.sncf.com/sncfcom/finances/Publications_Groupe/CP_Groupe_SNCF-Resultats_Annuels_2020.pdf|titlu=RESULTATS ANNUELS 2020 – GROUPE SNCF|pubblikatur=SNCF|lingwa=FR|data-aċċess=2021-08-04|url-status=live|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803233219/https://medias.sncf.com/sncfcom/finances/Publications_Groupe/CP_Groupe_SNCF-Resultats_Annuels_2020.pdf|arkivju-data=2021-08-03}}</ref> Il-Grupp SNCF jimpjega aktar minn 275,000 impjegat fi Franza u madwar id-dinja. <ref name="Profil2016">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.sncf.com/fr/portrait-du-groupe/un-groupe-de-service|titlu=Profil et chiffres clés 2016|sit=Direction de la Communication|aġenzija=SNCF|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=7 July 2016|url-status=live|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131191936/http://www.sncf.com/fr/portrait-du-groupe/un-groupe-de-service|arkivju-data=31 January 2018}}</ref> Minn Lulju 2013, il-kwartieri ġenerali tal-Grupp SNCF jinsabu f'subborg Pariġin fi 2 Place aux Étoiles f'Saint -Denis . Il-president tal-Grupp SNCF huwa [[Jean Castex]] mill-2025. == Ambitu tan-negozju == === Ferrovija ta' veloċità għolja === [[Stampa:TGV_Duplex_Figueres.jpg|lemin|daqsminuri| Ferrovija ta' veloċità għolja TGV Duplex mill-SNCF]] [[Stampa:TGV_World_Speed_Record_574_km_per_hour.jpg|lemin|daqsminuri| TGV 4402 operazzjoni V150 tilħaq {{Convert|574|km/h}} fit-3 ta’ April 2007 ħdejn Le Chemin]] L-SNCF topera kważi t-traffiku ferrovjarju kollu ta’ [[Franza]], inkluż it-[[TGV]] (Train à Grande Vitesse, li tfisser "ferrovija ta’ veloċità għolja"). Fis-snin sebgħin, l-SNCF bdiet il-programm tal-ferrovija ta’ veloċità għolja TGV bl-intenzjoni li toħloq l-aktar netwerk ferrovjarju veloċi fid-dinja. Dan seħħ fl-1981 bit-tlestija tal-ewwel linja ta’ veloċità għolja LGV Sud-Est ("Ligne à Grande Vitesse Sud-Est", li tfisser "linja ta’ veloċità għolja tax-xlokk"), fejn ġie inawgurat l-ewwel servizz [[TGV]], minn [[Pariġi]] sa [[Lyon]]. Fl-2017, in-netwerk ferrovjarju nazzjonali li kien proprjetà tal-SNCF Réseau kellu 28,710 km ta’ linji, li 58% minnhom kienu elettrifikati u 2,640 linja ta’ veloċità għolja. Kuljum, l-SNCF tħaddem 15,000 ferrovija kummerċjali u tittrasporta aktar minn 5 miljun passiġġier u aktar minn 250,000 tunnellata ta’ merkanzija. Il-linji tat-[[TGV]] u t-teknoloġija tat-[[TGV]] issa huma mifruxa f’diversi pajjiżi [[Ewropa|Ewropej]]. It-TGV tal-SNCF stabbilixxa ħafna rekords dinjija tal-veloċità, l-aktar reċenti fit-3 ta' April 2007, meta verżjoni ġdida tat-TGV imsejħa l-V150 b'roti akbar mit-TGV tas-soltu, kienet kapaċi tkopri aktar art b'kull rotazzjoni u kellha magna aktar b'saħħitha ta' 18,600 kilowatt, u kisret ir-rekord dinji tal-veloċità għall-ferroviji konvenzjonali, u laħqet il-574.8 km/h. === ir-Renju Unit === Fl-2011, l-SNCF, fi sħubija ma' Keolis, għamlu offerta mingħajr suċċess għall-franchise tal- InterCity West Coast . F'April 2017, l-SNCF ħadet sehem ta' 30% f'impriża konġunta ma' Stagecoach Group u Virgin Group biex tagħmel offerta għall- West Coast Partnership li se topera servizzi fuq il- West Coast Main Line minn Mejju 2020 u l-linja High Speed 2 mill-2026. F'April 2019, Stagecoach ġiet ipprojbita milli tagħmel offerti għal kwalunkwe franchise inkluża l-West Coast Partnership, li fisser li Virgin u SNCF issa kellhom jirtiraw mil-lista mqassra. <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.businesstravelnewseurope.com/Ground-Transport/Stagecoach-barred-from-franchise-bids|titlu=Stagecoach barred from franchise bids|data=2019-04-10|sit=www.businesstravelnewseurope.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-02-13}}</ref> === Operazzjonijiet tal-SNCF === Mill-1990 'l hawn, l-SNCF ilha tbigħ vaguni tal-ferrovija lil gvernijiet reġjonali, bil-ħolqien tal-marka Train Express Régional. L-SNCF iżżomm ukoll firxa wiesgħa ta’ negozju internazzjonali li jinkludi xogħol fuq linji tal-merkanzija, linji interurbani u linji tal-passiġġieri. L-esperti tal-SNCF jipprovdu servizzi ta’ loġistika, disinn, kostruzzjoni, operazzjonijiet u manutenzjoni. L-SNCF topera l-aġenzija internazzjonali tal-biljetti SNCF Connect, li qabel kienet magħrufa bħala oui.sncf/Voyages-sncf.com, u Rail Europe, li qabel kienet magħrufa bħala Loco 2 . L-SNCF għandha impjegati f'120 pajjiż li joffru konsulenza estensiva barra l-pajjiż u transkonfinali. Dawk il-proġetti jinkludu * [[Iżrael]] : Assistenza u Taħriġ. L-SNCF International tipprovdi assistenza lill -Ferroviji Iżraeljani f'kull qasam tal-operazzjonijiet ferrovjarji inklużi proġetti biex jiġu aġġornati r-regolamenti ġenerali tas-sikurezza tan-netwerk. Programmi oħra ta’ assistenza u taħriġ jinvolvu l-Infrastruttura u d-Diviżjoni tat-Trazzjoni. * [[Tajwan]] : Taħriġ fl-Operazzjonijiet. L-SNCF issorveljat il-kuntrattur ewlieni responsabbli għall-kostruzzjoni tal-linja ferrovjarja ewlenija ta' veloċità għolja tal-Amministrazzjoni Ferrovjarja tat-Tajwan. Ħarġet ukoll kontrolluri tat-traffiku ferrovjarju, sewwieqa, u membri tal-ekwipaġġ. F'isem il-Gvern tat-Tajwan, l-SNCF ġestiet iċ-Ċentru tal-Kontroll tal-Kmand tal-ferrovija ta' veloċità għolja. * [[Renju Unit|Ir-Renju Unit]] : Manutenzjoni. Fl-2007–2008, il-konsulenti tal-SNCF-International awditjaw il-prattiki ta’ manutenzjoni applikati għall-binarji, is-sinjalar u l-linja tal-enerġija elettrika fl-ajru fuq il-linji ferrovjarji ta’ veloċità għolja Brittaniċi li jgħaqqdu Londra mal- Mina tal-Kanal Ingliż . Barra minn hekk, wettqet awditu tal-prestazzjoni tal-manutenzjoni mill-perspettiva tal-kwalità tas-servizz u l-kontroll tal-ispejjeż, għamlet rakkomandazzjonijiet għal titjib, u pproponiet Pjan ta' Negozju ta' tliet snin. * [[Korea t'Isfel]] : Disinn tal-Elettrifikazzjoni tal-HSR. L-SNCF tat pariri lill-Ferroviji Koreani dwar l-elettrifikazzjoni tal-linji ferrovjarji bejn Daegu u Busan u dwar il-konnessjoni tal-linji konvenzjonali eżistenti mal-linja l-ġdida ta' veloċità għolja. L-SNCF għenet ukoll fl-għażla u l-ispezzjoni tal-materjal ferrovjarju b'veloċità għolja u ħarrġet 400 maniġer anzjan, inġinier, u eżekuttiv f'firxa wiesgħa ta' ħiliet, inkluż sinjalar, katenarji, binarji, manutenzjoni tal-materjal ferrovjarju, tħaddim tal-HSR, ġestjoni tas-sikurezza, kummerċjalizzazzjoni, u sistemi ta' informazzjoni għall-passiġġieri. Sal-aħħar tal-2009, l-SNCF għenet lill-Korea biex iżżomm il-veloċità għolja tagħha. * [[Spanja]] : Sistema ta' Sinjalazzjoni. L-SNCF ingħaqdet mal-ADIF (fornitur Spanjol tal-infrastruttura ferrovjarja) fl-istudju, il-provvista, l-installazzjoni u l-manutenzjoni tas-sistema standard tas-sinjalar ferrovjarju tal-UE tul il-linja ferrovjarja ta' veloċità għolja Madrid-Lleida. F'isem il-Gvern Spanjol, l-SNCF iddisinjat u mexxiet operazzjonijiet ta' manutenzjoni fuq din il-linja fuq perjodu ta' sentejn. * [[Franza]] : Manutenzjoni Ewlenija tal-Infrastruttura u l-Materjal Ferrovjarju – L-SNCF iżżomm {{Convert|32,000|km|mi}} ta' binarji, 26,500 sett prinċipali ta' punti u qsim tal-linji, 2,300 kaxxa tas-sinjali, 80,000 ċirkwit tal-binarji, aktar minn miljun relay, eċċ. Iżżomm ukoll 3,900 lokomotiva u 500 ferrovija ta' veloċità għolja. Kull wieħed mill-ferrovija TGV tal-SNCF jivvjaġġa aktar minn {{Convert|39,000|km|mi}} fix-xahar – biżżejjed biex idur id-dinja. Kull sena d-Dipartiment tar-Riżorsi Umani tal-SNCF jipprovdi aktar minn 1.2 miljun siegħa ta’ taħriġ lill-aktar minn 25,000 impjegat tiegħu. * [[Marokk]] : Disinn, kostruzzjoni u operazzjonijiet għas-servizz tal-ferrovija bullet Al Boraq bejn [[Tanġier|Tangier]] u [[Casablanca]] == Storja == [[Stampa:BB67484-Amiens.JPG|daqsminuri| Lokomottiva tad-diżil tal- Klassi BB 67400 tal-SNCF fl -istazzjon ta' Amiens]] L-SNCF twaqqfet fl-1938 bin- nazzjonalizzazzjoni tal-kumpaniji ferrovjarji ewlenin ta' Franza ( ''Chemin de fer'', litteralment, 'it-triq tal-ħadid', tfisser ferrovija). Dawn kienu: * Chemins de fer de l'Est (Est, ''Ferroviji tal-Lvant'' ) * Chemins de fer de l'État (État, ''State Railways'' ; magħquda fl-1908 ma' Chemins de fer de l'Ouest, ''Western Railways'' ) * Chemins de fer du Nord (Nord, ''Northern Railways'' ) * Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM, ''Pariġi, Lyon u Ferroviji tal-Mediterran'' ) * Chemins de fer de Paris à Orléans et du Midi ( ''Pariġi, Orléans u Ferroviji tan-Nofsinhar'' ; PO-Midi, iffurmat fl-1934 mill-għaqda tal- Chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans u l- Chemins de fer du Midi ) * Administration des chemins de fer d'Alsace et de Lorraine (AL, ''Ferroviji Alsace-Lorraine'' ) * Syndicats du Chemin de fer de Grande Ceinture et de Petite Ceinture ( ''Ferroviji Ċinturin Kbar u Żgħar'' ) f'Pariġi u s-subborgi tagħha. L-istat Franċiż oriġinarjament ħa 51% tas-sjieda tal-SNCF. Għal perjodu ta’ 45 sena (sal-1 ta’ Jannar 1983), id-49% l-oħra kienu jappartjenu lill-azzjonisti ta’ kumpaniji finanzjarji li ssuċċedew lill-kumpaniji ta’ qabel. Minn dakinhar 'l hawn, l-SNCF hija kompletament proprjetà tal-istat Franċiż. L-istat investa ammonti kbar ta’ sussidji pubbliċi fis-sistema. === It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija === Wara l- Armistizju tat-22 ta' Ġunju 1940 sa Awwissu 1944, <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/politique/1940-1944-la-sncf-sous-la-botte_492528.html|titlu=1940-1944, la SNCF sous la botte|data=February 4, 1999|sit=L'Express|data-aċċess=October 13, 2025}}</ref> l-SNCF ġiet rekwiżizzjonata għat-trasport tal-forzi u l-armamenti tal-Wehrmacht . It-truppi Ġermaniżi li kienu qed jinvadu kienu qerdu kważi 350 pont u mina ferrovjarja Franċiża. Skont stimi differenti, l-SNCF ċediet bejn 125,000 u 213,000 vagun u 1,000–2,000 lokomotiva. <ref name="Jones1984">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Jones|isem=Joseph|sena=1984|titlu=The Politics of Transport in Twentieth-Century France|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsoftransp0000jone|url-aċċess=registration|pubblikatur=McGill Queens University Press|paġni=[https://archive.org/details/politicsoftransp0000jone/page/n134 115]–116|isbn=0773504281|data-aċċess=1 November 2012|kwotazzjoni=SNCF railway transporting german troops.}}</ref> <ref name="Mierzejewski2000">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Mierzejewski|sena=2000|titlu=The Most Valuable Asset of the Reich: A History of the German National Railway Volume 2, 1933–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gY_o6_7TP98C&q=SNCF+railway+transporting+german+troops&pg=PA83|url-status=live|pubblikatur=The university of North Carolina Press|paġna=84|isbn=0807825743|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527003241/https://books.google.com/books?id=gY_o6_7TP98C&q=SNCF+railway+transporting+german+troops&pg=PA83#v=snippet&q=SNCF%20railway%20transporting%20german%20troops&f=false|arkivju-data=27 May 2024|data-aċċess=1 November 2012}}</ref> L-infrastruttura ferrovjarja u l-vetturi ferrovjarji ta’ Franza kienu mira għar -Reżistenza Franċiża bil-għan li tfixkel u tiġġieled il- forzi ta’ okkupazzjoni Ġermaniżi . <ref name="RECITS">{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |last=Ribeill |first=Georges |date=2002–2003 |title=Obstétrique de guerre: Le cas de la SNCF (1939–1945) |url=http://www.utbm.fr/media/pem/LivreNum_LesCahiersDeRECITSn2.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Les Cahiers de Recits, Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Choix Industriels, Technologiques et Scientifiques |language=fr |location=Belfort-Montbéliard |publisher=Université de Technologie Belfort-Montbéliard |volume=2 |pages=49–61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501043038/http://www.utbm.fr/media/pem/LivreNum_LesCahiersDeRECITSn2.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> <ref name="Christofferson">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Christofferson|isem=Thomas|kunjom2=Christofferson|isem2=Michael|sena=2006|titlu=France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation|post=New York|pubblikatur=Fordham University Press|isbn=978-0-8232-2563-7}}</ref> Dan ippermetta lill-impjegati tal-SNCF iwettqu ħafna atti ta’ reżistenza, <ref name="Durand">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Durand|isem=Paul|sena=1968|titlu=La SNCF pendant la guerre, sa résistance à l'occupant|post=Paris|pubblikatur=Presses Universitaires de France}}</ref> inkluża l-formazzjoni tal-moviment Résistance-Fer fl- 1943 . Kważi 1,700 ħaddiem tal-ferrovija tal-SNCF inqatlu jew intbagħtu f'idejn terzi talli rreżistew l-ordnijiet Nazisti . <ref name="figaro-shoah-regrets">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Lombard|isem=Marie-Amélie|data=25 January 2011|titlu=Shoah : les "regrets" de la SNCF|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2011/01/24/01016-20110124ARTFIG00734-shoah-les-regrets-de-la-sncf.php|url-status=live|pubblikazzjoni=Le Figaro|post=France|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126182837/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2011/01/24/01016-20110124ARTFIG00734-shoah-les-regrets-de-la-sncf.php|arkivju-data=26 January 2011|data-aċċess=31 January 2010}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes2011">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=De La Baume|isem=Maïa|data=25 January 2011|titlu=French Railway Formally Apologizes to Holocaust Victims|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/26/world/europe/26france.html|url-status=live|pubblikazzjoni=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330165147/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/26/world/europe/26france.html|arkivju-data=30 March 2014|data-aċċess=26 October 2012}}</ref> 150 aġent tar-Résistance-Fer ġew sparati għall-atti ta’ reżistenza tagħhom, 500 minnhom ġew deportati. Nofs dawk li ġew deportati mietu fil- kampijiet tal-konċentrament . <ref name="Ribeill">{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |last=Ribeill |first=Georges |year=2006 |title=Résistance-Fer, du " réseau " à l'association |journal=Revue d'histoire des chemins de fer |volume=34 |pages=53–73 |doi=10.4000/rhcf.534 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matul l-Olokawst fi Franza, il-forzi Ġermaniżi ta' okkupazzjoni fi Franza rekwiżizzjonaw ukoll lill-SNCF biex jittrasportaw kważi 77,000 Lhudi u vittmi oħra tal-Olokawst lejn il-kampijiet ta' sterminazzjoni Nazisti. <ref name="Shaver">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Shaver|isem=Katherine|data=7 July 2010|titlu=Holocaust group faults VRE contract|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/06/AR2010070605169.html|url-status=live|pubblikazzjoni=The Washington Post|issn=0740-5421|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331071237/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/06/AR2010070605169.html|arkivju-data=31 March 2012|data-aċċess=7 July 2010}}</ref> <ref name="Bankier2011">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Marrus|isem=Michael R.|sena=2011|kapitlu=Chapter 12 The Case of the French Railways and the Deportation of Jews in 1944|editur-kunjom2=Michman|editur-isem2=Dan|titlu=Holocaust and Justice|pubblikatur=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-9-65308-353-0}}</ref> Aktar tard, dawn id-deportazzjonijiet kienu s-suġġett ta’ kontroversja storika u kawżi (bħall- każ Lipietz ) fi Franza kif ukoll fl-Istati Uniti (fejn is-sussidjarja Keolis hija (mill-2010) kuntrattur tat-trasport) sal-lum . <ref name="nytimes2011"/> <ref>{{Ċita aħbar|data=7 June 2006|titlu=French railway must pay for transporting family to Nazis|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/french-railway-must-pay-for-transporting-family-to-nazis-1.575679|url-status=live|pubblikazzjoni=CBC News|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205941/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/french-railway-must-pay-for-transporting-family-to-nazis-1.575679|arkivju-data=29 October 2013|data-aċċess=9 June 2006}}</ref> Fl-2006, xi sorsi sostnew li l-SNCF talbet biljetti tat-tielet klassi lil Franza okkupata min-Nazi għall-vittmi tal-Olokawst li ġew ittrasportati lejn il-kampijiet tal-isterminazzjoni, <ref name="Gaurdian06">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Chrisafis|isem=Angelique|data=7 June 2006|titlu=French state and SNCF guilty of collusion in deporting Jews|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/07/france.topstories3|url-status=live|pubblikazzjoni=The Guardian|post=London|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527003229/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/07/france.topstories3|arkivju-data=27 May 2024|data-aċċess=16 December 2016}}</ref> <ref name="BBC07">{{Ċita aħbar|data=27 March 2007|titlu=French railways win WWII appeal|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6499227.stm|url-status=live|pubblikazzjoni=BBC News|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110034322/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6499227.stm|arkivju-data=10 November 2013|data-aċċess=7 November 2013}}</ref> għalkemm il-passiġġieri ġew ittrasportati f'vaguni tal-baqar . <ref name="FirstPost">{{Ċita aħbar|data=15 November 2010|titlu=SNCF airs Holocaust regret as it bids for Florida rail &#124; News &#124; The Week UK|url=http://www.theweek.co.uk/politics/9909/sncf-airs-holocaust-regret-it-bids-florida-rail|url-status=live|pubblikatur=Thefirstpost.co.uk|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203429/http://www.theweek.co.uk/politics/9909/sncf-airs-holocaust-regret-it-bids-florida-rail|arkivju-data=29 October 2013|data-aċċess=24 October 2013}}</ref> Fl-2003, sors irrapporta li wara l- liberazzjoni ta’ Franza, l-SNCF kompliet titlob ħlas għat-trasport tal-vittmi tal-Olokawst lejn il-Ġermanja. <ref name="Gaurdian06" /> <ref name="NYTimes03">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Riding|isem=Alan|data=20 March 2003|titlu=Nazis' Human Cargo Now Haunts French Railway|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/20/international/europe/20PARI.html|url-status=live|pubblikazzjoni=The New York Times|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114133028/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/20/international/europe/20PARI.html|arkivju-data=14 November 2013|data-aċċess=7 November 2013}}</ref> Madankollu, l-istoriku Michael Marrus kiteb li l-istqarrijiet li l-SNCF ħallset biljetti tat-tielet klassi u kompliet titlob il-ħlas wara li ntemmet il-gwerra saru bħala parti minn każ legali mressaq kontra l-SNCF, u ma qablux mal-fehim tal-istoriċi ta’ x’ġara. Marrus jargumenta li l-SNCF ma kellha l-ebda marġni ta’ manuvra matul l-okkupazzjoni Ġermaniża u li l-azzjonijiet tal-impjegati tal-SNCF ma kinux motivati ideoloġikament. <ref name="Bankier2011"/> Skont Serge Klarsfeld, president tal-organizzazzjoni Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France, l-SNCF ġiet imġiegħla mill-awtoritajiet Ġermaniżi u ta’ Vichy tikkoopera fil-provvista ta’ trasport għal-Lhud Franċiżi sal-fruntiera u ma għamlet l-ebda profitt minn dan it-trasport. <ref name="Klarsfeld2012">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.memorialdelashoah.com/attachments/article/77/Serge_Klarsfeld_sen_judiciary_comm_sncf_washington_july_2012.pdf|titlu=Analysis of Statements Made During the June 20, 2012 Hearing of the U.S. Senate Committee of the Judiciary|awtur=Serge Klarsfeld]|data=26 June 2012|sit=Memorial de la Shoah|data-aċċess=19 November 2013|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221852/http://www.memorialdelashoah.com/attachments/article/77/Serge_Klarsfeld_sen_judiciary_comm_sncf_washington_july_2012.pdf|arkivju-data=2 December 2013}}</ref> F'Diċembru 2014, l-SNCF qablet li tħallas sa $60 miljun f'kumpens lil dawk li salvaw mill-Olokawst fl-Istati Uniti. <ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=DeYoung|isem=Karen|data=2014-12-05|titlu=France to compensate American survivors of Holocaust|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/france-to-compensate-american-holocaust-survivors/2014/12/05/9fd176c6-7c94-11e4-84d4-7c896b90abdc_story.html|url-status=live|pubblikazzjoni=[[The Washington Post]]|lingwa=en-US|issn=0190-8286|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518153145/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/france-to-compensate-american-holocaust-survivors/2014/12/05/9fd176c6-7c94-11e4-84d4-7c896b90abdc_story.html|arkivju-data=18 May 2021|data-aċċess=2021-08-03}}</ref> Dan jikkorrispondi għal madwar $100,000 għal kull superstiti. <ref>{{Ċita aħbar|data=2014-12-05|titlu=Pour le rôle de la SNCF dans la Shoah, Paris va verser 100 000 euros à chaque déporté américain|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2014/12/05/etats-unis-paris-va-indemniser-les-victimes-de-la-shoah-transportees-par-la-sncf_4535530_3222.html|url-status=live|pubblikazzjoni=Le Monde.fr|lingwa=fr|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517142430/https://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2014/12/05/etats-unis-paris-va-indemniser-les-victimes-de-la-shoah-transportees-par-la-sncf_4535530_3222.html|arkivju-data=17 May 2021|data-aċċess=2021-08-03}}</ref> === L-era moderna === Fil-bidu tas-snin 2000, l-SNCF fittxet li tikseb kuntratt mill-istat ta’ California għal proġett ta’ ferrovija bullet train bejn Los Angeles u San Francisco. L-SNCF irrakkomandat li l-ferrovija tieħu l-aktar rotta diretta bejn iż-żewġ postijiet biex tnaqqas il-kumplessità u l-ispiża tal-proġett, iżda r-rakkomandazzjonijiet tal-SNCF ġew injorati mill-politiċi ta’ California li riedu jiddevjaw il-ferrovija minn ġo diversi komunitajiet, u b’hekk żiedu l-ispiża u l-kumplessità tal-proġett, kif ukoll il-ħin mistenni tal-ivvjaġġar. L-SNCF irtirat mill-proġett fl-2011 u marret il-Marokk biex tgħin lill-pajjiż jibni servizz ta’ ferrovija bullet train. Sal-2018, il-ferrovija bullet train tal-Marokk bdiet is-servizz filwaqt li l-proġett tal-ferrovija bullet train ta’ California ma kienx qrib li jibda jopera fl-2022, b’xi wħud jgħidu li l-proġett qatt ma kien se jitlesta. Fl-1 ta' Jannar 2015, {{Lang|fr|[[Réseau Ferré de France]]}} (RFF) ingħaqdet ma' SNCF Infra u d- {{Lang|fr|Direction de la circulation ferroviaire}} (DCF) u saret ''SNCF Réseau'', l-assi operattivi tal-SNCF saru ''SNCF Mobilités'', u ż-żewġ gruppi tqiegħdu taħt il-kontroll tal-SNCF. Jean-Pierre Farandou, li dak iż-żmien kien il-kap tal-operatur ferrovjarju tal-istat, informa fis-26 ta' Lulju 2024 li n-netwerk ferrovjarju ta' veloċità għolja Eurostar tal-SNCF sofra minn diversi każijiet ta' sabotaġġ ikkoordinat, li kkawżaw tfixkil sinifikanti fis-servizzi tal-ferroviji. L-inċident seħħ ftit sigħat qabel iċ-ċerimonja tal-ftuħ tal- Olimpjadi, li kienet meqjusa bħala avveniment ta' riskju għoli. Il-linji affettwati kienu jinsabu fir-reġjuni tal-punent, tat-tramuntana u tal-lvant ta’ [[Franza]], u affettwaw mhux biss il-ferroviji domestiċi iżda wkoll dawk li jivvjaġġaw lejn [[Belġju|il-Belġju]] u [[Londra]] fil-qrib permezz tal -Mina tal-Kanal Ingliż . Kien mistenni li madwar 800,000 vjaġġatur ġew affettwati minħabba dan l-attakk ta’ ħruq doluż fuq in-netwerks ferrovjarji Franċiżi. <ref name="malicious-acts of vandalism">{{Ċita aħbar|data=2024-07-26|titlu=Several french train lines hit by malicious acts disrupting traffic ahead of olympics|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/several-french-train-lines-hit-by-malicious-acts-disrupting-traffic-ahead-of-olympics/articleshow/112036279.cms|pubblikazzjoni=Times Of India|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2024-07-26}}</ref> <ref name="Arson attack">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Vidalon|isem=Dominique|data=2024-07-26|titlu=Arson attacks hit France's train network hours before Olympic ceremony|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/vandals-target-frances-high-speed-rail-network-olympics-get-underway-2024-07-26/|pubblikazzjoni=Reuters|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2024-07-26}}</ref> <ref name="French rail network hit">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Tessier|isem=Benoît|data=2024-07-26|titlu=French rail network hit by arson attacks before Olympics opening ceremony|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/jul/26/vandals-target-french-rail-network-olympics-opening-ceremony|pubblikazzjoni=The Guardian|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2024-07-26}}</ref> <ref name="Massive attack">{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=ROSSIGNOL|isem=PASCAL|data=2024-07-26|titlu='Massive attack' on fast train network|url=https://www.dw.com/en/france-massive-attack-on-fast-train-network/a-69771241|pubblikazzjoni=DW|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2024-07-26}}</ref> == Kondiviżjoni tal-kodiċi mal-linji tal-ajru == L-SNCF għandha ftehimiet ta' codeshare mal-linji tal-ajru li ġejjin:   Bi skambju, l-SNCF tippermetti lill-passiġġieri fuq dawn it-titjiriet li jibbukkjaw servizzi ferrovjarji bejn l-Ajruport Charles de Gaulle f'Roissy (fis-subborgi ta' [[Pariġi]] ) u Aix-en-Provence, Angers, Avignon, Bordeaux, Le Mans, Lille, Lyon Part-Dieu, Marsilja, Montpellier, Nantes, Nîmes, Tours, Rennes, Poitiers, Tours ,,,, Valence mal-linja tal-ajru tagħhom. Id-deżinjatur tal-IATA użat mil-linji tal-ajru b'konnessjoni ma' dawn il-vjaġġi huwa 2C. <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://airhex.com/airlines/sncf/|titlu=Airhex - Managed Airline Data|pubblikatur=Airhex|data-aċċess=12 July 2025|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806153608/https://airhex.com/airlines/sncf/|arkivju-data=6 August 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Struttura tal-kumpanija == === Kwartieri Ġenerali === [[File:Siège_SNCF_Saint-Denis.jpg|daqsminuri| L-uffiċċju prinċipali attwali f'Saint-Denis]] [[File:SNCFHQParis.JPG|daqsminuri| L-eks kwartieri ġenerali tal-SNCF fil-viċinat ta' Montparnasse]] Sal-1999, il-kwartieri ġenerali storiċi tal-SNCF kienu jinsabu fi 88 Rue Saint-Lazare fid- 9 arrondissement . Fl-1996, iċ-chairman tal-SNCF, Louis Gallois, ħabbar li l-SNCF kienet se ċċaqlaq il-kwartieri ġenerali tagħha għal post ġdid f'nofs l-1997. Mill-1999 sal-2013, il-kwartieri ġenerali tal-SNCF kienu jinsabu fil-viċinat ta' Montparnasse fl- 14-il arrondissement ta' Pariġi, li jinsab ħdejn il- Gare Montparnasse . Minn Lulju 2013, il-kwartieri ġenerali tal-SNCF jinsabu fis-subborg Pariġin ta’ Saint-Denis fi 2, place aux Étoiles, 93200 Saint Denis . <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.groupe-sncf.com/en/information/legal-notice|titlu=Legal notices|pubblikatur=SNCF Group|data-aċċess=2026-06-22|kwotazzjoni=Registered office: SNCF Campus Étoiles, 2, place aux Étoiles, 93200 Saint-Denis}}</ref> Il-mossa kienet motivata minn tnaqqis fl-ispejjeż operattivi b'10 miljun ewro fis-sena. <ref name="Bertrand" /> === Diviżjonijiet === * SNCF Réseau (bil-Franċiż għal ''Netwerk SNCF'' ) – Maniġer tal-infrastruttura ferrovjarja tal-Istat; ** SNCF Gares & Connexions (bil-Franċiż għal ''Stazzjonijiet u Konnessjonijiet SNCF'' ) – Sussidjarja ta' SNCF Réseau responsabbli għall-manutenzjoni u r-rinnovazzjoni tat-3,000 stazzjon fuq in-netwerk ferrovjarju Franċiż; * SNCF Voyageurs (Ingliż: ''SNCF Travelers'' ) – Intrapriża tal-Istat li topera ferroviji fi Franza u fl-Ewropa, inkluż is-servizz ewlieni [[TGV|tat-TGV inOui]], flimkien mas-servizz bi prezz baxx Ouigo TGV, is-servizzi tradizzjonali fuq distanzi twal Intercités, u s-servizzi reġjonali TER u Transilien ; * Loġistika Ferrovjarja tal-Ewropa ; ** Hexafret (ex ''Fret SNCF'' ) – servizzi tat-trasport tal-merkanzija bil-ferrovija; ** Teknika - manutenzjoni ta' vetturi ferrovjarji; ** Captrain – Netwerk Ewropew tat-trasport ferrovjarju tal-merkanzija; ** VIIA, Awtostrada bil-mixi ; ** Naviland Cargo; ** Forwardis, speditur tal-merkanzija ; * Geodis (98.4% proprjetà tal-SNCF) – Kumpanija privata li tmexxi l-loġistika tat-trasport tal-merkanzija; * Keolis (70% proprjetà ta' SNCF) – Operatur privat tat-trasport pubbliku li jopera servizzi fi bliet madwar id-dinja inklużi karozzi tal-linja, metro, ferroviji ħfief, roti tal-kiri, parkeġġi, cable cars u servizzi tal-ajruport. === Sussidjarji === [[Stampa:Épône_gare_-_distributeur_de_billets.png|daqsminuri| Magna tal-biljetti SNCF fl-istazzjon Épône-Mézières]] L-SNCF għandha ishma sħaħ jew parzjali f'għadd kbir ta' kumpaniji, li l-maġġoranza tagħhom huma relatati mal-ferrovija jew mat-trasport. Dawn jinkludu: <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://comment-devenirriche.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/rapport-financier-2008.pdf|titlu=Rapport Financier|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=1 September 2008|url-status=usurped|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304173424/http://comment-devenirriche.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/rapport-financier-2008.pdf|arkivju-data=2016-03-04}}</ref> * ERMEWA (100%) * Vaguni ta' Franza (100%) * SGW : Société de Gérance de Wagons (67.5%) * CTC : Compagnie des Transports Céréaliers (69.36%) * SEGI (98.96%) * Naviland Cargo (94.37%) qabel CNC Transports, Compagnie Nouvelle de Conteneurs. ''Trasport ġenerali tal-merkanzija'' : :* Ċ- Modalohr Express (51%) :* Novatrans (38.25%) :* Districhrono (100%) :* Ecorail (99.9%) :* Froidcombi (48.93%) :* Rouch Intermodal (98.96%) :* Sefergie (98.96%) :* EFFIA (99.99%) ''Trasport tal-passiġġieri'' :* Eurostar Internazzjonali (55%) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/about-eurostar/our-company/behind-the-scenes|titlu=About Us {{!}} Behind The Scenes|sit=Eurostar|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2021-08-03|url-status=live|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508110025/http://www.eurostar.com/UK/uk/leisure/about_eurostar/company_information/ownership_structure.jsp|arkivju-data=8 May 2009}}</ref> :* Lyria (74%): operatur ferrovjarju ta' veloċità għolja bejn Franza u l-Iżvizzera :* Rhealys SA (30%) :* Keolis (70%) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.keolis.com/en/media-centre/press/news/in-detail/article/sncf-increases-its-shareh.html|titlu=SNCF increases its shareholding in Keolis to accelerate the next phase of the company's development|sit=keolis.com|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526090304/http://www.keolis.com/en/media-centre/press/news/in-detail/article/sncf-increases-its-shareh.html|arkivju-data=2014-05-26}}</ref> :* Govia (24.5%) <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.govia.info/news/govia-awarded-tsgn-franchise/|titlu=Govia awarded TSGN franchise : Govia|sit=www.govia.info|data-aċċess=2021-08-03|url-status=live|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527003236/https://govia.info/news/govia-awarded-tsgn-franchise/|arkivju-data=27 May 2024}}</ref> :* Ouigo (100%): operatur ferrovjarju ta' veloċità għolja bi prezz baxx :* Ouigo España (100%): operatur ferrovjarju ta' veloċità għolja b'aċċess miftuħ fi Spanja ''Biljetti'' :* SNCF Connect ''(li qabel kienet oui.sncf)'' (50.1%), l-aġenzija tal-ivvjaġġar onlajn tal-SNCF :* Rail Europe, Inc. (50%) Xtrat mingħand British Rail . :* Kummerċ GLe ''Konsultazzjoni'' :* AREP (99.99%): arkitettura u disinn urban ta' stazzjonijiet u faċilitajiet ferrovjarji oħra :* Konsulenza tal-SNCF (100%) :* SNCF Internazzjonali (100%) :* Inexia :* SYSTRA (35.87%): inġinerija għat-trasport pubbliku ''Akkomodazzjoni'' :* ICF Habitat Novedis (100%): akkomodazzjoni għall-kiri (akkomodazzjoni soċjali u privata) == Identità viżwali u tal-ħoss == [[File:SNCF_logo_(1937).svg|daqsminuri|140x140px| L-ewwel badge tal-SNCF, maħluqa minn Maximilien Vox, użata minn Jannar 1938]] [[Stampa:Logo_of_SNCF_(1992-2005).svg|daqsminuri| Logo ddisinjat mill-ġdid minn Joël Desgrippes, użat minn Diċembru 1992 sa Marzu 2005]] === Identità tal-ħoss === Fl-2005, il- logo tal-ħoss tal-SNCF l-erba’ noti Do&nbsp;– Ġ&nbsp;– A♭&nbsp;– E♭, fil-verżjoni kantata tagħha, <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.sncf.com/fr/identite/jingle|titlu=Le jingle : l'histoire sonore de la marque SNCF {{!}} SNCF|data=2015-04-09|sit=www.sncf.com|lingwa=FR|data-aċċess=2021-01-20|url-status=live|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409165440/http://www.sncf.com/fr/identite/jingle|arkivju-data=9 April 2015}}</ref> inħolqot minn Michaël Boumendil u l-aġenzija Sixième Son. <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lejdd.fr/Style-de-vie/Portrait-de-Michael-Boumendil-designer-sonore-303201-3110228|titlu=Le jingle de la SNCF, c'est lui!|sit=Le JDD|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2021-01-20|url-status=live|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417144136/https://www.lejdd.fr/Style-de-vie/Portrait-de-Michael-Boumendil-designer-sonore-303201-3110228|arkivju-data=17 April 2021}}</ref> David Gilmour, il-kitarrist tal-grupp Pink Floyd, uża l-jingle bħala l-ispirazzjoni għat-titlu tal-album tiegħu tal-2015 ''Rattle That Lock'' . <ref>{{Ċita aħbar|data=2015-07-09|titlu=Pour David Gilmour, guitariste de Pink Floyd, l'inspiration est venue d'un jingle de la SNCF|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/big-browser/article/2015/07/09/pour-david-gilmour-guitariste-de-pink-floyd-l-inspiration-est-venue-d-un-jingle-de-la-sncf_5991342_4832693.html|url-status=live|pubblikazzjoni=Le Monde.fr|lingwa=fr|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201010950/https://www.lemonde.fr/big-browser/article/2015/07/09/pour-david-gilmour-guitariste-de-pink-floyd-l-inspiration-est-venue-d-un-jingle-de-la-sncf_5991342_4832693.html|arkivju-data=1 February 2021|data-aċċess=2021-01-20}}</ref> Simone Hérault ilha l-vuċi tal-SNCF mill-1981. <ref>{{Ċita pubblikazzjoni |title=Figure 1.2. Productivity slowdown has been continuous since the 1970s |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933496787 |url-status=live |doi=10.1787/888933496787 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322103828/https://statlinks.oecdcode.org/102017131P1G039.XLSX |archive-date=22 March 2024 |access-date=2021-01-20}}</ref> == Kultura == === Ċinema === Mill-ewwel film ta' Auguste u Louis Lumière 'l hawn, l-SNCF kienet il-kumpanija li tospita l-aktar ġbid ta' films fi [[Franza]], <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lettreducheminot.fr/culture/portrait-philippe-laylle-monsieur-cinema-de-sncf/|titlu=Portrait : Philippe Laylle, le monsieur cinéma de la SNCF {{!}}|data=2017-10-22|sit=Lettre du cheminot.fr|lingwa=FR|data-aċċess=7 April 2021|url-status=live|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301000714/https://www.lettreducheminot.fr/culture/portrait-philippe-laylle-monsieur-cinema-de-sncf/|arkivju-data=1 March 2021}}</ref> bejn 50 u 60 ġbid fis-sena, li jirrappreżenta madwar żewġ terzi tal-produzzjonijiet Franċiżi. <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/scope/articles-enquete/2009/02/24/08002-20090224ARTFIG00478-le-jackpot-des-lieux-de-tournage-a-paris-.php|titlu=Le Jackpot des lieux de tournage à Paris {{!}}|data=2009-02-27|sit=Le Figaro.fr|data-aċċess=7 April 2021|url-status=live|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414052835/https://www.lefigaro.fr/scope/articles-enquete/2009/02/24/08002-20090224ARTFIG00478-le-jackpot-des-lieux-de-tournage-a-paris-.php|arkivju-data=14 April 2021}}</ref> Għażla ta’ films ikoniċi fejn l-SNCF hija fil-qalba tal-kwistjoni tinkludi: * ''[[Hugo (film)|Hugo]]'' * ''Il-Vaganza tas-Sur Bean'' * ''Missjoni: Impossibbli'' * ''It-Turist'' == Ara wkoll == * Autorité de Régulation des Activités Ferroviaires * Corail (ferrovija) * Diriġiżmu * Storja tat-trasport ferrovjarju fi Franza * Lista ta' kumpaniji Franċiżi * Lista ta' klassijiet ta' lokomotivi u unitajiet multipli tal-SNCF * Lista ta' stazzjonijiet tal-SNCF * Trasport espress reġjonali * Trasport fi Franza * Netwerk Ferré Nazzjonali * Grigny għal linja Corbeil-Essonnes == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1ypkb6jrzbfjhc5lybayuqlor7f57cn 0 34551 331554 331473 2026-08-18T10:20:29Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city}} '''Yokohama''' (横浜市, Yokohama-shi ? ) hija belt tal-port [[Ġappun|Ġappuniża]], il-kapitali tal [[Préfecture de Kanagawa|-Prefettura ta' Kanagawa,]] li tinsab fi ħdan il-" iż-żona metropolitana akbar ta' [[Région du Kantō|Kantō]] Magħrufa wkoll bħala [[Grand Tokyo|Greater Tokyo]], Yokohama għandha l-istatus ta’ [[Villes désignées par ordonnance gouvernementale|belt magħżula mill-gvern]] . B’aktar minn {{Nowrap|3,7 millions}} abitant, hija t-tieni l-akbar belt fil-Ġappun wara [[Tokjo|Tokyo]], il-kapitali tal-pajjiż. L-iżvilupp tiegħu huwa dovut għall-attività sinifikanti tal-port tiegħu u l-kuntatti tiegħu ma' pajjiżi barranin anke qabel tmiem il-perjodu ta' iżolazzjoniżmu impost mix-shogunat Tokugawa, li rriżulta wkoll fil-preżenza ta' komunitajiet barranin kbar, partikolarment Ċiniżi. Yokohama hija estensjoni ta' Tokyo għall-abitanti tagħha u għal dawk ta' Tokyo L-attività u l-kostituzzjoni tagħha jeżistu minħabba Tokyo. Huwa għal Tokyo dak li [[Incheon]] huwa għal [[Seoul]], pereżempju. Iż-żewġ bliet huma inseparabbli, u skont il-perspettiva adottata, huma tassew jiffurmaw waħda biss. Għalhekk, jista' jingħad mingħajr żball li Yokohama hija parti minn Tokyo. Dan jista' jiġi miċħud ukoll, mingħajr żball.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/japon/articles-scientifiques/centre-peripherie-tokyo|titlu=Les structures élémentaires de la métropole. Centre et périphérie du Grand Tokyo|kunjom=Tardits|isem=Manuel|data=mai 2024|sit=Géoconfluences|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2025-01-31}}</ref> == Toponimija == Jeżistu diversi ipoteżijiet dwar l-oriġini tal-isem " Yokohama » ( {{Lang|ja|横浜}} ". Waħda minnhom tirreferi għal plage ramlija large (横, yoko?) f'forma ta' [[peniżola]] li kienet testendi tul il-kosta.<ref name="Kotobank_146063"/> == Ġeografija == Il-belt ta' Yokohama tinsab fuq il- [[Honshu|gżira ta' Honshū]], fil- prefettura ta' Kanagawa, madwar {{Nowrap|30 km}}, f'linja dritta, fin-nofsinhar ta' [[Tokjo|Tokyo]], il-kapitali tal-Ġappun. Jinfirex tul ix-xtut tal -Bajja ta' Tokyo ( [[Oċean Paċifiku|l-Oċean Paċifiku]] ) fuq 435,29  , jew {{Nowrap|31,1 km}} mit-tramuntana għan-nofsinhar, u {{Nowrap|23,6 km}} mil-lvant għall-punent.<ref name="SPBYokohama_2017">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/ex/stat/handy/data/2017-a3.pdf|titlu=Statistical pocket book of Yokohama 2017|sena=2017|sit=www.city.yokohama.lg.jp|lingwa=ja+en|format=pdf|data-aċċess=30 novembre 2017|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130222205/http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/ex/stat/handy/data/2017-a3.pdf|arkivju-data=2017-11-30|url-status=dead}}.</ref> === Demografija === Yokohama hija t-tieni l-akbar belt fil-Ġappun skont il-popolazzjoni. Fi{{Data|1 janvier 2017}} Il-popolazzjoni tagħha aktar milli rdoppjat f'50 {{Nowrap|50 ans}}.<ref name="SPBYokohama_2017"/> === Diviżjonijiet amministrattivi === [[Stampa:Yokohama_Wards.png|daqsminuri| Mappa tad-distretti.]] Il-belt ta’ Yokohama hija maqsuma fi tmintax-il distrett.<ref name="SPBYokohama_2017"/>{{Div col}} * [[Aoba-ku (Yokohama)|Aoba-ku]] * [[Asahi-ku (Yokohama)|Asahi-ku]] * [[Hodogaya-ku]] * [[Isogo-ku]] * [[Izumi-ku (Yokohama)|Izumi-ku]] * [[Kanagawa-ku]] * [[Kanazawa-ku]] * [[Kōhoku-ku]] * [[Kōnan-ku (Yokohama)|Kōnan-ku]] * [[Midori-ku (Yokohama)|Midori-ku]] * [[Minami-ku (Yokohama)|Minami-ku]] * [[Naka-ku (Yokohama)|Naka-ku]] * [[Nishi-ku (Yokohama)|Nishi-ku]] * [[Sakae-ku]] * [[Seya-ku]] * [[Totsuka-ku]] * [[Tsuzuki-ku]] * [[Tsurumi-ku (Yokohama)|Tsurumi-ku]] {{Div col end}} == Storja == === Preistorja === Is-sit arkeoloġiku ta' Yasashiyato, li jinsab fid- distrett ta' Asahi, jixhed preżenza umana matul il- perjodu Jōmon ( 20 000–2 400 ans av. J.-C. ). Bl-istess mod, fid- distrett ta’ Tsuzuki, fdalijiet ta’ rħula li jmorru lura għall-perjodu Jōmon Nofsani jippermettulna niddeskrivu l-ħajjiet tan-nies preistoriċi.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31"/> Is-siti Santonodai f'Isogo Ward u Ōtsuka-Saikachido fi Tsuzuki jmorru lura għall- perjodu Yayoi ( 2 400–1 700 ans av. J.-C. ). Huma karatteristiċi ta' rħula antiki fejn in-nies żviluppaw il-kultivazzjoni tar-ross u x-xogħol tal-metall.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31" /> [[Stampa:Yokohama-shi_-_RLPX_6=_11.jpg|daqsminuri|322x322px| Mappa tal-Bajja ta' Yokohama li tmur lura għas- XIX 19 seklu .]] === Antikità === Dokument storiku minn Asuka-kyō, waħda mill-bliet kapitali imperjali tal-Ġappun matul il-perjodu Asuka (538–710), isemmi raħal żgħir fid-distrett ta’ Kuraki fil-[[provinċja ta’ Musashi]]: ir-raħal żgħir ta’ Moruoka. Skont il-''Man'yōshū'', antoloġija ta’ poeżija Ġappuniża mit-8 seklu, l-iżvilupp urban kien qed iseħħ dak iż-żmien fid-distretti ta’ Kuraki u Tsuzuki. === Medju Evu === Il-kummerċ u s-snajja’ intensifikaw matul il- perjodu ta’ Kamakura (1185 – 1333).<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31"/> === Żminijiet Moderni === Matul il- perjodu Edo (1603-1868), aktar minn għoxrin raħal tas-sajd u tal-biedja ffjorixxew tul il-kosta u fl-intern. Fil-bidu tas- XVII 17 Fis-seklu sħaħ, inħolqu l-istazzjonijiet tar-relay ta' Kanagawa-juku u Hodogaya-juku (1601) u mbagħad Totsuka-juku (1604) tul it- Tōkaidō, assi tat-triq li jgħaqqad Edo, [[Kjoto|Kyoto]], [[Osaka]] u [[Kōbe|Kobe]],<ref name="Kotobank_146063"/>.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/somu/org/gyosei/sisi/chronological-table.html|titlu=横浜市のあゆみ (略年表)|sena=2015|sit=www.city.yokohama.lg.jp|lingwa=ja|data-aċċess=13 janvier 2019|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806205939/http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/somu/org/gyosei/sisi/chronological-table.html|arkivju-data=2018-08-06|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Huma jsiru ċentri ekonomiċi u kulturali importanti fir-reġjun.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31" /> Fl-1721, ħareġ id -dominju fewdali ta’ Mutsuura.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31" /> === l-era kontemporanja === F'nofs XIX 19 Fis-seklu 19, it- Trattat ta' Kanagawa (1854) u t- Trattat ta' Ħbiberija u Kummerċ (1858), iffirmati bejn l- [[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]] u l-Ġappun, fetħu l-pajjiż għall-barranin wara perjodu twil ta' iżolazzjoniżmu . Fl-1859, il-belt ta’ Yokohama bdiet tiffjorixxi grazzi għall-ftuħ tal -port tagħha, li malajr ġie integrat fil-kummerċ marittimu internazzjonali,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/横浜-653981|titlu=横浜|sena=2019|sit=[[Kotobank]]|lingwa=ja|data-aċċess=13 janvier 2019}}.</ref>.<ref name="Kotobank_146063">{{Ċita web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/横浜市-146063|titlu=横浜市|sena=2019|sit=[[Kotobank]]|lingwa=ja|data-aċċess=13 janvier 2019}}.</ref> Huwa maqsum f'sitt distretti u jinkludi konċessjoni għall-barranin.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/uploaded/attachment/917006.pdf|titlu=神奈川の地名 講座の概要|sena=2018|lingwa=ja|format=pdf|data-aċċess=13 janvier 2019|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113125847/http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/uploaded/attachment/917006.pdf|arkivju-data=2019-01-13|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Tletin sena wara, wara li l-gvern Meiji qasam uffiċjalment it-territorju nazzjonali fi prefetturi (il-Prefettura ta' Kanagawa nħolqot uffiċjalment fl-1876 <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/神奈川県-45713|titlu=神奈川県|sena=2019|sit=[[Kotobank]]|lingwa=ja|data-aċċess=13 janvier 2019}}.</ref> ),<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/docs/ie2/cnt/f530001/p780103.html|titlu=神奈川県の歴史|awtur=神奈川県|sena=2019|sit=神奈川県|lingwa=ja|data-aċċess=13 janvier 2019}}.</ref> il-belt ta' Yokohama kisbet l-istatus ta' belt . Fl-1889, il-belt ta’ Yokohama kellha 116 193 habitants ( 25 849 foyers ), mifruxa fuq erja ta’ 5,40  ,<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31"/>.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2013_05_15">{{Ċita web|url=http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/ex/stat/jinko/ayumi/pdf/honbun.pdf|titlu=人口の推移|sena=2013|sit=www.city.yokohama.lg.jp|paġna=1-6|lingwa=ja|format=pdf|data-aċċess=13 janvier 2019|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212102421/http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/ex/stat/jinko/ayumi/pdf/honbun.pdf|arkivju-data=2014-12-12|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Fl-1901, permezz tal-integrazzjoni tal-lokalitajiet ġirien, il-belt kopriet 24,80  u mbagħad 36,72  għaxar snin wara — il-popolazzjoni tagħha mbagħad laħqet l-444,039 abitant.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2013_05_15" /> It-Terremot il-Kbir ta' Kantō tal-1923 qered il-belt, u qatel aktar minn 20,000 ruħ. Sal-1924, il-popolazzjoni ta' Yokohama kienet laħqet it-389,700. Sentejn wara d-diżastru, grazzi għall-isforzi ta' rikostruzzjoni li ffaċilitaw ir-ritorn tar-refuġjati, il-popolazzjoni bdiet tiżdied mill-ġdid (411,500 abitant). Matul l-1927, Yokohama, li kopriet 133.88 km² u kellha popolazzjoni ta' 529,300, adottat sistema ta' kwartieri. Inħolqu l-ħames kwartieri ta' Tsurumi, Kanagawa, Naka, Hodogaya, u Isogo. Matul [[it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], l-isforz organizzat tal-gwerra fl-ibliet ewlenin tar- reġjun ta' Kantō wassal għal influss ta' ħaddiema fil-kapitali tal-prefettura. Fi tmiem il-kunflitt dinji, il-belt, li kienet f’rovini u spopolata minħabba l-mobilizzazzjoni tal-gwerra, bosta attakki mill-ajru u evakwazzjonijiet sussegwenti tal-popolazzjoni, waqgħet taħt il-kontroll tal -forzi armati Amerikani . L-iżvilupp tiegħu reġa' beda wara l-gwerra, taħt l-okkupazzjoni Amerikana . Fl-1956, il-gvern Ġappuniż ikkonferma l-istatus ta' belt ta' Yokohama. Il-popolazzjoni tagħha qabżet il-miljun fl-1958 (meta mqabbla ma' 624 994 habitants fl-1945),<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2013_05_15"/>.<ref name="Kotobank_146063"/> Sussegwentement, il-belt ta’ Yokohama saret port ta’ statura internazzjonali u belt industrijali ( tarzni u industriji kimiċi, tal-petroleum u metallurġiċi ).<ref name="Kotobank_146063" /> Fl-1964, fl-okkażjoni tal- Logħob Olimpiku ta' Tokyo, ġiet inawgurata l- linja Shinkansen Tōkaidō u nħoloq l- istazzjon Shin-Yokohama.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31"/> Erba’ snin wara, Yokohama saret it-tielet l-akbar belt fil-Ġappun, b’popolazzjoni ta’ aktar minn żewġ miljun abitant,<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31" />.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2013_05_15" /> Il-kostruzzjoni tad- distrett tan-negozju Minato Mirai 21 bdiet fl-1983. Il-popolazzjoni tal-belt qabżet it-tliet miljun abitant sentejn wara.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31"/> F'Novembru 1994, riorganizzazzjoni tad-diviżjoni amministrattiva tal-belt wasslet għal diviżjoni tal-muniċipalità fi {{Nowrap|18 arrondissements}}.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31" /> Fl-2002, is-sena li fiha l-popolazzjoni qabżet {{Nowrap|3,5 millions}}, l- Istadium Internazzjonali ta' Yokohama ospita l-finali tat- [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 2002|Tazza tad-Dinja tal-FIFA]], li matulha [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Brażil|l-Brażil]] rebaħ il-ħames stilla tiegħu kontra [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Ġermanja|l-Ġermanja]].<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31" /> Fl-2010, is-summit tal-APEC sar hemmhekk.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31" /> == Ekonomija == Yokohama ffurmat fil-bidu tas- XXI 21 seklu, ma' Kawasaki u [[Tokjo|Tokyo]], ir -Reġjun akbar ta' Kantō, l-aktar popolat fid-dinja 42 607 376 personnes fl-2010 skont il-" {{Lang|en|Japan Statistics Bureau}} " Il-port internazzjonali tiegħu jibqa' waħda mill-attivitajiet ewlenin tiegħu. Il-materja prima tiġi importata hemmhekk, u l-prodotti lesti u l-ħarir jiġu esportati. Yokohama hija wkoll ċentru importanti għat-trasport marittimu tal-passiġġieri. Huwa wkoll ċentru importanti tal-industrija tqila (l-azzar, il-karozzi, il-bini tal-vapuri). === Kumpaniji === * Il-Kumpanija Nissan Motor, li l-kwartieri ġenerali tagħha, torri għoli 99  u {{Nowrap|22 étages}} jinsab f'Nishi -ku fit-tarf tal-Bajja ta' Tokyo, tlestew fl-2009. * Hitachi * JVC * Toshiba == Trasport == === Ferrovija === L-Istazzjon ta' Yokohama huwa l-istazzjon ewlieni fil-belt, fejn jiltaqgħu l-linji ta' JR East, Keikyū, Tōkyū, Sōtetsu u l-Yokohama Minatomirai Railway . Il-belt għandha netwerk ta’ żewġ linji tal-metro, u sistema ta’ trasport bil-kejbil . Ix- [[Shinkansen]] iservi l-belt fl -istazzjon ta' Shin-Yokohama . === Marittimu === Il- port ta' Yokohama huwa wieħed mill-akbar fil-Ġappun. == Kultura u wirt lokali == === Wirt Arkitettoniku === [[Stampa:Yokohama_MinatoMirai21.jpg|daqsminuri| It-Torri Landmark fid-distrett ta' Minato Mirai 21.]] [[Stampa:Yokohama_Chinatown_temple.jpg|daqsminuri| Tempju fi Chinatown.]] * It- Torri Landmark, fid-distrett ta' Minato Mirai 21, huwa r-raba' l-itwal bini fil-Ġappun, megħlub biss mit -Torri ta' Tokyo, it -Tokyo Skytree u l-Abeno Harukas [[Osaka|f'Osaka]] . * L-Istadium Internazzjonali ta' Yokohama ospita l-finali tat- [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 2002|Tazza tad-Dinja tal-FIFA tal-2002]] . * Id-distrett ta' Chinatown huwa l-akbar distrett Ċiniż fil- [[Ġappun]], għandu aktar minn {{Nowrap|150 ans}} u jservi bħala ċ-Chinatown ta' Tokyo. * Il -Katidral tal-Qalb ta' Ġesù huwa s-sede tad- Djoċesi ta' Yokohama, imwaqqfa fl-1937 u fdata dak iż-żmien lis- Soċjetà tal-Missjonijiet Barranin ta' Pariġi . === Wirt Naturali === * Yokohama hija d-dar tal-Ġnien Żoloġiku ta' Yokohama, magħruf komunement bħala Zoorasia, u ż-Żoo ta' Nogeyama . === Attrazzjonijiet turistiċi === * Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise huwa kumpless ta' divertiment fuq gżira li jikkonsisti minn park tad-divertiment, akkwarji, ċentru tax-xiri, lukanda u marina li jinsab f'Kanazawa-ku, fit-tarf tal-Bajja ta' Yokohama. * Mużew tad-Dgħajjes ta' Hikawa Maru === Avvenimenti === [[Stampa:2007_Solena_Fermo.jpg|daqsminuri| Ċerimonja tal-għeluq tat- 92 Kungress Dinji tal-Esperanto, 2007.]] Yokohama ospitat it- 92 Kungress Dinji [[Esperanto|tal-Esperanto]] fl-2007, li t-tema tiegħu kienet " Il-Punent fil-Lvant : merħba u reżistenza " Ġie segwit minn kważi 2 000 participants għal ġimgħa sħiħa. == L-isport == === Atletika === Kull sena f'Novembru, issir il- maratona ta' Yokohama, maratona riservata esklussivament għan-nisa. === Futbol === Il-belt għandha żewġ timijiet [[Futbol|tal-futbol]] li jilagħbu fil- J-League : Yokohama F·Marinos u Yokohama FC . Hija ospitat ukoll il-finali [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol|tat-Tazza tad-Dinja tal-FIFA]] tal-2002 bejn il-Brażil u l-Ġermanja. Disa’ snin wara, il-Ġappun ospita t-Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Klabbs tal-FIFA tal-2011, u l-[[Istadium Nissan]] intgħażel biex jospita l-logħbiet finali tal-kompetizzjoni. B’kapaċità ta’ 72,327, l-istadium ospita t-tieni leg tas-semi-finali fil-15 ta’ Diċembru bejn [[FC Barcelona]] u Sadd Sports Club (4-0). Fl-aħħar nett, il-belt ospitat il-finali u l-logħba għat-tielet post tal-kompetizzjoni internazzjonali fit-18 ta’ Diċembru 2011. == Simboli muniċipali == Fl-1989, il-belt ta’ Yokohama adottat il-fjura tal-ward bħala l-fjura simbolika tagħha,<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/front/gaiyo2.html|titlu=市の花「バラ」|sena=2017|sit=www.city.yokohama.lg.jp|lingwa=ja|data-aċċess=13 janvier 2019|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906002502/http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/front/gaiyo2.html|arkivju-data=2013-09-06|url-status=dead}}.</ref>.<ref name="YokohamaCityHall_2015_03_31"/> == Ġemellaġġ == * {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai]] ([[Indja]]) ; * {{Flagicon|GER}} [[Bream]] ([[Ġermanja]]) ; * {{Flagicon|PER}} [[Callao]] ([[Perù]]) ; * {{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Constanța]] ([[Rumanija]]) ; * {{Flagicon|VIE}} [[Ho Chi Minh (belt)|Ho Chi Minh]] ([[Vjetnam]]) ; * {{Flagicon|VIE}} [[Hanoi]] ([[Vjetnam]]) ; * {{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Incheon]] ([[Korea t'Isfel]]) ; * {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Lyon]] ([[Franza]]) ; * {{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila]] ([[Filippini]]) ; * {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Odessa]] ([[Ukrajna]]) ; * {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]] ([[Ċina]]) ; * {{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]] ([[Korea t'Isfel]]) ; * {{Flagicon|GER}} [[Frankfurt am Main]] ([[Ġermanja]]) ; * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[San Diego]] ([[Stati Uniti]]) ; * {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai]] ([[Ċina]]) ; * {{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver]] ([[Kanada]]). == Personalitajiet marbuta mal-muniċipalità == * Alfred Gérard, industrijalista Franċiż li qagħad f'Yokohama mill-1863 sal-1878. * Henri Rieunier, pijunier tal-Ġappun tal -era Meiji, kien l-uniku uffiċjal ġeneral Franċiż ta' dak iż-żmien fuq art Ġappuniża u f'Yokohama. * Madre Mathilde Raclot, oħt tal-Kongregazzjoni tat-Tarbija Ġesù ta’ San Maur, imwielda f’Langres fl-1814, waslet f’Yokohama fit {{Data|28 juin 1872}}, fundatriċi tal-orfanatrofju f’Yokohama, imbagħad f’Tokjo, u mbagħad tal-iskola b’internat f’Shizuoka. Miet f'Yokohama fl-1911 fl-età ta' {{Nowrap|97 ans}} sena. Elevata għas-Sala tal-Eroj tan-Nisa ta' Shanghai fl-2015. * Jean-Baptiste-Alexis Chambon MEP (1875-1948), missjunarju Franċiż u isqof ta' Yokohama, fejn miet fl-1948. * Phyllis Whitney, rumanziera Amerikana li twieldet hemmhekk fl-1903. * Tatsuo Suzuki (1928-2011), 8 dan Hanshi tal- karate wado-ryu . * Teruo Kono (1934-2000), 8 dan Hanshi tal-karate wado-ryu . * Masayoshi Kabe (1949-), bassista u kitarrist ta' nisel imħallat Franċiż u Ġappuniż. * Yoshiaki Kawajiri, direttur ta' films u serje animati, imwieled fl-1950 f'Yokohama. * Eugénie O'Kin (1880-1948) produttur ta' pilloli mwielda f'Yokohama. * Yana Toboso, artista tal-manga Ġappuniża u awtriċi ta' ''Black Butler'', tirrisjedi hemmhekk. * Atsushi Sakai, magħruf ukoll bħala ''Kai'', plejer tal-lotta, twieled hemmhekk fl {{Data|20 mai 1983}} . * Grazia Ceccherini (1998-) [[Lingwistika|lingwista]], awtriċi u mudella . * Emiko Iwasaki (1976-), artista fil-qasam tal-logħob tal-vidjo, taħdem hemm. * Antonio Inoki (1943-2022), figura politika Ġappuniża, twieled hemmhekk. * Hemmhekk twieldet Tamayo Ikeda (1971-), pjanista klassika. == Noti u referenzi == [[Kategorija:Artikli tal-Wikipedija b'informazzjoni għall-kontroll tal-awtorità]] [[Kategorija:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 56g6jubl79axe76apl7lhwxq2rpqfjp 0 34554 331481 2026-08-17T12:59:30Z Trigcly 17859 Kontenut inizjali 331481 wikitext text/x-wiki Ix-'''Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto''' huma sensiela ta' 13-il sit arkitettoniku madwar il-[[Finlandja]] li ġew iddisinjati minn [[Alvar Aalto]], [[Aino Aalto]] u [[Elissa Aalto]]. Din is-sensiela tirrappreżenta l-Moderniżmu umanistiku, approċċ iffukat fuq il-ksib tal-armonija bejn il-binjiet u n-natura tal-madwar. Dawn ix-xogħlijiet ġew rikonoxxuti bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] f'Lulju 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1752/|titlu=Aalto Works|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Skont l-UNESCO, "ix-xogħlijiet jesprimu viżjoni ċċentrata fuq il-[[bniedem]], speċifika għas-siti u empatetika li tiddistingwi l-kontribut tal-Finlandja għall-arkitettura moderna". Qabel l-2026, żewġ sensiliet ta' binjiet iddisinjati minn [[Arkitett|arkitetti]] individwali kienu saru Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO, ix-[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] fl-2016<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/|titlu=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> u x-[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] fl-2021.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1643/|titlu=The works of Jo&#x17e;e Ple&#x10d;nik in Ljubljana &ndash; Human Centred Urban Design|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Ix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona [[Kultura|kulturali]] fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Din il-lista li ġejja telenka s-siti arkitettoniċi li jagħmlu parti mix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto mniżżlin bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO. c5zzro2tpr8dt4ufq7n9izpi0zbazne 331482 331481 2026-08-17T12:59:48Z Trigcly 17859 /* Komponenti */ 331482 wikitext text/x-wiki Ix-'''Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto''' huma sensiela ta' 13-il sit arkitettoniku madwar il-[[Finlandja]] li ġew iddisinjati minn [[Alvar Aalto]], [[Aino Aalto]] u [[Elissa Aalto]]. Din is-sensiela tirrappreżenta l-Moderniżmu umanistiku, approċċ iffukat fuq il-ksib tal-armonija bejn il-binjiet u n-natura tal-madwar. Dawn ix-xogħlijiet ġew rikonoxxuti bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] f'Lulju 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1752/|titlu=Aalto Works|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Skont l-UNESCO, "ix-xogħlijiet jesprimu viżjoni ċċentrata fuq il-[[bniedem]], speċifika għas-siti u empatetika li tiddistingwi l-kontribut tal-Finlandja għall-arkitettura moderna". Qabel l-2026, żewġ sensiliet ta' binjiet iddisinjati minn [[Arkitett|arkitetti]] individwali kienu saru Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO, ix-[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] fl-2016<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/|titlu=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> u x-[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] fl-2021.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1643/|titlu=The works of Jo&#x17e;e Ple&#x10d;nik in Ljubljana &ndash; Human Centred Urban Design|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Ix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona [[Kultura|kulturali]] fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Din il-lista li ġejja telenka s-siti arkitettoniċi li jagħmlu parti mix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto mniżżlin bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Site number !Site !Photo !Location !Years |- |001 |[[Sunila, Kotka|Sunila Housing Area]] |[[File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|frameless]] |[[Kotka]], [[Kymenlaakso]] |1936–1938, 1947, 1951–1954 |- |002 |[[Paimio Sanatorium]] |[[File:Paimion_parantolan_päärakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paimion_parantolan_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|frameless]] |[[Paimio]] [[Southwest Finland|Finland Proper]] |1929–1933 |- |003 |[[Säynätsalo Town Hall]] |[[File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|frameless]] |[[Säynätsalo]], [[Jyväskylä]], [[Central Finland]] |1949–1952 |- |004 |[[Aalto Centre, Seinäjoki|Aalto Centre]] |[[File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|frameless]] |[[Seinäjoki]], [[South Ostrobothnia]] |1951–1987 |- |005 |{{ill|Kela Headquarters|lt=Social Insurance Institution Main Office|fi|Kansaneläkelaitoksen päätoimitalo}} |[[File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|frameless]] |[[Helsinki]] [[Uusimaa]], |1953–1957 |- |006 |[[Finlandia Hall]] |[[File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1962/1967–1975 |- |007 |[[Villa Aalto|Aalto House]] |[[File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1935–1936 |- |008 |[[Studio Aalto|Aalto Atelier]] |[[File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1954–1955, 1962–1963 |- |009 |{{ill|Muuratsalo Experimental House|fi|Muuratsalon koetalo}} |[[File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|frameless]] |[[Muuratsalo]], Säynätsalo, Central Finland |1952–1954 |- |010 |[[Kulttuuritalo|House of Culture]] |[[File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1952–1958 |- |011 |Aalto Campus, [[University of Jyväskylä]] |[[File:University_of_Jyväskylä_main_Building.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg|frameless]] |[[Jyväskylä]], Central Finland |1951–1971 |- |012 |[[Church of the Three Crosses|Church of Three Crosses]] |[[File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|frameless]] |[[Imatra]], [[South Karelia]] |1956–1958 |- |013 |[[Villa Mairea]] |[[File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|frameless]] |[[Noormarkku]], [[Pori]], [[Satakunta]] |1938–1939 |} ept1urckvnnzbk2tmctghwzmt4uvbg1 331483 331482 2026-08-17T13:09:50Z Trigcly 17859 /* Komponenti */ 331483 wikitext text/x-wiki Ix-'''Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto''' huma sensiela ta' 13-il sit arkitettoniku madwar il-[[Finlandja]] li ġew iddisinjati minn [[Alvar Aalto]], [[Aino Aalto]] u [[Elissa Aalto]]. Din is-sensiela tirrappreżenta l-Moderniżmu umanistiku, approċċ iffukat fuq il-ksib tal-armonija bejn il-binjiet u n-natura tal-madwar. Dawn ix-xogħlijiet ġew rikonoxxuti bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] f'Lulju 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1752/|titlu=Aalto Works|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Skont l-UNESCO, "ix-xogħlijiet jesprimu viżjoni ċċentrata fuq il-[[bniedem]], speċifika għas-siti u empatetika li tiddistingwi l-kontribut tal-Finlandja għall-arkitettura moderna".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20237691|titlu=Alvar Aallon arkkitehtuuri hyväksyttiin Unescon maailmanperintölistalle|data=2026-07-26|sit=Yle Uutiset|lingwa=fi|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.alvaraalto.fi/en/alvar-aalto-foundation/alvar-aalto-and-unesco-world-heritage/|titlu=Alvar Aalto and Unesco World Heritage|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Qabel l-2026, żewġ sensiliet ta' binjiet iddisinjati minn [[Arkitett|arkitetti]] individwali kienu saru Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO, ix-[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] fl-2016<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/|titlu=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> u x-[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] fl-2021.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1643/|titlu=The works of Jo&#x17e;e Ple&#x10d;nik in Ljubljana &ndash; Human Centred Urban Design|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Ix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona [[Kultura|kulturali]] fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Din il-lista li ġejja telenka s-siti arkitettoniċi li jagħmlu parti mix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto mniżżlin bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Numru !Isem !Ritratt !Post !Snin |- |001 |Iż-Żona tal-Abitazzjonijiet ta' Sunila |[[File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|frameless]] |Kotka, Kymenlaakso |1936–1938, 1947, 1951–1954 |- |002 |Is-Sanatorju ta' Paimio |[[File:Paimion_parantolan_päärakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paimion_parantolan_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|frameless]] |Paimio |1929–1933 |- |003 |Il-Muniċipju ta' Säynätsalo |[[File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|frameless]] |Säynätsalo, Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1949–1952 |- |004 |Iċ-Ċentru ta' Aalto |[[File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|frameless]] |Seinäjoki, in-Nofsinhar tal-Ostrobotnija |1951–1987 |- |005 |L-Uffiċċju Prinċipali tal-Istituzzjoni tas-Sigurtà Soċjali |[[File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|frameless]] |[[Ħelsinki|Helsinki]] Uusimaa, |1953–1957 |- |006 |Is-Sala ta' Finlandia |[[File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1962/1967–1975 |- |007 |Id-Dar ta' Aalto |[[File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1935–1936 |- |008 |L-Istudjo ta' Aalto |[[File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1954–1955, 1962–1963 |- |009 |Id-Dar Sperimentali ta' Muuratsalo |[[File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|frameless]] |Muuratsalo, Säynätsalo, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1952–1954 |- |010 |Id-Dar tal-Kultura |[[File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1952–1958 |- |011 |Il-Kampus ta' Aalto, l-Università ta' Jyväskylä |[[File:University_of_Jyväskylä_main_Building.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg|frameless]] |Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1951–1971 |- |012 |Il-Knisja tat-Tliet Slaleb |[[File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|frameless]] |Imatra, in-Nofsinhar tal-Karelja |1956–1958 |- |013 |Villa Mairea |[[File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|frameless]] |Noormarkku, Pori, Satakunta |1938–1939 |} == Referenzi == j1a9uphf29cfs6lntpm4hlzr2tly8uk 331484 331483 2026-08-17T13:10:30Z Trigcly 17859 żieda mappa 331484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|World Heritage Sites in Finland}} <mapframe width="300" height="300" longitude="26" latitude="62.5" zoom="5" text="Aalto Works"> [ { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"fill": "#ff0000", "stroke": "#ff0000", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Mairea]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Paimio Sanatorium]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Säynätsalo Town Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Finlandia Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Church of the Three Crosses|Church of Three Crosses]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Kulttuuritalo|House of Culture]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Aalto Centre, Seinäjoki|Aalto Centre]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Aalto|Aalto House]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Sunila, Kotka|Sunila Housing Area]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Kela Headquarters"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Studio Aalto|Aalto Atelier]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Muuratsalo Experimental House"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[University of Jyväskylä|Aalto Campus]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} } ] </mapframe> Ix-'''Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto''' huma sensiela ta' 13-il sit arkitettoniku madwar il-[[Finlandja]] li ġew iddisinjati minn [[Alvar Aalto]], [[Aino Aalto]] u [[Elissa Aalto]]. Din is-sensiela tirrappreżenta l-Moderniżmu umanistiku, approċċ iffukat fuq il-ksib tal-armonija bejn il-binjiet u n-natura tal-madwar. Dawn ix-xogħlijiet ġew rikonoxxuti bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] f'Lulju 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1752/|titlu=Aalto Works|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Skont l-UNESCO, "ix-xogħlijiet jesprimu viżjoni ċċentrata fuq il-[[bniedem]], speċifika għas-siti u empatetika li tiddistingwi l-kontribut tal-Finlandja għall-arkitettura moderna".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20237691|titlu=Alvar Aallon arkkitehtuuri hyväksyttiin Unescon maailmanperintölistalle|data=2026-07-26|sit=Yle Uutiset|lingwa=fi|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.alvaraalto.fi/en/alvar-aalto-foundation/alvar-aalto-and-unesco-world-heritage/|titlu=Alvar Aalto and Unesco World Heritage|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Qabel l-2026, żewġ sensiliet ta' binjiet iddisinjati minn [[Arkitett|arkitetti]] individwali kienu saru Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO, ix-[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] fl-2016<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/|titlu=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> u x-[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] fl-2021.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1643/|titlu=The works of Jo&#x17e;e Ple&#x10d;nik in Ljubljana &ndash; Human Centred Urban Design|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Ix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona [[Kultura|kulturali]] fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Din il-lista li ġejja telenka s-siti arkitettoniċi li jagħmlu parti mix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto mniżżlin bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Numru !Isem !Ritratt !Post !Snin |- |001 |Iż-Żona tal-Abitazzjonijiet ta' Sunila |[[File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|frameless]] |Kotka, Kymenlaakso |1936–1938, 1947, 1951–1954 |- |002 |Is-Sanatorju ta' Paimio |[[File:Paimion_parantolan_päärakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paimion_parantolan_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|frameless]] |Paimio |1929–1933 |- |003 |Il-Muniċipju ta' Säynätsalo |[[File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|frameless]] |Säynätsalo, Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1949–1952 |- |004 |Iċ-Ċentru ta' Aalto |[[File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|frameless]] |Seinäjoki, in-Nofsinhar tal-Ostrobotnija |1951–1987 |- |005 |L-Uffiċċju Prinċipali tal-Istituzzjoni tas-Sigurtà Soċjali |[[File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|frameless]] |[[Ħelsinki|Helsinki]] Uusimaa, |1953–1957 |- |006 |Is-Sala ta' Finlandia |[[File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1962/1967–1975 |- |007 |Id-Dar ta' Aalto |[[File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1935–1936 |- |008 |L-Istudjo ta' Aalto |[[File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1954–1955, 1962–1963 |- |009 |Id-Dar Sperimentali ta' Muuratsalo |[[File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|frameless]] |Muuratsalo, Säynätsalo, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1952–1954 |- |010 |Id-Dar tal-Kultura |[[File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1952–1958 |- |011 |Il-Kampus ta' Aalto, l-Università ta' Jyväskylä |[[File:University_of_Jyväskylä_main_Building.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg|frameless]] |Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1951–1971 |- |012 |Il-Knisja tat-Tliet Slaleb |[[File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|frameless]] |Imatra, in-Nofsinhar tal-Karelja |1956–1958 |- |013 |Villa Mairea |[[File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|frameless]] |Noormarkku, Pori, Satakunta |1938–1939 |} == Referenzi == 6keex6eh9evxqo9sp4ukmfj1v4vgh96 331485 331484 2026-08-17T13:11:57Z Trigcly 17859 /* Sit ta' Wirt Dinji */ 331485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|World Heritage Sites in Finland}} <mapframe width="300" height="300" longitude="26" latitude="62.5" zoom="5" text="Aalto Works"> [ { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"fill": "#ff0000", "stroke": "#ff0000", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Mairea]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Paimio Sanatorium]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Säynätsalo Town Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Finlandia Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Church of the Three Crosses|Church of Three Crosses]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Kulttuuritalo|House of Culture]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Aalto Centre, Seinäjoki|Aalto Centre]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Aalto|Aalto House]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Sunila, Kotka|Sunila Housing Area]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Kela Headquarters"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Studio Aalto|Aalto Atelier]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Muuratsalo Experimental House"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[University of Jyväskylä|Aalto Campus]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} } ] </mapframe> Ix-'''Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto''' huma sensiela ta' 13-il sit arkitettoniku madwar il-[[Finlandja]] li ġew iddisinjati minn [[Alvar Aalto]], [[Aino Aalto]] u [[Elissa Aalto]]. Din is-sensiela tirrappreżenta l-Moderniżmu umanistiku, approċċ iffukat fuq il-ksib tal-armonija bejn il-binjiet u n-natura tal-madwar. Dawn ix-xogħlijiet ġew rikonoxxuti bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] f'Lulju 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1752/|titlu=Aalto Works|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Skont l-UNESCO, "ix-xogħlijiet jesprimu viżjoni ċċentrata fuq il-[[bniedem]], speċifika għas-siti u empatetika li tiddistingwi l-kontribut tal-Finlandja għall-arkitettura moderna".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20237691|titlu=Alvar Aallon arkkitehtuuri hyväksyttiin Unescon maailmanperintölistalle|data=2026-07-26|sit=Yle Uutiset|lingwa=fi|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.alvaraalto.fi/en/alvar-aalto-foundation/alvar-aalto-and-unesco-world-heritage/|titlu=Alvar Aalto and Unesco World Heritage|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Qabel l-2026, żewġ sensiliet ta' binjiet iddisinjati minn [[Arkitett|arkitetti]] individwali kienu saru Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO, ix-[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] fl-2016<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/|titlu=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> u x-[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] fl-2021.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1643/|titlu=The works of Jo&#x17e;e Ple&#x10d;nik in Ljubljana &ndash; Human Centred Urban Design|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> [[Stampa:Alvar and Elissa Aalto.jpg|daqsminuri|Alvar u Elissa Aalto.]] == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Ix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona [[Kultura|kulturali]] fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Din il-lista li ġejja telenka s-siti arkitettoniċi li jagħmlu parti mix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto mniżżlin bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Numru !Isem !Ritratt !Post !Snin |- |001 |Iż-Żona tal-Abitazzjonijiet ta' Sunila |[[File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|frameless]] |Kotka, Kymenlaakso |1936–1938, 1947, 1951–1954 |- |002 |Is-Sanatorju ta' Paimio |[[File:Paimion_parantolan_päärakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paimion_parantolan_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|frameless]] |Paimio |1929–1933 |- |003 |Il-Muniċipju ta' Säynätsalo |[[File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|frameless]] |Säynätsalo, Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1949–1952 |- |004 |Iċ-Ċentru ta' Aalto |[[File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|frameless]] |Seinäjoki, in-Nofsinhar tal-Ostrobotnija |1951–1987 |- |005 |L-Uffiċċju Prinċipali tal-Istituzzjoni tas-Sigurtà Soċjali |[[File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|frameless]] |[[Ħelsinki|Helsinki]] Uusimaa, |1953–1957 |- |006 |Is-Sala ta' Finlandia |[[File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1962/1967–1975 |- |007 |Id-Dar ta' Aalto |[[File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1935–1936 |- |008 |L-Istudjo ta' Aalto |[[File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1954–1955, 1962–1963 |- |009 |Id-Dar Sperimentali ta' Muuratsalo |[[File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|frameless]] |Muuratsalo, Säynätsalo, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1952–1954 |- |010 |Id-Dar tal-Kultura |[[File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1952–1958 |- |011 |Il-Kampus ta' Aalto, l-Università ta' Jyväskylä |[[File:University_of_Jyväskylä_main_Building.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg|frameless]] |Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1951–1971 |- |012 |Il-Knisja tat-Tliet Slaleb |[[File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|frameless]] |Imatra, in-Nofsinhar tal-Karelja |1956–1958 |- |013 |Villa Mairea |[[File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|frameless]] |Noormarkku, Pori, Satakunta |1938–1939 |} == Referenzi == plls4818r5lkt1s7q2pdo1epjrue5oq 331486 331485 2026-08-17T13:12:25Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Finlandja]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|World Heritage Sites in Finland}} <mapframe width="300" height="300" longitude="26" latitude="62.5" zoom="5" text="Aalto Works"> [ { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"fill": "#ff0000", "stroke": "#ff0000", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Mairea]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Paimio Sanatorium]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Säynätsalo Town Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Finlandia Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Church of the Three Crosses|Church of Three Crosses]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Kulttuuritalo|House of Culture]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Aalto Centre, Seinäjoki|Aalto Centre]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Aalto|Aalto House]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Sunila, Kotka|Sunila Housing Area]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Kela Headquarters"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Studio Aalto|Aalto Atelier]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Muuratsalo Experimental House"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[University of Jyväskylä|Aalto Campus]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} } ] </mapframe> Ix-'''Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto''' huma sensiela ta' 13-il sit arkitettoniku madwar il-[[Finlandja]] li ġew iddisinjati minn [[Alvar Aalto]], [[Aino Aalto]] u [[Elissa Aalto]]. Din is-sensiela tirrappreżenta l-Moderniżmu umanistiku, approċċ iffukat fuq il-ksib tal-armonija bejn il-binjiet u n-natura tal-madwar. Dawn ix-xogħlijiet ġew rikonoxxuti bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] f'Lulju 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1752/|titlu=Aalto Works|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Skont l-UNESCO, "ix-xogħlijiet jesprimu viżjoni ċċentrata fuq il-[[bniedem]], speċifika għas-siti u empatetika li tiddistingwi l-kontribut tal-Finlandja għall-arkitettura moderna".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20237691|titlu=Alvar Aallon arkkitehtuuri hyväksyttiin Unescon maailmanperintölistalle|data=2026-07-26|sit=Yle Uutiset|lingwa=fi|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.alvaraalto.fi/en/alvar-aalto-foundation/alvar-aalto-and-unesco-world-heritage/|titlu=Alvar Aalto and Unesco World Heritage|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Qabel l-2026, żewġ sensiliet ta' binjiet iddisinjati minn [[Arkitett|arkitetti]] individwali kienu saru Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO, ix-[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] fl-2016<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/|titlu=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> u x-[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] fl-2021.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1643/|titlu=The works of Jo&#x17e;e Ple&#x10d;nik in Ljubljana &ndash; Human Centred Urban Design|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> [[Stampa:Alvar and Elissa Aalto.jpg|daqsminuri|Alvar u Elissa Aalto.]] == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Ix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona [[Kultura|kulturali]] fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Din il-lista li ġejja telenka s-siti arkitettoniċi li jagħmlu parti mix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto mniżżlin bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Numru !Isem !Ritratt !Post !Snin |- |001 |Iż-Żona tal-Abitazzjonijiet ta' Sunila |[[File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|frameless]] |Kotka, Kymenlaakso |1936–1938, 1947, 1951–1954 |- |002 |Is-Sanatorju ta' Paimio |[[File:Paimion_parantolan_päärakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paimion_parantolan_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|frameless]] |Paimio |1929–1933 |- |003 |Il-Muniċipju ta' Säynätsalo |[[File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|frameless]] |Säynätsalo, Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1949–1952 |- |004 |Iċ-Ċentru ta' Aalto |[[File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|frameless]] |Seinäjoki, in-Nofsinhar tal-Ostrobotnija |1951–1987 |- |005 |L-Uffiċċju Prinċipali tal-Istituzzjoni tas-Sigurtà Soċjali |[[File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|frameless]] |[[Ħelsinki|Helsinki]] Uusimaa, |1953–1957 |- |006 |Is-Sala ta' Finlandia |[[File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1962/1967–1975 |- |007 |Id-Dar ta' Aalto |[[File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1935–1936 |- |008 |L-Istudjo ta' Aalto |[[File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1954–1955, 1962–1963 |- |009 |Id-Dar Sperimentali ta' Muuratsalo |[[File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|frameless]] |Muuratsalo, Säynätsalo, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1952–1954 |- |010 |Id-Dar tal-Kultura |[[File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1952–1958 |- |011 |Il-Kampus ta' Aalto, l-Università ta' Jyväskylä |[[File:University_of_Jyväskylä_main_Building.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg|frameless]] |Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1951–1971 |- |012 |Il-Knisja tat-Tliet Slaleb |[[File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|frameless]] |Imatra, in-Nofsinhar tal-Karelja |1956–1958 |- |013 |Villa Mairea |[[File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|frameless]] |Noormarkku, Pori, Satakunta |1938–1939 |} == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Finlandja]] 3ztxjxdk6n1pepvc9gxelx9fgub0mmc 331487 331486 2026-08-17T13:12:36Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|World Heritage Sites in Finland}} <mapframe width="300" height="300" longitude="26" latitude="62.5" zoom="5" text="Aalto Works"> [ { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"fill": "#ff0000", "stroke": "#ff0000", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Mairea]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Paimio Sanatorium]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Säynätsalo Town Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Finlandia Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Church of the Three Crosses|Church of Three Crosses]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Kulttuuritalo|House of Culture]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Aalto Centre, Seinäjoki|Aalto Centre]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Aalto|Aalto House]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Sunila, Kotka|Sunila Housing Area]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Kela Headquarters"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Studio Aalto|Aalto Atelier]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Muuratsalo Experimental House"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[University of Jyväskylä|Aalto Campus]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} } ] </mapframe> Ix-'''Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto''' huma sensiela ta' 13-il sit arkitettoniku madwar il-[[Finlandja]] li ġew iddisinjati minn [[Alvar Aalto]], [[Aino Aalto]] u [[Elissa Aalto]]. Din is-sensiela tirrappreżenta l-Moderniżmu umanistiku, approċċ iffukat fuq il-ksib tal-armonija bejn il-binjiet u n-natura tal-madwar. Dawn ix-xogħlijiet ġew rikonoxxuti bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] f'Lulju 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1752/|titlu=Aalto Works|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Skont l-UNESCO, "ix-xogħlijiet jesprimu viżjoni ċċentrata fuq il-[[bniedem]], speċifika għas-siti u empatetika li tiddistingwi l-kontribut tal-Finlandja għall-arkitettura moderna".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20237691|titlu=Alvar Aallon arkkitehtuuri hyväksyttiin Unescon maailmanperintölistalle|data=2026-07-26|sit=Yle Uutiset|lingwa=fi|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.alvaraalto.fi/en/alvar-aalto-foundation/alvar-aalto-and-unesco-world-heritage/|titlu=Alvar Aalto and Unesco World Heritage|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Qabel l-2026, żewġ sensiliet ta' binjiet iddisinjati minn [[Arkitett|arkitetti]] individwali kienu saru Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO, ix-[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] fl-2016<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/|titlu=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> u x-[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] fl-2021.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1643/|titlu=The works of Jo&#x17e;e Ple&#x10d;nik in Ljubljana &ndash; Human Centred Urban Design|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> [[Stampa:Alvar and Elissa Aalto.jpg|daqsminuri|Alvar u Elissa Aalto.]] == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Ix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona [[Kultura|kulturali]] fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Din il-lista li ġejja telenka s-siti arkitettoniċi li jagħmlu parti mix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto mniżżlin bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Numru !Isem !Ritratt !Post !Snin |- |001 |Iż-Żona tal-Abitazzjonijiet ta' Sunila |[[File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|frameless]] |Kotka, Kymenlaakso |1936–1938, 1947, 1951–1954 |- |002 |Is-Sanatorju ta' Paimio |[[File:Paimion_parantolan_päärakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paimion_parantolan_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|frameless]] |Paimio |1929–1933 |- |003 |Il-Muniċipju ta' Säynätsalo |[[File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|frameless]] |Säynätsalo, Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1949–1952 |- |004 |Iċ-Ċentru ta' Aalto |[[File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|frameless]] |Seinäjoki, in-Nofsinhar tal-Ostrobotnija |1951–1987 |- |005 |L-Uffiċċju Prinċipali tal-Istituzzjoni tas-Sigurtà Soċjali |[[File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|frameless]] |[[Ħelsinki|Helsinki]] Uusimaa, |1953–1957 |- |006 |Is-Sala ta' Finlandia |[[File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1962/1967–1975 |- |007 |Id-Dar ta' Aalto |[[File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1935–1936 |- |008 |L-Istudjo ta' Aalto |[[File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1954–1955, 1962–1963 |- |009 |Id-Dar Sperimentali ta' Muuratsalo |[[File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|frameless]] |Muuratsalo, Säynätsalo, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1952–1954 |- |010 |Id-Dar tal-Kultura |[[File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1952–1958 |- |011 |Il-Kampus ta' Aalto, l-Università ta' Jyväskylä |[[File:University_of_Jyväskylä_main_Building.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg|frameless]] |Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1951–1971 |- |012 |Il-Knisja tat-Tliet Slaleb |[[File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|frameless]] |Imatra, in-Nofsinhar tal-Karelja |1956–1958 |- |013 |Villa Mairea |[[File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|frameless]] |Noormarkku, Pori, Satakunta |1938–1939 |} == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Finlandja]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] 3bhommrpb3yjaie4wyx18fce0ynhw4v 331488 331487 2026-08-17T13:13:00Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Arkitettura urbana]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|World Heritage Sites in Finland}} <mapframe width="300" height="300" longitude="26" latitude="62.5" zoom="5" text="Aalto Works"> [ { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"fill": "#ff0000", "stroke": "#ff0000", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Mairea]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Paimio Sanatorium]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Säynätsalo Town Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Finlandia Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Church of the Three Crosses|Church of Three Crosses]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Kulttuuritalo|House of Culture]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Aalto Centre, Seinäjoki|Aalto Centre]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Aalto|Aalto House]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Sunila, Kotka|Sunila Housing Area]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Kela Headquarters"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Studio Aalto|Aalto Atelier]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Muuratsalo Experimental House"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[University of Jyväskylä|Aalto Campus]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} } ] </mapframe> Ix-'''Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto''' huma sensiela ta' 13-il sit arkitettoniku madwar il-[[Finlandja]] li ġew iddisinjati minn [[Alvar Aalto]], [[Aino Aalto]] u [[Elissa Aalto]]. Din is-sensiela tirrappreżenta l-Moderniżmu umanistiku, approċċ iffukat fuq il-ksib tal-armonija bejn il-binjiet u n-natura tal-madwar. Dawn ix-xogħlijiet ġew rikonoxxuti bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] f'Lulju 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1752/|titlu=Aalto Works|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Skont l-UNESCO, "ix-xogħlijiet jesprimu viżjoni ċċentrata fuq il-[[bniedem]], speċifika għas-siti u empatetika li tiddistingwi l-kontribut tal-Finlandja għall-arkitettura moderna".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20237691|titlu=Alvar Aallon arkkitehtuuri hyväksyttiin Unescon maailmanperintölistalle|data=2026-07-26|sit=Yle Uutiset|lingwa=fi|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.alvaraalto.fi/en/alvar-aalto-foundation/alvar-aalto-and-unesco-world-heritage/|titlu=Alvar Aalto and Unesco World Heritage|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Qabel l-2026, żewġ sensiliet ta' binjiet iddisinjati minn [[Arkitett|arkitetti]] individwali kienu saru Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO, ix-[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] fl-2016<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/|titlu=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> u x-[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] fl-2021.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1643/|titlu=The works of Jo&#x17e;e Ple&#x10d;nik in Ljubljana &ndash; Human Centred Urban Design|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> [[Stampa:Alvar and Elissa Aalto.jpg|daqsminuri|Alvar u Elissa Aalto.]] == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Ix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona [[Kultura|kulturali]] fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Din il-lista li ġejja telenka s-siti arkitettoniċi li jagħmlu parti mix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto mniżżlin bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Numru !Isem !Ritratt !Post !Snin |- |001 |Iż-Żona tal-Abitazzjonijiet ta' Sunila |[[File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|frameless]] |Kotka, Kymenlaakso |1936–1938, 1947, 1951–1954 |- |002 |Is-Sanatorju ta' Paimio |[[File:Paimion_parantolan_päärakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paimion_parantolan_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|frameless]] |Paimio |1929–1933 |- |003 |Il-Muniċipju ta' Säynätsalo |[[File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|frameless]] |Säynätsalo, Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1949–1952 |- |004 |Iċ-Ċentru ta' Aalto |[[File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|frameless]] |Seinäjoki, in-Nofsinhar tal-Ostrobotnija |1951–1987 |- |005 |L-Uffiċċju Prinċipali tal-Istituzzjoni tas-Sigurtà Soċjali |[[File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|frameless]] |[[Ħelsinki|Helsinki]] Uusimaa, |1953–1957 |- |006 |Is-Sala ta' Finlandia |[[File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1962/1967–1975 |- |007 |Id-Dar ta' Aalto |[[File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1935–1936 |- |008 |L-Istudjo ta' Aalto |[[File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1954–1955, 1962–1963 |- |009 |Id-Dar Sperimentali ta' Muuratsalo |[[File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|frameless]] |Muuratsalo, Säynätsalo, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1952–1954 |- |010 |Id-Dar tal-Kultura |[[File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1952–1958 |- |011 |Il-Kampus ta' Aalto, l-Università ta' Jyväskylä |[[File:University_of_Jyväskylä_main_Building.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg|frameless]] |Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1951–1971 |- |012 |Il-Knisja tat-Tliet Slaleb |[[File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|frameless]] |Imatra, in-Nofsinhar tal-Karelja |1956–1958 |- |013 |Villa Mairea |[[File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|frameless]] |Noormarkku, Pori, Satakunta |1938–1939 |} == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Finlandja]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Arkitettura urbana]] drc4kekplvy8e1v6nuvza14l24pn99f 331489 331488 2026-08-17T13:13:08Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Finlandja]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|World Heritage Sites in Finland}} <mapframe width="300" height="300" longitude="26" latitude="62.5" zoom="5" text="Aalto Works"> [ { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"fill": "#ff0000", "stroke": "#ff0000", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Mairea]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Paimio Sanatorium]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Säynätsalo Town Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Finlandia Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Church of the Three Crosses|Church of Three Crosses]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Kulttuuritalo|House of Culture]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Aalto Centre, Seinäjoki|Aalto Centre]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Aalto|Aalto House]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Sunila, Kotka|Sunila Housing Area]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Kela Headquarters"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Studio Aalto|Aalto Atelier]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Muuratsalo Experimental House"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[University of Jyväskylä|Aalto Campus]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} } ] </mapframe> Ix-'''Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto''' huma sensiela ta' 13-il sit arkitettoniku madwar il-[[Finlandja]] li ġew iddisinjati minn [[Alvar Aalto]], [[Aino Aalto]] u [[Elissa Aalto]]. Din is-sensiela tirrappreżenta l-Moderniżmu umanistiku, approċċ iffukat fuq il-ksib tal-armonija bejn il-binjiet u n-natura tal-madwar. Dawn ix-xogħlijiet ġew rikonoxxuti bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] f'Lulju 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1752/|titlu=Aalto Works|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Skont l-UNESCO, "ix-xogħlijiet jesprimu viżjoni ċċentrata fuq il-[[bniedem]], speċifika għas-siti u empatetika li tiddistingwi l-kontribut tal-Finlandja għall-arkitettura moderna".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20237691|titlu=Alvar Aallon arkkitehtuuri hyväksyttiin Unescon maailmanperintölistalle|data=2026-07-26|sit=Yle Uutiset|lingwa=fi|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.alvaraalto.fi/en/alvar-aalto-foundation/alvar-aalto-and-unesco-world-heritage/|titlu=Alvar Aalto and Unesco World Heritage|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Qabel l-2026, żewġ sensiliet ta' binjiet iddisinjati minn [[Arkitett|arkitetti]] individwali kienu saru Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO, ix-[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] fl-2016<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/|titlu=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> u x-[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] fl-2021.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1643/|titlu=The works of Jo&#x17e;e Ple&#x10d;nik in Ljubljana &ndash; Human Centred Urban Design|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> [[Stampa:Alvar and Elissa Aalto.jpg|daqsminuri|Alvar u Elissa Aalto.]] == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Ix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona [[Kultura|kulturali]] fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Din il-lista li ġejja telenka s-siti arkitettoniċi li jagħmlu parti mix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto mniżżlin bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Numru !Isem !Ritratt !Post !Snin |- |001 |Iż-Żona tal-Abitazzjonijiet ta' Sunila |[[File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|frameless]] |Kotka, Kymenlaakso |1936–1938, 1947, 1951–1954 |- |002 |Is-Sanatorju ta' Paimio |[[File:Paimion_parantolan_päärakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paimion_parantolan_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|frameless]] |Paimio |1929–1933 |- |003 |Il-Muniċipju ta' Säynätsalo |[[File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|frameless]] |Säynätsalo, Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1949–1952 |- |004 |Iċ-Ċentru ta' Aalto |[[File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|frameless]] |Seinäjoki, in-Nofsinhar tal-Ostrobotnija |1951–1987 |- |005 |L-Uffiċċju Prinċipali tal-Istituzzjoni tas-Sigurtà Soċjali |[[File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|frameless]] |[[Ħelsinki|Helsinki]] Uusimaa, |1953–1957 |- |006 |Is-Sala ta' Finlandia |[[File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1962/1967–1975 |- |007 |Id-Dar ta' Aalto |[[File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1935–1936 |- |008 |L-Istudjo ta' Aalto |[[File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1954–1955, 1962–1963 |- |009 |Id-Dar Sperimentali ta' Muuratsalo |[[File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|frameless]] |Muuratsalo, Säynätsalo, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1952–1954 |- |010 |Id-Dar tal-Kultura |[[File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1952–1958 |- |011 |Il-Kampus ta' Aalto, l-Università ta' Jyväskylä |[[File:University_of_Jyväskylä_main_Building.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg|frameless]] |Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1951–1971 |- |012 |Il-Knisja tat-Tliet Slaleb |[[File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|frameless]] |Imatra, in-Nofsinhar tal-Karelja |1956–1958 |- |013 |Villa Mairea |[[File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|frameless]] |Noormarkku, Pori, Satakunta |1938–1939 |} == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Finlandja]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Arkitettura urbana]] [[Kategorija:Finlandja]] rzxdrbmau0n45g9tx5x38n3buyrqza1 331536 331489 2026-08-17T17:08:48Z ToniSant 4257 tindif ħafif 331536 wikitext text/x-wiki <mapframe width="300" height="300" longitude="26" latitude="62.5" zoom="5" text="Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto"> [ { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"fill": "#ff0000", "stroke": "#ff0000", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Mairea]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2706241", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Paimio Sanatorium]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q368706", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Säynätsalo Town Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q2456080", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Finlandia Hall]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q1142522", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Church of the Three Crosses|Church of Three Crosses]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q3674365", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Kulttuuritalo|House of Culture]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q6305770", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Aalto Centre, Seinäjoki|Aalto Centre]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q4250273", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Villa Aalto|Aalto House]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17405833", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Sunila, Kotka|Sunila Housing Area]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q140702223", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Kela Headquarters"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11869698", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[Studio Aalto|Aalto Atelier]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q17380008", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "Muuratsalo Experimental House"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q5755595", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"fill": "#00ff00", "stroke": "#00ff00", "stroke-width": 2, "title": "[[University of Jyväskylä|Aalto Campus]]"} }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geopoint", "ids": "Q11892928", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "home", "marker-size": "small", "marker-color": "ff0000"} } ] </mapframe> Ix-'''Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto''' huma sensiela ta' 13-il sit arkitettoniku madwar il-[[Finlandja]] li ġew iddisinjati minn [[Alvar Aalto]], [[Aino Aalto]] u [[Elissa Aalto]]. Din is-sensiela tirrappreżenta l-Moderniżmu umanistiku, approċċ iffukat fuq il-ksib tal-armonija bejn il-binjiet u n-natura tal-madwar. Dawn ix-xogħlijiet ġew rikonoxxuti bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] f'Lulju 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1752/|titlu=Aalto Works|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Skont l-UNESCO, "ix-xogħlijiet jesprimu viżjoni ċċentrata fuq il-[[bniedem]], speċifika għas-siti u empatetika li tiddistingwi l-kontribut tal-Finlandja għall-arkitettura moderna".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20237691|titlu=Alvar Aallon arkkitehtuuri hyväksyttiin Unescon maailmanperintölistalle|data=2026-07-26|sit=Yle Uutiset|lingwa=fi|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.alvaraalto.fi/en/alvar-aalto-foundation/alvar-aalto-and-unesco-world-heritage/|titlu=Alvar Aalto and Unesco World Heritage|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Qabel l-2026, żewġ sensiliet ta' binjiet iddisinjati minn [[Arkitett|arkitetti]] individwali kienu saru Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO, ix-[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]] fl-2016<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/|titlu=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> u x-[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]] fl-2021.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1643/|titlu=The works of Jo&#x17e;e Ple&#x10d;nik in Ljubljana &ndash; Human Centred Urban Design|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> [[Stampa:Alvar and Elissa Aalto.jpg|daqsminuri|Alvar u Elissa Aalto.]] == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Ix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona [[Kultura|kulturali]] fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Din il-lista li ġejja telenka s-siti arkitettoniċi li jagħmlu parti mix-Xogħlijiet ta' Aalto mniżżlin bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Numru !Isem !Ritratt !Post !Snin |- |001 |Iż-Żona tal-Abitazzjonijiet ta' Sunila |[[File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunila_Paivola3.jpg|frameless]] |Kotka, Kymenlaakso |1936–1938, 1947, 1951–1954 |- |002 |Is-Sanatorju ta' Paimio |[[File:Paimion_parantolan_päärakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paimion_parantolan_p%C3%A4%C3%A4rakennus_2025_Marit_Henriksson.jpg|frameless]] |Paimio |1929–1933 |- |003 |Il-Muniċipju ta' Säynätsalo |[[File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SaynatsaloTownHall1.jpg|frameless]] |Säynätsalo, Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1949–1952 |- |004 |Iċ-Ċentru ta' Aalto |[[File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aalto-keskus,_ilmakuva_1999_(RHO124993-1).tif|frameless]] |Seinäjoki, in-Nofsinhar tal-Ostrobotnija |1951–1987 |- |005 |L-Uffiċċju Prinċipali tal-Istituzzjoni tas-Sigurtà Soċjali |[[File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kela_hdqtrs_10.JPG|frameless]] |[[Ħelsinki|Helsinki]] Uusimaa, |1953–1957 |- |006 |Is-Sala ta' Finlandia |[[File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finlandia_Hall-7141.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1962/1967–1975 |- |007 |Id-Dar ta' Aalto |[[File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Alvar_Aalto_Museum,_Helsinki_(31792080945).jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1935–1936 |- |008 |L-Istudjo ta' Aalto |[[File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_Aalto_2023_02.jpg|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1954–1955, 1962–1963 |- |009 |Id-Dar Sperimentali ta' Muuratsalo |[[File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inner_court_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House.jpg|frameless]] |Muuratsalo, Säynätsalo, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1952–1954 |- |010 |Id-Dar tal-Kultura |[[File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kulttuuritalo_Helsinki_28_toukokuuta_2013.JPG|frameless]] |Helsinki, Uusimaa |1952–1958 |- |011 |Il-Kampus ta' Aalto, l-Università ta' Jyväskylä |[[File:University_of_Jyväskylä_main_Building.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg|frameless]] |Jyväskylä, il-Finlandja Ċentrali |1951–1971 |- |012 |Il-Knisja tat-Tliet Slaleb |[[File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Three_Crosses_20200627_03.jpg|frameless]] |Imatra, in-Nofsinhar tal-Karelja |1956–1958 |- |013 |Villa Mairea |[[File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg|frameless]] |Noormarkku, Pori, Satakunta |1938–1939 |} == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Finlandja]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Arkitettura urbana]] [[Kategorija:Finlandja]] 084ym7qwowxjn715y3cq3yqkzcpjgpz 0 34555 331491 2026-08-17T13:28:18Z Trigcly 17859 Kontenut inizjali 331491 wikitext text/x-wiki Il-'''Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 飛鳥・藤原の宮都; Asuka・Fujiwara no kyū-to) huma raggruppament ta' 19-il sit [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġiku]] mill-[[Belt kapitali|bliet kapitali]] tal-aħħar tas-seklu 6 sal-bidu tas-seklu 8 [[WK|W.K]]. ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara, il-Prefettura ta' Nara, il-[[Ġappun]]. Din is-sensiela ta' siti arkeoloġiċi tniżżlet bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1757/|titlu=Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Mill-2011, il-Pajsaġġ [[Kultura|Kulturali]] tal-Periferija ta' Asuka ġie protett bħala wieħed mill-Pajsaġġi Kulturali tal-Ġappun. Erja ta' 60 ettaru hija protetta wkoll fi ħdan il-Park Governattiv Nazzjonali [[Storja|Storiku]] ta' Asuka. Diversi artefatti relatati jinsabu fil-[[Mużew]] Storiku ta' Asuka. == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Il-Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri [[Bniedem|umani]], tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Sbatax mid-dsatax-il komponent inizjali ddeżinjati għall-protezzjoni skont il-Liġi għall-Protezzjoni tas-Siti Kulturali bħala Siti Storiċi jew Siti Storiċi Speċjali jinsabu elenkati hawn taħt u jiffurmaw parti mis-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == pl4g5ik0anjksufoe34b6k3oe161noj 331492 331491 2026-08-17T13:29:02Z Trigcly 17859 /* Komponenti */ 331492 wikitext text/x-wiki Il-'''Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 飛鳥・藤原の宮都; Asuka・Fujiwara no kyū-to) huma raggruppament ta' 19-il sit [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġiku]] mill-[[Belt kapitali|bliet kapitali]] tal-aħħar tas-seklu 6 sal-bidu tas-seklu 8 [[WK|W.K]]. ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara, il-Prefettura ta' Nara, il-[[Ġappun]]. Din is-sensiela ta' siti arkeoloġiċi tniżżlet bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1757/|titlu=Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Mill-2011, il-Pajsaġġ [[Kultura|Kulturali]] tal-Periferija ta' Asuka ġie protett bħala wieħed mill-Pajsaġġi Kulturali tal-Ġappun. Erja ta' 60 ettaru hija protetta wkoll fi ħdan il-Park Governattiv Nazzjonali [[Storja|Storiku]] ta' Asuka. Diversi artefatti relatati jinsabu fil-[[Mużew]] Storiku ta' Asuka. == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Il-Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri [[Bniedem|umani]], tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Sbatax mid-dsatax-il komponent inizjali ddeżinjati għall-protezzjoni skont il-Liġi għall-Protezzjoni tas-Siti Kulturali bħala Siti Storiċi jew Siti Storiċi Speċjali jinsabu elenkati hawn taħt u jiffurmaw parti mis-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO. {{coord|34.46686286|N|135.82612794|E|display=inline|format=dms|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|name=Ishibutai Mounded Tomb}} || [https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/1984] |- | 1757-011 || align="center"|[[Shōbuike Kofun|Shobuike Mounded Tomb]]<br>{{nihongo2|菖蒲池古墳}}<br><small>''Shōbuike kofun''</small> || [[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]] || C7 rectangular tumulus with two sarcophagi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asukanet.gr.jp/ASUKA2/ASUKAKOFUN/syoubuikeK.html |title=Shobu-ike Kofun |publisher=Asuka Historical Museum |access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> || [[File:Shobuike Kofun, funcho.jpg|150px]] || {{coord|34.47263012|N|135.80771678|E|display=inline|format=dms|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|name=Shobuike Mounded Tomb}} || [https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/1962] |- | 1757-012 || align="center"|[[Kengoshizuka Kofun|Kengoshizuka Mounded Tomb]]<br>{{nihongo2|牽牛子塚古墳}}<br><small>''Kengoshizuka kofun''</small> || [[Asuka, Nara|Asuka]] || with [[Important Cultural Properties of Japan|ICP]] grave goods<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/9725 |script-title=ja:大和国高市郡牽牛子塚古墳出土品 |trans-title=Excavated Artefacts from Koshitsukagomon Kofun, Takaichi District, Yamato Province |language=Japanese |publisher=[[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] |access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref> || [[File:220311 Kengoshiduka 1.jpg|150px]] || {{coord|34.466469|N|135.792419|E|display=inline|format=dms|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|name=Kengoshizuka Mounded Tomb}} || [https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/1945] |- | 1757-013 || align="center"|*[[Fujiwara-kyō#Fujiwara Palace|Fujiwara Palace Site]]<br>{{nihongo2|藤原宮跡}}<br><small>''Fujiwara-kyū seki''</small> || [[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]] || in the [[Capital of Japan#List of capitals|former capital]] || [[File:Fujiwara-kyo Kashihara Nara pref Japan03bs5.jpg|150px]] || {{coord|34.50222329|N|135.80732073|E|display=inline|format=dms|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|name=Fujiwara Palace Site}} || [https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/1989] |- | 1757-014 || align="center"|[[Daikandai-ji|Daikandaiji Temple Site]]<br>{{nihongo2|大官大寺跡}}<br><small>''Daikandaiji ato''</small> || [[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]] || precursor to [[Daian-ji]]<ref name="McCallum"/> || [[File:大官大寺跡 02.jpg|150px]] || {{coord|34.48844301|N|135.81818651|E|display=inline|format=dms|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|name=Daikandaiji Temple Site}} || [https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/1933] |- | 1757-015 || align="center"|*[[Moto Yakushi-ji|Motoyakushiji Temple Site]]<br>{{nihongo2|本薬師寺跡}}<br><small>''Moto Yakushiji ato''</small> || [[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]] || precursor to [[Yakushi-ji]]; established by [[Emperor Temmu]] for the recovery of [[Empress Jitō]]<ref name="McCallum"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asukanet.gr.jp/asukahome/ASUKA2/ASUKATERA/honyakusizi.html |title=Moto Yakushiji |publisher=Asuka Historical Museum |access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> || [[File:Motoyakusiji 201909c.jpg|150px]] || {{coord|34.49266238|N|135.7999852|E|display=inline|format=dms|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|name=Motoyakushiji Temple Site}} || [https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/1934] |- | 1757-016 || align="center"|[[Noguchi Imperial Mausoleum|Mounded Tomb]] of [[Emperor Tenmu|Emperor Temmu]] and [[Empress Jitō|Empress Jito]]<br>{{nihongo2|[[:ja:野口王墓|天武・持統天皇陵古墳]]}}<br><small>''Tenmu・Jitō tennō ryō kofun''</small> || [[Asuka, Nara|Asuka]] || || [[File:Noguchi Obo Kofun, haisho.jpg|150px]] || {{coord|34.468756|N|135.807825|E|display=inline|format=dms|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|name=Mounded Tomb of Emperor Temmu and Empress Jito}} || |- | 1757-017 || align="center"|[[Nakaoyama Kofun|Nakaoyama Mounded Tomb]]<br>{{nihongo2|中尾山古墳}}<br><small>''Nakaoyama kofun''</small> || [[Asuka, Nara|Asuka]] || || [[File:Nakaoyama Kofun.jpg|150px]] || {{coord|34.46422182|N|135.8059738|E|display=inline|format=dms|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|name=Nakaoyama Mounded Tomb}} || [https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/1961] |- | 1757-018 || align="center"|*[[Kitora Tomb|Kitora Mounded Tomb]]<br>{{nihongo2|キトラ古墳}}<br><small>''Kitora kofun''</small> || [[Asuka, Nara|Asuka]] || with [[List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)|National Treasure]] wall paintings of the [[Four Symbols (Chinese constellation)|four directions]] and an astronomical chart, now [[Detachment of wall paintings|detached]]<ref name="Detachment"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/00011875 |script-title=ja:キトラ古墳壁画 |trans-title=Wall Paintings from Kitora Kofun |language=Japanese |publisher=[[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] |access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref> || [[File:Kitora Tumulus.jpg|150px]] || {{coord|34.4510899|N|135.80516226|E|display=inline|format=dms|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|name=Kitora Mounded Tomb}} || [https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/3293] |- | 1757-019 || align="center"|*[[Takamatsuzuka Tomb|Takamatsuzuka Mounded Tomb]]<br>{{nihongo2|高松塚古墳}}<br><small>''Takamatsuzuka kofun''</small> || [[Asuka, Nara|Asuka]] || with [[List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)|National Treasure]] wall paintings ([[Detachment of wall paintings|detached]] in 2007) and [[Important Cultural Properties of Japan|ICP]] grave goods<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/157 |script-title=ja:高松塚古墳壁画 |trans-title=Wall Paintings from Takamatsuzuka Kofun |language=Japanese |publisher=[[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] |access-date=12 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/9951 |script-title=ja:高松塚古墳出土品 |trans-title=Excavated Artefacts from the Takamatsuzuka Kofun |language=Japanese |publisher=[[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] |access-date=12 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Detachment">{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/dp/archeo/pdf/lascaux_ishizaki.pdf |title="Conservation" of mural paintings of Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli Japan |publisher=[[Minister of Culture (France)|French Ministry of Culture]] |access-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105183833/http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/dp/archeo/pdf/lascaux_ishizaki.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2012 }}</ref> || [[File:Takamatsuzuka Asuka Bijin.jpg|150px]] || {{coord|34.46226847|N|135.80619935|E|display=inline|format=dms|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|name=Takamatsuzuka Mounded Tomb}} || [https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/2020] |- |} <ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == 3sg38cz0v6dz154nakg4bm56s79gq8t 331493 331492 2026-08-17T13:29:59Z Trigcly 17859 /* Komponenti */ 331493 wikitext text/x-wiki Il-'''Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 飛鳥・藤原の宮都; Asuka・Fujiwara no kyū-to) huma raggruppament ta' 19-il sit [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġiku]] mill-[[Belt kapitali|bliet kapitali]] tal-aħħar tas-seklu 6 sal-bidu tas-seklu 8 [[WK|W.K]]. ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara, il-Prefettura ta' Nara, il-[[Ġappun]]. Din is-sensiela ta' siti arkeoloġiċi tniżżlet bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1757/|titlu=Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Mill-2011, il-Pajsaġġ [[Kultura|Kulturali]] tal-Periferija ta' Asuka ġie protett bħala wieħed mill-Pajsaġġi Kulturali tal-Ġappun. Erja ta' 60 ettaru hija protetta wkoll fi ħdan il-Park Governattiv Nazzjonali [[Storja|Storiku]] ta' Asuka. Diversi artefatti relatati jinsabu fil-[[Mużew]] Storiku ta' Asuka. == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Il-Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri [[Bniedem|umani]], tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Sbatax mid-dsatax-il komponent inizjali ddeżinjati għall-protezzjoni skont il-Liġi għall-Protezzjoni tas-Siti Kulturali bħala Siti Storiċi jew Siti Storiċi Speċjali jinsabu elenkati hawn taħt u jiffurmaw parti mis-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO. <ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == pysv3u0z8qs80jpub0c1hgcvnhm0noh 331494 331493 2026-08-17T13:51:28Z Trigcly 17859 /* Komponenti */ 331494 wikitext text/x-wiki Il-'''Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 飛鳥・藤原の宮都; Asuka・Fujiwara no kyū-to) huma raggruppament ta' 19-il sit [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġiku]] mill-[[Belt kapitali|bliet kapitali]] tal-aħħar tas-seklu 6 sal-bidu tas-seklu 8 [[WK|W.K]]. ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara, il-Prefettura ta' Nara, il-[[Ġappun]]. Din is-sensiela ta' siti arkeoloġiċi tniżżlet bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1757/|titlu=Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Mill-2011, il-Pajsaġġ [[Kultura|Kulturali]] tal-Periferija ta' Asuka ġie protett bħala wieħed mill-Pajsaġġi Kulturali tal-Ġappun.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/412/00003735|titlu=国指定文化財等データベース|sit=kunishitei.bunka.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Erja ta' 60 ettaru hija protetta wkoll fi ħdan il-Park Governattiv Nazzjonali [[Storja|Storiku]] ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.asuka-park.jp/en/|titlu=Asuka Historical National Government Park {{!}} 国営飛鳥歴史公園{{!}}Asuka Historical National Government Park|sit=www.asuka-park.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Diversi artefatti relatati jinsabu fil-[[Mużew]] Storiku ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nabunken.go.jp/asuka/en/|titlu=About {{!}} Asuka Historical Museum|sit=www.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Il-Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri [[Bniedem|umani]], tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Sbatax mid-dsatax-il komponent inizjali ddeżinjati għall-protezzjoni skont il-Liġi għall-Protezzjoni tas-Siti Kulturali bħala Siti Storiċi jew Siti Storiċi Speċjali jinsabu elenkati hawn taħt u jiffurmaw parti mis-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" !ID tal-UNESCO !Sit !Muniċipalità !Kummenti !Ritratt !Koordinati |- |1757-001 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥宮跡}} <small>''Asuka no miya ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi s-siti tal-Palazz ta' Okamoto, tal-Palazz ta' Itabuki, tal-Palazz Suċċessiv ta' Okamoto u tal-Palazz ta' Kiyomihara |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Palace_Ruins,_ido-2.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.473413|N|135.821125|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Palace Site}} |- |1757-002 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Ġnien tal-Għadajjar ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: 飛鳥京跡苑池|飛鳥京跡苑池 <small>''Asuka-kyō ato enchi''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Dan huwa wkoll Post ta' Sbuħija Xenika; fil-ġnien hemm żewġ għadajjar estiżi għal 80 [[metru]] mil-Lvant għall-Punent u mill-inqas 230 metru mit-Tramuntana għan-Nofsinhar u l-Palazz ta' Itabuki relatat |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asukakyo-ato_Enchi,_Kitaike_in_201908.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.474987|N|135.818604|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Pond Garden Site}} |- |1757-003 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Arloġġ tal-Ilma ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥水落遺跡}} <small>''Asuka mizuochi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Mizuochi_Site,_zenkei-2.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48035257|N|135.81829106|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Water Clock Site}} |- |1757-004 | align="center" |Is-Sit tar-Ritwali ta' Sakafuneishi (bil-Ġappuniż: 酒船石遺跡|酒船石遺跡 <small>''Sakafune-ishi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sakafune1916_1.JPEG|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47555984|N|135.82345272|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Sakafuneishi Ritual Site}} |- |1757-005 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Asuka-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥寺跡}} <small>''Asukadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:春の飛鳥寺.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.4784979|N|135.82058527|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-006 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Tachibana-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|橘寺跡}} <small>''Tachibanadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tachibanadera_autumn.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47008648|N|135.81773828|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Tachibana-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-007 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Yamada-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|山田寺跡}} <small>''Yamadadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Sakurai |B'kurituri ppreservati tal-[[injam]] li ġew skoperti fl-1982 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamadadera_sisekihi01.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48404558|N|135.83012668|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Yamada-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-008 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Kawara-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|川原寺跡}} <small>''Kawaradera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Kumpless ta' tempju b'madum tas-saqaf li huma "fost l-isbaħ li qatt saru fil-Ġappun" |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Kawara_no_Miya.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47249006|N|135.81740826|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kawara-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-009 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Hinokuma-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|檜隈寺跡}} <small>''Hinokumadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Irċieva għotja ta' 100 unità domestika għall-manutenzjoni fis-686 li damet għal 30 sena, kif imsemmi fil-kronaka ta' ''Nihon Shoki'' |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hinokuma-dera_Temple_Ruins.jpg|200x200px]] |{{coord|34.456757|N|135.803116|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Hinokuma-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-010 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Ishibutai (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|石舞台古墳}} <small>''Ishibutai kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7; l-ikbar ġebla tiżen iktar minn 75 tunnellata |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ishibutai-kofun_Asuka_Nara_pref05n4592.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.46686286|N|135.82612794|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Ishibutai Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-011 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Shobuike (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|菖蒲池古墳}} <small>''Shōbuike kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7, b'għamla rettangolari u b'żewġ sarkofagi |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shobuike_Kofun,_funcho.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47263012|N|135.80771678|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Shobuike Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-012 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kengoshizuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|牽牛子塚古墳}} <small>''Kengoshizuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Fejn instabu għadd ta' oġġetti funebri |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:220311_Kengoshiduka_1.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.466469|N|135.792419|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kengoshizuka Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-013 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Fujiwara {{nihongo2|藤原宮跡}} <small>''Fujiwara-kyū seki''</small> |Kashihara |Fl-eks belt kapitali |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fujiwara-kyo_Kashihara_Nara_pref_Japan03bs5.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.50222329|N|135.80732073|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Fujiwara Palace Site}} |- |1757-014 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Daikandaiji (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|大官大寺跡}} <small>''Daikandaiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Daian-ji |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:大官大寺跡_02.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48844301|N|135.81818651|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Daikandaiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-015 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Motoyakushiji (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|本薬師寺跡}} <small>''Moto Yakushiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Yakushi-ji; ġie stabbilit mill-Imperatur Temmu għall-irkupru tal-Imperatriċi Jitō |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motoyakusiji_201909c.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.49266238|N|135.7999852|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Motoyakushiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-016 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri tal-Imperatur Temmu u tal-Imperatriċi Jitō (bil-Ġappuniż: 野口王墓|天武・持統天皇陵古墳 <small>''Tenmu・Jitō tennō ryō kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noguchi_Obo_Kofun,_haisho.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.468756|N|135.807825|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Mounded Tomb of Emperor Temmu and Empress Jito}} |- |1757-017 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Nakaoyama (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|中尾山古墳}} <small>''Nakaoyama kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakaoyama_Kofun.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.46422182|N|135.8059738|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Nakaoyama Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-018 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kitora (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|キトラ古墳}} <small>''Kitora kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan tal-erba' direzzjonijiet u mappa [[Astronomija|astronomika]], issa maqlugħin mis-sit |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kitora_Tumulus.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.4510899|N|135.80516226|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kitora Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-019 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|高松塚古墳}} <small>''Takamatsuzuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan (maqlugħin fl-2007) u xi oġġetti funebri |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takamatsuzuka_Asuka_Bijin.jpg|226x226px]] |{{coord|34.46226847|N|135.80619935|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Takamatsuzuka Mounded Tomb}} |} == Referenzi == d0ep86a113xo90ma21msavc10oa5n5v 331495 331494 2026-08-17T13:52:45Z Trigcly 17859 żieda stampa 331495 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Takamat1.jpg|daqsminuri|Affresk tal-qedem li ġie mpitter mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka.]] Il-'''Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 飛鳥・藤原の宮都; Asuka・Fujiwara no kyū-to) huma raggruppament ta' 19-il sit [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġiku]] mill-[[Belt kapitali|bliet kapitali]] tal-aħħar tas-seklu 6 sal-bidu tas-seklu 8 [[WK|W.K]]. ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara, il-Prefettura ta' Nara, il-[[Ġappun]]. Din is-sensiela ta' siti arkeoloġiċi tniżżlet bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1757/|titlu=Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Mill-2011, il-Pajsaġġ [[Kultura|Kulturali]] tal-Periferija ta' Asuka ġie protett bħala wieħed mill-Pajsaġġi Kulturali tal-Ġappun.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/412/00003735|titlu=国指定文化財等データベース|sit=kunishitei.bunka.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Erja ta' 60 ettaru hija protetta wkoll fi ħdan il-Park Governattiv Nazzjonali [[Storja|Storiku]] ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.asuka-park.jp/en/|titlu=Asuka Historical National Government Park {{!}} 国営飛鳥歴史公園{{!}}Asuka Historical National Government Park|sit=www.asuka-park.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Diversi artefatti relatati jinsabu fil-[[Mużew]] Storiku ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nabunken.go.jp/asuka/en/|titlu=About {{!}} Asuka Historical Museum|sit=www.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Il-Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri [[Bniedem|umani]], tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Sbatax mid-dsatax-il komponent inizjali ddeżinjati għall-protezzjoni skont il-Liġi għall-Protezzjoni tas-Siti Kulturali bħala Siti Storiċi jew Siti Storiċi Speċjali jinsabu elenkati hawn taħt u jiffurmaw parti mis-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" !ID tal-UNESCO !Sit !Muniċipalità !Kummenti !Ritratt !Koordinati |- |1757-001 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥宮跡}} <small>''Asuka no miya ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi s-siti tal-Palazz ta' Okamoto, tal-Palazz ta' Itabuki, tal-Palazz Suċċessiv ta' Okamoto u tal-Palazz ta' Kiyomihara |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Palace_Ruins,_ido-2.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.473413|N|135.821125|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Palace Site}} |- |1757-002 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Ġnien tal-Għadajjar ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: 飛鳥京跡苑池|飛鳥京跡苑池 <small>''Asuka-kyō ato enchi''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Dan huwa wkoll Post ta' Sbuħija Xenika; fil-ġnien hemm żewġ għadajjar estiżi għal 80 [[metru]] mil-Lvant għall-Punent u mill-inqas 230 metru mit-Tramuntana għan-Nofsinhar u l-Palazz ta' Itabuki relatat |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asukakyo-ato_Enchi,_Kitaike_in_201908.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.474987|N|135.818604|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Pond Garden Site}} |- |1757-003 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Arloġġ tal-Ilma ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥水落遺跡}} <small>''Asuka mizuochi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Mizuochi_Site,_zenkei-2.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48035257|N|135.81829106|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Water Clock Site}} |- |1757-004 | align="center" |Is-Sit tar-Ritwali ta' Sakafuneishi (bil-Ġappuniż: 酒船石遺跡|酒船石遺跡 <small>''Sakafune-ishi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sakafune1916_1.JPEG|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47555984|N|135.82345272|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Sakafuneishi Ritual Site}} |- |1757-005 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Asuka-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥寺跡}} <small>''Asukadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:春の飛鳥寺.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.4784979|N|135.82058527|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-006 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Tachibana-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|橘寺跡}} <small>''Tachibanadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tachibanadera_autumn.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47008648|N|135.81773828|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Tachibana-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-007 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Yamada-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|山田寺跡}} <small>''Yamadadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Sakurai |B'kurituri ppreservati tal-[[injam]] li ġew skoperti fl-1982 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamadadera_sisekihi01.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48404558|N|135.83012668|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Yamada-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-008 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Kawara-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|川原寺跡}} <small>''Kawaradera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Kumpless ta' tempju b'madum tas-saqaf li huma "fost l-isbaħ li qatt saru fil-Ġappun" |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Kawara_no_Miya.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47249006|N|135.81740826|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kawara-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-009 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Hinokuma-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|檜隈寺跡}} <small>''Hinokumadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Irċieva għotja ta' 100 unità domestika għall-manutenzjoni fis-686 li damet għal 30 sena, kif imsemmi fil-kronaka ta' ''Nihon Shoki'' |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hinokuma-dera_Temple_Ruins.jpg|200x200px]] |{{coord|34.456757|N|135.803116|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Hinokuma-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-010 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Ishibutai (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|石舞台古墳}} <small>''Ishibutai kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7; l-ikbar ġebla tiżen iktar minn 75 tunnellata |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ishibutai-kofun_Asuka_Nara_pref05n4592.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.46686286|N|135.82612794|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Ishibutai Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-011 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Shobuike (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|菖蒲池古墳}} <small>''Shōbuike kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7, b'għamla rettangolari u b'żewġ sarkofagi |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shobuike_Kofun,_funcho.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47263012|N|135.80771678|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Shobuike Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-012 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kengoshizuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|牽牛子塚古墳}} <small>''Kengoshizuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Fejn instabu għadd ta' oġġetti funebri |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:220311_Kengoshiduka_1.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.466469|N|135.792419|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kengoshizuka Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-013 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Fujiwara {{nihongo2|藤原宮跡}} <small>''Fujiwara-kyū seki''</small> |Kashihara |Fl-eks belt kapitali |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fujiwara-kyo_Kashihara_Nara_pref_Japan03bs5.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.50222329|N|135.80732073|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Fujiwara Palace Site}} |- |1757-014 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Daikandaiji (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|大官大寺跡}} <small>''Daikandaiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Daian-ji |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:大官大寺跡_02.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48844301|N|135.81818651|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Daikandaiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-015 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Motoyakushiji (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|本薬師寺跡}} <small>''Moto Yakushiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Yakushi-ji; ġie stabbilit mill-Imperatur Temmu għall-irkupru tal-Imperatriċi Jitō |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motoyakusiji_201909c.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.49266238|N|135.7999852|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Motoyakushiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-016 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri tal-Imperatur Temmu u tal-Imperatriċi Jitō (bil-Ġappuniż: 野口王墓|天武・持統天皇陵古墳 <small>''Tenmu・Jitō tennō ryō kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noguchi_Obo_Kofun,_haisho.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.468756|N|135.807825|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Mounded Tomb of Emperor Temmu and Empress Jito}} |- |1757-017 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Nakaoyama (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|中尾山古墳}} <small>''Nakaoyama kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakaoyama_Kofun.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.46422182|N|135.8059738|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Nakaoyama Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-018 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kitora (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|キトラ古墳}} <small>''Kitora kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan tal-erba' direzzjonijiet u mappa [[Astronomija|astronomika]], issa maqlugħin mis-sit |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kitora_Tumulus.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.4510899|N|135.80516226|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kitora Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-019 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|高松塚古墳}} <small>''Takamatsuzuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan (maqlugħin fl-2007) u xi oġġetti funebri |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takamatsuzuka_Asuka_Bijin.jpg|226x226px]] |{{coord|34.46226847|N|135.80619935|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Takamatsuzuka Mounded Tomb}} |} == Referenzi == k7szx9dnv4nd1i0sp25fr2g3kllrxvo 331496 331495 2026-08-17T13:53:44Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġappun]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331496 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Takamat1.jpg|daqsminuri|Affresk tal-qedem li ġie mpitter mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka.]] Il-'''Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 飛鳥・藤原の宮都; Asuka・Fujiwara no kyū-to) huma raggruppament ta' 19-il sit [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġiku]] mill-[[Belt kapitali|bliet kapitali]] tal-aħħar tas-seklu 6 sal-bidu tas-seklu 8 [[WK|W.K]]. ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara, il-Prefettura ta' Nara, il-[[Ġappun]]. Din is-sensiela ta' siti arkeoloġiċi tniżżlet bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1757/|titlu=Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Mill-2011, il-Pajsaġġ [[Kultura|Kulturali]] tal-Periferija ta' Asuka ġie protett bħala wieħed mill-Pajsaġġi Kulturali tal-Ġappun.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/412/00003735|titlu=国指定文化財等データベース|sit=kunishitei.bunka.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Erja ta' 60 ettaru hija protetta wkoll fi ħdan il-Park Governattiv Nazzjonali [[Storja|Storiku]] ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.asuka-park.jp/en/|titlu=Asuka Historical National Government Park {{!}} 国営飛鳥歴史公園{{!}}Asuka Historical National Government Park|sit=www.asuka-park.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Diversi artefatti relatati jinsabu fil-[[Mużew]] Storiku ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nabunken.go.jp/asuka/en/|titlu=About {{!}} Asuka Historical Museum|sit=www.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Il-Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri [[Bniedem|umani]], tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Sbatax mid-dsatax-il komponent inizjali ddeżinjati għall-protezzjoni skont il-Liġi għall-Protezzjoni tas-Siti Kulturali bħala Siti Storiċi jew Siti Storiċi Speċjali jinsabu elenkati hawn taħt u jiffurmaw parti mis-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" !ID tal-UNESCO !Sit !Muniċipalità !Kummenti !Ritratt !Koordinati |- |1757-001 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥宮跡}} <small>''Asuka no miya ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi s-siti tal-Palazz ta' Okamoto, tal-Palazz ta' Itabuki, tal-Palazz Suċċessiv ta' Okamoto u tal-Palazz ta' Kiyomihara |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Palace_Ruins,_ido-2.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.473413|N|135.821125|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Palace Site}} |- |1757-002 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Ġnien tal-Għadajjar ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: 飛鳥京跡苑池|飛鳥京跡苑池 <small>''Asuka-kyō ato enchi''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Dan huwa wkoll Post ta' Sbuħija Xenika; fil-ġnien hemm żewġ għadajjar estiżi għal 80 [[metru]] mil-Lvant għall-Punent u mill-inqas 230 metru mit-Tramuntana għan-Nofsinhar u l-Palazz ta' Itabuki relatat |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asukakyo-ato_Enchi,_Kitaike_in_201908.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.474987|N|135.818604|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Pond Garden Site}} |- |1757-003 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Arloġġ tal-Ilma ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥水落遺跡}} <small>''Asuka mizuochi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Mizuochi_Site,_zenkei-2.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48035257|N|135.81829106|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Water Clock Site}} |- |1757-004 | align="center" |Is-Sit tar-Ritwali ta' Sakafuneishi (bil-Ġappuniż: 酒船石遺跡|酒船石遺跡 <small>''Sakafune-ishi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sakafune1916_1.JPEG|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47555984|N|135.82345272|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Sakafuneishi Ritual Site}} |- |1757-005 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Asuka-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥寺跡}} <small>''Asukadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:春の飛鳥寺.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.4784979|N|135.82058527|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-006 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Tachibana-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|橘寺跡}} <small>''Tachibanadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tachibanadera_autumn.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47008648|N|135.81773828|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Tachibana-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-007 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Yamada-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|山田寺跡}} <small>''Yamadadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Sakurai |B'kurituri ppreservati tal-[[injam]] li ġew skoperti fl-1982 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamadadera_sisekihi01.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48404558|N|135.83012668|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Yamada-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-008 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Kawara-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|川原寺跡}} <small>''Kawaradera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Kumpless ta' tempju b'madum tas-saqaf li huma "fost l-isbaħ li qatt saru fil-Ġappun" |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Kawara_no_Miya.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47249006|N|135.81740826|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kawara-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-009 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Hinokuma-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|檜隈寺跡}} <small>''Hinokumadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Irċieva għotja ta' 100 unità domestika għall-manutenzjoni fis-686 li damet għal 30 sena, kif imsemmi fil-kronaka ta' ''Nihon Shoki'' |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hinokuma-dera_Temple_Ruins.jpg|200x200px]] |{{coord|34.456757|N|135.803116|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Hinokuma-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-010 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Ishibutai (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|石舞台古墳}} <small>''Ishibutai kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7; l-ikbar ġebla tiżen iktar minn 75 tunnellata |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ishibutai-kofun_Asuka_Nara_pref05n4592.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.46686286|N|135.82612794|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Ishibutai Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-011 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Shobuike (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|菖蒲池古墳}} <small>''Shōbuike kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7, b'għamla rettangolari u b'żewġ sarkofagi |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shobuike_Kofun,_funcho.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47263012|N|135.80771678|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Shobuike Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-012 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kengoshizuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|牽牛子塚古墳}} <small>''Kengoshizuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Fejn instabu għadd ta' oġġetti funebri |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:220311_Kengoshiduka_1.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.466469|N|135.792419|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kengoshizuka Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-013 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Fujiwara {{nihongo2|藤原宮跡}} <small>''Fujiwara-kyū seki''</small> |Kashihara |Fl-eks belt kapitali |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fujiwara-kyo_Kashihara_Nara_pref_Japan03bs5.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.50222329|N|135.80732073|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Fujiwara Palace Site}} |- |1757-014 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Daikandaiji (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|大官大寺跡}} <small>''Daikandaiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Daian-ji |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:大官大寺跡_02.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48844301|N|135.81818651|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Daikandaiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-015 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Motoyakushiji (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|本薬師寺跡}} <small>''Moto Yakushiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Yakushi-ji; ġie stabbilit mill-Imperatur Temmu għall-irkupru tal-Imperatriċi Jitō |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motoyakusiji_201909c.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.49266238|N|135.7999852|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Motoyakushiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-016 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri tal-Imperatur Temmu u tal-Imperatriċi Jitō (bil-Ġappuniż: 野口王墓|天武・持統天皇陵古墳 <small>''Tenmu・Jitō tennō ryō kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noguchi_Obo_Kofun,_haisho.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.468756|N|135.807825|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Mounded Tomb of Emperor Temmu and Empress Jito}} |- |1757-017 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Nakaoyama (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|中尾山古墳}} <small>''Nakaoyama kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakaoyama_Kofun.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.46422182|N|135.8059738|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Nakaoyama Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-018 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kitora (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|キトラ古墳}} <small>''Kitora kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan tal-erba' direzzjonijiet u mappa [[Astronomija|astronomika]], issa maqlugħin mis-sit |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kitora_Tumulus.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.4510899|N|135.80516226|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kitora Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-019 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|高松塚古墳}} <small>''Takamatsuzuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan (maqlugħin fl-2007) u xi oġġetti funebri |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takamatsuzuka_Asuka_Bijin.jpg|226x226px]] |{{coord|34.46226847|N|135.80619935|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Takamatsuzuka Mounded Tomb}} |} == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġappun]] ic8aicd1u35qzb20okgqltk94l05ci8 331497 331496 2026-08-17T13:53:54Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331497 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Takamat1.jpg|daqsminuri|Affresk tal-qedem li ġie mpitter mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka.]] Il-'''Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 飛鳥・藤原の宮都; Asuka・Fujiwara no kyū-to) huma raggruppament ta' 19-il sit [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġiku]] mill-[[Belt kapitali|bliet kapitali]] tal-aħħar tas-seklu 6 sal-bidu tas-seklu 8 [[WK|W.K]]. ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara, il-Prefettura ta' Nara, il-[[Ġappun]]. Din is-sensiela ta' siti arkeoloġiċi tniżżlet bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1757/|titlu=Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Mill-2011, il-Pajsaġġ [[Kultura|Kulturali]] tal-Periferija ta' Asuka ġie protett bħala wieħed mill-Pajsaġġi Kulturali tal-Ġappun.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/412/00003735|titlu=国指定文化財等データベース|sit=kunishitei.bunka.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Erja ta' 60 ettaru hija protetta wkoll fi ħdan il-Park Governattiv Nazzjonali [[Storja|Storiku]] ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.asuka-park.jp/en/|titlu=Asuka Historical National Government Park {{!}} 国営飛鳥歴史公園{{!}}Asuka Historical National Government Park|sit=www.asuka-park.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Diversi artefatti relatati jinsabu fil-[[Mużew]] Storiku ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nabunken.go.jp/asuka/en/|titlu=About {{!}} Asuka Historical Museum|sit=www.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Il-Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri [[Bniedem|umani]], tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Sbatax mid-dsatax-il komponent inizjali ddeżinjati għall-protezzjoni skont il-Liġi għall-Protezzjoni tas-Siti Kulturali bħala Siti Storiċi jew Siti Storiċi Speċjali jinsabu elenkati hawn taħt u jiffurmaw parti mis-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" !ID tal-UNESCO !Sit !Muniċipalità !Kummenti !Ritratt !Koordinati |- |1757-001 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥宮跡}} <small>''Asuka no miya ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi s-siti tal-Palazz ta' Okamoto, tal-Palazz ta' Itabuki, tal-Palazz Suċċessiv ta' Okamoto u tal-Palazz ta' Kiyomihara |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Palace_Ruins,_ido-2.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.473413|N|135.821125|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Palace Site}} |- |1757-002 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Ġnien tal-Għadajjar ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: 飛鳥京跡苑池|飛鳥京跡苑池 <small>''Asuka-kyō ato enchi''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Dan huwa wkoll Post ta' Sbuħija Xenika; fil-ġnien hemm żewġ għadajjar estiżi għal 80 [[metru]] mil-Lvant għall-Punent u mill-inqas 230 metru mit-Tramuntana għan-Nofsinhar u l-Palazz ta' Itabuki relatat |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asukakyo-ato_Enchi,_Kitaike_in_201908.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.474987|N|135.818604|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Pond Garden Site}} |- |1757-003 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Arloġġ tal-Ilma ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥水落遺跡}} <small>''Asuka mizuochi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Mizuochi_Site,_zenkei-2.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48035257|N|135.81829106|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Water Clock Site}} |- |1757-004 | align="center" |Is-Sit tar-Ritwali ta' Sakafuneishi (bil-Ġappuniż: 酒船石遺跡|酒船石遺跡 <small>''Sakafune-ishi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sakafune1916_1.JPEG|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47555984|N|135.82345272|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Sakafuneishi Ritual Site}} |- |1757-005 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Asuka-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥寺跡}} <small>''Asukadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:春の飛鳥寺.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.4784979|N|135.82058527|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-006 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Tachibana-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|橘寺跡}} <small>''Tachibanadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tachibanadera_autumn.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47008648|N|135.81773828|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Tachibana-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-007 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Yamada-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|山田寺跡}} <small>''Yamadadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Sakurai |B'kurituri ppreservati tal-[[injam]] li ġew skoperti fl-1982 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamadadera_sisekihi01.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48404558|N|135.83012668|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Yamada-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-008 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Kawara-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|川原寺跡}} <small>''Kawaradera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Kumpless ta' tempju b'madum tas-saqaf li huma "fost l-isbaħ li qatt saru fil-Ġappun" |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Kawara_no_Miya.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47249006|N|135.81740826|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kawara-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-009 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Hinokuma-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|檜隈寺跡}} <small>''Hinokumadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Irċieva għotja ta' 100 unità domestika għall-manutenzjoni fis-686 li damet għal 30 sena, kif imsemmi fil-kronaka ta' ''Nihon Shoki'' |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hinokuma-dera_Temple_Ruins.jpg|200x200px]] |{{coord|34.456757|N|135.803116|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Hinokuma-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-010 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Ishibutai (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|石舞台古墳}} <small>''Ishibutai kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7; l-ikbar ġebla tiżen iktar minn 75 tunnellata |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ishibutai-kofun_Asuka_Nara_pref05n4592.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.46686286|N|135.82612794|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Ishibutai Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-011 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Shobuike (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|菖蒲池古墳}} <small>''Shōbuike kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7, b'għamla rettangolari u b'żewġ sarkofagi |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shobuike_Kofun,_funcho.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47263012|N|135.80771678|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Shobuike Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-012 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kengoshizuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|牽牛子塚古墳}} <small>''Kengoshizuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Fejn instabu għadd ta' oġġetti funebri |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:220311_Kengoshiduka_1.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.466469|N|135.792419|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kengoshizuka Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-013 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Fujiwara {{nihongo2|藤原宮跡}} <small>''Fujiwara-kyū seki''</small> |Kashihara |Fl-eks belt kapitali |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fujiwara-kyo_Kashihara_Nara_pref_Japan03bs5.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.50222329|N|135.80732073|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Fujiwara Palace Site}} |- |1757-014 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Daikandaiji (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|大官大寺跡}} <small>''Daikandaiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Daian-ji |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:大官大寺跡_02.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48844301|N|135.81818651|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Daikandaiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-015 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Motoyakushiji (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|本薬師寺跡}} <small>''Moto Yakushiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Yakushi-ji; ġie stabbilit mill-Imperatur Temmu għall-irkupru tal-Imperatriċi Jitō |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motoyakusiji_201909c.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.49266238|N|135.7999852|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Motoyakushiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-016 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri tal-Imperatur Temmu u tal-Imperatriċi Jitō (bil-Ġappuniż: 野口王墓|天武・持統天皇陵古墳 <small>''Tenmu・Jitō tennō ryō kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noguchi_Obo_Kofun,_haisho.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.468756|N|135.807825|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Mounded Tomb of Emperor Temmu and Empress Jito}} |- |1757-017 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Nakaoyama (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|中尾山古墳}} <small>''Nakaoyama kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakaoyama_Kofun.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.46422182|N|135.8059738|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Nakaoyama Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-018 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kitora (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|キトラ古墳}} <small>''Kitora kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan tal-erba' direzzjonijiet u mappa [[Astronomija|astronomika]], issa maqlugħin mis-sit |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kitora_Tumulus.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.4510899|N|135.80516226|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kitora Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-019 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|高松塚古墳}} <small>''Takamatsuzuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan (maqlugħin fl-2007) u xi oġġetti funebri |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takamatsuzuka_Asuka_Bijin.jpg|226x226px]] |{{coord|34.46226847|N|135.80619935|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Takamatsuzuka Mounded Tomb}} |} == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġappun]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] k8nbgpxg90na01df3074ztnw9h17nm5 331498 331497 2026-08-17T13:54:01Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Ġappun]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331498 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Takamat1.jpg|daqsminuri|Affresk tal-qedem li ġie mpitter mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka.]] Il-'''Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 飛鳥・藤原の宮都; Asuka・Fujiwara no kyū-to) huma raggruppament ta' 19-il sit [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġiku]] mill-[[Belt kapitali|bliet kapitali]] tal-aħħar tas-seklu 6 sal-bidu tas-seklu 8 [[WK|W.K]]. ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara, il-Prefettura ta' Nara, il-[[Ġappun]]. Din is-sensiela ta' siti arkeoloġiċi tniżżlet bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1757/|titlu=Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Mill-2011, il-Pajsaġġ [[Kultura|Kulturali]] tal-Periferija ta' Asuka ġie protett bħala wieħed mill-Pajsaġġi Kulturali tal-Ġappun.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/412/00003735|titlu=国指定文化財等データベース|sit=kunishitei.bunka.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Erja ta' 60 ettaru hija protetta wkoll fi ħdan il-Park Governattiv Nazzjonali [[Storja|Storiku]] ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.asuka-park.jp/en/|titlu=Asuka Historical National Government Park {{!}} 国営飛鳥歴史公園{{!}}Asuka Historical National Government Park|sit=www.asuka-park.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Diversi artefatti relatati jinsabu fil-[[Mużew]] Storiku ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nabunken.go.jp/asuka/en/|titlu=About {{!}} Asuka Historical Museum|sit=www.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Il-Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri [[Bniedem|umani]], tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Sbatax mid-dsatax-il komponent inizjali ddeżinjati għall-protezzjoni skont il-Liġi għall-Protezzjoni tas-Siti Kulturali bħala Siti Storiċi jew Siti Storiċi Speċjali jinsabu elenkati hawn taħt u jiffurmaw parti mis-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" !ID tal-UNESCO !Sit !Muniċipalità !Kummenti !Ritratt !Koordinati |- |1757-001 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥宮跡}} <small>''Asuka no miya ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi s-siti tal-Palazz ta' Okamoto, tal-Palazz ta' Itabuki, tal-Palazz Suċċessiv ta' Okamoto u tal-Palazz ta' Kiyomihara |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Palace_Ruins,_ido-2.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.473413|N|135.821125|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Palace Site}} |- |1757-002 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Ġnien tal-Għadajjar ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: 飛鳥京跡苑池|飛鳥京跡苑池 <small>''Asuka-kyō ato enchi''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Dan huwa wkoll Post ta' Sbuħija Xenika; fil-ġnien hemm żewġ għadajjar estiżi għal 80 [[metru]] mil-Lvant għall-Punent u mill-inqas 230 metru mit-Tramuntana għan-Nofsinhar u l-Palazz ta' Itabuki relatat |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asukakyo-ato_Enchi,_Kitaike_in_201908.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.474987|N|135.818604|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Pond Garden Site}} |- |1757-003 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Arloġġ tal-Ilma ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥水落遺跡}} <small>''Asuka mizuochi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Mizuochi_Site,_zenkei-2.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48035257|N|135.81829106|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Water Clock Site}} |- |1757-004 | align="center" |Is-Sit tar-Ritwali ta' Sakafuneishi (bil-Ġappuniż: 酒船石遺跡|酒船石遺跡 <small>''Sakafune-ishi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sakafune1916_1.JPEG|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47555984|N|135.82345272|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Sakafuneishi Ritual Site}} |- |1757-005 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Asuka-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥寺跡}} <small>''Asukadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:春の飛鳥寺.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.4784979|N|135.82058527|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-006 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Tachibana-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|橘寺跡}} <small>''Tachibanadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tachibanadera_autumn.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47008648|N|135.81773828|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Tachibana-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-007 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Yamada-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|山田寺跡}} <small>''Yamadadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Sakurai |B'kurituri ppreservati tal-[[injam]] li ġew skoperti fl-1982 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamadadera_sisekihi01.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48404558|N|135.83012668|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Yamada-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-008 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Kawara-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|川原寺跡}} <small>''Kawaradera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Kumpless ta' tempju b'madum tas-saqaf li huma "fost l-isbaħ li qatt saru fil-Ġappun" |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Kawara_no_Miya.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47249006|N|135.81740826|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kawara-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-009 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Hinokuma-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|檜隈寺跡}} <small>''Hinokumadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Irċieva għotja ta' 100 unità domestika għall-manutenzjoni fis-686 li damet għal 30 sena, kif imsemmi fil-kronaka ta' ''Nihon Shoki'' |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hinokuma-dera_Temple_Ruins.jpg|200x200px]] |{{coord|34.456757|N|135.803116|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Hinokuma-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-010 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Ishibutai (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|石舞台古墳}} <small>''Ishibutai kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7; l-ikbar ġebla tiżen iktar minn 75 tunnellata |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ishibutai-kofun_Asuka_Nara_pref05n4592.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.46686286|N|135.82612794|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Ishibutai Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-011 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Shobuike (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|菖蒲池古墳}} <small>''Shōbuike kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7, b'għamla rettangolari u b'żewġ sarkofagi |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shobuike_Kofun,_funcho.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47263012|N|135.80771678|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Shobuike Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-012 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kengoshizuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|牽牛子塚古墳}} <small>''Kengoshizuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Fejn instabu għadd ta' oġġetti funebri |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:220311_Kengoshiduka_1.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.466469|N|135.792419|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kengoshizuka Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-013 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Fujiwara {{nihongo2|藤原宮跡}} <small>''Fujiwara-kyū seki''</small> |Kashihara |Fl-eks belt kapitali |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fujiwara-kyo_Kashihara_Nara_pref_Japan03bs5.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.50222329|N|135.80732073|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Fujiwara Palace Site}} |- |1757-014 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Daikandaiji (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|大官大寺跡}} <small>''Daikandaiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Daian-ji |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:大官大寺跡_02.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48844301|N|135.81818651|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Daikandaiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-015 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Motoyakushiji (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|本薬師寺跡}} <small>''Moto Yakushiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Yakushi-ji; ġie stabbilit mill-Imperatur Temmu għall-irkupru tal-Imperatriċi Jitō |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motoyakusiji_201909c.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.49266238|N|135.7999852|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Motoyakushiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-016 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri tal-Imperatur Temmu u tal-Imperatriċi Jitō (bil-Ġappuniż: 野口王墓|天武・持統天皇陵古墳 <small>''Tenmu・Jitō tennō ryō kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noguchi_Obo_Kofun,_haisho.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.468756|N|135.807825|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Mounded Tomb of Emperor Temmu and Empress Jito}} |- |1757-017 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Nakaoyama (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|中尾山古墳}} <small>''Nakaoyama kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakaoyama_Kofun.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.46422182|N|135.8059738|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Nakaoyama Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-018 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kitora (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|キトラ古墳}} <small>''Kitora kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan tal-erba' direzzjonijiet u mappa [[Astronomija|astronomika]], issa maqlugħin mis-sit |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kitora_Tumulus.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.4510899|N|135.80516226|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kitora Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-019 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|高松塚古墳}} <small>''Takamatsuzuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan (maqlugħin fl-2007) u xi oġġetti funebri |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takamatsuzuka_Asuka_Bijin.jpg|226x226px]] |{{coord|34.46226847|N|135.80619935|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Takamatsuzuka Mounded Tomb}} |} == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġappun]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Ġappun]] o3oi09rrqve1azdeerem8k9761c6ovq 331535 331498 2026-08-17T17:06:36Z ToniSant 4257 added [[Category:Siti arkeoloġiċi]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331535 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Takamat1.jpg|daqsminuri|Affresk tal-qedem li ġie mpitter mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka.]] Il-'''Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 飛鳥・藤原の宮都; Asuka・Fujiwara no kyū-to) huma raggruppament ta' 19-il sit [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġiku]] mill-[[Belt kapitali|bliet kapitali]] tal-aħħar tas-seklu 6 sal-bidu tas-seklu 8 [[WK|W.K]]. ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara, il-Prefettura ta' Nara, il-[[Ġappun]]. Din is-sensiela ta' siti arkeoloġiċi tniżżlet bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1757/|titlu=Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Mill-2011, il-Pajsaġġ [[Kultura|Kulturali]] tal-Periferija ta' Asuka ġie protett bħala wieħed mill-Pajsaġġi Kulturali tal-Ġappun.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/412/00003735|titlu=国指定文化財等データベース|sit=kunishitei.bunka.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Erja ta' 60 ettaru hija protetta wkoll fi ħdan il-Park Governattiv Nazzjonali [[Storja|Storiku]] ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.asuka-park.jp/en/|titlu=Asuka Historical National Government Park {{!}} 国営飛鳥歴史公園{{!}}Asuka Historical National Government Park|sit=www.asuka-park.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Diversi artefatti relatati jinsabu fil-[[Mużew]] Storiku ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nabunken.go.jp/asuka/en/|titlu=About {{!}} Asuka Historical Museum|sit=www.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Il-Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri [[Bniedem|umani]], tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Sbatax mid-dsatax-il komponent inizjali ddeżinjati għall-protezzjoni skont il-Liġi għall-Protezzjoni tas-Siti Kulturali bħala Siti Storiċi jew Siti Storiċi Speċjali jinsabu elenkati hawn taħt u jiffurmaw parti mis-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" !ID tal-UNESCO !Sit !Muniċipalità !Kummenti !Ritratt !Koordinati |- |1757-001 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥宮跡}} <small>''Asuka no miya ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi s-siti tal-Palazz ta' Okamoto, tal-Palazz ta' Itabuki, tal-Palazz Suċċessiv ta' Okamoto u tal-Palazz ta' Kiyomihara |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Palace_Ruins,_ido-2.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.473413|N|135.821125|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Palace Site}} |- |1757-002 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Ġnien tal-Għadajjar ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: 飛鳥京跡苑池|飛鳥京跡苑池 <small>''Asuka-kyō ato enchi''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Dan huwa wkoll Post ta' Sbuħija Xenika; fil-ġnien hemm żewġ għadajjar estiżi għal 80 [[metru]] mil-Lvant għall-Punent u mill-inqas 230 metru mit-Tramuntana għan-Nofsinhar u l-Palazz ta' Itabuki relatat |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asukakyo-ato_Enchi,_Kitaike_in_201908.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.474987|N|135.818604|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Pond Garden Site}} |- |1757-003 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Arloġġ tal-Ilma ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥水落遺跡}} <small>''Asuka mizuochi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Mizuochi_Site,_zenkei-2.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48035257|N|135.81829106|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Water Clock Site}} |- |1757-004 | align="center" |Is-Sit tar-Ritwali ta' Sakafuneishi (bil-Ġappuniż: 酒船石遺跡|酒船石遺跡 <small>''Sakafune-ishi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sakafune1916_1.JPEG|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47555984|N|135.82345272|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Sakafuneishi Ritual Site}} |- |1757-005 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Asuka-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|飛鳥寺跡}} <small>''Asukadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:春の飛鳥寺.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.4784979|N|135.82058527|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-006 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Tachibana-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|橘寺跡}} <small>''Tachibanadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tachibanadera_autumn.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47008648|N|135.81773828|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Tachibana-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-007 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Yamada-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|山田寺跡}} <small>''Yamadadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Sakurai |B'kurituri ppreservati tal-[[injam]] li ġew skoperti fl-1982 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamadadera_sisekihi01.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48404558|N|135.83012668|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Yamada-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-008 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Kawara-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|川原寺跡}} <small>''Kawaradera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Kumpless ta' tempju b'madum tas-saqaf li huma "fost l-isbaħ li qatt saru fil-Ġappun" |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asuka_Kawara_no_Miya.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47249006|N|135.81740826|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kawara-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-009 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Hinokuma-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|檜隈寺跡}} <small>''Hinokumadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Irċieva għotja ta' 100 unità domestika għall-manutenzjoni fis-686 li damet għal 30 sena, kif imsemmi fil-kronaka ta' ''Nihon Shoki'' |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hinokuma-dera_Temple_Ruins.jpg|200x200px]] |{{coord|34.456757|N|135.803116|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Hinokuma-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-010 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Ishibutai (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|石舞台古墳}} <small>''Ishibutai kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7; l-ikbar ġebla tiżen iktar minn 75 tunnellata |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ishibutai-kofun_Asuka_Nara_pref05n4592.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.46686286|N|135.82612794|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Ishibutai Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-011 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Shobuike (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|菖蒲池古墳}} <small>''Shōbuike kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7, b'għamla rettangolari u b'żewġ sarkofagi |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shobuike_Kofun,_funcho.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.47263012|N|135.80771678|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Shobuike Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-012 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kengoshizuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|牽牛子塚古墳}} <small>''Kengoshizuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Fejn instabu għadd ta' oġġetti funebri |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:220311_Kengoshiduka_1.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.466469|N|135.792419|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kengoshizuka Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-013 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Fujiwara {{nihongo2|藤原宮跡}} <small>''Fujiwara-kyū seki''</small> |Kashihara |Fl-eks belt kapitali |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fujiwara-kyo_Kashihara_Nara_pref_Japan03bs5.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.50222329|N|135.80732073|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Fujiwara Palace Site}} |- |1757-014 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Daikandaiji (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|大官大寺跡}} <small>''Daikandaiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Daian-ji |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:大官大寺跡_02.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.48844301|N|135.81818651|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Daikandaiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-015 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Motoyakushiji (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|本薬師寺跡}} <small>''Moto Yakushiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Yakushi-ji; ġie stabbilit mill-Imperatur Temmu għall-irkupru tal-Imperatriċi Jitō |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motoyakusiji_201909c.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.49266238|N|135.7999852|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Motoyakushiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-016 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri tal-Imperatur Temmu u tal-Imperatriċi Jitō (bil-Ġappuniż: 野口王墓|天武・持統天皇陵古墳 <small>''Tenmu・Jitō tennō ryō kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noguchi_Obo_Kofun,_haisho.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.468756|N|135.807825|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Mounded Tomb of Emperor Temmu and Empress Jito}} |- |1757-017 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Nakaoyama (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|中尾山古墳}} <small>''Nakaoyama kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakaoyama_Kofun.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.46422182|N|135.8059738|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Nakaoyama Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-018 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kitora (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|キトラ古墳}} <small>''Kitora kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan tal-erba' direzzjonijiet u mappa [[Astronomija|astronomika]], issa maqlugħin mis-sit |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kitora_Tumulus.jpg|150x150px]] |{{coord|34.4510899|N|135.80516226|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kitora Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-019 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka (bil-Ġappuniż: {{nihongo2|高松塚古墳}} <small>''Takamatsuzuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan (maqlugħin fl-2007) u xi oġġetti funebri |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takamatsuzuka_Asuka_Bijin.jpg|226x226px]] |{{coord|34.46226847|N|135.80619935|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Takamatsuzuka Mounded Tomb}} |} == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġappun]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Ġappun]] [[Kategorija:Siti arkeoloġiċi]] ff6nho6x0hev4nrkauvmbizj9wqdamm 331545 331535 2026-08-18T06:44:27Z Trigcly 17859 żieda stampi 331545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Takamat1.jpg|daqsminuri|Affresk tal-qedem li ġie mpitter mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka.]] Il-'''Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 飛鳥・藤原の宮都; Asuka・Fujiwara no kyū-to) huma raggruppament ta' 19-il sit [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġiku]] mill-[[Belt kapitali|bliet kapitali]] tal-aħħar tas-seklu 6 sal-bidu tas-seklu 8 [[WK|W.K]]. ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara, il-Prefettura ta' Nara, il-[[Ġappun]]. Din is-sensiela ta' siti arkeoloġiċi tniżżlet bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1757/|titlu=Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Mill-2011, il-Pajsaġġ [[Kultura|Kulturali]] tal-Periferija ta' Asuka ġie protett bħala wieħed mill-Pajsaġġi Kulturali tal-Ġappun.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/412/00003735|titlu=国指定文化財等データベース|sit=kunishitei.bunka.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Erja ta' 60 ettaru hija protetta wkoll fi ħdan il-Park Governattiv Nazzjonali [[Storja|Storiku]] ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.asuka-park.jp/en/|titlu=Asuka Historical National Government Park {{!}} 国営飛鳥歴史公園{{!}}Asuka Historical National Government Park|sit=www.asuka-park.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Diversi artefatti relatati jinsabu fil-[[Mużew]] Storiku ta' Asuka.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.nabunken.go.jp/asuka/en/|titlu=About {{!}} Asuka Historical Museum|sit=www.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == Il-Bliet Kapitali tal-Qedem ta' Asuka u ta' Fujiwara ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2026.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri [[Bniedem|umani]], tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-[[arti]] [[Monument|monumentali]], l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet".<ref name=":0" /> == Komponenti == Sbatax mid-dsatax-il komponent inizjali ddeżinjati għall-protezzjoni skont il-Liġi għall-Protezzjoni tas-Siti Kulturali bħala Siti Storiċi jew Siti Storiċi Speċjali jinsabu elenkati hawn taħt u jiffurmaw parti mis-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" !ID tal-UNESCO !Sit !Muniċipalità !Kummenti !Ritratt !Koordinati |- |1757-001 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: 飛鳥宮跡 <small>''Asuka no miya ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi s-siti tal-Palazz ta' Okamoto, tal-Palazz ta' Itabuki, tal-Palazz Suċċessiv ta' Okamoto u tal-Palazz ta' Kiyomihara |[[Stampa:Asuka Palace Ruins, ido-2.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.473413|N|135.821125|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Palace Site}} |- |1757-002 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Ġnien tal-Għadajjar ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: 飛鳥京跡苑池|飛鳥京跡苑池 <small>''Asuka-kyō ato enchi''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Dan huwa wkoll Post ta' Sbuħija Xenika; fil-ġnien hemm żewġ għadajjar estiżi għal 80 [[metru]] mil-Lvant għall-Punent u mill-inqas 230 metru mit-Tramuntana għan-Nofsinhar u l-Palazz ta' Itabuki relatat |[[Stampa:Asukakyo-ato Enchi, Kitaike in 201908.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.474987|N|135.818604|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Pond Garden Site}} |- |1757-003 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Arloġġ tal-Ilma ta' Asuka (bil-Ġappuniż: 飛鳥水落遺跡 <small>''Asuka mizuochi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[Stampa:Asuka Mizuochi Site, zenkei-2.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.48035257|N|135.81829106|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka Water Clock Site}} |- |1757-004 | align="center" |Is-Sit tar-Ritwali ta' Sakafuneishi (bil-Ġappuniż: 酒船石遺跡|酒船石遺跡 <small>''Sakafune-ishi iseki''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[Stampa:Asuka Sakafune-ishi.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.47555984|N|135.82345272|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Sakafuneishi Ritual Site}} |- |1757-005 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Asuka-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: 飛鳥寺跡 <small>''Asukadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[Stampa:春の飛鳥寺.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.4784979|N|135.82058527|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Asuka-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-006 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Tachibana-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: 橘寺跡 <small>''Tachibanadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[Stampa:Tachibanadera autumn.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.47008648|N|135.81773828|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Tachibana-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-007 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Yamada-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: 山田寺跡 <small>''Yamadadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Sakurai |B'kurituri ppreservati tal-[[injam]] li ġew skoperti fl-1982 |[[Stampa:Yamadadera sisekihi01.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.48404558|N|135.83012668|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Yamada-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-008 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Kawara-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: 川原寺跡 <small>''Kawaradera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Kumpless ta' tempju b'madum tas-saqaf li huma "fost l-isbaħ li qatt saru fil-Ġappun" |[[Stampa:Asuka Kawara no Miya.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.47249006|N|135.81740826|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kawara-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-009 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Hinokuma-dera (bil-Ġappuniż: 檜隈寺跡 <small>''Hinokumadera ato''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Irċieva għotja ta' 100 unità domestika għall-manutenzjoni fis-686 li damet għal 30 sena, kif imsemmi fil-kronaka ta' ''Nihon Shoki'' |[[Stampa:Hinokuma-dera Temple Ruins.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.456757|N|135.803116|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Hinokuma-dera Temple Site}} |- |1757-010 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Ishibutai (bil-Ġappuniż: 石舞台古墳 <small>''Ishibutai kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7; l-ikbar ġebla tiżen iktar minn 75 tunnellata |[[Stampa:Ishibutai-kofun Asuka Nara pref05n4592.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.46686286|N|135.82612794|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Ishibutai Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-011 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Shobuike (bil-Ġappuniż: 菖蒲池古墳 <small>''Shōbuike kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Magħrufa wkoll bħala t-Tumbata Funebri C7, b'għamla rettangolari u b'żewġ sarkofagi |[[Stampa:Shobuike Kofun, funcho.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.47263012|N|135.80771678|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Shobuike Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-012 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kengoshizuka (bil-Ġappuniż: 牽牛子塚古墳 <small>''Kengoshizuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Fejn instabu għadd ta' oġġetti funebri |[[Stampa:220311 Kengoshiduka 1.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.466469|N|135.792419|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kengoshizuka Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-013 | align="center" |Is-Sit tal-Palazz ta' Fujiwara 藤原宮跡 <small>''Fujiwara-kyū seki''</small> |Kashihara |Fl-eks belt kapitali |[[Stampa:Fujiwara-kyo Kashihara Nara pref Japan03bs5.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.50222329|N|135.80732073|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Fujiwara Palace Site}} |- |1757-014 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Daikandaiji (bil-Ġappuniż: 大官大寺跡 <small>''Daikandaiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Daian-ji |[[Stampa:大官大寺跡 02.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.48844301|N|135.81818651|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Daikandaiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-015 | align="center" |Is-Sit tat-Tempju ta' Motoyakushiji (bil-Ġappuniż: 本薬師寺跡 <small>''Moto Yakushiji ato''</small><small>)</small> |Kashihara |Il-prekursur ta' Yakushi-ji; ġie stabbilit mill-Imperatur Temmu għall-irkupru tal-Imperatriċi Jitō |[[Stampa:Motoyakusiji 201909c.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.49266238|N|135.7999852|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Motoyakushiji Temple Site}} |- |1757-016 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri tal-Imperatur Temmu u tal-Imperatriċi Jitō (bil-Ġappuniż: 野口王墓|天武・持統天皇陵古墳 <small>''Tenmu・Jitō tennō ryō kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[Stampa:Noguchi Obo Kofun, haisho.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.468756|N|135.807825|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Mounded Tomb of Emperor Temmu and Empress Jito}} |- |1757-017 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Nakaoyama (bil-Ġappuniż: 中尾山古墳 <small>''Nakaoyama kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka | |[[Stampa:Nakaoyama Kofun.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.46422182|N|135.8059738|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Nakaoyama Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-018 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Kitora (bil-Ġappuniż: キトラ古墳 <small>''Kitora kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan tal-erba' direzzjonijiet u mappa [[Astronomija|astronomika]], issa maqlugħin mis-sit |[[Stampa:Kitora Tumulus.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.4510899|N|135.80516226|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Kitora Mounded Tomb}} |- |1757-019 | align="center" |It-Tumbata Funebri ta' Takamatsuzuka (bil-Ġappuniż: 高松塚古墳 <small>''Takamatsuzuka kofun''</small><small>)</small> |Asuka |Jinkludi t-Teżor Nazzjonali tal-affreski mal-ħitan (maqlugħin fl-2007) u xi oġġetti funebri |[[Stampa:Takamatsuzuka Asuka Bijin.jpg|bla_tilar]] |{{coord|34.46226847|N|135.80619935|E|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline|format=dms|name=Takamatsuzuka Mounded Tomb}} |} == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġappun]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Ġappun]] [[Kategorija:Siti arkeoloġiċi]] a9oge56juqymo8tdve6qy6zxn1beabf 0 34556 331502 2026-08-17T14:36:42Z Trigcly 17859 Kontenut inizjali 331502 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == The Alamut castle was built by the Justanid ruler of Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, a follower of Zaydi Shi'ism, around 840 AD.{{sfn|Daftary|2007}} During a hunting trip, he witnessed a soaring eagle perch high on a rock. Realizing the tactical advantage of this location, he chose the site for the construction of a fortress, which was called ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) by the natives, likely meaning "Eagle's Teaching" or "Nest of Punishment". The ''abjad'' numerical value of this word is 483, which is the date of the castle's capture by Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 AD). Alamut remained under Justanid control until the arrival of the Isma'ili chief ''da’i'' (missionary) Hassan-i Sabbah to the castle in 1090 AD, marking the start of the Alamut period in Nizari Isma'ili history. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124) # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138) # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162) ; <nowiki>L-Imam mistura f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=509}} # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=509}} # Hasan (I) al-Qahir{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=509}} ; <nowiki>L-Imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166) # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210) # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221) # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255) # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256) == [[Storja]] == Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Isma'ilis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern and eastern regions, particularly in Daylaman, Khorasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Iran held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into ''iqtā’'' (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuq ''amirs'' (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered. Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hassan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi'i Muslims living across Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assassins2-alamut.jpg|daqsminuri|382x382px|Capture of the Alamut, 16th-century Mughal miniature]] By 1090, the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern town of Qazvin, approximately 60&#x20;km from the Alamut castle. There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously. In the summer of 1090, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself. Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi ‘Alid lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle. Earlier in the summer, Mahdi visited Qazvin, where he received strict orders from Nizam al-Mulk to find and arrest Hassan who was said to be hiding in the province of Daylaman. Upon his return to the Alamut fortress, Mahdi noticed several new servants and guards employed there. His deputy explained that illness had taken many of the castle's workers and it was fortunate that other labourers were found from the neighbouring villages. Worried about the associations of these workers, Mahdi ordered his deputy to arrest anyone with connections to the Ismailis. Mahdi's suspicions were confirmed when Hassan finally approached the lord of the fortress, revealing his true identity and declared that the castle now belonged to him. Immediately, Mahdi called upon the guards to arrest and remove Hassan from the castle, only to find them prepared to follow Hassan's every command. Astounded, he realized he had been tricked and was allowed to exit the castle freely. Before leaving however, Mahdi was given a draft of 3000 gold dinars as payment for the fortress, payable by a Seljuq officer in service to the Isma'ili cause named Ra’is Muzaffar who honoured the payment in full. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi and therefore from Seljuq control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alamut.JPG|daqsminuri|390x390px|Scaffolding by Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.]] With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alâ_al_Dîn_Muhammad_droguant_ses_disciples.jpeg|daqsminuri|The 26th Nizari Ismaili Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad depicted in ''The Travels of Marco Polo''. (Bibliothèque nationale de France)]] After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prise_d'Alamût_(1256).jpeg|daqsminuri|250x250px|''Siege of Alamut'' (1256), depicted in the ''Jami' al-tawarikh'' by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits, Division Orientale.]] The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qazvin_-_Alamout_Castle2.jpg|daqsminuri|260x260px|View of the Alamut Castle]] The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden.<ref name="Eagle's Nest" />{{rp|55}} The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == 2kjm4coqp14ubd3enffnpbtg73f6jao 331503 331502 2026-08-17T14:37:08Z Trigcly 17859 /* Fil-kultura popolari */ 331503 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == The Alamut castle was built by the Justanid ruler of Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, a follower of Zaydi Shi'ism, around 840 AD.{{sfn|Daftary|2007}} During a hunting trip, he witnessed a soaring eagle perch high on a rock. Realizing the tactical advantage of this location, he chose the site for the construction of a fortress, which was called ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) by the natives, likely meaning "Eagle's Teaching" or "Nest of Punishment". The ''abjad'' numerical value of this word is 483, which is the date of the castle's capture by Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 AD). Alamut remained under Justanid control until the arrival of the Isma'ili chief ''da’i'' (missionary) Hassan-i Sabbah to the castle in 1090 AD, marking the start of the Alamut period in Nizari Isma'ili history. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124) # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138) # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162) ; <nowiki>L-Imam mistura f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=509}} # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=509}} # Hasan (I) al-Qahir{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=509}} ; <nowiki>L-Imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166) # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210) # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221) # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255) # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256) == [[Storja]] == Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Isma'ilis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern and eastern regions, particularly in Daylaman, Khorasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Iran held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into ''iqtā’'' (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuq ''amirs'' (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered. Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hassan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi'i Muslims living across Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assassins2-alamut.jpg|daqsminuri|382x382px|Capture of the Alamut, 16th-century Mughal miniature]] By 1090, the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern town of Qazvin, approximately 60&#x20;km from the Alamut castle. There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously. In the summer of 1090, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself. Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi ‘Alid lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle. Earlier in the summer, Mahdi visited Qazvin, where he received strict orders from Nizam al-Mulk to find and arrest Hassan who was said to be hiding in the province of Daylaman. Upon his return to the Alamut fortress, Mahdi noticed several new servants and guards employed there. His deputy explained that illness had taken many of the castle's workers and it was fortunate that other labourers were found from the neighbouring villages. Worried about the associations of these workers, Mahdi ordered his deputy to arrest anyone with connections to the Ismailis. Mahdi's suspicions were confirmed when Hassan finally approached the lord of the fortress, revealing his true identity and declared that the castle now belonged to him. Immediately, Mahdi called upon the guards to arrest and remove Hassan from the castle, only to find them prepared to follow Hassan's every command. Astounded, he realized he had been tricked and was allowed to exit the castle freely. Before leaving however, Mahdi was given a draft of 3000 gold dinars as payment for the fortress, payable by a Seljuq officer in service to the Isma'ili cause named Ra’is Muzaffar who honoured the payment in full. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi and therefore from Seljuq control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alamut.JPG|daqsminuri|390x390px|Scaffolding by Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.]] With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alâ_al_Dîn_Muhammad_droguant_ses_disciples.jpeg|daqsminuri|The 26th Nizari Ismaili Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad depicted in ''The Travels of Marco Polo''. (Bibliothèque nationale de France)]] After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prise_d'Alamût_(1256).jpeg|daqsminuri|250x250px|''Siege of Alamut'' (1256), depicted in the ''Jami' al-tawarikh'' by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits, Division Orientale.]] The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qazvin_-_Alamout_Castle2.jpg|daqsminuri|260x260px|View of the Alamut Castle]] The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == mwqzcmzbr5eatz9yg26bciws1d65h7d 331504 331503 2026-08-17T14:37:21Z Trigcly 17859 /* Oriġini u isem */ 331504 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == The Alamut castle was built by the Justanid ruler of Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, a follower of Zaydi Shi'ism, around 840 AD. During a hunting trip, he witnessed a soaring eagle perch high on a rock. Realizing the tactical advantage of this location, he chose the site for the construction of a fortress, which was called ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) by the natives, likely meaning "Eagle's Teaching" or "Nest of Punishment". The ''abjad'' numerical value of this word is 483, which is the date of the castle's capture by Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 AD). Alamut remained under Justanid control until the arrival of the Isma'ili chief ''da’i'' (missionary) Hassan-i Sabbah to the castle in 1090 AD, marking the start of the Alamut period in Nizari Isma'ili history. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124) # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138) # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162) ; <nowiki>L-Imam mistura f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=509}} # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=509}} # Hasan (I) al-Qahir{{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=509}} ; <nowiki>L-Imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166) # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210) # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221) # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255) # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256) == [[Storja]] == Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Isma'ilis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern and eastern regions, particularly in Daylaman, Khorasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Iran held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into ''iqtā’'' (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuq ''amirs'' (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered. Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hassan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi'i Muslims living across Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assassins2-alamut.jpg|daqsminuri|382x382px|Capture of the Alamut, 16th-century Mughal miniature]] By 1090, the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern town of Qazvin, approximately 60&#x20;km from the Alamut castle. There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously. In the summer of 1090, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself. Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi ‘Alid lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle. Earlier in the summer, Mahdi visited Qazvin, where he received strict orders from Nizam al-Mulk to find and arrest Hassan who was said to be hiding in the province of Daylaman. Upon his return to the Alamut fortress, Mahdi noticed several new servants and guards employed there. His deputy explained that illness had taken many of the castle's workers and it was fortunate that other labourers were found from the neighbouring villages. Worried about the associations of these workers, Mahdi ordered his deputy to arrest anyone with connections to the Ismailis. Mahdi's suspicions were confirmed when Hassan finally approached the lord of the fortress, revealing his true identity and declared that the castle now belonged to him. Immediately, Mahdi called upon the guards to arrest and remove Hassan from the castle, only to find them prepared to follow Hassan's every command. Astounded, he realized he had been tricked and was allowed to exit the castle freely. Before leaving however, Mahdi was given a draft of 3000 gold dinars as payment for the fortress, payable by a Seljuq officer in service to the Isma'ili cause named Ra’is Muzaffar who honoured the payment in full. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi and therefore from Seljuq control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alamut.JPG|daqsminuri|390x390px|Scaffolding by Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.]] With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alâ_al_Dîn_Muhammad_droguant_ses_disciples.jpeg|daqsminuri|The 26th Nizari Ismaili Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad depicted in ''The Travels of Marco Polo''. (Bibliothèque nationale de France)]] After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prise_d'Alamût_(1256).jpeg|daqsminuri|250x250px|''Siege of Alamut'' (1256), depicted in the ''Jami' al-tawarikh'' by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits, Division Orientale.]] The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qazvin_-_Alamout_Castle2.jpg|daqsminuri|260x260px|View of the Alamut Castle]] The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == lk2mf2tpecnr89tpyc8kvgabvu81icm 331505 331504 2026-08-17T14:37:48Z Trigcly 17859 /* Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) */ 331505 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == The Alamut castle was built by the Justanid ruler of Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, a follower of Zaydi Shi'ism, around 840 AD. During a hunting trip, he witnessed a soaring eagle perch high on a rock. Realizing the tactical advantage of this location, he chose the site for the construction of a fortress, which was called ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) by the natives, likely meaning "Eagle's Teaching" or "Nest of Punishment". The ''abjad'' numerical value of this word is 483, which is the date of the castle's capture by Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 AD). Alamut remained under Justanid control until the arrival of the Isma'ili chief ''da’i'' (missionary) Hassan-i Sabbah to the castle in 1090 AD, marking the start of the Alamut period in Nizari Isma'ili history. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124) # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138) # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162) ; <nowiki>L-Imam mistura f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi # Hasan (I) al-Qahir ; <nowiki>L-Imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166) # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210) # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221) # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255) # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256) == [[Storja]] == Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Isma'ilis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern and eastern regions, particularly in Daylaman, Khorasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Iran held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into ''iqtā’'' (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuq ''amirs'' (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered. Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hassan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi'i Muslims living across Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assassins2-alamut.jpg|daqsminuri|382x382px|Capture of the Alamut, 16th-century Mughal miniature]] By 1090, the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern town of Qazvin, approximately 60&#x20;km from the Alamut castle. There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously. In the summer of 1090, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself. Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi ‘Alid lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle. Earlier in the summer, Mahdi visited Qazvin, where he received strict orders from Nizam al-Mulk to find and arrest Hassan who was said to be hiding in the province of Daylaman. Upon his return to the Alamut fortress, Mahdi noticed several new servants and guards employed there. His deputy explained that illness had taken many of the castle's workers and it was fortunate that other labourers were found from the neighbouring villages. Worried about the associations of these workers, Mahdi ordered his deputy to arrest anyone with connections to the Ismailis. Mahdi's suspicions were confirmed when Hassan finally approached the lord of the fortress, revealing his true identity and declared that the castle now belonged to him. Immediately, Mahdi called upon the guards to arrest and remove Hassan from the castle, only to find them prepared to follow Hassan's every command. Astounded, he realized he had been tricked and was allowed to exit the castle freely. Before leaving however, Mahdi was given a draft of 3000 gold dinars as payment for the fortress, payable by a Seljuq officer in service to the Isma'ili cause named Ra’is Muzaffar who honoured the payment in full. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi and therefore from Seljuq control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alamut.JPG|daqsminuri|390x390px|Scaffolding by Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.]] With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alâ_al_Dîn_Muhammad_droguant_ses_disciples.jpeg|daqsminuri|The 26th Nizari Ismaili Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad depicted in ''The Travels of Marco Polo''. (Bibliothèque nationale de France)]] After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prise_d'Alamût_(1256).jpeg|daqsminuri|250x250px|''Siege of Alamut'' (1256), depicted in the ''Jami' al-tawarikh'' by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits, Division Orientale.]] The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qazvin_-_Alamout_Castle2.jpg|daqsminuri|260x260px|View of the Alamut Castle]] The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == m7xg2i0974100bxwe6ewhcluuirovrn 331508 331505 2026-08-17T14:51:28Z Trigcly 17859 /* Oriġini u isem */ 331508 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da’i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Isma'ilis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern and eastern regions, particularly in Daylaman, Khorasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Iran held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into ''iqtā’'' (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuq ''amirs'' (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered. Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hassan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi'i Muslims living across Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assassins2-alamut.jpg|daqsminuri|382x382px|Capture of the Alamut, 16th-century Mughal miniature]] By 1090, the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern town of Qazvin, approximately 60&#x20;km from the Alamut castle. There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously. In the summer of 1090, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself. Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi ‘Alid lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle. Earlier in the summer, Mahdi visited Qazvin, where he received strict orders from Nizam al-Mulk to find and arrest Hassan who was said to be hiding in the province of Daylaman. Upon his return to the Alamut fortress, Mahdi noticed several new servants and guards employed there. His deputy explained that illness had taken many of the castle's workers and it was fortunate that other labourers were found from the neighbouring villages. Worried about the associations of these workers, Mahdi ordered his deputy to arrest anyone with connections to the Ismailis. Mahdi's suspicions were confirmed when Hassan finally approached the lord of the fortress, revealing his true identity and declared that the castle now belonged to him. Immediately, Mahdi called upon the guards to arrest and remove Hassan from the castle, only to find them prepared to follow Hassan's every command. Astounded, he realized he had been tricked and was allowed to exit the castle freely. Before leaving however, Mahdi was given a draft of 3000 gold dinars as payment for the fortress, payable by a Seljuq officer in service to the Isma'ili cause named Ra’is Muzaffar who honoured the payment in full. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi and therefore from Seljuq control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alamut.JPG|daqsminuri|390x390px|Scaffolding by Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.]] With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alâ_al_Dîn_Muhammad_droguant_ses_disciples.jpeg|daqsminuri|The 26th Nizari Ismaili Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad depicted in ''The Travels of Marco Polo''. (Bibliothèque nationale de France)]] After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prise_d'Alamût_(1256).jpeg|daqsminuri|250x250px|''Siege of Alamut'' (1256), depicted in the ''Jami' al-tawarikh'' by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits, Division Orientale.]] The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qazvin_-_Alamout_Castle2.jpg|daqsminuri|260x260px|View of the Alamut Castle]] The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == iv9njcjhufznb7iz74npmfk7o5i92mp 331523 331508 2026-08-17T15:18:04Z Trigcly 17859 /* Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali */ 331523 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da’i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Isma'ilis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern and eastern regions, particularly in Daylaman, Khorasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Iran held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into ''iqtā’'' (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuq ''amirs'' (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered. Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hassan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi'i Muslims living across Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === By 1090, the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern town of Qazvin, approximately 60&#x20;km from the Alamut castle. There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously. In the summer of 1090, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself. Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi ‘Alid lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle. Earlier in the summer, Mahdi visited Qazvin, where he received strict orders from Nizam al-Mulk to find and arrest Hassan who was said to be hiding in the province of Daylaman. Upon his return to the Alamut fortress, Mahdi noticed several new servants and guards employed there. His deputy explained that illness had taken many of the castle's workers and it was fortunate that other labourers were found from the neighbouring villages. Worried about the associations of these workers, Mahdi ordered his deputy to arrest anyone with connections to the Ismailis. Mahdi's suspicions were confirmed when Hassan finally approached the lord of the fortress, revealing his true identity and declared that the castle now belonged to him. Immediately, Mahdi called upon the guards to arrest and remove Hassan from the castle, only to find them prepared to follow Hassan's every command. Astounded, he realized he had been tricked and was allowed to exit the castle freely. Before leaving however, Mahdi was given a draft of 3000 gold dinars as payment for the fortress, payable by a Seljuq officer in service to the Isma'ili cause named Ra’is Muzaffar who honoured the payment in full. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi and therefore from Seljuq control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == p71918iwbh6v2nl508bete6ksi0jar6 331524 331523 2026-08-17T15:19:13Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331524 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da’i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Isma'ilis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern and eastern regions, particularly in Daylaman, Khorasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Iran held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into ''iqtā’'' (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuq ''amirs'' (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered. Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hassan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi'i Muslims living across Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === By 1090, the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern town of Qazvin, approximately 60&#x20;km from the Alamut castle. There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously. In the summer of 1090, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself. Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi ‘Alid lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle. Earlier in the summer, Mahdi visited Qazvin, where he received strict orders from Nizam al-Mulk to find and arrest Hassan who was said to be hiding in the province of Daylaman. Upon his return to the Alamut fortress, Mahdi noticed several new servants and guards employed there. His deputy explained that illness had taken many of the castle's workers and it was fortunate that other labourers were found from the neighbouring villages. Worried about the associations of these workers, Mahdi ordered his deputy to arrest anyone with connections to the Ismailis. Mahdi's suspicions were confirmed when Hassan finally approached the lord of the fortress, revealing his true identity and declared that the castle now belonged to him. Immediately, Mahdi called upon the guards to arrest and remove Hassan from the castle, only to find them prepared to follow Hassan's every command. Astounded, he realized he had been tricked and was allowed to exit the castle freely. Before leaving however, Mahdi was given a draft of 3000 gold dinars as payment for the fortress, payable by a Seljuq officer in service to the Isma'ili cause named Ra’is Muzaffar who honoured the payment in full. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi and therefore from Seljuq control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] rm28u3v5okdlrytejiuryapg1j1nmnp 331526 331524 2026-08-17T15:19:30Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da’i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Isma'ilis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern and eastern regions, particularly in Daylaman, Khorasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Iran held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into ''iqtā’'' (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuq ''amirs'' (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered. Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hassan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi'i Muslims living across Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === By 1090, the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern town of Qazvin, approximately 60&#x20;km from the Alamut castle. There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously. In the summer of 1090, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself. Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi ‘Alid lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle. Earlier in the summer, Mahdi visited Qazvin, where he received strict orders from Nizam al-Mulk to find and arrest Hassan who was said to be hiding in the province of Daylaman. Upon his return to the Alamut fortress, Mahdi noticed several new servants and guards employed there. His deputy explained that illness had taken many of the castle's workers and it was fortunate that other labourers were found from the neighbouring villages. Worried about the associations of these workers, Mahdi ordered his deputy to arrest anyone with connections to the Ismailis. Mahdi's suspicions were confirmed when Hassan finally approached the lord of the fortress, revealing his true identity and declared that the castle now belonged to him. Immediately, Mahdi called upon the guards to arrest and remove Hassan from the castle, only to find them prepared to follow Hassan's every command. Astounded, he realized he had been tricked and was allowed to exit the castle freely. Before leaving however, Mahdi was given a draft of 3000 gold dinars as payment for the fortress, payable by a Seljuq officer in service to the Isma'ili cause named Ra’is Muzaffar who honoured the payment in full. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi and therefore from Seljuq control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] mhs7x9jp1j9r14hbvspwm4w51xawqo5 331527 331526 2026-08-17T15:19:38Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Kastelli]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331527 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da’i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Isma'ilis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern and eastern regions, particularly in Daylaman, Khorasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Iran held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into ''iqtā’'' (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuq ''amirs'' (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered. Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hassan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi'i Muslims living across Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === By 1090, the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern town of Qazvin, approximately 60&#x20;km from the Alamut castle. There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously. In the summer of 1090, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself. Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi ‘Alid lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle. Earlier in the summer, Mahdi visited Qazvin, where he received strict orders from Nizam al-Mulk to find and arrest Hassan who was said to be hiding in the province of Daylaman. Upon his return to the Alamut fortress, Mahdi noticed several new servants and guards employed there. His deputy explained that illness had taken many of the castle's workers and it was fortunate that other labourers were found from the neighbouring villages. Worried about the associations of these workers, Mahdi ordered his deputy to arrest anyone with connections to the Ismailis. Mahdi's suspicions were confirmed when Hassan finally approached the lord of the fortress, revealing his true identity and declared that the castle now belonged to him. Immediately, Mahdi called upon the guards to arrest and remove Hassan from the castle, only to find them prepared to follow Hassan's every command. Astounded, he realized he had been tricked and was allowed to exit the castle freely. Before leaving however, Mahdi was given a draft of 3000 gold dinars as payment for the fortress, payable by a Seljuq officer in service to the Isma'ili cause named Ra’is Muzaffar who honoured the payment in full. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi and therefore from Seljuq control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] [[Kategorija:Kastelli]] 7blf6oe03vwydxju1twn5zybnaq80z9 331529 331527 2026-08-17T15:19:47Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Fortifikazzjonijiet]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da’i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Isma'ilis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern and eastern regions, particularly in Daylaman, Khorasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Iran held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into ''iqtā’'' (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuq ''amirs'' (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered. Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hassan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi'i Muslims living across Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === By 1090, the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern town of Qazvin, approximately 60&#x20;km from the Alamut castle. There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously. In the summer of 1090, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself. Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi ‘Alid lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle. Earlier in the summer, Mahdi visited Qazvin, where he received strict orders from Nizam al-Mulk to find and arrest Hassan who was said to be hiding in the province of Daylaman. Upon his return to the Alamut fortress, Mahdi noticed several new servants and guards employed there. His deputy explained that illness had taken many of the castle's workers and it was fortunate that other labourers were found from the neighbouring villages. Worried about the associations of these workers, Mahdi ordered his deputy to arrest anyone with connections to the Ismailis. Mahdi's suspicions were confirmed when Hassan finally approached the lord of the fortress, revealing his true identity and declared that the castle now belonged to him. Immediately, Mahdi called upon the guards to arrest and remove Hassan from the castle, only to find them prepared to follow Hassan's every command. Astounded, he realized he had been tricked and was allowed to exit the castle freely. Before leaving however, Mahdi was given a draft of 3000 gold dinars as payment for the fortress, payable by a Seljuq officer in service to the Isma'ili cause named Ra’is Muzaffar who honoured the payment in full. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi and therefore from Seljuq control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] [[Kategorija:Kastelli]] [[Kategorija:Fortifikazzjonijiet]] q31s1js6ins44dduka6m1v3stpndpl5 331530 331529 2026-08-17T15:19:57Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Fortizzi]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331530 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da’i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Isma'ilis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern and eastern regions, particularly in Daylaman, Khorasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Iran held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into ''iqtā’'' (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuq ''amirs'' (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered. Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hassan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi'i Muslims living across Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === By 1090, the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern town of Qazvin, approximately 60&#x20;km from the Alamut castle. There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously. In the summer of 1090, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself. Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi ‘Alid lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle. Earlier in the summer, Mahdi visited Qazvin, where he received strict orders from Nizam al-Mulk to find and arrest Hassan who was said to be hiding in the province of Daylaman. Upon his return to the Alamut fortress, Mahdi noticed several new servants and guards employed there. His deputy explained that illness had taken many of the castle's workers and it was fortunate that other labourers were found from the neighbouring villages. Worried about the associations of these workers, Mahdi ordered his deputy to arrest anyone with connections to the Ismailis. Mahdi's suspicions were confirmed when Hassan finally approached the lord of the fortress, revealing his true identity and declared that the castle now belonged to him. Immediately, Mahdi called upon the guards to arrest and remove Hassan from the castle, only to find them prepared to follow Hassan's every command. Astounded, he realized he had been tricked and was allowed to exit the castle freely. Before leaving however, Mahdi was given a draft of 3000 gold dinars as payment for the fortress, payable by a Seljuq officer in service to the Isma'ili cause named Ra’is Muzaffar who honoured the payment in full. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi and therefore from Seljuq control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] [[Kategorija:Kastelli]] [[Kategorija:Fortifikazzjonijiet]] [[Kategorija:Fortizzi]] jrr0yj77i1df5fl64ta62ckkqkbzarn 331531 331530 2026-08-17T15:20:04Z Trigcly 17859 added [[Category:Iran]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331531 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da’i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Isma'ilis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern and eastern regions, particularly in Daylaman, Khorasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Iran held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into ''iqtā’'' (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuq ''amirs'' (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered. Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hassan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shi'i Muslims living across Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === By 1090, the Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern town of Qazvin, approximately 60&#x20;km from the Alamut castle. There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously. In the summer of 1090, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself. Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi ‘Alid lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle. Earlier in the summer, Mahdi visited Qazvin, where he received strict orders from Nizam al-Mulk to find and arrest Hassan who was said to be hiding in the province of Daylaman. Upon his return to the Alamut fortress, Mahdi noticed several new servants and guards employed there. His deputy explained that illness had taken many of the castle's workers and it was fortunate that other labourers were found from the neighbouring villages. Worried about the associations of these workers, Mahdi ordered his deputy to arrest anyone with connections to the Ismailis. Mahdi's suspicions were confirmed when Hassan finally approached the lord of the fortress, revealing his true identity and declared that the castle now belonged to him. Immediately, Mahdi called upon the guards to arrest and remove Hassan from the castle, only to find them prepared to follow Hassan's every command. Astounded, he realized he had been tricked and was allowed to exit the castle freely. Before leaving however, Mahdi was given a draft of 3000 gold dinars as payment for the fortress, payable by a Seljuq officer in service to the Isma'ili cause named Ra’is Muzaffar who honoured the payment in full. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi and therefore from Seljuq control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] [[Kategorija:Kastelli]] [[Kategorija:Fortifikazzjonijiet]] [[Kategorija:Fortizzi]] [[Kategorija:Iran]] 2i26xrye2ukp38w4t1q0v70k4tsu3ag 331532 331531 2026-08-17T15:52:49Z Trigcly 17859 /* Storja */ 331532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoli qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoli ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da’i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Wara li tkeċċa mill-[[Eġittu]] minħabba li kien appoġġa lil Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah sab li l-koreliġjużi tiegħu, l-Iżmaeljani, kienu sparpaljati mal-Persja kollha, bi preżenza qawwija fir-reġjuni tat-Tramuntana u tal-Lvant, b'mod partikolari f'Daylaman, f'Khorasan u f'Quhistan. L-Iżmaeljani u popli okkupati oħra tal-Iran kellhom l-istess mibegħda kontra t-tmexxija tas-Seljuk, li kienu qasmu r-raba' agrikolu tal-pajjiż f'''iqtā’'' (fewdi) u imponew taxxi kbar fuq iċ-ċittadini li kienu jgħixu fihom. L-''amiri'' tas-Seljuk (mexxejja indipendenti) normalment kellhom ġurisdizzjoni u kontroll sħaħ fuq id-distretti li kienu jamministraw. Sadanittant, l-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] u l-klassijiet inferjuri Persjani bdew igorru dejjem iktar kontra l-politiki u t-taxxi kbar tas-Seljuk. Hassan ukoll kien jistkerrah l-oppressjoni [[politika]] u ekonomika imposta mill-klassi mexxejja tas-Seljuk [[Iżlam Sunni|Sunniti]] fuq il-Musulmani Xiiti madwar l-Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === Sal-1090, il-viżier tas-Seljuk Nizam al-Mulk kien diġà ta l-ordnijiet biex Hassan jiġi arrestat u għaldaqstant Hassan kien qed jgħix mistoħbi fir-raħal tat-Tramuntana ta' Qazvin, madwar 60&#x20;kilometru mill-Kastell ta' Alamut. Hemmhekk, huwa ħejja l-pjanijiet biex jaħtaf il-fortizza, li kienet imdawrea minn wied għammiel b'abitanti li fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu Musulmani Xiiti, u Hassan seta' faċilment jikseb l-appoġġ tagħhom biex jagħmlu rewwixta kontra s-Seljuk. Il-kastell qatt ma kien inħataf qabel b'mezzi militari u b'hekk Hassan ħejja pjanijiet bir-reqqa. Fis-sajf tal-1090, Hassan telaq minn Qazvin lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut fuq rotta muntanjuża minn Andej. Huwa baqa' f'Andej taparsi kien [[għalliem]] tal-iskola jismu Dehkhoda sakemm kien ċert li għadd ta' nies li kienu jappoġġawh kienu qed jgħixu eżatt taħt il-kastell fil-villaġġ ta' Gazorkhan jew kienu kisbu impjieg fil-fortizza stess. Hassan baqa' jagħmilha taparsi l-għalliem tal-iskola u reħilha lejn il-fortizza, u kiseb il-fiduċja u l-ħbiberija ta' ħafna mis-suldati tagħha. Qagħad b'seba' għajnejn biex ma jiġbidx l-attenzjoni tas-sinjur tal-kastell Zaydi 'Alid Mahdi, u Hassan beda jattira figuri prominenti fil-Kastell ta' Alamut biex jappoġġaw il-missjoni tiegħu. Ġie saħansitra ssuġġerit li l-viċi stess ta' Mahdi kien jappoġġa b'mod sigriet lil Hassan, u baqa' jistenna biex juri l-lealtà tiegħu lejh sa dakinhar li Hassan ħataf il-kastell. Iktar kmieni fis-sajf, Mahdi żar Qazvin, fejn ingħata ordnijiet stretti mingħand Nizam al-Mulk biex isib u jarresta lil Hassan li kien qed jingħad li kien qed jistaħba fil-provinċja ta' Daylaman. Mar-ritorn tiegħu lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Mahdi nnota diversi qaddejja u gwardji ġodda li ġew impjegati hemmhekk. Il-viċi tiegħu spjegalu li bosta mill-ħaddiema l-oħra tal-kastell kienu mardu u kienu xortihom tajba li nstabu ħaddiema oħra minflokhom mill-villaġġi ġirien. Imħasseb dwar l-assoċjazzjonijiet ta' dawn il-ħaddiema, Mahdi ordna lill-viċi tiegħu biex jarresta lil kull min kien jinstab li kellu konnessjonijiet mal-Iżmaeljani. Is-suspetti ta' Mahdi ġew ikkonfermati meta Hassan finalment qorob lejn is-sinjur tal-fortizza, u żvela l-identità reali tiegħu u ddikjara li l-kastell kien sar tiegħu. Minnufih, Mahdi sejjaħ lill-gwardji biex jarrestawh u jneħħu lil Hassan mill-kastell, iżda sabhom lesti li jsegwi kull kmand ta' Hassan. Mistagħġeb, huwa rrealizza bl-ingann u tħalla jitlaq mill-kastell b'mod ħieles. Madankollu, qabel ma telaq, Mahdi ngħata 3,000 dinar tad-deheb bħala pagament għall-fortizza, li tħallsu minn uffiċjal tas-Seljuk li kien segwa l-kawża tal-Iżmaeljani u li kien jissejjaħ Ra'is Muzaffar li onora l-pagament kollu. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inħataf mingħand Mahdi u għaldaqstant mill-kontroll tas-Seljuk minn Hassan u dawk li appoġġawh mingħajr l-użu ta' ebda vjolenza. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === With Alamut now in his possession, Hassan swiftly embarked on a complete re-fortification of the complex. By enhancing the walls and structure of a series of storage facilities, the fortress was to act as a self-sustaining stronghold during major confrontations. The perimeters of the rooms were lined with limestone, so as to preserve provisions to be used in times of crisis. Indeed, when the Mongols invaded the fortress, Juvayni was astonished to see stored countless supplies in perfect condition to withstand a possible siege. Next, Hassan took on the task of irrigating the surrounding villages of the Alamut valley. The land at valley's floor was arable land, allowing for the cultivation of dry crops including barley, wheat and rice. In order to make available the maximum amount of cultivable land, the ground was terraced under Hassan's direction. The construction of Alamut's famous library likely occurred after Hassan's fortification of the castle and its surrounding valley. With its astronomical instruments and rare collection of works, the library attracted scholars and scientists of a variety of religious persuasions from around the world who visited it for many months at a time, hosted by the Isma'ilis. By and large the writings of the Persian Ismailis, both scientific and doctrinal, did not survive beyond the Alamut period. In addition to the rich literature they had already produced in Arabic, the relocation of the Ismaili center to Iran now prompted a surge in Persian Ismaili literature. One of the earliest losses of the library came during the early years of the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan’s leadership at Alamut. In keeping with his principles of bridging the gaping relations between the Persian Ismailis and the broader Sunni world, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited a number of religious scholars from the town of Qazvin to visit the castle's library and burn any books they deemed heretical. However, it was not until under the direction of the Mongol ruler, Hulegu Khan, when the Mongols ascended to the fortress in December 1256, that the Alamut library was lost. With the permission of Hulegu, Juvayni explored the library and selected a few works he deemed worthy of salvaging, before the remainder was set aflame. His choice items included copies of the Qur'an, a number of astronomical instruments and treatises, and a number of Ismaili works. An anti-Ismaili, Ata-Malik Juvayni's personal leanings were the sole measure of heretical content of the library's doctrinal works. Thus, some of the richest treatises regarding the tenets of Ismaili faith were lost with his destruction of the library. From his tour and survey of the castle, Juvayni compiled a description of Alamut that he incorporated into his chronicle of the Mongol invasions, entitled ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' ("The History of the World Conqueror"). === Imamat f'Alamut === With the death of Hassan-i Sabbah in 1124, the Alamut fortress was now in the command of the ''da’i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, under whose direction Ismaili-Seljuq relations improved. However, this was not without a test of the strength of Buzurg Ummid's command, and consequently the Seljuks began an offensive in 1126 on the Isma'ili strongholds of Rudbar and Quhistan. Only after these assaults failed did the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar concede to recognise the independence of the Isma'ili territories. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Accordingly, Muḥammad succeeded Kiya Buzurg Ummid in 1138. Though they expected some resistance to his rule, the fragmented Seljuks were met with continued solidarity amongst the Ismailis, who remained unified under Muhammad's command. The early part of Muhammad's rule saw a continued low level of conflict, enabling the Nizaris to acquire and construct a number of fortresses in the Qumis and Rudbar regions, including the castles of Sa’adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh, and Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Taken by illness in 1162, Muhammad was succeeded by Hasan, who was then about thirty-five years of age. Only two years after his accession, the Imam Hasan, apparently conducted a ceremony known as ''qiyama'' (resurrection) at the grounds of the castle of Alamut, whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juvayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century. However, these are either based on Juvayni, or don't go into great detail. No contemporary Ismaili account of the events has survived. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar’s youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoli u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolia with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoli === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā’īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida’is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida’is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida’is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida’is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida’is''’ training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo’s account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida’is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida’i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] [[Kategorija:Kastelli]] [[Kategorija:Fortifikazzjonijiet]] [[Kategorija:Fortizzi]] [[Kategorija:Iran]] 0wud5hlk1y3f097th88uz76mmolkp5i 331533 331532 2026-08-17T16:54:43Z Trigcly 17859 /* Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali */ 331533 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoljani qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoljani ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da'i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Wara li tkeċċa mill-[[Eġittu]] minħabba li kien appoġġa lil Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah sab li l-koreliġjużi tiegħu, l-Iżmaeljani, kienu sparpaljati mal-Persja kollha, bi preżenza qawwija fir-reġjuni tat-Tramuntana u tal-Lvant, b'mod partikolari f'Daylaman, f'Khorasan u f'Quhistan. L-Iżmaeljani u popli okkupati oħra tal-Iran kellhom l-istess mibegħda kontra t-tmexxija tas-Seljuk, li kienu qasmu r-raba' agrikolu tal-pajjiż f'''iqtā'<nowiki/>'' (fewdi) u imponew taxxi kbar fuq iċ-ċittadini li kienu jgħixu fihom. L-''amiri'' tas-Seljuk (mexxejja indipendenti) normalment kellhom ġurisdizzjoni u kontroll sħaħ fuq id-distretti li kienu jamministraw. Sadanittant, l-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] u l-klassijiet inferjuri Persjani bdew igorru dejjem iktar kontra l-politiki u t-taxxi kbar tas-Seljuk. Hassan ukoll kien jistkerrah l-oppressjoni [[politika]] u ekonomika imposta mill-klassi mexxejja tas-Seljuk [[Iżlam Sunni|Sunniti]] fuq il-Musulmani Xiiti madwar l-Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === Sal-1090, il-viżier tas-Seljuk Nizam al-Mulk kien diġà ta l-ordnijiet biex Hassan jiġi arrestat u għaldaqstant Hassan kien qed jgħix mistoħbi fir-raħal tat-Tramuntana ta' Qazvin, madwar 60&#x20;kilometru mill-Kastell ta' Alamut. Hemmhekk, huwa ħejja l-pjanijiet biex jaħtaf il-fortizza, li kienet imdawrea minn wied għammiel b'abitanti li fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu Musulmani Xiiti, u Hassan seta' faċilment jikseb l-appoġġ tagħhom biex jagħmlu rewwixta kontra s-Seljuk. Il-kastell qatt ma kien inħataf qabel b'mezzi militari u b'hekk Hassan ħejja pjanijiet bir-reqqa. Fis-sajf tal-1090, Hassan telaq minn Qazvin lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut fuq rotta muntanjuża minn Andej. Huwa baqa' f'Andej taparsi kien [[għalliem]] tal-iskola jismu Dehkhoda sakemm kien ċert li għadd ta' nies li kienu jappoġġawh kienu qed jgħixu eżatt taħt il-kastell fil-villaġġ ta' Gazorkhan jew kienu kisbu impjieg fil-fortizza stess. Hassan baqa' jagħmilha taparsi l-għalliem tal-iskola u reħilha lejn il-fortizza, u kiseb il-fiduċja u l-ħbiberija ta' ħafna mis-suldati tagħha. Qagħad b'seba' għajnejn biex ma jiġbidx l-attenzjoni tas-sinjur tal-kastell Zaydi 'Alid Mahdi, u Hassan beda jattira figuri prominenti fil-Kastell ta' Alamut biex jappoġġaw il-missjoni tiegħu. Ġie saħansitra ssuġġerit li l-viċi stess ta' Mahdi kien jappoġġa b'mod sigriet lil Hassan, u baqa' jistenna biex juri l-lealtà tiegħu lejh sa dakinhar li Hassan ħataf il-kastell. Iktar kmieni fis-sajf, Mahdi żar Qazvin, fejn ingħata ordnijiet stretti mingħand Nizam al-Mulk biex isib u jarresta lil Hassan li kien qed jingħad li kien qed jistaħba fil-provinċja ta' Daylaman. Mar-ritorn tiegħu lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Mahdi nnota diversi qaddejja u gwardji ġodda li ġew impjegati hemmhekk. Il-viċi tiegħu spjegalu li bosta mill-ħaddiema l-oħra tal-kastell kienu mardu u kienu xortihom tajba li nstabu ħaddiema oħra minflokhom mill-villaġġi ġirien. Imħasseb dwar l-assoċjazzjonijiet ta' dawn il-ħaddiema, Mahdi ordna lill-viċi tiegħu biex jarresta lil kull min kien jinstab li kellu konnessjonijiet mal-Iżmaeljani. Is-suspetti ta' Mahdi ġew ikkonfermati meta Hassan finalment qorob lejn is-sinjur tal-fortizza, u żvela l-identità reali tiegħu u ddikjara li l-kastell kien sar tiegħu. Minnufih, Mahdi sejjaħ lill-gwardji biex jarrestawh u jneħħu lil Hassan mill-kastell, iżda sabhom lesti li jsegwi kull kmand ta' Hassan. Mistagħġeb, huwa rrealizza bl-ingann u tħalla jitlaq mill-kastell b'mod ħieles. Madankollu, qabel ma telaq, Mahdi ngħata 3,000 dinar tad-deheb bħala pagament għall-fortizza, li tħallsu minn uffiċjal tas-Seljuk li kien segwa l-kawża tal-Iżmaeljani u li kien jissejjaħ Ra'is Muzaffar li onora l-pagament kollu. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inħataf mingħand Mahdi u għaldaqstant mill-kontroll tas-Seljuk minn Hassan u dawk li appoġġawh mingħajr l-użu ta' ebda vjolenza. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === Wara li ħataf il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Hassan minnufih beda jiffortifika mill-ġdid il-kumpless kollu. Huwa saħħaħ is-swar u l-istruttura ta' sensiela ta' mħażen, u b'hekk il-fortizza setgħet issostni lilha nnifisha waqt l-eqqel konfrontazzjonijiet. Il-perimetri tal-kmamar ġew imkaħħlin bil-[[ġebla tal-ġir]], sabiex jiġu ppreservati l-provvisti li kellhom jintużaw fi żminijiet ta' kriżi. Tabilħaqq, meta l-[[Mongolja|Mongoljani]] invadew il-fortizza, Juvayni baqa' mistagħġeb meta ra l-provvisti kbar maħżuna f'kundizzjoni perfetta biex jkunu jistgħu jifilħu għal xi assedju possibbli. Imbagħad, Hassan ħa ħsieb l-irrigazzjoni tal-villaġġi tal-madwar tal-Wied ta' Alamut. L-art fil-baċir tal-wied kienet raba' agrikolu, li kien tajjeb għall-kultivazzjoni ta' għelejjel nexfin, fosthom ix-xgħir, il-qamħ u r-ross. Sabiex ikun disponibbli l-ikbar ammont ta' raba' kultivabbli, l-art ġiet imtarrġa skont l-ordnijiet ta' Hassan. Il-kostruzzjoni tal-librerija famuża tal-Kastell ta' Alamut x'aktarx li seħħet wara l-fortifikazzjoni tal-kastell u tal-wied tal-madwar. Bl-istrumenti astronomiċi u l-kollezzjoni rari ta' xogħlijiet tagħha, il-librerija attirat studjużi u xjenzati ta' varjetà ta' [[Reliġjon|reliġjonijiet]] minn madwar id-dinja li żaruha għal bosta xhur wara xulxin, ospitati mill-Iżmaeljani. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-kitbiet tal-Iżmaeljani Persjani, kemm [[Xjenza|xjentifiċi]] kif ukoll reliġjużi, ma baqgħux jeżistu wara l-perjodu ta' Alamut. Minbarra l-letteratura rikka li kienet diġà ġiet prodotta bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]], ir-rilokazzjoni taċ-ċentru tal-Iżmaeljani lejn l-Iran wasslet għal żieda fil-letteratura Iżmaeljana Persjana. Waħda mill-iżjed telfiet bikrin tal-librerija seħħet matul l-ewwel snin tat-tmexxija tal-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan f'Alamut. Sabiex iżomm mal-prinċipji tiegħu li jqarrab ir-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Iżmaeljani Persjani u d-dinja Sunnita usa', l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan stieden għadd ta' studjużi reliġjużi mir-raħal ta' Qazvin biex iżuru l-librerija tal-kastell u jaħarqu kwalunkwe ktieb li jqisu bħala ereżija. Madankollu, ma kienx qabel il-kmand tal-mexxej Mongoljan, Hulegu Khan, meta l-Mongoljani telgħu sal-fortizza f'Diċembru 1256, u l-librerija tal-Kastell ta' Alamut intilfet. Bil-permess ta' Hulegu, Juvayni esplora l-librerija u għażel xi xogħlijiet li skontu kien jistħoqqilhom jiġu salvati, qabel ma ħaraq il-kumplament. Fost l-affarijiet li għażel, kien hemm kopji tal-[[Koran]], għadd ta' strumenti u trattati astronomiċi, u għadd ta' xogħlijiet Iżmaeljani. Bħala anti-Iżmaeljan, it-tagħlim personali ta' Ata-Malik Juvayni kien l-uniku kontenut meqjus eretiku tax-xogħlijiet reliġjużi tal-librerija. Għalhekk, uħud mill-iżjed trattati rikki rigward il-fidi Iżmaeljana ntilfu mal-qerda tal-librerija. Mill-miġja u l-istħarriġ tiegħu tal-kastell, Juvayni fassal deskrizzjoni ta' Alamut li inkorporaha fil-kronaka tiegħu tal-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani, imsejħa ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' (''L-Istorja tal-Ħakkiem tad-Dinja''). === Imamat f'Alamut === Mal-[[mewt]] ta' Hassan-i Sabbah fl-1124, il-fortizza ta' Alamut spiċċat taħt il-kmand tad-''da'i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, u taħtu r-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Iżmaeljani u s-Seljuk tjiebu. Madankollu, dan ma sarx mingħajr prova tal-qawwa tal-kmand ta' Buzurg Ummid, u minħabba f'hekk is-Seljuk wettqu attakk fl-1126 fuq il-fortizzi Iżmaeljani ta' Rudbar u ta' Quhistan. Kien biss wara li ma rnexxewx dawn l-attakki, li s-sultan tas-Seljuk Ahmad Sanjar ikkonċeda li jirrikonoxxi l-indipendenza tat-territorji Iżmaeljani. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Għaldaqstant, Muḥammad ħa post Kiya Buzurg Ummid fl-1138. Għalkemm kienet mistennija xi reżistenza għat-tmexxija tiegħu, is-Seljuk frammentati ntlaqgħu b'solidarjetà kontinwa fost l-Iżmaeljani, li baqgħu unifikati taħt il-kmand ta' Muhammad. Fl-ewwel parti tat-tmexxija ta' Muhammad ma tantx kien hemm livell għoli ta' kunflitti, u b'hekk il-poplu ta' Nizari seta' jakkwista u jibni għadd ta' fortizzi fir-reġjuni ta' Qumis u ta' Rudbar, inkluż il-kastelli ta' Sa'adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh u Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Wara li marad fl-1162, Muhammad ħadlu postu Hasan, tal-età ta' madwar 35 sena. Sentejn biss wara li kiseb il-poter, l-Imam Hasan milli jidher mexxa ċerimonja magħrufa bħala ''qiyama'' (qawmien mill-ġdid) fl-artijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut, u b'hekk l-Imam seta' jerġa' jkun viżibbli mal-komunità ta' fidili tiegħu fl-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizārī u lil hinn. Minħabba l-miri polemikużi ta' Juvayni, u l-fatt li ħaraq il-libreriji Iżmaeljani li jaf kienu joffru ferm iżjed xhieda dwar l-istorja, l-istudjużi ddubitaw in-narrattiva tiegħu iżda ma għandhomx triq oħra għajr li jserrħu fuqha minħabba l-assenza ta' sorsi alternattivi. B'xorti tajba, ġew ippreservati wkoll deskrizzjonijiet ta' dan l-avvenimenti fin-narrattiva ta' Rashid al-Din u rrakkontata fil-Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, ktieb Iżmaeljan tas-seklu 15. Madankollu, dawn jew huma bbażati fuq Juvayni, jew ma tantx jidħlu f'wisq dettall. Ma għadu jeżisti l-ebda rendikont Iżmaeljan tal-avvenimenti li seħħew. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === What little we know about the Imamate at Alamut is narrated to us by one of the greatest detractors of the Ismailis, Juvayni. A Sunni Muslim scholar, Juvayni was serving Mongol patrons. While he then could not openly celebrate the Mongol victories over other Muslim rulers, the Mongol victory over the Nizari Ismailis, who Juvayni considered heretics and “as vile as dogs” became the focus of his work about Mongol invasions. According to the Ismaili version of the events, in the year following the death of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir, a ''qadi'' (judge) by the name of Abul Hasan Sa'idi travelled from Egypt to Alamut, taking with him Imam Nizar's youngest son, who was known as al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Succeeding Hasan 'ala dhikri al-salam in 1166, was the Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, who, like his father and the imams of the pre-Alamut period, openly declared himself to his followers. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Within Persia, the Nizaris of the qiyama period largely disregarded their former political endeavours and became considerably isolated from the surrounding Sunni world. The death of Muhammad II however, ushered in a new era for the Nizaris, under the direction of the next Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan invited Sunni scholars and jurists from across Khurasan and Iraq to visit Alamut, and even invited them to inspect the library and remove any books they found to be objectionable. During his lifetime, the Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan maintained friendly relations with the `Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir. An alliance with the caliph of Baghdad meant greater resources for the self-defence of not only the Nizari Ismaili state, but also the broader Muslim world. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === After his death in 1221, Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan was succeeded by his son ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad. Ascending to the throne at only nine years of age, Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad continued his father's policy of maintaining close relations with the Abbasid caliph. Under the leadership of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, the need for an Imam to constantly guide the community according to the demands of the times was emphasized. Intellectual life and scholarship flourished under the rule of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. The Nizari libraries were invigorated with scholars from across Asia, fleeing from the invading Mongols. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === The expansion of Mongol power across Western Asia depended upon the conquest of the Islamic lands, the complete seizure of which would be impossible without dismantling the ardent Nizari Ismaili state. The first Mongol attack on the Ismailis came in April 1253, when many of the Quhistani fortresses were lost to the Christian Mongol general Ket-Buqa. By May, the Mongol troops had proceeded to the fortress of Girdkuh where Ismaili forces held ground for several months. In December, a cholera outbreak within the castle weakened the Ismaili defences. Reinforcements quickly arrived from the neighbouring Alamut fortress and thwarted the attacking Mongols, killing several hundred of Ket-Buqa's troops. The castle was saved but the subsequent Mongol assaults on the towns of Tun and Tus resulted in massacres. Across Khurasan the Mongols imposed tyrannical laws and were responsible for the mass displacement of the province's population. After the massacres at Tun in 1256, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power. From a lavish tent erected for him at Tus, Hulegu summoned the Ismaili governor at Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham and demanded the surrender of all fortresses in his province. Nasir al-Din explained that submission could only come at the Imam's orders and that he, as governor, was powerless to seek the Ismailis' compliance. Meanwhile, Imam ‘Ala al-Din Mohammad, who had been murdered, was succeeded by his son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255. In 1256, Rukn al-Din commenced a series of gestures demonstrating his submission to the Mongols. In a show of his compliance and at the demand of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din began the dismantling process at Alamut, Maymundiz and Lamasar, removing towers and battlements. However, as winter approached, Hulegu took these gestures to be a means of delaying his seizure of the castles and on November 8, 1256, the Mongol troops quickly encircled the Maymundiz fortress and residence of the Imam. After four days of preliminary bombardment with significant casualties for both sides, the Mongols assembled their mangonels around the castle in preparation for a direct siege. There was still no snow on the ground and the attacks proceeded, forcing Rukn al-Din to declare his surrender in exchange for his and his family's safe passage. In the hands of Hulegu, Rukn al-Din was forced to send the message of surrender to all the castles in the Alamut valley. At the Alamut fortress, the Mongol Prince Balaghai led his troops to the base of the castle, calling for the surrender of the commander of Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din. It was decreed that should he surrender and pledge his allegiance to the Great Khan within one day, the lives of those at Alamut would be spared. Maymundiz was reluctant and wondered if the Imam's message of surrender was an actually act of duress. In obedience to the Imam, Muqaddam and his men descended from the fortress, and the Mongol army entered Alamut and began its demolition. Compared with Maymundiz, the Alamut fortress was far better fortified and could have long withstood the assaults of the Mongol army. However, the castle was relatively small in size and was easily surrounded by the Mongols. Still, the most significant factor in determining the defeat of the Ismailis at Alamut was the command by the Imam for the surrender of the castles in the valley. Many of the other fortresses had already complied, therefore not only would Muqaddam's resistance have resulted in a direct battle for the castle, but the explicit violation of the instructions of the Imam, which would impact significantly on the Ismaili commander's oath of total obedience to the Imam. The conquest of the Ismaili castles was critical to the Mongol's political and territorial expansion westward. However, it was depicted by Juvayni as a "matter of divine punishment upon the heretics [at] the nest of Satan". Juvayni's depiction of the fall of the Nizari Ismaili state reveals the religious leanings of the anti-Ismaili historian. When Rukn al-Din arrived in Mongolja with promises to persuade the prevailing Ismaili fortresses to surrender, the Great Khan Mongke no longer believed the Imam to be of use. En route back to his homeland, Rukn al-Din was put to death. In his description of this, Juvayni concludes that the Imam's murder cleansed "the world which had been polluted by their evil". Subsequently, in Quhistan, the Ismailis were called by thousands to attend large gatherings, where they were massacred. While some escaped to neighbouring regions, the Ismailis who perished in the massacres following the capture of the Ismaili garrisons numbered nearly 100,000. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni during the assault on the Alamut fort, "Khitayan" built siege weapons resembling crossbows were used. "Khitayan" meant Chinese and it was a type of arcuballista, deployed in 1256 under Hulagu's command. Stones were knocked off the castle and the bolts "burnt" a great number of the Assassins. They could fire a distance around 2,500 paces. The device was described as an ''ox's bow''. Pitch which was lit on fire was applied to the bolts of the weapon before firing. Another historian thinks that instead gunpowder might have been strapped onto the bolts which caused the burns during the battle recorded by Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā'īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida'is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida'is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida'is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida'is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida'is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida'is''<nowiki/>' training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo's account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida'is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida'i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] [[Kategorija:Kastelli]] [[Kategorija:Fortifikazzjonijiet]] [[Kategorija:Fortizzi]] [[Kategorija:Iran]] g11sc0fsajdoano18mtovt6cyd1a9rm 331550 331533 2026-08-18T09:06:03Z Trigcly 17859 /* Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut */ 331550 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoljani qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoljani ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da'i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Wara li tkeċċa mill-[[Eġittu]] minħabba li kien appoġġa lil Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah sab li l-koreliġjużi tiegħu, l-Iżmaeljani, kienu sparpaljati mal-Persja kollha, bi preżenza qawwija fir-reġjuni tat-Tramuntana u tal-Lvant, b'mod partikolari f'Daylaman, f'Khorasan u f'Quhistan. L-Iżmaeljani u popli okkupati oħra tal-Iran kellhom l-istess mibegħda kontra t-tmexxija tas-Seljuk, li kienu qasmu r-raba' agrikolu tal-pajjiż f'''iqtā'<nowiki/>'' (fewdi) u imponew taxxi kbar fuq iċ-ċittadini li kienu jgħixu fihom. L-''amiri'' tas-Seljuk (mexxejja indipendenti) normalment kellhom ġurisdizzjoni u kontroll sħaħ fuq id-distretti li kienu jamministraw. Sadanittant, l-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] u l-klassijiet inferjuri Persjani bdew igorru dejjem iktar kontra l-politiki u t-taxxi kbar tas-Seljuk. Hassan ukoll kien jistkerrah l-oppressjoni [[politika]] u ekonomika imposta mill-klassi mexxejja tas-Seljuk [[Iżlam Sunni|Sunniti]] fuq il-Musulmani Xiiti madwar l-Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === Sal-1090, il-viżier tas-Seljuk Nizam al-Mulk kien diġà ta l-ordnijiet biex Hassan jiġi arrestat u għaldaqstant Hassan kien qed jgħix mistoħbi fir-raħal tat-Tramuntana ta' Qazvin, madwar 60&#x20;kilometru mill-Kastell ta' Alamut. Hemmhekk, huwa ħejja l-pjanijiet biex jaħtaf il-fortizza, li kienet imdawrea minn wied għammiel b'abitanti li fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu Musulmani Xiiti, u Hassan seta' faċilment jikseb l-appoġġ tagħhom biex jagħmlu rewwixta kontra s-Seljuk. Il-kastell qatt ma kien inħataf qabel b'mezzi militari u b'hekk Hassan ħejja pjanijiet bir-reqqa. Fis-sajf tal-1090, Hassan telaq minn Qazvin lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut fuq rotta muntanjuża minn Andej. Huwa baqa' f'Andej taparsi kien [[għalliem]] tal-iskola jismu Dehkhoda sakemm kien ċert li għadd ta' nies li kienu jappoġġawh kienu qed jgħixu eżatt taħt il-kastell fil-villaġġ ta' Gazorkhan jew kienu kisbu impjieg fil-fortizza stess. Hassan baqa' jagħmilha taparsi l-għalliem tal-iskola u reħilha lejn il-fortizza, u kiseb il-fiduċja u l-ħbiberija ta' ħafna mis-suldati tagħha. Qagħad b'seba' għajnejn biex ma jiġbidx l-attenzjoni tas-sinjur tal-kastell Zaydi 'Alid Mahdi, u Hassan beda jattira figuri prominenti fil-Kastell ta' Alamut biex jappoġġaw il-missjoni tiegħu. Ġie saħansitra ssuġġerit li l-viċi stess ta' Mahdi kien jappoġġa b'mod sigriet lil Hassan, u baqa' jistenna biex juri l-lealtà tiegħu lejh sa dakinhar li Hassan ħataf il-kastell. Iktar kmieni fis-sajf, Mahdi żar Qazvin, fejn ingħata ordnijiet stretti mingħand Nizam al-Mulk biex isib u jarresta lil Hassan li kien qed jingħad li kien qed jistaħba fil-provinċja ta' Daylaman. Mar-ritorn tiegħu lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Mahdi nnota diversi qaddejja u gwardji ġodda li ġew impjegati hemmhekk. Il-viċi tiegħu spjegalu li bosta mill-ħaddiema l-oħra tal-kastell kienu mardu u kienu xortihom tajba li nstabu ħaddiema oħra minflokhom mill-villaġġi ġirien. Imħasseb dwar l-assoċjazzjonijiet ta' dawn il-ħaddiema, Mahdi ordna lill-viċi tiegħu biex jarresta lil kull min kien jinstab li kellu konnessjonijiet mal-Iżmaeljani. Is-suspetti ta' Mahdi ġew ikkonfermati meta Hassan finalment qorob lejn is-sinjur tal-fortizza, u żvela l-identità reali tiegħu u ddikjara li l-kastell kien sar tiegħu. Minnufih, Mahdi sejjaħ lill-gwardji biex jarrestawh u jneħħu lil Hassan mill-kastell, iżda sabhom lesti li jsegwi kull kmand ta' Hassan. Mistagħġeb, huwa rrealizza bl-ingann u tħalla jitlaq mill-kastell b'mod ħieles. Madankollu, qabel ma telaq, Mahdi ngħata 3,000 dinar tad-deheb bħala pagament għall-fortizza, li tħallsu minn uffiċjal tas-Seljuk li kien segwa l-kawża tal-Iżmaeljani u li kien jissejjaħ Ra'is Muzaffar li onora l-pagament kollu. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inħataf mingħand Mahdi u għaldaqstant mill-kontroll tas-Seljuk minn Hassan u dawk li appoġġawh mingħajr l-użu ta' ebda vjolenza. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === Wara li ħataf il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Hassan minnufih beda jiffortifika mill-ġdid il-kumpless kollu. Huwa saħħaħ is-swar u l-istruttura ta' sensiela ta' mħażen, u b'hekk il-fortizza setgħet issostni lilha nnifisha waqt l-eqqel konfrontazzjonijiet. Il-perimetri tal-kmamar ġew imkaħħlin bil-[[ġebla tal-ġir]], sabiex jiġu ppreservati l-provvisti li kellhom jintużaw fi żminijiet ta' kriżi. Tabilħaqq, meta l-[[Mongolja|Mongoljani]] invadew il-fortizza, Juvayni baqa' mistagħġeb meta ra l-provvisti kbar maħżuna f'kundizzjoni perfetta biex jkunu jistgħu jifilħu għal xi assedju possibbli. Imbagħad, Hassan ħa ħsieb l-irrigazzjoni tal-villaġġi tal-madwar tal-Wied ta' Alamut. L-art fil-baċir tal-wied kienet raba' agrikolu, li kien tajjeb għall-kultivazzjoni ta' għelejjel nexfin, fosthom ix-xgħir, il-qamħ u r-ross. Sabiex ikun disponibbli l-ikbar ammont ta' raba' kultivabbli, l-art ġiet imtarrġa skont l-ordnijiet ta' Hassan. Il-kostruzzjoni tal-librerija famuża tal-Kastell ta' Alamut x'aktarx li seħħet wara l-fortifikazzjoni tal-kastell u tal-wied tal-madwar. Bl-istrumenti astronomiċi u l-kollezzjoni rari ta' xogħlijiet tagħha, il-librerija attirat studjużi u xjenzati ta' varjetà ta' [[Reliġjon|reliġjonijiet]] minn madwar id-dinja li żaruha għal bosta xhur wara xulxin, ospitati mill-Iżmaeljani. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-kitbiet tal-Iżmaeljani Persjani, kemm [[Xjenza|xjentifiċi]] kif ukoll reliġjużi, ma baqgħux jeżistu wara l-perjodu ta' Alamut. Minbarra l-letteratura rikka li kienet diġà ġiet prodotta bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]], ir-rilokazzjoni taċ-ċentru tal-Iżmaeljani lejn l-Iran wasslet għal żieda fil-letteratura Iżmaeljana Persjana. Waħda mill-iżjed telfiet bikrin tal-librerija seħħet matul l-ewwel snin tat-tmexxija tal-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan f'Alamut. Sabiex iżomm mal-prinċipji tiegħu li jqarrab ir-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Iżmaeljani Persjani u d-dinja Sunnita usa', l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan stieden għadd ta' studjużi reliġjużi mir-raħal ta' Qazvin biex iżuru l-librerija tal-kastell u jaħarqu kwalunkwe ktieb li jqisu bħala ereżija. Madankollu, ma kienx qabel il-kmand tal-mexxej Mongoljan, Hulegu Khan, meta l-Mongoljani telgħu sal-fortizza f'Diċembru 1256, u l-librerija tal-Kastell ta' Alamut intilfet. Bil-permess ta' Hulegu, Juvayni esplora l-librerija u għażel xi xogħlijiet li skontu kien jistħoqqilhom jiġu salvati, qabel ma ħaraq il-kumplament. Fost l-affarijiet li għażel, kien hemm kopji tal-[[Koran]], għadd ta' strumenti u trattati astronomiċi, u għadd ta' xogħlijiet Iżmaeljani. Bħala anti-Iżmaeljan, it-tagħlim personali ta' Ata-Malik Juvayni kien l-uniku kontenut meqjus eretiku tax-xogħlijiet reliġjużi tal-librerija. Għalhekk, uħud mill-iżjed trattati rikki rigward il-fidi Iżmaeljana ntilfu mal-qerda tal-librerija. Mill-miġja u l-istħarriġ tiegħu tal-kastell, Juvayni fassal deskrizzjoni ta' Alamut li inkorporaha fil-kronaka tiegħu tal-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani, imsejħa ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' (''L-Istorja tal-Ħakkiem tad-Dinja''). === Imamat f'Alamut === Mal-[[mewt]] ta' Hassan-i Sabbah fl-1124, il-fortizza ta' Alamut spiċċat taħt il-kmand tad-''da'i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, u taħtu r-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Iżmaeljani u s-Seljuk tjiebu. Madankollu, dan ma sarx mingħajr prova tal-qawwa tal-kmand ta' Buzurg Ummid, u minħabba f'hekk is-Seljuk wettqu attakk fl-1126 fuq il-fortizzi Iżmaeljani ta' Rudbar u ta' Quhistan. Kien biss wara li ma rnexxewx dawn l-attakki, li s-sultan tas-Seljuk Ahmad Sanjar ikkonċeda li jirrikonoxxi l-indipendenza tat-territorji Iżmaeljani. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Għaldaqstant, Muḥammad ħa post Kiya Buzurg Ummid fl-1138. Għalkemm kienet mistennija xi reżistenza għat-tmexxija tiegħu, is-Seljuk frammentati ntlaqgħu b'solidarjetà kontinwa fost l-Iżmaeljani, li baqgħu unifikati taħt il-kmand ta' Muhammad. Fl-ewwel parti tat-tmexxija ta' Muhammad ma tantx kien hemm livell għoli ta' kunflitti, u b'hekk il-poplu ta' Nizari seta' jakkwista u jibni għadd ta' fortizzi fir-reġjuni ta' Qumis u ta' Rudbar, inkluż il-kastelli ta' Sa'adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh u Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Wara li marad fl-1162, Muhammad ħadlu postu Hasan, tal-età ta' madwar 35 sena. Sentejn biss wara li kiseb il-poter, l-Imam Hasan milli jidher mexxa ċerimonja magħrufa bħala ''qiyama'' (qawmien mill-ġdid) fl-artijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut, u b'hekk l-Imam seta' jerġa' jkun viżibbli mal-komunità ta' fidili tiegħu fl-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizārī u lil hinn. Minħabba l-miri polemikużi ta' Juvayni, u l-fatt li ħaraq il-libreriji Iżmaeljani li jaf kienu joffru ferm iżjed xhieda dwar l-istorja, l-istudjużi ddubitaw in-narrattiva tiegħu iżda ma għandhomx triq oħra għajr li jserrħu fuqha minħabba l-assenza ta' sorsi alternattivi. B'xorti tajba, ġew ippreservati wkoll deskrizzjonijiet ta' dan l-avvenimenti fin-narrattiva ta' Rashid al-Din u rrakkontata fil-Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, ktieb Iżmaeljan tas-seklu 15. Madankollu, dawn jew huma bbażati fuq Juvayni, jew ma tantx jidħlu f'wisq dettall. Ma għadu jeżisti l-ebda rendikont Iżmaeljan tal-avvenimenti li seħħew. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === Il-ftit li nafu dwar l-Imamat ta' Alamut jiġi rrakkontat lilna minn wieħed mill-iktar nies li kellu għall-Iżmaeljani, Juvayni, li kien studjuż Musulman Sunnita li kien jaqdi lill-Mongoljani. Filwaqt li dak iż-żmien ma setax jiċċelebra fil-beraħ ir-rebħiet tal-Mongoljani kontra mexxejja Musulmani oħra, ir-rebħa tal-Mongoljani kontra l-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari, li Juvayni kien iqishom eretiċi "vili daqs il-klieb", saret il-qofol tax-xogħol tiegħu dwar l-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani. Skont il-verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-avvenimenti, fis-sena ta' wara l-mewt tal-Imam-Kaliff al-Mustansir, ''qadi'' (imħallef) jismu Abul Hasan Sa'idi vvjaġġa mill-Eġittu lejn Alamut, u ħa miegħu lill-iben iż-żgħir tal-Imam Nizar, li kien magħruf bħala al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Fl-1166, il-post ta' Hasan 'ala Dhikri al-Salam ittieħed mill-Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, li bħal missieru u l-imams tal-perjodu ta' qabel Alamut, iddikjara lilu nnifsu b'mod miftuħ lill-fidili tiegħu. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Fi ħdan il-Persja, il-poplu Nizari tal-perjodu ta' Qiyama fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu jinjoraw l-impenji politiċi ta' qabilhom u saru pjuttost iżolati mid-dinja Sunnita ta' madwarhom. Madankollu, il-mewt ta' Muhammad II tat bidu għal era ġdida għall-poplu Nizari, taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan stieden lill-istudjużi u l-ġuristi Sunniti minn Khurasan u mill-[[Iraq]] biex iżuru Alamut, u saħansitra stiedinhom jispezzjonaw il-librerija u jneħħu l-kotba li skonthom kellhom jitneħħew. Matul ħajtu, l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan żamm relazzjonijiet ta' ħbiberija mal-Kaliff Abbasid al-Nasir. Alleanza mal-kaliff ta' [[Bagdad]] kienet tfisser iktar riżorsi għall-awtodifiża mhux biss tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, iżda anke tad-dinja Musulmana usa'. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === Wara mewtu fl-1221, l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan ħadlu postu ibnu 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. Wara li kiseb il-poter meta kellu 9 snin biss, l-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad kompla l-poltika ta' missieru li jżomm relazzjonijiet mill-qrib mal-kaliff Abbasid. Taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, ġiet enfasizzata l-ħtieġa li l-Imam jiggwida b'mod kostanti lill-komunità skont it-talbiet ta' dak iż-żmien. Il-ħajja intellettwali u l-istudju tkattru taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. Il-libreriji ta' Nizari ħadu l-ħajja bi studjużi mill-[[Asja]] kollha, huma u jaħarbu mill-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === Sal-qtil tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad fl-1255, il-Mongoljani kienu diġà attakkaw għadd ta' fortizzi Iżmaeljani f'Quhistan. L-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad ħadlu postu ibnu l-kbir l-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah, li daħal f'sensiela twila ta' negozjati mal-invażuri Mongoljani, u taħt it-tmexxija tiegħu, il-Kastell ta' Alamut ġie ċedut lill-Mongoljani. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === L-espansjoni tas-setgħa tal-Mongoljani fil-Punent tal-Asja kienet tiddependi fuq il-ħakma tal-artijiet Iżlamiċi, u l-ħtif sħiħ tagħhom kien ikun impossibbli mingħajr il-qerda tal-istat Iżmaeljan qalil ta' Nizari. L-ewwel attakk tal-Mongoljani kontra l-Iżmaeljani seħħ f'April 1253, meta bosta mill-fortizzi ta' Quhistan intilfu kontra l-ġeneral Mongoljan [[Kristjaneżmu|Kristjan]] Ket-Buqa. Sa Mejju, it-truppi Mongoljani kienu avvanzaw sal-fortizza ta' Girdkuh fejn il-qawwiet Iżmaeljani rreżistew għal diversi xhur. F'Diċembru, tifqigħa tal-[[kolera]] fi ħdan il-kastell dgħajfet id-difiżi Iżmaeljani. Ir-rinforzi waslu malajr mill-fortizza ta' Alamut fil-qrib u għelbu l-attakk tal-Mongoljani, filwaqt li qatlu diversi mijiet ta' suldati mit-truppi ta' Ket-Buqa. Il-kastell ġie salvat iżda l-attakki suċċessivi tal-Mongoljani fuq l-irħula ta' Tun u ta' Tus irriżultaw f'massakri. F'Khurasan, il-Mongoljani imponew liġijiet tiranniċi u kienu responsabbli għall-ispostament tal-massa tal-popolazzjoni tal-provinċja. Wara li massakri li seħħew f'Tun fl-1256, Hulegu involva ruħu direttament fil-kampanja militari tal-Mongoljani biex jiġu eliminati ċ-ċentri tal-poter tal-Iżmaeljani. Minn tinda lussuża li ttellgħet għalih f'Tus, Hulegu sejjaħ lill-gvernatur Iżmaeljan f'Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham, u talab li jarrendi u jċedi l-fortizzi kollha tal-provinċja tiegħu. Nasir al-Din spjega li seta' jissottometti ruħu biss skont l-ordnijiet tal-Imam, u li hu bħala gvernatur ma kellux is-setgħa li jikseb il-konformità tal-Iżmaeljani. Sadanittant, l-Imam 'Ala al-Din Mohammad, li kien inqatel, ħadlu postu ibnu Rukn al-Din Khurshah fl-1255. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din beda sensiela ta' ġesti biex juri li qed jissottometti ruħu għall-Mongoljani. Bħala turija tal-konformità tiegħu u fuq talba ta' Hulegu, Rukn al-Din beda l-proċess ta' żarmar f'Alamut, f'Maymundiz u f'Lamasar, u beda jneħħi t-torrijiet u l-fortifikazzjonijiet. Madankollu, malli qorbot ix-xitwa, Hulegu qies dawn il-ġesti bħala mezz biex jiddewwem il-ħtif tal-kastelli u fit-8 ta' Novembru 1256, it-truppi Mongoljani malajr iċċirkondaw il-fortizza ta' Maymundiz u r-residenza tal-Imam. Wara erbat ijiem ta' bumbardamenti preliminari b'diversi nies li ndarbu jew mietu miż-żewġ naħat, il-Mongoljani nġabru madwar il-kastell u ħejjew għal assedju dirett. Ma kienx għad hemm borra mal-art u l-attakki nbdew, għaldaqstant Rukn al-Din kellu jiddikjara li jarrendi sabiex hu u l-familja tiegħu ma jinqatlux. Imġiegħel minn Hulegu, Rukn al-Din kellu jibgħat il-messaġġ li jarrendi l-kastelli kollha tiegħu fil-Wied ta' Alamut. Fil-fortizza ta' Alamut, il-Prinċep Mongoljan Balaghai mexxa t-truppi tiegħu sal-bażi tal-kastell, u sejjaħ lill-kmandant ta' Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din, biex jarrendi. Ġie ddikjarat li jekk jarrendi u jwiegħed l-alleanza tiegħu mal-Khan il-Kbir fi żmien jum, dawk kollha li kienu jinsabu fil-Kastell ta' Alamut ma kinux jinqatlu. Maymundiz ħasibha darbtejn u beda jiddubita jekk il-messaġġ tal-Imam li jarrendi kienx fil-fatt att kontra r-rieda tiegħu. Sabiex jobdu lill-Imam, Muqaddam u t-truppi tiegħu niżlu mill-fortizza, u l-armata Mongoljana daħlet fil-Kastell ta' Alamut u bdiet iġġarrfu. Meta mqabbel ma' Maymundiz, il-fortizza ta' Alamut kienet iffortifikata aħjar u setgħet tiflaħ fit-tul għall-attakki tal-armata Mongoljana. Madankollu, il-kastell kien relattivament żgħir u ġie ċċirkondat faċilment mill-Mongoljani. Xorta waħda, l-iżjed fattur sinifikanti li wassal għat-telfa tal-Iżmaeljani f'Alamut kien il-kmand tal-Imam biex jarrendu l-kastelli kollha tal-wied. Ħafna mil-fortizzi l-oħra kkonformaw, għaldaqstant mhux talli r-reżistenza ta' Muqaddam kienet twassal għal battalja diretta għall-kastell, talli t-tkasbir espliċitu tal-istruzzjonijiet tal-Imam kieku kien ikollhom impatt sinifikanti fuq il-ġurament tal-kmandant Iżmaeljan ta' ubbidjenza totali lill-Imam. Il-ħakma tal-kastelli Iżmaeljani kienet kritika għall-espansjoni politika u territorjali tal-Mongoljani lejn il-Punent. Madankollu, Juvayni ddeskriviha bħala "kwistjoni ta' kastig divin kontra l-eretiċi fil-bejta tax-xitan". Id-deskrizzjoni ta' Juvayni tal-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari tiżvela kemm l-istoriku reliġjuż kien kontra l-Iżmaeljani. Meta Rukn al-Din wasal fil-Mongolja b'wegħdiet biex jipperswadi l-fortizzi Iżmaeljani li kien għad fadal biex jarrendu, il-Khan il-Kbir Mongke ħass li l-Imam ma kellux iktar użu. Fi triqtu lura lejn art twelidu, Rukn al-Din inqatel. Fid-deskrizzjoni tiegħu ta' dan l-episodju, Juvayni jikkonkludi li l-qtil tal-Imam naddaf "id-dinja li kienet tniġġset mill-ħażen tagħhom". Sussegwentement, f'Quhistan, l-Iżmaeljani ssejħu bl-eluf biex jattendu f'ġemgħat kbar, fejn ġew massakrati. Għalkemm uħud ħarbu lejn ir-reġjuni ġirien, l-Iżmaeljani li mietu fil-massakri wara l-ħtif tal-gwarniġjoni Iżmaeljani laħqu kważi 100,000 ruħ. Skont Ata-Malik Juvayni, waqt l-attakk kontra l-Kastell ta' Alamut, "Khitayan" bena armi tal-assedji qishom qwies u użahom. "Khitayan" kien isem biċ-[[Lingwi Ċiniżi|Ċiniż]] u kienet arma li ntużat fl-1256 taħt il-kmand ta' Hulegu. Il-kastell ġarrab ħsarat estensivi u l-balal bin-nar sparati bil-qwies "ħarqu" għadd kbir tal-assassini. Dawn setgħu jisparaw sa bogħod ta' madwar 2,500 pass bis-saħħa tal-arma deskritta bħala qaws. Iż-żift kien jingħata n-nar u jintefa' fuq il-balal jew il-vleġeġ tal-arma qabel l-isparar. Storiku ieħor jaħseb li minflok jaf intużaw porvli mal-balal u mal-vleġeġ u dawn ikkawżaw il-ħarqiet waqt il-battalja msemmijin minn Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani === It was assumed that with the initial siege of the Alamut Castle in 1256 the Nizari Ismaili presence in the area would have been obliterated. Though the damage was extensive, Nizari forces were able to recapture the Castle in 1275. Evidence of another wave of destruction in the Safavid period has been found by archaeological studies in 2004 led by Hamideh Chubak. Further evidence suggests another Afghan attack on the castle. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā'īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida'is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida'is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida'is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida'is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida'is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida'is''<nowiki/>' training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo's account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida'is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida'i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] [[Kategorija:Kastelli]] [[Kategorija:Fortifikazzjonijiet]] [[Kategorija:Fortizzi]] [[Kategorija:Iran]] 0o2y4ckypd05jg9qtho9oi70r6kfnn0 331551 331550 2026-08-18T09:08:40Z Trigcly 17859 /* Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani */ 331551 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoljani qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoljani ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da'i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Wara li tkeċċa mill-[[Eġittu]] minħabba li kien appoġġa lil Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah sab li l-koreliġjużi tiegħu, l-Iżmaeljani, kienu sparpaljati mal-Persja kollha, bi preżenza qawwija fir-reġjuni tat-Tramuntana u tal-Lvant, b'mod partikolari f'Daylaman, f'Khorasan u f'Quhistan. L-Iżmaeljani u popli okkupati oħra tal-Iran kellhom l-istess mibegħda kontra t-tmexxija tas-Seljuk, li kienu qasmu r-raba' agrikolu tal-pajjiż f'''iqtā'<nowiki/>'' (fewdi) u imponew taxxi kbar fuq iċ-ċittadini li kienu jgħixu fihom. L-''amiri'' tas-Seljuk (mexxejja indipendenti) normalment kellhom ġurisdizzjoni u kontroll sħaħ fuq id-distretti li kienu jamministraw. Sadanittant, l-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] u l-klassijiet inferjuri Persjani bdew igorru dejjem iktar kontra l-politiki u t-taxxi kbar tas-Seljuk. Hassan ukoll kien jistkerrah l-oppressjoni [[politika]] u ekonomika imposta mill-klassi mexxejja tas-Seljuk [[Iżlam Sunni|Sunniti]] fuq il-Musulmani Xiiti madwar l-Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === Sal-1090, il-viżier tas-Seljuk Nizam al-Mulk kien diġà ta l-ordnijiet biex Hassan jiġi arrestat u għaldaqstant Hassan kien qed jgħix mistoħbi fir-raħal tat-Tramuntana ta' Qazvin, madwar 60&#x20;kilometru mill-Kastell ta' Alamut. Hemmhekk, huwa ħejja l-pjanijiet biex jaħtaf il-fortizza, li kienet imdawrea minn wied għammiel b'abitanti li fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu Musulmani Xiiti, u Hassan seta' faċilment jikseb l-appoġġ tagħhom biex jagħmlu rewwixta kontra s-Seljuk. Il-kastell qatt ma kien inħataf qabel b'mezzi militari u b'hekk Hassan ħejja pjanijiet bir-reqqa. Fis-sajf tal-1090, Hassan telaq minn Qazvin lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut fuq rotta muntanjuża minn Andej. Huwa baqa' f'Andej taparsi kien [[għalliem]] tal-iskola jismu Dehkhoda sakemm kien ċert li għadd ta' nies li kienu jappoġġawh kienu qed jgħixu eżatt taħt il-kastell fil-villaġġ ta' Gazorkhan jew kienu kisbu impjieg fil-fortizza stess. Hassan baqa' jagħmilha taparsi l-għalliem tal-iskola u reħilha lejn il-fortizza, u kiseb il-fiduċja u l-ħbiberija ta' ħafna mis-suldati tagħha. Qagħad b'seba' għajnejn biex ma jiġbidx l-attenzjoni tas-sinjur tal-kastell Zaydi 'Alid Mahdi, u Hassan beda jattira figuri prominenti fil-Kastell ta' Alamut biex jappoġġaw il-missjoni tiegħu. Ġie saħansitra ssuġġerit li l-viċi stess ta' Mahdi kien jappoġġa b'mod sigriet lil Hassan, u baqa' jistenna biex juri l-lealtà tiegħu lejh sa dakinhar li Hassan ħataf il-kastell. Iktar kmieni fis-sajf, Mahdi żar Qazvin, fejn ingħata ordnijiet stretti mingħand Nizam al-Mulk biex isib u jarresta lil Hassan li kien qed jingħad li kien qed jistaħba fil-provinċja ta' Daylaman. Mar-ritorn tiegħu lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Mahdi nnota diversi qaddejja u gwardji ġodda li ġew impjegati hemmhekk. Il-viċi tiegħu spjegalu li bosta mill-ħaddiema l-oħra tal-kastell kienu mardu u kienu xortihom tajba li nstabu ħaddiema oħra minflokhom mill-villaġġi ġirien. Imħasseb dwar l-assoċjazzjonijiet ta' dawn il-ħaddiema, Mahdi ordna lill-viċi tiegħu biex jarresta lil kull min kien jinstab li kellu konnessjonijiet mal-Iżmaeljani. Is-suspetti ta' Mahdi ġew ikkonfermati meta Hassan finalment qorob lejn is-sinjur tal-fortizza, u żvela l-identità reali tiegħu u ddikjara li l-kastell kien sar tiegħu. Minnufih, Mahdi sejjaħ lill-gwardji biex jarrestawh u jneħħu lil Hassan mill-kastell, iżda sabhom lesti li jsegwi kull kmand ta' Hassan. Mistagħġeb, huwa rrealizza bl-ingann u tħalla jitlaq mill-kastell b'mod ħieles. Madankollu, qabel ma telaq, Mahdi ngħata 3,000 dinar tad-deheb bħala pagament għall-fortizza, li tħallsu minn uffiċjal tas-Seljuk li kien segwa l-kawża tal-Iżmaeljani u li kien jissejjaħ Ra'is Muzaffar li onora l-pagament kollu. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inħataf mingħand Mahdi u għaldaqstant mill-kontroll tas-Seljuk minn Hassan u dawk li appoġġawh mingħajr l-użu ta' ebda vjolenza. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === Wara li ħataf il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Hassan minnufih beda jiffortifika mill-ġdid il-kumpless kollu. Huwa saħħaħ is-swar u l-istruttura ta' sensiela ta' mħażen, u b'hekk il-fortizza setgħet issostni lilha nnifisha waqt l-eqqel konfrontazzjonijiet. Il-perimetri tal-kmamar ġew imkaħħlin bil-[[ġebla tal-ġir]], sabiex jiġu ppreservati l-provvisti li kellhom jintużaw fi żminijiet ta' kriżi. Tabilħaqq, meta l-[[Mongolja|Mongoljani]] invadew il-fortizza, Juvayni baqa' mistagħġeb meta ra l-provvisti kbar maħżuna f'kundizzjoni perfetta biex jkunu jistgħu jifilħu għal xi assedju possibbli. Imbagħad, Hassan ħa ħsieb l-irrigazzjoni tal-villaġġi tal-madwar tal-Wied ta' Alamut. L-art fil-baċir tal-wied kienet raba' agrikolu, li kien tajjeb għall-kultivazzjoni ta' għelejjel nexfin, fosthom ix-xgħir, il-qamħ u r-ross. Sabiex ikun disponibbli l-ikbar ammont ta' raba' kultivabbli, l-art ġiet imtarrġa skont l-ordnijiet ta' Hassan. Il-kostruzzjoni tal-librerija famuża tal-Kastell ta' Alamut x'aktarx li seħħet wara l-fortifikazzjoni tal-kastell u tal-wied tal-madwar. Bl-istrumenti astronomiċi u l-kollezzjoni rari ta' xogħlijiet tagħha, il-librerija attirat studjużi u xjenzati ta' varjetà ta' [[Reliġjon|reliġjonijiet]] minn madwar id-dinja li żaruha għal bosta xhur wara xulxin, ospitati mill-Iżmaeljani. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-kitbiet tal-Iżmaeljani Persjani, kemm [[Xjenza|xjentifiċi]] kif ukoll reliġjużi, ma baqgħux jeżistu wara l-perjodu ta' Alamut. Minbarra l-letteratura rikka li kienet diġà ġiet prodotta bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]], ir-rilokazzjoni taċ-ċentru tal-Iżmaeljani lejn l-Iran wasslet għal żieda fil-letteratura Iżmaeljana Persjana. Waħda mill-iżjed telfiet bikrin tal-librerija seħħet matul l-ewwel snin tat-tmexxija tal-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan f'Alamut. Sabiex iżomm mal-prinċipji tiegħu li jqarrab ir-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Iżmaeljani Persjani u d-dinja Sunnita usa', l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan stieden għadd ta' studjużi reliġjużi mir-raħal ta' Qazvin biex iżuru l-librerija tal-kastell u jaħarqu kwalunkwe ktieb li jqisu bħala ereżija. Madankollu, ma kienx qabel il-kmand tal-mexxej Mongoljan, Hulegu Khan, meta l-Mongoljani telgħu sal-fortizza f'Diċembru 1256, u l-librerija tal-Kastell ta' Alamut intilfet. Bil-permess ta' Hulegu, Juvayni esplora l-librerija u għażel xi xogħlijiet li skontu kien jistħoqqilhom jiġu salvati, qabel ma ħaraq il-kumplament. Fost l-affarijiet li għażel, kien hemm kopji tal-[[Koran]], għadd ta' strumenti u trattati astronomiċi, u għadd ta' xogħlijiet Iżmaeljani. Bħala anti-Iżmaeljan, it-tagħlim personali ta' Ata-Malik Juvayni kien l-uniku kontenut meqjus eretiku tax-xogħlijiet reliġjużi tal-librerija. Għalhekk, uħud mill-iżjed trattati rikki rigward il-fidi Iżmaeljana ntilfu mal-qerda tal-librerija. Mill-miġja u l-istħarriġ tiegħu tal-kastell, Juvayni fassal deskrizzjoni ta' Alamut li inkorporaha fil-kronaka tiegħu tal-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani, imsejħa ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' (''L-Istorja tal-Ħakkiem tad-Dinja''). === Imamat f'Alamut === Mal-[[mewt]] ta' Hassan-i Sabbah fl-1124, il-fortizza ta' Alamut spiċċat taħt il-kmand tad-''da'i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, u taħtu r-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Iżmaeljani u s-Seljuk tjiebu. Madankollu, dan ma sarx mingħajr prova tal-qawwa tal-kmand ta' Buzurg Ummid, u minħabba f'hekk is-Seljuk wettqu attakk fl-1126 fuq il-fortizzi Iżmaeljani ta' Rudbar u ta' Quhistan. Kien biss wara li ma rnexxewx dawn l-attakki, li s-sultan tas-Seljuk Ahmad Sanjar ikkonċeda li jirrikonoxxi l-indipendenza tat-territorji Iżmaeljani. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Għaldaqstant, Muḥammad ħa post Kiya Buzurg Ummid fl-1138. Għalkemm kienet mistennija xi reżistenza għat-tmexxija tiegħu, is-Seljuk frammentati ntlaqgħu b'solidarjetà kontinwa fost l-Iżmaeljani, li baqgħu unifikati taħt il-kmand ta' Muhammad. Fl-ewwel parti tat-tmexxija ta' Muhammad ma tantx kien hemm livell għoli ta' kunflitti, u b'hekk il-poplu ta' Nizari seta' jakkwista u jibni għadd ta' fortizzi fir-reġjuni ta' Qumis u ta' Rudbar, inkluż il-kastelli ta' Sa'adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh u Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Wara li marad fl-1162, Muhammad ħadlu postu Hasan, tal-età ta' madwar 35 sena. Sentejn biss wara li kiseb il-poter, l-Imam Hasan milli jidher mexxa ċerimonja magħrufa bħala ''qiyama'' (qawmien mill-ġdid) fl-artijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut, u b'hekk l-Imam seta' jerġa' jkun viżibbli mal-komunità ta' fidili tiegħu fl-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizārī u lil hinn. Minħabba l-miri polemikużi ta' Juvayni, u l-fatt li ħaraq il-libreriji Iżmaeljani li jaf kienu joffru ferm iżjed xhieda dwar l-istorja, l-istudjużi ddubitaw in-narrattiva tiegħu iżda ma għandhomx triq oħra għajr li jserrħu fuqha minħabba l-assenza ta' sorsi alternattivi. B'xorti tajba, ġew ippreservati wkoll deskrizzjonijiet ta' dan l-avvenimenti fin-narrattiva ta' Rashid al-Din u rrakkontata fil-Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, ktieb Iżmaeljan tas-seklu 15. Madankollu, dawn jew huma bbażati fuq Juvayni, jew ma tantx jidħlu f'wisq dettall. Ma għadu jeżisti l-ebda rendikont Iżmaeljan tal-avvenimenti li seħħew. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === Il-ftit li nafu dwar l-Imamat ta' Alamut jiġi rrakkontat lilna minn wieħed mill-iktar nies li kellu għall-Iżmaeljani, Juvayni, li kien studjuż Musulman Sunnita li kien jaqdi lill-Mongoljani. Filwaqt li dak iż-żmien ma setax jiċċelebra fil-beraħ ir-rebħiet tal-Mongoljani kontra mexxejja Musulmani oħra, ir-rebħa tal-Mongoljani kontra l-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari, li Juvayni kien iqishom eretiċi "vili daqs il-klieb", saret il-qofol tax-xogħol tiegħu dwar l-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani. Skont il-verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-avvenimenti, fis-sena ta' wara l-mewt tal-Imam-Kaliff al-Mustansir, ''qadi'' (imħallef) jismu Abul Hasan Sa'idi vvjaġġa mill-Eġittu lejn Alamut, u ħa miegħu lill-iben iż-żgħir tal-Imam Nizar, li kien magħruf bħala al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Fl-1166, il-post ta' Hasan 'ala Dhikri al-Salam ittieħed mill-Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, li bħal missieru u l-imams tal-perjodu ta' qabel Alamut, iddikjara lilu nnifsu b'mod miftuħ lill-fidili tiegħu. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Fi ħdan il-Persja, il-poplu Nizari tal-perjodu ta' Qiyama fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu jinjoraw l-impenji politiċi ta' qabilhom u saru pjuttost iżolati mid-dinja Sunnita ta' madwarhom. Madankollu, il-mewt ta' Muhammad II tat bidu għal era ġdida għall-poplu Nizari, taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan stieden lill-istudjużi u l-ġuristi Sunniti minn Khurasan u mill-[[Iraq]] biex iżuru Alamut, u saħansitra stiedinhom jispezzjonaw il-librerija u jneħħu l-kotba li skonthom kellhom jitneħħew. Matul ħajtu, l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan żamm relazzjonijiet ta' ħbiberija mal-Kaliff Abbasid al-Nasir. Alleanza mal-kaliff ta' [[Bagdad]] kienet tfisser iktar riżorsi għall-awtodifiża mhux biss tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, iżda anke tad-dinja Musulmana usa'. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === Wara mewtu fl-1221, l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan ħadlu postu ibnu 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. Wara li kiseb il-poter meta kellu 9 snin biss, l-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad kompla l-poltika ta' missieru li jżomm relazzjonijiet mill-qrib mal-kaliff Abbasid. Taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, ġiet enfasizzata l-ħtieġa li l-Imam jiggwida b'mod kostanti lill-komunità skont it-talbiet ta' dak iż-żmien. Il-ħajja intellettwali u l-istudju tkattru taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. Il-libreriji ta' Nizari ħadu l-ħajja bi studjużi mill-[[Asja]] kollha, huma u jaħarbu mill-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === Sal-qtil tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad fl-1255, il-Mongoljani kienu diġà attakkaw għadd ta' fortizzi Iżmaeljani f'Quhistan. L-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad ħadlu postu ibnu l-kbir l-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah, li daħal f'sensiela twila ta' negozjati mal-invażuri Mongoljani, u taħt it-tmexxija tiegħu, il-Kastell ta' Alamut ġie ċedut lill-Mongoljani. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === L-espansjoni tas-setgħa tal-Mongoljani fil-Punent tal-Asja kienet tiddependi fuq il-ħakma tal-artijiet Iżlamiċi, u l-ħtif sħiħ tagħhom kien ikun impossibbli mingħajr il-qerda tal-istat Iżmaeljan qalil ta' Nizari. L-ewwel attakk tal-Mongoljani kontra l-Iżmaeljani seħħ f'April 1253, meta bosta mill-fortizzi ta' Quhistan intilfu kontra l-ġeneral Mongoljan [[Kristjaneżmu|Kristjan]] Ket-Buqa. Sa Mejju, it-truppi Mongoljani kienu avvanzaw sal-fortizza ta' Girdkuh fejn il-qawwiet Iżmaeljani rreżistew għal diversi xhur. F'Diċembru, tifqigħa tal-[[kolera]] fi ħdan il-kastell dgħajfet id-difiżi Iżmaeljani. Ir-rinforzi waslu malajr mill-fortizza ta' Alamut fil-qrib u għelbu l-attakk tal-Mongoljani, filwaqt li qatlu diversi mijiet ta' suldati mit-truppi ta' Ket-Buqa. Il-kastell ġie salvat iżda l-attakki suċċessivi tal-Mongoljani fuq l-irħula ta' Tun u ta' Tus irriżultaw f'massakri. F'Khurasan, il-Mongoljani imponew liġijiet tiranniċi u kienu responsabbli għall-ispostament tal-massa tal-popolazzjoni tal-provinċja. Wara li massakri li seħħew f'Tun fl-1256, Hulegu involva ruħu direttament fil-kampanja militari tal-Mongoljani biex jiġu eliminati ċ-ċentri tal-poter tal-Iżmaeljani. Minn tinda lussuża li ttellgħet għalih f'Tus, Hulegu sejjaħ lill-gvernatur Iżmaeljan f'Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham, u talab li jarrendi u jċedi l-fortizzi kollha tal-provinċja tiegħu. Nasir al-Din spjega li seta' jissottometti ruħu biss skont l-ordnijiet tal-Imam, u li hu bħala gvernatur ma kellux is-setgħa li jikseb il-konformità tal-Iżmaeljani. Sadanittant, l-Imam 'Ala al-Din Mohammad, li kien inqatel, ħadlu postu ibnu Rukn al-Din Khurshah fl-1255. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din beda sensiela ta' ġesti biex juri li qed jissottometti ruħu għall-Mongoljani. Bħala turija tal-konformità tiegħu u fuq talba ta' Hulegu, Rukn al-Din beda l-proċess ta' żarmar f'Alamut, f'Maymundiz u f'Lamasar, u beda jneħħi t-torrijiet u l-fortifikazzjonijiet. Madankollu, malli qorbot ix-xitwa, Hulegu qies dawn il-ġesti bħala mezz biex jiddewwem il-ħtif tal-kastelli u fit-8 ta' Novembru 1256, it-truppi Mongoljani malajr iċċirkondaw il-fortizza ta' Maymundiz u r-residenza tal-Imam. Wara erbat ijiem ta' bumbardamenti preliminari b'diversi nies li ndarbu jew mietu miż-żewġ naħat, il-Mongoljani nġabru madwar il-kastell u ħejjew għal assedju dirett. Ma kienx għad hemm borra mal-art u l-attakki nbdew, għaldaqstant Rukn al-Din kellu jiddikjara li jarrendi sabiex hu u l-familja tiegħu ma jinqatlux. Imġiegħel minn Hulegu, Rukn al-Din kellu jibgħat il-messaġġ li jarrendi l-kastelli kollha tiegħu fil-Wied ta' Alamut. Fil-fortizza ta' Alamut, il-Prinċep Mongoljan Balaghai mexxa t-truppi tiegħu sal-bażi tal-kastell, u sejjaħ lill-kmandant ta' Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din, biex jarrendi. Ġie ddikjarat li jekk jarrendi u jwiegħed l-alleanza tiegħu mal-Khan il-Kbir fi żmien jum, dawk kollha li kienu jinsabu fil-Kastell ta' Alamut ma kinux jinqatlu. Maymundiz ħasibha darbtejn u beda jiddubita jekk il-messaġġ tal-Imam li jarrendi kienx fil-fatt att kontra r-rieda tiegħu. Sabiex jobdu lill-Imam, Muqaddam u t-truppi tiegħu niżlu mill-fortizza, u l-armata Mongoljana daħlet fil-Kastell ta' Alamut u bdiet iġġarrfu. Meta mqabbel ma' Maymundiz, il-fortizza ta' Alamut kienet iffortifikata aħjar u setgħet tiflaħ fit-tul għall-attakki tal-armata Mongoljana. Madankollu, il-kastell kien relattivament żgħir u ġie ċċirkondat faċilment mill-Mongoljani. Xorta waħda, l-iżjed fattur sinifikanti li wassal għat-telfa tal-Iżmaeljani f'Alamut kien il-kmand tal-Imam biex jarrendu l-kastelli kollha tal-wied. Ħafna mil-fortizzi l-oħra kkonformaw, għaldaqstant mhux talli r-reżistenza ta' Muqaddam kienet twassal għal battalja diretta għall-kastell, talli t-tkasbir espliċitu tal-istruzzjonijiet tal-Imam kieku kien ikollhom impatt sinifikanti fuq il-ġurament tal-kmandant Iżmaeljan ta' ubbidjenza totali lill-Imam. Il-ħakma tal-kastelli Iżmaeljani kienet kritika għall-espansjoni politika u territorjali tal-Mongoljani lejn il-Punent. Madankollu, Juvayni ddeskriviha bħala "kwistjoni ta' kastig divin kontra l-eretiċi fil-bejta tax-xitan". Id-deskrizzjoni ta' Juvayni tal-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari tiżvela kemm l-istoriku reliġjuż kien kontra l-Iżmaeljani. Meta Rukn al-Din wasal fil-Mongolja b'wegħdiet biex jipperswadi l-fortizzi Iżmaeljani li kien għad fadal biex jarrendu, il-Khan il-Kbir Mongke ħass li l-Imam ma kellux iktar użu. Fi triqtu lura lejn art twelidu, Rukn al-Din inqatel. Fid-deskrizzjoni tiegħu ta' dan l-episodju, Juvayni jikkonkludi li l-qtil tal-Imam naddaf "id-dinja li kienet tniġġset mill-ħażen tagħhom". Sussegwentement, f'Quhistan, l-Iżmaeljani ssejħu bl-eluf biex jattendu f'ġemgħat kbar, fejn ġew massakrati. Għalkemm uħud ħarbu lejn ir-reġjuni ġirien, l-Iżmaeljani li mietu fil-massakri wara l-ħtif tal-gwarniġjoni Iżmaeljani laħqu kważi 100,000 ruħ. Skont Ata-Malik Juvayni, waqt l-attakk kontra l-Kastell ta' Alamut, "Khitayan" bena armi tal-assedji qishom qwies u użahom. "Khitayan" kien isem biċ-[[Lingwi Ċiniżi|Ċiniż]] u kienet arma li ntużat fl-1256 taħt il-kmand ta' Hulegu. Il-kastell ġarrab ħsarat estensivi u l-balal bin-nar sparati bil-qwies "ħarqu" għadd kbir tal-assassini. Dawn setgħu jisparaw sa bogħod ta' madwar 2,500 pass bis-saħħa tal-arma deskritta bħala qaws. Iż-żift kien jingħata n-nar u jintefa' fuq il-balal jew il-vleġeġ tal-arma qabel l-isparar. Storiku ieħor jaħseb li minflok jaf intużaw porvli mal-balal u mal-vleġeġ u dawn ikkawżaw il-ħarqiet waqt il-battalja msemmijin minn Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani === Ġie preżunt li bl-assedju inizjali tal-Kastell ta' Alamut fl-1256, il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari fl-inħawi nqerdet għalkollox. Għalkemm il-ħsara kienet estensiva, il-qawwiet ta' Nizari rnexxielhom jerġgħu jaħtfu l-Kastell ta' Alamut fl-1275. Instabet evidenza ta' mewġa oħra ta' qerda fil-perjodu tas-Safavidi bis-saħħa ta' studji arkeoloġiċi li saru fl-2004 taħt it-tmexxija ta' [[Hamideh Chubak]]. Evidenza ulterjuri tissuġġerixxi li kien hemm attakk [[Afganistan|Afgan]] ieħor fuq il-kastell. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 m above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh ''(The Throne of Solomon)'' between which the Alamut River flows. The valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350 m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage. The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life. The defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name ''dar al-hijra'' (place of refuge). The notion of the ''dar al-hijra'' refers to the hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad, who migrated to Yathrib with his supporters to avoid the hostility of the Quraysh. In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies. Throughout history, many groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by ''fidā'īs'' (devotees) of the Ismaili mission. They were unique in that civilians were never targeted. The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against the community. A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk. Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida'is have been significantly exaggerated. While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis, whence they came to be known as the "Assassins". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida'is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida'is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida'is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida'is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida'is''<nowiki/>' training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo's account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida'is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida'i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] [[Kategorija:Kastelli]] [[Kategorija:Fortifikazzjonijiet]] [[Kategorija:Fortizzi]] [[Kategorija:Iran]] elo55nn2fj7njoevx01736qka15rju3 331553 331551 2026-08-18T09:50:46Z Trigcly 17859 /* Difiża u tattiċi militari */ 331553 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoljani qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoljani ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da'i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Wara li tkeċċa mill-[[Eġittu]] minħabba li kien appoġġa lil Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah sab li l-koreliġjużi tiegħu, l-Iżmaeljani, kienu sparpaljati mal-Persja kollha, bi preżenza qawwija fir-reġjuni tat-Tramuntana u tal-Lvant, b'mod partikolari f'Daylaman, f'Khorasan u f'Quhistan. L-Iżmaeljani u popli okkupati oħra tal-Iran kellhom l-istess mibegħda kontra t-tmexxija tas-Seljuk, li kienu qasmu r-raba' agrikolu tal-pajjiż f'''iqtā'<nowiki/>'' (fewdi) u imponew taxxi kbar fuq iċ-ċittadini li kienu jgħixu fihom. L-''amiri'' tas-Seljuk (mexxejja indipendenti) normalment kellhom ġurisdizzjoni u kontroll sħaħ fuq id-distretti li kienu jamministraw. Sadanittant, l-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] u l-klassijiet inferjuri Persjani bdew igorru dejjem iktar kontra l-politiki u t-taxxi kbar tas-Seljuk. Hassan ukoll kien jistkerrah l-oppressjoni [[politika]] u ekonomika imposta mill-klassi mexxejja tas-Seljuk [[Iżlam Sunni|Sunniti]] fuq il-Musulmani Xiiti madwar l-Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === Sal-1090, il-viżier tas-Seljuk Nizam al-Mulk kien diġà ta l-ordnijiet biex Hassan jiġi arrestat u għaldaqstant Hassan kien qed jgħix mistoħbi fir-raħal tat-Tramuntana ta' Qazvin, madwar 60&#x20;kilometru mill-Kastell ta' Alamut. Hemmhekk, huwa ħejja l-pjanijiet biex jaħtaf il-fortizza, li kienet imdawrea minn wied għammiel b'abitanti li fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu Musulmani Xiiti, u Hassan seta' faċilment jikseb l-appoġġ tagħhom biex jagħmlu rewwixta kontra s-Seljuk. Il-kastell qatt ma kien inħataf qabel b'mezzi militari u b'hekk Hassan ħejja pjanijiet bir-reqqa. Fis-sajf tal-1090, Hassan telaq minn Qazvin lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut fuq rotta muntanjuża minn Andej. Huwa baqa' f'Andej taparsi kien [[għalliem]] tal-iskola jismu Dehkhoda sakemm kien ċert li għadd ta' nies li kienu jappoġġawh kienu qed jgħixu eżatt taħt il-kastell fil-villaġġ ta' Gazorkhan jew kienu kisbu impjieg fil-fortizza stess. Hassan baqa' jagħmilha taparsi l-għalliem tal-iskola u reħilha lejn il-fortizza, u kiseb il-fiduċja u l-ħbiberija ta' ħafna mis-suldati tagħha. Qagħad b'seba' għajnejn biex ma jiġbidx l-attenzjoni tas-sinjur tal-kastell Zaydi 'Alid Mahdi, u Hassan beda jattira figuri prominenti fil-Kastell ta' Alamut biex jappoġġaw il-missjoni tiegħu. Ġie saħansitra ssuġġerit li l-viċi stess ta' Mahdi kien jappoġġa b'mod sigriet lil Hassan, u baqa' jistenna biex juri l-lealtà tiegħu lejh sa dakinhar li Hassan ħataf il-kastell. Iktar kmieni fis-sajf, Mahdi żar Qazvin, fejn ingħata ordnijiet stretti mingħand Nizam al-Mulk biex isib u jarresta lil Hassan li kien qed jingħad li kien qed jistaħba fil-provinċja ta' Daylaman. Mar-ritorn tiegħu lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Mahdi nnota diversi qaddejja u gwardji ġodda li ġew impjegati hemmhekk. Il-viċi tiegħu spjegalu li bosta mill-ħaddiema l-oħra tal-kastell kienu mardu u kienu xortihom tajba li nstabu ħaddiema oħra minflokhom mill-villaġġi ġirien. Imħasseb dwar l-assoċjazzjonijiet ta' dawn il-ħaddiema, Mahdi ordna lill-viċi tiegħu biex jarresta lil kull min kien jinstab li kellu konnessjonijiet mal-Iżmaeljani. Is-suspetti ta' Mahdi ġew ikkonfermati meta Hassan finalment qorob lejn is-sinjur tal-fortizza, u żvela l-identità reali tiegħu u ddikjara li l-kastell kien sar tiegħu. Minnufih, Mahdi sejjaħ lill-gwardji biex jarrestawh u jneħħu lil Hassan mill-kastell, iżda sabhom lesti li jsegwi kull kmand ta' Hassan. Mistagħġeb, huwa rrealizza bl-ingann u tħalla jitlaq mill-kastell b'mod ħieles. Madankollu, qabel ma telaq, Mahdi ngħata 3,000 dinar tad-deheb bħala pagament għall-fortizza, li tħallsu minn uffiċjal tas-Seljuk li kien segwa l-kawża tal-Iżmaeljani u li kien jissejjaħ Ra'is Muzaffar li onora l-pagament kollu. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inħataf mingħand Mahdi u għaldaqstant mill-kontroll tas-Seljuk minn Hassan u dawk li appoġġawh mingħajr l-użu ta' ebda vjolenza. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === Wara li ħataf il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Hassan minnufih beda jiffortifika mill-ġdid il-kumpless kollu. Huwa saħħaħ is-swar u l-istruttura ta' sensiela ta' mħażen, u b'hekk il-fortizza setgħet issostni lilha nnifisha waqt l-eqqel konfrontazzjonijiet. Il-perimetri tal-kmamar ġew imkaħħlin bil-[[ġebla tal-ġir]], sabiex jiġu ppreservati l-provvisti li kellhom jintużaw fi żminijiet ta' kriżi. Tabilħaqq, meta l-[[Mongolja|Mongoljani]] invadew il-fortizza, Juvayni baqa' mistagħġeb meta ra l-provvisti kbar maħżuna f'kundizzjoni perfetta biex jkunu jistgħu jifilħu għal xi assedju possibbli. Imbagħad, Hassan ħa ħsieb l-irrigazzjoni tal-villaġġi tal-madwar tal-Wied ta' Alamut. L-art fil-baċir tal-wied kienet raba' agrikolu, li kien tajjeb għall-kultivazzjoni ta' għelejjel nexfin, fosthom ix-xgħir, il-qamħ u r-ross. Sabiex ikun disponibbli l-ikbar ammont ta' raba' kultivabbli, l-art ġiet imtarrġa skont l-ordnijiet ta' Hassan. Il-kostruzzjoni tal-librerija famuża tal-Kastell ta' Alamut x'aktarx li seħħet wara l-fortifikazzjoni tal-kastell u tal-wied tal-madwar. Bl-istrumenti astronomiċi u l-kollezzjoni rari ta' xogħlijiet tagħha, il-librerija attirat studjużi u xjenzati ta' varjetà ta' [[Reliġjon|reliġjonijiet]] minn madwar id-dinja li żaruha għal bosta xhur wara xulxin, ospitati mill-Iżmaeljani. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-kitbiet tal-Iżmaeljani Persjani, kemm [[Xjenza|xjentifiċi]] kif ukoll reliġjużi, ma baqgħux jeżistu wara l-perjodu ta' Alamut. Minbarra l-letteratura rikka li kienet diġà ġiet prodotta bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]], ir-rilokazzjoni taċ-ċentru tal-Iżmaeljani lejn l-Iran wasslet għal żieda fil-letteratura Iżmaeljana Persjana. Waħda mill-iżjed telfiet bikrin tal-librerija seħħet matul l-ewwel snin tat-tmexxija tal-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan f'Alamut. Sabiex iżomm mal-prinċipji tiegħu li jqarrab ir-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Iżmaeljani Persjani u d-dinja Sunnita usa', l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan stieden għadd ta' studjużi reliġjużi mir-raħal ta' Qazvin biex iżuru l-librerija tal-kastell u jaħarqu kwalunkwe ktieb li jqisu bħala ereżija. Madankollu, ma kienx qabel il-kmand tal-mexxej Mongoljan, Hulegu Khan, meta l-Mongoljani telgħu sal-fortizza f'Diċembru 1256, u l-librerija tal-Kastell ta' Alamut intilfet. Bil-permess ta' Hulegu, Juvayni esplora l-librerija u għażel xi xogħlijiet li skontu kien jistħoqqilhom jiġu salvati, qabel ma ħaraq il-kumplament. Fost l-affarijiet li għażel, kien hemm kopji tal-[[Koran]], għadd ta' strumenti u trattati astronomiċi, u għadd ta' xogħlijiet Iżmaeljani. Bħala anti-Iżmaeljan, it-tagħlim personali ta' Ata-Malik Juvayni kien l-uniku kontenut meqjus eretiku tax-xogħlijiet reliġjużi tal-librerija. Għalhekk, uħud mill-iżjed trattati rikki rigward il-fidi Iżmaeljana ntilfu mal-qerda tal-librerija. Mill-miġja u l-istħarriġ tiegħu tal-kastell, Juvayni fassal deskrizzjoni ta' Alamut li inkorporaha fil-kronaka tiegħu tal-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani, imsejħa ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' (''L-Istorja tal-Ħakkiem tad-Dinja''). === Imamat f'Alamut === Mal-[[mewt]] ta' Hassan-i Sabbah fl-1124, il-fortizza ta' Alamut spiċċat taħt il-kmand tad-''da'i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, u taħtu r-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Iżmaeljani u s-Seljuk tjiebu. Madankollu, dan ma sarx mingħajr prova tal-qawwa tal-kmand ta' Buzurg Ummid, u minħabba f'hekk is-Seljuk wettqu attakk fl-1126 fuq il-fortizzi Iżmaeljani ta' Rudbar u ta' Quhistan. Kien biss wara li ma rnexxewx dawn l-attakki, li s-sultan tas-Seljuk Ahmad Sanjar ikkonċeda li jirrikonoxxi l-indipendenza tat-territorji Iżmaeljani. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Għaldaqstant, Muḥammad ħa post Kiya Buzurg Ummid fl-1138. Għalkemm kienet mistennija xi reżistenza għat-tmexxija tiegħu, is-Seljuk frammentati ntlaqgħu b'solidarjetà kontinwa fost l-Iżmaeljani, li baqgħu unifikati taħt il-kmand ta' Muhammad. Fl-ewwel parti tat-tmexxija ta' Muhammad ma tantx kien hemm livell għoli ta' kunflitti, u b'hekk il-poplu ta' Nizari seta' jakkwista u jibni għadd ta' fortizzi fir-reġjuni ta' Qumis u ta' Rudbar, inkluż il-kastelli ta' Sa'adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh u Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Wara li marad fl-1162, Muhammad ħadlu postu Hasan, tal-età ta' madwar 35 sena. Sentejn biss wara li kiseb il-poter, l-Imam Hasan milli jidher mexxa ċerimonja magħrufa bħala ''qiyama'' (qawmien mill-ġdid) fl-artijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut, u b'hekk l-Imam seta' jerġa' jkun viżibbli mal-komunità ta' fidili tiegħu fl-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizārī u lil hinn. Minħabba l-miri polemikużi ta' Juvayni, u l-fatt li ħaraq il-libreriji Iżmaeljani li jaf kienu joffru ferm iżjed xhieda dwar l-istorja, l-istudjużi ddubitaw in-narrattiva tiegħu iżda ma għandhomx triq oħra għajr li jserrħu fuqha minħabba l-assenza ta' sorsi alternattivi. B'xorti tajba, ġew ippreservati wkoll deskrizzjonijiet ta' dan l-avvenimenti fin-narrattiva ta' Rashid al-Din u rrakkontata fil-Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, ktieb Iżmaeljan tas-seklu 15. Madankollu, dawn jew huma bbażati fuq Juvayni, jew ma tantx jidħlu f'wisq dettall. Ma għadu jeżisti l-ebda rendikont Iżmaeljan tal-avvenimenti li seħħew. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === Il-ftit li nafu dwar l-Imamat ta' Alamut jiġi rrakkontat lilna minn wieħed mill-iktar nies li kellu għall-Iżmaeljani, Juvayni, li kien studjuż Musulman Sunnita li kien jaqdi lill-Mongoljani. Filwaqt li dak iż-żmien ma setax jiċċelebra fil-beraħ ir-rebħiet tal-Mongoljani kontra mexxejja Musulmani oħra, ir-rebħa tal-Mongoljani kontra l-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari, li Juvayni kien iqishom eretiċi "vili daqs il-klieb", saret il-qofol tax-xogħol tiegħu dwar l-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani. Skont il-verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-avvenimenti, fis-sena ta' wara l-mewt tal-Imam-Kaliff al-Mustansir, ''qadi'' (imħallef) jismu Abul Hasan Sa'idi vvjaġġa mill-Eġittu lejn Alamut, u ħa miegħu lill-iben iż-żgħir tal-Imam Nizar, li kien magħruf bħala al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Fl-1166, il-post ta' Hasan 'ala Dhikri al-Salam ittieħed mill-Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, li bħal missieru u l-imams tal-perjodu ta' qabel Alamut, iddikjara lilu nnifsu b'mod miftuħ lill-fidili tiegħu. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Fi ħdan il-Persja, il-poplu Nizari tal-perjodu ta' Qiyama fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu jinjoraw l-impenji politiċi ta' qabilhom u saru pjuttost iżolati mid-dinja Sunnita ta' madwarhom. Madankollu, il-mewt ta' Muhammad II tat bidu għal era ġdida għall-poplu Nizari, taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan stieden lill-istudjużi u l-ġuristi Sunniti minn Khurasan u mill-[[Iraq]] biex iżuru Alamut, u saħansitra stiedinhom jispezzjonaw il-librerija u jneħħu l-kotba li skonthom kellhom jitneħħew. Matul ħajtu, l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan żamm relazzjonijiet ta' ħbiberija mal-Kaliff Abbasid al-Nasir. Alleanza mal-kaliff ta' [[Bagdad]] kienet tfisser iktar riżorsi għall-awtodifiża mhux biss tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, iżda anke tad-dinja Musulmana usa'. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === Wara mewtu fl-1221, l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan ħadlu postu ibnu 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. Wara li kiseb il-poter meta kellu 9 snin biss, l-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad kompla l-poltika ta' missieru li jżomm relazzjonijiet mill-qrib mal-kaliff Abbasid. Taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, ġiet enfasizzata l-ħtieġa li l-Imam jiggwida b'mod kostanti lill-komunità skont it-talbiet ta' dak iż-żmien. Il-ħajja intellettwali u l-istudju tkattru taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. Il-libreriji ta' Nizari ħadu l-ħajja bi studjużi mill-[[Asja]] kollha, huma u jaħarbu mill-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === Sal-qtil tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad fl-1255, il-Mongoljani kienu diġà attakkaw għadd ta' fortizzi Iżmaeljani f'Quhistan. L-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad ħadlu postu ibnu l-kbir l-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah, li daħal f'sensiela twila ta' negozjati mal-invażuri Mongoljani, u taħt it-tmexxija tiegħu, il-Kastell ta' Alamut ġie ċedut lill-Mongoljani. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === L-espansjoni tas-setgħa tal-Mongoljani fil-Punent tal-Asja kienet tiddependi fuq il-ħakma tal-artijiet Iżlamiċi, u l-ħtif sħiħ tagħhom kien ikun impossibbli mingħajr il-qerda tal-istat Iżmaeljan qalil ta' Nizari. L-ewwel attakk tal-Mongoljani kontra l-Iżmaeljani seħħ f'April 1253, meta bosta mill-fortizzi ta' Quhistan intilfu kontra l-ġeneral Mongoljan [[Kristjaneżmu|Kristjan]] Ket-Buqa. Sa Mejju, it-truppi Mongoljani kienu avvanzaw sal-fortizza ta' Girdkuh fejn il-qawwiet Iżmaeljani rreżistew għal diversi xhur. F'Diċembru, tifqigħa tal-[[kolera]] fi ħdan il-kastell dgħajfet id-difiżi Iżmaeljani. Ir-rinforzi waslu malajr mill-fortizza ta' Alamut fil-qrib u għelbu l-attakk tal-Mongoljani, filwaqt li qatlu diversi mijiet ta' suldati mit-truppi ta' Ket-Buqa. Il-kastell ġie salvat iżda l-attakki suċċessivi tal-Mongoljani fuq l-irħula ta' Tun u ta' Tus irriżultaw f'massakri. F'Khurasan, il-Mongoljani imponew liġijiet tiranniċi u kienu responsabbli għall-ispostament tal-massa tal-popolazzjoni tal-provinċja. Wara li massakri li seħħew f'Tun fl-1256, Hulegu involva ruħu direttament fil-kampanja militari tal-Mongoljani biex jiġu eliminati ċ-ċentri tal-poter tal-Iżmaeljani. Minn tinda lussuża li ttellgħet għalih f'Tus, Hulegu sejjaħ lill-gvernatur Iżmaeljan f'Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham, u talab li jarrendi u jċedi l-fortizzi kollha tal-provinċja tiegħu. Nasir al-Din spjega li seta' jissottometti ruħu biss skont l-ordnijiet tal-Imam, u li hu bħala gvernatur ma kellux is-setgħa li jikseb il-konformità tal-Iżmaeljani. Sadanittant, l-Imam 'Ala al-Din Mohammad, li kien inqatel, ħadlu postu ibnu Rukn al-Din Khurshah fl-1255. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din beda sensiela ta' ġesti biex juri li qed jissottometti ruħu għall-Mongoljani. Bħala turija tal-konformità tiegħu u fuq talba ta' Hulegu, Rukn al-Din beda l-proċess ta' żarmar f'Alamut, f'Maymundiz u f'Lamasar, u beda jneħħi t-torrijiet u l-fortifikazzjonijiet. Madankollu, malli qorbot ix-xitwa, Hulegu qies dawn il-ġesti bħala mezz biex jiddewwem il-ħtif tal-kastelli u fit-8 ta' Novembru 1256, it-truppi Mongoljani malajr iċċirkondaw il-fortizza ta' Maymundiz u r-residenza tal-Imam. Wara erbat ijiem ta' bumbardamenti preliminari b'diversi nies li ndarbu jew mietu miż-żewġ naħat, il-Mongoljani nġabru madwar il-kastell u ħejjew għal assedju dirett. Ma kienx għad hemm borra mal-art u l-attakki nbdew, għaldaqstant Rukn al-Din kellu jiddikjara li jarrendi sabiex hu u l-familja tiegħu ma jinqatlux. Imġiegħel minn Hulegu, Rukn al-Din kellu jibgħat il-messaġġ li jarrendi l-kastelli kollha tiegħu fil-Wied ta' Alamut. Fil-fortizza ta' Alamut, il-Prinċep Mongoljan Balaghai mexxa t-truppi tiegħu sal-bażi tal-kastell, u sejjaħ lill-kmandant ta' Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din, biex jarrendi. Ġie ddikjarat li jekk jarrendi u jwiegħed l-alleanza tiegħu mal-Khan il-Kbir fi żmien jum, dawk kollha li kienu jinsabu fil-Kastell ta' Alamut ma kinux jinqatlu. Maymundiz ħasibha darbtejn u beda jiddubita jekk il-messaġġ tal-Imam li jarrendi kienx fil-fatt att kontra r-rieda tiegħu. Sabiex jobdu lill-Imam, Muqaddam u t-truppi tiegħu niżlu mill-fortizza, u l-armata Mongoljana daħlet fil-Kastell ta' Alamut u bdiet iġġarrfu. Meta mqabbel ma' Maymundiz, il-fortizza ta' Alamut kienet iffortifikata aħjar u setgħet tiflaħ fit-tul għall-attakki tal-armata Mongoljana. Madankollu, il-kastell kien relattivament żgħir u ġie ċċirkondat faċilment mill-Mongoljani. Xorta waħda, l-iżjed fattur sinifikanti li wassal għat-telfa tal-Iżmaeljani f'Alamut kien il-kmand tal-Imam biex jarrendu l-kastelli kollha tal-wied. Ħafna mil-fortizzi l-oħra kkonformaw, għaldaqstant mhux talli r-reżistenza ta' Muqaddam kienet twassal għal battalja diretta għall-kastell, talli t-tkasbir espliċitu tal-istruzzjonijiet tal-Imam kieku kien ikollhom impatt sinifikanti fuq il-ġurament tal-kmandant Iżmaeljan ta' ubbidjenza totali lill-Imam. Il-ħakma tal-kastelli Iżmaeljani kienet kritika għall-espansjoni politika u territorjali tal-Mongoljani lejn il-Punent. Madankollu, Juvayni ddeskriviha bħala "kwistjoni ta' kastig divin kontra l-eretiċi fil-bejta tax-xitan". Id-deskrizzjoni ta' Juvayni tal-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari tiżvela kemm l-istoriku reliġjuż kien kontra l-Iżmaeljani. Meta Rukn al-Din wasal fil-Mongolja b'wegħdiet biex jipperswadi l-fortizzi Iżmaeljani li kien għad fadal biex jarrendu, il-Khan il-Kbir Mongke ħass li l-Imam ma kellux iktar użu. Fi triqtu lura lejn art twelidu, Rukn al-Din inqatel. Fid-deskrizzjoni tiegħu ta' dan l-episodju, Juvayni jikkonkludi li l-qtil tal-Imam naddaf "id-dinja li kienet tniġġset mill-ħażen tagħhom". Sussegwentement, f'Quhistan, l-Iżmaeljani ssejħu bl-eluf biex jattendu f'ġemgħat kbar, fejn ġew massakrati. Għalkemm uħud ħarbu lejn ir-reġjuni ġirien, l-Iżmaeljani li mietu fil-massakri wara l-ħtif tal-gwarniġjoni Iżmaeljani laħqu kważi 100,000 ruħ. Skont Ata-Malik Juvayni, waqt l-attakk kontra l-Kastell ta' Alamut, "Khitayan" bena armi tal-assedji qishom qwies u użahom. "Khitayan" kien isem biċ-[[Lingwi Ċiniżi|Ċiniż]] u kienet arma li ntużat fl-1256 taħt il-kmand ta' Hulegu. Il-kastell ġarrab ħsarat estensivi u l-balal bin-nar sparati bil-qwies "ħarqu" għadd kbir tal-assassini. Dawn setgħu jisparaw sa bogħod ta' madwar 2,500 pass bis-saħħa tal-arma deskritta bħala qaws. Iż-żift kien jingħata n-nar u jintefa' fuq il-balal jew il-vleġeġ tal-arma qabel l-isparar. Storiku ieħor jaħseb li minflok jaf intużaw porvli mal-balal u mal-vleġeġ u dawn ikkawżaw il-ħarqiet waqt il-battalja msemmijin minn Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani === Ġie preżunt li bl-assedju inizjali tal-Kastell ta' Alamut fl-1256, il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari fl-inħawi nqerdet għalkollox. Għalkemm il-ħsara kienet estensiva, il-qawwiet ta' Nizari rnexxielhom jerġgħu jaħtfu l-Kastell ta' Alamut fl-1275. Instabet evidenza ta' mewġa oħra ta' qerda fil-perjodu tas-Safavidi bis-saħħa ta' studji arkeoloġiċi li saru fl-2004 taħt it-tmexxija ta' [[Hamideh Chubak]]. Evidenza ulterjuri tissuġġerixxi li kien hemm attakk [[Afganistan|Afgan]] ieħor fuq il-kastell. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == Il-karatteristiċi [[Ġeografija|ġeografiċi]] naturali tal-wied madwar il-Kastell ta' Alamut inġenerali servew bħala difiża naturali tal-kastell. Il-fortizza kienet tinsab fil-quċċata ta' bażi dejqa tal-blat bejn wieħed u ieħor 180 metru 'l fuq mill-art, għaldaqstant ma setgħetx tittieħed b'qawwa militari diretta. Lejn il-Lvant, il-Wied ta' Alamut huwa kkonfinat minn katina muntanjuża msejħa Alamkuh ''(It-Tron ta' Salamun)'' u fi ħdanha tnixxi x-xmara Alamut. Id-daħla tal-Punent tal-wied hija waħda dejqa, protetta minn irdumijiet għoljin iktar minn 350 metru. Magħruf bħala s-Shirkuh, hemm fondoq li jinsab fejn jiltaqgħu tliet xmajjar: ix-xmara Taliqan, ix-xmara Shahrud u x-xmara Alamut. Għall-biċċa l-kbira tas-sena, l-ilmijiet qalila tax-xmara kienu jipprevjenu d-dħul minn hawnhekk. Qazvin, l-eqreb raħal tal-wied mill-art huwa aċċessibbli biss minn mogħdija mhux żviluppata tal-ħmir u l-preżenza tal-għadu fiha setgħet faċilment tiġi individwata mit-trab li kien jinqala' meta xi ħadd jgħaddi minn hemm. L-approċċ militari tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari kien fil-biċċa l-kkbira wieħed difensiv, b'siti magħżula b'mod strateġiku li kienu jevitaw il-konfront kull fejn kien ikun possibbli mingħajr t-telf ta' ħajjiet. Il-karatteristika li kienet tiddistingwi l-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari kienet li kien sparpaljat ġeografikament mal-Persja u mas-Sirja kollha. Għaldaqstant, il-Kastell ta' Alamut kien wieħed biss minn sensiela ta' fortizzi madwar ir-reġjuni fejn l-Iżmaeljani setgħu jirtiraw għas-sikurezza jekk dan ikun meħtieġ. Fil-Punent tal-Kastell ta' Alamut, fil-Wied ta' Shahrud, il-fortizza ewlenija ta' Lamasar serviet bħala eżempju wieħed biss ta' tali post għall-irtirar. Fil-kuntest tat-taqbid politiku tagħhom, id-diversi spazji ta' preżenza militari Iżmaeljana kienu jissejħu ''dar al-hijra'' (post ta' refuġju). Il-kunċett tad-''dar al-hijra'' jirreferi għall-''hijrah'' tal-Profeta [[Muħammed]], li wettaq migrazzjoni lejn Yathrib flimkien mal-fidili tiegħu biex jevita l-ostilità tal-poplu Quraysh. Sabiex jiksbu l-għanijiet reliġjużi u politiċi tagħhom, l-Iżmaeljani adottaw diversi strateġiji militari popolari fil-[[Medjuevu|Medju Evu]]. Wieħed minn dawn il-metodi kien dak tal-assassinju, l-eliminazzjoni selettiva ta' figuri rivali prominenti. Il-qtil tal-avversarji politiċi normalment kien isir fi spazji pubbliċi, u b'hekk kienet tinħoloq intimidazzjoni kbira għal għedewwa possibbli oħra. Matul l-istorja, bosta gruppi użaw l-assassinju bħala mezz biex jiksbu għanijiet politiċi. Fil-kuntest Iżmaeljan, dawn l-assenjazzjonijiet kienu jsiru mill-''fidā'īs'' (devoti) tal-missjoni Iżmaeljana. Dawn kienu uniċi peress li ċ-ċivili qatt ma kienu jkunu fil-mira. L-assassinji kienu jsiru kontra dawk li l-eliminazzjoni tagħhom kienet tnaqqas ferm l-aggressjoni kontra l-Iżmaeljani, u b'mod partikolari kontra dawk li kienu wettqu massakri kontra l-komunità. Normalment assassinju wieħed kien isir minflok it-tixrid tad-[[demm]] mill-ġlied bejn għadd ta' fazzjonijiet. L-ewwel okkorrenza ta' assassinju bħala sforz biex jiġi stabbilit l-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari fil-Persja jitqies b'mod wiesa' li kien il-qtil tal-viżier tas-Seljuk, Nizam al-Mulk. Dan twettaq minn [[raġel]] liebes ta' Sufi, li mhux ċar eżatt x'kienet l-identità tiegħu, u b'hekk il-qtil tal-viżier f'qorti tas-Seljuk turi t-tip ta' viżibbiltà li kien hemm u kemm il-missjonijiet tal-''fida'is'' ġew esaġerati b'mod sinifikanti. Filwaqt li s-Seljuk u l-ġellieda tal-[[Kruċjata|Kruċjati]] użaw l-assassinju bħala mezz militari biex jeħilsu mill-għedewwa ta' fazzjonijiet differenti, matul il-perjodu ta' Alamut kważi kwalunkwe qtil ta' importanza politika fl-artijiet Iżlamiċi ġie attribwit lill-Iżmaeljani, u b'hekk saru magħrufa bħala l-"Assassini". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries. By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders. The origins of the word forgotten, across Europe the term ''assassin'' had taken the meaning of "professional murderer". In 1603, the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo (1254–1324) from his visits to the region. While he assembled the accounts of many Western travelers, the author failed to explain the etymology of the term Assassin. The infamous Assassins were finally linked by orientalists scholar Silvestre de Sacy (d.1838) to the Arabic ''hashish'' using their variant names ''assassini'' and assissini in the 19th century. Citing the example of one of the first written applications of the Arabic term ''hashishi'' to the Ismailis by historian Abu Shams (d.1267), de Sacy demonstrated its connection to the name given to the Ismailis throughout Western scholarship. Ironically, the first known usage of the term ''hashishi'' has been traced back to 1122, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir employed it in derogatory reference to the Syrian Nizaris. Without accusing the group of utilizing the hashish drug, the caliph used the term in a pejorative manner. This label was quickly applied by anti-Ismaili historians to the Ismailis of Syria and Persia. Used figuratively, the term ''hashishi'' connoted meanings such as outcasts or rabble. The legends of the Assassins had much to do with the training and instruction of Nizari ''fida'is'', famed for their public missions during which they often gave their lives to eliminate adversaries. From the Crusader accounts and the works of historians have contributed to the tales of ''fida'is'' being fed with hashish as part of their training. Whether ''fida'is'' were actually trained or dispatched by Nizari leaders is unconfirmed, but scholars including Wladimir Ivanow purport that the assassination of key figures including Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk likely provided encouraging impetus to others in the community who sought to secure the Nizaris from political aggression. In fact, the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a military means of disposing of factional enemies. Yet during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands became attributed to the Ismailis. So inflated had this association grown, that in the work of Orientalist scholars such as Bernard Lewis the Ismailis were virtually equated to the politically active ''fida'is''. Thus the Nizari Ismaili community was regarded as a radical and heretical sect known as the Assassins. Originally, a "local and popular term" first applied to the Ismailis of Syria, the label was orally transmitted to Western historians and thus found itself in their histories of the Nizaris. The tales of the ''fida'is''<nowiki/>' training collected from anti-Ismaili historians and orientalists writers were confounded and compiled in Marco Polo's account, in which he described a "secret garden of paradise". After being drugged, the Ismaili devotees were said be taken to a paradise-like garden filled with attractive young maidens and beautiful plants in which these ''fida'is'' would awaken. Here, they were told by an "old" man that they were witnessing their place in Paradise and that should they wish to return to this garden permanently, they must serve the Nizari cause. So went the tale of the "Old Man in the Mountain", assembled by Marco Polo and accepted by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), a prominent orientalist writer responsible for much of the spread of this legend. Until the 1930s, Hammer-Purgstall's retelling of the Assassin legends served across Europe as the standard account of the Nizaris. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida'i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] [[Kategorija:Kastelli]] [[Kategorija:Fortifikazzjonijiet]] [[Kategorija:Fortizzi]] [[Kategorija:Iran]] b0eby5h25578i5nxsvsvc5z7uacryq1 331555 331553 2026-08-18T11:08:54Z Trigcly 17859 /* Leġġenda u folklor */ 331555 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoljani qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoljani ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da'i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Wara li tkeċċa mill-[[Eġittu]] minħabba li kien appoġġa lil Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah sab li l-koreliġjużi tiegħu, l-Iżmaeljani, kienu sparpaljati mal-Persja kollha, bi preżenza qawwija fir-reġjuni tat-Tramuntana u tal-Lvant, b'mod partikolari f'Daylaman, f'Khorasan u f'Quhistan. L-Iżmaeljani u popli okkupati oħra tal-Iran kellhom l-istess mibegħda kontra t-tmexxija tas-Seljuk, li kienu qasmu r-raba' agrikolu tal-pajjiż f'''iqtā'<nowiki/>'' (fewdi) u imponew taxxi kbar fuq iċ-ċittadini li kienu jgħixu fihom. L-''amiri'' tas-Seljuk (mexxejja indipendenti) normalment kellhom ġurisdizzjoni u kontroll sħaħ fuq id-distretti li kienu jamministraw. Sadanittant, l-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] u l-klassijiet inferjuri Persjani bdew igorru dejjem iktar kontra l-politiki u t-taxxi kbar tas-Seljuk. Hassan ukoll kien jistkerrah l-oppressjoni [[politika]] u ekonomika imposta mill-klassi mexxejja tas-Seljuk [[Iżlam Sunni|Sunniti]] fuq il-Musulmani Xiiti madwar l-Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === Sal-1090, il-viżier tas-Seljuk Nizam al-Mulk kien diġà ta l-ordnijiet biex Hassan jiġi arrestat u għaldaqstant Hassan kien qed jgħix mistoħbi fir-raħal tat-Tramuntana ta' Qazvin, madwar 60&#x20;kilometru mill-Kastell ta' Alamut. Hemmhekk, huwa ħejja l-pjanijiet biex jaħtaf il-fortizza, li kienet imdawrea minn wied għammiel b'abitanti li fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu Musulmani Xiiti, u Hassan seta' faċilment jikseb l-appoġġ tagħhom biex jagħmlu rewwixta kontra s-Seljuk. Il-kastell qatt ma kien inħataf qabel b'mezzi militari u b'hekk Hassan ħejja pjanijiet bir-reqqa. Fis-sajf tal-1090, Hassan telaq minn Qazvin lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut fuq rotta muntanjuża minn Andej. Huwa baqa' f'Andej taparsi kien [[għalliem]] tal-iskola jismu Dehkhoda sakemm kien ċert li għadd ta' nies li kienu jappoġġawh kienu qed jgħixu eżatt taħt il-kastell fil-villaġġ ta' Gazorkhan jew kienu kisbu impjieg fil-fortizza stess. Hassan baqa' jagħmilha taparsi l-għalliem tal-iskola u reħilha lejn il-fortizza, u kiseb il-fiduċja u l-ħbiberija ta' ħafna mis-suldati tagħha. Qagħad b'seba' għajnejn biex ma jiġbidx l-attenzjoni tas-sinjur tal-kastell Zaydi 'Alid Mahdi, u Hassan beda jattira figuri prominenti fil-Kastell ta' Alamut biex jappoġġaw il-missjoni tiegħu. Ġie saħansitra ssuġġerit li l-viċi stess ta' Mahdi kien jappoġġa b'mod sigriet lil Hassan, u baqa' jistenna biex juri l-lealtà tiegħu lejh sa dakinhar li Hassan ħataf il-kastell. Iktar kmieni fis-sajf, Mahdi żar Qazvin, fejn ingħata ordnijiet stretti mingħand Nizam al-Mulk biex isib u jarresta lil Hassan li kien qed jingħad li kien qed jistaħba fil-provinċja ta' Daylaman. Mar-ritorn tiegħu lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Mahdi nnota diversi qaddejja u gwardji ġodda li ġew impjegati hemmhekk. Il-viċi tiegħu spjegalu li bosta mill-ħaddiema l-oħra tal-kastell kienu mardu u kienu xortihom tajba li nstabu ħaddiema oħra minflokhom mill-villaġġi ġirien. Imħasseb dwar l-assoċjazzjonijiet ta' dawn il-ħaddiema, Mahdi ordna lill-viċi tiegħu biex jarresta lil kull min kien jinstab li kellu konnessjonijiet mal-Iżmaeljani. Is-suspetti ta' Mahdi ġew ikkonfermati meta Hassan finalment qorob lejn is-sinjur tal-fortizza, u żvela l-identità reali tiegħu u ddikjara li l-kastell kien sar tiegħu. Minnufih, Mahdi sejjaħ lill-gwardji biex jarrestawh u jneħħu lil Hassan mill-kastell, iżda sabhom lesti li jsegwi kull kmand ta' Hassan. Mistagħġeb, huwa rrealizza bl-ingann u tħalla jitlaq mill-kastell b'mod ħieles. Madankollu, qabel ma telaq, Mahdi ngħata 3,000 dinar tad-deheb bħala pagament għall-fortizza, li tħallsu minn uffiċjal tas-Seljuk li kien segwa l-kawża tal-Iżmaeljani u li kien jissejjaħ Ra'is Muzaffar li onora l-pagament kollu. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inħataf mingħand Mahdi u għaldaqstant mill-kontroll tas-Seljuk minn Hassan u dawk li appoġġawh mingħajr l-użu ta' ebda vjolenza. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === Wara li ħataf il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Hassan minnufih beda jiffortifika mill-ġdid il-kumpless kollu. Huwa saħħaħ is-swar u l-istruttura ta' sensiela ta' mħażen, u b'hekk il-fortizza setgħet issostni lilha nnifisha waqt l-eqqel konfrontazzjonijiet. Il-perimetri tal-kmamar ġew imkaħħlin bil-[[ġebla tal-ġir]], sabiex jiġu ppreservati l-provvisti li kellhom jintużaw fi żminijiet ta' kriżi. Tabilħaqq, meta l-[[Mongolja|Mongoljani]] invadew il-fortizza, Juvayni baqa' mistagħġeb meta ra l-provvisti kbar maħżuna f'kundizzjoni perfetta biex jkunu jistgħu jifilħu għal xi assedju possibbli. Imbagħad, Hassan ħa ħsieb l-irrigazzjoni tal-villaġġi tal-madwar tal-Wied ta' Alamut. L-art fil-baċir tal-wied kienet raba' agrikolu, li kien tajjeb għall-kultivazzjoni ta' għelejjel nexfin, fosthom ix-xgħir, il-qamħ u r-ross. Sabiex ikun disponibbli l-ikbar ammont ta' raba' kultivabbli, l-art ġiet imtarrġa skont l-ordnijiet ta' Hassan. Il-kostruzzjoni tal-librerija famuża tal-Kastell ta' Alamut x'aktarx li seħħet wara l-fortifikazzjoni tal-kastell u tal-wied tal-madwar. Bl-istrumenti astronomiċi u l-kollezzjoni rari ta' xogħlijiet tagħha, il-librerija attirat studjużi u xjenzati ta' varjetà ta' [[Reliġjon|reliġjonijiet]] minn madwar id-dinja li żaruha għal bosta xhur wara xulxin, ospitati mill-Iżmaeljani. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-kitbiet tal-Iżmaeljani Persjani, kemm [[Xjenza|xjentifiċi]] kif ukoll reliġjużi, ma baqgħux jeżistu wara l-perjodu ta' Alamut. Minbarra l-letteratura rikka li kienet diġà ġiet prodotta bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]], ir-rilokazzjoni taċ-ċentru tal-Iżmaeljani lejn l-Iran wasslet għal żieda fil-letteratura Iżmaeljana Persjana. Waħda mill-iżjed telfiet bikrin tal-librerija seħħet matul l-ewwel snin tat-tmexxija tal-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan f'Alamut. Sabiex iżomm mal-prinċipji tiegħu li jqarrab ir-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Iżmaeljani Persjani u d-dinja Sunnita usa', l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan stieden għadd ta' studjużi reliġjużi mir-raħal ta' Qazvin biex iżuru l-librerija tal-kastell u jaħarqu kwalunkwe ktieb li jqisu bħala ereżija. Madankollu, ma kienx qabel il-kmand tal-mexxej Mongoljan, Hulegu Khan, meta l-Mongoljani telgħu sal-fortizza f'Diċembru 1256, u l-librerija tal-Kastell ta' Alamut intilfet. Bil-permess ta' Hulegu, Juvayni esplora l-librerija u għażel xi xogħlijiet li skontu kien jistħoqqilhom jiġu salvati, qabel ma ħaraq il-kumplament. Fost l-affarijiet li għażel, kien hemm kopji tal-[[Koran]], għadd ta' strumenti u trattati astronomiċi, u għadd ta' xogħlijiet Iżmaeljani. Bħala anti-Iżmaeljan, it-tagħlim personali ta' Ata-Malik Juvayni kien l-uniku kontenut meqjus eretiku tax-xogħlijiet reliġjużi tal-librerija. Għalhekk, uħud mill-iżjed trattati rikki rigward il-fidi Iżmaeljana ntilfu mal-qerda tal-librerija. Mill-miġja u l-istħarriġ tiegħu tal-kastell, Juvayni fassal deskrizzjoni ta' Alamut li inkorporaha fil-kronaka tiegħu tal-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani, imsejħa ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' (''L-Istorja tal-Ħakkiem tad-Dinja''). === Imamat f'Alamut === Mal-[[mewt]] ta' Hassan-i Sabbah fl-1124, il-fortizza ta' Alamut spiċċat taħt il-kmand tad-''da'i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, u taħtu r-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Iżmaeljani u s-Seljuk tjiebu. Madankollu, dan ma sarx mingħajr prova tal-qawwa tal-kmand ta' Buzurg Ummid, u minħabba f'hekk is-Seljuk wettqu attakk fl-1126 fuq il-fortizzi Iżmaeljani ta' Rudbar u ta' Quhistan. Kien biss wara li ma rnexxewx dawn l-attakki, li s-sultan tas-Seljuk Ahmad Sanjar ikkonċeda li jirrikonoxxi l-indipendenza tat-territorji Iżmaeljani. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Għaldaqstant, Muḥammad ħa post Kiya Buzurg Ummid fl-1138. Għalkemm kienet mistennija xi reżistenza għat-tmexxija tiegħu, is-Seljuk frammentati ntlaqgħu b'solidarjetà kontinwa fost l-Iżmaeljani, li baqgħu unifikati taħt il-kmand ta' Muhammad. Fl-ewwel parti tat-tmexxija ta' Muhammad ma tantx kien hemm livell għoli ta' kunflitti, u b'hekk il-poplu ta' Nizari seta' jakkwista u jibni għadd ta' fortizzi fir-reġjuni ta' Qumis u ta' Rudbar, inkluż il-kastelli ta' Sa'adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh u Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Wara li marad fl-1162, Muhammad ħadlu postu Hasan, tal-età ta' madwar 35 sena. Sentejn biss wara li kiseb il-poter, l-Imam Hasan milli jidher mexxa ċerimonja magħrufa bħala ''qiyama'' (qawmien mill-ġdid) fl-artijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut, u b'hekk l-Imam seta' jerġa' jkun viżibbli mal-komunità ta' fidili tiegħu fl-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizārī u lil hinn. Minħabba l-miri polemikużi ta' Juvayni, u l-fatt li ħaraq il-libreriji Iżmaeljani li jaf kienu joffru ferm iżjed xhieda dwar l-istorja, l-istudjużi ddubitaw in-narrattiva tiegħu iżda ma għandhomx triq oħra għajr li jserrħu fuqha minħabba l-assenza ta' sorsi alternattivi. B'xorti tajba, ġew ippreservati wkoll deskrizzjonijiet ta' dan l-avvenimenti fin-narrattiva ta' Rashid al-Din u rrakkontata fil-Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, ktieb Iżmaeljan tas-seklu 15. Madankollu, dawn jew huma bbażati fuq Juvayni, jew ma tantx jidħlu f'wisq dettall. Ma għadu jeżisti l-ebda rendikont Iżmaeljan tal-avvenimenti li seħħew. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === Il-ftit li nafu dwar l-Imamat ta' Alamut jiġi rrakkontat lilna minn wieħed mill-iktar nies li kellu għall-Iżmaeljani, Juvayni, li kien studjuż Musulman Sunnita li kien jaqdi lill-Mongoljani. Filwaqt li dak iż-żmien ma setax jiċċelebra fil-beraħ ir-rebħiet tal-Mongoljani kontra mexxejja Musulmani oħra, ir-rebħa tal-Mongoljani kontra l-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari, li Juvayni kien iqishom eretiċi "vili daqs il-klieb", saret il-qofol tax-xogħol tiegħu dwar l-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani. Skont il-verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-avvenimenti, fis-sena ta' wara l-mewt tal-Imam-Kaliff al-Mustansir, ''qadi'' (imħallef) jismu Abul Hasan Sa'idi vvjaġġa mill-Eġittu lejn Alamut, u ħa miegħu lill-iben iż-żgħir tal-Imam Nizar, li kien magħruf bħala al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Fl-1166, il-post ta' Hasan 'ala Dhikri al-Salam ittieħed mill-Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, li bħal missieru u l-imams tal-perjodu ta' qabel Alamut, iddikjara lilu nnifsu b'mod miftuħ lill-fidili tiegħu. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Fi ħdan il-Persja, il-poplu Nizari tal-perjodu ta' Qiyama fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu jinjoraw l-impenji politiċi ta' qabilhom u saru pjuttost iżolati mid-dinja Sunnita ta' madwarhom. Madankollu, il-mewt ta' Muhammad II tat bidu għal era ġdida għall-poplu Nizari, taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan stieden lill-istudjużi u l-ġuristi Sunniti minn Khurasan u mill-[[Iraq]] biex iżuru Alamut, u saħansitra stiedinhom jispezzjonaw il-librerija u jneħħu l-kotba li skonthom kellhom jitneħħew. Matul ħajtu, l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan żamm relazzjonijiet ta' ħbiberija mal-Kaliff Abbasid al-Nasir. Alleanza mal-kaliff ta' [[Bagdad]] kienet tfisser iktar riżorsi għall-awtodifiża mhux biss tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, iżda anke tad-dinja Musulmana usa'. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === Wara mewtu fl-1221, l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan ħadlu postu ibnu 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. Wara li kiseb il-poter meta kellu 9 snin biss, l-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad kompla l-poltika ta' missieru li jżomm relazzjonijiet mill-qrib mal-kaliff Abbasid. Taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, ġiet enfasizzata l-ħtieġa li l-Imam jiggwida b'mod kostanti lill-komunità skont it-talbiet ta' dak iż-żmien. Il-ħajja intellettwali u l-istudju tkattru taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. Il-libreriji ta' Nizari ħadu l-ħajja bi studjużi mill-[[Asja]] kollha, huma u jaħarbu mill-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === Sal-qtil tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad fl-1255, il-Mongoljani kienu diġà attakkaw għadd ta' fortizzi Iżmaeljani f'Quhistan. L-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad ħadlu postu ibnu l-kbir l-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah, li daħal f'sensiela twila ta' negozjati mal-invażuri Mongoljani, u taħt it-tmexxija tiegħu, il-Kastell ta' Alamut ġie ċedut lill-Mongoljani. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === L-espansjoni tas-setgħa tal-Mongoljani fil-Punent tal-Asja kienet tiddependi fuq il-ħakma tal-artijiet Iżlamiċi, u l-ħtif sħiħ tagħhom kien ikun impossibbli mingħajr il-qerda tal-istat Iżmaeljan qalil ta' Nizari. L-ewwel attakk tal-Mongoljani kontra l-Iżmaeljani seħħ f'April 1253, meta bosta mill-fortizzi ta' Quhistan intilfu kontra l-ġeneral Mongoljan [[Kristjaneżmu|Kristjan]] Ket-Buqa. Sa Mejju, it-truppi Mongoljani kienu avvanzaw sal-fortizza ta' Girdkuh fejn il-qawwiet Iżmaeljani rreżistew għal diversi xhur. F'Diċembru, tifqigħa tal-[[kolera]] fi ħdan il-kastell dgħajfet id-difiżi Iżmaeljani. Ir-rinforzi waslu malajr mill-fortizza ta' Alamut fil-qrib u għelbu l-attakk tal-Mongoljani, filwaqt li qatlu diversi mijiet ta' suldati mit-truppi ta' Ket-Buqa. Il-kastell ġie salvat iżda l-attakki suċċessivi tal-Mongoljani fuq l-irħula ta' Tun u ta' Tus irriżultaw f'massakri. F'Khurasan, il-Mongoljani imponew liġijiet tiranniċi u kienu responsabbli għall-ispostament tal-massa tal-popolazzjoni tal-provinċja. Wara li massakri li seħħew f'Tun fl-1256, Hulegu involva ruħu direttament fil-kampanja militari tal-Mongoljani biex jiġu eliminati ċ-ċentri tal-poter tal-Iżmaeljani. Minn tinda lussuża li ttellgħet għalih f'Tus, Hulegu sejjaħ lill-gvernatur Iżmaeljan f'Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham, u talab li jarrendi u jċedi l-fortizzi kollha tal-provinċja tiegħu. Nasir al-Din spjega li seta' jissottometti ruħu biss skont l-ordnijiet tal-Imam, u li hu bħala gvernatur ma kellux is-setgħa li jikseb il-konformità tal-Iżmaeljani. Sadanittant, l-Imam 'Ala al-Din Mohammad, li kien inqatel, ħadlu postu ibnu Rukn al-Din Khurshah fl-1255. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din beda sensiela ta' ġesti biex juri li qed jissottometti ruħu għall-Mongoljani. Bħala turija tal-konformità tiegħu u fuq talba ta' Hulegu, Rukn al-Din beda l-proċess ta' żarmar f'Alamut, f'Maymundiz u f'Lamasar, u beda jneħħi t-torrijiet u l-fortifikazzjonijiet. Madankollu, malli qorbot ix-xitwa, Hulegu qies dawn il-ġesti bħala mezz biex jiddewwem il-ħtif tal-kastelli u fit-8 ta' Novembru 1256, it-truppi Mongoljani malajr iċċirkondaw il-fortizza ta' Maymundiz u r-residenza tal-Imam. Wara erbat ijiem ta' bumbardamenti preliminari b'diversi nies li ndarbu jew mietu miż-żewġ naħat, il-Mongoljani nġabru madwar il-kastell u ħejjew għal assedju dirett. Ma kienx għad hemm borra mal-art u l-attakki nbdew, għaldaqstant Rukn al-Din kellu jiddikjara li jarrendi sabiex hu u l-familja tiegħu ma jinqatlux. Imġiegħel minn Hulegu, Rukn al-Din kellu jibgħat il-messaġġ li jarrendi l-kastelli kollha tiegħu fil-Wied ta' Alamut. Fil-fortizza ta' Alamut, il-Prinċep Mongoljan Balaghai mexxa t-truppi tiegħu sal-bażi tal-kastell, u sejjaħ lill-kmandant ta' Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din, biex jarrendi. Ġie ddikjarat li jekk jarrendi u jwiegħed l-alleanza tiegħu mal-Khan il-Kbir fi żmien jum, dawk kollha li kienu jinsabu fil-Kastell ta' Alamut ma kinux jinqatlu. Maymundiz ħasibha darbtejn u beda jiddubita jekk il-messaġġ tal-Imam li jarrendi kienx fil-fatt att kontra r-rieda tiegħu. Sabiex jobdu lill-Imam, Muqaddam u t-truppi tiegħu niżlu mill-fortizza, u l-armata Mongoljana daħlet fil-Kastell ta' Alamut u bdiet iġġarrfu. Meta mqabbel ma' Maymundiz, il-fortizza ta' Alamut kienet iffortifikata aħjar u setgħet tiflaħ fit-tul għall-attakki tal-armata Mongoljana. Madankollu, il-kastell kien relattivament żgħir u ġie ċċirkondat faċilment mill-Mongoljani. Xorta waħda, l-iżjed fattur sinifikanti li wassal għat-telfa tal-Iżmaeljani f'Alamut kien il-kmand tal-Imam biex jarrendu l-kastelli kollha tal-wied. Ħafna mil-fortizzi l-oħra kkonformaw, għaldaqstant mhux talli r-reżistenza ta' Muqaddam kienet twassal għal battalja diretta għall-kastell, talli t-tkasbir espliċitu tal-istruzzjonijiet tal-Imam kieku kien ikollhom impatt sinifikanti fuq il-ġurament tal-kmandant Iżmaeljan ta' ubbidjenza totali lill-Imam. Il-ħakma tal-kastelli Iżmaeljani kienet kritika għall-espansjoni politika u territorjali tal-Mongoljani lejn il-Punent. Madankollu, Juvayni ddeskriviha bħala "kwistjoni ta' kastig divin kontra l-eretiċi fil-bejta tax-xitan". Id-deskrizzjoni ta' Juvayni tal-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari tiżvela kemm l-istoriku reliġjuż kien kontra l-Iżmaeljani. Meta Rukn al-Din wasal fil-Mongolja b'wegħdiet biex jipperswadi l-fortizzi Iżmaeljani li kien għad fadal biex jarrendu, il-Khan il-Kbir Mongke ħass li l-Imam ma kellux iktar użu. Fi triqtu lura lejn art twelidu, Rukn al-Din inqatel. Fid-deskrizzjoni tiegħu ta' dan l-episodju, Juvayni jikkonkludi li l-qtil tal-Imam naddaf "id-dinja li kienet tniġġset mill-ħażen tagħhom". Sussegwentement, f'Quhistan, l-Iżmaeljani ssejħu bl-eluf biex jattendu f'ġemgħat kbar, fejn ġew massakrati. Għalkemm uħud ħarbu lejn ir-reġjuni ġirien, l-Iżmaeljani li mietu fil-massakri wara l-ħtif tal-gwarniġjoni Iżmaeljani laħqu kważi 100,000 ruħ. Skont Ata-Malik Juvayni, waqt l-attakk kontra l-Kastell ta' Alamut, "Khitayan" bena armi tal-assedji qishom qwies u użahom. "Khitayan" kien isem biċ-[[Lingwi Ċiniżi|Ċiniż]] u kienet arma li ntużat fl-1256 taħt il-kmand ta' Hulegu. Il-kastell ġarrab ħsarat estensivi u l-balal bin-nar sparati bil-qwies "ħarqu" għadd kbir tal-assassini. Dawn setgħu jisparaw sa bogħod ta' madwar 2,500 pass bis-saħħa tal-arma deskritta bħala qaws. Iż-żift kien jingħata n-nar u jintefa' fuq il-balal jew il-vleġeġ tal-arma qabel l-isparar. Storiku ieħor jaħseb li minflok jaf intużaw porvli mal-balal u mal-vleġeġ u dawn ikkawżaw il-ħarqiet waqt il-battalja msemmijin minn Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani === Ġie preżunt li bl-assedju inizjali tal-Kastell ta' Alamut fl-1256, il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari fl-inħawi nqerdet għalkollox. Għalkemm il-ħsara kienet estensiva, il-qawwiet ta' Nizari rnexxielhom jerġgħu jaħtfu l-Kastell ta' Alamut fl-1275. Instabet evidenza ta' mewġa oħra ta' qerda fil-perjodu tas-Safavidi bis-saħħa ta' studji arkeoloġiċi li saru fl-2004 taħt it-tmexxija ta' [[Hamideh Chubak]]. Evidenza ulterjuri tissuġġerixxi li kien hemm attakk [[Afganistan|Afgan]] ieħor fuq il-kastell. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == Il-karatteristiċi [[Ġeografija|ġeografiċi]] naturali tal-wied madwar il-Kastell ta' Alamut inġenerali servew bħala difiża naturali tal-kastell. Il-fortizza kienet tinsab fil-quċċata ta' bażi dejqa tal-blat bejn wieħed u ieħor 180 metru 'l fuq mill-art, għaldaqstant ma setgħetx tittieħed b'qawwa militari diretta. Lejn il-Lvant, il-Wied ta' Alamut huwa kkonfinat minn katina muntanjuża msejħa Alamkuh ''(It-Tron ta' Salamun)'' u fi ħdanha tnixxi x-xmara Alamut. Id-daħla tal-Punent tal-wied hija waħda dejqa, protetta minn irdumijiet għoljin iktar minn 350 metru. Magħruf bħala s-Shirkuh, hemm fondoq li jinsab fejn jiltaqgħu tliet xmajjar: ix-xmara Taliqan, ix-xmara Shahrud u x-xmara Alamut. Għall-biċċa l-kbira tas-sena, l-ilmijiet qalila tax-xmara kienu jipprevjenu d-dħul minn hawnhekk. Qazvin, l-eqreb raħal tal-wied mill-art huwa aċċessibbli biss minn mogħdija mhux żviluppata tal-ħmir u l-preżenza tal-għadu fiha setgħet faċilment tiġi individwata mit-trab li kien jinqala' meta xi ħadd jgħaddi minn hemm. L-approċċ militari tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari kien fil-biċċa l-kkbira wieħed difensiv, b'siti magħżula b'mod strateġiku li kienu jevitaw il-konfront kull fejn kien ikun possibbli mingħajr t-telf ta' ħajjiet. Il-karatteristika li kienet tiddistingwi l-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari kienet li kien sparpaljat ġeografikament mal-Persja u mas-Sirja kollha. Għaldaqstant, il-Kastell ta' Alamut kien wieħed biss minn sensiela ta' fortizzi madwar ir-reġjuni fejn l-Iżmaeljani setgħu jirtiraw għas-sikurezza jekk dan ikun meħtieġ. Fil-Punent tal-Kastell ta' Alamut, fil-Wied ta' Shahrud, il-fortizza ewlenija ta' Lamasar serviet bħala eżempju wieħed biss ta' tali post għall-irtirar. Fil-kuntest tat-taqbid politiku tagħhom, id-diversi spazji ta' preżenza militari Iżmaeljana kienu jissejħu ''dar al-hijra'' (post ta' refuġju). Il-kunċett tad-''dar al-hijra'' jirreferi għall-''hijrah'' tal-Profeta [[Muħammed]], li wettaq migrazzjoni lejn Yathrib flimkien mal-fidili tiegħu biex jevita l-ostilità tal-poplu Quraysh. Sabiex jiksbu l-għanijiet reliġjużi u politiċi tagħhom, l-Iżmaeljani adottaw diversi strateġiji militari popolari fil-[[Medjuevu|Medju Evu]]. Wieħed minn dawn il-metodi kien dak tal-assassinju, l-eliminazzjoni selettiva ta' figuri rivali prominenti. Il-qtil tal-avversarji politiċi normalment kien isir fi spazji pubbliċi, u b'hekk kienet tinħoloq intimidazzjoni kbira għal għedewwa possibbli oħra. Matul l-istorja, bosta gruppi użaw l-assassinju bħala mezz biex jiksbu għanijiet politiċi. Fil-kuntest Iżmaeljan, dawn l-assenjazzjonijiet kienu jsiru mill-''fidā'īs'' (devoti) tal-missjoni Iżmaeljana. Dawn kienu uniċi peress li ċ-ċivili qatt ma kienu jkunu fil-mira. L-assassinji kienu jsiru kontra dawk li l-eliminazzjoni tagħhom kienet tnaqqas ferm l-aggressjoni kontra l-Iżmaeljani, u b'mod partikolari kontra dawk li kienu wettqu massakri kontra l-komunità. Normalment assassinju wieħed kien isir minflok it-tixrid tad-[[demm]] mill-ġlied bejn għadd ta' fazzjonijiet. L-ewwel okkorrenza ta' assassinju bħala sforz biex jiġi stabbilit l-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari fil-Persja jitqies b'mod wiesa' li kien il-qtil tal-viżier tas-Seljuk, Nizam al-Mulk. Dan twettaq minn [[raġel]] liebes ta' Sufi, li mhux ċar eżatt x'kienet l-identità tiegħu, u b'hekk il-qtil tal-viżier f'qorti tas-Seljuk turi t-tip ta' viżibbiltà li kien hemm u kemm il-missjonijiet tal-''fida'is'' ġew esaġerati b'mod sinifikanti. Filwaqt li s-Seljuk u l-ġellieda tal-[[Kruċjata|Kruċjati]] użaw l-assassinju bħala mezz militari biex jeħilsu mill-għedewwa ta' fazzjonijiet differenti, matul il-perjodu ta' Alamut kważi kwalunkwe qtil ta' importanza politika fl-artijiet Iżlamiċi ġie attribwit lill-Iżmaeljani, u b'hekk saru magħrufa bħala l-"Assassini". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == Matul il-Medju Evu, l-istudji tal-Punent dwar l-Iżmaeljani wasslu għall-fehma popolari tal-komunità bħala setta radikali ta' assassini, li kienu maħsuba li kienu mħarrġa għall-qtil preċiż tal-avversarji tagħhom. Sas-seklu 14, l-istudji [[Ewropa|Ewropej]] dwar is-suġġett ma kinux avvanzaw wisq lil hinn mix-xogħol u mir-rakkonti tal-ġellieda tal-Kruċjati. L-oriġini tal-kelma ''assassin'' intesiet, u madwar l-Ewropa t-terminu ''assassin'' beda jfisser "qattiel professjonali". Fl-1603, l-ewwel pubblikazzjoni tal-Punent dwar is-suġġett tal-Assassini nħarġet minn uffiċjal tal-qorti tar-Re [[Enriku IV]] u kienet prinċipalment ibbażata fuq in-narrattivi ta' [[Marco Polo]] (1254–1324) u ż-żjarat tiegħu fir-reġjun. Għalkemm ġabar flimkien ir-rakkonti ta' bosta vjaġġaturi tal-Punent, l-awtur ma spjegax l-[[etimoloġija]] tat-terminu Assassin. L-Assassini famużi finalment ġew marbuta mill-istudjuż Orjentalist Silvestre de Sacy (li miet fl-1838) mal-''hashish'' bl-Għarbi u ntużaw diversi varjanti bħal ''assissini'' fis-seklu 19. De Sacy ikkwota l-eżempju ta' waħda mill-ewwel applikazzjonijiet bil-miktub tat-terminu Għarbi ''hashishi'' għall-Iżmaeljani mill-istoriku [[Abu Shams]] (li miet fl-1267), u wera l-konnessjoni tat-terminu mal-isem mogħti lill-Iżmaeljani fl-istudji kollha tal-Punent. Ironikament, l-ewwel użu magħruf tat-terminu ''hashishi'' jmur lura għall-1122, meta l-Kaliff Fatimid al-Amir użah bħala dispreġjattiv għall-poplu Nizari fis-Sirja. Mingħajr ma akkuża l-grupp li kien qed juża l-ħaxixa, il-kaliff uża t-terminu b'mod dispreġjattiv. Din it-tikketta ġiet applikata malajr mill-istoriċi anti-Iżmaeljani lill-Iżmaeljani tas-Sirja u tal-Persja. Meta jintuża b'mod figurattiv, it-terminu ''hashishi'' kellu konnotazzjonijiet simili għal emarġinati jew ta' qattani. Il-leġġendi tal-Assassini kellhom ħafna x'jaqsmu mat-taħriġ u mat-tagħlim tal-''fida'is'' ta' Nizari, famużi għall-missjonijiet pubbliċi tagħhom li spiss kienu jagħtu ħajjithom biex jeliminaw lill-avversarji. Mir-rakkonti tal-ġellieda tal-Kruċjati u mix-xogħlijiet tal-istoriċi ħareġ li l-''fida'is'' kienu jingħataw il-ħaxixa bħala parti mit-taħriġ tagħhom. Mhux ikkonfermat jekk il-''fida'is'' tassew kinux imħarrġa jew mibgħuta mill-mexxejja ta' Nizari, iżda l-istudjużi, fosthom [[Wladimir Ivanow]], isostnu li l-assassinju ta' figuri ewlenin, fosthom il-viżier tas-Seljuk Nizam al-Mulk, x'aktarx li kien jipprovdi impetu li kien iħeġġeġ lil oħrajn fil-komunità li riedu jħarsu lill-poplu Nizari mill-aggressjoni politika. Fil-fatt, is-Seljuk u l-ġellieda tal-Kruċjati t-tnejn li huma kienu jużaw l-assassinju bħala mezz militari biex jeħilsu mill-għedewwa ta' fazzjonijiet differenti. Minkejja dan, matul il-perjodu ta' Alamut kważi l-ebda qtil ta' importanza politika fl-artijiet Iżlamiċi ma ġie attribwit lill-Iżmaeljani. Tant kienet kibret din l-assoċjazzjoni, li fix-xogħol tal-istudjużi Orjentalisti bħal [[Bernard Lewis]], l-Iżmaeljani kienu awtomatikament jitqiesu bħala l-''fida'is'' li kienu attivi politikament. Għaldaqstant, il-komunità Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari kienet meqjusa bħala setta radikali u eretika magħrufa bħala l-Assassini. Oriġinarjament, "terminu lokali u popolari" li għall-ewwel ġie applikat għall-Iżmaeljani tas-Sirja, din it-tikketta ġiet trażmessa bil-fomm lill-istoriċi tal-Punent u b'hekk sabet ruħha fil-ġrajjiet tagħhom dwar il-poplu Nizari. Ir-rakkonti tat-taħriġ tal-''fida'is''<nowiki/>' miġbura mill-istoriċi u anti-Iżmaeljani u mill-[[Kittieb|kittieba]] Orjentalisti ġew ikkompilati u bbażati fuq ir-rakkont ta' Marco Polo, fejn iddeskriva "ġnien sigriet tal-ġenna". Wara li kienu jiġu drogati, kien jingħad li d-devoti Iżmaeljani kienu jittieħdu lejn ġnien qisu ġenna mimli b'nisa żgħażagħ attraenti u pjanti sbieħ fejn kienu jqumu mill-mewt il-''fida'is''. Hawnhekk, kien jingħad li raġel "xiħ" kien jgħidilhom li kienu se jixhdu posthom fil-ġenna u li jekk iridu jirritornaw f'dak il-ġnien b'mod permanenti, iridu jaqdu l-kawża ta' Nizari. Dan ir-rakkont kien simili għal dak tar-"Raġel Xiħ fil-Muntanja", miġbur minn Marco Polo u aċċettat minn Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), kittieb Orjentalist prominenti responsabbli għat-tifrix ta' din il-leġġenda. Sas-snin 30 tas-seklu 20, ir-rakkont ta' Hammer-Purgstall tal-leġġendi tal-Assassini serva bħala r-rakkont standard madwar l-Ewropa rigward il-poplu Nizari. Modern works on the Nizaris have elucidated the history of the Nizaris and in doing so, showed that much of the earlier popular history was inaccurate. In 1933, under the direction of the Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), the Islamic Research Association was developed. Prominent historian Wladimir Ivanow, was central to both this institution and the 1946 Ismaili Society of Bombay. Cataloguing a number of Ismaili texts, Ivanow provided the ground for great strides in modern Ismaili scholarship. In 2005, the archaeologist Peter Willey published evidence suggesting that the Assassin histories of earlier scholars were simply repeating inaccurate folklore. Drawing on its established esoteric doctrine, Willey asserts that the Ismaili understanding of Paradise is a deeply symbolic one. While the Qur'anic description of Heaven includes natural imagery, Willey argues that no Nizari ''fida'i'' would seriously believe that he was witnessing Paradise simply by awakening in a beauteous garden. The Nizaris' symbolic interpretation of the Qur'anic description of Paradise serves as evidence against the possibility of such an exotic garden having been used as motivation for the devotees to carry out suicidal missions. Furthermore, Willey points out that Juvayni, the courtier of the Great Khan Mongke, surveyed the Alamut castle just before the Mongol invasion. In Juvayni's reports about of the fortress, there are elaborate descriptions of sophisticated storage facilities and of the famous Alamut library. However, even this anti-Ismaili observer makes no mention of the folkloric gardens on the Alamut grounds. Having destroyed a number of texts of the library's collection, deemed by Juvayni to be heretical, it would be expected that he would have paid significant attention to the Nizari gardens, particularly if they were the site of drug use and temptation. Given that Juvayni makes no mention of all about such gardens, Willey concludes that there is no sound evidence that the gardens are anything more than legends. A reference collection of material excavated at Alamut Castle by Willey is in the British Museum. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] [[Kategorija:Kastelli]] [[Kategorija:Fortifikazzjonijiet]] [[Kategorija:Fortizzi]] [[Kategorija:Iran]] ta2pqvocuho26s2qz8bd55mry16izbo 331556 331555 2026-08-18T11:21:24Z Trigcly 17859 /* Leġġenda u folklor */ 331556 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Stampa:Iran - Qazvin - Alamout Castle - panoramio (1).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-fdalijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut f'Qazvin, l-Iran.]] Il-'''Kastell ta' Alamut''' (bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]]: الموت|الموت, li litteralment tfisser "il-bejta tal-ajkla") huwa l-fdalijiet ta' fortizza fil-muntanji u jinsab fir-reġjun ta' Alamut fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kaspju, qrib il-villaġġ ta' Gazor Khan fil-provinċja ta' Qazvin fl-[[Iran]], bejn wieħed u ieħor 200 kilometru (130 mil) minn [[Tehran]]. Fl-1090 [[WK|W.K]]., il-Kastell ta' Alamut safa f'idejn Hassan-i Sabbah, li kien iħaddan il-kawża Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. Sal-1256, il-Kastell ta' Alamut iffunzjona bħala l-kwartieri ġenerali tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, li kien jinkludi sensiela ta' fortizzi strateġiċi sparpaljati madwar il-Persja u s-[[Sirja]], u kull fortizza kienet imdawra minn diversi territorji ostili. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut, li huwa l-iżjed fortizza famuża minn dawn il-fortizzi, kien maħsub bħala impenetrabbli għal kwalunkwe attakk militari u kien magħruf għall-ġonna, għal-librerija u għal-laboratorji mill-isbaħ tiegħu li fihom il-filosfi, ix-xjenzati u t-teologi setgħu jiddibattu b'libertà intellettwali. Il-fortizza baqgħet b'saħħitha kontra avversarji bħall-imperi tas-Seljuk u ta' Khwarazm. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din Khurshah arrenda l-fortizza kontra l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani, li ġarrfuh u qerdu l-librerija famuża tiegħu. Għalkemm huwa preżunt li l-ħakma tal-Mongoljani qerdet għalkollox il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari f'Alamut, il-fortizza reġgħet inħatfet fl-1275 minn qawwiet ta' Nizari, u dan juri li filwaqt li l-qerda u l-ħsara li ġarrbu l-Iżmaeljani f'dak ir-reġjun kienu estensivi, il-Mongoljani ma rnexxielhomx jeqirduhom għalkollox. Madankollu, il-kastell reġa' nħataf għal darb'oħra u safa taħt it-tmexxija tal-ikbar iben ta' Hulegu Khan fl-1282. Wara, il-kastell kien ta' importanza reġjonali biss, u għadda minn taħt idejn diversi setgħat lokali. Illum il-ġurnata, il-kastell jinsab fi stat ta' fdalijiet. F'Lulju 2026, il-Kastell ta' Alamut u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati tniżżlu fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]], bħala xhieda rari tat-tradizzjoni kulturali tal-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari. Is-sit tniżżel wara iktar minn 20 sena ta' riċerka arkeoloġika, konservazzjoni u dokumentazzjoni fir-reġjun ta' Alamut, fejn l-arkeologu Iranjan [[Hamideh Choubak]] kellu rwol ewlieni bħala s-superviżur fit-tul tal-investigazzjonijiet arkeoloġiċi li saru fis-sit. == Oriġini u isem == Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inbena mill-mexxej Ġustanid ta' Daylam, Wahsūdān ibn Marzubān, ta' fidi [[Iżlam|Iżlamika]] Xiita ta' Zaydi, għall-ħabta tat-840 W.K. Waqt vjaġġ tal-kaċċa, huwa lemaħ ajkla titperreċ fuq blata fl-għoli. Huwa induna li dak il-post kellu vantaġġ tattiku, u b'hekk għażel is-sit għall-kostruzzjoni ta' fortizza, imsejħa ''Aluh āmū[kh]t'' ({{lang|fa|اله آموت}}) min-nattivi, li x'aktarx tfisser "it-Tagħlima tal-Ajkla" jew "il-Bejta tal-Kastigi". Il-valur numeriku (''abjad)'' ta' din il-[[kelma]] huwa 483, li hija d-data meta l-kastell inħataf minn Hassan-i Sabbah (483 AH = 1090/91 W.K.). Il-Kastell ta' Alamut baqa' taħt il-kontroll tal-Ġustanidi sal-wasla tal-kap Iżmaeljan ''da'i'' (missjunarju) Hassan-i Sabbah fil-kastell fl-1090 W.K., li mmarka l-bidu tal-perjodu ta' Alamut fl-istorja Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari. == Lista tal-mexxejja Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari f'Alamut (1090–1256) == ; In-Nizari ''da'i''<nowiki>s li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hassan-i Sabbah ({{lang|fa|حسن صباح}}) (1050–1124); # Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|کیا بزرگ امید}}) (1124–1138); # Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg-Ummid ({{lang|fa|محمد بزرگ امید}}) (1138–1162). ; <nowiki>L-imam moħbijin f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar ibn al-Mustansir; # Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi; # Hasan (I) al-Qahir. ; <nowiki>L-imam li mexxew f'Alamut:</nowiki> # Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi al-Salam ({{lang|fa|امام حسن علی ذکره السلام}}) (1162–1166); # Nur al-Din Muhammad (II) ({{lang|fa|امام نور الدین محمد}}) (1166–1210); # Jalal al-Din Hasan (III) ({{lang|fa|امام جلال الدین حسن}}) (1210–1221); # Al al-Din Muhammad (III) ({{lang|fa|امام علاء الدین محمد}}) (1221–1255); # Rukn al-Din Khurshah ({{lang|fa|امام رکن الدین خورشاه}}) (1255–1256). == [[Storja]] == Wara li tkeċċa mill-[[Eġittu]] minħabba li kien appoġġa lil Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Hassan-i Sabbah sab li l-koreliġjużi tiegħu, l-Iżmaeljani, kienu sparpaljati mal-Persja kollha, bi preżenza qawwija fir-reġjuni tat-Tramuntana u tal-Lvant, b'mod partikolari f'Daylaman, f'Khorasan u f'Quhistan. L-Iżmaeljani u popli okkupati oħra tal-Iran kellhom l-istess mibegħda kontra t-tmexxija tas-Seljuk, li kienu qasmu r-raba' agrikolu tal-pajjiż f'''iqtā'<nowiki/>'' (fewdi) u imponew taxxi kbar fuq iċ-ċittadini li kienu jgħixu fihom. L-''amiri'' tas-Seljuk (mexxejja indipendenti) normalment kellhom ġurisdizzjoni u kontroll sħaħ fuq id-distretti li kienu jamministraw. Sadanittant, l-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] u l-klassijiet inferjuri Persjani bdew igorru dejjem iktar kontra l-politiki u t-taxxi kbar tas-Seljuk. Hassan ukoll kien jistkerrah l-oppressjoni [[politika]] u ekonomika imposta mill-klassi mexxejja tas-Seljuk [[Iżlam Sunni|Sunniti]] fuq il-Musulmani Xiiti madwar l-Iran. === Ħtif ta' Alamut === Sal-1090, il-viżier tas-Seljuk Nizam al-Mulk kien diġà ta l-ordnijiet biex Hassan jiġi arrestat u għaldaqstant Hassan kien qed jgħix mistoħbi fir-raħal tat-Tramuntana ta' Qazvin, madwar 60&#x20;kilometru mill-Kastell ta' Alamut. Hemmhekk, huwa ħejja l-pjanijiet biex jaħtaf il-fortizza, li kienet imdawrea minn wied għammiel b'abitanti li fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu Musulmani Xiiti, u Hassan seta' faċilment jikseb l-appoġġ tagħhom biex jagħmlu rewwixta kontra s-Seljuk. Il-kastell qatt ma kien inħataf qabel b'mezzi militari u b'hekk Hassan ħejja pjanijiet bir-reqqa. Fis-sajf tal-1090, Hassan telaq minn Qazvin lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut fuq rotta muntanjuża minn Andej. Huwa baqa' f'Andej taparsi kien [[għalliem]] tal-iskola jismu Dehkhoda sakemm kien ċert li għadd ta' nies li kienu jappoġġawh kienu qed jgħixu eżatt taħt il-kastell fil-villaġġ ta' Gazorkhan jew kienu kisbu impjieg fil-fortizza stess. Hassan baqa' jagħmilha taparsi l-għalliem tal-iskola u reħilha lejn il-fortizza, u kiseb il-fiduċja u l-ħbiberija ta' ħafna mis-suldati tagħha. Qagħad b'seba' għajnejn biex ma jiġbidx l-attenzjoni tas-sinjur tal-kastell Zaydi 'Alid Mahdi, u Hassan beda jattira figuri prominenti fil-Kastell ta' Alamut biex jappoġġaw il-missjoni tiegħu. Ġie saħansitra ssuġġerit li l-viċi stess ta' Mahdi kien jappoġġa b'mod sigriet lil Hassan, u baqa' jistenna biex juri l-lealtà tiegħu lejh sa dakinhar li Hassan ħataf il-kastell. Iktar kmieni fis-sajf, Mahdi żar Qazvin, fejn ingħata ordnijiet stretti mingħand Nizam al-Mulk biex isib u jarresta lil Hassan li kien qed jingħad li kien qed jistaħba fil-provinċja ta' Daylaman. Mar-ritorn tiegħu lejn il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Mahdi nnota diversi qaddejja u gwardji ġodda li ġew impjegati hemmhekk. Il-viċi tiegħu spjegalu li bosta mill-ħaddiema l-oħra tal-kastell kienu mardu u kienu xortihom tajba li nstabu ħaddiema oħra minflokhom mill-villaġġi ġirien. Imħasseb dwar l-assoċjazzjonijiet ta' dawn il-ħaddiema, Mahdi ordna lill-viċi tiegħu biex jarresta lil kull min kien jinstab li kellu konnessjonijiet mal-Iżmaeljani. Is-suspetti ta' Mahdi ġew ikkonfermati meta Hassan finalment qorob lejn is-sinjur tal-fortizza, u żvela l-identità reali tiegħu u ddikjara li l-kastell kien sar tiegħu. Minnufih, Mahdi sejjaħ lill-gwardji biex jarrestawh u jneħħu lil Hassan mill-kastell, iżda sabhom lesti li jsegwi kull kmand ta' Hassan. Mistagħġeb, huwa rrealizza bl-ingann u tħalla jitlaq mill-kastell b'mod ħieles. Madankollu, qabel ma telaq, Mahdi ngħata 3,000 dinar tad-deheb bħala pagament għall-fortizza, li tħallsu minn uffiċjal tas-Seljuk li kien segwa l-kawża tal-Iżmaeljani u li kien jissejjaħ Ra'is Muzaffar li onora l-pagament kollu. Il-Kastell ta' Alamut inħataf mingħand Mahdi u għaldaqstant mill-kontroll tas-Seljuk minn Hassan u dawk li appoġġawh mingħajr l-użu ta' ebda vjolenza. === Kostruzzjoni u żvilupp intellettwali === Wara li ħataf il-Kastell ta' Alamut, Hassan minnufih beda jiffortifika mill-ġdid il-kumpless kollu. Huwa saħħaħ is-swar u l-istruttura ta' sensiela ta' mħażen, u b'hekk il-fortizza setgħet issostni lilha nnifisha waqt l-eqqel konfrontazzjonijiet. Il-perimetri tal-kmamar ġew imkaħħlin bil-[[ġebla tal-ġir]], sabiex jiġu ppreservati l-provvisti li kellhom jintużaw fi żminijiet ta' kriżi. Tabilħaqq, meta l-[[Mongolja|Mongoljani]] invadew il-fortizza, Juvayni baqa' mistagħġeb meta ra l-provvisti kbar maħżuna f'kundizzjoni perfetta biex jkunu jistgħu jifilħu għal xi assedju possibbli. Imbagħad, Hassan ħa ħsieb l-irrigazzjoni tal-villaġġi tal-madwar tal-Wied ta' Alamut. L-art fil-baċir tal-wied kienet raba' agrikolu, li kien tajjeb għall-kultivazzjoni ta' għelejjel nexfin, fosthom ix-xgħir, il-qamħ u r-ross. Sabiex ikun disponibbli l-ikbar ammont ta' raba' kultivabbli, l-art ġiet imtarrġa skont l-ordnijiet ta' Hassan. Il-kostruzzjoni tal-librerija famuża tal-Kastell ta' Alamut x'aktarx li seħħet wara l-fortifikazzjoni tal-kastell u tal-wied tal-madwar. Bl-istrumenti astronomiċi u l-kollezzjoni rari ta' xogħlijiet tagħha, il-librerija attirat studjużi u xjenzati ta' varjetà ta' [[Reliġjon|reliġjonijiet]] minn madwar id-dinja li żaruha għal bosta xhur wara xulxin, ospitati mill-Iżmaeljani. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-kitbiet tal-Iżmaeljani Persjani, kemm [[Xjenza|xjentifiċi]] kif ukoll reliġjużi, ma baqgħux jeżistu wara l-perjodu ta' Alamut. Minbarra l-letteratura rikka li kienet diġà ġiet prodotta bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]], ir-rilokazzjoni taċ-ċentru tal-Iżmaeljani lejn l-Iran wasslet għal żieda fil-letteratura Iżmaeljana Persjana. Waħda mill-iżjed telfiet bikrin tal-librerija seħħet matul l-ewwel snin tat-tmexxija tal-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan f'Alamut. Sabiex iżomm mal-prinċipji tiegħu li jqarrab ir-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Iżmaeljani Persjani u d-dinja Sunnita usa', l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan stieden għadd ta' studjużi reliġjużi mir-raħal ta' Qazvin biex iżuru l-librerija tal-kastell u jaħarqu kwalunkwe ktieb li jqisu bħala ereżija. Madankollu, ma kienx qabel il-kmand tal-mexxej Mongoljan, Hulegu Khan, meta l-Mongoljani telgħu sal-fortizza f'Diċembru 1256, u l-librerija tal-Kastell ta' Alamut intilfet. Bil-permess ta' Hulegu, Juvayni esplora l-librerija u għażel xi xogħlijiet li skontu kien jistħoqqilhom jiġu salvati, qabel ma ħaraq il-kumplament. Fost l-affarijiet li għażel, kien hemm kopji tal-[[Koran]], għadd ta' strumenti u trattati astronomiċi, u għadd ta' xogħlijiet Iżmaeljani. Bħala anti-Iżmaeljan, it-tagħlim personali ta' Ata-Malik Juvayni kien l-uniku kontenut meqjus eretiku tax-xogħlijiet reliġjużi tal-librerija. Għalhekk, uħud mill-iżjed trattati rikki rigward il-fidi Iżmaeljana ntilfu mal-qerda tal-librerija. Mill-miġja u l-istħarriġ tiegħu tal-kastell, Juvayni fassal deskrizzjoni ta' Alamut li inkorporaha fil-kronaka tiegħu tal-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani, imsejħa ''Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini'' (''L-Istorja tal-Ħakkiem tad-Dinja''). === Imamat f'Alamut === Mal-[[mewt]] ta' Hassan-i Sabbah fl-1124, il-fortizza ta' Alamut spiċċat taħt il-kmand tad-''da'i'' Kiya Buzurg Ummid, u taħtu r-relazzjonijiet bejn l-Iżmaeljani u s-Seljuk tjiebu. Madankollu, dan ma sarx mingħajr prova tal-qawwa tal-kmand ta' Buzurg Ummid, u minħabba f'hekk is-Seljuk wettqu attakk fl-1126 fuq il-fortizzi Iżmaeljani ta' Rudbar u ta' Quhistan. Kien biss wara li ma rnexxewx dawn l-attakki, li s-sultan tas-Seljuk Ahmad Sanjar ikkonċeda li jirrikonoxxi l-indipendenza tat-territorji Iżmaeljani. === Muhammad ibn Kiya Buzurg === Għaldaqstant, Muḥammad ħa post Kiya Buzurg Ummid fl-1138. Għalkemm kienet mistennija xi reżistenza għat-tmexxija tiegħu, is-Seljuk frammentati ntlaqgħu b'solidarjetà kontinwa fost l-Iżmaeljani, li baqgħu unifikati taħt il-kmand ta' Muhammad. Fl-ewwel parti tat-tmexxija ta' Muhammad ma tantx kien hemm livell għoli ta' kunflitti, u b'hekk il-poplu ta' Nizari seta' jakkwista u jibni għadd ta' fortizzi fir-reġjuni ta' Qumis u ta' Rudbar, inkluż il-kastelli ta' Sa'adat-kuh, Mubarak-kuh u Firuz-kuh. === L-Imam Hasan 'ala Dhikrihi al-Salam === Wara li marad fl-1162, Muhammad ħadlu postu Hasan, tal-età ta' madwar 35 sena. Sentejn biss wara li kiseb il-poter, l-Imam Hasan milli jidher mexxa ċerimonja magħrufa bħala ''qiyama'' (qawmien mill-ġdid) fl-artijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut, u b'hekk l-Imam seta' jerġa' jkun viżibbli mal-komunità ta' fidili tiegħu fl-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizārī u lil hinn. Minħabba l-miri polemikużi ta' Juvayni, u l-fatt li ħaraq il-libreriji Iżmaeljani li jaf kienu joffru ferm iżjed xhieda dwar l-istorja, l-istudjużi ddubitaw in-narrattiva tiegħu iżda ma għandhomx triq oħra għajr li jserrħu fuqha minħabba l-assenza ta' sorsi alternattivi. B'xorti tajba, ġew ippreservati wkoll deskrizzjonijiet ta' dan l-avvenimenti fin-narrattiva ta' Rashid al-Din u rrakkontata fil-Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, ktieb Iżmaeljan tas-seklu 15. Madankollu, dawn jew huma bbażati fuq Juvayni, jew ma tantx jidħlu f'wisq dettall. Ma għadu jeżisti l-ebda rendikont Iżmaeljan tal-avvenimenti li seħħew. === Verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-istorja ta' Alamut === Il-ftit li nafu dwar l-Imamat ta' Alamut jiġi rrakkontat lilna minn wieħed mill-iktar nies li kellu għall-Iżmaeljani, Juvayni, li kien studjuż Musulman Sunnita li kien jaqdi lill-Mongoljani. Filwaqt li dak iż-żmien ma setax jiċċelebra fil-beraħ ir-rebħiet tal-Mongoljani kontra mexxejja Musulmani oħra, ir-rebħa tal-Mongoljani kontra l-Iżmaeljani ta' Nizari, li Juvayni kien iqishom eretiċi "vili daqs il-klieb", saret il-qofol tax-xogħol tiegħu dwar l-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani. Skont il-verżjoni Iżmaeljana tal-avvenimenti, fis-sena ta' wara l-mewt tal-Imam-Kaliff al-Mustansir, ''qadi'' (imħallef) jismu Abul Hasan Sa'idi vvjaġġa mill-Eġittu lejn Alamut, u ħa miegħu lill-iben iż-żgħir tal-Imam Nizar, li kien magħruf bħala al-Hadi. === L-Imam Nur al-Din Muhammad === Fl-1166, il-post ta' Hasan 'ala Dhikri al-Salam ittieħed mill-Imam Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad II, li bħal missieru u l-imams tal-perjodu ta' qabel Alamut, iddikjara lilu nnifsu b'mod miftuħ lill-fidili tiegħu. === L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan === Fi ħdan il-Persja, il-poplu Nizari tal-perjodu ta' Qiyama fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu jinjoraw l-impenji politiċi ta' qabilhom u saru pjuttost iżolati mid-dinja Sunnita ta' madwarhom. Madankollu, il-mewt ta' Muhammad II tat bidu għal era ġdida għall-poplu Nizari, taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam Jalal al-din Hasan. L-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan stieden lill-istudjużi u l-ġuristi Sunniti minn Khurasan u mill-[[Iraq]] biex iżuru Alamut, u saħansitra stiedinhom jispezzjonaw il-librerija u jneħħu l-kotba li skonthom kellhom jitneħħew. Matul ħajtu, l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan żamm relazzjonijiet ta' ħbiberija mal-Kaliff Abbasid al-Nasir. Alleanza mal-kaliff ta' [[Bagdad]] kienet tfisser iktar riżorsi għall-awtodifiża mhux biss tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari, iżda anke tad-dinja Musulmana usa'. === L-Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad === Wara mewtu fl-1221, l-Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan ħadlu postu ibnu 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. Wara li kiseb il-poter meta kellu 9 snin biss, l-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad kompla l-poltika ta' missieru li jżomm relazzjonijiet mill-qrib mal-kaliff Abbasid. Taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad, ġiet enfasizzata l-ħtieġa li l-Imam jiggwida b'mod kostanti lill-komunità skont it-talbiet ta' dak iż-żmien. Il-ħajja intellettwali u l-istudju tkattru taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad. Il-libreriji ta' Nizari ħadu l-ħajja bi studjużi mill-[[Asja]] kollha, huma u jaħarbu mill-invażjonijiet tal-Mongoljani. === L-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah === Sal-qtil tal-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad fl-1255, il-Mongoljani kienu diġà attakkaw għadd ta' fortizzi Iżmaeljani f'Quhistan. L-Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad ħadlu postu ibnu l-kbir l-Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah, li daħal f'sensiela twila ta' negozjati mal-invażuri Mongoljani, u taħt it-tmexxija tiegħu, il-Kastell ta' Alamut ġie ċedut lill-Mongoljani. === L-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani u l-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari === L-espansjoni tas-setgħa tal-Mongoljani fil-Punent tal-Asja kienet tiddependi fuq il-ħakma tal-artijiet Iżlamiċi, u l-ħtif sħiħ tagħhom kien ikun impossibbli mingħajr il-qerda tal-istat Iżmaeljan qalil ta' Nizari. L-ewwel attakk tal-Mongoljani kontra l-Iżmaeljani seħħ f'April 1253, meta bosta mill-fortizzi ta' Quhistan intilfu kontra l-ġeneral Mongoljan [[Kristjaneżmu|Kristjan]] Ket-Buqa. Sa Mejju, it-truppi Mongoljani kienu avvanzaw sal-fortizza ta' Girdkuh fejn il-qawwiet Iżmaeljani rreżistew għal diversi xhur. F'Diċembru, tifqigħa tal-[[kolera]] fi ħdan il-kastell dgħajfet id-difiżi Iżmaeljani. Ir-rinforzi waslu malajr mill-fortizza ta' Alamut fil-qrib u għelbu l-attakk tal-Mongoljani, filwaqt li qatlu diversi mijiet ta' suldati mit-truppi ta' Ket-Buqa. Il-kastell ġie salvat iżda l-attakki suċċessivi tal-Mongoljani fuq l-irħula ta' Tun u ta' Tus irriżultaw f'massakri. F'Khurasan, il-Mongoljani imponew liġijiet tiranniċi u kienu responsabbli għall-ispostament tal-massa tal-popolazzjoni tal-provinċja. Wara li massakri li seħħew f'Tun fl-1256, Hulegu involva ruħu direttament fil-kampanja militari tal-Mongoljani biex jiġu eliminati ċ-ċentri tal-poter tal-Iżmaeljani. Minn tinda lussuża li ttellgħet għalih f'Tus, Hulegu sejjaħ lill-gvernatur Iżmaeljan f'Quhistan, Nasir al-Din Muhtasham, u talab li jarrendi u jċedi l-fortizzi kollha tal-provinċja tiegħu. Nasir al-Din spjega li seta' jissottometti ruħu biss skont l-ordnijiet tal-Imam, u li hu bħala gvernatur ma kellux is-setgħa li jikseb il-konformità tal-Iżmaeljani. Sadanittant, l-Imam 'Ala al-Din Mohammad, li kien inqatel, ħadlu postu ibnu Rukn al-Din Khurshah fl-1255. Fl-1256, Rukn al-Din beda sensiela ta' ġesti biex juri li qed jissottometti ruħu għall-Mongoljani. Bħala turija tal-konformità tiegħu u fuq talba ta' Hulegu, Rukn al-Din beda l-proċess ta' żarmar f'Alamut, f'Maymundiz u f'Lamasar, u beda jneħħi t-torrijiet u l-fortifikazzjonijiet. Madankollu, malli qorbot ix-xitwa, Hulegu qies dawn il-ġesti bħala mezz biex jiddewwem il-ħtif tal-kastelli u fit-8 ta' Novembru 1256, it-truppi Mongoljani malajr iċċirkondaw il-fortizza ta' Maymundiz u r-residenza tal-Imam. Wara erbat ijiem ta' bumbardamenti preliminari b'diversi nies li ndarbu jew mietu miż-żewġ naħat, il-Mongoljani nġabru madwar il-kastell u ħejjew għal assedju dirett. Ma kienx għad hemm borra mal-art u l-attakki nbdew, għaldaqstant Rukn al-Din kellu jiddikjara li jarrendi sabiex hu u l-familja tiegħu ma jinqatlux. Imġiegħel minn Hulegu, Rukn al-Din kellu jibgħat il-messaġġ li jarrendi l-kastelli kollha tiegħu fil-Wied ta' Alamut. Fil-fortizza ta' Alamut, il-Prinċep Mongoljan Balaghai mexxa t-truppi tiegħu sal-bażi tal-kastell, u sejjaħ lill-kmandant ta' Alamut, Muqaddam al-Din, biex jarrendi. Ġie ddikjarat li jekk jarrendi u jwiegħed l-alleanza tiegħu mal-Khan il-Kbir fi żmien jum, dawk kollha li kienu jinsabu fil-Kastell ta' Alamut ma kinux jinqatlu. Maymundiz ħasibha darbtejn u beda jiddubita jekk il-messaġġ tal-Imam li jarrendi kienx fil-fatt att kontra r-rieda tiegħu. Sabiex jobdu lill-Imam, Muqaddam u t-truppi tiegħu niżlu mill-fortizza, u l-armata Mongoljana daħlet fil-Kastell ta' Alamut u bdiet iġġarrfu. Meta mqabbel ma' Maymundiz, il-fortizza ta' Alamut kienet iffortifikata aħjar u setgħet tiflaħ fit-tul għall-attakki tal-armata Mongoljana. Madankollu, il-kastell kien relattivament żgħir u ġie ċċirkondat faċilment mill-Mongoljani. Xorta waħda, l-iżjed fattur sinifikanti li wassal għat-telfa tal-Iżmaeljani f'Alamut kien il-kmand tal-Imam biex jarrendu l-kastelli kollha tal-wied. Ħafna mil-fortizzi l-oħra kkonformaw, għaldaqstant mhux talli r-reżistenza ta' Muqaddam kienet twassal għal battalja diretta għall-kastell, talli t-tkasbir espliċitu tal-istruzzjonijiet tal-Imam kieku kien ikollhom impatt sinifikanti fuq il-ġurament tal-kmandant Iżmaeljan ta' ubbidjenza totali lill-Imam. Il-ħakma tal-kastelli Iżmaeljani kienet kritika għall-espansjoni politika u territorjali tal-Mongoljani lejn il-Punent. Madankollu, Juvayni ddeskriviha bħala "kwistjoni ta' kastig divin kontra l-eretiċi fil-bejta tax-xitan". Id-deskrizzjoni ta' Juvayni tal-waqgħa tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari tiżvela kemm l-istoriku reliġjuż kien kontra l-Iżmaeljani. Meta Rukn al-Din wasal fil-Mongolja b'wegħdiet biex jipperswadi l-fortizzi Iżmaeljani li kien għad fadal biex jarrendu, il-Khan il-Kbir Mongke ħass li l-Imam ma kellux iktar użu. Fi triqtu lura lejn art twelidu, Rukn al-Din inqatel. Fid-deskrizzjoni tiegħu ta' dan l-episodju, Juvayni jikkonkludi li l-qtil tal-Imam naddaf "id-dinja li kienet tniġġset mill-ħażen tagħhom". Sussegwentement, f'Quhistan, l-Iżmaeljani ssejħu bl-eluf biex jattendu f'ġemgħat kbar, fejn ġew massakrati. Għalkemm uħud ħarbu lejn ir-reġjuni ġirien, l-Iżmaeljani li mietu fil-massakri wara l-ħtif tal-gwarniġjoni Iżmaeljani laħqu kważi 100,000 ruħ. Skont Ata-Malik Juvayni, waqt l-attakk kontra l-Kastell ta' Alamut, "Khitayan" bena armi tal-assedji qishom qwies u użahom. "Khitayan" kien isem biċ-[[Lingwi Ċiniżi|Ċiniż]] u kienet arma li ntużat fl-1256 taħt il-kmand ta' Hulegu. Il-kastell ġarrab ħsarat estensivi u l-balal bin-nar sparati bil-qwies "ħarqu" għadd kbir tal-assassini. Dawn setgħu jisparaw sa bogħod ta' madwar 2,500 pass bis-saħħa tal-arma deskritta bħala qaws. Iż-żift kien jingħata n-nar u jintefa' fuq il-balal jew il-vleġeġ tal-arma qabel l-isparar. Storiku ieħor jaħseb li minflok jaf intużaw porvli mal-balal u mal-vleġeġ u dawn ikkawżaw il-ħarqiet waqt il-battalja msemmijin minn Juvayini. === Wara l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani === Ġie preżunt li bl-assedju inizjali tal-Kastell ta' Alamut fl-1256, il-preżenza Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari fl-inħawi nqerdet għalkollox. Għalkemm il-ħsara kienet estensiva, il-qawwiet ta' Nizari rnexxielhom jerġgħu jaħtfu l-Kastell ta' Alamut fl-1275. Instabet evidenza ta' mewġa oħra ta' qerda fil-perjodu tas-Safavidi bis-saħħa ta' studji arkeoloġiċi li saru fl-2004 taħt it-tmexxija ta' [[Hamideh Chubak]]. Evidenza ulterjuri tissuġġerixxi li kien hemm attakk [[Afganistan|Afgan]] ieħor fuq il-kastell. == Difiża u tattiċi militari == Il-karatteristiċi [[Ġeografija|ġeografiċi]] naturali tal-wied madwar il-Kastell ta' Alamut inġenerali servew bħala difiża naturali tal-kastell. Il-fortizza kienet tinsab fil-quċċata ta' bażi dejqa tal-blat bejn wieħed u ieħor 180 metru 'l fuq mill-art, għaldaqstant ma setgħetx tittieħed b'qawwa militari diretta. Lejn il-Lvant, il-Wied ta' Alamut huwa kkonfinat minn katina muntanjuża msejħa Alamkuh ''(It-Tron ta' Salamun)'' u fi ħdanha tnixxi x-xmara Alamut. Id-daħla tal-Punent tal-wied hija waħda dejqa, protetta minn irdumijiet għoljin iktar minn 350 metru. Magħruf bħala s-Shirkuh, hemm fondoq li jinsab fejn jiltaqgħu tliet xmajjar: ix-xmara Taliqan, ix-xmara Shahrud u x-xmara Alamut. Għall-biċċa l-kbira tas-sena, l-ilmijiet qalila tax-xmara kienu jipprevjenu d-dħul minn hawnhekk. Qazvin, l-eqreb raħal tal-wied mill-art huwa aċċessibbli biss minn mogħdija mhux żviluppata tal-ħmir u l-preżenza tal-għadu fiha setgħet faċilment tiġi individwata mit-trab li kien jinqala' meta xi ħadd jgħaddi minn hemm. L-approċċ militari tal-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari kien fil-biċċa l-kkbira wieħed difensiv, b'siti magħżula b'mod strateġiku li kienu jevitaw il-konfront kull fejn kien ikun possibbli mingħajr t-telf ta' ħajjiet. Il-karatteristika li kienet tiddistingwi l-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari kienet li kien sparpaljat ġeografikament mal-Persja u mas-Sirja kollha. Għaldaqstant, il-Kastell ta' Alamut kien wieħed biss minn sensiela ta' fortizzi madwar ir-reġjuni fejn l-Iżmaeljani setgħu jirtiraw għas-sikurezza jekk dan ikun meħtieġ. Fil-Punent tal-Kastell ta' Alamut, fil-Wied ta' Shahrud, il-fortizza ewlenija ta' Lamasar serviet bħala eżempju wieħed biss ta' tali post għall-irtirar. Fil-kuntest tat-taqbid politiku tagħhom, id-diversi spazji ta' preżenza militari Iżmaeljana kienu jissejħu ''dar al-hijra'' (post ta' refuġju). Il-kunċett tad-''dar al-hijra'' jirreferi għall-''hijrah'' tal-Profeta [[Muħammed]], li wettaq migrazzjoni lejn Yathrib flimkien mal-fidili tiegħu biex jevita l-ostilità tal-poplu Quraysh. Sabiex jiksbu l-għanijiet reliġjużi u politiċi tagħhom, l-Iżmaeljani adottaw diversi strateġiji militari popolari fil-[[Medjuevu|Medju Evu]]. Wieħed minn dawn il-metodi kien dak tal-assassinju, l-eliminazzjoni selettiva ta' figuri rivali prominenti. Il-qtil tal-avversarji politiċi normalment kien isir fi spazji pubbliċi, u b'hekk kienet tinħoloq intimidazzjoni kbira għal għedewwa possibbli oħra. Matul l-istorja, bosta gruppi użaw l-assassinju bħala mezz biex jiksbu għanijiet politiċi. Fil-kuntest Iżmaeljan, dawn l-assenjazzjonijiet kienu jsiru mill-''fidā'īs'' (devoti) tal-missjoni Iżmaeljana. Dawn kienu uniċi peress li ċ-ċivili qatt ma kienu jkunu fil-mira. L-assassinji kienu jsiru kontra dawk li l-eliminazzjoni tagħhom kienet tnaqqas ferm l-aggressjoni kontra l-Iżmaeljani, u b'mod partikolari kontra dawk li kienu wettqu massakri kontra l-komunità. Normalment assassinju wieħed kien isir minflok it-tixrid tad-[[demm]] mill-ġlied bejn għadd ta' fazzjonijiet. L-ewwel okkorrenza ta' assassinju bħala sforz biex jiġi stabbilit l-istat Iżmaeljan ta' Nizari fil-Persja jitqies b'mod wiesa' li kien il-qtil tal-viżier tas-Seljuk, Nizam al-Mulk. Dan twettaq minn [[raġel]] liebes ta' Sufi, li mhux ċar eżatt x'kienet l-identità tiegħu, u b'hekk il-qtil tal-viżier f'qorti tas-Seljuk turi t-tip ta' viżibbiltà li kien hemm u kemm il-missjonijiet tal-''fida'is'' ġew esaġerati b'mod sinifikanti. Filwaqt li s-Seljuk u l-ġellieda tal-[[Kruċjata|Kruċjati]] użaw l-assassinju bħala mezz militari biex jeħilsu mill-għedewwa ta' fazzjonijiet differenti, matul il-perjodu ta' Alamut kważi kwalunkwe qtil ta' importanza politika fl-artijiet Iżlamiċi ġie attribwit lill-Iżmaeljani, u b'hekk saru magħrufa bħala l-"Assassini". == Leġġenda u [[folklor]] == Matul il-Medju Evu, l-istudji tal-Punent dwar l-Iżmaeljani wasslu għall-fehma popolari tal-komunità bħala setta radikali ta' assassini, li kienu maħsuba li kienu mħarrġa għall-qtil preċiż tal-avversarji tagħhom. Sas-seklu 14, l-istudji [[Ewropa|Ewropej]] dwar is-suġġett ma kinux avvanzaw wisq lil hinn mix-xogħol u mir-rakkonti tal-ġellieda tal-Kruċjati. L-oriġini tal-kelma ''assassin'' intesiet, u madwar l-Ewropa t-terminu ''assassin'' beda jfisser "qattiel professjonali". Fl-1603, l-ewwel pubblikazzjoni tal-Punent dwar is-suġġett tal-Assassini nħarġet minn uffiċjal tal-qorti tar-Re [[Enriku IV]] u kienet prinċipalment ibbażata fuq in-narrattivi ta' [[Marco Polo]] (1254–1324) u ż-żjarat tiegħu fir-reġjun. Għalkemm ġabar flimkien ir-rakkonti ta' bosta vjaġġaturi tal-Punent, l-awtur ma spjegax l-[[etimoloġija]] tat-terminu Assassin. L-Assassini famużi finalment ġew marbuta mill-istudjuż Orjentalist Silvestre de Sacy (li miet fl-1838) mal-''hashish'' bl-Għarbi u ntużaw diversi varjanti bħal ''assissini'' fis-seklu 19. De Sacy ikkwota l-eżempju ta' waħda mill-ewwel applikazzjonijiet bil-miktub tat-terminu Għarbi ''hashishi'' għall-Iżmaeljani mill-istoriku [[Abu Shams]] (li miet fl-1267), u wera l-konnessjoni tat-terminu mal-isem mogħti lill-Iżmaeljani fl-istudji kollha tal-Punent. Ironikament, l-ewwel użu magħruf tat-terminu ''hashishi'' jmur lura għall-1122, meta l-Kaliff Fatimid al-Amir użah bħala dispreġjattiv għall-poplu Nizari fis-Sirja. Mingħajr ma akkuża l-grupp li kien qed juża l-ħaxixa, il-kaliff uża t-terminu b'mod dispreġjattiv. Din it-tikketta ġiet applikata malajr mill-istoriċi anti-Iżmaeljani lill-Iżmaeljani tas-Sirja u tal-Persja. Meta jintuża b'mod figurattiv, it-terminu ''hashishi'' kellu konnotazzjonijiet simili għal emarġinati jew ta' qattani. Il-leġġendi tal-Assassini kellhom ħafna x'jaqsmu mat-taħriġ u mat-tagħlim tal-''fida'is'' ta' Nizari, famużi għall-missjonijiet pubbliċi tagħhom li spiss kienu jagħtu ħajjithom biex jeliminaw lill-avversarji. Mir-rakkonti tal-ġellieda tal-Kruċjati u mix-xogħlijiet tal-istoriċi ħareġ li l-''fida'is'' kienu jingħataw il-ħaxixa bħala parti mit-taħriġ tagħhom. Mhux ikkonfermat jekk il-''fida'is'' tassew kinux imħarrġa jew mibgħuta mill-mexxejja ta' Nizari, iżda l-istudjużi, fosthom [[Wladimir Ivanow]], isostnu li l-assassinju ta' figuri ewlenin, fosthom il-viżier tas-Seljuk Nizam al-Mulk, x'aktarx li kien jipprovdi impetu li kien iħeġġeġ lil oħrajn fil-komunità li riedu jħarsu lill-poplu Nizari mill-aggressjoni politika. Fil-fatt, is-Seljuk u l-ġellieda tal-Kruċjati t-tnejn li huma kienu jużaw l-assassinju bħala mezz militari biex jeħilsu mill-għedewwa ta' fazzjonijiet differenti. Minkejja dan, matul il-perjodu ta' Alamut kważi l-ebda qtil ta' importanza politika fl-artijiet Iżlamiċi ma ġie attribwit lill-Iżmaeljani. Tant kienet kibret din l-assoċjazzjoni, li fix-xogħol tal-istudjużi Orjentalisti bħal [[Bernard Lewis]], l-Iżmaeljani kienu awtomatikament jitqiesu bħala l-''fida'is'' li kienu attivi politikament. Għaldaqstant, il-komunità Iżmaeljana ta' Nizari kienet meqjusa bħala setta radikali u eretika magħrufa bħala l-Assassini. Oriġinarjament, "terminu lokali u popolari" li għall-ewwel ġie applikat għall-Iżmaeljani tas-Sirja, din it-tikketta ġiet trażmessa bil-fomm lill-istoriċi tal-Punent u b'hekk sabet ruħha fil-ġrajjiet tagħhom dwar il-poplu Nizari. Ir-rakkonti tat-taħriġ tal-''fida'is''<nowiki/>' miġbura mill-istoriċi u anti-Iżmaeljani u mill-[[Kittieb|kittieba]] Orjentalisti ġew ikkompilati u bbażati fuq ir-rakkont ta' Marco Polo, fejn iddeskriva "ġnien sigriet tal-ġenna". Wara li kienu jiġu drogati, kien jingħad li d-devoti Iżmaeljani kienu jittieħdu lejn ġnien qisu ġenna mimli b'nisa żgħażagħ attraenti u pjanti sbieħ fejn kienu jqumu mill-mewt il-''fida'is''. Hawnhekk, kien jingħad li raġel "xiħ" kien jgħidilhom li kienu se jixhdu posthom fil-ġenna u li jekk iridu jirritornaw f'dak il-ġnien b'mod permanenti, iridu jaqdu l-kawża ta' Nizari. Dan ir-rakkont kien simili għal dak tar-"Raġel Xiħ fil-Muntanja", miġbur minn Marco Polo u aċċettat minn Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), kittieb Orjentalist prominenti responsabbli għat-tifrix ta' din il-leġġenda. Sas-snin 30 tas-seklu 20, ir-rakkont ta' Hammer-Purgstall tal-leġġendi tal-Assassini serva bħala r-rakkont standard madwar l-Ewropa rigward il-poplu Nizari. Xi xogħlijiet moderni dwar il-poplu Nizari ċċaraw l-istorja tiegħu u b'hekk urew li l-biċċa l-kbira tar-rakkonti popolari bikrin ma kinux akkurati. Fl-1933, taħt it-tmexxija tal-Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III (1877–1957), ġiet żviluppata l-Assoċjazzjoni tar-Riċerka Iżlamika. L-istoriku prominenti Wladimir Ivanow kien ċentrali kemm għal din l-istituzzjoni kif ukoll għas-Soċjetà Iżmaeljana ta' Bombay tal-1946. Ivanow ikkataloga għadd ta' testi Iżmaeljani u witta t-triq għal avvanzi kbar fl-istudji Iżmaeljani moderni. Fl-2005, l-arkeologu Peter Willey ippubblika evidenza li tissuġġerixxi li r-rakkonti dwar l-Assassini tal-istudjużi bikrin kienu sempliċement qed jirrepetu l-folklor mhux akkurat. Abbażi tat-twemmin eżoteriku stabbilit, Willey jasserixxi li l-fehim Iżmaeljan tal-ġenna huwa wieħed simboliku ferm. Filwaqt li d-deskrizzjoni Koranika tal-ġenna tinkludi xbihat naturali, Willey jargumenta li l-ebda ''fida'i'' Nizari ma kien jemmen bis-serjetà li kien qed jixhed il-ġenna sempliċement billi jqum f'xi ġnien sabiħ. L-interpretazzjoni simbolika tal-poplu Nizari rigward id-deskrizzjoni Koranika tal-ġenna sservi bħala evidenza kontra l-possibbiltà li tali ġnien eżotiku seta' jintuża bħala motivazzjoni biex id-devoti jwettqu missjonijiet ta' suwiċidju. Barra minn hekk, Willey jindika li Juvayni, il-membru tal-qorti tal-Khan il-Kbir Mongke, stħarreġ il-Kastell ta' Alamut eżatt qabel l-invażjoni tal-Mongoljani. Fir-rapporti ta' Juvayni dwar il-fortizza, hemm deskrizzjonijiet elaborati ta' faċilitajiet sofistikati ta' mħażen u tal-librerija famuża ta' Alamut. Madankollu, anke dan l-osservatur anti-Iżmaeljan ma jsemmi xejn dwar ġonna folkloristiċi fl-artijiet tal-Kastell ta' Alamut. Ladarba nqerdu bosta testi mill-kollezzjoni tal-librerija, li Juvayni qies li kienu eretiċi, kieku kien joqgħod attent b'mod partikolari għal dawn il-ġonna ta' Nizari, speċjalment li kieku kienu s-sit ta' użu ta' drogi u ta' tentazzjoni. Ladarba Juvayni ma jsemmi xejn dwar tali ġonna, Willey jikkonkludi li ma hemmx evidenza soda li l-ġonna ma kienu xejn għajr leġġendi. Kollezzjoni ta' materjal ta' referenza skavata fil-Kastell ta' Alamut minn Willey tinsab fil-[[Mużew Brittaniku]]. == Fil-kultura popolari == * In 1918, Harold Lamb published a short story, "Alamut" in ''Adventure'', featuring Lamb's recurring character, Khlit the Cossack. * In 1938, Slovenian novelist Vladimir Bartol published the novel ''Alamut''. ''Alamut'' is a canonical work of Slovene literature, and has been translated into most major literary languages. * In his 1984 story ''The Walking Drum'', Louis L'Amour uses Alamut as the setting for the rescue of Kerbouchard's father. * Alamut and Hassan-i-Sabbah are described vividly in William S. Burroughs' 1987 book, ''The Western Lands''. * Alamut is described in detail towards the end of Umberto Eco's 1987 novel ''Foucault's Pendulum''. * Hassan-i Sabbah and his rule over Alamut play a role in the 1988 historical novel ''Samarkand'' by Lebanese-French writer, Amin Maalouf. * The Alamut series of fantasy-historical novels was published by American author Judith Tarr between 1989 and 1991. * A fictional depiction of Alamut castle in the middle of the 13th century and its fall in 1256 is featured in the 1996 ''The Children of the Grail'' books series by German author Peter Berling. * In the role-playing game, ''Vampire: the Masquerade'', by White Wolf, Inc., the clan Assamite uses Alamut as its central headquarters. * A fictional depiction of the fall of the Alamut citadel is described in the 2008 novel ''Bones of the Hills'', from the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. * Assad, the protagonist in Scott Oden's 2010 novel, ''The Lion of Cairo'', is an assassin from Alamut. * Alamut is the city of Princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and the location of the Sands of Time in the 2010 film ''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time''. * Alamut is featured in the video game franchise ''Assassin's Creed'', which draws heavy inspiration from the history of the Assassin Order. It first appears in the novel ''Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade'', wherein the protagonist Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad seeks refuge in the fortress during his exile from Masyaf and discovers it was unknowingly built atop an ancient temple of the First Civilization, from which he retrieves several Memory Seals. Alamut and its First Civilization Temple are later mentioned in the game ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', where it is revealed that the character Edward Kenway came across them during his search for First Civilization sites across the globe. Alamut also appears as a major location in the game ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'', which takes place around the time construction of the fortress finished in 865; it is depicted as the main headquarters of the Assassins, despite them not historically occupying Alamut until two centuries later. == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]] [[Kategorija:Kastelli]] [[Kategorija:Fortifikazzjonijiet]] [[Kategorija:Fortizzi]] [[Kategorija:Iran]] 9qv80pwfplyk99mi8sh7edbntwjou4o 0 34557 331507 2026-08-17T14:40:56Z ToniSant 4257 +nebbieta 331507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lino Cauchi''' kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 2026.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> en827najg93ae01iw8g27330d3g8sey 331509 331507 2026-08-17T14:54:57Z ToniSant 4257 +aktar tagħrif u refs 331509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lino Cauchi''' kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Matul il-karriera tiegħu huwa daqq f'diversi formazzjonijiet f'lokalitajiet magħrufa f'Malta, fosthom fil-Palazzo Pescatore ma’ [[Charles Gatt is-City|Charles Gatt]] [[Charles Gatt is-City|is-City]] u Mario Abela, u l-[[Joe Cutajar]] [[Joe Cutajar|Band]] fil-Mellieħa Bay Hotel.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-bidu tas-snin 80, Cauchi għażel lil Giodimaina biex ikanta żewġ kanzunetti tiegħu waqt il-Festival Internazzjonali tal-Kanzunetta Maltija. Il-kanzunetti kienu Għalxejn (1982) u Għanja lill-Omm (1985).<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Fl-1983 huwa kien il-pjanista residenti fil-[[BJ's Nighclub]] f'[[Paceville]], qabel ma rrakkommanda lil [[Paul Giordimaina]] biex jieħu postu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Huwa daqq bosta drabi waqt programmi divertenti fuq TVM, b'mod partikolari meta kien il-pjanista residenti fil-programm televiżiv Ronda Weekend matul is-snin 90. Daqq ukoll f'operetti Taljani ppreżentati fit-Teatru Manoel madwar l-istess żmien.<ref name=":1" /> Cauchi miet fl-età ta' 76 sena fis-17 ta' Awwissu 2026.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == kar96ky7q9xw9a9y7ztsislpacf7q2q 331510 331509 2026-08-17T14:56:07Z ToniSant 4257 added [[Category:Mużiċisti Maltin]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lino Cauchi''' kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Matul il-karriera tiegħu huwa daqq f'diversi formazzjonijiet f'lokalitajiet magħrufa f'Malta, fosthom fil-Palazzo Pescatore ma’ [[Charles Gatt is-City|Charles Gatt]] [[Charles Gatt is-City|is-City]] u Mario Abela, u l-[[Joe Cutajar]] [[Joe Cutajar|Band]] fil-Mellieħa Bay Hotel.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-bidu tas-snin 80, Cauchi għażel lil Giodimaina biex ikanta żewġ kanzunetti tiegħu waqt il-Festival Internazzjonali tal-Kanzunetta Maltija. Il-kanzunetti kienu Għalxejn (1982) u Għanja lill-Omm (1985).<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Fl-1983 huwa kien il-pjanista residenti fil-[[BJ's Nighclub]] f'[[Paceville]], qabel ma rrakkommanda lil [[Paul Giordimaina]] biex jieħu postu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Huwa daqq bosta drabi waqt programmi divertenti fuq TVM, b'mod partikolari meta kien il-pjanista residenti fil-programm televiżiv Ronda Weekend matul is-snin 90. Daqq ukoll f'operetti Taljani ppreżentati fit-Teatru Manoel madwar l-istess żmien.<ref name=":1" /> Cauchi miet fl-età ta' 76 sena fis-17 ta' Awwissu 2026.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Mużiċisti Maltin]] 1hnglogz37uy0pijk0ea1cq1qp9fk9e 331511 331510 2026-08-17T14:56:21Z ToniSant 4257 added [[Category:Twieldu fl-1949]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lino Cauchi''' kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Matul il-karriera tiegħu huwa daqq f'diversi formazzjonijiet f'lokalitajiet magħrufa f'Malta, fosthom fil-Palazzo Pescatore ma’ [[Charles Gatt is-City|Charles Gatt]] [[Charles Gatt is-City|is-City]] u Mario Abela, u l-[[Joe Cutajar]] [[Joe Cutajar|Band]] fil-Mellieħa Bay Hotel.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-bidu tas-snin 80, Cauchi għażel lil Giodimaina biex ikanta żewġ kanzunetti tiegħu waqt il-Festival Internazzjonali tal-Kanzunetta Maltija. Il-kanzunetti kienu Għalxejn (1982) u Għanja lill-Omm (1985).<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Fl-1983 huwa kien il-pjanista residenti fil-[[BJ's Nighclub]] f'[[Paceville]], qabel ma rrakkommanda lil [[Paul Giordimaina]] biex jieħu postu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Huwa daqq bosta drabi waqt programmi divertenti fuq TVM, b'mod partikolari meta kien il-pjanista residenti fil-programm televiżiv Ronda Weekend matul is-snin 90. Daqq ukoll f'operetti Taljani ppreżentati fit-Teatru Manoel madwar l-istess żmien.<ref name=":1" /> Cauchi miet fl-età ta' 76 sena fis-17 ta' Awwissu 2026.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Mużiċisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1949]] 3cyuj90pphbdxiguqnkvxgn9whhfnd3 331512 331511 2026-08-17T14:56:37Z ToniSant 4257 korrezzjoni żgħira 331512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lino Cauchi''' kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Matul il-karriera tiegħu huwa daqq f'diversi formazzjonijiet f'lokalitajiet magħrufa f'Malta, fosthom fil-Palazzo Pescatore ma’ [[Charles Gatt is-City|Charles Gatt]] [[Charles Gatt is-City|is-City]] u Mario Abela, u l-[[Joe Cutajar]] [[Joe Cutajar|Band]] fil-Mellieħa Bay Hotel.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-bidu tas-snin 80, Cauchi għażel lil Giodimaina biex ikanta żewġ kanzunetti tiegħu waqt il-Festival Internazzjonali tal-Kanzunetta Maltija. Il-kanzunetti kienu Għalxejn (1982) u Għanja lill-Omm (1985).<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Fl-1983 huwa kien il-pjanista residenti fil-[[BJ's Nighclub]] f'[[Paceville]], qabel ma rrakkommanda lil [[Paul Giordimaina]] biex jieħu postu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Huwa daqq bosta drabi waqt programmi divertenti fuq TVM, b'mod partikolari meta kien il-pjanista residenti fil-programm televiżiv Ronda Weekend matul is-snin 90. Daqq ukoll f'operetti Taljani ppreżentati fit-Teatru Manoel madwar l-istess żmien.<ref name=":1" /> Cauchi miet fl-età ta' 76 sena fis-17 ta' Awwissu 2026.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Mużiċisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1949]] jighdp8wjetf7ngjgjzphqodleqfdh1 331513 331512 2026-08-17T14:56:52Z ToniSant 4257 added [[Category:Mietu fl-2026]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lino Cauchi''' kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Matul il-karriera tiegħu huwa daqq f'diversi formazzjonijiet f'lokalitajiet magħrufa f'Malta, fosthom fil-Palazzo Pescatore ma’ [[Charles Gatt is-City|Charles Gatt]] [[Charles Gatt is-City|is-City]] u Mario Abela, u l-[[Joe Cutajar]] [[Joe Cutajar|Band]] fil-Mellieħa Bay Hotel.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-bidu tas-snin 80, Cauchi għażel lil Giodimaina biex ikanta żewġ kanzunetti tiegħu waqt il-Festival Internazzjonali tal-Kanzunetta Maltija. Il-kanzunetti kienu Għalxejn (1982) u Għanja lill-Omm (1985).<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Fl-1983 huwa kien il-pjanista residenti fil-[[BJ's Nighclub]] f'[[Paceville]], qabel ma rrakkommanda lil [[Paul Giordimaina]] biex jieħu postu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Huwa daqq bosta drabi waqt programmi divertenti fuq TVM, b'mod partikolari meta kien il-pjanista residenti fil-programm televiżiv Ronda Weekend matul is-snin 90. Daqq ukoll f'operetti Taljani ppreżentati fit-Teatru Manoel madwar l-istess żmien.<ref name=":1" /> Cauchi miet fl-età ta' 76 sena fis-17 ta' Awwissu 2026.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Mużiċisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1949]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026]] dtfbp7gm19m3rnywp6nf83px19y5k1d 331514 331513 2026-08-17T14:57:07Z ToniSant 4257 added [[Category:Pjanisti Maltin]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lino Cauchi''' kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Matul il-karriera tiegħu huwa daqq f'diversi formazzjonijiet f'lokalitajiet magħrufa f'Malta, fosthom fil-Palazzo Pescatore ma’ [[Charles Gatt is-City|Charles Gatt]] [[Charles Gatt is-City|is-City]] u Mario Abela, u l-[[Joe Cutajar]] [[Joe Cutajar|Band]] fil-Mellieħa Bay Hotel.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-bidu tas-snin 80, Cauchi għażel lil Giodimaina biex ikanta żewġ kanzunetti tiegħu waqt il-Festival Internazzjonali tal-Kanzunetta Maltija. Il-kanzunetti kienu Għalxejn (1982) u Għanja lill-Omm (1985).<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Fl-1983 huwa kien il-pjanista residenti fil-[[BJ's Nighclub]] f'[[Paceville]], qabel ma rrakkommanda lil [[Paul Giordimaina]] biex jieħu postu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Huwa daqq bosta drabi waqt programmi divertenti fuq TVM, b'mod partikolari meta kien il-pjanista residenti fil-programm televiżiv Ronda Weekend matul is-snin 90. Daqq ukoll f'operetti Taljani ppreżentati fit-Teatru Manoel madwar l-istess żmien.<ref name=":1" /> Cauchi miet fl-età ta' 76 sena fis-17 ta' Awwissu 2026.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == [[Kategorija:Mużiċisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1949]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026]] [[Kategorija:Pjanisti Maltin]] hyki7l5wznfezy3mvpapej30ayeso5j 331515 331514 2026-08-17T14:57:47Z ToniSant 4257 +defaultsort +awtorità 331515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lino Cauchi''' kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Matul il-karriera tiegħu huwa daqq f'diversi formazzjonijiet f'lokalitajiet magħrufa f'Malta, fosthom fil-Palazzo Pescatore ma’ [[Charles Gatt is-City|Charles Gatt]] [[Charles Gatt is-City|is-City]] u Mario Abela, u l-[[Joe Cutajar]] [[Joe Cutajar|Band]] fil-Mellieħa Bay Hotel.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-bidu tas-snin 80, Cauchi għażel lil Giodimaina biex ikanta żewġ kanzunetti tiegħu waqt il-Festival Internazzjonali tal-Kanzunetta Maltija. Il-kanzunetti kienu Għalxejn (1982) u Għanja lill-Omm (1985).<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Fl-1983 huwa kien il-pjanista residenti fil-[[BJ's Nighclub]] f'[[Paceville]], qabel ma rrakkommanda lil [[Paul Giordimaina]] biex jieħu postu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Huwa daqq bosta drabi waqt programmi divertenti fuq TVM, b'mod partikolari meta kien il-pjanista residenti fil-programm televiżiv Ronda Weekend matul is-snin 90. Daqq ukoll f'operetti Taljani ppreżentati fit-Teatru Manoel madwar l-istess żmien.<ref name=":1" /> Cauchi miet fl-età ta' 76 sena fis-17 ta' Awwissu 2026.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}}{{Awtorità}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cauchi, Lino}} [[Kategorija:Mużiċisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1949]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026]] [[Kategorija:Pjanisti Maltin]] 5rrwxh9t4140vnrz5bybmsg3cjo8chi 331516 331515 2026-08-17T14:58:23Z ToniSant 4257 +mt 331516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L-ewwel bil-Malti}}{{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lino Cauchi''' kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Matul il-karriera tiegħu huwa daqq f'diversi formazzjonijiet f'lokalitajiet magħrufa f'Malta, fosthom fil-Palazzo Pescatore ma’ [[Charles Gatt is-City|Charles Gatt]] [[Charles Gatt is-City|is-City]] u Mario Abela, u l-[[Joe Cutajar]] [[Joe Cutajar|Band]] fil-Mellieħa Bay Hotel.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-bidu tas-snin 80, Cauchi għażel lil Giodimaina biex ikanta żewġ kanzunetti tiegħu waqt il-Festival Internazzjonali tal-Kanzunetta Maltija. Il-kanzunetti kienu Għalxejn (1982) u Għanja lill-Omm (1985).<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Fl-1983 huwa kien il-pjanista residenti fil-[[BJ's Nighclub]] f'[[Paceville]], qabel ma rrakkommanda lil [[Paul Giordimaina]] biex jieħu postu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Huwa daqq bosta drabi waqt programmi divertenti fuq TVM, b'mod partikolari meta kien il-pjanista residenti fil-programm televiżiv Ronda Weekend matul is-snin 90. Daqq ukoll f'operetti Taljani ppreżentati fit-Teatru Manoel madwar l-istess żmien.<ref name=":1" /> Cauchi miet fl-età ta' 76 sena fis-17 ta' Awwissu 2026.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}}{{Awtorità}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cauchi, Lino}} [[Kategorija:Mużiċisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1949]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026]] [[Kategorija:Pjanisti Maltin]] q5zm44vdpn50b62uyz3gh4hu4360u0i 331517 331516 2026-08-17T14:59:32Z ToniSant 4257 dati 331517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L-ewwel bil-Malti}}{{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lino Cauchi''' (1949–2026) kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Matul il-karriera tiegħu huwa daqq f'diversi formazzjonijiet f'lokalitajiet magħrufa f'Malta, fosthom fil-Palazzo Pescatore ma’ [[Charles Gatt is-City|Charles Gatt]] [[Charles Gatt is-City|is-City]] u Mario Abela, u l-[[Joe Cutajar]] [[Joe Cutajar|Band]] fil-Mellieħa Bay Hotel.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-bidu tas-snin 80, Cauchi għażel lil Giodimaina biex ikanta żewġ kanzunetti tiegħu waqt il-Festival Internazzjonali tal-Kanzunetta Maltija. Il-kanzunetti kienu Għalxejn (1982) u Għanja lill-Omm (1985).<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Fl-1983 huwa kien il-pjanista residenti fil-[[BJ's Nighclub]] f'[[Paceville]], qabel ma rrakkommanda lil [[Paul Giordimaina]] biex jieħu postu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Huwa daqq bosta drabi waqt programmi divertenti fuq TVM, b'mod partikolari meta kien il-pjanista residenti fil-programm televiżiv Ronda Weekend matul is-snin 90. Daqq ukoll f'operetti Taljani ppreżentati fit-Teatru Manoel madwar l-istess żmien.<ref name=":1" /> Cauchi miet fl-età ta' 76 sena fis-17 ta' Awwissu 2026.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}}{{Awtorità}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cauchi, Lino}} [[Kategorija:Mużiċisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1949]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026]] [[Kategorija:Pjanisti Maltin]] mye2tcq63u06cd2clfrkut4pxsqao2l 331522 331517 2026-08-17T15:17:43Z ToniSant 4257 +ref 331522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L-ewwel bil-Malti}}{{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lino Cauchi''' (1949–2026) kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Matul il-karriera tiegħu huwa daqq f'diversi formazzjonijiet f'lokalitajiet magħrufa f'Malta, fosthom fil-Palazzo Pescatore ma’ [[Charles Gatt is-City|Charles Gatt]] [[Charles Gatt is-City|is-City]] u Mario Abela, u l-[[Joe Cutajar]] [[Joe Cutajar|Band]] fil-Mellieħa Bay Hotel.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-bidu tas-snin 80, Cauchi għażel lil Giodimaina biex ikanta żewġ kanzunetti tiegħu waqt il-Festival Internazzjonali tal-Kanzunetta Maltija. Il-kanzunetti kienu Għalxejn (1982) u Għanja lill-Omm (1985).<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Fl-1983 huwa kien il-pjanista residenti fil-[[BJ's Nighclub]] f'[[Paceville]], qabel ma rrakkommanda lil [[Paul Giordimaina]] biex jieħu postu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Huwa daqq bosta drabi waqt programmi divertenti fuq TVM, b'mod partikolari meta kien il-pjanista residenti fil-programm televiżiv Ronda Weekend matul is-snin 90. Daqq ukoll f'operetti Taljani ppreżentati fit-Teatru Manoel madwar l-istess żmien.<ref name=":1" /> Waqt l-edizzjoni tal-2026 tal-[[Malta Jazz Festival]] indaqqet kompożizzjoni tiegħu waqt il-kunċert tal-ftuħ li kien iddedikat interament lill-kompożituri tal-jazz Maltin.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://simplyjazztalk.com/2026/07/07/day-one-of-the-malta-jazz-festival-2026/|titlu=Day one of the Malta Jazz Festival 2026|data=2026-07-07|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Cauchi miet fl-età ta' 76 sena fis-17 ta' Awwissu 2026.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}}{{Awtorità}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cauchi, Lino}} [[Kategorija:Mużiċisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1949]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026]] [[Kategorija:Pjanisti Maltin]] 22vr5l1xakin3b7o60u6zs72k05027p 331525 331522 2026-08-17T15:19:25Z ToniSant 4257 +MJF2026 331525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L-ewwel bil-Malti}}{{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lino Cauchi''' (1949–2026) kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Matul il-karriera tiegħu huwa daqq f'diversi formazzjonijiet f'lokalitajiet magħrufa f'Malta, fosthom fil-Palazzo Pescatore ma’ [[Charles Gatt is-City|Charles Gatt]] [[Charles Gatt is-City|is-City]] u Mario Abela, u l-[[Joe Cutajar]] [[Joe Cutajar|Band]] fil-Mellieħa Bay Hotel.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-bidu tas-snin 80, Cauchi għażel lil Giodimaina biex ikanta żewġ kanzunetti tiegħu waqt il-Festival Internazzjonali tal-Kanzunetta Maltija. Il-kanzunetti kienu Għalxejn (1982) u Għanja lill-Omm (1985).<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Fl-1983 huwa kien il-pjanista residenti fil-[[BJ's Nighclub]] f'[[Paceville]], qabel ma rrakkommanda lil [[Paul Giordimaina]] biex jieħu postu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Huwa daqq bosta drabi waqt programmi divertenti fuq TVM, b'mod partikolari meta kien il-pjanista residenti fil-programm televiżiv Ronda Weekend matul is-snin 90. Daqq ukoll f'operetti Taljani ppreżentati fit-Teatru Manoel madwar l-istess żmien.<ref name=":1" /> Waqt l-edizzjoni tal-2026 tal-[[Malta Jazz Festival]] indaqqet kompożizzjoni tiegħu waqt il-kunċert tal-ftuħ li kien iddedikat interament lill-kompożituri tal-jazz Maltin.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://simplyjazztalk.com/2026/07/07/day-one-of-the-malta-jazz-festival-2026/|titlu=Day one of the Malta Jazz Festival 2026|data=2026-07-07|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-08-17|sit=SimplyJazzTalk}}</ref> Cauchi miet fl-età ta' 76 sena fis-17 ta' Awwissu 2026.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}}{{Awtorità}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cauchi, Lino}} [[Kategorija:Mużiċisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1949]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026]] [[Kategorija:Pjanisti Maltin]] bzkeg1w9dkwsw11lpshfpu6vvp2gw2k 331528 331525 2026-08-17T15:19:39Z ToniSant 4257 added [[Category:Kompożituri Maltin]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 331528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L-ewwel bil-Malti}}{{Infobox bijografija}} '''Lino Cauchi''' (1949–2026) kien mużiċist Malti magħruf l-aktar għad-daqq tal-pjanu. Cauchi twieled fit-30 ta' Novembru 1949.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://newsbook.com.mt/imut-lino-cauchi-wiehed-mill-pijunieri-tal-jazz-malti/|titlu=Imut Lino Cauchi, wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-jazz Malti|kunjom=Zammit|isem=Frederick|data=17 Awwissu 2026|sit=Newsbook|lingwa=mt}}</ref> Huwa beda l-karriera tiegħu fl-1967 meta daħal idoqq il-pjanu mal-banda ta' [[Vinny Vella (mużiċist)|Vinny Vella]].<ref name=":1">{{Ċita web|url=https://napa.mt/ja-exhibition-2025/|titlu=JA Exhibition 2025|sit=NAPA|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Matul il-karriera tiegħu huwa daqq f'diversi formazzjonijiet f'lokalitajiet magħrufa f'Malta, fosthom fil-Palazzo Pescatore ma’ [[Charles Gatt is-City|Charles Gatt]] [[Charles Gatt is-City|is-City]] u Mario Abela, u l-[[Joe Cutajar]] [[Joe Cutajar|Band]] fil-Mellieħa Bay Hotel.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-bidu tas-snin 80, Cauchi għażel lil Giodimaina biex ikanta żewġ kanzunetti tiegħu waqt il-Festival Internazzjonali tal-Kanzunetta Maltija. Il-kanzunetti kienu Għalxejn (1982) u Għanja lill-Omm (1985).<ref name=":2">{{Ċita web|url=https://gwida.mt/muzicist-rispettat-li-tani-kompozizzjonijiet-mill-isbah-paul-giordimaina-isellem-lil-lino-cauchi/|titlu="Mużiċist Rispettat Li Tani Kompożizzjonijiet Mill-Isbaħ" – Paul Giordimaina Isellem Lil Lino Cauchi|kunjom=Bayliss|isem=Emil Calleja|data=2026-08-17|sit=Gwida|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2026-08-17}}</ref> Fl-1983 huwa kien il-pjanista residenti fil-[[BJ's Nighclub]] f'[[Paceville]], qabel ma rrakkommanda lil [[Paul Giordimaina]] biex jieħu postu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Huwa daqq bosta drabi waqt programmi divertenti fuq TVM, b'mod partikolari meta kien il-pjanista residenti fil-programm televiżiv Ronda Weekend matul is-snin 90. Daqq ukoll f'operetti Taljani ppreżentati fit-Teatru Manoel madwar l-istess żmien.<ref name=":1" /> Waqt l-edizzjoni tal-2026 tal-[[Malta Jazz Festival]] indaqqet kompożizzjoni tiegħu waqt il-kunċert tal-ftuħ li kien iddedikat interament lill-kompożituri tal-jazz Maltin.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://simplyjazztalk.com/2026/07/07/day-one-of-the-malta-jazz-festival-2026/|titlu=Day one of the Malta Jazz Festival 2026|data=2026-07-07|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2026-08-17|sit=SimplyJazzTalk}}</ref> Cauchi miet fl-età ta' 76 sena fis-17 ta' Awwissu 2026.<ref name=":0" /> == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}}{{Awtorità}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cauchi, Lino}} [[Kategorija:Mużiċisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1949]] [[Kategorija:Mietu fl-2026]] [[Kategorija:Pjanisti Maltin]] [[Kategorija:Kompożituri Maltin]] kpcel7kucrzphzwc7st54vaj0ebbx8f 0 34558 331518 2026-08-17T15:03:15Z ToniSant 4257 +diżambigwazzjoni 331518 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lino Cauchi''' jista' jirreferi għal: * [[Lino Cauchi (accountant)]] * [[Lino Cauchi (mużiċist)]] {{diżambigwazzjoni}} [[Kategorija:Cauchi (kunjom)|Lino]] k7bbvso3xw1sw3rpafdpd8x34dq1f5l 331520 331518 2026-08-17T15:05:36Z ToniSant 4257 +defaultsort 331520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lino Cauchi''' jista' jirreferi għal: * [[Lino Cauchi (accountant)]] * [[Lino Cauchi (mużiċist)]] {{diżambigwazzjoni}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cauchi, Lino}} [[Kategorija:Cauchi (kunjom)|Lino]] 0vkrmcqp809rojbmuacazf5ldolqmt0