Wikipedia newwiki https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter माध्यम विशेष खँलाबँला छ्येलेमि छ्येलेमि खँलाबँला विकिपिडिया विकिपिडिया खँलाबँला किपा किपा खँलाबँला मिडियाविकि मिडियाविकि खँलाबँला Template Template talk ग्वाहालि ग्वाहालि खँलाबँला पुचः पुचः खँलाबँला दबू दबू खँलाबँला TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1612 1121625 1120536 2026-06-19T02:35:14Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1121625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/हेइटी}} [[Image:Haiti National Anthem.ogg]] {{Infobox_Country |native_name = {{lang|fr|''République d'Haïti''}}<br />{{lang|ht|''Repiblik d Ayiti''}} |conventional_long_name = हेइटी गणतन्त्र |common_name = हेइटी |image_flag = Flag_of_Haiti.svg |image_coat =Coat of arms of Haiti.svg |image_map = LocationHaiti.svg |national_motto = ''"L'Union Fait La Force"''{{spaces|2}}<small>([[फ्रांसे]])<br />"एकतां बल्लाकी"</small> |national_anthem = ''[[ला देसालिनिएन्ने]]'' |official_languages = [[फ्रांसे]], [[हेइटियन क्रेओल]] |demonym = हेइटीयन |capital = [[पोर्ट-औ-प्रिन्स]] |latd=18 |latm=32 |latNS=N |longd=72 |longm=20 |longEW=W |largest_city = राजधानी |government_type = [[गणतन्त्र]] |leader_title1 = [[हेइटीया राष्ट्रपतितेगु धलः]] |leader_name1 = [[रेने प्रेभाल]] |leader_title2 = [[हेइटीया प्रधानमन्त्रीतेगु धलः]] |leader_name2 = [[ज्याक-एदोउआर्द एलेक्सिस]] |area_rank = १४६औं |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 27,750 |area_sq_mi = 10,714 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 0.7 |population_estimate = 8,528,000¹ |population_estimate_rank = 88th |population_estimate_year = July 2005 |population_census = 5,053,792 |population_census_year = 1982 |population_density_km2 = 292.7 |population_density_sq_mi = 758.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 38th |GDP_PPP = $14.76 (2006 est.) [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] |GDP_PPP_rank = 124th |GDP_PPP_year = 2006 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1800 ((2006 est.)purchasing power parity): GDP (official exchange rate): $5.953 billion (2006 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 2.3% (2006 est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 153th |sovereignty_type = [[हेइटीया इतिहास|पलिस्था]] |established_event1 = as [[Saint-Domingue]] |established_date1 = [[1697]] |established_event2 = [[फ्रान्स|फ्रान्सं]] स्वतन्त्र |established_date2 = <br />[[ज्यानुवरी १]], [[ई सं १८०४]] |HDI = {{increase}} 0.482 |HDI_rank = 154th |HDI_year = 2004 |HDI_category = <font color="#e0584e">low</font> |Gini = 59.2 |Gini_year = 2001 |Gini_category = <font color="#e0584e">high</font> |currency = [[Haitian gourde|Gourde]] |currency_code = HTG |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = -5 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = -4 |cctld = [[.ht]] |calling_code = 509 |footnote1 = Note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and gender than would otherwise be expected. }} '''हेइटी''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ˈhaiːti]}}), आधिकारिक कथं '''गणतन्त्र हेइटी''' ({{lang|fr|''République d'Haïti''}}, {{lang|ht|''Repiblik d Ayiti''}}), छगु [[फ्रान्कोफोनी]] व [[क्रेओल]] खँल्हाइगु [[ल्याटिन अमेरिका]]या छगु देय् ख। थ्व देय् [[ग्रेटर एन्टिल्स]] [[आर्किपेलागो]]य् [[क्यारिबियन]] टापू [[हिस्पानियोला]]य् ला। थ्व टापूइ [[डोमिनिकन गणतन्त्र]] नं ला। हेइटीइ मेमेगु चीधंगु टापूत नं दु दसु- [[ला गोनाभे]], ला Tortue, [[ले काय्‌मितेज्]], इल् दे एनाकाओना, व ला ग्रान्द काये। मनु मच्वनिगु टापू [[नाभासा टापू]] हेइटी व [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] नं थःगु धका क्लेम यागुदु। 'अयिति' (ऐति) धागु आदिवासी [[ताइनो]] वा [[अमेरिनिडियन]]तेगु थ्व टापूया नां ख। थुकिया दक्ले तज्जागु थाय् [[पिक ला सेल्ले]] २,६८० मिटर ख। थ्व देय्‌या क्षेत्रफल २७,७५०&nbsp;[[वर्ग किलोमिटर]] (१०,७१४&nbsp;वर्ग माइल) दु। थ्व देय्‌या राजधानी [[पोर्ट-औ-प्रिन्स]] ख। छगू भूतपूर्व [[अमेरिकाय् फ्रान्सेली उपनिवेश|फ्रेन्च उपनिवेशं]] दयावःगु देय्‌ हेइटीं छुं ऐतिहासिक झाकात देकल: हेइटी हलिमया दक्ले न्हापांगु स्वतन्त्र हाकुगु गणतन्त्र व हलिमया छगू जक्क [[दास विद्रोह|दास विद्रोहं]] बुयावःगु देय्‌या कथं पलिस्था जुल। हेइटी अमेरिकाया २गु गैह्र-आदिवासी (संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका धुंका) देय्‌या रुपय् पलिस्था जुल। थ्व देय्‌ ल्याटिन अमेरिकाया दक्ले पुलांगु स्वतन्त्र राष्ट्रया कथं ज्यानुवरी १, १८०४स पलिस्था जुल। == राजनीति == {{main|हेइटीया राजनीति}} हेइटीया राजनीति [[राष्ट्रपतिय व्यवस्था|राष्ट्रपतिय]] [[गणतन्त्र]], व pluriform बहुदल व्यवस्थाय् जुइ। [[हेइटीया राष्ट्रपति]] [[देय्‌या प्रमुख]] जुइ धाःसा प्रधानमन्त्री [[सरकारया प्रमुख]] जुइ। [[कार्यपालिकाया शक्ति]] सरकारं छ्य्‌लि। [[व्यवस्थापिकाया शक्ति]] [[सरकार]] व [[हेइटीया राष्ट्रिय एसेम्ब्ली|हेइटीया राष्ट्रिय एसेम्ब्लीं]] छ्य्‌लि। == विभाग, एरोन्डिसेमेन्ट, व कम्म्युन == {{main|हेइटीया विभाग}} {{see|Arrondissements and communes of Haiti}} हेइटीयात १० गु विभागय् बायातगु दु। Please note that the names of departmental capital cities are provided in parentheses. विभागतेत हानं ४१गु [[एरोन्डिसेमेन्ट]]त, व १३३ [[कम्युन]]य् विभाजन यानातगु दु। थुकिलिं द्वितीय व तृतीय तहया व्यवस्थापिक विभागया ज्या याइ। [[किपा:Haiti departments numbered.png|right|thumb|300px|हेइटीया विभागत]] {| | # [[आर्तोबोनाइत विभाग]] ([[Gonaïves]]) # [[सेन्टर विभाग]] ([[Hinche]]) # [[ग्रान्ड्‌'आन्से विभाग]] ([[Jérémie]]) # [[निप्पेस विभाग]] ([[Miragoâne]]) # [[नर्द विभाग]] ([[Cap-Haïtien]]) # [[नर्ड-एस्ट विभाग]] ([[Fort-Liberté]]) # [[नर्ड-ओउएस्ट विभाग]] ([[Port-de-Paix]]) # [[ओउएस्ट विभाग]] ([[पोर्ट-औ-प्रिन्स]]) *देया राजधानी* # [[सुद-एस्ट विभाग]] ([[Jacmel]]) # [[सुद विभाग]] ([[Les Cayes]]) | |} == अर्थतन्त्र == [[किपा:Waste dumping in a slum of Cap-Haitien.jpg|thumb|[[काप-हेइटीएन]]या स्लमय् वांछयातःगु फोहर]] {{main|हेइटीया अर्थतन्त्र}} हेइटी पाश्चात्य गोलार्धया दक्ले म्हो विकसित देय्‌ ख। थ्व देय्‌या राजनैतिक अस्थिरता व हानं-हानं जुयाच्वनिगु हिंसां याना थ्व देय्‌ नं बांलाक्क विकास याये मफु। सन् १९८०या दशक निसेंया सामाजिक व आर्थिक सूचकं हेइटीयात मेमेगु अविकशित देय्‌ (विशेष याना पाश्चात्य गोलार्ध)या तुलनाय् ल्यु-ल्यु लानावंगु क्यनाच्वंगु दु। सन् २००६इ हेइटी संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघयअ [[मानव विकास परिसूचक]] दूगु १७७ देय्‌य् १५४गु थासय् ला। सन् २००३य् करिब ८०% जनसंख्या गरिवी रेखाय् म्वानाच्वंगु खने दु। <ref>CIA World Factbook</ref> हेइटी अमेरिकाय् लाःगु छगू जक्क अति विकशित राष्ट्र ख। <ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti German Wikipedia]</ref> सन् २००१ व २००२इ आर्थिक विकास ऋणात्मक जुल धाःसा सन् २००३य् आर्थिक विकास मजु। सन् २००६इ प्रेजिडेन्ट प्रेभाल दयेधुंका धाःसा हेइटीया अर्थतन्त्रय् विकास जूगु खने दु। {{Fact|date=October 2007}} करिब ६६% हेइटीमिं बुंज्या याइ गुकिलि आपालं चिधंगु स्तरया सब्स्टिनेन्स फार्मिङ याइ, तर थुकिलिं देय्‌या कुल ग्राहस्थ उत्पादनय् ३०% जक्क योगदान बी। थ्व देशय् फर्मल जब क्रियसनया विकास म्हो जक्क जुसां इन्फर्मल इकोनोमी धाःसा विकशित जुयाच्वंगु दु। थ्व देय्‌ [[करप्सन पर्सेप्सन इन्डेक्स]] कथं हलिमया दक्ले भ्रष्टाचारी देशय् छगू ख। थ्व देय्‌या राष्ट्रिय बजेटया ३०-४०% वैदेशिक अनुदानं वै गुकिलि दक्ले अप्व संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका व युरोपियन युनियनं बीगु या। भेनेजुयला व क्युबां नं थ्व देय्‌यात ग्वहालि या। सन् २०००या निर्वाचनया धांधलीया आरोप व राष्ट्रपति एरिस्टाइडयात थीथी भ्रष्टाचारया आरोप धुंका युएसं हेइटीयात बिइगु अनुदान सन् २००१-२००४ तक्क दिकाबिल। एरिस्टाइडं सत्तात्याग यायेधुंका [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघया हेइटीइ स्टेबिलाइजेसन मिसन]] ब्राजिलियन सेनाया अगुवाइय् पलिस्था जुल। थ्व धुंका हानं युएसं हेइटीयात अनुदान बीया हल। == शिक्षा == {{main|हेइटीइ शिक्षा}} हेइटीया [[विश्वविद्यालय]]त थ्व कथं दु: * [[काराइबे विश्वविद्यालय]] * [[च्रेतिएने दु नर्ड द्'हेइटी]] * [[हेइटी विश्वविद्यालय]] * [[लुमिएर विश्वविद्यालय]] / MEBSH * [[हेइटीया नर्ते दामे विश्वविद्यालय]] * [[क्विस्क्वेया विश्वविद्यालय]] * [[रोइ हेन्री क्रिस्तोफ विश्वविद्यालय]] == लिधँसा == <div class="references-small"> <references/> * [[Edwidge Danticat]], ''[[The Royal Diaries of Anacoana: Golden Flower, Haiti 1490]]''. Retrieved 2006-12-29. == स्वयादिसँ == {{portalpar|हेइटी|Flag_of_Haiti.svg}} * [[फ्रीपोर्ट तोर्तुगा]] * [[हिस्पानियोला]] * [[हेइटी फूटबल टिम]] * [[हेइटीया राजनीति]] == पिनेया स्वापूत == {{sisterlinks|Haiti}} '''इतिहास''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515003814/http://www.elahmad.com/maps/qibla-english.htm?latitude=18.9167&longitude=-72.4878&t=h&zoom=7 maps Haiti ] * [http://www.kreyol.com/ Kreyol - Haitian History] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071009071631/http://www.haitianarawak.com/ Information on Haiti's indigenous heritage and the descendants of the Haitian Arawaks] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015044529/http://www.haiti.org/keydate.htm Key Dates in Haitian History] - Embassy of Haiti * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012142804/http://kreyol.com/history.html People in Haitian History] - Founders and heroes of Haiti * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011090409/http://webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/history.htm Bob Corbett's Haitian History Page] - in-depth information about Haitian history and literature * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100504202347/http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/revolution/secret.htm Napoleon's secret orders to General Leclerc] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514083215/http://www.thediamondangle.com/marasco/negleg/trujillo.html 1937 massacre] - information about the 1937 massacre of 18,000 Haitians by Dominican President Rafael Trujillo * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html Library of Congress - A Country Study: Haiti] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907105427/http://www.thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/ The Louverture Project] - Haitian History Wiki * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080501090520/http://homepage.mac.com/stlazare/Haiti/The%20Imperial%20and%20Military%20Order%20of%20Saint%20Faustin.html Institut de la Maison Imperiale d'Haiti]* * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901061334/https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Haiti/haiti1987.html 1987 Constitution of Haiti] - unofficial translation by Georgetown University * [http://www.haiti.org/ Embassy of Haiti in Washington D.C.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070706101039/http://numismondo.com/pm/hti/ Haiti Paper Money] '''संस्कृति''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045605/http://www.haiti.fm/haitianvideos/haiti-fm-top-video-play/ Haiti FM Videos] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160117043630/http://rara.wesleyan.edu/ Music and Video of Rara Festivals in Haiti and New York] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HS0JAkr2qE Video: Sculpture marks abolition of slave trade anniversary] '''The Flag of Haiti'''<br /> The flag of Haiti was redesigned after the slave revolution over a colonial France. The flag was changed from black and yellow to blue and red. '''मालेज्या''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014111619/http://www.premye.ht/ Premye.ht], .ht search engine (using French) '''बुखँ''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050906100912/http://news.yahoo.com/fc/World/Haiti/ Yahoo! News Full Coverage] * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Haiti Encyclpaedia Britannica - Haiti's country page] * [http://www.metropolehaiti.com/ Radio Metropole] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150217153602/http://www.tnh.ht/ Television Nationale d'Haiti] * [http://www.ahphaiti.org/ Agenge Haitienne de Press] * [http://www.telehaiti.com/ Telehaiti-Television d'Haiti] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012023634/http://www.radiokiskeya.com/ Radio Kiskeya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060805154035/http://www.voanews.com/english/broadcast_info.cfm?co=88&lang=13#webcast VOA kreyol] * [http://www.haitiprogres.com Haiti Progre - Lavalas news in several languages] * [http://www.alterpresse.org AlterPresse news briefs in several languages] * [http://www.ifex.org/20fr/content/view/full/118/ IFEX independent news] * [http://www.HavenWorks.com/world/haiti Haiti News] * [https://listhost.uchicago.edu/mailman/listinfo/Haiti-news Haiti-news list], Haitian news * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015065339/http://www.lenouvelliste.com/ Le Nouvelliste Online], political, social, economics, culture and entertainment, sports news * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011052951/http://ipsnews.net/new_focus/haiti/index.asp IPS Inter Press Service] Independent news reports and features about Haiti '''चाहिलिगु''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028193046/http://www.latinguides.com/travel/haiti-paradise-cotes-des-arcadins-jacmel.html Haiti Vacation] The Haiti Paradise, Cotes des Arcadins & Jacmel e Ile-a-Vache '''संकिपा''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012043809/http://belfim.com/ BelFim - Haiti's Internet Movie Database] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130614174947/http://raboteau-trial.info/ Pote Mak Sonje (the Raboteau Trial) (2003)] * [http://www.aristidethefilm.com Aristide and the Endless Revolution by [[Nicolas Rossier]] (2005)] '''सफू''' * Sleeping Rough in Port-au-Prince: An Ethnograohy of Street Children and Violence in Haiti (2006) by J. Christopher Kovats-Bernat * Let Haiti Live (2004) * Pathologies of Power (2003) by Paul Farmer '''हेइतिमि नखः''' * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1159809,%2000.html Why they had to Crush Aristide, The Guardian] * [http://newleftreview.org/A2507 Operation Zero in Haiti, New Left Review] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011135802/http://radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2187&editorial_id=14344 Haitian Inspiration, Radical Philosophy] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201070136/http://www.udw.ac.za/ccs/default.asp?3,28,10,1213 Haiti 1804 as an Event - Fidelity to Freedom, Why has it been so difficult to achieve?] '''एड्भोकेसी''' * [http://www.lethaitilive.org/pmwiki.php Coalition of Organizations in US for Haiti justice] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010005220/http://www.unicef.org/childalert/haiti/ A 'Child Alert' issued by UNICEF for the country of Haiti] * [http://www.canadahaitiaction.ca Articles and News Focusing in on Canada's Role in Haiti] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011134620/http://hayti.net/ Website of Haitian Populat Movement Fanmi Lavalas] * [http://www.outofhaiti.ca Articles and News Focusing in on Canada's Role in Haiti] * [http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2937 Invisible Violence: Ignoring Murder in Post-Coup Haiti] * [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050408005345/http://www.zmag.org/lam/haitiwatch.cfm ZMag analysis on current situation in Haiti] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040924204316/http://www.haitijustice.org/ ''Half-Hour for Haiti'' Action Alerts to promote justice in and for Haiti] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100201091937/http://blog.ijdh.org/ Haiti Justiceblog] '''उसांय् ख्यः''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091212130729/http://www.medsandfoodforkids.org/ Meds & Food for Kids] - Stop malnutrition in Haiti before it takes another life. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071014005350/http://www.intlchildcare.org/ International Child Care] - Christian health development organization in Haiti & Grace Children's Hospital * [http://www.konbitsante.org/ Konbit Sante] A New England based Health Partnership with the people of Cap-Haitien * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070828225410/http://www.haitihelpmed.org/index.html Haiti Help Med Plus] - Haitian medical aid organization * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061031124725/http://www.pih.org/wherewework/haiti/index.html Zanmi Lasante] - Public health NGO Partners in Health * [http://www.hashaiti.org Hopital Albert Schweitzer Haiti] - Integrated Community Health System serving the Artibonite Valley '''NGOत''' * [http://www.oursoil.org SOL] - Haiti National Organization for Community Development * [http://www.oursoil.org SOIL] - International Organization for Community Development * [http://www.aidg.org AIDG] - Integrating Eco-Friendly Businesses in Developing Countries * [http://www.hope-for-haiti.org Hope for Haiti] - Educational and grassroots development in rural Haiti. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060419073440/http://www.aanhaiti.com/aan/indexpage.asp?b=ns Autorite Aeroportuaire Nationale d'Haiti (AAN)] * [http://www.fondationseguin.org/ Fondation Sequin]- Advocay for the Ecology of Seguin * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427001513/http://www.haitiinnovation.org/ Haiti Innovation] - Markets sustainable, development projects in Haiti to an active community of Haiti enthusiasts and aid donors * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005232126/http://www.pwofansanm.org/ Pwof Ansanm] - educational initiative in Haiti * [http://www.lambifund.org Lambi Fund of Haiti] - sustainable grassroots development and reforestation for economic justice * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111209054842/http://www.akolad.com/ Akolad.com] - home of Haitian community online * [http://www.haitixchange.com HaitiXchange.com] - Haitian people, news, and culture * [http://www.haitiaction.com Haiti Action] * [http://www.haitipolicy.org Haiti Democracy Project] * [http://www.haitisupport.gn.apc.org Haiti Support Group] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090605035007/http://www.hastingshumanrights.org/ Hastings Human Rights Project for Haiti] - A student led project which lodged a complaint on behalf of former PM Yvon Neptune * [http://www.ijdh.org/ Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti] - News and human rights activism for Haiti with weekly newsletter * [http://www.nchr.org National Coalition for Haitian Rights] * [http://www.palaisnational.info/ National Palace] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060831172014/http://www.sakapfet.com/ Sakapfet Online] * [http://kiskeyacity.blogspot.com/2005/11/second-generation-nation-mill-polyn.html Second Generation Haitian-American (Interview)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011134236/http://unifusa.org/home/ UNIF USA] - The UNIF USA Foundation '''समुदाय''' * [http://www.pouchons.com Pouchons.com Haitian Website Community] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011165416/http://echodhaiti.com/ EchodHaiti.com Haitian Cultural Community] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325235553/http://haitiandiaspora.com/ HaitianDiaspora.com Haitian-American Diaspora Community] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081123034718/http://www.staelo.net/ STAELO DEFACTO Haitian Culture] {{Template group |title = Geographic locale |list = {{Departments of Haiti}} {{Countries and territories of the Caribbean}} {{Countries and territories of Middle America}} {{Countries of North America}} }} {{Template group |title = International membership |list = {{Organization of American States (OAS)}} {{Latin Union}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}} }} {{देय् च्वसु|हेइटी}} <!--मेमेगु भाषाय्--> [[पुचः:देय्]] [[पुचः:हेइटी| ]] [[पुचः:कारिकोम देय्‌त]] [[पुचः:गणतन्त्र]] [[पुचः:फ्रान्कोफोनी देय्‌]] [[पुचः:टापू देय्]] m16tmhjxvmzxfilott5fbol93r5c5x9 0 2250 1121621 1120013 2026-06-19T01:03:04Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1121621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/माउस}} [[Image:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg|thumb|alt=तारयुक्तः सङ्गणकमूषकः|तारयुक्तः सङ्गणकमूषकः यस्य बटनद्वयं (वामदक्षिणयोः), स्क्रॉलचक्रं (यत् दबाने बटनरूपेण कार्यं करोति) तथा च मूषकस्य कार्यं कर्तुं सङ्गणके प्लग् कर्तुं USB-A केबलं (सामान्यतया)]] [[Image:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg|thumb|alt=wireless computer mouse|एकः [[ताररहितः]]]] [[Image:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|alt=गृहमूषकः (Mus musculus)|सङ्गणकमूषकस्य नामकरणं कृन्तकस्य सादृश्यस्य कारणेन [[मूषकः|भवति]]]] ==पिनेयागु स्वापूतः== {{Commonscat|Computer mice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724023157/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/xerox/star8010.shtml The Earliest Computer Mice] * The Xerox [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724023037/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/xerox/alto.shtml Alto ball mouse] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724023157/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/xerox/star8010.shtml Star optical mouse] * [http://library.stanford.edu/mac/mouse0.html Primary Material on the Apple Mouse] * {{PDF|[http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/sts355/micezen.pdf ''Of Mice and Zen: Product Design and Invisible Innovation'', by Alex Soojung-Kim Pang]}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080112045313/http://www.mstarmetro.net/~rlowens/OpticalMouse/ Optical Mouse technology review: Tech specs on current optical mice] * [http://www.dvhardware.net/review70_logitech-mx1000.html A review of a modern laser-based mouse: the MX1000] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080928081412/http://www.sri.com/about/timeline/mouse.html SRI mouse] * [http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/ MouseSite] including [http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/1968Demo.html 1968 demonstration] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081221104352/http://writeka.com/emage/mouse_events.html Mouse Interrupts in DOS] * [http://www.computer-engineering.org/ps2mouse/ The PS/2 mouse interface] – Detailed description of the data protocol, including the Microsoft Intellimouse wheel-and-five-buttons extensions * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090302000300/http://freedos-32.sourceforge.net/showdoc.php?page=sermouse Serial-port mouse protocols] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925125103/http://users.tkk.fi/~then/mytexts/mouse.html PC mouse information] – some information on mouse interfaces and communication protocols * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061025220855/http://www.hardwarebook.net/connector/userinput/atarimousejoy.html HwB: Atari Mouse/Joy Connector] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081001210944/http://repair4mouse.org/ Repair4Mouse] - A survey of do-it-yourself guides for repairing and modding computer mice. * [http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mouse.htm howstuffworks.com article on how computer mice work] * [http://englishrussia.com/?p=270#more-270 English Russia » The Manipulator For Graphical Information], Russian mice * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055033/http://www.rollosonic.com/Pages/RolloSONIC_Intro.html RolloSONIC] A program focused on making sound from mouse movement {{Gamepad styles}} [[Category:प्रविधि]] fw7h6trgms0v6hk9drojz5mcfr5xlx1 0 2545 1121624 1109426 2026-06-19T02:09:23Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1121624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/शल्यचिकित्सा}} [[किपा:M-M Munsky - Eingriff IV (Chirurgen) (Öl auf Nessel 1973).jpg|thumb]] '''शल्यचिकित्सा''' वा '''शल्यक्रिया''' छगु चिकित्सायागु ख्यः खः। थुकिलि ल्वे या घापाःयात अपरेसन याना लंकी। == इतिहास == === प्राचीन भारत === [[भारत|भारतीय]] चिकित्सक [[सुश्रुत]] (६०० बि सि) नं आ [[वाराणासी]] दुगु थासे शल्यक्रिया यायेगु व स्येनेगु ज्या यागु खने दु। वेकलं च्वयादिगु ''सुश्रुत संहिता''नं वेकयागु शल्यक्रियायागु ज्ञानयु बारेय् येक्व खँ सीके छिं। थ्व सफू शल्यचिकित्सायागु दक्ले पुलाँगु सफू खः। थ्व सफूय् वेकलं येक्व ल्वेयागु बिस्तारय् जांच, डायग्नोसिस, उपचार, व प्रोग्नोसिसया वर्णन व [[प्लास्टिक सर्जरी]], दसु- कस्मेटिक सर्जरी व [[राइनोप्लास्टी]]यागु वर्णन याना दिगु दु।<ref>http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2002;volume=48;issue=1;spage=76;epage=8;aulast=Rana</ref> धन्वन्तरी नं न्ह्येथनादिगु आयुर्वेदिक ज्ञान दिवोदास यात वसपोलं स्येना दिल धाःसा दिवोदासं सुश्रुत, औपधेनव, औरभ्र, पौशकलावत, गोपुरारक्षित, व भोजयात स्येना दिल। सुश्रुतयागु शल्यचिकित्साय् दुगु येक्व प्रारम्भिक योगदाअनयागु लागि वेकयात "शल्यचिकित्सायागु अबु" धका नं हनातगु दु। वेकयागु संहिताय् छुं भाग १गु शताब्दी तक्क्यागु नं खनेदु। अतः, छुं विषेशज्ञतेसं थ्व सफूय् मेमेपिं मनुतेगु नं योगदान दुगु विचाः तगु दु। सुश्रुत प्लास्टिक सर्जरी व कस्मेटिक सर्जरीयागु नं जन्मदाता खः। वेकयागु फोरहेड फ्ल्याप राइनोप्लास्टी (स्यंगु न्ह्याययात कपायागु छ्येंगु तया देकिगु) पद्दति अब्लेयागु अपराधयागु दण्ड कथं न्ह्याय चानाबीगु ज्या नं याना दयावल। थ्व पद्दति आयागु आधुनिक शल्यक्रियाय् नं छ्येलातगु दु। थ्व ज्ञान भारतय् १८गु शताब्दीयागु उत्तरार्ध तक्क नं दुगु खंयात अब्लेयागु जेन्टलम्यान्‌स्‌ म्यागाजिनं(अक्टोबर १७९४) पुष्टि यागु दु। सुश्रुत संहिताय् बावल स्वायेगु, प्रोस्ट्रेट ग्रन्थि लिकायेगु, क्याटार्‍याक्ट लेन्स लिकायेगु, एब्सेस पिकायेगु थें न्यागु खं च्वयातगु दु। === प्राचीन मिश्र === अन्वेषकतेसं [[प्राचीन मिश्र]]य् २६५० बी सीयागु [[प्रथम मोलार वा]]यागु जरायागु क्वे निगु हो दुगु [[म्यान्डिबल]] लुइकुगु दु। थुकिलिं एब्सेस दुगु वा लिकाइगु पद्दतियात ईंगीत याई। न्हुगु उत्खनन कथं [[पिरामिड]] देकुपिं ज्यामिय् [[न्ह्येपू शल्यक्रिया]] याना व ज्यामि नि दं लिपा तक्क म्वागु प्रमाण लुगु दु।{{Fact|date=February 2007}} === प्राचीन युनान === आयागु ईले शल्यचिकित्सकतेत विशेष [[चिकित्सक]] धका हना तसां थ्व पेशायागु न्ह्येथनेज्या मेगु हे ख्यलं जुगु खः। युनानी संस्कृति कथलं मनुतेसं मनुयागु म्ह चायेके मज्यु, व [[हिपोक्र्याटिक शपथ]] नं चिकित्सकतेत शल्यचिकित्सा ज्यायात चेतावनी ब्युगु खने दु। विषेश कथलं, ''cutting persons laboring under the stone'' (अर्थात [[लिथोटोमी]], "जलासेंयागु शल्यक्रियायागु ज्या व हे ज्याय् पोख्त मनुतेत त्वता बी मा" धैगु धारणा खने दु। शल्यचिकित्सायागु ज्ञान म्हयात बानास्वया जक्क वई, थ्व विज्ञान अब्लेयागु येक्व उसांयकमितेत मयगु खने दु।{{Fact|date=February 2007}} === प्राचीन चीन === [[हुवा तुवो]] पूर्वी हान व स्वंगु राजशाही ई यागु छम्ह नांजाम्ह चिनियामि चिकित्सक खः। वेक [[एनेस्थेसिया]] छ्येला शल्यक्रिया यानादिम्ह दक्ले न्हापायाम्ह मनु खः। वेकलं आधुनिक चिकित्सा स्वया १६०० दं न्ह्य एनेस्थेसिया छ्येला दिगु खः।{{Fact|date=February 2007}} === Medieval Europe === [[Abulcasis]] (Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi) was an [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian-Arab]] physician and scientist who practised in the [[Zahra (Spain)|Zahra]] suburb of Cordova. He is considered a great medieval surgeon, whose comprehensive medical texts, combining [[Middle Eastern]] and [[Greco-Roman]] classical teachings, shaped European surgical procedures up until the Renaissance. He is often regarded as the Father Of Surgery{{Fact|date=March 2007}}. Patients and students from all parts of Europe came to him for treatment and advice. According to [[Will Durant]], Cordova was in this period the favourite resort of Europeans for surgical operations. [[किपा:Surgeon01.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Surgery in Holland (ca. 1690)]] By the thirteenth century, many European towns were demanding that physicians have several years of study or training before they could practice. [[Montpellier]], [[Padua]] and [[Bologna]] Universities were particularly interested in the academic side to Surgery, and by the fifteenth century at the latest, Surgery was a separate university subject to Physics. Surgery had a lower status than pure medicine, beginning as a craft tradition until [[Rogerius (physician)|Rogerius Salernitanus]] composed his ''Chirurgia'', which laid the foundation for the species of the occidental surgical manuals, influencing them up to modern times. === Europe === [[Image:Acquapendente - Operationes chirurgicae, 1685 - 2984755.tif|thumb|[[Hieronymus Fabricius]], ''Operationes chirurgicae'', 1685]] [[Ambroise Paré]] pioneered the treatment of wounds by gunshots. Among the first modern surgeons were battlefield doctors in the [[Napoleonic Wars]] who were primarily concerned with [[amputation]]. Naval surgeons were often [[barber surgeon]]s, who combined surgery with their main jobs as barbers. In [[London]], an [[operating theatre]] or [[operating room]] from the day before modern [[anaesthesia]] or [[antiseptic]] surgery still exists, and is open to the public. It is found in the roof space of [[St Thomas Church]], Southwark, London and is called the [[Old Operating Theatre]]. === आधुनिक शल्यचिकित्सायागु विकास === आधुनिक ईले वेत शल्यचिकित्सायात स्वंगु मू बाधा पार याये माल। थ्व स्वंगु बाधा खः- * हि बाहा वनिगु * संक्रमण * स्याइगु === Bleeding === Before modern surgical developments, there was a very real threat that a patient would bleed out on the table during an operation or bleed to death while being attended after an accident or wound. The first real progress in combating bleeding had come when early cultures realized they could close wounds using extremes of heat, a procedure called cauterizing. The early cauterization was successful, but only useable in a limited fashion, highly destructive, and painful, with terrible long term outcomes. The next real breakthrough to come was the invention of ligatures, something widely believed to have originated with Ambrose Pare during the 16th century. A ligature is a piece of material used to tie closed the end of a cut blood vessel preventing any further bleeding by serving to occlude it. Ligatures form the basis of modern control bleeding, but at the time, they were more of a hazard than a help because the surgeons using them had no concept of infection control. A final barrier to be overcome was the problem of replacing blood lost. Limiting bleeding is important, but ultimately, a surgeon is fighting a losing battle if blood cannot be replaced, and this final barrier was only conquered when early 20th century research into blood groups allowed the first effective blood transfusions. === Infection === Big holes into sealed internal environments lead to infections, especially if the surgeon is using dirty tools, covered in blood and wearing his normal clothes. The first progress in combating infection was made by the Hungarian doctor Semmelweiss who noticed that medical students fresh from the dissecting room were causing excess maternal death compared to midwives. Semmelweiss, despite ridicule and opposition, introduced compulsory handwashing for everyone entering the maternal wards and was rewarded with a plunge in maternal and fetal deaths, however the royal society in the UK still dismissed his advice. The next true progress came when, after reading a paper by Louis Pasteur, the British surgeon Joseph Lister began experimenting with using phenol during surgery to prevent infections. Lister was able to quickly improve infection rates no end, a process that was further helped by his subsequent introduction of techniques to sterilise equipment, have rigorous hand washing and a later implementation of rubber gloves. Lister published his work as a series of articles in The Lancet (March 1867) under the title "Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery". The work was groundbreaking and laid the foundations for a rapid advance in infection control that saw modern aseptic operating theatres widely used within 50 years (Lister himself went on to make further strides in antisepsis and asepsis throughout his lifetime). The gradual development of germ theory has allowed the final step to be taken to create the highest quality of aseptic conditions in modern hospitals and this has allowed us to (theoretically) perform infection free surgery. === Pain === Anesthesia was discovered by two American dentists, Horace Wells (1815-1848) and William Morton. Before the advent of [[anesthesia]], surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering. This also meant that operations were largely restricted to [[amputation]]s and external growth removals. Beginning in the [[1840s]], surgery began to change dramatically in character with the discovery of effective and practical anaesthetic chemicals such as [[diethyl ether|ether]] and [[chloroform]]. In Britain, [[John Snow (physician)|John Snow]] pioneered the use of these two anaesthetics. In addition to relieving patient suffering, anaesthesia allowed more intricate operations in the internal regions of the human body. In addition, the discovery of [[muscle relaxant]]s such as [[curare]] allowed for safer applications. === Doctor or Mister? === In the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand surgeons are distinguished from physicians by being referred to as "[[Mister]]." This tradition has its origins in the [[18th century]], when surgeons were [[barber-surgeon]]s and did not have a degree (or indeed any formal qualification), unlike [[physician]]s, who were doctors with a university medical degree. By the beginning of the [[19th century]], surgeons had obtained high status, and in [[1800]], the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|Royal College of Surgeons]] (RCS) in London began to offer surgeons a formal status via RCS membership. The title ''Mister'' became a badge of honour, and today only surgeons who are [[Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons|Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons]] generally call themselves [[Mister]], [[Miss]], [[Mrs]] or [[Ms.|Ms]] in the course of their professional practice. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} By contrast, North American physicians and surgeons are always addressed as "Doctor." The title of doctor is represented in a physician and surgeon's name by the title [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]], [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|D.O.]], [[Doctor of Podiatric Medicine|D.P.M]] , [[Doctor of Dental Surgery|D.D.S.,]] or [[Doctor of Dental Medicine|D.M.D.]] following his/her surname. == शल्यचिकित्सा नं लनिगु ल्वेत == * हर्निया * पत्थरी (पित्त व मूत्र थैली) * [[घापाः]] * एनाटोमिकल असामान्यता * [[इस्केमिया]] व [[इन्फार्‍क्सन]] * [[नियोप्लेसिया]] * मेमेगु असामान्य तन्तु, दसु [[सिस्ट]], [[हाइपरप्लेजिया]] वा [[अंग हाइपरट्रफी]] == सामान्य शल्य प्रक्रियात == * संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाय् दक्ले अप्व याइगु च्यागु शल्यक्रियाय् प्येंगु [[अब्स्टेट्रिक]] ला: ** [[इपिजियोटोमी]], ** अब्स्टेट्रिक (मचा बुइकिबिलेयागु) [[ल्यासेरेसन|घापा]]यागु उपचार, ** [[सिजरियन सेक्सन]], व ** [[एम्नियोटिक मेम्ब्रेन]]यागु आर्टिफिसियल रप्चर * गैह्र अब्स्टेट्रिक शल्यप्रक्रियाय् क्वे बियातगु मू खः: ** [[एम्प्युटेसन]] ** [[एपेन्डेक्टोमी]] ** [[सर्कमसिजन]] ** [[डेन्टल एक्स्ट्र्याक्सन]] ** [[हर्नियोर्‍याफी]] <!-- Note to other editors: the previous paragraphs mentioned "the eight most common surgical procedures". Hopefully another editor will know what the other two are in order to complete this list. --> [[१९९६]]यागु अमेरिकी [[उसायं तथ्यांकयागु राष्ट्रिय केन्द्र]]कथलं, अमेरिकाय् ४०.३ मिलियन इन्पेसेन्ट सर्जिकल प्रक्रिया जुल धाःसा ३१.५ मिलियन आउटपेसेन्ट अपरेसन जुल। == नांजापिं शल्यचिकित्सकत == * [[सुश्रुत]] (known as "father of surgery", inventor of [[plastic surgery]]) * [[विलियम स्टेवार्त हाल्स्टेड]] (initiated surgical residency training in U.S., pioneer in many fields) * [[अल्फ्रेड ब्लालक]] (first modern day successful [[open heart surgery]] in 1944) * [[सी. वाल्टन लिल्लेहेइ]] (labeled "Father of modern day [[open heart surgery]]") * [[क्रिस्टियन बर्‍नार्‍ड]] (cardiac surgery, first [[heart transplantation]]) * [[वाल्टर फ्रीम्यान]] ([[lobotomy]]) * [[जोन हन्टर]] (Scottish, viewed as the father of modern surgery, performed hundreds of dissections, served as the model for [[Dr. Jekyll]].) * सर [[भिक्टर होर्‍स्ले]] ([[neurosurgery]]) * [[लार्स लेक्सेल]] (neurosurgery, inventor of [[radiosurgery]]) * [[जोसेफ लिस्टर]] (discoverer of surgical [[sepsis]], [[Listerine]] named in his honour) * [[हार्भी कुशिङ्ग]] (pioneer of brain surgery) * [[जोसेफ प्यान्कोस्ट]] - 19th century American surgeon * [[नोर्‍म्यान बेथ्युन]] - Canadian [[cardiothoracic surgery|thoracic]] surgeon, early proponent of [[universal health care]] and inventor of the first practical mobile blood transport unit. * [[ग्याभ्रिक लिजारोभ]] - Russian [[orthopedics|orthopedic]] surgeon who invented [[Ilizarov apparatus|the procedure]] to lengthen or reshape limb bones. * [[स्भ्याटोस्लाभ फ्योडोरोभ]] - Russian [[ophthalmology|ophthalmologist]], [[eye surgery|eye microsurgeon]], creator of [[radial keratotomy]]. * [[गाजी यसर्‍गील]] - Turkish [[neurosurgeon]], honored as the Neurosurgeon of the Century in 1999 by the Journal of Neurosurgery * [[राध्यापक डाक्टर रमा कान्त]] - honoured with International [http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section316/Section503/Section1861_9768.htm/ World Health Organization (WHO) Award] in the year 2005 has pioneering innovations in cardiothoracic surgery, and heads Surgery Department at King George's Medical University == शल्यक्रियायागु पद्धति व प्रविधि == * [[सर्जिकल प्रोसेड्युरतेगु धलः]] * [[एब्डोमिनल सर्जरी]] * [[कार्डियोथोर्‍यासिक सर्जरी]] * [[डेन्टल सर्जरी]] * [[जेनेरल सर्जरी]] * [[ल्यापारोस्कोपिक सर्जरी]] * [[न्युरोसर्जरी]] * [[अप्थ्याल्मिक सर्जरी]] * [[ओरल व म्याक्जिल्लोफेसियल सर्जरी]] * [[अर्थोपेडिक सर्जरी]] * [[ओटोराइनोल्यारिंगोलोजी]] * [[प्लास्टिक सर्जरी]] * [[रिमोट सर्जरी]] * [[युरोलोजी]] * [[भास्कुलर सर्जरी]] == स्वया दिसँ == * [[एनेस्थेसिया]] * [[बायोम्याटेरियल]] * [[ड्रेन (सर्जरी)|ड्रेन]] * [[एन्डोस्कोपी]] * [[FACS]] * [[हिप्नोसर्जरी]] * [[चिकित्सा]] * [[मिनिमल्ली इन्भेसिभ प्रोसेड्युर]] * [[ट्रउम्याटोलोजी]] == पिनेयागु स्वापूत == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170828083446/http://www.surgeons.org.uk/ शल्यक्रियायागु शैक्षिक थाय्] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311042632/http://slaptear.com/content/view/35/28/ Comparison of shoulder scars for open verses arthroscopic surgeries] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080716112340/http://www.imageofsurgery.com/Surgery_history_art.htm The portrayal of surgery by various artists] * [http://jdc.jefferson.edu/milsurgusa/ A Manual of Military Surgery, by Samuel D. Gross, MD (1861). The manual used by doctors in the Union Army during the American Civil War.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070417174753/http://www.journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=20&sdesc=Surgery An On-Line Surgery Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090523074355/http://www.patentgenius.com/class/604.html United States Surgery Patents] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101111150442/http://www.americansurgical.info/ American Surgical Association] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061106000002/http://www.dlmag.com/1653/robot-successfully-completes-unassisted-heart-surgery.html Unmanned robot surgeon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110809121257/http://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgeryskully AO Surgery Reference] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170524211423/http://surgicalsociety.org/ The Imperial College London Surgical Society] {{चिकित्सा}} [[पुचः:चिकित्सा]] f6c4rcytot01w61q5yeikug0z30oe9x 0 17894 1121622 1098511 2026-06-19T01:06:05Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1121622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/मि}} [[Image:Forestfire2.jpg|250px|thumbnail||गुंइ मिं नःगु]] '''मि''' छगू [[अक्सिदेसन]] प्रक्रिया ख। थ्व प्रक्रियाय् विभिन्न इन्तेन्सितीया उर्जा [[जः]] (जःया वेभलेन्थ भिजिबल स्पेक्त्रम स्वया पिने नं लाय् फु) व [[ताप]]या रुपय् पिहां वइ नापं [[कुं]] नं पिहांवे फइ। मि च्याकिगु सीकेज्या मनु लहनाया दक्ले तःधंगु सीकेज्याय् छ्गूया रुपय् नालेगु या। मि जंगली पशुतयेत ख्यायेत, नसा बुइकेत, जः दयेकेयात व चिकुइबिले ताप दयेकेयात आदिया निंतिं छ्येलिगु या। == रसायनशास्त्र == साधारण कथं मि निगु प्रकारया जुइ ज्वालामय व रसायनिक। थ्व निगु मिया थःगु हे कथंया गुण दु। ===ज्वालामय मि=== [[Image:Flaming cocktails.jpg|thumbnail|"फ्लेमिङ्ग" ककटेलय् म्हो मात्राय् मिनइगु अल्कोहलनाप मज्वनिगु कोदिज दइ। अल्कोहल त्वनेस्वया न्ह्यः थुकिइ मि च्याकिगु याइ।]] फ्लेमिङ्ग मि छगू इन्धनयात तीव्र रुपं अक्सिदेसन याना कम्बस्चनं पिहां वइगु ज्वाला, ताप व जः ख। फ्लेम वा ज्वाला थमंतुं धाःसा ग्यासय् तीव्र रुपय् एक्जोथर्मिक रियाक्सन जुयाच्वंगु थासय् उत्त्पत्ति जुइ। एक्जोथर्मिक रियाक्सन थन्याःगु रियाक्सन ख गुकिलि रियाक्सनं ताप व उर्जा पिकाइ व रियाक्सनया लिच्वःया कथं अप्व स्थिर रसायनया उत्त्पत्ति जुइ। मिं न्याच्वंगु इन्धनय् केमिकल रियाक्सन जुयाच्वनिबिले जः फोतोनया रुपय् उत्त्पत्ति जुइ व इन्धनया अक्सिदेसनं थ्व जः उर्जायात पिथनि। रसायनिक व भौतिक हिलेज्याया आधारय् ज्वालां मिखां खनिगु वा मखनिगु स्पेक्ट्रमय् जः पिथनि दसु- मिंनःगु अल्कोहल वा मिनःगु हाइद्रोजन आपालं मिखां मखनिगु तर यक्व ताप उर्जा दूगु मि पिकाइ। The visible "clear" flame has no mass. What we see as a flame is actually energy (photons) being released in the form of light by the oxidation of the fuel. The color of the flame is dependent upon the energy level of the photons emitted. Lower energy levels produce colors toward the red end of the light spectrum while higher energy levels produce colors toward the blue end of the spectrum. The hottest flames are white in appearance. The [[colored fire|color of a fire]] may also be affected by [[chemical elements]] in the flame, such as [[barium]] giving a [[green]] [[flame test|flame color]]. The flame color depends also on the unoxidized carbon particles. In some cases there is a partial fuel oxidation due to oxygen lack in the central part of the flame, where combustion reactions take place. In such cases the unoxidized hot carbon particles emit radiation in the light spectrum, resulting in a yellow/red flame, such that of common house fireplace. ===Chemical Reaction=== [[Image:Fire triangle.svg|thumbnail|The fire triangle]] Fires start when a [[flammable]] and/or a [[combustible]] material with an adequate supply of [[oxygen]] or another [[oxidizer]] is subjected to enough [[heat]]. This is commonly called the fire triangle. No fire can exist without all three elements being in place. ===Burns=== Fire causes injury in forms of first-, second-, and third-degree burns. A first-degree burn damages the [[epidermis]] only, while a second-degree burn goes through the epidermis and [[dermis]]. A third-degree burn destroys both the epidermis and dermis, and kills all nerve receptors underneath the skin. The common fire-causing sources of heat include: * [[spark]]s * another fire (such as an [[explosion]]) * a fire in the [[oven]] or [[fireplace]] * a lit [[match]], [[lighter]] or [[cigarette]] * sources of intense [[thermal radiation]] (such as [[sunlight]] or an [[incandescent light bulb]]) * [[Joule heating]], [[friction]] or [[exhaust gas]] from mechanical or electrical [[machinery]] Once ignited, fires can sustain their own heat by the further release of [[heat energy]] in the process of [[combustion]] and may propagate, provided there is a continuous supply of [[oxygen]] and [[fuel]]. Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the elements of the fire triangle. The traditional extinguishant of water acts by cooling the combusting material to stop the reaction, whereas a Carbon Dioxide extinguisher acts by starving the fire of oxygen. The unburnable solid remains of a combustible material left after a fire are called ash, soot or cinder. ===Flame=== [[Image:Standard capmping fire 18 08 05.JPG|thumbnail|The incomplete burn of a camp fire produces the common red-orange glow]] {{Main|Flame}} A flame is an [[exothermic]], self-sustaining, oxidizing chemical reaction producing [[energy]] and glowing hot matter, of which a very small portion is [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]]. It consists of reacting gases and solids emitting visible and [[infrared]] light, the [[frequency spectrum]] of which depends on the chemical composition of the burning elements and intermediate reaction products. In many cases, such as the burning of [[organic matter]], for example wood, or the incomplete [[combustion]] of gas, [[incandescent]] solid particles called [[soot]] produce the familiar red-orange glow of 'fire'. This light has a continuous spectrum. Complete combustion of gas has a dim blue color due to the emission of single-wavelength radiation from various electron transitions in the excited molecules formed in the flame. For reasons currently unknown by scientists, the flame produced by exposure of zinc to air is a bright green, and produces plumes of [[zinc oxide]]. Usually oxygen is involved, but [[hydrogen]] burning in [[chlorine]] also produces a flame, producing [[hydrogen chloride]] (HCl). Other possible combinations producing flames, amongst many more, are [[fluorine]] and [[hydrogen]], and [[hydrazine]] and [[nitrogen tetroxide]]. The glow of a flame is complex. [[Black body|Black-body radiation]] is emitted from soot, gas, and fuel particles, though the soot particles are too small to behave like perfect blackbodies. There is also [[photon]] emission by de-excited [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s in the gases. Much of the radiation is emitted in the visible and [[infrared]] bands. The color depends on temperature for the black-body radiation, and on chemical makeup for the [[emission spectra]]. The dominant color in a flame changes with temperature. The photo of the forest fire is an excellent example of this variation. Near the ground, where most burning is occurring, the fire is white, the hottest color possible for organic material in general, or yellow. Above the yellow region, the color changes to orange, which is cooler, then red, which is cooler still. Above the red region, combustion no longer occurs, and the uncombusted carbon particles are visible as black smoke. The [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) of the [[United States]] has recently found that [[gravity]] plays a role. Modifying the gravity causes different flame types.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100319113411/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast12may_1.htm Spiral flames in microgravity], [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], 2000.</ref> The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on [[convection]], as soot tends to rise to the top of a general flame, as in a candle in normal gravity conditions, making it yellow. In [[Weightlessness|microgravity or zero gravity]], such as an environment in [[outer space]], convection no longer occurs, and the flame becomes spherical, with a tendency to become more blue and more efficient (although it will go out if not moved steadily, as the CO₂ from combustion does not disperse in microgravity, and tends to smother the flame). There are several possible explanations for this difference, of which the most likely is that the temperature is evenly distributed enough that soot is not formed and complete combustion occurs.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070912095009/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/cfm/usml-1_results.htm CFM-1 experiment results], National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.</ref> Experiments by NASA reveal that [[diffusion flame]]s in microgravity allow more soot to be completely oxidized after they are produced than diffusion flames on Earth, because of a series of mechanisms that behave differently in microgravity when compared to normal gravity conditions.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020123/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/lsp/lsp1_results.htm LSP-1 experiment results], National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.</ref> These discoveries have potential applications in [[applied science]] and [[industry]], especially concerning [[fuel efficiency]]. In combustion engines, various steps are taken to eliminate a flame. The method depends mainly on whether the fuel is oil, wood, or a high-energy fuel such as [[jet fuel]]. ===Typical temperatures of fires and flames=== *[[Oxyhydrogen]] flame: 2000 °C or above) (3645 °F) <ref> [http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PFLDAS000009000008001577000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes "Flame Temperature Measurement"] </ref> *[[Bunsen burner]] flame: 1300 to 1600 °C (2372 to 2912 °F) <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140417022946/http://www.derose.net/steve/resources/engtables/flametemp.html "Flame Temperatures"]</ref> *[[Blowtorch]] flame: 1,300 °C (2372 °F) <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140321030441/http://www.cooperhandtools.com/europe/sales_literature/documents/WellerPyropen_GB.pdf "Pyropen Cordless Soldering Irons"]</ref> *[[Candle]] flame: 1000 °C (1832 °F) * [[Smoldering]] [[cigarette]]: **Temperature without drawing: side of the lit portion; 400 °C (750 °F); middle of the lit portion: 585 °C (1110 °F) **Temperature during drawing: middle of the lit portion: 700 °C (1290 °F) **Always hotter in the middle. ====Temperatures of flames by appearance==== The temperature of flames with carbon particles emitting light can be assessed by their color:<ref>"A Book of Steam for Engineers", The Stirling Company, 1905</ref> * Red ** Just visible: 977 °F (525 °C) ** Dull: 1290 °F (700 °C) ** Cherry, dull: 1470 °F (800 °C) ** Cherry, full: 1650 °F (900 °C) ** Cherry, clear: 1830 °F (1000 °C) * Orange ** Deep: 2010 °F (1100 °C) ** Clear: 2190 °F (1200 °C) * White ** Whitish: 2370 °F (1300 °C) ** Bright: 2550 °F (1400 °C) ** Dazzling: 2730 °F (1500 °C) == Controlling fire == [[Image:Blacksmiths fire.jpg|thumbnail|A [[blacksmith]]'s fire, used primarily for [[forging]] [[iron]].]] The ability to control fire is one of [[human]]kind's great achievements. [[Making fire|Fire making]] to generate heat and light made it possible for people to migrate to colder climates and enabled people to [[cooking|cook]] food — a key step in the fight against [[disease]]. [[Archaeology]] indicates that ancestors or relatives of modern humans might have controlled fire as early as 790,000 years ago. The [[Cradle of Humankind]] site has [[evidence]] for controlled fire from 1 to 1.8 million years ago.<ref> [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=915 "UNESCO - Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs" ] </ref> By the [[Neolithic Revolution]], during the introduction of grain based [[agriculture]], people all over the world used fire as a tool in [[landscape]] management. These fires were typically [[controlled burn]]s or "cool fires", as opposed to uncontrolled "hot fires" that damage the soil. Hot fires destroy plants and animals, and endanger communities. This is especially a problem in the forests of today where traditional burning is prevented in order to encourage the growth of timber crops. Cool fires are generally conducted in the spring and fall. They clear undergrowth, burning up [[biomass]] that could trigger a hot fire should it get too dense. They provide a greater variety of environments, which encourages game and plant diversity. For humans, they make dense, impassable forests traversable. The first technical application of the fire may have been the extracting and treating of metals. There are numerous modern applications of fire. In its broadest sense, fire is used by nearly every human being on earth in a controlled setting every day. Users of [[internal combustion]] vehicles employ fire every time they drive. Thermal [[power station]]s provide [[electricity]] for a large percentage of humanity. The use of fire in [[Conventional warfare|warfare]] has a long [[military history|history]]. Hunter-gatherer groups around the world have been noted as using grass and forest fires to injure their enemies and destroy their ability to find food, so it can be assumed that fire has been used in warfare for as long as humans have had the knowledge to control it. [[Homer]] detailed the use of fire by Greek [[commando]]s who hid in a [[Trojan Horse|wooden horse]] to burn [[Troy]] during the [[Trojan war]]. Later the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] fleet used [[Greek fire]] to attack ships and men. American and British warplanes destroyed the German city of [[Dresden]] on [[February 14]], [[1945]] by creating a [[firestorm]], in which a ring of fire surrounding the city was drawn inward by an updraft caused by a central cluster of fires. In the [[Vietnam War]], the Americans dropped [[napalm]] from the air. More recently many villages were burned during the [[Rwandan Genocide]]. [[Aerial bombing of cities]], including [[firebombing]] using [[incendiary bomb]]s, was also used frequently during [[World War II]]. [[Molotov cocktail]]s are cheap to construct and are commonly used as well. ==Fire and fuel== [[Image:ChineseCoalPower.jpg|thumbnail|A [[Fossil fuel power plant|coal-fired power station]] in the [[People's Republic of China]].]] Setting [[fuel]] aflame releases usable energy. [[Wood]] was a [[prehistory|prehistoric]] fuel, and is still viable today. The use of [[fossil fuel]]s, such as [[petroleum]], [[natural gas]] and [[coal]], in [[fossil fuel power plant|power plant]]s supplies the vast majority of the world's electricity today; the [[International Energy Agency]] states that nearly 80% of the world's power comes from these sources.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113125900/http://www.iea.org/statlist/index.htm "Share of Total Primary Energy Supply", 2002; International Energy Agency]</ref> The fire in a [[power station]] is used to heat water, creating steam that drives [[turbine]]s. The turbines then spin an '''electric''' generator to produce power. The burning of wood is often the first association to the word "fire". It is common in a [[developing countries|developing country]] for wood to be the primary energy source as well. For instance, in [[Africa]], 65% of the energy used comes from the burning of [[biomass]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080112202816/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/archives/africa/chapter3.html "Energy in Africa - Chapter 3"], [[United States Department of Energy]] information administration</ref> What is less obvious is that wood burning power stations are less environmentally destructive than the fired oil power station in two major respects: first, wood is a renewable resource, especially if trees are grown in a modern, sustainable way; second, the [[carbon dioxide]] emissions are negligible because no more carbon dioxide can be produced by burning than was removed by photosynthesis during production of the wood. Thus, over a 100-year timescale, the effect is carbon-neutral.<ref>[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021122.html The Straight Dope: What exactly is fire?]. Adams, C. (2002). Retrieved [[December 19]], [[2004]].</ref>. [[E.ON|E.ON UK]] is soon to build a 44 megawatt wood fired power station in the [[United Kingdom]] for these reasons.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,3605,1592854,00.html "How Can Burning Wood Help Reduce Global Warming"], [[The Guardian]] </ref> {{clear}} ==Fire protection and prevention== {{main|Fire protection}} [[Image:Sand Dorsey fire.jpg|thumbnail|A structure fire]] [[Fire fighting]] services are provided in most developed areas to extinguish or contain uncontrolled fires. Trained [[firefighter]]s use [[Fire apparatus|fire trucks]], water supply resources such as [[water main]]s and [[fire hydrant]]s, and an array of other equipment to combat the spread of fires. Model building [[Code]]s require [[passive fire protection]] and [[active fire protection]] systems to minimize damage resulting from a fire. To maximize fire safety of buildings, building products, materials and [[furnishing]]s in the [[United States]] are tested for fire resistance, [[Combustion|combustibility]] and [[flammability]]. The same applies to [[upholstery]], [[carpeting]] and [[plastics]] used in [[vehicle]]s and [[Containerization|vessel]]s. Buildings, especially [[school]]s and [[tall building]]s, often conduct fire drills to inform and prepare citizens on how to react to a building fire. Purposely starting destructive fires constitutes [[arson]] and is a criminal offense in most jurisdictions. Some jurisdictions operate systems of classifying fires using code letters. Whilst these may agree on some classifications, they also vary. Below is a table showing the standard operated in Europe and Australasia against the system used in the United States. [[Image:Dangclass2 1.png|thumbnail|Flammable gas warning]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Type of Fire ! European/Australasian Classification ! United States Classification |- | Fires that involve flammable [[solid]]s such as [[wood]], [[cloth]], [[rubber]], [[paper]], and some types of [[plastic]]s. | Class A | Class A |- | Fires that involve flammable [[liquid]]s or liquifiable solids such as [[gasoline|petrol/gasoline]], [[petroleum|oil]], [[paint]], some [[wax]]es & plastics, but '''not''' cooking fats or oils | Class B | rowspan=2|Class B |- | Fires that involve flammable [[gas]]es, such as [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[propane]], [[butane]] | Class C |- | Fires that involve [[combustion|combustible]] [[metal]]s, such as [[sodium]], [[magnesium]], and [[potassium]] | Class D | Class D |- | Fires that involve any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but with the introduction of an electrical appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized objects in the vicinity of the fire, with a resultant electrical shock risk if a [[electrical conduction|conductive]] agent is used to control the fire | Class E | Class C |- | Fires involving cooking fats and oils. The high temperature of the oils when on fire far exceeds that of other flammable liquids making normal extinguishing agents ineffective. | Class F | Class K |} ==स्वयादिसँ== *[[भौतिक शास्त्र]] ==लिधंसा== {{लिधंसा}} ==पिनेया स्वापूत== {{commons|Fire}} * [http://www.howstuffworks.com/Fire.htm How Fire Works] [[हाउस्तफवर्क्स]]य् * [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021122.html What exactly is fire?] ([[द स्त्रेत दोप]]य्) * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/onfire.html On Fire], छगू [[एदोब फ्ल्याश]]-आधारित विज्ञान त्युतरियल [[NOVA (TV series)]]नं * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3670017.stm Early human fire mastery revealed] [[BBC]] article on archaeological discoveries * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040215015525/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/cfm/cfm_index.htm Flames in microgravity] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100319113411/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast12may_1.htm Spiral flames in microgravity] * [http://www.moebuildingcontrol.co.uk moebuildingcontrol.co.uk - UK Guidance on fire safety codes and fire engineering] * [http://www.smokeybear.com/ Smokey Bear- गुंइ मि नइगु पनादिसँ] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPWucNgN8TQ Fun Uses with Fire] with a [[रुबेनया त्युब]] {{Commonscat|Fire}} [[पुचः:मि|*]] [[ar:نار (طبيعة)]] [[bg:Огън]] [[ca:Foc]] [[cs:Oheň]] [[cy:Tân]] [[da:Ild]] [[de:Feuer]] [[el:Φωτιά]] [[eo:Fajro]] [[es:Fuego]] [[et:Põlemine]] [[eu:Su]] [[fa:آتش]] [[fi:Tuli]] [[fr:Feu]] [[gd:Teine]] [[he:אש]] [[hr:Vatra]] [[id:Api]] [[io:Fairo]] [[is:Eldur]] [[it:Fuoco (fisica)]] [[ja:火]] [[jv:Geni]] [[ko:불]] [[la:Ignis]] [[lb:Feier]] [[mn:Гал]] [[ms:Api]] [[nl:Vuur]] [[no:Ild]] [[pdc:Feier]] [[pl:Ogień]] [[pt:Fogo]] [[ru:Огонь]] [[sco:Fire]] [[simple:Fire]] [[sl:Ogenj]] [[sq:Zjarri]] [[sr:Ватра]] [[sv:Eld]] [[ta:நெருப்பு]] [[th:ไฟ]] [[tl:Apoy]] [[tr:Ateş]] [[vi:Lửa]] [[yi:פייער]] [[zh:火]] 5iop40p4l6u5rloij98h54m6sh363ex 0 27318 1121614 1065599 2026-06-18T15:35:09Z Dronebogus 28274 1121614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/गोमुखासन}} [[Image:Gomukhasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg|thumb|right|Gomukhasana]] [[Image:Gaumukhasana pose.png|thumb]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' [[योग]]या छगू [[आसन]] ख। ==खँग्वःयागु उत्पत्ति व छ्येलेज्या== ===उत्पत्ति व विकास=== थ्व खँग्वयागु छ्येलेज्या दक्ले न्ह्य संस्कृतय् जुगु ख। लिपा थ्व खँग्वयागु [[तत्सम खँग्वः|तत्सम खँग्व]]या रुपे यक्व भासे, यक्व कथं छ्येलेज्या जुल। ===छ्येलेज्या=== थ्व खँग्वयागु छ्येलेज्या संस्कृतय् व संस्कृत नाप स्वापू दुगु व संस्कृत नं बुया वगु भाषे जुगु खने दु। ==स्वया दिसँ== *[[योग]] [[Category:योग]] qvvs55be2rbtjilizc89mlax6pb8czt 1121615 1121614 2026-06-18T15:35:21Z Dronebogus 28274 1121615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/गोमुखासन}} [[Image:Gomukhasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg|thumb|right|Gomukhasana]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' [[योग]]या छगू [[आसन]] ख। ==खँग्वःयागु उत्पत्ति व छ्येलेज्या== ===उत्पत्ति व विकास=== थ्व खँग्वयागु छ्येलेज्या दक्ले न्ह्य संस्कृतय् जुगु ख। लिपा थ्व खँग्वयागु [[तत्सम खँग्वः|तत्सम खँग्व]]या रुपे यक्व भासे, यक्व कथं छ्येलेज्या जुल। ===छ्येलेज्या=== थ्व खँग्वयागु छ्येलेज्या संस्कृतय् व संस्कृत नाप स्वापू दुगु व संस्कृत नं बुया वगु भाषे जुगु खने दु। ==स्वया दिसँ== *[[योग]] [[Category:योग]] psf8yoo42bs5ifqgcfarw5dkg6cscir 0 33579 1121616 1121610 2026-06-18T16:41:47Z Jmabel 13764 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:So Cal Coastline photo D Ramey Logan.jpg]] → [[File:So Cal Coastline photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg]] [[c:Special:PermanentLink/1232765674#Mass_rename_requested]] 1121616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/न्युपोर्ट कोस्ट, क्यालिफोर्निया}} [[Image:View From Ruby's Shake Shack on PCH.jpg|thumb|View From Ruby's Shake Shack on PCH]] [[Image:NewportBeachCAPelican Hill photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Newport Coast]]]] [[Image:So Cal Coastline photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|Newport Coast]] {{अमेरिकायागु नगर इलाकायागु तथ्यांक | native_name = न्युपोर्ट कोस्ट | type = सिडिपि | latd = ३३.५९९६२४ |longd = ११७.८२७९३८ | state_name = क्यालिफोर्निया | leader_title = | leader_name = | population_as_of = 2001 | population_total = २६७१| population_density = | area_magnitude= sq. km | area_total = | area_telephone = | postal_code = | vehicle_code_range = | sex_ratio = | unlocode = | website = | footnotes = | }} '''न्युपोर्ट कोस्ट''' [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकायागु]] [[क्यालिफोर्निया]] राज्ययागु छगु [[सिडिपि]] खः। ==जनसंख्या== सन् २०००यागु तथ्यांक कथलं थ्व थाय्‌यागु जनसंख्या २६७१ दु धाःसा थ्व थासे ११०६ खा छें दु<ref name="census">{{cite web | accessdate = जुन ९ | accessyear = २००७ | url = http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/places2k.txt | title = अमेरिकी जनगणना २००१}}</ref>। ==भूगोल== थ्व शहरयागु अक्षांश ३३.५९९६२४ उत्तर व देशान्तर ११७.८२७९३८ पश्चिम खः ({{coor d|33.599624|N|117.827938|W|}})। थ्व थासे १८२५९३४१ वर्ग मिटर (७.०४९९७१ वर्ग माइल) जमिन दु धाःसा ४१९१६१ वर्ग मिटर (०.१६१८३९ वर्ग माइल) ल दु<ref name="census">{{cite web | accessdate = जुन ९ | accessyear = २००७ | url = http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/places2k.txt | title = अमेरिकी जनगणना २००१}}</ref>। ==लिधंसा== <references/> {{क्यालिफोर्नियायागु थाय्}} [[Category: क्यालिफोर्नियायागु शहर]] 8yjuor7fy25uj9mix0fgfe0cu7piqae 0 69140 1121619 1066020 2026-06-18T22:36:42Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1121619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/ग्रीक भाषा}} [[Image:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Idealised portrayal of the author [[Homer]]]] [[Image:Proto Greek Area reconstruction.png|thumb|[[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]]]] [[Image: Anatolian Greek dialects.png|thumb|Distribution of varieties of Greek in [[Anatolia]]]] {{Infobox Language |name = ग्रीक |nativename = {{lang|el|Ελληνικά}} |states = [[ग्रीस]], [[साइप्रस]], [[अल्बानिया]],</br> [[अस्त्रेलिया|अस्ट्रेलिया]], [[म्यासेडोनिया]], [[टर्की]],</br> [[बुल्गेरिया]], [[रोमानिया]], [[इटाली]],</br> [[स्पेन]], [[आर्मेनिया]], [[लेबानन]],</br> [[ज्योर्जिया (देय्)|ज्योर्जिया]], [[मिस्र|मिश्र]], [[जोर्डन]], </br>[[बेलायत]], [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिका]], [[युक्रेन]],</br> [[रुस]], [[दक्षिण अफ्रिका]], [[कजाख्स्तान]],</br> [[फ्रान्स]], [[क्यानाडा]] आदि |speakers = १.५-२.२ कोटी |rank = ५२ |familycolor = Indo-European |script = [[युनानी लिपि]] |nation = {{GRE}}<br />{{CYP}}<br />{{EUR}}<br />अल्पभाषिक दर्जा:<br />{{ITA}}<ref>Recognised in Italy as [[Griko]]</ref><br />{{ALB}}{{Fact|date=October 2008}}<br />{{TUR}}<ref>[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne/Part_I Treaty of Lausanne], Art. 41.</ref> |iso1=el |iso2b=gre |iso2t=ell |lc1=grc|ld1=Ancient Greek |lc2=ell|ld2=Modern Greek |map = }} '''ग्रीक भाषा''' ({{lang|el|ελληνική γλώσσα}} छगू [[इण्डो-युरोपियन भाषा]] ख। थ्व भाषा करीब १.५-२.२ कोटी मनुतेसं ल्हाइ। आपालं थ्व भाषा [[युनान]] व [[साइप्रस]]य् छ्येलि तर अल्पमतीय कतहं हलिमया यक्व थासय् युनानी आप्रवासीतेसं छ्येलिगु या। युनानी भाषा युनानय् [[युनानी लिपि]]इ ९गु शताब्दी निसें च्वैगु या, थ्व स्वया न्ह्यः थ्व भाषा लिनियर बी(१५-१३ इ पू)इ च्वैगु या। साइप्रसय् धाःसा थ्व भाषा ४गु शताब्दी ई पू निसें थ्व लिपि छ्येलाहःगु खनेद् दु, थ्व स्वया न्ह्यः साइप्रसय् साइप्रियट सिलेबरीइ थ्व भाषा च्वैगु या। [[युनानी साहित्य]]य् करिब ३०००दं निसें साहित्यिक ज्या जुयाच्वंगु खने दु। == लिपि == ग्रीक भाषा ग्रीक लिपिइ च्वयेगु जुइ। थ्व लिपिइ थ्व भाय् ९ शताब्दी ईपू निसें च्वःगु दसु दु। शास्त्रीय ग्रीक भासय् शास्त्रीय ल्यातिन भासय् थें हे अपरकेस आखः जक दयाच्वन। लोवरकेस ग्रीक आखः लिपा मध्यकालीन लेखनदासतेसं याकनं च्वयेत दयेकूगु ख। नापं, शिलालेखय् थ्वाना च्वयेगु हिलाः भ्वंतय् मसी व क्विलं च्वयेगु चलन वःबिले कर्सिभ लिपिया विकास जुल, गुकिलिं भ्वंतय् याकनं च्वयेत ग्वहालि यात। थौं छ्यलीगु लिलि लिपांगु आयोनियन भाषिका, गुकियात दक्षिणएसियाय् यवन नं धाइ, या च्वयेगु पहः ख। थ्व प्राचीन एतिक भाषिक च्वयेत ४०३इपू निसें छ्यलातःगु खनेदु। आधुनिक ग्रीक वर्णमालाय् २४ग्व आखः दु, सकल आखःया क्यापितल (majuscule) व लोवरकेस (minuscule) आखः दु। सिग्मा आखःया छग्वः मेगु लोवरकेस रुप (ς) अन्तिम थासय् छ्यलीगु या। {|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- |bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="33" | '''[[Capital letter|Majuscule form]]''' |- |width=3% align="center"|[[Alpha (letter)|Α]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Vita (letter)|Β]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Gamma|Γ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Delta (letter)|Δ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Epsilon|Ε]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Zeta (letter)|Ζ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Eta (letter)|Η]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Theta|Θ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Iota|Ι]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Kappa (letter)|Κ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Lambda|Λ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Mu (letter)|Μ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Nu (letter)|Ν]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Xi|Ξ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Omicron|Ο]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Pi (letter)|Π]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Rho (letter)|Ρ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Sigma (letter)|Σ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Tau|Τ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ypsilon|Υ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Phi (letter)|Φ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Chi (letter)|Χ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Psi (letter)|Ψ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Omega|Ω]] |- |align="center" colspan="33" | '''[[Lower case|Minuscule form]]''' |- |align="center"|α||align="center"|β||align="center"|γ||align="center"|δ||align="center"|ε||align="center"|ζ||align="center"|η||align="center"|θ||align="center"|ι||align="center"|κ||align="center"|λ||align="center"|μ||align="center"|ν||align="center"|ξ||align="center"|ο||align="center"|π||align="center"|ρ||align="center"|σ||align="center"|τ||align="center"|υ||align="center"|φ||align="center"|χ||align="center"|ψ||align="center"|ω |} In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet also features a number of [[diacritic|diacritical signs]]: three different accent marks ([[acute accent|acute]], [[grave accent|grave]] and [[circumflex]]), originally denoting different shapes of [[pitch accent]] on the stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks ([[spiritus asper]] and [[spiritus lenis]]), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the [[diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]], used to mark full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in [[handwriting]] had seen a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of the acute during the late 20th century, and it had only been retained in [[typography]]. In the writing reform of 1982, the use of most of them was abolished from official use in Greece. Since then, Modern Greek has been written mostly in the simplified [[monotonic orthography]] (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the [[polytonic orthography]] (or polytonic system), is still used internationally for the writing of Ancient Greek. == भैगोलिक विस्तार== आधुनिक ग्रीक भाय् करिब १ कोटी ४० लख मनुतेसं मू कथं [[ग्रीस]] व [[साइप्रस]]य् ल्हाइ। नापं जःलाखःला देय् [[अल्बानिया]], [[गणतन्त्र म्यासेडोनिया|पूर्व युगोस्लाभ गणराज्य म्यासेडोनिया]], [[बुल्गेरिया]] व [[टर्की]] नापं [[रुस]], [[जर्जिया]], [[आर्मेनिया]] व [[अजरबैजान]]) व [[भूमध्यसागर]]या आसपास (दक्षिणी [[इटली]], [[इजरायल]], [[इजरायल]], [[मिस्र]] व लेभान्तय् ल्हाइगु या। थ्व भाय् [[पश्चिमी युरोप]], [[उत्तर अमेरिका]], [[अस्त्रेलिया|अस्ट्रेलिया]], नापं [[अर्जेन्टिना]], [[ब्राजिल]] व मेमेगु देय् या यक्व देय् या आप्रवासी समुदायतेसं नं ल्हाइ। == आधिकारिक अवस्था == ग्रीक भाय् [[ग्रीस]]या आधिकारिक भाय् ख गन थ्व भाय् करिब ९९.५% मनुतेसं ल्हाइ। थ्व भाय् तर्किश नापं [[साइप्रस]]या आधिकारिक भाय् ख।<ref>The Constitution of Cyprus, App. D., Part 1, Art. 3 states that ''The official languages of the Republic are Greek and Turkish''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120407035710/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/0/302578ad62e1ea3ac2256fd5003b61d4?OpenDocument&ExpandSection=3&Click=]. However, the official status of Turkish is only nominal in the Greek-dominated Republic of Cyprus; in practice, outside Turkish-dominated [[Northern Cyprus]], Turkish is little used; see A. Arvaniti (2006): Erasure as a a means of maintaining diglossia in Cyprus, ''San Diego Linguistics Papers'' 2: 25-38. Page 27.</ref> युरोपेली संघय् ग्रीस व साइप्रसया सदस्यता दुगुलिं ग्रीक भाय् युरोपेली संघया छगू आधिकारिक भाषा ख। ग्रीक भाय् यात [[टर्की|टर्की]], [[इटाली]] व [[अल्बानिया]]या छुं भागय् अल्पसंख्यक भाय् या रुपय् आधिकारिक रुपं मान्यता बियातःगु दु। == स्वयादिसँ == * [[प्राचीन ग्रीस]] * [[ग्रीक साहित्य]] == लिधंसा == {{reflist}} * Herbert Weir Smyth, ''Greek Grammar'', Harvard University Press, 1956 (revised edition), ISBN 0-674-36250-0. The standard grammar of classical Greek. Focuses primarily on the [[Attic Greek|Attic]] dialect, with comparatively weak treatment of the other dialects and the Homeric ''{{lang|de|Kunstsprache}}''. * W. Sidney Allen, ''Vox Graeca - a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek''. Cambridge University Press, 1968-74. ISBN 0-521-20626-X * Geoffrey Horrocks, ''Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers'' (Longman Linguistics Library). Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0-582-30709-0. From Mycenean to modern. * [[Andrew Sihler]], "A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin", Oxford University Press, 1996. An historical grammar of ancient Greek from its Indo-European origins. Some eccentricities and no bibliography but a useful handbook to the earliest stages of Greek's development. * Robert Browning, ''Medieval and Modern Greek'', Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition 1983, ISBN 0-521-29978-0. An excellent and concise historical account of the development of modern Greek from the ancient language. * Brian Newton, ''The Generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology'', Cambridge University Press, 1972, ISBN 0-521-08497-0. * Crosby and Schaeffer, ''An Introduction to Greek'', Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1928. A school grammar of ancient Greek * David Holton ''et al.'', ''Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language'', Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0-415-10002-X. A reference grammar of ''modern'' Greek. * Dionysius of Thrace, [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante02/DionysiosThrax/dio_tech.html "Art of Grammar"], "{{lang|grc|Τέχνη γραμματική}}", c.100 BC == पिनेया स्वापू == === General background === {{InterWiki|code=el}} {{Incubator|grc|lang=Ancient Greek}} * [http://www.bartleby.com/65/gr/Greeklan.html Greek Language], Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. * [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ The Perseus Project] has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including dictionaries. * [http://greek-language.com The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway], useful information on the history of the Greek language, application of modern Linguistics to the study of Greek, and tools for learning Greek. * [http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/index.html The Greek Language Portal], a portal for Greek language and linguistic education. {{clear}} === Language learning === {{Wikibooks}} * [http://greek.kihlman.eu Greek dictionary, tutorial and hangman program with texteditor], this shareware program is aimed at learning New Testament Greek. * {{el icon}} [http://www.komvos.edu.gr/ komvos.edu.gr], a website for the support of people who are being taught the Greek language. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913013504/http://www.phigita.net/spell-check/ Greek spell checker] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106131216/http://kypros.org/LearnGreek/ Modern Greek Course], a website with sound and many features for learning Modern Greek. === Dictionaries === {{Wiktionarylang|code=el}} * [http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/Woodhouse/ Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary], scanned images from S.C. Woodhouse's 1910 dictionary. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090429031138/http://www.greek-language.com/lexical.aids/ Greek Lexical Aids], descriptions of both online lexica (with appropriate links) and Greek Lexica in Print. * [http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/index.html The Greek Language Portal], dictionaries of all forms of Greek (Ancient, Hellenistic, Medieval, Modern). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091004045112/http://lexicon.pathfinder.gr/ Online Greek-English and English-Greek dictionary] (Modern Greek) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091003085040/http://www.mydictionary.net/greek Online Greek <-> English Dictionary] with gender and type of words === Literature === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515145733/http://www.thesavros.gr/ The Treasure of the Greek Language], a large collection of e-books from all stages of Greek language. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070219040636/http://www.kenef.phil.uoi.gr/static/digital.htm Research lab of modern Greek philosophy], a large e-library of modern Greek texts/books. * {{el icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090908222028/http://www.snhell.gr/en/index.html Center for Neo-Hellenic Studies], a non-profit organization set in order to promote Modern Greek Literature and Culture. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060822091653/http://books.phigita.net/ Books in Greek], an extended list of searchable bibliographic information. That is accurate. {{Official EU languages}} {{Greece topics}} {{भाषाधलः}} {{Commonscat|Greek language}} [[पुचः:संस्कृति]] [[पुचः:भाषा]] [[पुचः:युनान]] [[पुचः:Fusional languages]] [[पुचः:Greek language|*]] [[पुचः:Languages of Albania]] [[पुचः:Languages of Australia]] [[पुचः:Languages of Cyprus]] [[पुचः:Languages of Georgia (country)]] [[पुचः:Languages of Greece]] [[पुचः:Languages of Italy]] [[पुचः:Languages of Turkey]] [[पुचः:Languages of the United States]] [[पुचः:Varieties of Greek|*]] d2ky0px9xstwgacp0tyjl9m76vmkj37 0 75049 1121620 1076900 2026-06-18T23:21:55Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1121620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/दर्पणः}} {{भाषा व खँग्व | native_name = दर्पणः | original_language = [[संस्कृत]] | footnotes = | }} '''दर्पणः''' छगु [[संस्कृत]] भाषायागु [[खँग्वः]] खः। थ्व खँग्वःयागु छ्येलेज्या येक्व [[सफू]] व [[स्तोत्र]]य् जुगु दु। ==खँग्वःयागु उत्पत्ति व छ्येलेज्या== ===उत्पत्ति व विकास=== थ्व खँग्वयागु छ्येलेज्या दक्ले न्ह्य संस्कृतय् जुगु ख। लिपा थ्व खँग्वयागु [[तत्सम खँग्व]]या रुपे यक्व भासे, यक्व कथलं छ्येलेज्या जुल। ===छ्येलेज्या=== थ्व खँग्वयागु छ्येलेज्या संस्कृतय् व संस्कृत नाप स्वापू दुगु व संस्कृत नं बुया वगु भाषे जुगु खने दु। * दसु — विहाय भैमीमप्दर्पया कया न '''दर्पणः''' श्वासमलीमसः कृतः। <ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%2F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83 विकिस्रोतः – नैषधीयचरितम्‌/प्रथमः सर्गः]</ref> * दसु — पदार्थोऽभिमतांशाढ्यो निःश्वासेनेव '''दर्पणः'''। <ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%83%2F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A9_%28%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%29%2F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%A6 विकिस्रोतः – योगवासिष्ठः/प्रकरणम् ३ (उत्पत्तिप्रकरणम्)/सर्गः ०७०]</ref> * दसु — स्थितो हस्ततले नित्यं निर्मलस्तस्य '''दर्पणः'''। <ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%2F%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7_%28%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83%29%2F%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD विकिस्रोतः – लक्ष्मीनारायणसंहिता/खण्डः १ (कृतयुगसन्तानः)/अध्यायः ५८७]</ref> * दसु — &lt;small&gt;'''स्थितो हस्ततले नित्यं निर्मलस्तस्य '''दर्पणः'''''' - स्कन्द&lt;/small&gt; [https://sa।{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} <ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_04 विकिस्रोतः – वेतालपञ्चविंशति 04]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * दसु — श्रीफलं चाक्षसूत्रं स्रग् '''दर्पणः''' पुष्पमञ्जरी। <ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%2F%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9 विकिस्रोतः – सात्त्वतसंहिता/अध्यायः १३]</ref> ==मेमेगु भाषे छ्येलिगु रुप== मेमेगु भाषे थ्व खँग्वयात छ्येलिगु रुप थ्व कथलं दु *[[नेपाल भाषा]] : *[[पालि]] : *[[हिन्दी]] : *[[खेँ भाषा]] : *[[बांग्ला भाषा]] : *[[मराठी भाषा]] : *[[भोजपुरी भाषा]] : *[[उडिया भाषा]] : *[[गुजराती भाषा]] : *[[मणिपुरी भाषा]] : *[[रोमानी भाषा]] : *[[पञ्जाबी भाषा]] : *[[आसामी भाषा]] : *[[मैथिली भाषा]] : *[[द्रविड भाषात]] : *मेमेगु भाषा: ==स्वया दिसँ== *[[संस्कृत]] ==पिनेयागु स्वापू== [http://sanskritdocuments.org/dict/dictall.txt संस्कृत खँग्वसफू]{{भाषा जग-च्वसु}} [[Category: संस्कृत]] == लिधंसा == <references/> i0muumeq9uiqr5mlfq7thd3o300to83 0 194371 1121618 1055436 2026-06-18T21:48:11Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1121618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/ओलम्पियन}} '''ओलम्पियन'''त द्यःया जाति खः। ग्रीक बाखँ कथं थ्व जातिइ मूल रुपं अमरतेगु स्वंगुगु व प्यंगूगु पुस्तायापिं दु। ओलम्पियनतेत ग्रीक प्यान्थियन(द्यःपुच:)य् मू द्यःया रुपय् पुज्याइ व ओलम्पस पर्वःया च्वकाय् इमिगु निवासया कारणं इमिगु नां ओलम्पियन जूगु ख। इमिसं झि-दँया द्यःतय्गु युद्धय् थःगु सर्वोच्चता प्राप्त याःगु ख। थ्व युद्धय् जिउसं थः दाजुकिजा तःकेहेंपिन्त थःगु नेतृत्त्वय् न्हापाया पुस्ताया अमर शासक [[टाइटन]]तेत बुकूगु ख। टाइटनत धाःसा आदिम द्यःत गाइया व युरेनसया मस्त ख। थुपिं फुक्कं द्यःया छगू परिवार ख। थ्व परिवारय् दकलय् महत्वपूर्ण ओलम्पियनत धाःसा टाइटनत क्रोनस व रियाया न्हापांगु पुस्ताया सन्तान: जिउस, पोसाइडन, हेरा, डेमिटर व हेस्टिया ख। थ्व नापं जिउसया मू सन्तानत: एफ्रोडाइटी,<ref>According to [[Homer]], Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.374 3.374], [https://web.archive.org/web/20181102225842/http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:20.105 20.105]; ''[[Odyssey]]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20181102224038/http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.308 8.308], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.320 320]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) and Dione (''[[Iliad]]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20221022122342/http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.374 5.370–71]), see Gantz, pp. 99–100. However, According to [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+183 183–200], Aphrodite was born from Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100.</ref> एथेना, आर्टेमिस, अपोलो, एरिज, हेफेस्टस, हर्मिज व डायोनाइसस ख। हेडिज धाःसा ग्रीक प्यान्थियनया छम्ह मू द्यः व जिउस व मेपिं न्हापांगु पुस्ताया ओलम्पियनया किजा जुसां वय्कःयागु क्षेत्र पाताललोकय् ओलम्पस स्वया तापाःगुलिं वय्कःयात सामान्यतया ओलम्पियनय् छम्हया रुपय् कायेगु मया।<ref>Hansen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&pg=PA250 p. 250]; Morford, p. 113; Hard [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80].</ref> ओलम्पिक द्यःतेत थःनिक (Chthonic) द्यःतेगु विपरीतया रुपय् कायेगु या।<ref>Chadwick, [https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad/page/85 p. 85].</ref> थःनिक द्यःत हेडिज व वय्कःया कलाः पर्सेफोन ओलम्पियन द्यः स्वया बलिया विधिं पाः। हेडिज व पर्सेफोनया बलि बोथ्रोस (βόθρος , "गाः") वा मेगारोन (μέγαροkenν "क्वबाःगु क्वथा")य्<ref>Dillon, [https://books.google.com/books?id=A4YyVL0sygAC&pg=PA114 p. 114].</ref> बि धाःसा ओलम्पियनतेगु बलि तःजागु मन्दप(altar)य् बि। ओलम्पियन द्यःया शास्त्रीय ल्याः झिंनिगू ख, तर च्वय् न्ह्यथनातःपिं (झिंस्वम्ह) मू ओलम्पियन त्वताः ओलम्पसया मेमेपिं यक्व बासिन्दात नं दु।<ref>Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA2, pp. 2–3]; Dowden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA43 p. 43]; Hansen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&pg=PA250 p. 250]; Burkert, p. 125.</ref> इमित थुकथं ओलम्पियनया रुपय् कायेफु। हेराक्लिज थःगु दैवीकरण (Apotheosis) धुंका ओलम्पसया बासिन्दा जुल व मेम्ह ओलम्पियन बासिन्दा हेबे (Hebe) नाप इहिपा यात।<ref>[[Herodotus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D43 2.43–44].</ref> प्राचीन ग्रीक इतिहासकार डायोडोरस सिकुलस (Diodorus Siculus)या कथं गुलिसिनं हेराक्लिसयात झिंनिम्ह मध्ये छम्हया थाय् बियातःगु दु, तर थुकिया अर्थ मूल झिंनिम्ह मध्ये छम्हयात "पितिना छ्वयेगु" जुइगुलिं थ्व प्रस्ताव अस्वीकार जुल।<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#39 4.39.4].</ref> [[इलियाद]]य् देवी थेमिस, गुम्ह झिंनिम्ह टाइटनया धलखय् दु, मेमेपिं द्यःतेगु नापं ओलम्पसय् च्वनि धकाः च्वयातःगु दु।<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D15%3Acard%3D78 15.88]</ref> अतः, वय्कः छगू हे इलय् टाइटन व ओलम्पियन जुयादी। हेसियडया कथं स्टिक्स(Styx)या मस्त — जेलस (इर्ष्या), नाइकी(विजय), क्रातोस (शक्ति Strength), व बिया (तिबः Force)तेगु — "जिउसयात त्वःता मेगु छेँ मदु, अले परमेश्वरं इमित यंकीगु बाहेक मेगु छुं नं छेँ मदु, तर इपिं न्ह्याबलें जिउस नापं च्वनी" ("have no house apart from Zeus, nor any dwelling nor path except that wherein God leads them, but they dwell always with Zeus")।<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20200329000710/http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:371-403 386–388].</ref> ओलम्पियनया रुपय् कायेफुगु मेमेपिं दथुइ होरेपिं( Horae), ग्रेसपिं (Graces) , म्युजपिं (Muses) , एइलेथिया (Eileithyia) , आइरिस (Iris) , डायोन (Dione) व ग्यानिमेड(Ganymede) ला।<ref>Just who might be called an Olympian is not entirely clear. For example, Dowden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA43 p. 43], describes Heracles, Hebe, the Muses, and the Graces as Olympians, and on [https://books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA45 p. 45], lists Iris, Dione, and Eileithyia among the Homeric Olympians, while Hansen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&pg=PA250 p. 250], describes Heracles, Hebe, the Horae, and Ganymede as notable residents of Olympus, but says they "are not ordinarily classified as Olympians".</ref> ==मू ओलम्पियन== '''१२म्ह ओलम्पियन''' धाःगु [[ग्रीक बाखँ]] कथं ग्रीक देवगणया दकलय् मू १२म्ह द्यः ख। थ्व द्यःत [[ओलम्पस]] पर्वतय् च्वनिगु जूगुलिं वसपोलतयेत ओलम्पियन धाइगु ख। ग्रीक मिथोलोजी कथं १२म्ह ओलम्पियनत [[ज्युस]], [[हेरा (ग्रीक)|हेरा]], [[पोसाइदन]], [[दिमितर]], [[एथेना]], [[अपोलो]], [[आर्तेमिस]], [[एरिज]], [[एफ्रोदाइत]], [[हिफिस्तस]], [[हर्मिज]] व [[हेस्तिया]] वा [[दायोनाइसस]]य् छम्ह ख। <ref>Hansen, [http://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&pg=PA250 p. 250]; Burkert, pp. 125 ff.; Dowden, [http://books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA43 p. 43]; Chadwick, [http://books.google.com/books?id=RMj7M_tGaNMC&pg=PA85 p. 85]; Müller, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qoIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA419 pp. 419 ff.]; Pache, [http://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=RA2-PA308 pp. 308 ff.]; Thomas, [http://books.google.com/books?id=pD_z8thJyukC&pg=PA12 p. 12]; Smith, [http://books.google.com/books?id=7q1LDrb9btkC&pg=PT362 p. 362].</ref> [[हेदिज]] व [[पर्सेफोन]]यात नं थाय्‌थासय् ओलम्पियन गणय् तयेगु यासां वसपोलत ओलम्पियसय् मच्वनिगु जूगुलिं आपालं थासय् ओलम्पियन गणय् मनिनिगु या। [[हेराकल्स]] व [[इस्क्लेपियस]]यात नं गब्ले=गब्लें थ्व धलखय् तयेगु या। {| class="wikitable" ! style="padding:0.5em 0.5em;white-space:nowrap;"|ग्रीक (यवन) नां!!style="padding:0.5em 0.5em;white-space:nowrap;"|रोमन नां !!style="padding:0.5em 0.5em;white-space:nowrap;"|किपा!!style="padding:0.5em 0.5em;white-space:nowrap;"|ज्या व गुण |- | style="padding-left:1em;"|[[ज्युस]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|[[जुपितर]] || [[File:Jupiter Smyrna Louvre Ma13.jpg|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;"|द्यःतयेगु जुजु व [[ओलम्पस पर्वत]]या शासक; सर्ग व [[पल्पसा]]या या द्यः। [[ताइतन]] क्रोसन व रियाया दकलय् कान्छाम्ह मचा। ज्युसया चि पल्पसा, [[इमा]], ओक सिमा, राजदन्द (scepter) व scales ख। हेराया brother व भातः, पोसाइदन व हेदिजया brother। |- | style="padding-left:1em;"|[[हेरा (ग्रीक)|हेरा]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|[[जुनो]] || [[File:Hera Campana Louvre Ma2283.jpg|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;"|द्यःतयेगु लानि, इहिपा व परिवारया देवी। वसपोलया चिं peacock, अनार, राजमुकुट, cuckoo, सिंह, व सा ख। वसपोल क्रोनस व रियाया कान्छीम्ह म्ह्याय् ख।ज्युसया कला व sister ख। बाखँ कथं, इहिपाया देवी जूगुलिं वसपोलं ज्युसया इहिपा पिनेया मतिनामि व इमिगु मचात नाप बदला कायेगु कुतः या। |- | style="padding-left:1em;"|[[पोसाइदन]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|[[नेप्च्युन(बाखँ)|नेप्च्युन]] || [[File:Poseidon sculpture Copenhagen 2005.jpg|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;"|[[समुद्र]], भुखाः, व tidal waveया द्यः। वय्‌कःया चिं सल, द्वं, दल्फिन, व त्रिशुल ख। वसपोल क्रोनस व रियाया माइला काय्‌ ख। नेरिद [[एम्फित्राइद]]नाप इहिपा जुसां वसपोलया यक्व मेमेपिं मिसा दूगु। |- | style="padding-left:1em;"|[[दिमितर]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|[[सिरिज]] || [[File:Demeter Altemps Inv8546.jpg|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;"|[[प्रजनन]], [[बुँज्या]], [[प्रकृति]] व [[ऋतु]]या देवी। वसपोलया चिं poppy, [[छ्व]], torch, व [[फा]] ख। क्रोनस व रियाया माइलीम्ह म्ह्याय्। |- | style="padding-left:1em;"|[[एथेना]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|[[मिनर्भा]] || [[File:Mattei Athena Louvre Ma530 n2.jpg|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;" |प्रज्ञा (wisdom), हस्तकला, रक्षा, व सामरिक रणनीतिया देवी। वसपोलया चिं owl व ओलिभ सिमा ख, ज्युस् व ओसेनिद मेतिसया म्ह्याय्, वसपोलया जन्म वसपोलया अबुया छ्यं नं पूर्ण रुपय् रण कवज नापं जूगु ख। |- | style="padding-left:1em;"|[[एपोलो]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|एपोलो(वा फिबस){{ref label|apoll|A|^}}|| [[File:Pothos, lira, dan angsa (inv 6253 MANN).jpg|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;"|जः, ज्ञान, उसाँय् (ल्वय् लनिगु), महामारी व ख्युं, कला, संगीत, चिनाखँ, भविष्यवाणी, धनुर्विद्या, सूर्द्यः, ल्याम्ह, व सौन्दर्यया द्यः। ज्युस व लेतोया काय्। वसपोलया चिं सूर्द्यः, लीर (lyre), धनुष व वाण, raven, दल्फिन, wolf, हें (swan), व छुं ख। आर्तेमिसया जुम्ल्याहा दाजु। |- | style="padding-left:1em;"|[[आर्तेमिस]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|[[दायना (बाखँ)|दायना]] || [[File:Diane de Versailles Leochares.jpg|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;"|सिकारकला, कौमार्य, मचा बुइकिगु, धनुर्विद्या, तिमिला, व सकल पशुतयेगु देवी। ज्युस व लेतोया म्ह्याय्। वसपोलया चिं तिमिला, हरिण, hound, मिसा भालु, बि (snake), cypress सिमा, व धनुष व वाण ख। |- | style="padding-left:1em;"|[[एरिज]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|[[मार्स]] || [[File:Ares villa Hadriana.jpg|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;"|हताः, हिंसा, व रक्तश्रावया द्यः। वसपोलया चिं बनेल, बि (serpent), खिचा, vulture, भाला (spear), व धाल (shield) ख। ज्युस व हेराया काय् व एफ्रोदायत स्वया मेपिं सुं नं द्यतयेत मयम्ह द्यः। वसपोलया लातिन नां मार्स खँग्वलं लातिन व अंग्रेजी खँग्वः "मार्शियल" (martial) सामरिक खँग्वः छूगु ख। |- | style="padding-left:1em;"|[[एफ्रोदाइत]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|[[भिनस]] || [[File:NAMA Aphrodite Syracuse.jpg|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;"|मतिना, सौन्दर्य, व अभिलाषाया देवी। वसपोलया चिं बखुं (dove), झंगः (bird), स्याउ, हा, हें/राजहंस(swan), हेना (myrtle), व गुलाफ ख। ज्युस व ओसेनिद दायन (Oceanid Dione)या म्ह्याय् वा समुद्रय् युरानसया वीर्य लाना बूगु बाखँ दूगु थ्व देवीया भातः हिफिस्तस जुसां वसपोलया यक्व मिजं, विशेषकथं एरिजनाप व्यभिचारी स्वापू दु। |- | style="padding-left:0.65em;"|[[हिफिस्तस]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|[[भल्कन]] || [[File:Vulcan Coustou Louvre MR1814.jpg|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;"|द्यःतयेगु मू कालिगढ, मि व forgeया द्यः। वसपोलया चिं मि, anvil, पा (axe), गरा (donkey), मुगः (hammer), tongs, व quail ख। हेरा व ज्युस वा हेरा जक्कया काय्। एफ्रोदाइत नाप इहिपा जूगु व मेमेपिं मिसा मदूगु द्यः। वसपोलया लातिन नां भल्कनं अंग्रेजी खँग्वः "भोल्क्यानो" (volcano) वःगु ख। |- | style="padding-left:1em;"|[[हर्मिज]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|[[मर्करी]] || [[File:Hermes Ingenui Pio-Clementino Inv544.jpg|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;"|द्यःतयेगु संवाहक/दूत, बनेज्या, खुँ, व कासाया द्यः। वसपोलया चिं क्यदुसियस "caduceus" (staff entwined with two snakes, winged sandals and cap, stork, and tortoise) ख। ज्युस व माइया नांया निम्फया काय्। दायोनाइसस धुंका दकलय् कान्छाम्ह ओलम्पियन। |- | style="padding-left:1em;"|[[हेस्तिया]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|[[भेस्ता]] || [[File:Hestia - Wellesley College - DSC09634.JPG|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;"|भुतु (hearth) व छेँज्या व परिवार (order of domesticity and the family)या देवी; न्हापांगु ओलम्पियन पुस्ताय् बुम्ह वसपोलं थःगु ओलम्पियन थाय् ओलम्पियसय् शान्ति तयातयेत दाइनोससया निंतिं त्वतादिल। वसपोल ओलम्पसया दकलय् दानी व सज्जन देवी ख। क्रोनस व रियाया न्हापाम्ह मचा। दकलय् थकालीम्ह ओलम्पियन। |- | style="padding-left:1em;"|[[दायोनाइसस]] || style="padding-left:1em;"|[[दायोनाइसस]] || [[File:Dionysos Louvre Ma87 n2.jpg|75px]] || style="padding:0.5em;"|अय्‌ला, उत्सव, व परमानन्दया द्यः। दबूकलाया दुगुद्यः। वसपोलया चिं अंगुरमा (grapevine), ivy, cup, tiger, panther, leopard, दल्फिन, goat व pinecone ख। ज्युस थिव्सया मिसा सिमेली (Semele)या मचा। क्रितया राजकुमारी एरियाद्नी (Ariadne) नाप इहिपा जूगु। दकलय् कान्छाम्ह ओलम्पियन व मनु मां दूम्ह छम्ह जक्क ओलम्पियन। |- |} <ol type="A"> ;Notes <li>{{note label|apoll|B|^}} Romans also associated Phoebus with [[Helios]] and the [[sun]] itself,<ref>North John A., Beard Mary, Price Simon R.F. "The Religions of Imperial Rome". ''Classical Mythology in English Literature: A Critical Anthology''. (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p.259. ISBN 0-521-31682-0.</ref><ref>Hacklin, Joseph. "The Mythology of Persia". ''Asiatic Mythology'' (Asian Educational Services, 1994), p.38. ISBN 81-206-0920-4.</ref> however, they also used the Greek name: ''Apollo''.<ref>See, for example, [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses|Met.]]'' I 441, 473, II 454, 543, 598, 612, 641, XII 585, XVIII 174, 715, 631, and others.</ref> <li>{{note label|gen|A|^}} According to an alternate version of her birth, Aphrodite was born of [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]], Zeus' grandfather, after [[Cronus]] threw his castrated genitals into the sea. This supports the etymology of her name, "foam-born". As such, Aphrodite would belong to the same generation as Cronus, Zeus' father, and would technically be Zeus' aunt. ''See [[Aphrodite#Birth|the birth of Aphrodite]]'' </ol> ==लिधंसा== {{लिधंसा|}} [[पुचः:मिथोलोजी]] [[पुचः:ग्रीस]] br1yc72fxo8klddycl6lx8nkj5ewzc4 0 204161 1121623 1107688 2026-06-19T02:02:50Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1121623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/विद्या वीरसिंह कंसाकार}} [[Image:Vidya Bir Singh Kansakar.png|thumb]] {{Infobox person|name=विद्या वीर सिंह कंसाकार|native_name=विद्यावीर सिंह कंसकार|native_name_lang=ne|birth_date=c. 1948|birth_place=Kathmandu, Nepal|nationality=Nepali|occupation=Academic, Geographer, Writer|known_for=Research on migration, remittances, and urban poverty|children=Dr. [[प्रसन वीरसिंह कंसाकार]]}} '''विद्या वीर सिंह कंसाकार''' नेपाली भूगोलविद्, प्राज्ञिक, तथा शोधकर्ता हैं। <ref name="geodept">{{Cite web|title=Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University|url=http://cdgtu.edu.np/faculty/}}</ref> वय् कःयात आप्रवासन, ग्रामीण विकास, शहरी गरिबी, व कालापानी सीमा विवाद नापं सीमापारया मुद्दाय् व्यापक ज्याया निंतिं दकलय् अप्व म्हसीकिगु या। <ref name="ceda1982">{{Cite book|title=Emigration, Remittances and Rural Development}}</ref> <ref name="kalapani">{{Cite web|title=Kalapani Border Dispute: An Overview|url=https://nepalforeignaffairs.com/kalapani-border-dispute-an-overview/}}</ref> कंसाकारं त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय, नेपालया भूगोल केन्द्रीय विभागया प्राध्यापक व पूर्व प्रमुखया रुपय् ज्या यानादीगु खः । <ref name="populationplan">{{Cite web|title=Nepal Population Perspective Plan (2001–2031)|url=https://docs.censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Documents/64f47315-d1d0-4c31-b92d-2deaf8088823.pdf}}</ref> == प्रारम्भिक जीवन व शिक्षा == कंसाकारया जन्म काठमाडौं नेवार परिवारय् जूगु खः । वय्कलं भूगोलय् डिग्री कयादीगु खःसा लिपा त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालयय् भूगोल विभागय् प्राध्यापक जुयाः प्रवेश यानादीगु खः । <ref name="geodept" /> == ब्यक्तिगत जीवन == विद्या वीर सिंह कंसाकार काठमाडौँ मा रहेको छ। वय्कःया काय्, डा. [[प्रसन वीरसिंह कंसाकार]], छम्ह नांजाःम्ह नेपाली चिकित्सा पेशाकर्मी व सर्जन खः । <ref name="prasan">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Prasan Bir Singh Kansakar|url=https://nmc.org.np/doctor/16785}}</ref> == थ्व नं स्वयादिसँ == * त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय ९. * नेपालय् आप्रवासन ३. == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} == पिनेया लिङ्क == * [[openlibrary:authors/OL822591A/Vidya_Bir_Singh_Kansakar|OpenLibrary: विद्या वीर सिंह कंसाकार ४.]] * [https://books.google.com/books/about/Migration_and_employment_in_the_tea_esta.html?id=L_g7AAAAMAAJ Google Books: नेपालको चियापानीमा आप्रवासन र रोजगारी] * [https://docs.censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Documents/64f47315-d1d0-4c31-b92d-2deaf8088823.pdf नेपाल जनसंख्या परिप्रेक्ष्य योजना २००१–२०३१ प्रदेश नं.]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[पुचः:म्वानाच्वंपिं मनूत]] 27t71iionekl6zomltzs9aykwd3kxha 2 257714 1121617 1121611 2026-06-18T16:41:48Z Jmabel 13764 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:So Cal Coastline photo D Ramey Logan.jpg]] → [[File:So Cal Coastline photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg]] [[c:Special:PermanentLink/1232765674#Mass_rename_requested]] 1121617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{देवनागरी|न्युपोर्ट कोस्ट, क्यालिफोर्निया}} ''थ्व पौ देवनागरीं बोट छ्यला थःमंतुं नेपाललिपिइ हिलातःगु ख। थ्व पौयात च्वसु पतिइ यंकेन्ह्यः छकः ब्वनाः पाय्छि जू/मजूगू स्वयादिसँ।'' [[Image:View From Ruby's Shake Shack on PCH.jpg|thumb|View From Ruby's Shake Shack on PCH]] [[Image:NewportBeachCAPelican Hill photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Newport Coast]]]] [[Image:So Cal Coastline photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|Newport Coast]] {{𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑐐𑐬 𑐂𑐮𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐟𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑄𑐎 | native_name = 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐥𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐚 𑐎𑑀𑐳𑑂𑐚 | type = 𑐳𑐶𑐜𑐶𑐥𑐶 | latd = 𑑓𑑓.𑑕𑑙𑑙𑑖𑑒𑑔 |longd = 𑑑𑑑𑑗.𑑘𑑒𑑗𑑙𑑓𑑘 | state_name = 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐦𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵 | leader_title = | leader_name = | population_as_of = 2001 | population_total = 𑑒𑑖𑑗𑑑| population_density = | area_magnitude= sq. km | area_total = | area_telephone = | postal_code = | vehicle_code_range = | sex_ratio = | unlocode = | website = | footnotes = | }} '''𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐥𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐚 𑐎𑑀𑐳𑑂𑐚''' [[𑐳𑑄𑐫𑐸𑐎𑑂𑐟 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵|𑐳𑑄𑐫𑐸𑐎𑑂𑐟 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸]] [[𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐦𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵]] 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐐𑐸 [[𑐳𑐶𑐜𑐶𑐥𑐶]] 𑐏𑑅। ==𑐖𑐣𑐳𑑄𑐏𑑂𑐫𑐵== 𑐳𑐣𑑂 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑐𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐟𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑄𑐎 𑐎𑐠𑐮𑑄 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐣𑐳𑑄𑐏𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑑒𑑖𑑗𑑑 𑐡𑐸 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐳𑐵 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐠𑐵𑐳𑐾 𑑑𑑑𑑐𑑖 𑐏𑐵 𑐕𑐾𑑄 𑐡𑐸<ref name="census">{{cite web | accessdate = 𑐖𑐸𑐣 𑑙 | accessyear = 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑗 | url = http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/places2k.txt | title = 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐷 𑐖𑐣𑐐𑐞𑐣𑐵 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑑}}</ref>। ==𑐨𑐹𑐐𑑀𑐮== 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐱𑐴𑐬𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐀𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵𑑄𑐱 𑑓𑑓.𑑕𑑙𑑙𑑖𑑒𑑔 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑐰 𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑑑𑑑𑑗.𑑘𑑒𑑗𑑙𑑓𑑘 𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩 𑐏𑑅 ({{coor d|33.599624|N|117.827938|W|}})। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐠𑐵𑐳𑐾 𑑑𑑘𑑒𑑕𑑙𑑓𑑔𑑑 𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐐 𑐩𑐶𑐚𑐬 (𑑗.𑑐𑑔𑑙𑑙𑑗𑑑 𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐐 𑐩𑐵𑐂𑐮) 𑐖𑐩𑐶𑐣 𑐡𑐸 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐳𑐵 𑑔𑑑𑑙𑑑𑑖𑑑 𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐐 𑐩𑐶𑐚𑐬 (𑑐.𑑑𑑖𑑑𑑘𑑓𑑙 𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐐 𑐩𑐵𑐂𑐮) 𑐮 𑐡𑐸<ref name="census">{{cite web | accessdate = 𑐖𑐸𑐣 𑑙 | accessyear = 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑗 | url = http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/places2k.txt | title = 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐷 𑐖𑐣𑐐𑐞𑐣𑐵 𑑒𑑐𑑐𑑑}}</ref>। ==𑐮𑐶𑐢𑑄𑐳𑐵== <references/> {{𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐦𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂}} [[Category: 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐦𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐱𑐴𑐬]] hvokrj6nx2eq19r2cvsexb9zdokdqvt