Wikipedia niawiki https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Olayama MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Media Spesial Huhuo Sangoguna Huhuo zangoguna Wikipedia Huhuo Wikipedia Berkas Huhuo berkas MediaWiki Huhuo MediaWiki Templat Huhuo templat Fanolo Huhuo wanolo Kategori Huhuo kategori Portal Huhuo portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Huhuo Acara 0 197 27648 23458 2026-08-17T14:15:19Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harvard University''' ma asese te'adogo'ö manö '''Harvard''' no sambua universitas si so ba Cambridge, Massachusetts, ba [[Amerika Serikat]]. Tefasindro ia me 1636 ba tobali institusi fondrege atua ba Amerika Serikat. Ba mböröta lafotöi ia Harvard College, lahalö moroi ba döi niha samasindro ya'ia John Harvard. Börö wa'oya gokhötania, wa'alaŵa mbosinia ba gotalua universitas bö'ö ba gulidanö ba töra-töra börö me lafondrondrongo niha hadia niŵa'ö ba nifataronia, andrö wa tobali Harvard sambua universitas fondrege lagohi niha ba gulidanö.<ref>Duma-dumania: #{{cite book|title=Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University|url=https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell|url-access=registration|last1=Keller|first1=Morton|last2=Keller|first2=Phyllis|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-514457-0|quote=Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. [...] Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes.|year=2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell/page/463 463]–481}} #{{Cite book|title=How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire|quote=... [Harvard's] tremendous institutional power and prestige [...] Within the nation's (arguably) most prestigious institution of higher learning ...|chapter=Sexual Shakedown|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326 326–336]|year=1989|publisher=South End Press|isbn=0-89608-284-9|editor1-first=John|last=Spaulding|first=Christina|editor-last=Trumpbour|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326}} #{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html|title=Harvard, MIT Ranked Most Prestigious Universities, Study Reports|author=David Altaner|publisher=Bloomberg|date=March 9, 2011|access-date=March 1, 2012|archive-date=March 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314002025/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html|url-status=live}} #{{cite book|title=Collier's Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/colliersencyclop0013unse|publisher=Macmillan Educational Co. |year=1986|quote=Harvard University, one of the world's most prestigious institutions of higher learning, was founded in Massachusetts in 1636.}} #{{cite web|last=Newport|first=Frank|title=Harvard Number One University in Eyes of Public Stanford and Yale in second place|date=August 26, 2003|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/harvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx|publisher=Gallup|access-date=October 9, 2013|archive-date=September 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925172644/http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/harvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx|url-status=live}} #{{Cite news |last=Leonhardt |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html |title=Ending Early Admissions: Guess Who Wins? |date=September 17, 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 27, 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |quote=The most prestigious college in the world, of course, is Harvard, and the gap between it and every other university is often underestimated. |archive-date=March 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327234643/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html |url-status=live }} #{{cite book |last1=Hoerr |first1=John |title=We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard |year=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer |url-access=registration |publisher=Temple University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer/page/3 3] |isbn=9781566395359 }} #{{cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/09/america-private-college-tuition/569812/ |title=At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige |magazine=The Atlantic |last=Wong |first=Alia |date=September 11, 2018 |quote=Americans tend to think of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast hierarchy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their celebrated faculty, groundbreaking research, and perfectly manicured quads. |access-date=May 17, 2020 |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226171501/https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell |url-status=live }}</ref> Ba gotalua niha si no irai sekola ba Harvard so 188 niha fondrege oya gokhöta nifotöi ''billionaires'' (so'okhöta triliun dollar), 8 presiden Amerika, ato zanema buala [[Nobel]], ba ato niha si tehöngö simane [[Mark Zuckerberg]], [[Bill Gates]], [[Salman Khan]], btn. {{Umbu}} {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Universitas]] [[Kategori:Amerika Serikat]] r7bdl2zlyeuj5l6ck1rokqmow32gnf3 0 305 27658 25957 2026-08-17T14:24:28Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nagole''' no föfö mboto sombuyu-mbuyu ba gotalua guli ba töla simane si tola mufera'ö ba mbörö danga ma zui ba [[faha|waha]]. Baero da'ö so göi nifotöi nagole, ya'ia [[ndriwo]].<ref>Ayyıldız, Esat. [https://ia601504.us.archive.org/30/items/klasik-arap-edebiyatinda-et-motifi/Klasik%20Arap%20Edebiyat%C4%B1nda%20Et%20Motifi.pdf “Klasik Arap Edebiyatında Et Motifi”]. ''International Malatya Gastronomy Culture and Tourism Conference''. ed. Aynur Ismayilova – Gunay Rzayeva. 19-24. Malatya: IKSAD Publishing House, 2022.</ref> == Nagole == Nagole no botoŵa sombuyu-mbuyu sombalugö töla, he ba niha ba he ba gaurifö. Eluahania lö fao ba da'ö zimane alakhaö.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-20 |title=Definition of FLESH |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/flesh |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> Ba gaurifö si so töla hulu, oroma ombuyu nagole ba abe'e döla.<ref name="Flesh">{{cite web|title=Flesh|publisher=dictionary.reference.com|access-date=14 February 2013|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flesh}}</ref> Fabö'ö ma'ifu nifotöi nagole ba zinumbua, ya'ia ndroto mboto zinumbua so'ida-idanö, he töla, ŵa'a ma zui bua.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flesh Definition & Meaning {{!}} Britannica Dictionary |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/flesh |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ba [[nandröta]] lafotöi nagole fefu zi so barö guli tanö yaŵa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A source-book of biological names and terms|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookofbiol0000unse|last=Jaeger|first=Edmund Carroll|author-link=Edmund Jaeger|date=1959|publisher=Thomas|isbn=978-0-398-06179-1|location=Springfield, IL}}</ref> == Ndriwo == [[Berkas:FoodMeat.jpg|jmpl|Nagole safusi ba nagole soyo]] So dombua ngawalö nagole si tobali ndriwo: nagole safusi ba nagole soyo. Nagole [[manu]] awö [[bebe|mbebe]] lafotöi nagole safusi, ba nagole [[bawi|mbawi]] awö [[öröbao|göröbao]] lafotöi nagole soyo. Oi fabö'ö zu'a-su'a dawö si so bakha ba nagole safusi ba ba nagole soyo awö wa fabö'ö göi lala wondrino ya'ia. Faigi [[tabela]] andre si tou ba wangila zu'a-su'a ha wa'oya [[protein]] awö [[tawö|dawö]] si so bakha ba zi ero nagole:<ref>Farrimond, Stuart, ''The science of cooking''. London, 2017, nga'örö 30.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ style="text-align: center;" | |- ! Ngawalö ! Protein ! Tawö |- | Manu | Oya | Fagölö |- | Bebe | Fagölö | Fagölö |- | Bawi | Ma'ifu | Oya |- | Öröbao | Fagölö | Oya |} Moguna wangönöni zu'a-su'a [[protein]] awö [[tawö|dawö]] ba nagole andre, ena'ö tola ta'ila ta'öna'ö wemanga ya'ia. Duma-dumania na andrö manö zi tobali ndriwo ha nagole [[bawi|mbawi]], ba ta'ila wa oya sibai dawö-tawö ba da'ö, ba ha ma'ifu [[protein]]. Börö da'ö na lö famalali gö ba tola mo'amböta mboto ba [[protein]], ba falawu töra [[tawö|dawö]]. Sindruhunia lö salania na oya mu'a [[tawö|dawö]], bahiza manöi zu'a-su'a ''[[kolesterol]]'' ba mboto na mu'a tawö-tawö si so ba nagole si mane nagole [[bawi|mbawi]] andrö. Ba molo'ö ira sangi'ila, itugu alaŵa zu'a-su'a [[kolesterol]] ba itugu tola te'asogö wökhö dödö ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|sakit jantung}}'') ba ma zui ''{{li|id|kanker}}''.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-28797106 BBC News, ''How safe is eating meat?'']</ref> Fabö'ö ia nagole [[manu]]. Bakha ba nagole [[manu]] no oya so ''[[protein]]'' ba ha ma'ifu [[tawö|dawö]]. Börö da'ö abölö moguna ba mboto na mu'a dua kali [[manu]] ba sakali nagole [[bawi|mbawi]]. Baso zura sanandrösa ba [[ndriwo]] ba wangi'ila hadia guna wemanga nagole ba mboto. == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Ngawalö gö]] [[Kategori:Ndriwo]] [[Kategori:Bawi]] [[Kategori:Manu]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] a65nz3gxsso1323gc5chs1d2lud2470 0 412 27663 25978 2026-08-17T14:33:33Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27663 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Paris - Bibl. Mazarine - ms. 0924, f 150v.jpg|thumb|Tuho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö nigambaraini me ambö töra 1300 (so ba Bibliothèque Mazarine ms. 0924 f. 150v). Simane lafa'oli ba laböbögö ia khö ero Nifahaö: 1. [[Fetero]], 2. [[Andrea (Nifahaö Yesu)|Andrea]], 3. [[Yohane ono Zebadaio|Yohane]], 4. [[Yakobo ono Zebadaio]],<!--sic, paragraphs 3 and 4 are switched--> 5. [[Toma (Nifahaö Yesu)|Toma]], 6. [[Yakobo ono Galifao]], 7. [[Filifo (Nifahaö Yesu)|Filifo]], 8. [[Batolomaio (Nifahaö Yesu)|Batolomaio]], 9. [[Mataio (Nifahaö Yesu)|Mataio]], 10. [[Simoni (Nifahaö Yesu)|Simoni]], 11. [[Yuda Tadaio]], 12. [[Matia (Fangali Yuda)|Matia]].]] '''Tuho Wamati''' ([[li Latin]]: ''Symbolum Apostolorum'' ma ''Symbolum Apostolicum'', [[li Indonesia]]: ''Pengakuan Iman Rasuli'' ma ''Pengakuan Iman Para Rasul'') no sambua furu-furu wamati, ni'oguna'ö ndra [[Niha Keriso]] ba wamaduhu'ö famatira na owulo ira ba wanunö ba ba wangandrö. Ba li bö'ö simane [[li Latin]], [[li Inggris]], [[li Indonesia]], btn. to'ölö latötöi ia Tuho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö Yesu. Heŵa'ae itaria latötöi ia tuho wamati ndra nifahaö [[Yesu]], sama'anö ya'ia tenga ira nifahaö [[Yesu]] si-12 samösa, bahiza nifa'anö [[Gereja]] ba ngaotu ndröfia si-5, molo'ö ni'oroi'ö ndra satua i'otarai ginötö ndra nifaha'ö [[Yesu]] si-12, ba ginötö me lö nasa fabali-bali ndra [[Niha Keriso]]. Dane-danenia ya'ia da'ö tuho wamati moroi ba ngaotu ndröfia si-4 nisura ba [[li Latin]], li ni'oguna'ö bakha ba Gereja i'otarai ginötö ndra nifahaö [[Fetero]] ba [[Faulo]] si mate ba [[Roma]]. To'ölö la'oguna'ö duho wamati andre i'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-8 ba irugi ma'ökhö bakha ba ngawalö [[Gereja]] si no oi fabö'ö-bö'ö, mendruamanö bakha ba [[liturgi]] fanunö ba fangandrö ba ba wamahaö [[agama]] [[Niha Keriso]] nifotöi ''[[katekese]]'' bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]], [[Gereja Lutheran]], [[Gereja Anglikan]], Gereja Presbiterian, Gereja Metodis, btn. Tuho Wamati andre abölö adogo ia moroi ba [[Tuho Wamati Nikea|Duho Wamati Nikea]] nifa'anö me 381, bahiza fagölö wamöfö'ö ya'ia si tölu faosatö: famaduhu'ö famati khö [[Lowalangi]] Ama, [[Lowalangi]] Ono ba [[Lowalangi]] [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bayes|first=Jonathan F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5FMAwAAQBAJ&q=The+Apostles%27+Creed+is+trinitarian+in+structure+with+sections+affirming+belief+in+God+the+Father%2C+God+the+Son+and+God+the+Holy+Spirit&pg=PA22|title=The Apostles' Creed: Truth with Passion|date=2010-09-09|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-60899-539-4|language=en}}</ref> Lö latötöi bakha khönia wabagosa li sanandrösa haniha Keriso simane nifa'anö bakha ba [[Tuho Wamati Nikea|Duho Wamati Nikea]] andrö. Börö da'ö lö latötöi wa'alowalangi [[Yesu]] awö wa'alowalangi [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]]. Börö da'ö te oföna lafa'anö ia moroi khö [[Tuho Wamati Nikea|Duho Wamati Nikea]]. Töi "Tuho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö" tesura si oföna sibai bakha ba zura nifa'ohe'ö Sinode Milan me 390, ba ba da'ö bakha tefa'oli wa ero faosatö Duho Wamati si-12 tefaböbö khö samösa Nifahaö si-12.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gqrEpBuBGIgC&pg=PA63 | first = Jack | last = Rogers | title = Presbyterian Creeds | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-66425496-4 | pages = 62–63}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.reformed.org/documents/apostles_creed_orr.html |first= James |last=Orr |title=The Apostles' Creed |website=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia |publisher=Reformed |access-date=May 19, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110622082715/http://www.reformed.org/documents/apostles_creed_orr.html |archive-date= June 22, 2011 |url-status= live}}</ref> ==Waö-waö== Bakha ba Gereja, tebörögö te'oguna'ö wehede [[li Latin|Latin]] ''{{li|la|symbolum}}'' tobali fangali wehede σύμβολον (eluahania famaduhu'ö famati) moroi ba [[li Yunani]] ba dalu ngaotu ndröfia si-3, bakha ba zura-sura ndra Santo Siprianus awö Santo Firmilian. Duma-dumania isura Santo Firmilian wa fanötöi Ama, Ono ba Eheha Ni'amoni'ö ([[li Indonesia]]: ''rumus trinitas'') no sambua "{{li|la|symbolum}}" (famaduhu'ö famati) awö wa silötolalö'ö latötöi ia ba wamalua [[Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö]] ([[Famayagö Idanö]]).<ref name="CE">{{cite book|url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01629a.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180717061750/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01629a.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2018-07-17|website= [[s:en:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Apostles' Creed|Catholic Encyclopedia (year 1913), Vol.1]]|title= The Apostles' Creed in the Catholic Encyclopedia, editions of 1907|language= en|author1= Thurston, Herbert|place= New York|publisher= Robert Appleton Company}}.</ref> Töi "{{li|la|Symbolum Apostolicum}} te'oguna'ö si föföna sibai bakha ba zura (te nisura [[Santo Ambrosius]]) moroi ba Konsili Milan sadölö khö Paus Sirikius me 390: "Da lafaduhu'ö Symbolum Apostolicum, si no irorogö Gereja Roma ba zi lö tebulö."<ref>{{cite web|author= Ambrose of Milan |url= http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ambrose_letters_05_letters41_50.htm#Letter42 | title= Letter 42:5 |publisher= Tertullian.org | access-date = May 19, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605180149/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ambrose_letters_05_letters41_50.htm | archive-date = June 5, 2011 | url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = ODCC:AC>{{Citation | contribution = Apostles' Creed | title = Dictionary of the Christian Church | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0192802903 | page = 90}}.</ref> Tuho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö niŵaö Santo Ambrosius ba da'a, no sambua duho wamati sabölö atua ba Roma, fatua lö tefa'anö Duho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö si so khöda ma'ökhö.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Denzinger |first1=Henry |title=The Sources of Catholic Dogma |date=1957 |publisher=B. Herder Book Co |page=4 |edition=30th}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C4I9AAAAYAAJ | first = Gardiner Mumford | last = Day | title = The Apostles' Creed: an interpretation for today | publisher = Scribner | year = 1963 | page = 33}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=woD7QYAjV3QC | first = Arthur Cushman | last = McGiffert | title = The Apostles' Creed: Its Origin, Its Purpose, and Its Historical Interpretation | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0559851995 | page = 42| publisher = BiblioBazaar }}.</ref> No to'ölö sa'ae ba ginötö da'ö wama'oli famaduhu'ö famati hulö na lafali-lali ira ira Nifahaö si-12 ba wamaduhu'ö ero faosatö Duho Wamati si-12.<ref name = ODCC:AC /> [[File:Somme le Roy f.10v (cropped).png|thumb|Lasura Duho Wamati ira Nifahaö Yesu si-12 molo'ö wanuturu Geheha Ni'amoni'ö (Gambara moroi ba ngaotu ndröfia si-13)]] Tuho Wamati satua ba Roma no sambua sura nifa'anö molo'ö nisura [[Mataio]] bakha ba {{SN|Mat|28|19}},<ref name= ODCC:AC /> bahiza so ndra ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa no tesura ia ba ngaotu ndröfia si-2 (ambö töra 180).<ref name= ODCC:AC/><ref>{{Citation | title = Documents of the Christian Church | edition = 2nd | editor-first = Henry | editor-last = Bettenson | publisher = London | year = 1963 | page = 23}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Joseph | last = Lynch | title = The Medieval Church | publisher = Longman | place = London and New York | year = 1992 | page = 7}}.</ref> "Rumus" fondrege atua si no tesöndra tesura ba gotaluara ndröfi 150 ba 180. Simane tesura ia: "Mamati ndra'o khö Nama si lö ambö fa'abölö - ba khö [[Yesu Keriso]], sangorifi ya'ita - ba khö [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]] sondrara tödö, ba [[Gereja]] ni'amoni'ö, ba ba fangefa horö." Simane oroma ba da'ö lö khönia wamagölö sanandrösa khö Keriso simane si so bakha ba Duho Wamati satua ba Roma.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Denzinger |first1=Henry |title=The Sources of Catholic Dogma |date=1957 |publisher=B. Herder Book Co |page=3 |edition=30th}}</ref> Heŵa'ae no tesöndra ero waosatö Duho Wamati andrö bakha ba zinura ndra Ireneus, Tertulianus, Novatianus, Marselus moroi ba Ankira, Tiranius Rufinus, Ambrosius, Agustinus Hipo, Niceta ba Eusebius Galus,<ref>{{Citation |url= http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds2.iv.i.i.v.html |title= Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes | volume = II. The History of Creeds | publisher = Christian Classics Ethereal Library | date= July 13, 2005 | access-date = May 19, 2011}}</ref> Tuho Wamati simane si so khöda iada'a tesöndra ia si föföna sibai bakha ba ''{{li|la|De singulis libris canonicis scarapsus}}'' nifa'anö Santo Firminus (Jacques Paul Migne, ''Patrologia Latina'' 89, 1029 ff.), nisura ba gotalua ndröf 710 ba 714.<ref>{{Citation | first = JND | last = Kelly | title = Early Christian Creeds | edition = third | place = London | publisher = Longman, Green & Co | year = 1972 | pages = 398–434}}.</ref> Molo'ö Bettenson awö Maunder tebörögö tesöndra ia bakha ba ''{{li|la|Dicta Abbatis Pirminii de singulis libris canonicis scarapsus}}'', ambö töra döfi 750.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Bettenson | first1 = Henry | first2 = Chris | last2 = Maunder | title = Documents of the Christian Church | edition = 3 | place = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1999 | page = 26}}.</ref> Lafa'anö zura Duho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö ni'ilada ma'ökhö ba danö Gaul ambö töra ba dalu ngaotu ndröfia si-5.<ref name = "Newadvent">{{Citation | title = Catholic Encyclopedia | contribution = Origin of the Creed | publisher = New advent | contribution-url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01629a.htm}}.</ref> Isura Faustus Riez sambua duho wamati si fagölö sibai ba Duho Wamati si so khöda ma'ökhö. Tola manö wa so khönia teks asli andrö. Teks bö'ö si arakhagö fagölö ba teks si so khöda ma'ökhö tesöndra ba zura moroi ba ngaotu ndröfia si-5. Bahiza Tuho Wamati Satua Roma lö aetu tobali teks liturgi standar bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] Roma götö ngaotu ndröfia si-4 irugi si-7. Awena atö tefalali ia faoma versi Galul andrö si yaŵa me ngaotu ndröfia si-8 barö Karolus Agung, samatörö ena'ö te'oguna'ö versi andrö ba zi sagörö amatöröŵania.<ref>Clemens Blume, ''Das Apostolische Glaubensbekenntniß'' (1893), 186f.</ref><ref name =ODCC:AC/> Lö tesöndra bakha ba Doho Wamati Nikea frasa "No möi ia ba mbanua niha tou" (''{{li|la|descendit ad inferos}}''), samasinga khöda {{SN|Efes|4|9}} ({{li|grc|κατέβη εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς}}).<ref>{{Citation | first = Wolfgang | last = Trillhaas | contribution = Creeds, Lutheran Attitude Toward | title = The Encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church | editor-first = Julius | editor-last = Bodensieck | place = Minneapolis | publisher = Augsburg | volume = A–E | page = 629}}.</ref> Tesöndra frasa andre bakha ba zura Rufinus (411), nifotöi Tuho Wamati Aquileia, ba lö sa'ae tesöndra ia ba zura irugi ndröfi 650.<ref>{{Citation | first = Wayne A | last = Grudem | title = Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine | place = Leicester, [[England]]; Grand Rapids, Michigan | publisher = Inter-Varsity Press; Zondervan | year = 2004 | page = 586}}. Cf. {{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2711.htm |last=Rufinus |author-link=Tyrannius Rufinus |title=Commentary on the Apostles' Creed |website=newadvent.org |access-date=October 1, 2016|mode=cs2}}</ref> Simanö göi frasa "fa'awösa niha ni'amoni'ö", lö ya'ia bakha ba Duho Wamati Satua Roma ma zui bakha ba Duho Wamati Nikea. Simanö göi frasa "somböi banua si yaŵa awö danö", lö ya'ia bakha ba Duho Wamati Nikea (325), bahiza so ia ba Duho Wamati Nikea-Konstantinopel (381). Lö la'oguna'ö Duho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö ya'ira [[Gereja Ortodoks]] Timur, tenga börö fatimba khöra waosatö wamati si so bakha khönia, bahiza börö me no so Duho Wamati Nikea. Latimbagö ya'ira delegasi [[Gereja Ortodoks]] ba Konsili Firenze (1431-1449) wa Tuho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö teböbögö khö ndra nifahaö si-12, simane nitema'ö ba Barat. Simanö göi zinöndra Lorenzo Valla, sangosili waö-waö Duho Wamati.<ref>Dorothea Sattler. "Apostolisches Glaubensbekenntnis. I. Dogmen- und Theologiegeschichte". In: Walter Kasper (ed.). ''Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche''. 3rd ed., vol. 1, Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1993, c. 878f.</ref> Heŵa'ae simanö lö irai iŵaö [[Gereja Katolik]] Roma wa lasura teks Duho Wamati andrö ira nifahaö samösa. Molo'ö katekismus Roma, lafotöi ia molo'ö ndra nifahaö, börö me Tuho Wamati andrö no sindruhu furu-furu wamati ndra nifahaö.<ref>Patristic Bible Commentary, [https://sites.google.com/site/aquinasstudybible/apostle-s-creed/catechism-of-the-catholic-church-on-the-apostles-creed Catechism of the Catholic Church on the Apostles' Creed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028003339/https://sites.google.com/site/aquinasstudybible/apostle-s-creed/catechism-of-the-catholic-church-on-the-apostles-creed|date=2022-10-28}}, citing St. Ambrose, Expl. symb. 7: [[Patrologia Latina|PL]] 17, 1196.</ref> ==Ösi zura== Ba da'e tou so teks asli Duho Wamati ba [[li Latin]], molo'ö faosatönia si felendrua,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P13.HTM |title= English translation of the Apostles' Creed | work = The Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher =Holy See |date= March 25, 1997 |access-date= April 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P14.HTM | work =English translation of the Apostles' Creed | title=Part I, Section II | publisher = Holy See | access-date = May 19, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000646/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P14.HTM | archive-date = May 14, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> awö fangalinia ba [[li Niha]], he bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] ba he ba [[Gereja Protestan]]. Frasa nikhoi barö lö tesöndra ba Duho Wamati Satua Roma simane nisura Tiranius Rufinus. {|class="wikitable" |'''Li Latin (sura asli)''' |'''bakha ba Gereja Katolik''' |'''bakha ba Gereja Protestan''' |- | 1. {{li|la|Credo in Deum Patrem omnipotentem, <u>Creatorem caeli et terrae</u>}}, | Ya'o mamati khö [[Lowalangi]] Ama, si lö ambö fa'abölö, <u>sanga'asogö banua si yaŵa awö danö.</u> |Ya'o mamati khö [[Lowalangi]] Ama, si lö ambö fa'abölö, <u>somböi banua si yaŵa awö danö</u> |- | 2. {{li|la|et in Iesum Christum, Filium Eius unicum, Dominum nostrum,}} | Ba khö [[Yesu Keriso]], Ononia si ha samösa, So'aya ya'ita, |ba khö [[Yesu Keriso]] So'aya ya'ita, ono Lowalangi si ha samösa, |- | 3. {{li|la|qui <u>conceptus est</u> de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria Virgine,}} | si no <u>te'otabinagö</u> moroi khö [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]], <u>ni'adonogö</u> nono alawe [[Maria]], |<u>nitema</u> ninania [[Maria]] khö [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]], ono alawe ia |- | 4. {{li|la|<u>passus</u> sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, <u>mortuus</u>, et sepultus,}} | si no <u>manaögö famakao</u> barö mbawa [[Fondrio Filato|Wondrio Filato]], no teforöfa, <u>mate</u> ba lako'o ia. |No <u>manaögö huku</u> ia barö mbawa [[Fondrio Filato|Wondrio Filato]], teforöfa ia, mate ba lako'o |- | 5. {{li|la|<u>descendit ad inferos</u>, tertia die resurrexit a mortuis,}} | No <u>möi ia ba mbanua niha tou</u>, ba ba ngaluo si tölu no maoso ia moroi ba gotalua zi mate. |<u>No möi ia ba mbanua niha tou</u>. No maoso ia moroi ba ngai zi mate, me no irugi tölu ngaluo. |- | 6. {{li|la|ascendit ad caelos, sedet ad dexteram <u>Dei</u> Patris <u>omnipotentis</u>,}} | No manahae ia möi ba zorugo, dumadao ba gambölö [[Lowalangi]] Ama <u>si lö ambö fa'abölö</u>. |No manahae ia, möi ba zorugo, dumadao ba gambölö [[Lowalangi]] Ama, <u>si lö ambö fa'abölö</u> |- | 7. {{li|la|inde venturus est<br>iudicare vivos et mortuos.}} | Moroi ba da'ö mangawuli ia dania, manguhuku niha sauri awö zi no mate. |I'otarai da'ö mangawuli ia dania, ba wanguhuku niha sauri awö zi no mate |- | 8. {{li|la|<u>Credo</u> in Spiritum Sanctum,}} | <u>Ya'o mamati</u> khö [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]], |<u>Ya'o mamati</u> khö [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]], |- | 9. {{li|la|sanctam Ecclesiam <u>catholicam,<br>sanctorum communionem</u>,}} | [[Gereja Katolik|Gereja <u>Katolik</u>]] ni'amoni'ö, <u>fa'awösa ndra niha ni'amoni'ö,</u> |ba ufati ha sambua banua niha Keriso, ba <u>fa'awösa niha ni'amoni'ö</u>, |- | 10. {{li|la|remissionem peccatorum,}} | fangefa horö, |fangefa horö |- | 11. {{li|la|carnis resurrectionem,}} | femaoso mboto |ba femaoso mboto zi mate |- | 12. {{li|la|vitam aeternam. Amen.}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism_lt/p1s1c3a2_lt.htm#SYMBOLUM%20FIDEI |trans-title=Faith symbol | title = Symbolum Fidei | work = Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae | language = la | publisher=Vatican |date= June 25, 1992 | access-date = August 5, 2014}}</ref> | fa'auri si lö aetu. Amen. |ba fa'auri si lö aetu. Ya'aduhu. |} So göi teks ba [[li Yunani]], nisöndra awö teks ba [[li Latin]] bakha ba mbuku {{li|la|Psalterium Græcum et Romanum}}, niböbögö khö Paus Gregorius Agung, heŵa'ae tenga sindruhu. Si föföna sibai i'ohalöŵögöigö ia Uskup Agung Ussher me 1647, molo'ö sambua zura nifotöi ''manuscript'' si so ba perpustakaan Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Teks Latin andrö fagölö ia ba "Duho Wamati Pirminius" ni'ohalöŵögöigö Charles Abel Heurtley (''{{li|la|De Fide Symbolo}}'', 1900, nga'örö 71). Baero da'ö nasa öfa teks ba li Yunani si fabö'ö-bö'ö ma'ifu nisöndra Carl Paul Caspari ba muraka me 1879 (''{{lang|de|Alte und neue Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols}}'', vol. 3, nga'örö 11).<ref>{{unordered list|{{cite book |last=Bird |first=Michael F. |author-link=Michael F. Bird |date=July 5, 2016 |title=What Christians ought to believe: an introduction to Christian doctrine through the Apostles' Creed |url={{Google books|WLXxCgAAQBAJ|page=185|plainurl=yes}} |location=New York City |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |page=185 |isbn=978-0-310-52093-1}} |{{Citation |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds2.iv.i.i.i.html |title=Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes |volume=II. The History of Creeds |publisher=[[CCEL]] |date=February 19, 2009 |access-date=September 29, 2016}}.}}</ref> Tradisi samöbögö ero faosatö Duho Wamati khö samösa Nifahaö Yesu, no lafalua ia i'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-6. Bakha ba gambara-gambara fa'alowalangi ba Barat, to'ölö lafangai ira Duho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö ba ira Nifahaö Yesu si-12. Tradisi wamazökhi gambara simane tetohugö irugi götö nifotöi barok (1600 irugi 1750). Faosatö teks ba angolifa ndra Nifahaö nifakhai ba ero waosatö Duho Wamati, lö irai fagölö fefu. Duma-dumania bakha ba zinura Pelbartus Ladislaus Temesvar, sambua zura moroi ba gangahorita ngaotu ndröfia si-15, tefabali waosatö 5 tobali dombua ba ifasambua waosatö 11 ba 12, ba simane ifaböbögö ia khö ndra Nifahaö: {{unbulleted list |1. [[Fetero]], |2. [[Yohane ono Zebadaio|Yohane]], |3. [[Yakobo ono Zebadaio]], |4. [[Andrea (Nifahaö Yesu)|Andrea]], |5a. [[Filifo (Nifahaö Yesu)|Filifo]], |5b. [[Toma (Nifahaö Yesu)|Toma]], |6. [[Batolomaio (Nifahaö Yesu)|Batolomaio]], |7. [[Mataio (Nifahaö Yesu)|Mataio]], |8. [[Yakobo ono Galifao]], |9. [[Simoni (Nifahaö Yesu)|Simoni]], |10. [[Yuda Tadaio]], |11–12. [[Matia (Fangali Yuda)|Matia]].<ref>Sermones Pomerii de sanctis II. Pars aestivalis. Sermo XXVII.: Item in divisionis apostolorum festo. [[Hagenau]] 1499.<!-- ''Petrus dicens: Credo in Deum, Patrem omnipotentem etc. Secundum Iohannes dicens: Et in Iesum Christum, Filium eius unicum, Dominum nostrum. Tertium posuit Iacobus maior dicens: Qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria Virgine. Quartum Andreas dicens: Passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus et sepultus est. Quintum Philippus dicens: Descendit ad inferna. Sextum Thomas dicens: Tertia die resurrexit a mortuis. Septimum Bartholomaeus dicens: Ascendit ad caelos, sedet etc. Octavum Matthaeus dicit: Inde venturus est iudicare vivos etc. Nonum Iacobus minor dicens: Credo in Spiritum Sanctum. Decimum Simon dicit: Sanctam Ecclesiam catholicam, sanctorum communionem. Undecimum Thaddaeus dicens: Remissionem peccatorum, et duodecimum Mathias dicens: Carnis resurrectionem et vitam aeternam.'' --></ref>}}<!-- The division into twelve articles is found also in [[Anabaptist theology|Anabaptist catechesis]]: {{poemquote|''Leonhart:'' Which of the articles of the creed deal with baptism? ''Hans:'' The ninth and tenth articles, where we confess the universal Christian church, the fellowship of the saints and forgiveness of sins, just as the Lord's Supper is also included there.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Pipkin |editor1-first=H. Wayne |editor2-last=Yoder |editor2-first=John Howard |editor2-link=John Howard Yoder |date=1989 |title=Balthasar Hubmaier, theologian of Anabaptism |url={{Google books|WYnZAAAAMAAJ|page=351|plainurl=yes}} |location=[[Scottdale, Pennsylvania]] |publisher=Herald Press |page=351 |isbn=0-8361-3103-7 |mode=cs2}}; cf. p.&nbsp;239: {{Citation |last=Hubmaier |first=Balthasar |title=Twelve articles in prayer form |year=1527 |location=Nikolsburg |quote=O my Lord Jesus Christ, institute once again the two bands, namely water baptism and the Supper, with which thou has outwardly girded and bound thy bride.}}</ref>}} --> ==Fangoguna'ö bakha ba liturgi== Te'oguna'ö Duho Wamati, he faoma fanötöi ya'ia ma zui faoma fanofu ba fanemali, bakha ba [[liturgi]] [[Niha Keriso]], mendruamanö bakha ba liturgi [[Sakramen Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö|Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö]]/[[Famayagö Idanö]] awö [[liturgi]] [[Ekaristi]]. === Liturgi Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö === Ba mböröta lafa'anö Duho Wamati moroi ba wanofu nitandrösaigö khö ndra somasi manema [[Sakramen Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö|Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö]] ba no fakhili sibai ia ba Duho Wamati ni'oguna'ö ba [[Roma]] ba ngaotu ndröfia si-4.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apostles-Creed|title=Apostles' Creed |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2022-01-15}}</ref> Irugi ma'ökhö te'oguna'ö nasa bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] Duho Wamati faoma fanofu ba fanemali ba liturgi [[Sakramen Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö|Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö]], he ba ndraono ba he ba zatua. Ba teks resmi ba li Inggris<ref>International Commission on English in the Liturgy (ICEL), 1974.</ref>, isofu [[ere]]/[[diakon]] same'e [[Sakramen Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö|fanasa]]: <poem>Hadia mamati ndra'ugö khö [[Lowalangi]], Ama si lö ambö fa'abölö, sanga'asogö banua si yaŵa awö danö? Hadia mamati ndra'ugö khö [[Yesu Keriso]] So'aya ya'ita, ononia si ha samösa, si tumbu moroi khö [[Maria (Ina Yesu)|Maria]] ono'alawe si lö mamalö-malö, niforöfa, mate ba niko'o ia, ba si maoso moroi ba gotalua zimate, ba iada'a si dadao ba gambölö Nama? Hadia mamati ndra'ugö khö [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]], [[Gereja Katolik]] ni'amoni'ö, fa'awösa ndra niha ni'amoni'ö, fangefa horö, femaoso mboto ba fa'auri silö'aetu?</poem> Ba zi ero fanofu itemali dania niha sanema [[Sakramen Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö|fanasa]], satua (nifotöi [[katekumen]]) ma samösa zalahi (nifotöi Ama/Ina [[Sakramen Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö|Wanasa]]<ref>Ama/Ina [[Sakramen Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö|Wanasa ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|Bapa/Ibu Baptis}}'', [[li Inggris]]: ''{{li|en|Godfather/Godmother}}'') no niha si hulö ama ma ina ba wamati khö niha sanema [[Sakramen Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö|fanasa]]. Ama/Ina Wanasa andre zango'awögö ya'ia bakha ba wamahaö [[Niha Keriso]] ba samarou tödönia ba wamati götö wa'aurinia. Ba danö, heza abölö moŵa'a hada [[Niha Keriso]] simane ba [[Italia]], [[Spanyol]], btn. tobali Ama/Ina [[Sakramen Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö|Wanasa]] no halöŵö sindruhu lafalua niha. Tobali ira hulö "zibaya" ba wamati.</ref>) na iraono, imane: "Mamati ndra'o". Awena dania ifaduhu'ö [[ere]]/[[diakon]] same'e [[Sakramen Fanasa Ni'amoni'ö|fanasa]]: <blockquote>Da'a wamatida. Da'a wamati [[Gereja]]. Fao fa'aro dödö tafaduhu'ö ia ba khö [[Yesu Keriso]], [[So'aya]] ya'ita.</blockquote> Ba latema dania sato: [[Amen]]/Ya duhu. La'oguna'ö Duho Wamati andre göi Gereja Presbiterian [[Selandia Baru]], heŵa'ae so ba gotalua ndra [[Niha Keriso]] khöra si lö manema wa "tumbu ia moroi khö [[Maria (Ina Yesu)|Maria]] ono'alawe si lö mamalö-malö".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knoxchurch.net/2015/09/30/why-use-the-apostles-creed-in-a-baptism/|title=Why use the Apostles' Creed in a baptism?|date=September 29, 2015|website=Knox Church Dunedin|access-date=2022-01-15|archive-date=February 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030506/https://knoxchurch.net/2015/09/30/why-use-the-apostles-creed-in-a-baptism/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Simanö göi [[Gereja Episkopal]] Amerika Serikat, la'oguna'ö Duho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö tobali faosatö [[Famayagö Idanö|wamayagö idanö]]. Ibaso Duho Wamati andre niha sanema [[Famayagö Idanö]] awö zango'awögö ya'ia ba niha sato, si tobali fanemali wanofu zame'e [[Famayagö Idanö]], "Hadia mamati ndra'ugö khö [[Lowalangi]] Ama ([[Lowalangi]] Ono, [[Lowalangi]] [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö]]?"<ref>{{cite book|title=Holy Baptism |work=The (Online) Book of Common Prayer|date=1979|publisher=The Episcopal Church|edition=revised 2007|url=https://www.bcponline.org/Baptism/holybaptism.html|access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref> Famaduhu'ö famati faoma fanofu ba fanemali simane andre lafalua göi ba ginötö liturgi bongi [[Paska]] ba wamohouni amabu'ula [[Famayagö Idanö]].<ref>''The Book of Common Prayer'' (1979). New York: Church Publishing. pp. 292–293.</ref> No simanö göi nifalua bakha ba [[Gereja Anglikan]]. Bahiza lö lafaogö döi [[Lowalangi]] ba döi Ono awö Eheha Ni'amoni'ö, lamane manö, "Hadia mamati ndra'ugö khö Nononia [[Yesu Keriso]]?" ba "Hadia mamati ndra'ugö khö [[Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]]?" Tenga ha da'ö, na moguna ba tola göi lafabö'öni ''rumus''-nia irege fanemali ero wanofu tobali, "Mamati ndra'o khönia."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/christian-initiation/baptism-and|title=Baptism and Confirmation|website=The Church of England|access-date=2022-01-15}}</ref> Baero da'ö tola göi la'oguna'ö ''rumus'' si so bakha ba ''Book of Common Prayer'', buku zinunö khöra, heza so wanemali si lö to'ölö laŵaö niha ma'ökhö, me ara lafa'anö ia meföna. Duma-dumania fanofu, "Dost thou believe in God the Father ..." ba fanemali, "All this I stedfastly believe." Lala wanguŵaö simane andre lö la'oguna'ö niha sa'ae ma'ökhö.<ref>''Book of Common Prayer'': "[https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/public-baptism-infants The Ministration of Public Baptism to Infants]"; "[https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/public-baptism-such-are-riper The Order of Baptism for those of Riper Years]"</ref> La'o'ö göi lala simane ya'ira [[Gereja Lutheran]] na lafa'ema [[Famayagö Idanö|wamayagö idanö]]: <poem> Hadia mamati ndra'ugö khö [[Lowalangi]], Ama si lö ambö fa'abölö, sanga'asogö banua si yaŵa awö danö? Hadia mamati ndra'ugö khö [[Yesu Keriso]], Ononia si ha samösa, So'aya ya'ita, ni'adonogö moroi khö [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]], tumbu moroi khö [[Maria (Ina Yesu)|Maria]], tefakao barö mbawa Fondrio Filato, teforöfa, mate ba lako'o ia; möi ia ba mbanua niha tou; ba ba ngaluo si tölu maoso ia; manahae ia möi ba zorugo ba dumadao ba gambölö [[Lowalangi]] Ama si lö ambö fa'abölö; ba moroi ba da'ö mangawuli ia dania wanguhuku niha sauri awö zi no mate? Hadia mamati ndra'ugö khö [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]], Gereja Niha Keriso ni'amoni'ö, fa'awösa ndra niha ni'amoni'ö, fangefa horö, femaoso mboto ba fa'auri si lö aetu? </poem> Ba latema dania ya'ira sanema [[Famayagö Idanö|famayagö idanö]], "Ya'ia, mamati ndra'o." Na tebai itema li sanema [[Famayagö Idanö|famayagö idanö]] andrö, ba tola niha sango'awögö ya'ia zanema li.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lutheran Service Book|url=https://archive.org/details/lutheranserviceb0000luth|last=The Commission on Worship of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod|publisher=[[Concordia Publishing House]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7586-1217-5|location=St. Louis|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lutheranserviceb0000luth/page/268 268]–271}}</ref> La'o'ö göi da'a ya'ira Gereja Evangelikal Amerika, simane si no lafa'anö bakha ba mbuku ''Evangelical Lutheran Worship'', si so ba nga'örö 229 mbuku nifo'uli abe'e. So ma'ifu zi fabö'ö bakha ba Gereja Metodis ba [[Amerika Serikat]]. Baero da'ö no mege yaŵa, lafaduhu'ö wamatira ya'ira sanema [[Famayagö Idanö|famayagö idanö]] khö niha sato si fao ba da'ö, ba ba niha sato tobali ia famaduhu'ö mangawuli famatira. <poem>Hadia mamati ndra'ugö khö [[Lowalangi]]? Mamati ndra'o khö [[Lowalangi]], Ama si lö ambö fa'abölö, sanga'asogö banua si yaŵa awö danö. Hadia mamati ndra'ugö khö [[Yesu Keriso]]? Mamati ndra'o khö [[Yesu Keriso]], Ononiha si ha samösa, So'aya ya'ita, ni'adonogö moroi khö [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]], tumbu moroi khö [[Maria (Ina Yesu)|Maria]], tefakao barö mbawa Fondrio Filato, teforöfa, mate ba lako'o ia; möi ia ba mbanua niha tou; ba ba ngaluo si tölu maoso ia; manahae ia möi ba zorugo ba dumadao ba gambölö [[Lowalangi]] Ama si lö ambö fa'abölö; ba moroi ba da'ö mangawuli ia dania wanguhuku niha sauri awö zi no mate? Hadia mamati ndra'ugö khö [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]]? Mamati ndra'o khö [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]], Gereja Katolik ni'amoni'ö, fa'awösa ndra niha ni'amoni'ö, fangefa horö, femaoso mboto ba fa'auri si lö aetu.<ref>{{Citation | title = The United Methodist Hymnal | chapter = Baptismal Covenant I | page = 35}}.</ref></poem> === Liturgi Ekaristi === Bakha ba edisi 2002 mbuku Wangowasaini Ekaristi resmi nifotöi Missale Romanum tesura wa "moroi na te'oguna'ö '''Duho Wamati Nikea''', tola la'oguna'ö töra-töra ba ginötö Wuasö ba Paska '''Duho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö''', si no tobali tandra Wanasa Ni'amoni'ö Gereja Roma."<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwV6-e0juMEC&q=Roman+Missal+%22baptismal+Symbol%22&pg=PA528 |title=Roman Missal |publisher=Liturgy Training Publications |year=2011 |access-date=2 February 2019|isbn=9781568549910 }}.</ref> Föna da'ö ha Tuho Wamati Nikea ni'ogouna'ö bakha ba [[Fangowasaini Ekaristi|Misa]], heŵa'ae la'oguna'ö ia bakha ba [[Fangowasaini Ekaristi|Misa]] khö ndraono awö wa so göi negara sabölö omasi mamaduhu'ö Duho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö moroi ba Duho Wamati Nikea. === Fangandrö ofisi === Latötöi Duho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö bakha ba wangandrö ofisi<ref>Lafotöi ofisi wangandrö si lima kali ero ma'ökhö nifalua ndra Niha Keriso i'otarai meföna: fangandrö sihulöwongi (Laudes), fangandrö ba zi laluo (Sext), fangandrö tanö'owi (Tertia), fangandrö aefa aekhu luo (Versper), ba fangandrö fatua lö mörö (Komplet). Tola ta'ila lafalua da'a ero ma'ökhö ba biara-biara ndra Suster ma Pastor Katolik si so oya ba Danö Niha. Duma-dumania Biara Santa Klara, Jln. Gunungsuci, Gunungsitoli. Sasese lafalua ya'ira Niha Keriso sato irugi ma'ökhö, ya'ia fangandrö sahulöwongi, fangandrö ba zi laluo, fangandrö aefa atoru luo, ba fangandrö fatua lö mörö.</ref> bakha ba [[Gereja Anglikan]] töra-töra ba wangandrö ba zihulö wongi (lafotöi Matins) ba ba wangandrö ba zibongi (lafotöi Evensong). Simanö göi lafalua ya'ira Gereja Episkopal ba [[Amerika Serikat]].<ref>''The Book of Common Prayer'' (1979). New York: Church Publishing. p. 66 (Evening Prayer, Rite I, traditional), p. 120 (Evening Prayer, Rite II, ICET).</ref> Latötöi göi da'a bakha ba wangandrö ofisi Gereja Katolik föna irugi ndröfi 1955.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2010/10/compendium-of-reforms-of-roman-breviary_24.html|title=Compendium of the Reforms of the Roman Breviary, 1568 - 1961: Part 9.1 - The Simplified Rubrics of 1955}}</ref> == Fangandrö fangefa'ö horö == Ena'ö lasöndra wangefa'ö ösa horö si tosai ya'ira si so ba nahia fangehao nifotöi "indulgensi", moguna latötöi ''Duho Wamati Molo'ö Ndra Nifahaö'' ma zui ''Tuho Wamati Nikea''.<ref>''[[Enchiridion Indulgentiarum]]'', ''Concessiones'', No. 28 §3, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 4th edition, 2004. {{ISBN|88-209-2785-3}}.</ref> ==Faigi göi== * [[Gereja]] * [[Banua Niha Keriso]] * [[Yesu]] * [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] == Famotokhi == {{Notelist}} ==Umbu== {{reflist}} ==Basoŵa== * {{Citation | last1 =Cannata | first1 = Raymond F. | last2 = Reitano | first2 = Joshua D. |author1-link= Raymond F. Cannata|title= Rooted: The Apostles' Creed |year= 2013 |publisher= [[Doulos Resources]] |location = Oro Valley, AZ |isbn= 978-1-937063-92-4}} *{{cite book|chapter=[[s:A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion/First Article|First Article of the Apostle's Creed]]|title=A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion|year=1912|publisher=Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss|first= Joseph|last=Deharbe|translator=Rev. John Fander}} * {{Citation|last=Lochman|first=Jan Milič|contribution=Apostles' Creed|year=1999|title=Encyclopedia of Christianity|editor-last=Fahlbusch|editor-first=Erwin|volume=1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/109 109–10]|place=Grand Rapids|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn=0-8028-2413-7|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/109}} *{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume III/Rufinus/Commentary on the Apostles' Creed|Commentary on the Apostles' Creed]]|title=Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Volume III|year=1885|publisher=T. & T. Clark in Edinburgh|author=Rufinus|author-link=Tyrannius Rufinus}} *{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Apostles' Creed |volume=1 |first=Herbert |last=Thurston}} *{{cite book|chapter=[[s:The catechism of the Council of Trent|Part I. On the Twelve Articles of the Creed.]]|title=The catechism of the Council of Trent|year=1829|publisher=Lucas Brothers|translator=James Donovan}} ==Khai-khai baero== * {{Cite web | url = http://dominicweb.eu/en/dictionaries/exotic-languages-prayers | title = Audio recordings and texts of the Apostle's Creed and other Christian prayers| language = en }} (with text and approximative [[transliteration]] to Latin alphabet) * {{Cite web | url = https://sites.google.com/site/aquinasstudybible/apostle-s-creed/st-thomas-aquinas-on-the-apostle-s-creed | title= St. Thomas Aquinas on the Apostle's Creed | access-date= Jan 29, 2019 | language = en | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150620215903/https://sites.google.com/site/aquinasstudybible/apostle-s-creed/st-thomas-aquinas-on-the-apostle-s-creed | archive-date= June 20, 2015 | url-status = live}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Tuho Wamati]] [[Kategori:Tuho wamati Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Fangandrö]] 3szpjzucgw0x42z07zt31sua4ni2bro 0 438 27647 27618 2026-08-17T14:14:41Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 43 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person <!---- Note: Please do not expand this infobox. See the FAQ on the talk page. ----->| name = Yesu | image = Spas vsederzhitel sinay.jpg | caption = {{longitem |Gambara '''Yesu Samatörö Hadia Ia Fefu''' (''Pantocrator'') nifazökhi me ngaotu ndröfia si-6, si so iada'a ba biara Santa Katarina ba Hili Sina'i, Mesir}} | birth_date = ambö töra 6–4 föna Keriso | birth_place = <!--Note: No scholarly consensus for any more precise a location than Judea:-->Amatöröŵa Herodes, Amatöröŵa Roma{{sfn|Brown|1977|p=513}} | death_date = 30 ma 33 (33 ma 38 fakhe) | death_place = [[Yerusalema]], [[Yudaia]],<br/>Amatöröŵa Roma | known_for = Hunö wamati Niha Keriso<br>Sama'ele'ö Sebua bakha ba Islam | death_cause = <!---Note: No (further) comments required here; the scholarly consensus that the cause of Jesus' death was crucifixion is given in the article text:--->Famoröfa<!-- -->{{efn|[[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]] writes that the baptism and crucifixion of Jesus "command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus.{{sfn|Dunn|2003|p=339}} <!-- -->[[Bart Ehrman]] states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|p=101}} <!-- -->[[John Dominic Crossan]] and Richard G. Watts state that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be.{{sfn|Crossan|Watts|1999|p=96}} <!-- -->Paul R. Eddy and [[Greg Boyd (theologian)|Gregory A. Boyd]] say that non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus is now "firmly established".{{sfn|Eddy|Boyd|2007|p=173}} <!-- -->}} <!---- Note: Please do not expand this infobox. See the FAQ on the talk page. ----->| parents = <!--{{hlist}}, as footnote applies to -both- parents:-->{{hlist |[[Maria ina Yesu|Maria]] |[[Yosefo Ni'amoni'ö|Yosefo]]{{efn|Traditionally, Christians believe that Mary conceived her son miraculously by the agency of the Holy Spirit. Muslims believe that she conceived her son miraculously by the command of God. Joseph was from these perspectives and according to the canonical gospels the acting adoptive father of Jesus.}}}} }} <!---- The following paragraph was created by consensus after considerable discussion by a variety of editors. Out of courtesy for this process, please discuss any proposed changes on the talk page before editing it. -----> '''Yesu''' (★ ambö töra 6–4 föna Keriso, <!-- "By collating the gospel accounts with historical data and using various other methods, most scholars arrive at a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC for Jesus, though scholarly arguments for a date of birth between 7 and 2 BC have been made" in 'Chronology' section -->† 30/33), asese göi latötöi ia '''Yesu Keriso''' ma '''Yesu moroi ba Nazareta''', ba oya döi tanöbö'ö, no samösa niha [[Yahudi]] sangombakha ba sondrönia'ö ba agama, sauri ba ngaotu ndröfia sisara.{{sfn|Vermes|1981|pp=20, 26, 27, 29}} Ya'ia zi tobali tuho agama [[Niha Keriso]], agama fondrege ebua ba gulidanö. Ato [[Niha Keriso]] si faduhu tödö wa Yesu andrö [[Lowalangi]] si no tobali niha<ref>Bakha ba [[teologi]] lafotöi wa'atobali niha Lowalangi andre ''inkarnasi''</ref> ba [[mesia]], si no tefabu'u bakha ba [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna|Gamabu'ulali Siföföna]].<!---- The following paragraph was created by consensus after considerable discussion by a variety of editors. Out of courtesy for this process, please discuss any proposed changes on the talk page before editing it. ----><!-- PLEASE READ THIS FIRST. The following references are WP:RS sources that are used per WP:RS/AC guideline. The issue has been discussed on the talk page at length See the "talk page FAQ" about it; it may answer your question. The main source says "scholars of antiquity", other sources say "scholars", "biblical scholars and classical historians" and "historians". Sources do not say "X scholars" or "Christian scholars", so do not modify it as such, for that will make it deviate from what the sources state. The source says "virtually all", so do NOT change it to "most", "several", "many", etc. Thank you. ----> Arakhagö fefu gere wangosili ma'ökhö, sangosili ngawalö zura si otarai ba ginötö föna, fao dödöra wa no irai auri Yesu.{{efn |name=exist|Me ifurugö fefu mbua wangosili ba ndröfi 2011, isura Bart Ehrman, "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees."{{sfn|Ehrman|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/forged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376/page/n298 285]}} Iŵa'ö Richard A. Burridge: "Sö wösa zanguma'ö wa ha so Yesu andrö bakha ba wangera-ngera Gereja, wa sindruhunia lö irai auri niha sotöi Yesu. Bahiza lötolalö'ö umane, wa lö ni'ilagu samösa gere wangosili sindruhu sanguma'ö simanö da'ö sa'ae."<ref>{{cite book|title=Jesus Now and Then|first1=Richard A.|last1=Burridge|first2=Graham|last2=Gould|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8028-0977-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr/page/34 34]|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr/page/34}}</ref> Lö faduhu dödö Robert M. Price wa no irai auri Yesu, bahiza fao dödönia wa fabali toyo da'a ba wangi'ila arakhagö fefu gere wangosili.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first= Robert M.|last= Price|title= Jesus at the Vanishing Point|encyclopedia= The Historical Jesus: Five Views|editor-last1= Beilby|editor-last2= Eddy|year= 2009|publisher= InterVarsity|isbn= 978-0-8308-7853-6|editor-first= James K.|pages= 55, 61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O33P7xrFnLQC&pg=PA55|editor2-first= Paul R.|access-date= 14 August 2015|archive-date= 7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907112540/https://books.google.com/books?id=O33P7xrFnLQC&pg=PA55|url-status= live}}</ref> Iŵa'ö [[teologo]] James D. G. Dunn wa teori sanguma'ö lö irai so Yesu no sambua söndra si no mate.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus|encyclopedia=Sacrifice and Redemption|first= Stephen W.|last= Sykes |year=2007| publisher= Cambridge University Press| isbn= 978-0-521-04460-8|pages=35–36}}</ref> Isura Michael Grant (samösa gere sangosili ngawalö zura föna) me 1977, "Ha'uga fakhe ba gafuriata andre, 'lö samösa gere wangosili sindruhu sanohugö teori wa lö sauri Yesu' ba na so atö ira, lö khöra börö sabölö aro."<ref name=Grant1977>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Grant|title=Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels|publisher=Scribner's|year=1977|isbn=978-0-684-14889-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesushistoriansr00gran/page/200 200]|url=https://archive.org/details/jesushistoriansr00gran/page/200}}</ref> Ifa'ele'ö Robert E. Van Voorst wa molo'ö ndra ere [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] awö gere sangosili ngawalö zura föna, teori wa lö irai so Yesu no si lö balö.{{sfn|Van Voorst|2000|p=16}} Bakha ba zinurara ba ''The Daily Beast'', laŵa'ö ira Candida Moss awö Joel Baden wa "so wahasara dödö ba gotalua ndra ere [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] — silö'ö-lö'önia ira ere sindruhu — wa sindruhu no irai auri Yesu."<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thedailybeast.com/so-called-biblical-scholar-says-jesus-a-made-up-myth|title = So-Called 'Biblical Scholar' Says Jesus a Made-Up Myth|newspaper = The Daily Beast|date = 5 October 2014|last1 = Baden|first1 = Candida Moss|access-date = 14 July 2021|archive-date = 5 December 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211205210029/https://www.thedailybeast.com/so-called-biblical-scholar-says-jesus-a-made-up-myth|url-status = live}}</ref>}} So tesöndra waö-waö wa'auri Yesu bakha ba zura [[Turia Somuso Dödö]], töra-töra sura nifotöi [[Injil]] si so bakha ba mbuku [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]]. No oya mufalua wangosili sanandrösa ba hadia ahatö khö Yesu sauri duria nisura bakha ba [[Injil]].{{sfn|Powell|1998|pp=168–73}}{{efn|Ehrman writes: "The notion that the Gospel accounts are not completely accurate but still important for the religious truths they try to convey is widely shared in the scholarly world, even though it's not so widely known or believed outside of it."<ref>Bart D. Ehrman. [http://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/historical-jesus.html Historical Jesus. 'Prophet of the New Millennium']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123155853/https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/historical-jesus.html |date=23 January 2019 }} Course handbook, p. 10 (Lecture Three. V. B.) The Teaching Company, 2000, Lecture 24</ref><br />Sanders writes: "The earliest Christians did not write a narrative of Jesus' life, but rather made use of, and thus preserved, individual units—short passages about his words and deeds. These units were later moved and arranged by authors and editors. ... Some material has been revised and some created by early Christians."{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=57}}}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Jesus, Skepticism & The Problem of History: Criteria and Context in the Study of Christian Origins |date=2019 |publisher=Zondervan Academic |isbn=9780310534761 |editor1-last=Komoszewski |editor1-first=J. Ed |pages=22–23 |quote=...a considerable number of specific facts about Jesus are so well supported historically as to be widely acknowledged by most scholars, whether Christian (of any stripe) or not:...(lists 18 points)...Nevertheless, what can be known about Jesus with a high degree of confidence, apart from theological or ideological agendas, is perhaps surprisingly robust. |editor2-last=Bock |editor2-first=Darrell}}</ref><ref>Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology," Theological Studies 54 (1993) pp. 13–14 "First, the New Testament Gospels are now viewed as useful, if not essentially reliable, historical sources. Gone is the extreme skepticism that for so many years dominated gospel research. Representative of many is the position of E. P. Sanders and Marcus Borg, who have concluded that it is possible to recover a fairly reliable picture of the historical Jesus."</ref> Laboto Yesu me 8 ngaluo ndröfinia, itema wanasa moroi khö [[Yohane Same'e Fanasa]] me awuyu-wuyu ia nasa, ba aefa itörö [[fuasö|wuasö]] awö [[famoni]] si 40 ngaluo wa'ara ba danö simate, ibörötaigö halöŵö fa'alowalangi. I'anöröi mbanu-banua misa ba wanuriagö turia fa'alowalangi, ba andrö asese lakaoni khönia guru (''rabbi'').<ref name="ISBEO">{{cite web |year=1939 |editor=Orr |editor-first=James |title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online |url=http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/R/rabbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817024703/http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/R/rabbi.html |archive-date=17 August 2016 |access-date=30 July 2016 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company}}</ref> Asese göi fabu'a li Yesu khö ndra niha [[Yahudi]] sanandrösa ba hadia zabölö fagöna ba wolo'ö khö Lowalangi, ifadöhö wökhö, ifahaö niha faoma [[amaedola]], i'owuloi niha solo'ö khönia, ba gotaluara ira nifahaö si-12. Lara'u ia ba [[Yerusalema]] ba lafareso ia ira sondrönia'ö khö niha [[Yahudi]],{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=11}} latou'ö ia khö wamatörö [[Roma]] samatörö tanö me luo da'ö, ba laforöfa ia molo'ö gangetula [[Fondrio Filato]], si tobali gubernur provinsi Yudea me luo da'ö. Aefa wa'amatenia, faduhu dödö ndra solo'ö khönia wa no maoso ia moroi ba gotalua zimate, ba aefa manahae ia ba zorugo, tobali ndra solohi khönia andre angowuloa ndra [[Niha Keriso]] si föföna, si muzawili ba zi sagörö ulidanö.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=11, 14}} Lafa'ema waö-waö wa'aurinia ba nga'ötöra mitou faoma nidunö-dunö (nifotöi ''tradisi oral''), si tobali dania dane-dane ni'oguna'ö ba wanura [[Injil]].<ref name="Dunn2013">{{cite book |last=Dunn |first=James D. G. |title=The Oral Gospel Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/oralgospeltradit0000dunn |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=2013 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oralgospeltradit0000dunn/page/290 290]–291 |language=en}}</ref> Fao ba [[teologi]] [[Niha Keriso]] wamati wa te'adonogö Yesu moroi khö [[Eheha Ni'amoni'ö|Geheha Ni'amoni'ö]], ni'adonogö [[Maria]] me lö nasa faruka ia ba ndramatua, wa ifazökhi dandra sahöli-höli tödö Yesu, wa ya'ia zamasindro [[Gereja]] [[Niha Keriso]], wa mate ia ba [[röfa]] tobali fangöhöli horö, wa maoso ia moroi ba gotalua zimate ba manahae ia ba zorugo, heza mangawuli ia dania. To'ölö faduhu dödö ndra [[Niha Keriso]] wa no ifolala Yesu, irege tola mangatulö niha khö [[Lowalangi]]. Ifaduhu'ö [[Tuho Wamati]] nifa'anö ba Nikea wa edöna ihuku niha Yesu, he sauri ba he simate, föna ma zui aefa wanusugi boto, salua ba ginötö mangawuli Yesiu dania simane nifakhoi bakha ba [[teologi]] afuriata danö (to'ölö latötöi ia bakha ba [[teologi]] ''eskatologia'').<ref>Lafotöi ''eskatologia'' sambua waosatö bakha ba [[teologi]] samagölö fefu hadia zalua, ma abölö faudu, fefu hadia zi tola latötöna alua khöra ira [[Niha Keriso]] ba zi so föna ba gafuriata danö na tohare mangawuli [[Zo'aya]] ba wanguhuku niha sauri awö zi no mate.</ref> Arakhagö fefu [[Niha Keriso]], lasuno Yesu, [[Lowalangi]] si no tobali niha ba lafotöi Ono Lowalangi, samösa moroi ba Lowalangi si tölu (''trinitas'').{{efn|A small minority of Christian denominations reject trinitarianism, wholly or partly, as non-scriptural.}} Ero röfi la'owasaini wa'atumbu Yesu, sito'ölönia ba 25 Desember,{{efn|So ösa ba gotalua [[Gereja Timur]] zangowasaini fa'atumbu Yesu ba 25 Desember bakha ba kalender Yulian, sifaudu ba 7 Januari ba kalender Gregorian ni'o'öda ba Indonesia. Oya negara sangowasaini fa'atumbu Yesu ba 24 Desember.}} nifotöi [[luo Natal]]. Latörö-tödö wamoröfania ba Luo Zumaha Ni'amoni'ö ba femaosonia moroi ba gotalua zimate ba Luo Paska. [[Surambaŵa]] fondrege oya te'oguna'ö ba zi sagörö ulidanö iada'a, ya'ia na taŵaö döfi {{CURRENTYEAR}}, no lafotöi ia [[surambaŵa]] Keriso (li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|Masehi}}'', li Inggris: {{li|en|CE (Common Era)}}), börö me te'erai ia moroi ba ginötö wa'atumbu Yesu Keriso, ambö töra.<ref name="AD">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=anno Domini |encyclopedia=Merriam Webster Online Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster |url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Anno%20Domini |access-date=3 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222112520/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/anno%20domini |archive-date=22 December 2007 |quote=Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of our Lord |url-status=live}}.</ref> Lafolakhömi göi Yesu bakha ba agama [[Islam]], Baha'i, ba ba agama Druze. Latötöi Yesus bakha ba agama [[Islam]] molo'ö töinia bakha ba zura [[Alquran]] ya'ia da'ö Isa, heza tetema'ö wa Yesu samösa no [[sama'ele'ö]] ba [[mesia]], sedöna mangawuli dania fatua lö alua wanguhuku. Faduhu dödö ndra niha [[Islam]] wa tumbu Yesu moroi khö Maria, me lö nasa faruka Maria ba ndramatua (li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|perawan}}''), bahiza lö latema wa Yesu andrö no [[Lowalangi]] ma zui [[Ono Lowalangi]]. Lö göi faduhu dödö arakhagö fefu niha [[Islam]] wa no mate Yesu ba röfa, bahiza wa no i'ohe Yesu ba zorugo [[Lowalangi]] fatua auri Yesu nasa.{{efn|Ba ngahönö ndröfia so ösa niha [[Islam]] si faduhu tödö wa no teforöfa Yesu, simanö göi ndra niha [[Islam]] si tefaböbö ba sekte Ahmadiyah}} Fabö'ö göi molo'ö ndra niha [[Yahudi]]. Lö faduhu dödöra wa Yesu andrö [[mesia]], börö me lö nifönuinia zura ndra sama'ele'ö, lö nibayoini ia molo'ö hada ndra niha [[Yahudi]], lö simaoso ia moroi ba gotalua zimate, ba tenga [[Lowalangi]] ia. == Töi == [[File:JesusYeshua2.svg|thumb|Moroi ba sagi yaŵa tanö ba gambölö simane wofanö tandra-luo: Töi Yesu ba li [[Ibrani]], li [[Aram]], li [[Yunani]], li [[Latin]] ba li [[Inggris]]|upright=1.2]] === Fame'e töi si fao tödö ato niha === Ba ginötö Yesu ha sambua döi samösa niha [[Yahudi]], heŵa'ae itaria lafaogö göi döi simane "ono [töi namania]" ma zui töi mbanuania.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ | title=Jesus Christ | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date=10 June 2015 | first1=E.&nbsp;P. | last1=Sanders | first2=Jaroslav J. | last2=Pelikan | archive-date=3 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100711/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ | url-status=live }}</ref> Börö da'ö to'ölö lakaoni Yesu bakha ba [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]] "Yesu moroi ba Nazareta". Lakaoni Yesu ira si faola omo khönia "tuka geu, ono Maria ba talifusö Yakobo awö Yose ba Yuda ba Simoni", "ono tuka geu" ma "ono Yosefo"; bakha ba Injil [[Yohane]] ikaoni ia Filifo "Yesu ono Yosefo moroi ba Nazareta". === Etimologi === Ba li Niha tefo'eluaha döi ''Yesu'' moroi ba li Yunani ''{{li|grc|Iēsous}}'', nifo'eluaha göi moroi ba döi ''Yosua'' (li [[Ibrani]] ''Yehoshua'', furi hö ''Yeshua''), sambua töi sasese tebe'e ba töi niha ba danö [[Yudaia]] ba ginötö Yesu. Ato niha samo'eluaha döi ''Yehoshua'' ba ''Yeshua'' faoma "mangorifi" ba "fangorifi".{{sfn|Hare|1993|p=11}} Iŵa'ö Injil [[Mataio]] wa oroma mala'ika khö [[Yosefo]] sanguma'ö khönia ena'ö "ibe'e töinia Yesu, börö me i'orifi dania mbanuania moroi ba horöra".<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|1:21}}.</ref> === Yesu Keriso === I'otarai götö si föföna [[Niha Keriso]], to'ölö latötöi Yesu ira [[Niha Keriso]] faoma "Yesu Keriso".{{sfn|Doninger|1999|p=212}} ''Keriso'' no tenga töi nifatörö zatua ndraono bahiza sambua töi sebua (nifotöi ''gelar'' ba li Indonesia).{{sfn|Pannenberg|1968|pp=30–31}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Theology of the New Testament| first=Rudolf K.|last= Bultmann |year=2007 |isbn= 978-1-932792-93-5 |page= 80 |publisher=Baylor University Press}}</ref> Lahalö ia moroi ba li Yunani {{lang|grc|[[wikt:Χριστός|Χριστός]]}} (''Christos''),<ref name="CE name">{{CathEncy |wstitle= Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ |first= Anthony J. |last= Maas}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heil |first=John P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4u42_PsPNsC&pg=PA66 |title=Philippians: Let Us Rejoice in Being Conformed to Christ |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-58983-482-8 |page=66 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907173832/https://books.google.com/books?id=i4u42_PsPNsC&pg=PA66 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> nifo'eluaha moroi ba li [[Ibrani]] ''mashiakh'' ({{lang|he|משיח}}) eluahania "nibayoini", ba ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba li Niha "mesia".{{sfn|Vine|1940|pp=274–75}} Bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö, te'oguna'ö wanikha ni'amoni'ö ba wombayoini niha ma zui gama-gama si fahöna fa'alowalangi si no tobali föfö ngawalö halöŵö ba agama khöra.<ref>Faigi MozIII 8:10–12 ba MozII 30:29.</ref> Ba ginötö da'ö lafotöi Yesu "Keriso" ira [[Niha Keriso]] börö me faduhu dödöra wa ''mesia'' ia, fe'asonia no tefabu'u bakha ba zura [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna|Gamabu'ulali Siföföna]]. Furi hö töi ''Keriso'' awö töi "Yesu" tobali sambua "Yesu Keriso". Lakaoni [[Niha Keriso]] niha solohi khönia i'otarai ngaotu ndröfia sisara.{{sfn|Mills|Bullard|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA142 142]}} == Fa'auri ba famahaönia == === Molo'ö Injil kanonik === [[File:P. Chester Beatty I, folio 13-14, recto.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Sura Luka nisura yaŵa ba garate nifotöi papirus, ngaotu ndröfia si-3|alt=Öfa nga'örö zura nisura yaŵa ba papirus si no awai agasika]] Injil kanonik<ref>Lafotöi ''Injil kanonik'' zi öfa mbuku Injil si so bakha ba zura [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]]. So ösa injil tanöbö'ö simane injil Tomas, bahiza lö itema'ö ia Gereja tobali Injil resmi nifaogö bakha ba [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]].</ref> si öfa ngawua ([[Mataio]], [[Mareko]], [[Luka]] ba [[Yohane]]) no tuho gumbu heza tehalö waö-waö wa'auri ba fangombakha Yesu.<ref name="Britannica" /> Bahiza so göi nahia bö'ö bakha ba zura [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]] sanutunö moroi ba wa'aurinia, simane [[Femanga Safuria]] bakha ba {{SN|KorI|11|23|26}}.<ref>KorI 11:23–26</ref>{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=441–42}}<ref name="Fahlbusch52" />{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=465–77}} Itutunö göi [[Halöŵö Zinenge]] bakha ba {{SN|HalZin|10|37|38|hafaza=1}} ba ba {{SN|HalZin|19|4|hafaza=1}} zanandrösa ba halöŵö si föföna Yesu ba [[Yohane Same'e Fanasa]] sombalo-baloi halöŵö andrö.<ref name="Bruce1988">{{cite book|title=The Book of the Acts|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofacts0000bruc|first=Frederick F.|last= Bruce|year= 1988 |isbn= 978-0-8028-2505-6 |page= [https://archive.org/details/bookofacts0000bruc/page/362 362] |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing}}</ref>{{sfn|Rausch|2003|p=77}}{{sfn|Vermes|1981|pp=20, 26, 27, 29}} Itutunö {{SN|HalZin|1|1|11}} (inönö göi ba {{SN|TimI|3|16}}) zanandrösa ba wanahae Yesu töra moroi ba nitutunö [[Injil]] si öfa.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=521–30}} Bakha ba ngawalö zura [[Faulo|Waulo]], nisura föna wanura [[Injil]], tesöndra mato ha'uga wehede ma fanuturu [[Yesu]].<ref>{{SN|KorI|7|10|11}}, {{SN|KorI|9|14}}, {{SN|KorI|11|23|25}}, {{SN|KorII|12|9}}.</ref>{{efn|Isura Powell: "Ba zi ha'uga nahia, sindruhu isura tou ha'uga wehede ba fanuturu Yesu [[Faulo]],<ref>{{SN|KorI|7|10|11}}; {{SN|KorI|9|14|hafaza}}; {{SN|KorI|11|23|25|hafaza}}; {{SN|KorII|12|9}}; faigi göi {{SN|HalZin|20}35}}</ref> bahiza oroma wa lö ibe'e-tödönia Waulo wanura ''rincian'' wa'auri ba fohalöŵö Yesu ba gulidanö."<ref>{{cite book |last= Powell |first= Mark A. |title= Introducing the New Testament |url=https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00powe |url-access= limited |date= 2009 |publisher= Baker Academic |page= [https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00powe/page/248 248]|isbn= 978-0-8010-2868-7 }}</ref>}} Khö ndra mato ha'uga gangowuloa [[Niha Keriso]] siföföna so nidunö-dunö sanandrösa ba wa'auri ba famahaö Yesu si lö tesöndra bakha ba zura [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]]. Fao ba da'ö nifotöi injil Toma, injil Wetero, sura nibini'ö Yakobo, ba sura nibini'ö tanöbö'ö. Molo'ö ndra sangosili sato ngawalö zura andre tesura ara aefa ginötö ndra nifahaö Yesu ba nitutunö bakha khönia ambö faduhu dödöda moroi ba nitutunö Injil si öfa.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=835–40}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=C. A. |title=Exploring the Origins of the Bible |date=2008 |publisher=Baker Academic |page=154 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Keener|2009|p=56}} Awena irugi da'a wo'ali ba li Niha. Höndrögö '''Bulö'ö kode''' ba wamaigi teks asli ba li Inggris. Tolo Wikipedia ba wanohugö wo'ali ya'ia na so ginötöu. ==== Sanura, inötö tesura ba hadia tola faduhu dödöda ia ==== ==== Fama'oli ba ösi ==== === Nga'ötö ba fa'atumbu === === Fa'a'iraono, ösi nomo ba halöŵö === === Fanasa ba fanandraigö === === Fa'a'enoni ba zato === ==== Nifahaö ba solohi ==== ==== Famahaö ba tandra sahöli-höli dödö ==== ==== Fangombakha wa Keriso ba famolakhömi ba hili ==== === Migu ni'amoni'ö === ==== Nilau ba Yerusalema ==== ==== Femanga Safuria ==== ==== Fa'ata'u ba kabu, femanga mböli ba fondra'u ==== ==== Fanguhuku ndra ere, Herode ba Filato ==== ==== Famoröfa ba fogo'o ==== === Femaoso ba fanahae === == Götö Niha Keriso siföföna == == Sinöndra molo'ö sejarah == === Yudaia ba Galilaia ba ngaotu ndröfia sisara === === Umbu === === Salua molo'ö angolifa ginötö === === Hadia sindruhu alua === ==== Ösi nomo ==== ==== Fanasa ==== ==== Fe'amöi enoni ba Galilaia ==== ==== Halöŵö (''peran'') ==== ==== Fasa ba famoröfa ba Yerusalema ==== ==== Aefa wamoröfa ==== === Fogambambaraini Yesu === === Li, soi ba khala-khala === === Teori mitos Keriso === == Söndra moroi ba agama == === Niha Keriso === === Yahudi === === Manikeis === === Islam === ==== Ahmadiyah ==== === Druze === === Baha'i === === Tanöbö'ö === == Fangoroma'ö ba gambara == == Föfö gamatela == <!-- ==== Sanura, inötö tesura ba hadia tola faduhu dödöda ia ==== The canonical gospels are four accounts, each by a different author. The authors of the Gospels are pseudonymous, attributed by tradition to the [[four evangelists]], each with close ties to Jesus:{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|p=3}} Mark by [[John Mark]], an associate of [[Saint Peter|Peter]];<ref name="May Metzger Mark" /> [[Matthew the Apostle|Matthew]] by one of Jesus' disciples;{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|p=3}} [[Luke the Evangelist|Luke]] by a companion of [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] mentioned in a few epistles;{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|p=3}} and John by another of Jesus' disciples,{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|p=3}} the "[[beloved disciple]]".{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=John, St.}} According to the [[Marcan priority]], the first to be written was the Gospel of Mark (written AD 60–75), followed by the Gospel of Matthew (AD 65–85), the Gospel of Luke (AD 65–95), and the Gospel of John (AD 75–100).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2sloGWzzV8C&pg=PA58 | title=Can We Trust the Gospels?: Investigating the Reliability of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John | publisher=Crossway | year=2007 | page=58 | isbn=978-1-4335-1978-9 | first=Mark D. | last=Roberts | access-date=14 August 2015 | archive-date=7 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907174109/https://books.google.com/books?id=l2sloGWzzV8C&pg=PA58 | url-status=live }}</ref> Most scholars agree that the authors of Matthew and Luke used Mark as a source for their gospels. Since Matthew and Luke also share some content not found in Mark, many scholars assume that they used another source (commonly called the "[[Q source]]") in addition to Mark.{{sfn|Licona|2010|pp=210–21}} One important aspect of the study of the Gospels is the [[literary genre]] under which they fall. Genre "is a key convention guiding both the composition and the interpretation of writings".<ref>Burridge, R. A. (2006). Gospels. In J. W. Rogerson & Judith M. Lieu (Eds.) ''The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies''. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 433.</ref> Whether the gospel authors set out to write novels, myths, histories, or biographies has a tremendous impact on how they ought to be interpreted. Some recent studies suggest that the genre of the Gospels ought to be situated within the realm of ancient biography.<ref>Talbert, C. H. (1977). ''What is a Gospel? The Genre of the Canonical Gospels''. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Fortress Press.</ref><ref>Wills, L. M. (1997). ''The Quest of the Historical Gospel: Mark, John and the Origins of the Gospel Genre''. London, England: Routledge. p. 10.</ref><ref>Burridge, R. A. (2004). ''What are the Gospels? A Comparison with Graeco-Roman Biography''. revised updated edn. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans.</ref> Although not without critics,<ref>e.g. Vines, M. E. (2002). ''The Problem of the Markan Genre: The Gospel of Mark and the Jewish Novel''. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 161–162.</ref> the position that the Gospels are a type of ancient biography is the consensus among scholars today.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stanton |first=Graham N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7wNGMrAiD0C |title=Jesus and Gospel |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-00802-0 |page=192 |language=en |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226005236/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7wNGMrAiD0C |archive-date=26 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rogerson |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC |title=The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies |last2=Lieu |first2=Judith M. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-925425-5 |page=437 |language=en |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225204746/https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC |archive-date=25 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Concerning the accuracy of the accounts, viewpoints run the gamut from considering them [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrant]] descriptions of Jesus' life,{{sfn|Grudem|1994|pp=90–91}} to doubting whether they are historically reliable on a number of points,{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=3}} to considering them to provide very little historical information about his life beyond the basics.{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=117–25}}{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|pp=22–23}} According to a broad scholarly consensus, the [[Synoptic Gospels]] (the first three—Matthew, Mark, and Luke) are the most reliable sources of information about Jesus.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=71}}{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=17–62}}<ref name="Britannica" /> ====Comparative structure and content==== {{Christianity sidebar}} Matthew, Mark, and Luke are known as the [[Synoptic Gospels]], from the Greek σύν (''syn'' "together") and ὄψις (''opsis'' "view"),<ref name="Synoptic" /><ref name="Synoptic2" /><ref>{{OED|synoptic}}</ref> because they are similar in content, narrative arrangement, language and paragraph structure, and one can easily set them next to each other and synoptically compare what is in them.<ref name="Synoptic">{{cite book|title=New Testament Theology|first=Paul |last=Haffner|year=2008 |isbn= 978-88-902268-0-9 |page= 135|publisher=Gracewing }}</ref><ref name="Synoptic2">{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Gospels|first=W. Graham|last= Scroggie |year=1995 |isbn= 978-0-8254-9571-7 |page= 128 |publisher=[[Kregel Publications]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Synoptic Gospels {{!}} Definition & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Synoptic-Gospels|access-date=26 October 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030013859/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Synoptic-Gospels|url-status=live}}</ref> Scholars generally agree that it is impossible to find any direct literary relationship between the Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John.<ref name="Moloney3">{{cite book|title=The Gospel of John|first1=Francis J.|last1=Moloney|first2=Daniel J.|last2=Harrington|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8146-5806-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/gospelofjohn0004molo/page/3 3]|publisher=Liturgical Press|url=https://archive.org/details/gospelofjohn0004molo/page/3}}</ref> While the flow of many events (e.g., Jesus' baptism, [[Transfiguration of Jesus|transfiguration]], crucifixion and interactions with his [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]]) are shared among the Synoptic Gospels, incidents such as the transfiguration and Jesus' exorcising demons{{sfn|Witherington|1997|p=113}} do not appear in John, which also differs on other matters, such as the [[Cleansing of the Temple]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ladd|first=George E.|title=A Theology of the New Testament|year=1993|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-0680-2|page=251|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC&pg=PA251|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907103156/https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC&pg=PA251|url-status=live}}</ref> The Synoptics emphasize different aspects of Jesus. In Mark, Jesus is the [[Son of God (Christianity)|Son of God]] whose mighty works demonstrate the presence of [[God's Kingdom]].<ref name="May Metzger Mark" /> He is a tireless wonder worker, the servant of both God and man.<ref name="ThompsonPortraits">Thompson, Frank Charles. The Thompson Chain-Reference Bible. Kirk bride Bible Company & Zondervan Bible Publishers. 1983. pp. 1563–1564.</ref> This short gospel records few of Jesus' words or teachings.<ref name="May Metzger Mark" /> The Gospel of Matthew emphasizes that Jesus is the fulfilment of God's will as revealed in the Old Testament, and the Lord of the Church.<ref name="May Metzger Matthew">May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. "Matthew" pp. 1171–1212.</ref> He is the "[[Davidic line|Son of David]]", a "king", and the messiah.<ref name="ThompsonPortraits" />{{sfn|McGrath|2006|pp=4–6}} Luke presents Jesus as the divine-human saviour who shows compassion to the needy.<ref name="May Metzger Luke">May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. "Luke" pp. 1240–1285.</ref> He is the friend of sinners and outcasts, come to seek and save the lost.<ref name="ThompsonPortraits" /> This gospel includes well-known parables, such as the [[Parable of the Good Samaritan|Good Samaritan]] and the [[Parable of the Prodigal Son|Prodigal Son]].<ref name="May Metzger Luke" /> The [[John 1:1|prologue to the Gospel of John]] identifies Jesus as an incarnation of the divine Word ([[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]]).<ref name="MayMetzgerJohn">May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. "John" pp. 1286–1318.</ref> As the Word, Jesus was eternally present with God, active in all creation, and the source of humanity's moral and spiritual nature.<ref name="MayMetzgerJohn" /> Jesus is not only greater than any past human prophet but greater than any prophet could be. He not only speaks God's Word; he is God's Word.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=302–10}} In the Gospel of John, Jesus reveals his divine role publicly. Here he is the [[Bread of Life]], the [[Light of the World]], the [[True Vine]] and more.<ref name="ThompsonPortraits" /> In general, the authors of the New Testament showed little interest in an absolute [[chronology of Jesus]] or in synchronizing the episodes of his life with the secular history of the age.{{sfn|Rahner|2004|pp=730–31}} As stated in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/John#21:25|John 21:25]], the Gospels do not claim to provide an exhaustive list of the events in Jesus' life.<ref>{{cite book |last=O'Collins |first=Gerald |title=Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus |url=https://archive.org/details/christologybibli0000ocol_k7l8 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-955787-5 |location=Oxford, England |pages=[https://archive.org/details/christologybibli0000ocol_k7l8/page/1 1]–3 |language=en-uk}}</ref> The accounts were primarily written as theological documents in the context of [[early Christianity]], with timelines as a secondary consideration.<ref name="Wiarda75">{{cite book|title=Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretinggosp0000wiar|first=Timothy |last=Wiarda |year=2010 |isbn= 978-0-8054-4843-6 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/interpretinggosp0000wiar/page/n84 75]–78 |publisher= B&H Publishing Group}}</ref> In this respect, it is noteworthy that the Gospels devote about one third of their text to the last week of Jesus' life in [[Jerusalem]], referred to as [[Passion (Christianity)|the Passion]].<ref name="Turner613">{{cite book|title=Matthew|url=https://archive.org/details/matthew0000turn|first=David L. |last=Turner|year= 2008| isbn= 978-0-8010-2684-3 |page= [https://archive.org/details/matthew0000turn/page/613 613] |publisher= Baker Academic}}</ref> The Gospels do not provide enough details to satisfy the demands of modern historians regarding exact dates, but it is possible to draw from them a general picture of Jesus' life story.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=3}}{{sfn|Rahner|2004|pp=730–31}}<ref name="Wiarda75" /> ===Genealogy and nativity=== {{Main|Genealogy of Jesus|Nativity of Jesus}} Jesus was Jewish,{{sfn|Vermes|1981|pp=20, 26, 27, 29}} born to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], wife of [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]].<ref>[[Matthew 1]]; [[Luke 2]].</ref> The Gospels of Matthew and Luke offer two accounts of his [[genealogy]]. Matthew traces Jesus' ancestry to [[Abraham]] through [[David]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|1:1–16}}.</ref>{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=80–91}} Luke traces Jesus' ancestry through [[Adam]] to God.<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|3:23–38}}.</ref>{{sfn|Brown|1978|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA163 163]}} The lists are identical between Abraham and David but differ radically from that point. Matthew has 27 generations from David to Joseph, whereas Luke has 42, with almost no overlap between the names on the two lists.{{efn|Compare {{bibleref2|Matthew|1:6–16|NIV}} with {{bibleref2|Luke|3:23–31|NIV}}. See also {{section link|Genealogy of Jesus|Comparison of the two genealogies}}.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=France |first=R. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttTgacXnLV8C&pg=PA72 |title=The Gospel According to Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary |publisher=Eerdmans |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8028-0063-3 |page=72 |language=en |author-link=R. T. France |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229004519/https://books.google.com/books?id=ttTgacXnLV8C&pg=PA72 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |url-status=live}} "From David the two lists diverge, as Matthew follows the line of succession to the throne of Judah from Solomon, whereas Luke's list goes through Nathan, ... and converges with Matthew's only for the two names of Shealtiel and Zerubabbel until Joseph is reached."</ref> Various theories have been put forward to explain why the two genealogies are so different.{{efn|For an overview of such theories, see {{section link|Genealogy of Jesus|Explanations for divergence}}.}} [[File:Gerard van Honthorst - Adoration of the Shepherds (1622).jpg|thumb|left|''Adoration of the Shepherds'' by [[Gerard van Honthorst]], 1622|alt=A Nativity scene; men and animals surround Mary and newborn Jesus, who are covered in light]] Matthew and Luke each describe Jesus' birth, especially that Jesus was born to a virgin named Mary in [[Bethlehem]] in fulfilment of [[prophecy]]. Luke's account emphasizes events before the [[Nativity of Jesus|birth of Jesus]] and centers on Mary, while Matthew's mostly covers those after the birth and centers on Joseph.{{sfn|Mills|Bullard|1998|p=556}}<ref name="marsh37">{{cite book |title=Jesus and the Gospels |last=Marsh |first=Clive |author2=Moyise, Steve |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-567-04073-2 |page=37 |publisher=Clark International |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHpPzDLkhcC&pg=PA37 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907095218/https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHpPzDLkhcC&pg=PA37 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Morris|1992|page=26}} Both accounts state that Jesus was born to [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] and Mary, his [[betrothed]], in Bethlehem, and both support the doctrine of the [[virgin birth of Jesus]], according to which Jesus was miraculously conceived by the [[Holy Spirit]] in Mary's womb when she was still a virgin.<ref name="Jeffrey">{{cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=David L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC |title=A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-85244-224-1 |pages=538–540 |language=en |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221946/https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=30–37}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Who's Who in the New Testament |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinnewtest0000brow_x9y1 |last=Brownrigg |first= Ronald |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-26036-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinnewtest0000brow_x9y1/page/96 96]–100 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> At the same time, there is evidence, at least in the Lukan [[Acts of the Apostles]], that Jesus was thought to have had, like many figures in antiquity, a dual paternity, since there it is stated he descended from the seed or loins of David.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lincoln |first=Andrew T. |date=2013 |title=Luke and Jesus' Conception: A Case of Double Paternity? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23487891 |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=639–658 |doi=10.2307/23487891 |jstor=23487891 |issn=0021-9231 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720232133/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23487891 |url-status=live }}</ref> By [[Adoption in Judaism|taking him as his own]], Joseph will give him the necessary Davidic descent.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thesevernforum.org.uk/palette/lecture_lincoln_2015.pdf |title=Lincoln, Andrew T., "Conceiving Jesus: re-examining Jesus' conception in canon, Christology, and creed", Th Severn Forum, 5 March 2015, p. 4 |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510100248/http://www.thesevernforum.org.uk/palette/lecture_lincoln_2015.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Some scholars suggest that Jesus had [[Levite]] heritage from Mary, based on her blood relationship with [[Elizabeth (biblical figure)|Elizabeth]]. <ref>For example, {{citation |title=Carmen 18}}</ref> [[File:Bellini-circumcision-NG1455-fm.jpg|thumb|alt=74.9 x 102.2&nbsp;cm|''The Circumcision'' by [[Giovanni Bellini]], {{Circa|1500}}. The work depicts the [[circumcision of Jesus]].]] In Matthew, Joseph is troubled because Mary, his betrothed, is pregnant,<ref>[[Matthew 1:19]]–[[Matthew 1:20|20]].</ref> but in the first of [[St. Joseph's dream|Joseph's four dreams]] an angel assures him not to be afraid to take Mary as his wife, because her child was conceived by the Holy Spirit.<ref name="Talbert">{{cite book |title=Matthew |first=Charles H. |last=Talbert |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8010-3192-2 |publisher=Baker Academic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmoR2j0-sgC |pages=29–30 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221946/https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmoR2j0-sgC |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Matthew 2:1]]–[[Matthew 2:12|12]], [[Biblical Magi|wise men]] or [[Magi]] from the East bring gifts to the young Jesus as the [[Jesus, King of the Jews|King of the Jews]]. They find him in a house in Bethlehem. [[Herod the Great]] hears of Jesus' birth and, wanting him killed, [[Massacre of the Innocents|orders the murders of male infants]] in Bethlehem and its surroundings. But an angel warns Joseph in his second dream, and the family [[Flight to Egypt|flees to Egypt]]—later to return and settle in [[Nazareth]].<ref name="Talbert" />{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=272–85}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Schnackenburg |first=Rudolf |title=The Gospel of Matthew |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8028-4438-5 |publisher=Wm.B. Eerdmans Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvR39Z9O01kC&pg=PA9 |pages=9–11 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907052207/https://books.google.com/books?id=pvR39Z9O01kC&pg=PA9 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Luke 1:31–38, Mary learns from the angel [[Gabriel]] that she will conceive and bear a child called Jesus through the action of the Holy Spirit.<ref name="marsh37" /><ref name="Jeffrey" /> When Mary is due to give birth, she and Joseph travel from Nazareth to Joseph's ancestral home in Bethlehem to register in the census ordered by [[Augustus|Caesar Augustus]]. While there Mary gives birth to Jesus, and as they have found no room in the inn, she places the newborn in a [[manger]].<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|2:1–7}}.</ref> An [[Annunciation to the shepherds|angel announces the birth to a group of shepherds]], who go to Bethlehem to see Jesus, and subsequently spread the news abroad.<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|2:8–20}}.</ref> Luke 2:21 tells how Joseph and Mary [[circumcision of Jesus|have their baby circumcised on the eighth day after birth]], and name him Jesus, as Gabriel had commanded Mary.<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|2:21}}.</ref> After the [[presentation of Jesus at the Temple]], Joseph, Mary and Jesus return to Nazareth.<ref name="marsh37" /><ref name="Jeffrey" /> ===Early life, family, and profession=== {{Main|Christ Child}} {{See also|Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth|Unknown years of Jesus|Brothers of Jesus}} [[File:William Holman Hunt - The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple]]'', by [[William Holman Hunt]], 1860|alt=Mary and Joseph find Jesus in the Temple]] Jesus' childhood home is identified in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew as the town of Nazareth in [[Galilee]], where he lived with his family. Although Joseph appears in descriptions of Jesus' childhood, no mention is made of him thereafter.<ref>{{cite book |last=Perrotta |first=Louise B. |title=Saint Joseph: His Life and His Role in the Church Today |url=https://archive.org/details/saintjosephhisli0000perr |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-87973-573-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/saintjosephhisli0000perr/page/21 21], 110–112 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Reverend Archdeacon Kinane|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmUhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|title=Saint Joseph: His Life, His Virtues, His Privileges, His Power|page=138|chapter=Section VI – The perpetual virginity os St. Joseph|publisher=Aeterna Press|oclc=972347083|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309230526/https://books.google.com/books?id=EmUhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT138#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> His other family members—his mother, Mary, [[Brothers of Jesus|his brothers]] [[James, brother of Jesus|James]], [[Joses, brother of Jesus|Joses (or Joseph)]], [[Jude, brother of Jesus|Judas]] and [[Simon, brother of Jesus|Simon]] and his unnamed sisters—are mentioned in the Gospels and other sources.<ref name="Aslan2013">{{cite book|title= Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth|last= Aslan|first= Reza|author-link= Reza Aslan|year= 2013|publisher= Random House|page= [https://archive.org/details/zealotlifetimeso00reza/page/756 36]|isbn= 978-1-4000-6922-4|url=https://archive.org/details/zealotlifetimeso00reza/page/756}}</ref> Jesus' maternal grandparents are named [[Joachim]] and [[Saint Anne|Anne]] in the [[Gospel of James]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Brownrigg|first=Ronald|title=Who's Who in the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXqBAgAAQBAJ&q=joachim|page=194|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-1-134-50949-2|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309230540/https://books.google.com/books?id=JXqBAgAAQBAJ&q=joachim#v=snippet&q=joachim&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The Gospel of Luke records that Mary was a relative of [[Elizabeth (biblical figure)|Elizabeth]], the mother of John the Baptist.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|1:5, 36|KJV}}.</ref> Extra-biblical contemporary sources consider Jesus and John the Baptist to be second cousins through the belief that Elizabeth was the daughter of [[Sobe (sister of Saint Anne)|Sobe]], the sister of Anne.<ref>[[Patrologia Graeca|PG]] 97.1325.</ref><ref>[[Patrologia Graeca|PG]] 120.189.</ref><ref>[[Patrologia Graeca|PG]] 145.760 ([[Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos|Nicephorus Callistus]], ''Historia ecclesiastica'', 2.3).</ref> The Gospel of Mark reports that at the beginning of [[Ministry of Jesus|his ministry]], Jesus comes into conflict with his neighbours and family.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=270–72}} Jesus' mother and brothers come to get him<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|3:31–35}}.</ref> because people are saying that [[Mental health of Jesus|he is crazy]].<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|3:21}}.</ref> Jesus responds that his followers are his true family. In the Gospel of John, Jesus and his mother attend a [[wedding at Cana]], where he performs his first miracle at her request.<ref>{{bibleref2|John|3:1–11}}.</ref> Later, she follows him to his crucifixion, and he expresses concern over her well-being.<ref>{{bibleref2|John|19:25–27}}.</ref> Jesus is called a τέκτων (''[[tektōn]]'') in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#6:3|Mark 6:3]], a term traditionally understood as carpenter but could also refer to makers of objects in various materials, including builders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Liddell|first1=Henry G.|last2=Scott|first2=Robert|title=An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon: The Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott's Greek–English Lexicon |publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1889|page=797}}</ref>{{sfn|Dickson|2008| pp= 68–69}} The Gospels indicate that Jesus could read, paraphrase, and debate scripture, but this does not necessarily mean that he received formal scribal training.<ref name="literacy">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2001 |title=Context, family and formation |encyclopedia=Cambridge companion to Jesus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA14 |access-date=14 August 2015 |last=Evans |first=Craig A. |editor-last=Bockmuehl |editor-first=Markus N. A. |pages=14, 21 |isbn=978-0-521-79678-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907175830/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA14 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Gospel of Luke reports two journeys of Jesus and his parents in [[Jerusalem]] during his childhood. They come to the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] for the [[presentation of Jesus]] as a baby in accordance with Jewish Law, where a man named [[Simeon (Gospel of Luke)|Simeon]] prophesies about Jesus and Mary.<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|2:22–35}}.</ref> When Jesus, at the age of twelve, goes missing on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem for [[Passover]], his parents [[Finding in the Temple|find him in the temple]] sitting among the teachers, listening to them and asking questions, and the people are amazed at his understanding and answers. Mary scolds Jesus for going missing, to which Jesus replies that he must "be in his father's house".<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|2:41–52}}.</ref> ===Baptism and temptation=== {{Main|Baptism of Jesus|Temptation of Christ}} [[File:El bautismo de Jesús, por José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|''[[Baptism of Jesus|The Baptism of Christ]] by [[John the Baptist]]'', by [[José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior]], 1895|alt=Jesus is baptised by John. The Holy Spirit in the form of a dove is overhead.]] The [[synoptic gospels]] describe [[Baptism of Jesus|Jesus' baptism]] in the [[Jordan River]] and [[Temptation of Christ|the temptations he received]] while spending forty days in the [[Judaean Desert]], as a preparation for his [[ministry of Jesus|public ministry]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sheen|first=Fulton J.|title=Life of Christ|year=2008|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-385-52699-9|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyqQKohpVR4C&pg=PA65|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910165309/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyqQKohpVR4C&pg=PA65|url-status=live}}</ref> The accounts of Jesus' baptism are all preceded by information about [[John the Baptist]].{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=224–29}}{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=141–43}}{{sfn|McGrath|2006|pp=16–22}} They show John preaching penance and repentance for the remission of sins and encouraging the giving of [[alms]] to the poor<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke||3:11}}.</ref> as he baptizes people in the area of the Jordan River around [[Perea]] and foretells the arrival of someone "more powerful" than he.<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|3:16}}.</ref><ref name="EerRoger">{{cite book|title=Eerdmans commentary on the Bible|first1=James D. G.|last1= Dunn|first2= John W. |last2=Rogerson|year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-8028-3711-0 |page= 1010 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing}}</ref> [[File:Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_(1854).jpg|left|thumb|Jesus and the devil depicted in ''The Temptation of Christ'', by [[Ary Scheffer]], 1854|upright=.75]] In the Gospel of Mark, John the Baptist baptizes Jesus, and as he comes out of the water he sees the [[Holy Spirit]] descending to him like a dove and a voice comes from heaven declaring him to be God's Son.<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|1:9–11}}.</ref> This is one of two events described in the Gospels where a voice from Heaven calls Jesus "Son", the other being the [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]].{{sfn|Lee|2004|pp=21–30}}<ref name="Nobbs" /> The spirit then drives him into the wilderness where he is tempted by [[Satan]].<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|1:12–13}}.</ref> Jesus then begins his ministry in [[Galilee]] after John's arrest.<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|1:14}}.</ref> In the Gospel of Matthew, as Jesus comes to him to be baptized, John protests, saying, "I need to be baptized by you."<ref>{{bibleref2|Matthew|3:14}}.</ref> Jesus instructs him to carry on with the baptism "to fulfill all righteousness".<ref>{{bibleref2|Matthew|3:15}}.</ref> Matthew details three temptations that Satan offers Jesus in the wilderness.<ref>{{bibleref2|Matthew|4:3–11}}.</ref> In the Gospel of Luke, the Holy Spirit descends as a dove after everyone has been baptized and Jesus is [[Prayers of Jesus|praying]].<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|3:21–22}}.</ref> Later John implicitly recognizes Jesus (possibly from prison{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}) after sending his followers to ask about him.<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|7:18–23}}.</ref> Luke also describes three temptations received by Jesus in the wilderness, before starting his ministry in Galilee.<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|4:1–14}}.</ref> The Gospel of John leaves out Jesus' baptism and temptation.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Jesus Christ}} Here, John the Baptist testifies that he saw the Spirit descend on Jesus.<ref>{{bibleref2|John|1:32}}.</ref>{{sfn|Boring|Craddock|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=N0tLXRIiIe0C&pg=PA292 292]}} John publicly proclaims Jesus as the sacrificial [[Lamb of God]], and some of John's followers become disciples of Jesus.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=17–62}} Before John is imprisoned, Jesus leads his followers to baptize disciples as well,<ref>{{bibleref2|John|3:22–24}}.</ref> and they baptize more people than John.<ref>{{bibleref2|John|4:1}}.</ref> === Public ministry === [[File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''Sermon on the Mount'', by [[Carl Bloch]], 1877, depicts [[Sermon on the Mount|Jesus' important discourse]].|alt=Jesus sits atop a mount, preaching to a crowd]] The Synoptics depict two distinct geographical settings in Jesus' ministry. The first takes place north of [[Judea]], in [[Galilee]], where Jesus conducts a successful ministry, and the second shows Jesus rejected and killed when he travels to [[Jerusalem]].<ref name="ISBEO" /> Often referred to as "[[rabbi]]",<ref name="ISBEO" /> Jesus preaches his message orally.<ref name="Dunn2013" /> Notably, Jesus forbids those who recognize him as the messiah to speak of it, including people he heals and demons he exorcises (see [[Messianic Secret]]).{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=285–96}} John depicts Jesus' ministry as largely taking place in and around Jerusalem, rather than in Galilee; and Jesus' divine identity is openly proclaimed and immediately recognized.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=302–10}} Scholars divide the ministry of Jesus into several stages. The Galilean ministry begins when Jesus returns to Galilee from the [[Judaean Desert]] after rebuffing the temptation of [[Satan]]. Jesus preaches around Galilee, and in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#4:18|Matthew 4:18–20]], [[first disciples of Jesus|his first disciples]], who will eventually form the core of the early Church, encounter him and begin to travel with him.{{sfn|McGrath|2006|pp=16–22}}{{sfn|Redford|2007|pp=117–30}} This period includes the [[Sermon on the Mount]], one of Jesus' major discourses,{{sfn|Redford|2007|pp=117–30}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sermon on the mount: a theological investigation|url=https://archive.org/details/sermononmountthe0000vaug|first=Carl G.|last= Vaught|year=2001 |publisher=Baylor University Press |isbn =978-0-918954-76-3 |pages= xi–xiv}}</ref> as well as the [[calming the storm|calming of the storm]], the [[feeding the multitude|feeding of the 5,000]], [[Jesus walking on water|walking on water]] and a number of other miracles and [[parables of Jesus|parables]].{{sfn|Redford|2007|pp=143–60}} It ends with the [[Confession of Peter]] and the Transfiguration.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Transfiguration, The | encyclopedia=The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Thought: Son of Man-Tremellius V11 | isbn=978-1-4286-3189-2 | publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Company | year=1909 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=js5-eDk13TcC&pg=PA493 | page=493 | last=Nash | first=Henry S. | editor-first=Samuel M. | editor-last=Jackson | access-date=14 August 2015 | archive-date=7 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907052036/https://books.google.com/books?id=js5-eDk13TcC&pg=PA493 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Barton132">{{cite book |last=Barton |first=Stephen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bart_994 |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels |date=23 November 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80766-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bart_994/page/n138 132]–133 |url-access=limited}}</ref> As Jesus travels towards Jerusalem, in the [[Perea]]n ministry, he returns to the area where he was baptized, about a third of the way down from the [[Sea of Galilee]] along the [[Jordan River]].<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#10:40|John 10:40–42]].</ref>{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|p=137}}{{sfn|Redford|2007| pp= 211–29}} The [[Ministry of Jesus#Final ministry in Jerusalem|final ministry in Jerusalem]] begins with Jesus' [[triumphal entry into Jerusalem|triumphal entry]] into the city on [[Palm Sunday]].{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=155–70}} In the Synoptic Gospels, during that week Jesus [[Cleansing of the Temple|drives the money changers]] from the [[Second Temple]] and [[Bargain of Judas|Judas bargains to betray]] him. This period culminates in the [[Last Supper]] and the [[Farewell Discourse]].{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=224–29}}{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=155–70}}{{sfn|Redford|2007|pp=257–74}} ====Disciples and followers==== {{Main|Apostles in the New Testament|Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles}} [[File:Brooklyn Museum - The Exhortation to the Apostles (Recommandation aux apôtres) - James Tissot.jpg|thumb|right|''The Exhortation to the Apostles'', by [[James Tissot]], portrays Jesus talking to his 12 disciples.]] Near the beginning of his ministry, Jesus [[Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles|appoints twelve apostles]]. In Matthew and Mark, despite Jesus only briefly requesting that they join him, Jesus' first four apostles, who were fishermen, are described as immediately consenting, and abandoning their nets and boats to do so.<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#4:18|Matthew 4:18–22]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#1:16|Mark 1:16–20]].</ref> In John, Jesus' first two apostles were disciples of John the Baptist. The Baptist sees Jesus and calls him the [[Lamb of God]]; the two hear this and follow Jesus.{{sfn|Brown|1988|pp= 25–27}}{{sfn|Boring|Craddock|2004|pages= 292–93}} In addition to the Twelve Apostles, the opening of the passage of the [[Sermon on the Plain]] identifies a much larger group of people as disciples.<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#6:17|Luke 6:17]].</ref> Also, in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#10:1|Luke 10:1–16]] Jesus sends [[Seventy disciples|70 or 72 of his followers]] in pairs to prepare towns for his prospective visit. They are instructed to accept hospitality, heal the sick, and spread the word that the [[Kingship and kingdom of God|Kingdom of God]] is coming.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=The Gospel According to Luke | encyclopedia=New Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament | publisher=Liturgical Press | year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sdooTRyPMCwC&pg=PA255 | page=255 | first=Michael F. | last=Patella | editor-first=Daniel | editor-last=Durken | isbn=978-0-8146-3260-4 | access-date=14 August 2015 | archive-date=10 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910044704/https://books.google.com/books?id=sdooTRyPMCwC&pg=PA255 | url-status=live }}</ref> In Mark, the disciples are notably obtuse. They fail to understand Jesus' miracles,<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|4:35–41}}, {{bibleref2|Mark|6:52}}.</ref> his parables,<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|4:13}}.</ref> or what "rising from the dead" means.<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|9:9–10}}.</ref> When Jesus is later arrested, they desert him.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=285–96}} ===={{anchor|Teachings and preachings}} Teachings and miracles==== {{Main|Sermon on the Mount|Parables of Jesus|Miracles of Jesus}} {{See also|Sermon on the Plain|Five Discourses of Matthew|Farewell Discourse|Olivet Discourse|Bread of Life Discourse}} [[File:Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''[[Jesus and the rich young man]]'' by [[Heinrich Hofmann (painter)|Heinrich Hofmann]], 1889]] In the Synoptics, Jesus teaches extensively, often in [[parable]]s,{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=316–46}} about the Kingdom of God (or, in Matthew, the [[Kingdom of Heaven (Gospel of Matthew)|Kingdom of Heaven]]). The Kingdom is described as both imminent<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#1:15|Mark 1:15]].</ref> and already present in the ministry of Jesus.<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|17:21}}.</ref> Jesus promises inclusion in the Kingdom for those who accept his message.<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|10:13–27}}.</ref> He talks of the "[[Son of man]]", an [[Apocalypse|apocalyptic]] figure who will come to gather the chosen.<ref name="Britannica" /> Jesus calls people to repent their sins and to devote themselves completely to God.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ | title=Jesus Christ | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date=10 June 2015 | first1=E.&nbsp;P. | last1=Sanders | first2=Jaroslav J. | last2=Pelikan | archive-date=3 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100711/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ | url-status=live }}</ref> He tells his followers to adhere to [[Jewish law]], although he is perceived by some to have broken the law himself, for example regarding the [[Sabbath]].<ref name="Britannica" /> When asked what the greatest commandment is, Jesus replies: "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind ... And a second is like it: 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.{{'"}}<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#22:37|Matthew 22:37–39]].</ref> Other ethical teachings of Jesus include [[Matthew 5:44|loving your enemies]], refraining from hatred and lust, [[turning the other cheek]], and forgiving people who have sinned against you.<ref>[[Sermon on the Mount|Matthew 5–7]].</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stassen |first1=Glen H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlMVrmA-b-4C |title=Kingdom Ethics: Following Jesus in Contemporary Context |last2=Gushee |first2=David P. |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8308-2668-1 |pages=102–103, 138–140, 197–198, 295–298 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226062140/https://books.google.com/books?id=LlMVrmA-b-4C |archive-date=26 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> John's Gospel presents the teachings of Jesus not merely as his own preaching, but as divine [[revelation]]. John the Baptist, for example, states in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/John#3:34|John 3:34]]: "He whom God has sent speaks the words of God, for he gives the Spirit without measure." In [[s:Bible (American Standard)/John#7:16|John 7:16]] Jesus says, "My teaching is not mine but his who sent me." He asserts the same thing in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/John#14:10|John 14:10]]: "Do you not believe that I am in the Father and the Father is in me? The words that I say to you I do not speak on my own; but the Father who dwells in me does his works."<ref name="autogenerated98" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Köstenberger |first=Andreas J. |title=The missions of Jesus and the disciples according to the Fourth Gospel |url=https://archive.org/details/missionsofjesusd0000kost |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8028-4255-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/missionsofjesusd0000kost/page/108 108]–109 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pompeo Batoni 003.jpg|left|upright=.75|thumb|''[[Parable of the Prodigal Son|The Return of the Prodigal Son]]'' by [[Pompeo Batoni]], 1773]] Approximately 30 parables form about one-third of Jesus' recorded teachings.<ref name="autogenerated98">{{cite book|first=Eric F.|last= Osborn|year= 1993 |title=The emergence of Christian theology|url=https://archive.org/details/emergencechristi00osbo|url-access=limited| isbn= 978-0-521-43078-4 |page= [https://archive.org/details/emergencechristi00osbo/page/n115 98] |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=J. Dwight|last= Pentecost|year= 1998 |title=The parables of Jesus: lessons in life from the Master Teacher|url=https://archive.org/details/parablesofjesusl0000pent| isbn= 978-0-8254-9715-5 |page= [https://archive.org/details/parablesofjesusl0000pent/page/10 10] |publisher=Kregel Publications}}</ref> The parables appear within longer sermons and at other places in the narrative.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sermons of Jesus the Messiah|url=https://archive.org/details/sermonsofjesusme0000howi|first= E. Keith|last= Howick|year= 2003 |publisher= WindRiver Publishing |isbn= 978-1-886249-02-8| pages= [https://archive.org/details/sermonsofjesusme0000howi/page/7 7]–9}}</ref> They often contain symbolism, and usually relate the physical world to the [[Spirituality|spiritual]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Friedrich G. |last= Lisco |year=1850 |title=The Parables of Jesus |publisher= Daniels and Smith Publishers| pages= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OoIuAAAAYAAJ/page/n12 9]–11 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OoIuAAAAYAAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Ashton |last=Oxenden|year= 1864 |title=The parables of our Lord? |publisher=William Macintosh Publishers| page= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5bUCAAAAQAAJ/page/n15 6] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5bUCAAAAQAAJ }}</ref> Common themes in these tales include the kindness and generosity of God and the perils of transgression.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPdANFaNgagC&pg=448 |title=Interpreting the Parables |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=2012 |page=448 |isbn=978-0-8308-3967-4 |first=Craig L. |last=Blomberg |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910175429/https://books.google.com/books?id=dPdANFaNgagC&pg=448 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of his parables, such as the [[Parable of the Prodigal Son|Prodigal Son]],<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#15:11|Luke 15:11–32]].</ref> are relatively simple, while others, such as the [[Parable of the Growing Seed|Growing Seed]],<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#4:26|Mark 4:26–29]].</ref> are sophisticated, profound and abstruse.<ref>{{cite web | first=Madeleine I. | last=Boucher |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/jesus/parables.html | title=The Parables | publisher=BBC | access-date=3 June 2013 | archive-date=10 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810144100/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/jesus/parables.html | url-status=live }}</ref> When asked by his disciples why he speaks in parables to the people, Jesus replies that the chosen disciples have been given to "know the secrets of the kingdom of heaven", unlike the rest of their people, "For the one who has will be given more and he will have in abundance. But the one who does not have will be deprived even more", going on to say that the majority of their generation have grown "dull hearts" and thus are unable to understand.<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#13:10|Matthew 13:10–17]].</ref> [[File:Christ cleans leper man.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Jesus cleansing a leper]], medieval [[mosaic]] from the [[Monreale Cathedral]], late 12th to mid-13th centuries|alt=Jesus, his head surrounded by a halo, puts his hands on a leper, thereby healing him]] In the gospel accounts, Jesus devotes a large portion of his ministry to performing [[miracle]]s, especially healings.{{sfn|Green|McKnight |Marshall|1992|p=299}} The miracles can be classified into two main categories: healing miracles and nature miracles.{{sfn|Twelftree|1999|p=350}}{{sfn|Levine|2006|p=4}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Charlesworth |first1=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTIGy5t45WgC&pg=PT113 |title=The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide |date=2008 |publisher=Abingdon Press |isbn=978-1-4267-2475-6 |page=113 |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221947/https://books.google.com/books?id=YTIGy5t45WgC&pg=PT113 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The healing miracles include cures for physical ailments, [[exorcism]]s,{{sfn|Witherington|1997|p=113}}{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|p=298}} and [[Miracles of Jesus#Resurrection of the dead|resurrections of the dead]].{{sfn|Green|McKnight|Marshall|1992|p=300}}<ref name="Oxford Companion" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Tabor |first=James |date=22 March 2013 |title=What the Bible Says About Death, Afterlife, and the Future |url=https://clas-pages.uncc.edu/james-tabor/ancient-judaism/death-afterlife-future/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823115040/https://clas-pages.uncc.edu/james-tabor/ancient-judaism/death-afterlife-future/ |archive-date=23 August 2016 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=UNCC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hoekema |first=Anthony A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2yT_7xw35sC |title=The Bible and the Future |publisher=Eerdmans Publishing |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-85364-624-2 |pages=88–89 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221946/https://books.google.com/books?id=c2yT_7xw35sC |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The nature miracles show Jesus' power over nature, and include [[turning water into wine]], walking on water, and calming a storm, among others. Jesus states that his miracles are from a divine source. When his opponents suddenly accuse him of performing exorcisms by the power of [[Beelzebul]], the prince of demons, Jesus counters that he performs them by the "Spirit of God" ([[s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#12:28|Matthew 12:28]]) or "finger of God", arguing that all logic suggests that Satan would not let his demons assist the Children of God because it would divide Satan's house and bring his kingdom to desolation; furthermore, he asks his opponents that if he exorcises by [[Beelzebub]], "by whom do your sons cast them out?"<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#11:20|Luke 11:20]].</ref><ref name="Britannica2">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jesus Christ|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ|access-date=10 June 2015|first1=E.&nbsp;P.|last1=Sanders|first2=Jaroslav J.|last2=Pelikan|archive-date=3 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100711/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Js9nFESO0VAC&pg=PA100|title=Zondervan King James Version Commentary: New Testament|last2=Mitchell|first2=Daniel R.|publisher=Zondervan|year=2010|isbn=978-0-310-25150-7|page=100|first1=Edward E.|last1=Hindson|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910171333/https://books.google.com/books?id=Js9nFESO0VAC&pg=PA100|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#12:28|Matthew 12:31–32]], he goes on to say that while all manner of sin, "even insults against God" or "insults against the son of man", shall be forgiven, whoever insults goodness (or "The [[Holy Spirit]]") shall never be forgiven; they carry the guilt of their sin forever. In John, Jesus' miracles are described as "signs", performed to prove his mission and divinity.<ref name="Sign" />{{sfn|Ehrman|2009|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0/page/84 84]}} In the Synoptics, when asked by some teachers of the Law and some Pharisees to give miraculous signs to prove his authority, Jesus refuses,<ref name="Sign">{{cite book|title=Introducing the New Testament: Its Literature and Theology|year=2001|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-3717-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00paul/page/198 198] |url=https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00paul/page/198|first1=Paul J.|last1=Achtemeier|first2=Joel B.|last2=Green|first3=Marianne M.|last3=Thompson}}</ref> saying that no sign shall come to corrupt and evil people except the sign of the prophet [[Jonah]]. Also, in the Synoptic Gospels, the crowds regularly respond to Jesus' miracles with awe and press on him to heal their sick. In John's Gospel, Jesus is presented as unpressured by the crowds, who often respond to his miracles with trust and faith.{{sfn|Twelftree|1999|p=236}} One characteristic shared among all miracles of Jesus in the gospel accounts is that he performed them freely and never requested or accepted any form of payment.<ref>{{cite book |last=van der Loos |first=Hendrik |title=The Miracles Of Jesus |year=1965 |publisher=Brill |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4geAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910165838/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4geAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197 |url-status=live }}</ref> The gospel episodes that include descriptions of the miracles of Jesus also often include teachings, and the miracles themselves involve an element of teaching.<ref name="WPent212">{{cite book |title=The words and works of Jesus Christ |first=J. Dwight |last=Pentecost |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-310-30940-6 |page=212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bh3M_AfgXZAC&pg=PA212 |publisher=Zondervan |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910063513/https://books.google.com/books?id=bh3M_AfgXZAC&pg=PA212 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Twelftree|1999 |p=95}} Many of the miracles teach the importance of faith. In the [[Cleansing ten lepers|cleansing of ten lepers]] and the [[Daughter of Jairus|raising of Jairus's daughter]], for instance, the beneficiaries are told that their healing was due to their faith.{{sfn|Donahue|Harrington |2002|p=182}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Lockyer|first= Herbert|year= 1988 |title=All the Miracles of the Bible|url=https://archive.org/details/allmiraclesofbib0000lock| isbn= 978-0-310-28101-6 |page= [https://archive.org/details/allmiraclesofbib0000lock/page/235 235] |publisher=Zondervan}}</ref> ====Proclamation as Christ and Transfiguration==== {{Main|Confession of Peter|Transfiguration of Jesus}} [[File:Transfigurationbloch.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|The [[Transfiguration of Jesus]], depicted by [[Carl Bloch]], 19th century]] At about the middle of each of the three Synoptic Gospels are two significant events: the Confession of [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and the Transfiguration of Jesus.<ref name="Barton132" /><ref name="KingsburyMark">{{cite book|title=The Christology of Mark's Gospel|url=https://archive.org/details/christologyofmar0000king|url-access=limited|first= Jack D. |last= Kingsbury |year=1983 |isbn= 978-1-4514-1007-5 |publisher= Fortress Press|pages= [https://archive.org/details/christologyofmar0000king/page/91 91]–95}}</ref>{{sfn|Lee|2004|pp=21–30}}<ref name="Nobbs" /> These two events are not mentioned in the Gospel of John.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=John, Gospel of}} In his Confession, [[Saint Peter|Peter]] tells Jesus, "You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God."<ref name="Karris">{{cite book |last=Karris |first=Robert J. |title=The Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament |url=https://archive.org/details/collegevillebibl0000unse |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8146-2211-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/collegevillebibl0000unse/page/885 885]–886 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Who do you say that I am? Essays on Christology|url=https://archive.org/details/whodoyousaythati0000unse_i0j9|first1=Jack D.|last1= Kingsbury| first2=Mark A.|last2= Powell|first3= David R. |last3=Bauer |year=1999 |isbn= 978-0-664-25752-1 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |page= xvi}}</ref>{{sfn|Donahue|Harrington|2002|p= 336}} Jesus affirms that Peter's confession is divinely revealed truth.<ref name="OneTeacher">{{cite book |last=Yieh |first=John Y. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0-NaraCrAoC |title=One teacher: Jesus' teaching role in Matthew's gospel |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2004 |isbn=978-3-11-018151-7 |pages=240–241 |language=en |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221947/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0-NaraCrAoC |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Pannenberg|1968|pp=53–54}} After the confession, Jesus tells his disciples about his upcoming death and resurrection.<ref>Matthew 16:21, Mark 8:31, and Luke 9:22.</ref> In the Transfiguration,<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#17:1|Matthew 17:1–9]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#9:2|Mark 9:2–8]], and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#9:28|Luke 9:28–36]].</ref>{{sfn|Lee|2004|pp=21–30}}<ref name="Nobbs">{{cite book |last1=Harding |first1=Mark |title=The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/contentsettingof0000unse |last2=Nobbs |first2=Alanna |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8028-3318-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/contentsettingof0000unse/page/281 281]–282 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Barton132" /> Jesus takes Peter and two other apostles up an unnamed mountain, where "he was transfigured before them, and his face shone like the sun, and his clothes became dazzling white".{{sfn|Lee|2004|pp=72–76}} A bright cloud appears around them, and a voice from the cloud says, "This is my Son, the Beloved; with him I am well pleased; listen to him."<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#17:1|Matthew 17:1–9]].</ref>{{sfn|Lee|2004|pp=21–30}} ===Passion Week=== The description of the last week of the life of Jesus (often called [[Passion Week]]) occupies about one-third of the narrative in the canonical gospels,<ref name="Turner613" /> starting with Jesus' [[triumphal entry into Jerusalem]] and ending with his Crucifixion.{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=224–29}}{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=155–70}} ====Activities in Jerusalem==== {{Main|Triumphal entry into Jerusalem|Cleansing of the Temple|Bargain of Judas}} [[File:Gérôme - L'entrée du Christ à Jérusalem - cadre.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A painting of Jesus' [[Triumphal entry into Jerusalem|final entry into Jerusalem]], by [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1897|alt=Jesus, riding a donkey colt, rides towards Jerusalem. A large crowd greets him outside the walls.]] In the Synoptics, the last week in Jerusalem is the conclusion of the journey through Perea and [[Judea]] that Jesus began in Galilee.{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=155–70}} Jesus rides a young donkey into Jerusalem, reflecting the tale of [[the Messiah's Donkey]], an oracle from the [[Book of Zechariah]] in which the Jews' humble king enters Jerusalem this way.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Zechariah|9:9|HE}}.</ref><ref name="May Metzger Mark">May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. "Mark" pp. 1213–1239.</ref> People along the way lay cloaks and small branches of trees (known as [[Palm branch|palm fronds]]) in front of him and sing part of Psalms 118:25–26.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Psalms|118:25–26|HE}}.</ref>{{sfn|Boring|Craddock|2004|pages=256–58}}{{sfn|Majerník|Ponessa|Manhardt|2005|pp=133–34}}{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=381–95}} Jesus next expels the money changers from the [[Second Temple]], accusing them of turning it into a den of thieves through their commercial activities. He then prophesies about the coming destruction, including false prophets, wars, earthquakes, celestial disorders, persecution of the faithful, the appearance of an "abomination of desolation", and unendurable tribulations.<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|13:1–23}}.</ref> The mysterious "Son of Man", he says, will dispatch angels to gather the faithful from all parts of the earth.<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|13:24–27}}.</ref> Jesus warns that these wonders will occur in the lifetimes of the hearers.<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|13:28–32}}.</ref>{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=285–96}} In John, the Cleansing of the Temple occurs at the beginning of Jesus' ministry instead of at the end.<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#2:13|John 2:13–16]].</ref>{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=302–10}} Jesus comes into conflict with the Jewish elders, such as when they [[Authority of Jesus questioned|question his authority]] and when he [[Woes of the Pharisees|criticizes them and calls them hypocrites]].{{sfn|Boring|Craddock|2004|pages=256–58}}{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=381–95}} [[Judas Iscariot]], one of the [[twelve apostles]], secretly strikes a bargain with the Jewish elders, agreeing to betray Jesus to them for [[Thirty pieces of silver|30 silver coins]].<ref name="Lockyer106">{{cite book |last=Lockyer |first=Herbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q7l-_UFHmYC |title=All the Apostles of the Bible |publisher=Zondervan |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-310-28011-8 |pages=106–111 |language=en |access-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229044027/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q7l-_UFHmYC |archive-date=29 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Synoptic Gospels and the Book of Acts|first=Doremus A. |last= Hayes |year=2009 |isbn= 978-1-313-53490-1 |page= 88 |publisher=HardPress}}</ref> The Gospel of John recounts two other feasts in which Jesus taught in Jerusalem before the Passion Week.<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#7:1|John 7:1–10:42]].</ref>{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=270–72}} In [[Bethany (biblical village)|Bethany]], a village near Jerusalem, Jesus [[Raising of Lazarus|raises Lazarus from the dead]]. This potent sign{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=302–10}} increases the tension with authorities,{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=155–70}} who conspire to kill him.<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#11:1|John 11]].</ref>{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=270–72}} [[Mary of Bethany]] anoints Jesus' feet, foreshadowing his entombment.{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|pp=401–70}} Jesus then makes his messianic entry into Jerusalem.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=270–72}} The cheering crowds greeting Jesus as he enters Jerusalem add to the animosity between him and the establishment.{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=155–70}} In John, Jesus has already cleansed the Second Temple during an earlier Passover visit to Jerusalem. John next recounts Jesus' Last Supper with his disciples.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=270–72}} ====Last Supper==== {{Main|Last Supper}} {{See also|Jesus predicts his betrayal|Denial of Peter|Last Supper in Christian art}} [[File:Última Cena - Juan de Juanes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Last Supper]], depicted by [[Juan de Juanes]], {{circa|1562}}|alt=A depiction of the Last Supper. Jesus sits in the center, his apostles gathered around on either side of him.]] The Last Supper is the final meal that Jesus shares with his twelve apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is mentioned in all four canonical gospels; Paul's [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]]<ref>1 Corinthians [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians#11:23|11:23–26]].</ref> also refers to it.<ref name="Fahlbusch52">{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|volume=4|first=Erwin|last=Fahlbusch|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5|pages=53–56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PA53|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907101720/https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PA53|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=465–77}}{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=180–91}} During the meal, [[Jesus predicts his betrayal|Jesus predicts]] that one of his apostles will betray him.{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|p=182}} Despite each Apostle's assertion that he would not betray him, Jesus reiterates that the betrayer would be one of those present. Matthew 26:23–25 and John 13:26–27 specifically identify Judas as the traitor.<ref name="Fahlbusch52" />{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=465–77}}{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|p=182}} In the Synoptics, Jesus takes bread, breaks it, and gives it to the disciples, saying, "This is my body, which is given for you". He then has them all drink from a cup, saying, "This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood."<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#22:19|Luke 22:19–20]].</ref><ref name="Fahlbusch52" />{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Eucharist}} The Christian [[sacrament]] or [[Ordinance (Christian)|ordinance]] of the [[Eucharist]] is based on these events.<ref>{{CathEncy| wstitle=The Blessed Eucharist as a Sacrament |first=Joseph |last=Pohle}}</ref> Although the Gospel of John does not include a description of the bread-and-wine ritual during the Last Supper, most scholars agree that John 6:22–59 (the [[Bread of Life Discourse]]) has a eucharistic character and resonates with the [[Origin of the Eucharist#Institution narratives|institution narratives]] in the Synoptic Gospels and in the Pauline writings on the Last Supper.{{sfn|Freedman|2000|p=792}} In all four gospels, Jesus predicts that Peter will deny knowledge of him three times before the [[rooster]] crows the next morning.<ref name="Denial">{{cite book|title=Peter: apostle for the whole church|first= Pheme |last=Perkins |publisher=Fortress Press |year=2000 |isbn= 978-1-4514-1598-8 |page= 85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Gospel according to Matthew, Volume 1|first= Johann P.|last= Lange|year= 1865| publisher= Charles Scribner Co| page= 499}}</ref> In Luke and John, the prediction is made during the Supper.<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#22:33|Luke 22:34]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#22:33|John 22:34]].</ref> In Matthew and Mark, the prediction is made after the Supper; Jesus also predicts that all his disciples will desert him.<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#26:31|Matthew 26:31–34]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#14:27|Mark 14:27–30]].</ref>{{sfn|Walvoord|Zuck|1983|pp=83–85}} The Gospel of John provides the only account of [[Maundy (foot washing)|Jesus washing his disciples' feet]] after the meal.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=272–85}} John also includes a long sermon by Jesus, preparing his disciples (now without Judas) for his departure. Chapters 14–17 of the Gospel of John are known as the [[Farewell Discourse]] and are a significant source of [[Christology|Christological]] content.<ref name="Gail142">{{cite book |last1=O'Day |first1=Gail R. |title=John |url=https://archive.org/details/john0000oday |last2=Hylen |first2=Susan |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-664-25260-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/john0000oday/page/142 142]–168 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Herman546">{{cite book |last=Ridderbos |first=Herman |title=The Gospel according to John |url=https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt0000ridd_a8x2 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8028-0453-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt0000ridd_a8x2/page/546 546]–576 |language=en}}</ref> ====Agony in the Garden, betrayal, and arrest==== {{Main|Agony in the Garden|Kiss of Judas|Arrest of Jesus}} [[File:The Taking of Christ-Caravaggio (c.1602).jpg|thumb|A depiction of the [[kiss of Judas]] and [[arrest of Jesus]], by [[Caravaggio]], {{circa|1602}}|alt=Judas kisses Jesus, and soldiers rush to seize the latter.]] In the Synoptics, Jesus and his disciples go to the garden [[Gethsemane]], where Jesus prays to be spared his coming ordeal. Then Judas comes with an armed mob, sent by the chief priests, [[Scribe#Judaism|scribe]]s and elders. He [[Kiss of Judas|kisses Jesus]] to identify him to the crowd, which then [[arrest of Jesus|arrests Jesus]]. In an attempt to stop them, an unnamed disciple of Jesus uses a sword to cut off the ear [[Malchus|of a man]] in the crowd. After Jesus' arrest, his disciples go into hiding, and Peter, when questioned, thrice [[Denial of Peter|denies]] knowing Jesus. After the third denial, Peter hears the rooster crow and recalls Jesus' prediction about his denial. Peter then weeps bitterly.{{sfn|Walvoord|Zuck|1983|pp=83–85}}{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=285–96}}<ref name="Denial" /> In John 18:1–11, Jesus does not pray to be spared his crucifixion, as the gospel portrays him as scarcely touched by such human weakness.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Jesus}} The people who arrest him are [[Imperial Roman army|Roman soldiers]] and Temple guards.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Michaels|first1=J. Ramsey|title=John (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series)|date=2011|publisher=Baker Books|page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGr-amBm4PUC&pg=PT187|isbn=978-1-4412-3659-3|access-date=7 September 2017|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226071102/https://books.google.com/books?id=zGr-amBm4PUC&pg=PT187|url-status=live}}</ref> Instead of being betrayed by a kiss, Jesus proclaims his identity, and when he does, the soldiers and officers fall to the ground. The gospel identifies Peter as the disciple who used the sword, and Jesus rebukes him for it. ====Trials by the Sanhedrin, Herod, and Pilate==== {{Main|Sanhedrin trial of Jesus|Pilate's Court|Jesus at Herod's Court}} {{See also|Jesus, King of the Jews|John 18:38|Ecce homo}} After his arrest, Jesus is taken late at night to the private residence of the high priest, [[Caiaphas]], who had been installed by Pilate's predecessor, the Roman procurator [[Valerius Gratus]].<ref>[[Josephus]] Antiquities 18.2.2.</ref> The [[Sanhedrin]] was a Jewish judicial body.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p= 146}} The gospel accounts differ on the [[Sanhedrin trial of Jesus|details of the trials]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bromiley |first=Geoffrey W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&pg=PA1050 |title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E–J |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8028-3782-0 |pages=1050–1052 |language=en |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907182833/https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&pg=PA1050 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In Matthew 26:57, Mark 14:53 and Luke 22:54, Jesus is taken to the house of the high priest, [[Caiaphas]], where he is [[Mocking of Jesus|mocked]] and beaten that night. Early the next morning, the chief priests and scribes lead Jesus away into their council.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=487–500}}{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=396–400}}<ref name="Holman608">{{cite book |title=Holman Concise Bible Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/concisebibledict0000unse |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8054-9548-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisebibledict0000unse/page/n617 608]–609 |language=en}}</ref> John 18:12–14 states that Jesus is first taken to [[Annas]], Caiaphas's father-in-law, and then to the high priest.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=487–500}}{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=396–400}}<ref name="Holman608" /> [[File:Ecce homo by Antonio Ciseri (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''Ecce homo!'' [[Antonio Ciseri]]'s 1871 depiction of [[Pontius Pilate]] presenting Jesus to the public|alt=A depiction of Jesus' public trial]] During the trials Jesus speaks very little, mounts no defence, and gives very infrequent and indirect answers to the priests' questions, prompting an officer to slap him. In Matthew 26:62, Jesus' unresponsiveness leads Caiaphas to ask him, "Have you no answer?"{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=487–500}}{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=396–400}}<ref name="Holman608" /> In Mark 14:61 the high priest then asks Jesus, "Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One?" Jesus replies, "I am", and then predicts the coming of the [[Son of man (Christianity)|Son of Man]].<ref name="Britannica" /> This provokes Caiaphas to tear his own robe in anger and to accuse Jesus of blasphemy. In Matthew and Luke, Jesus' answer is more ambiguous:<ref name="Britannica" />{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=495}} in Matthew 26:64 he responds, "You have said so", and in Luke 22:70 he says, "You say that I am".{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=396–98}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Luke's presentation of Jesus: a christology|url=https://archive.org/details/lukespresentatio0000otoo|first=Robert F.|last= O'Toole|year= 2004| isbn= 978-88-7653-625-0|page= [https://archive.org/details/lukespresentatio0000otoo/page/166 166] |publisher=Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico}}</ref> The Jewish elders take Jesus to [[Pilate's Court]] and ask the Roman governor, [[Pontius Pilate]], to judge and condemn Jesus for various allegations: subverting the nation, opposing the payment of tribute, claiming to be Christ, a King, and claiming to be the son of God.<ref>Matthew: "claiming to be king of the Jews". Mark: "king of the Jews". Luke: "subverting nation, opposing payment of taxes to Caesar, claiming to be Christ, a king" John: "breaking Jewish law, claiming to be the son of God".</ref><ref name="Holman608" /> The use of the word "king" is central to the discussion between Jesus and Pilate. In John 18:36 Jesus states, "My kingdom is not from this world", but he does not unequivocally deny being the King of the Jews.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Twenty-Third Publications|title=The Names of Jesus|url=https://archive.org/details/namesofjesus0000binz|first= Stephen J.|last= Binz |year=2004 |isbn= 978-1-58595-315-8| pages= [https://archive.org/details/namesofjesus0000binz/page/81 81]–82}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ironside |first=H. A. |title=John |publisher=Kregel Academic |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8254-9619-6 |page=454 |language=en}}</ref> In Luke 23:7–15, Pilate realizes that Jesus is a Galilean, and thus comes under the jurisdiction of [[Herod Antipas]], the [[Herodian Tetrarchy|Tetrarch]] of Galilee and Perea.{{sfn|Niswonger|1992|p=172}}{{sfn|Majerník|Ponessa|Manhardt|2005|p=181}} Pilate sends Jesus to Herod to be tried,{{sfn|Carter|2003|pp=120–21}} but Jesus says almost nothing in response to Herod's questions. Herod and his soldiers mock Jesus, put an expensive robe on him to make him look like a king, and return him to Pilate,{{sfn|Niswonger|1992|p=172}} who then calls together the Jewish elders and announces that he has "not found this man guilty".{{sfn|Carter|2003|pp=120–21}} Observing a [[Passover]] custom of the time, Pilate allows one prisoner chosen by the crowd to be released. He gives the people a choice between Jesus and a murderer called [[Barabbas]] ({{lang|he| [[wikt:בר-אבא|בר-אבא]]}} or ''Bar-abbâ'', "son of the father", from the common given name ''[[Abba (given name)|Abba]]'': 'father').{{sfn|Evans|2012b|p=453}} Persuaded by the elders,<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#27:20|Matthew 27:20]].</ref> the mob chooses to release Barabbas and crucify Jesus.{{sfn|Blomberg|2009| pp=400–01}} Pilate writes a sign in Hebrew, Latin, and Greek that reads "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews" (abbreviated as [[INRI]] in depictions) to be affixed to Jesus' cross,<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#19:19|John 19:19–20]].</ref>{{sfn|Brown|1988|p=93}} then [[Flagellation of Christ|scourges Jesus]] and sends him to be crucified. The soldiers place a [[crown of thorns]] on Jesus' head and ridicule him as the King of the Jews. They beat and taunt him before taking him to [[Calvary]],<ref name="Senior">{{cite book|title=The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew|first= Donald |last=Senior |year=1985| isbn= 978-0-8146-5460-6 |publisher=Liturgical Press |page= 124}}</ref> also called Golgotha, for crucifixion.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=487–500}}<ref name="Holman608" />{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|p=402}} ====Crucifixion and entombment==== {{Main|Crucifixion of Jesus|Burial of Jesus}} {{See also|Sayings of Jesus on the cross|Crucifixion darkness}} [[File:Pietro Perugino 040.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Pietro Perugino]]'s depiction of the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]] as ''[[Stabat Mater (art)|Stabat Mater]]'', 1482|alt=A depiction of Jesus on the cross]] Jesus' crucifixion is described in all four canonical gospels. After the trials, Jesus is led to Calvary [[Christ Carrying the Cross|carrying his cross]]; the route traditionally thought to have been taken is known as the [[Via Dolorosa]]. The three Synoptic Gospels indicate that [[Simon of Cyrene]] assists him, having been compelled by the Romans to do so.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–20}}{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=211–14}} In Luke 23:27–28, Jesus tells the women in the multitude of people following him not to weep for him but for themselves and their children.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–20}} At [[Calvary]], Jesus is offered a sponge soaked in a concoction usually offered as a [[Analgesic|painkiller]]. According to Matthew and Mark, he refuses it.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–20}}{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=211–14}} The soldiers then crucify Jesus and [[Sortes (ancient Rome)|cast lots]] for his clothes. Above Jesus' head on the cross is Pilate's inscription, "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews". Soldiers and passersby [[Mocking of Jesus|mock]] him about it. Two convicted thieves are crucified along with Jesus. In Matthew and Mark, both thieves mock Jesus. In Luke, [[Impenitent thief|one of them]] rebukes Jesus, while [[Penitent thief|the other]] defends him.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–20}}{{sfn|Doninger|1999|p=271}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2009|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0/page/82 82]}} Jesus tells the latter: "today you will be with me in Paradise".<ref>Luke 23:43.</ref> The four gospels mention the presence of [[Women at the crucifixion|a group of female disciples of Jesus]] at the crucifixion. In John, Jesus sees his mother [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] and the [[beloved disciple]] and tells him to take care of her.<ref>John 19:26–27.</ref> In John 19:33–34, Roman soldiers break the two thieves' legs to hasten their death, but not those of Jesus, as he is already dead. Instead, [[Longinus|one soldier]] pierces Jesus' side with a [[Holy Lance|lance]], and [[Five Holy Wounds|blood and water]] flow out.{{sfn|Doninger|1999|p= 271}} The Synoptics report a [[Crucifixion darkness|period of darkness]], and the heavy curtain in the Temple is torn when Jesus dies. In Matthew 27:51–54, an earthquake breaks open tombs. In Matthew and Mark, terrified by the events, a Roman [[centurion]] states that Jesus was the [[Son of God (Christianity)|Son of God]].{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–20}}{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=213–14}} On the same day, [[Joseph of Arimathea]], with Pilate's permission and with [[Nicodemus]]'s help, [[Descent from the Cross|removes Jesus' body from the cross]], wraps him in a clean cloth, and buries him in his new [[Sepulchre|rock-hewn tomb]].{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–20}} In Matthew 27:62–66, on the following day the chief Jewish priests ask Pilate for the tomb to be secured, and with Pilate's permission the priests place seals on the large stone covering the entrance.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–20}}{{sfn|Morris|1992|page=727}} ===Resurrection and ascension=== {{Main|Resurrection of Jesus|Empty tomb|Ascension of Jesus}} {{Further|Overview of resurrection appearances in the Gospels and Paul}} {{See also|Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art|Ascension of Jesus in Christian art}} [[File:Alexander Ivanov - Christ's Appearance to Mary Magdalene after the Resurrection - Google Art Project.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Jesus appearing to Mary Magdalene after his [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection from the dead]], depicted by [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov]].|''Appearance of Jesus Christ to Maria Magdalena'' by [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov]], 1835]] The Gospels do not describe the moment of the [[resurrection of Jesus]]. They describe the discovery of his [[empty tomb]] and several appearances of Jesus, with distinct differences in each narrative.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vermes |first=Geza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PYcnn9WxVcC |title=The Resurrection |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-191263-9 |place=London, England |page=141 |language=en-uk |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309231513/https://books.google.com/books?id=1PYcnn9WxVcC |url-status=live }}</ref> In the four Gospels, [[Mary Magdalene]] goes to the tomb on Sunday morning, alone or with one or several [[Myrrhbearers|other women]].{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp= 308–09}} The tomb is empty, with the stone rolled away, and there are one or two angels, depending on the accounts. In the Synoptics, the women are told that Jesus is not here and that he is risen.<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|16:5–6}}, {{bibleref2|Matthew|28:5–6}}, and {{bibleref2|Luke|24:4–6}}.</ref> In Mark and Matthew, the angel also instructs them to tell the disciples to meet Jesus in Galilee.<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|16:7}}, {{bibleref2|Matthew|28:7}}.</ref> In Luke, [[Saint Peter|Peter]] visits the tomb after he is told it is empty.<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|24:12}}.</ref> In John, he goes there with the [[beloved disciple]].<ref>{{bibleref2|John|20:2–8}}.</ref> Matthew mentions Roman guards at the tomb,<ref>{{bibleref2|Matthew|28:7}}.</ref> who report to the priests of Jerusalem what happened. The priests bribe them to say that the disciples [[Stolen body hypothesis|stole Jesus' body]] during the night.<ref>{{bibleref2|Matthew|28:11–15}}.</ref> The four Gospels then describe various appearances of Jesus in his resurrected body. Jesus first reveals himself to Mary Magdalene in Mark 16:9 and John 20:14–17,<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|16:9}}, {{bibleref2|John|20:14–17}}.</ref> along with "the other Mary" in Matthew 28:9,<ref>{{bibleref2|Matthew|28:9–10}}.</ref> while in Luke the first reported appearance is to [[Road to Emmaus appearance|two disciples]] heading to [[Emmaus]].<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|24:13–31}}.</ref> Jesus then reveals himself to the eleven disciples, in Jerusalem or in Galilee.<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|16:14}}, {{bibleref2|Matthew|28:16–17}}, and {{bibleref2|John|20:19–23}}.</ref> In Luke 24:36–43, he eats and shows them his [[Five Holy Wounds|tangible wounds]] to prove that he is not a spirit.<ref>{{bibleref2|Luke|24:36–43}}.</ref> He also shows them to [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]] to end [[doubting Thomas|his doubts]], in John 20:24–29.<ref>{{bibleref2|John|20:24–29}}.</ref> In the Synoptics, Jesus [[Great Commission|commissions the disciples]] to spread the gospel message to all nations,{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=272–85}}{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=297–301}} while in [[John 21]], he [[Restoration of Peter|tells Peter]] to take care of his sheep.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=521–30}}{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=216–26}} Jesus' [[Entering Heaven alive|ascension into Heaven]] is described in Luke 24:50–53, Acts 1:1–11 and mentioned in 1 Timothy 3:16. In the [[Acts of the Apostles]], forty days after the Resurrection, as the disciples look on, "he was lifted up, and a cloud took him out of their sight". 1 Peter 3:22 states that Jesus has "gone into heaven and is at the right hand of God".{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=521–30}} The Acts of the Apostles describes several appearances of Jesus after his Ascension. In Acts 7:55, [[Saint Stephen|Stephen]] gazes into heaven and sees "Jesus standing at the right hand of God" just before his death.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bruce |first=Frederick F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2lN0ibbLOHEC&pg=PA210 |title=The Acts of the Apostles |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8028-0966-7 |page=210 |language=en |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222000/https://books.google.com/books?id=2lN0ibbLOHEC&pg=PA210 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> On the road to [[Damascus]], the Apostle [[Conversion of Paul the Apostle|Paul is converted]] to Christianity after seeing a blinding light and hearing a voice saying, "I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting."<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts#9:5|Acts 9:5]].</ref> In Acts 9:10–18, Jesus instructs [[Ananias of Damascus]] in a vision to heal Paul.<ref name="HarringtonActs">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Luke T. |title=The Acts of the Apostles |url=https://archive.org/details/actsofapostles0000john |last2=Harrington |first2=Daniel J. |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8146-5807-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/actsofapostles0000john/page/164 164]–167 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Book of Revelation]] includes a revelation from Jesus concerning the [[Christian eschatology|last days of Earth]].<ref>{{CathEncy |wstitle=Apocalypse |last=Van den Biesen |first= Christian}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Early Christianity== {{Main|Early Christianity}} [[File:Good shepherd 02b close.jpg|thumb|A 3rd-century depiction of Jesus as the [[Good Shepherd]]|upright=.8]] After Jesus' life, his followers, as described in the first chapters of the [[Acts of the Apostles]], were all Jews either by birth or [[conversion to Judaism|conversion]], for which the biblical term "[[proselyte]]" is used,<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12481c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Proselyte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610204154/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12481c.htm |date=10 June 2017 }}: "The English term 'proselyte' occurs only in the New Testament where it signifies a convert to the Jewish religion ({{bibleverse||Matthew|23:15|NAB}}; {{bibleverse||Acts|2:11|NAB}}; {{bibleverse-nb||Acts|6:5|NAB}}; etc.), though the same Greek word is commonly used in the [[Septuagint]] to designate a foreigner living in Palestine. Thus the term seems to have passed from an original local and chiefly political sense, in which it was used as early as 300 BC, to a technical and religious meaning in the Judaism of the [[Apostolic Age|New Testament epoch]]."</ref> and referred to by historians as [[Jewish Christian]]s. The early Gospel message was spread [[oral gospel traditions|orally]], probably in [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]],{{sfn|Ehrman|2012|pp=87–90}} but almost immediately also in [[Koine Greek|Greek]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaeger |first1=Werner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYfAUnFMhPMC&pg=PA108 |title=Early Christianity and Greek Paideia |date=1961 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-22052-2 |pages=6, 108–109 |language=en |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042345/https://books.google.com/books?id=kYfAUnFMhPMC&pg=PA108 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[New Testament]]'s Acts of the Apostles and [[Epistle to the Galatians]] record that the first Christian community was [[First Christian church|centered in Jerusalem]] and its leaders included [[Saint Peter|Peter]], [[James (brother of Jesus)|James, the brother of Jesus]], and [[John the Apostle]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Galatians|2:9|NIV}}, {{bibleverse||Acts|1:13|NIV}}; See [[Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles]] for details.</ref> After [[conversion of Paul the Apostle|his conversion]], [[Paul the Apostle]] spread the teachings of Jesus to various [[Gentiles|non-Jewish]] communities throughout the eastern Mediterranean region. Paul's influence on Christian thinking is said to be more significant than that of any other [[authorship of the New Testament|New Testament author]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_f0e0 |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280290-3 |editor1-last=Cross |editor1-first=F. L. |edition=3rd rev. |location=Oxford, England |language=en |chapter=Paul}}</ref> By the end of the [[Christianity in the 1st century|1st century]], Christianity began to be recognized internally and externally as a [[split of early Christianity and Judaism|separate religion from Judaism]] which itself was refined and developed further in the centuries after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|destruction]] of the [[Second Temple]].<ref>Cohen, Shaye J.D. (1988). ''From the Maccabees to the Mishnah,'' {{ISBN|978-0-664-25017-1}}, pp. 224–225.</ref> Numerous quotations in the New Testament and other Christian writings of the first centuries, indicate that early Christians generally used and revered the [[Hebrew Bible]] (the [[Tanakh]]) as [[religious text]], mostly in the Greek ([[Septuagint]]) or Aramaic ([[Targum]]) translations.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fee|first1=Gordon|author-link1=Gordon Fee|last2=Stuart|first2=Douglas|author-link2=Douglas Stuart (biblical scholar)|title=How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth: Fourth Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGBtAgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310-51783-2|access-date=1 May 2018|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626225710/https://books.google.com/books?id=sGBtAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Christians wrote many religious works, including the ones included in the [[canon of the New Testament]]. The canonical texts, which have become the main sources used by historians to try to understand the historical Jesus and sacred texts within Christianity, were probably written between 50 and 120 AD.<ref name="Ehrman120ce">{{cite book |author=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ |title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-508481-8 |page=8 |quote=The New Testament contains twenty-seven books, written in Greek, by fifteen or sixteen different authors, who were addressing other Christian individuals or communities between the years 50 and 120 C.E. (see box 1.4). As we will see, it is difficult to know whether any of these books was written by Jesus' own disciples. |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416082406/https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Historical views== {{Main|Historical Jesus|Quest for the historical Jesus|Scholarly interpretation of Gospel elements}} {{See also|Biblical criticism}} Prior to the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], the Gospels were usually regarded as accurate historical accounts, but since then scholars have emerged who question the reliability of the Gospels and draw a distinction between the Jesus described in the Gospels and the Jesus of history.{{sfn|Levine|2006|p=5}} Since the 18th century, three separate scholarly quests for the historical Jesus have taken place, each with distinct characteristics and based on different research criteria, which were often developed during the quest that applied them.{{sfn|Witherington|1997|p=113}}{{sfn|Powell|1998|pp=19–23}} While there is widespread scholarly agreement on the existence of Jesus,{{efn|name=exist}} and a basic consensus on the general outline of his life,{{efn|[[Amy-Jill Levine]] writes: "There is a consensus of sorts on a basic outline of Jesus' life. Most scholars agree that Jesus was baptized by John, debated with fellow Jews on how best to live according to God's will, engaged in healings and exorcisms, taught in parables, gathered male and female followers in Galilee, went to Jerusalem, and was crucified by Roman soldiers during the governorship of Pontius Pilate"<ref>[[Amy-Jill Levine]] in ''The Historical Jesus in Context'' edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton University Press {{ISBN|978-0-691-00992-6}} p. 4</ref>}} the portraits of Jesus constructed by various scholars often differ from each other, and from the image portrayed in the gospel accounts.{{sfn|Theissen|Winter|2002|p=5}}<ref>James H. Charlesworth, Petr Pokomy (15 September 2009)''. Jesus Research: An International Perspective (Princeton-Prague Symposia Series on the Historical Jesus),'' {{ISBN|978-0-8028-6353-9}}, pp. 1–2.</ref> Approaches to the historical reconstruction of the life of Jesus have varied from the "maximalist" approaches of the 19th century, in which the gospel accounts were accepted as reliable evidence wherever it is possible, to the "minimalist" approaches of the early 20th century, where hardly anything about Jesus was accepted as historical.{{sfn|Keener|2012|p=163}} In the 1950s, as the second quest for the historical Jesus gathered pace, the minimalist approaches faded away, and in the 21st century, minimalists such as [[Robert M. Price|Price]] are a small minority.{{sfn|Chilton|Evans|1998|p= 27}}{{sfn|Evans|2012a|pp=4–5}} Although a belief in the [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrancy]] of the Gospels cannot be supported historically, many scholars since the 1980s have held that, beyond the few facts considered to be historically certain, certain other elements of Jesus' life are "historically probable".{{sfn|Chilton|Evans|1998|p= 27}}<ref>{{cite book|title= Jesus in Contemporary Scholarship|first= Marcus J.|last= Borg|year= 1994|isbn= 978-1-56338-094-5|publisher= Continuum|pages= [https://archive.org/details/jesusincontempor00borg/page/4 4–6]|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusincontempor00borg/page/4}}</ref>{{sfn|Theissen|Winter|2002|pp=142–143}} Modern scholarly research on the historical Jesus thus focuses on identifying the most probable elements.<ref>{{cite book|title= John, Jesus, and History, Volume 1: Critical Appraisals of Critical Views|first1= Paul N.|last1= Anderson|first2= Felix|last2= Just|first3= Tom|last3= Thatcher|year= 2007|isbn= 978-1-58983-293-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC|publisher= Society of Biblical Lit|page= 131|access-date= 14 August 2015|archive-date= 18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418011840/https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC|url-status= live}}</ref>{{sfn|Meier|2006|p=124}} ===Judea and Galilee in the 1st century=== [[File:The Ministry of Jesus.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Judea]], [[Galilee]] and neighbouring areas at the time of Jesus|alt=Topographical map of Palestine in the First Century highlighting places mentioned in the canonical gospels.]] In AD 6, [[Judea]], [[Edom|Idumea]], and [[Samaria]] were transformed from a [[Herodian dynasty|Herodian]] client kingdom of the [[Roman Empire]] into an imperial province, also called [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]]. A Roman [[prefect]], rather than a client king, ruled the land. The prefect ruled from [[Caesarea Maritima]], leaving [[Jerusalem]] to be run by the [[List of High Priests of Israel|High Priest of Israel]]. As an exception, the prefect came to Jerusalem during religious festivals, when religious and patriotic enthusiasm sometimes inspired unrest or uprisings. Gentile lands surrounded the Jewish territories of Judea and [[Galilee]], but Roman law and practice allowed Jews to remain separate legally and culturally. Galilee was evidently prosperous, and poverty was limited enough that it did not threaten the social order.<ref name="Britannica" /> This was the era of [[Hellenistic Judaism]], which combined [[Judaism|Jewish religious tradition]] with elements of [[Hellenistic]] Greek culture. Until the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] and the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]] of the Eastern Mediterranean, the main centers of Hellenistic Judaism were [[Alexandria]] (Egypt) and [[Antioch]] (now Southern Turkey), the two main [[Greek colonies|Greek urban settlements]] of the [[MENA|Middle East and North Africa]] area, both founded at the end of the 4th century BC in the wake of the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]]. Hellenistic Judaism also existed in [[Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period]], where there was conflict between [[Hellenizers]] and traditionalists (sometimes called [[Judaizers]]). The [[Hebrew Bible]] was translated from [[Biblical Hebrew]] and [[Biblical Aramaic]] into [[Jewish Koine Greek]]; the [[Targum]] translations into Aramaic were also generated during this era, both due to the decline of knowledge of Hebrew.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barr |first1=James |title=The Cambridge history of Judaism. Volume 2: The Hellenistic Age |date=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-05512-3 |editor1-last=Davies |editor1-first=W. D. |edition=1. publ. |location=Cambridge |pages=79–114 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 3 – Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek in the Hellenistic age |editor2-last=Finkelstein |editor2-first=Louis}}</ref> Jews based their faith and religious practice on the [[Torah]], five books said to have been given by God to [[Moses]]. The three prominent religious parties were the [[Pharisees]], the [[Essenes]], and the [[Sadducees]]. Together these parties represented only a small fraction of the population. Most Jews looked forward to a time that God would deliver them from their pagan rulers, possibly through war against the Romans.<ref name="Britannica" /> ===Sources=== {{Main|Sources for the historicity of Jesus}} {{See also|Josephus on Jesus|Tacitus on Christ}} [[File:WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A 1640 edition of the works of Josephus, a 1st-century [[Roman Jews|Roman-Jewish]] historian who referred to Jesus{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=431–36}}]] New Testament scholars face a formidable challenge when they analyse the canonical Gospels.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=263}} The Gospels are not biographies in the modern sense, and the authors explain Jesus' theological significance and recount his public ministry while omitting many details of his life.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=263}} The reports of supernatural events associated with Jesus' death and resurrection make the challenge even more difficult.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=263}} Scholars regard the Gospels as compromised sources of information because the writers were trying to glorify Jesus.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=3}} Even so, the sources for Jesus' life are better than sources scholars have for the life of [[Alexander the Great]].{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=3}} Scholars use a number of criteria, such as the [[criterion of multiple attestation|criterion of independent attestation]], the [[Biblical criticism#Coherence|criterion of coherence]], and the [[criterion of discontinuity]] to judge the historicity of events.{{sfn|Rausch|2003|pp=36–37}} The historicity of an event also depends on the reliability of the source; indeed, the Gospels are not independent nor consistent records of Jesus' life. Mark, which is most likely the earliest written gospel, has been considered for many decades the most historically accurate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Paul N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA291 |title=John, Jesus, and History |last2=Just |first2=Felix |last3=Thatcher |first3=Tom |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-58983-293-0 |volume=2 |page=291 |language=en |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910170334/https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA291 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> John, the latest written gospel, differs considerably from the Synoptic Gospels, and thus is generally considered less reliable, although more and more scholars now also recognize that it may contain a core of older material as historically valuable as the Synoptic tradition or even more so.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Paul N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA291 |title=John, Jesus, and History |last2=Just |first2=Felix |last3=Thatcher |first3=Tom |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-58983-293-0 |volume=2 |page=292 |language=en |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910170334/https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA291 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some scholars (most notably the [[Jesus Seminar]]) believe that the non-canonical [[Gospel of Thomas]] might be an independent witness to many of Jesus' parables and aphorisms. For example, Thomas confirms that Jesus blessed the poor and that this saying circulated independently before being combined with similar sayings in the [[Q source]].{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|pp=471–532}} However, the majority of scholars are sceptical about this text and believe it should be dated to the 2nd century AD.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Casey|first=Maurice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC|title=Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching|date=30 December 2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-567-64517-3|language=en|access-date=18 May 2021|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309232056/https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ|title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508481-8|language=en|access-date=1 May 2018|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309231638/https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Other select non-canonical Christian texts may also have value for historical Jesus research.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=17–62}} Early non-Christian sources that attest to the historical existence of Jesus include the works of the historians [[Josephus]] and [[Tacitus]].{{efn|Tuckett writes: "All this does at least render highly implausible any far-fetched theories that even Jesus' very existence was a Christian invention. The fact that Jesus existed, that he was crucified under Pontius Pilate (for whatever reason) and that he had a band of followers who continued to support his cause, seems to be part of the bedrock of historical tradition. If nothing else, the non-Christian evidence can provide us with certainty on that score."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Bockmuehl |editor-first= Markus N.A. |title=Sources and methods |first=Christopher |last=Tuckett |year=2001|encyclopedia= Cambridge Companion to Jesus|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79678-1|pages=123–24}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=431–36}}{{sfn|Van Voorst|2000|pp=39–53}} Josephus scholar [[Louis Feldman]] has stated that "few have doubted the genuineness" of Josephus's reference to Jesus in [[s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX#Chapter 9|book 20]] of the ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'', and it is disputed only by a small number of scholars.{{sfn|Van Voorst|2000| p= 83}}<ref>{{cite book|last= Maier|first= Paul L.|year= 1995|title= Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war|isbn= 978-0-8254-3260-6|page= 285|publisher= Kregel Academic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2Tu1Yp3n0EC&pg=PA285|access-date= 14 August 2015|archive-date= 7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907111405/https://books.google.com/books?id=c2Tu1Yp3n0EC&pg=PA285|url-status= live}}</ref> Tacitus referred to Christ and his execution by Pilate in [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15#44|book 15]] of his work ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]''. Scholars generally consider Tacitus's reference to the execution of Jesus to be both authentic and of historical value as an independent Roman source.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies|first=Craig A.|last=Evans|year=2001|isbn=978-0-391-04118-9|page=42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRcQ2bkLxc8C&pg=PA42|publisher=Brill|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910175221/https://books.google.com/books?id=DRcQ2bkLxc8C&pg=PA42|url-status=live}}</ref> Non-Christian sources are valuable in two ways. First, they show that even neutral or hostile parties never show any doubt that Jesus actually existed. Second, they present a rough picture of Jesus that is compatible with that found in the Christian sources: that Jesus was a teacher, had a reputation as a miracle worker, had a brother James, and died a violent death.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998}} Archaeology helps scholars better understand Jesus' social world.{{sfn|Reed|2002|p=18}} Recent archaeological work, for example, indicates that [[Capernaum]], a city important in Jesus' ministry, was poor and small, without even a [[Forum (Roman)|forum]] or an [[agora]].<ref name="Gowler">{{cite book |title=What are they saying about the historical Jesus?|url=https://archive.org/details/whataretheysayin0000gowl|first=David B. |last=Gowler |year=2007| isbn= 978-0-8091-4445-7|publisher=Paulist Press| page= [https://archive.org/details/whataretheysayin0000gowl/page/102 102]}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Jesus and archaeology |editor-first=James H. |editor-last=Charlesworth |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8028-4880-2 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoIS7VApH6cC&pg=PA127 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907182047/https://books.google.com/books?id=QoIS7VApH6cC&pg=PA127 |url-status=live }}</ref> This archaeological discovery resonates well with the scholarly view that Jesus advocated reciprocal sharing among the destitute in that area of Galilee.<ref name="Gowler" /> ===Chronology=== {{Main|Chronology of Jesus}} {{See also|Anno Domini{{!}}''Anno Domini''|Saturnalia#Influence}} {{Jewish Christianity}} Jesus was a Galilean Jew,{{sfn|Vermes|1981|pp=20, 26, 27, 29}} born around the beginning of the 1st century, who died in 30 or 33 AD in [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]].{{sfn|Humphreys|Waddington|1992|p=340}} The general scholarly consensus is that Jesus was a contemporary of [[John the Baptist]] and was crucified as ordered by the Roman governor [[Pontius Pilate]],{{sfn|Levine|2006|p=4}} who held office from 26 to 36 AD.{{sfn|Levine|2006|p=4}} The Gospels offer several indications concerning the year of Jesus' birth. Matthew 2:1 associates the birth of Jesus with the reign of [[Herod the Great]], who died around 4 BC, and Luke 1:5 mentions that Herod was on the throne shortly before the birth of Jesus,{{sfn|Maier|1989|pp=115–18}}{{sfn|Niswonger|1992|pp=121–22}} although this gospel also associates the birth with the [[Census of Quirinius]] which took place ten years later.{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=137–38}}{{sfn|Niswonger|1992|pp=122–24}} Luke 3:23 states that Jesus was "about thirty years old" at the start of his [[ministry of Jesus|ministry]], which according to Acts 10:37–38 was preceded by John the Baptist's ministry, which was recorded in Luke 3:1–2 to have begun in the 15th year of [[Tiberius]]'s reign (28 or 29 AD).{{sfn|Niswonger|1992|pp=121–22}}<ref name="Vermes2006">{{cite book | first = Géza | last = Vermes | title = The Nativity: History and Legend | publisher = Random House Digital | year = 2010 | pages = 81–82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9EiEU_Yz_kC&pg=PA81 | isbn = 978-0-307-49918-9 | access-date = 25 January 2016 | archive-date = 3 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503100006/https://books.google.com/books?id=a9EiEU_Yz_kC&pg=PA81 | url-status = live }}</ref> By collating the gospel accounts with historical data and using various other methods, most scholars arrive at a date of birth for Jesus between 6 and 4 BC,<ref name="Vermes2006" />{{sfn|Dunn|2003|p=324}} but some propose estimates that include a wider range.{{efn|For example, John P. Meier states that Jesus' birth year is ''c.'' 7/6 BC,{{sfn|Meier|1991|p=407}} while Finegan favours ''c.'' 3/2 BC.<ref name=Finegan>{{harvnb|Finegan|1998|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookbiblical00fine/page/n350 319]}}</ref>}} The date range for Jesus' ministry has been estimated using several different approaches.{{sfn|Köstenberger |Kellum|Quarles|2009|p=140}}{{sfn|Freedman|2000|p=249}} One of these applies the reference in Luke 3:1–2, Acts 10:37–38, and the dates of Tiberius's reign, which are well known, to give a date of around 28–29 AD for the start of Jesus' ministry.{{sfn|Maier|1989|pp=120–21}} Another approach estimates a date around 27–29 AD by using the statement about the temple in John 2:13–20, which asserts that the [[Second Temple|temple in Jerusalem]] was in its 46th year of construction at the start of Jesus' ministry, together with Josephus's statement<ref>{{Citation |last=Josephus |title=Book XV |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XV |work=The Antiquities of the Jews |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724214731/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XV |url-status=live }}.</ref> that the temple's reconstruction was started by Herod the Great in the 18th year of his reign.{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|p=140}}{{sfn|Maier|1989|p=123}} A further method uses the date of the [[Beheading of St. John the Baptist|death of John the Baptist]] and the marriage of [[Herod Antipas]] to [[Herodias]], based on the writings of Josephus, and correlates it with Matthew 14:4 and Mark 6:18.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Josephus on John the Baptist |encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Context |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMbEyeDSQQgC&pg=PA55 |access-date=25 January 2016 |last=Evans |first=Craig |editor-last1=Levine |editor-first=Amy-Jill |publication-place=Princeton, New Jersey, USA |pages=55–58 |isbn=978-0-691-00992-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503120729/https://books.google.com/books?id=wMbEyeDSQQgC&pg=PA55 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |editor-last2=Allison |editor-first3=John D. |editor-last3=Crossan |editor2-first=Dale C. |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Herodias: at home in that fox's den|url=https://archive.org/details/herodiasathomein0000gill|first= Florence M.|last= Gillman |year=2003| isbn= 978-0-8146-5108-7| pages=[https://archive.org/details/herodiasathomein0000gill/page/25 25]–30 |publisher= Liturgical Press}}</ref> Given that most scholars date the marriage of Herod and Herodias as AD 28–35, this yields a date about 28–29 AD.{{sfn|Freedman|2000|p=249}} A number of approaches have been used to estimate the year of the crucifixion of Jesus. Most scholars agree that he died in 30 or 33 AD.{{sfn|Humphreys|Waddington |1992|p=340}}{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles |2009|p=398}} The Gospels state that the event occurred during the prefecture of Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea from 26 to 36 AD.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=81–83}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Green |first=Joel B. |title=The gospel of Luke: New International Commentary on the New Testament Series |year=1997 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2315-1 |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzRVN2S8cVgC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425204312/https://books.google.com/books?id=wzRVN2S8cVgC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Carter|2003|pp=44–45}} The date for the [[conversion of Paul]] (estimated to be 33–36 AD) acts as an upper bound for the date of Crucifixion. The dates for Paul's conversion and ministry can be determined by analysing the [[Pauline epistles]] and the [[Acts of the Apostles]].{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum |Quarles |2009|pp=398–400}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Barnett|title=Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8308-2699-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NlFYY_iVt9cC&pg=PA21|publisher=InterVarsity Press|page=21|access-date=25 January 2016|archive-date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503144441/https://books.google.com/books?id=NlFYY_iVt9cC&pg=PA21|url-status=live}}</ref> Astronomers have tried to estimate the precise date of the Crucifixion by analysing lunar motion and calculating historic dates of [[Passover]], a festival based on the lunisolar [[Hebrew calendar]]. The most widely accepted dates derived from this method are 7 April 30 AD, and 3 April 33 AD (both [[Julian calendar|Julian]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pratt |first=J. P. |year=1991 |title=Newton's Date for the Crucifixion |url=http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/newton.html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=32 |pages=301–304 |bibcode=1991QJRAS..32..301P |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116085454/http://johnpratt.com/items/docs/newton.html |archive-date=16 January 2010 |access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> ===Historicity of events=== {{Main|Historicity of Jesus}} {{See also|Cultural and historical background of Jesus|History of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Historical criticism|Textual criticism|Historical reliability of the Gospels}} {{multiple image | footer = Roman senator and historian [[Tacitus]] (pictured left) mentioned the execution of "Christus" (Jesus) by Pilate in a passage describing the [[Great Fire of Rome]] and [[Nero]]'s persecution of Christians in the ''[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15#44|Annals]]'', a history of the Roman Empire during the 1st&nbsp;century. | align = right | image1 = Wien- Parlament-Tacitus.jpg | width1 = 150 | caption1 = | alt1=A white statue of a man | image2 = MII.png | width2 = 152 | caption2 = | alt2=An apparently old document }} Nearly all historians (both modern and historical) agree that Jesus was a real person who historically existed.{{efn|name=exist}} Scholars have reached a limited consensus on the basics of Jesus' life.<ref name="White">{{cite book |title=Scripting Jesus: The Gospels in Rewrite |url=https://archive.org/details/scriptingjesusgo0000whit |first=L. Michael |last=White |year=2010 |publisher=HarperOne}}</ref> ====Family==== {{See also|Brothers of Jesus}} Many scholars agree that Joseph, Jesus' father, died before Jesus began his ministry. Joseph is not mentioned in the Gospels during Jesus' ministry. Joseph's death would explain why in Mark 6:3, Jesus' neighbours refer to Jesus as the "son of Mary" (sons were usually identified by their fathers).{{sfn|Brown|1978|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA64 64]}} According to Theissen and Merz, it is common for extraordinary [[Charismatic authority|charismatic leaders]], such as Jesus, to come into conflict with their ordinary families.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|p=194}} In Mark, Jesus' family comes to get him, fearing that he is mad (Mark 3:20–34), and this account is thought to be historical because early Christians would likely not have invented it.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Robert W. Funk |last=Funk |first=Robert W. |author2-link=Jesus Seminar |author2=The Jesus Seminar |title=The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus |url=https://archive.org/details/actsofjesuswhatd00robe |publisher=HarperSanFrancisco |year=1998 |chapter=Mark |pages=[https://archive.org/details/actsofjesuswhatd00robe/page/51 51]–161}}</ref> After Jesus' death, many members of his family joined the Christian movement.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|p=194}} Jesus' brother [[James, brother of Jesus|James]] became a leader of the Jerusalem Church.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=James, St.}} [[Géza Vermes]] says that the doctrine of the [[virgin birth of Jesus]] arose from theological development rather than from historical events.{{sfn|Vermes|1981|p=283}} Despite the widely held view that the authors of the Synoptic Gospels drew upon each other (the so-called [[synoptic problem]]), other scholars take it as significant that the virgin birth is [[criterion of multiple attestation|attested]] by two separate gospels, Matthew and Luke.<ref>Bromiley, Geoffrey (1995) ''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia'', Eerdmans Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-8028-3784-4}}, p. 991.</ref>{{sfn|Keener|2009b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8C2Y_HaL5W0C&pg=PA83 83]}}<ref>Donald A. Hagner, ''Matthew 1–13'' (Paternoster Press 1993 {{ISBN|978-0-8499-0232-1}}), pp. 14–15, cited in the preceding.</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PbBz6-XcssC&pg=PA761 |page=761 |title=Christian Theology |isbn=978-1-4412-0010-5 |last1=Erickson |first1=Millard J. |date=August 1998 |publisher=Baker Publishing |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913031951/https://books.google.com/books?id=0PbBz6-XcssC&pg=PA761 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Christmas – Philosophy for Everyone: Better Than a Lump of Coal |first=Scott C. |last=Lowe |publisher=Wiley |date=20 September 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hYEngEACAAJ |page=28 |isbn=978-1-4443-3090-8 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913014940/https://books.google.com/books?id=2hYEngEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bruner |first=Frederick Dale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jZlfg1yxIEC&pg=PA41 |title=Matthew a Commentary: The Christbook, Matthew 1–12, Volume 1 |date=30 April 2004 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-1118-9 |page=41 |language=en |author-link=F. Dale Bruner |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913024157/https://books.google.com/books?id=5jZlfg1yxIEC&pg=PA41 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[E. P. Sanders]], the [[Nativity of Jesus|birth narratives]] in the [[Gospel of Matthew]] and the [[Gospel of Luke]] are the clearest case of invention in the Gospel narratives of Jesus' life. Both accounts have Jesus born in [[Bethlehem]], in accordance with Jewish salvation history, and both have him growing up in Nazareth. But Sanders points out that the two Gospels report completely different and irreconcilable explanations for how that happened. Luke's account of a census in which everyone returned to their ancestral cities is not plausible. Matthew's account is more plausible, but the story reads as though it was invented to identify Jesus as like a new [[Moses]], and the historian [[Josephus]] reports Herod the Great's brutality without ever mentioning that [[Massacre of the Innocents|he massacred little boys]].{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=85–88}} The contradictions between the two Gospels were probably apparent to the early Christians already, since attempts to harmonize the two narratives are already present in the earlier apocryphal [[infancy gospels]] (the [[Infancy Gospel of Thomas]] and the [[Gospel of James]]), which are dated to the 2nd century AD.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cousland|first=J. R. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMw6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|title=Holy Terror: Jesus in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas|date=16 November 2017|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-567-66817-2|language=en|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309232719/https://books.google.com/books?id=rMw6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gambero|first=Luigi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsZzsAtggnUC&q=L.+Gambero,+Mary+and+the+Fathers+of+the+Church|title=Mary and the Fathers of the Church: The Blessed Virgin Mary in Patristic Thought|date=1999|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=978-0-89870-686-4|language=en|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309232541/https://books.google.com/books?id=dsZzsAtggnUC&q=L.+Gambero,+Mary+and+the+Fathers+of+the+Church#v=snippet&q=L.%20Gambero%2C%20Mary%20and%20the%20Fathers%20of%20the%20Church&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Sanders says that the genealogies of Jesus are based not on historical information but on the authors' desire to show that Jesus was the universal Jewish saviour.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=80–91}} In any event, once the doctrine of the virgin birth of Jesus became established, that tradition superseded the earlier tradition that he was descended from [[David]] through Joseph.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|p=196}} The [[Gospel of Luke]] reports that Jesus was a [[Consanguinity|blood relative]] of [[John the Baptist]], but scholars generally consider this connection to be invented.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=80–91}}<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Robert W. Funk |last=Funk |first=Robert W. |author2-link=Jesus Seminar |author2=The Jesus Seminar |title=The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus |url=https://archive.org/details/actsofjesuswhatd00robe |publisher=HarperSanFrancisco |year=1998 |chapter=Birth & Infancy Stories |pages=[https://archive.org/details/actsofjesuswhatd00robe/page/497 497]–526}}</ref> ====Baptism==== [[File:ဗတ္တိဇံ.jpg|thumb|Baptism in the [[Jordan River]], the river where Jesus was baptized]] Most modern scholars consider Jesus' baptism to be a definite historical fact, along with his crucifixion.{{sfn|Dunn|2003|p=339}} Theologian [[James Dunn (theologian)|James D. G. Dunn]] states that they "command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus.{{sfn|Dunn|2003|p=339}} Scholars adduce the [[criterion of embarrassment]], saying that early Christians would not have invented a baptism that might imply that Jesus committed [[sin]]s and wanted to [[Repentance|repent]].{{sfn|Powell|1998|p=47}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Catherine|title=John the Baptist: Prophet of Purity for a New Age|year=2003|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5933-5|pages=29–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=so_G78SBXAoC&pg=PA29|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907065554/https://books.google.com/books?id=so_G78SBXAoC&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Theissen and Merz, Jesus was inspired by [[John the Baptist]] and took over from him many elements of his teaching.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|p=235}} ====Ministry in Galilee==== Most scholars hold that Jesus lived in [[Galilee]] and [[Judea]] and did not preach or study elsewhere.<ref name="Dunn303">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Spirit-Filled Experience of Jesus |encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Recent Research |publisher=Eisenbrauns |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC&pg=PA303 |access-date=14 August 2015 |last=Borg |first=Marcus J. |editor-last1=Dunn |editor-first=James D. G. |page=303 |isbn=978-1-57506-100-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910073549/https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC&pg=PA303 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |editor2-last=McKnight |editor2-first=Scot |url-status=live}}</ref> They agree that Jesus debated with Jewish authorities on the subject of God, performed some healings, taught in [[parable]]s and gathered followers.{{sfn|Levine|2006|p=4}} Jesus' Jewish critics considered his ministry to be scandalous because he feasted with sinners, fraternized with women, and allowed his followers to pluck grain on the Sabbath.{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|p=3}} According to Sanders, it is not plausible that disagreements over how to interpret the Law of Moses and the Sabbath would have led Jewish authorities to want Jesus killed.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=205–23}} According to Ehrman, Jesus taught that a coming kingdom was everyone's proper focus, not anything in this life.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|pp=167–70}} He taught about the Jewish Law, seeking its true meaning, sometimes in opposition to traditions.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|pp=164–67}} Jesus put love at the center of the Law, and following that Law was an apocalyptic necessity.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|pp=164–67}} His ethical teachings called for forgiveness, not judging others, loving enemies, and caring for the poor.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|pp=171–76}} Funk and Hoover note that typical of Jesus were [[paradox]]ical or surprising turns of phrase, such as advising one, when struck on the cheek, [[Turning the other cheek|to offer the other cheek]] to be struck as well.<ref>Luke 6:29.</ref>{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|p=294}} The Gospels portray Jesus teaching in well-defined sessions, such as the [[Sermon on the Mount]] in the Gospel of Matthew or the parallel [[Sermon on the Plain]] in Luke. According to Gerd Theissen and Annette Merz, these teaching sessions include authentic teachings of Jesus, but the scenes were invented by the respective evangelists to frame these teachings, which had originally been recorded without context.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=17–62}} While Jesus' [[miracle]]s fit within the social context of [[Ancient history|antiquity]], he defined them differently. First, he attributed them to the faith of those healed. Second, he connected them to [[Eschatology|end times]] prophecy.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|p=310}} Jesus chose [[Apostles in the New Testament|twelve disciples]] (the "Twelve"),{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=10}} evidently as an [[Apocalypticism|apocalyptic]] message.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|pp=186–87}} All three Synoptics mention the Twelve, although the names on Luke's list vary from those in Mark and Matthew, suggesting that Christians were not certain who all the disciples were.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|pp=186–87}} The twelve disciples might have represented the twelve original [[Twelve Tribes of Israel|tribes of Israel]], which would be restored once God's rule was instituted.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|pp=186–87}} The disciples were reportedly meant to be the rulers of the tribes in the coming Kingdom.<ref>Matthew 19:28, Luke 22:30.</ref>{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|pp=186–87}} According to Bart Ehrman, Jesus' promise that the Twelve would rule is historical, because the Twelve included [[Judas Iscariot]]. In Ehrman's view, no Christians would have invented a line from Jesus, promising rulership to the disciple who betrayed him.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|pp=186–87}} In Mark, the disciples play hardly any role other than a negative one. While others sometimes respond to Jesus with complete faith, his disciples are puzzled and doubtful.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=123–24}} They serve as a [[Foil (literature)|foil]] to Jesus and to other characters.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=123–24}} The failings of the disciples are probably exaggerated in Mark, and the disciples make a better showing in Matthew and Luke.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=123–24}} Sanders says that Jesus' mission was not about [[repentance]], although he acknowledges that this opinion is unpopular. He argues that repentance appears as a strong theme only in Luke, that repentance was [[John the Baptist]]'s message, and that Jesus' ministry would not have been scandalous if the sinners he ate with had been repentant.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=230–36}} According to Theissen and Merz, Jesus taught that God was generously giving people an opportunity to repent.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|p=336}} ====Role==== Jesus taught that an apocalyptic figure, the "[[Son of man (Christianity)|Son of Man]]", would soon come on clouds of glory to gather the elect, or chosen ones.<ref>Mark 13:24–27, Matthew 24:29–31, and Luke 21:25–28.</ref> He referred to himself as a "[[son of man]]" in the colloquial sense of "a person", but scholars do not know whether he also meant himself when he referred to the heavenly "Son of Man". [[Paul the Apostle]] and other early Christians interpreted the "Son of Man" as the risen Jesus.<ref name="Britannica" /> The Gospels refer to Jesus not only as a messiah but in the absolute form as "the Messiah" or, equivalently, "the Christ". In early Judaism, this absolute form of the title is not found, but only phrases such as "his messiah". The tradition is ambiguous enough to leave room for debate as to whether Jesus defined his [[Eschatology|eschatological]] role as that of the messiah.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Messiah}} The Jewish messianic tradition included many different forms, some of them focused on a messiah figure and others not.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=533–40}} Based on the Christian tradition, [[Gerd Theissen]] advances the hypothesis that Jesus saw himself in messianic terms but did not claim the title "Messiah".{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=533–40}} Bart Ehrman argues that Jesus did consider himself to be the messiah, albeit in the sense that he would be the king of the new political order that God would usher in,<ref>{{cite web|last=Ehrman|first=Bart|url=http://ehrmanblog.org/judas-and-the-messianic-secret/|title=Judas and the Messianic Secret|website=The Bart Ehrman Blog|date=1 December 2015|access-date=15 February 2016|archive-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223091403/http://ehrmanblog.org/judas-and-the-messianic-secret/|url-status=live}}</ref> not in the sense that most people today think of the term.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ehrman|first=Bart|url=http://ehrmanblog.org/jesus-claim-to-be-the-messiah/|title=Jesus' Claim to be the Messiah|website=The Bart Ehrman Blog|date=1 December 2015|access-date=15 February 2016|archive-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223082758/http://ehrmanblog.org/jesus-claim-to-be-the-messiah/|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Passover and crucifixion in Jerusalem==== Around AD 30, Jesus and his followers travelled from [[Galilee]] to [[Jerusalem]] to observe [[Passover]].{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=10}} Jesus caused a disturbance in the [[Second Temple]],{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=11}} which was the center of Jewish religious and civil authority. Sanders associates it with Jesus' prophecy that the Temple would be totally demolished.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=254–62}} Jesus held a last meal with his disciples, which is the origin of the [[Eucharist|Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist]]. His words as recorded in the Synoptic gospels and Paul's [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|First Letter to the Corinthians]] do not entirely agree, but this meal appears to have pointed to Jesus' place in the coming Kingdom of God when very probably Jesus knew he was about to be killed, although he may have still hoped that God might yet intervene.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=263–64}} The Gospels say that Jesus was betrayed to the authorities by a disciple, and many scholars consider this report to be highly reliable.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Jesus Christ}} He was executed on the orders of [[Pontius Pilate]], the Roman [[prefect]] of [[Judea (Roman province)|Judaea]].{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=11}} Pilate most likely saw Jesus' reference to the Kingdom of God as a threat to Roman authority and worked with the Temple elites to have Jesus executed.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=465–66}} The Sadducean high-priestly leaders of the Temple more plausibly had Jesus executed for political reasons than for his teaching.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Jesus Christ}} They may have regarded him as a threat to stability, especially after he caused a disturbance at the Second Temple.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Jesus Christ}}<ref name="JE1906">{{cite web |last1=Jacobs |first1=Joseph |last2=Kohler |first2=Kaufmann |last3=Gottheil |first3=Richard |last4=Krauss |first4=Samuel |title=Jesus of Nazareth |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8616-jesus-of-nazareth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226102548/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8616-jesus-of-nazareth |archive-date=26 February 2016 |website=Jewish Encyclopedia}} See ''Avodah Zarah 17a:1'', ''Sanhedrin 43a:20'', ''Gittin 57a:3–4'', and ''Sotah 47a:6''.</ref> Other factors, such as Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, may have contributed to this decision.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=269–73}} Most scholars consider Jesus' crucifixion to be factual, because early Christians would not have invented the painful death of their leader.{{sfn|Dunn|2003|p=339}}{{sfn|Meier|2006|pp=126–28}} ====After crucifixion==== [[File:The Resurrection Beaufort arms in border (f. 131) Cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The Resurrection of Christ from a 16th-century manuscript of ''La Passion de Nostre Seigneur'']] After Jesus' death, his followers said he was restored to life, although exact details of their experiences are unclear. The gospel reports contradict each other, possibly suggesting competition among those claiming to have seen him first rather than deliberate fraud.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=276–81}} On the other hand, [[L. Michael White]] suggests that inconsistencies in the Gospels reflect differences in the agendas of their unknown authors.<ref name="White" /> The followers of Jesus formed a community to wait for his return and the founding of his kingdom.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=11}} ===Portraits of Jesus=== {{Main|Historical Jesus|Quest for the historical Jesus}} Modern research on the historical Jesus has not led to a unified picture of the historical figure, partly because of the variety of academic traditions represented by the scholars.{{sfn|Theissen|Winter|2002|pp=4–5}} Given the scarcity of historical sources, it is generally difficult for any scholar to construct a portrait of Jesus that can be considered historically valid beyond the basic elements of his life.{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=117–25}}{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|pp=22–23}} The portraits of Jesus constructed in these quests often differ from each other, and from the image portrayed in the Gospels.{{sfn|Theissen|Winter|2002|p=5}}{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Historical Jesus, Quest of the}} Jesus is seen as the founder of, in the words of Sanders, a "renewal movement within Judaism". One of the criteria used to discern historical details in the "third quest" is the criterion of plausibility, relative to Jesus' Jewish context and to his influence on Christianity. A disagreement in contemporary research is whether Jesus was [[Apocalypticism|apocalyptic]]. Most scholars conclude that he was an apocalyptic preacher, like [[John the Baptist]] and [[Paul the Apostle]]. In contrast, certain prominent North American scholars, such as [[Burton Mack]] and John Dominic Crossan, advocate for a non-[[Eschatology|eschatological]] Jesus, one who is more of a Cynic [[Sage (philosophy)|sage]] than an apocalyptic preacher.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=1–15}} In addition to portraying Jesus as an apocalyptic prophet, a charismatic healer or a [[Cynicism (philosophy)|cynic philosopher]], some scholars portray him as the true messiah or an [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] prophet of [[social change]].<ref name="CambHist23">{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Christianity|volume=1|first1=Margaret M.|last1=Mitchell|first2=Frances M.|last2=Young|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-81239-9|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UTfmw_zStsC&pg=PA23|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907180601/https://books.google.com/books?id=6UTfmw_zStsC&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=124–25}} However, the attributes described in the portraits sometimes overlap, and scholars who differ on some attributes sometimes agree on others.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Why Study the Historical Jesus? | encyclopedia=Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus | publisher=Brill | year=2011 | first=Colin | last=Brown | page=1416 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LuKMmVu0tpMC&pg=PA1416 | isbn=978-90-04-16372-0 | editor1-first=Tom | editor1-last=Holmen | editor2-first=Stanley E. | editor2-last=Porter | access-date=14 August 2015 | archive-date=10 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910170524/https://books.google.com/books?id=LuKMmVu0tpMC&pg=PA1416 | url-status=live }}</ref> Since the 18th century, scholars have occasionally put forth that Jesus was a political national messiah, but the evidence for this portrait is negligible. Likewise, the proposal that Jesus was a [[Zealots (Judea)|Zealot]] does not fit with the earliest strata of the Synoptic tradition.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Jesus Christ}} ===Language, ethnicity, and appearance=== {{further|Language of Jesus|Race and appearance of Jesus}} [[File:CompositeJesus.JPG|thumb|The ethnicity of Jesus in art has been influenced by cultural settings.{{sfn|Houlden|2006|pp=63–99}}<ref name="Erricker44" />|alt=Twelve depictions of Jesus from around the world]] Jesus grew up in Galilee and much of his ministry took place there.{{sfn|Green|McKnight|Marshall|1992|p=442}} The languages spoken in Galilee and Judea during the 1st century AD include [[Jewish Palestinian Aramaic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [[Koine Greek|Greek]], with Aramaic being predominant.<ref name="BarrLang">{{cite journal|first=James|last=Barr|title=Which language did Jesus speak|journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester|year=1970|volume=53|issue=1|pages=9–29|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2973|doi=10.7227/BJRL.53.1.2|access-date=27 July 2011|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203184449/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2973|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Porter110">{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Stanley E. |url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktoexeges00port |title=Handbook to exegesis of the New Testament |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |isbn=978-90-04-09921-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbooktoexeges00port/page/n124 110]–112 |language=en |url-access=limited}}</ref> There is substantial consensus that Jesus gave most of his teachings in Aramaic{{sfn|Dunn|2003|pp=313–15}} in the [[Galilean dialect]].<ref name="Allen C. Myers">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1987 |title=Aramaic |encyclopedia=The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary |publisher=William B. Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |url=https://archive.org/details/eerdmansbibledic00myer/page/72 |editor=Myers |editor-first=Allen C. |page=[https://archive.org/details/eerdmansbibledic00myer/page/72 72] |isbn=978-0-8028-2402-8 |quote=It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Israel in the first century AD. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73).}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32043/Aramaic-language |title=Aramaic language |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=27 June 2019 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427072726/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32043/Aramaic-language |url-status=live }}</ref> Other than Aramaic and Hebrew, it is likely that he was also able to speak in [[Koine Greek]].<ref>{{Cite book | last=Porter | first=Stanley E. | author-link=Stanley E. Porter | title=Handbook to exegesis of the New Testament | url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktoexeges0025unse | publisher=Brill | year=1997 | isbn=90-04-09921-2 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbooktoexeges0025unse/page/110 110]–112 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last=Hoffmann | first=R. Joseph | title=Jesus in history and myth | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=1986 | isbn=0-87975-332-3 | page=98 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Interpretation of Scripture in Early Judaism and Christianity: Studies in Language and Tradition|first=Craig A.|last=Evans|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1841270760|date=1 June 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbbUAwAAQBAJ&dq=G.R.+Selby,+Jesus,+Aramaic+and+Greek&pg=PA244|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906220012/https://books.google.com/books?id=WbbUAwAAQBAJ&dq=G.R.+Selby,+Jesus,+Aramaic+and+Greek&pg=PA244|url-status=live}}</ref> Modern scholars agree that Jesus was a Jew of 1st-century [[Judea]].{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|p= 96}} ''[[Ioudaios]]'' in New Testament Greek{{efn|In the New Testament, Jesus is described as Jewish / Judean (''[[Ioudaios]]'' as written in Koine Greek) on three occasions: by the Magi in [[Matthew 2]], who referred to Jesus as "King of the Jews" (''basileus ton ioudaion''); by both the [[Samaritan woman at the well]] and by Jesus himself in [[John 4]]; and (in all four gospels) during the Passion, by the Romans, who also used the phrase "King of the Jews".<ref>{{cite journal|first=John |last=Elliott|journal= Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus |year=2007|volume= 5|issue= 119|title=Jesus the Israelite Was Neither a 'Jew' nor a 'Christian': On Correcting Misleading Nomenclature|page=119|doi=10.1177/1476869007079741|doi-access=free}}</ref>}} is a term which in the contemporary context may refer to religion ([[Second Temple Judaism]]), ethnicity (of Judea), or both.<ref>{{cite book |last=Garroway |first=Rabbi Joshua |url=https://archive.org/details/jewishannotatedn0000unse/page/524 |title=The Jewish Annotated New Testament |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-529770-6 |editor=Levine |editor-first=Amy-Jill |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jewishannotatedn0000unse/page/524 524–526] |chapter=Ioudaios |editor2=Brettler |editor-first2=Marc Z. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZRJ5zXUI2QC&pg=PA524}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=David M.|last=Miller|title=The Meaning of ''Ioudaios'' and its Relationship to Other Group Labels in Ancient 'Judaism'|journal=Currents in Biblical Research|volume=9|issue=1|date=2010|pages=98–126|doi=10.1177/1476993X09360724|s2cid=144383064}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Steve |last=Mason |title=Jews, Judaeans, Judaizing, Judaism: Problems of Categorization in Ancient History |journal=Journal for the Study of Judaism |volume=38 |issue=4 |date=2007 |pages=457–512 |url=http://www.stevemason.eu/resources/SMason-JSJ-2007-Jews-Judaism.pdf |doi=10.1163/156851507X193108 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325062826/http://www.stevemason.eu/resources/SMason-JSJ-2007-Jews-Judaism.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2015}}</ref> In a review of the state of modern scholarship, [[Amy-Jill Levine]] writes that the entire question of ethnicity is "fraught with difficulty", and that "beyond recognizing that 'Jesus was Jewish', rarely does the scholarship address what being 'Jewish' means".{{sfn|Levine|2006|p=10}} The New Testament gives no description of the physical appearance of Jesus before his death—it is generally indifferent to racial appearances and does not refer to the features of the people it mentions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Robin M. |last=Jensen |title=Jesus in Christian art|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Companion to Jesus|editor-first=Delbert|editor-last= Burkett|year= 2010 |isbn= 978-1-4443-5175-0 |pages= 477–502 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons}}</ref><ref name="Perkinson30">{{cite book |last=Perkinson |first=Stephen |title=The likeness of the king: a prehistory of portraiture in late medieval France |url=https://archive.org/details/likenessofkingpr0000perk |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-65879-7 |location=Chicago, Illinois, USA |page=[https://archive.org/details/likenessofkingpr0000perk/page/30 30] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Kidd48">{{cite book|title=The forging of races: race and scripture in the Protestant Atlantic world|url=https://archive.org/details/forgingracesrace00kidd|url-access=limited|first= Colin|last= Kidd|year= 2006| isbn =978-1-139-45753-8 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages= [https://archive.org/details/forgingracesrace00kidd/page/n57 48]–51}}</ref> Jesus probably looked like a typical Jewish man of his time and place; standing around {{convert|166|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} tall with a thin but fit build, [[Olive skin|olive-brown skin]], brown eyes and short, dark hair. He also likely had a beard that was not particularly long or heavy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Joan E. |title=What did Jesus look like? |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc |location=London |page=168|isbn=978-0-567-67150-9 |edition=1st |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/what-did-jesus-look-like-9780567671509/ |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222012/https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/what-did-jesus-look-like-9780567671509/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His clothing may have suggested poverty, consisting of a mantle (shawl) with tassels, a knee-length basic tunic and sandals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Joan |title=What Did Jesus Wear? |url=https://getpocket.com/explore/item/what-did-jesus-wear |website=Pocket |publisher=Mozilla |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520060147/https://getpocket.com/explore/item/what-did-jesus-wear |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Christ myth theory=== {{Main|Christ myth theory}} The Christ myth theory is the hypothesis that Jesus of Nazareth never existed; or if he did, that he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity and the accounts in the [[gospels]].{{efn|Ehrman writes: "In simpler terms, the historical Jesus did not exist. Or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity." Further quoting as authoritative the fuller definition provided by [[Earl Doherty]] in ''Jesus: Neither God Nor Man''. Age of Reason, 2009, pp. vii–viii: it is "the theory that no historical Jesus worthy of the name existed, that Christianity began with a belief in a spiritual, mythical figure, that the Gospels are essentially allegory and fiction, and that no single identifiable person lay at the root of the Galilean preaching tradition."{{sfn|Ehrman|2012|p=12}}}} Stories of Jesus' birth, along with other key events, have so many mythic elements that some scholars have suggested that Jesus himself was a myth.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=113–15}} [[Bruno Bauer]] (1809–1882) taught that the first Gospel was a work of literature that produced history rather than described it.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|p=90}} According to [[Albert Kalthoff]] (1850–1906), a social movement produced Jesus when it encountered Jewish messianic expectations.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|p=90}} [[Arthur Drews]] (1865–1935) saw Jesus as the concrete form of a myth that predated Christianity.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|p=90}} Despite arguments put forward by authors who have questioned the existence of a [[historical Jesus]], virtually all scholars of antiquity accept that Jesus was a historical figure and consider Christ myth theory fringe.<ref>[[Bart Ehrman]]: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees, based on certain and clear evidence." B. Ehrman, 2011 ''Forged: writing in the name of God,'' {{ISBN|978-0-06-207863-6}}. pp. 256–257.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gullotta |first=Daniel N.|title=On Richard Carrier's Doubts: A Response to Richard Carrier's On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt|journal=Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus|year=2017|volume=15|issue=2–3|pages=312|quote=[Per Jesus mythicism] Given the fringe status of these theories, the vast majority have remained unnoticed and unaddressed within scholarly circles.|doi=10.1163/17455197-01502009}}</ref><ref name="DunnPaul35">[[James D.G. Dunn|James D. G. Dunn]] "Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus" in ''Sacrifice and Redemption'' edited by S. W. Sykes (3 December 2007) Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|978-0-521-04460-8}} pp. 35–36.</ref><ref name="Then' 2004 page 34">Richard A. Burridge and Graham Gould (1 April 2004)''. Jesus Now and Then,'' {{ISBN|978-0-8028-0977-3}} p. 34.</ref><ref name="Jesus' page 200">Michael Grant (2004)''. Jesus'' {{ISBN|978-1-898799-88-7}} p. 200.</ref><ref name="Jesus' page 145">[[Graham Stanton]] (1989), ''The Gospels and Jesus''. {{ISBN|978-0-19-213241-3}} Oxford University Press, p. 145.</ref><ref name="voorst16">[[Robert E. Van Voorst]]. ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence.'' Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-8028-4368-5}} p. 16.</ref> ==Religious perspectives== {{Main|Religious perspectives on Jesus}} Jesus' teachings and the retelling of his life story have significantly influenced the course of [[human history]], and have directly or indirectly affected the lives of billions of people, even non-Christians.<ref>''The Cambridge companion to Jesus'' edited by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 {{ISBN|0-521-79678-4}} pp. 156–157.</ref><ref>C. Stephen Evans (1996)''. The historical Christ and the Jesus of faith'', Oxford University Press {{ISBN|0-19-826397-X}} p. v.</ref> He is considered by many people to be the most influential figure to have ever lived, finding a significant place in numerous cultural contexts.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bauckham|first1=Richard|title=Jesus: A Very Short Introduction|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0199575275|pages=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Steven |last1=Skiena |first2=Charles B. |last2=Ward |date=10 January 2014 |title=Who's the most significant historical figure? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/30/whos-most-significant-historical-figure |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204180532/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/30/whos-most-significant-historical-figure |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from his own disciples and followers,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jewish believers in Jesus: the early centuries |last1=Skarsaune |first1=Oskar |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-56563-763-4 |page=55 |last2=Hvalvik |first2=Reidar |url=https://archive.org/details/jewishbelieversi0000unse/page/55}}</ref> the Jews of Jesus' day generally [[Rejection of Jesus|rejected him as the messiah]],{{sfn|Levine|2007|p=61}} as does Judaism today.{{sfn|Levine|2007|p=17}} Christian theologians, [[ecumenical council]]s, reformers and others have written extensively about Jesus over the centuries. [[Christian denomination]]s have often been defined or characterized by their descriptions of Jesus. Meanwhile, [[Manichaeism|Manichaeans]], [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]], [[Muslims]], [[Druze]]s,<ref name=Hitti>{{cite book|title=The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings| first= Philip K.|last= Hitti|year= 1928| isbn= 978-1-4655-4662-3| page =37 |publisher=Library of Alexandria}}</ref> the [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]], and others, have found prominent places for Jesus in their religions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2001 |title=The quest for the real Jesus |encyclopedia=Cambridge companion to Jesus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA156 |access-date=14 August 2015 |last=Watson |first=Francis |editor-last=Bockmuehl |editor-first=Markus N. A. |pages=156–157 |isbn=978-0-521-79678-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910064807/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA156 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The historical Christ and the Jesus of faith|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalchrist0000evan_q3j3|first= C. Stephen|last= Evans |year=1996|publisher= Oxford University Press| isbn= 978-0-19-152042-6 |page= v}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Blackwell Companion to Jesus|last= Delbert|first= Burkett|year= 2010| isbn= 978-1-4443-5175-0 |page= 1 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons}}</ref> ===Christianity=== {{Main|Jesus in Christianity|Christ (title)|Christology}} [[File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg|thumb|right|The [[Trinity]] is the belief in Christianity that God is one God in three persons: [[God the Father]], [[God the Son]] ([[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]]), and [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|God the Holy Spirit]].]] [[File:Christ with beard.jpg|thumb|right|Jesus is depicted with the [[Alpha and Omega]] letters in the [[Catacombs of Rome]] from the 4th&nbsp;century.]] Jesus is the central figure of Christianity.{{sfn|McGrath|2006|pp=4–6}} Although Christian views of Jesus vary, it is possible to summarize the key beliefs shared among major [[Christian denomination|denominations]], as stated in their [[catechism|catechetical]] or [[Confessionalism (religion)|confessional]] texts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first= Gregory L. |title= Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant: a doctrinal comparison|year= 1993 |isbn= 978-0-615-16635-3| pages= 11–17 |publisher=Christian News}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to Its History, Doctrine|first= John A.|last= McGuckin |year=2010| pages= 6–7 |isbn=978-1-4443-9383-5 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Basic Christian doctrine|url=https://archive.org/details/basicchristiando00leit|last=Leith|first=John H.|year= 1993 |isbn= 978-0-664-25192-5 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/basicchristiando00leit/page/1 1]–2 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press}}</ref> Christian views of Jesus are derived from the texts of the [[New Testament]], including the [[canonical gospels]] and letters such as the [[Pauline epistles]] and the [[Johannine writings]]. These documents outline the key beliefs held by Christians about Jesus, including his divinity, humanity, and earthly life, and that he is the Christ and the [[Son of God (Christianity)|Son of God]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Schreiner|first=Thomas R.|title=New Testament Theology: Magnifying God in Christ|year=2008|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-0-8010-2680-5|pages=23–37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elw8xkVeTTUC&pg=PA23|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910052649/https://books.google.com/books?id=elw8xkVeTTUC&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite their many shared beliefs, not all Christian denominations agree on all doctrines, and both [[East–West Schism|major and minor differences]] on teachings and beliefs have persisted throughout Christianity for centuries.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Great Schism}} The New Testament states that the [[resurrection of Jesus]] is the foundation of the Christian faith.<ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians#15:12|1 Corinthians 15:12–20]].</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/137622/The-Letter-of-Paul-to-the-Corinthians | title=The Letter of Paul to the Corinthians | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date=26 June 2013 | archive-date=12 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512045839/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/137622/The-Letter-of-Paul-to-the-Corinthians | url-status=live }}</ref> Christians believe that through his sacrificial death and resurrection, humans can be [[reconciliation (theology)|reconciled with God]] and are thereby offered [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] and the promise of [[Eternal life (Christianity)|eternal life]].<ref name="Oxford Companion">{{cite book|title=Oxford Companion to the Bible|first1=Bruce M.|last1= Metzger|first2= Michael D.|last2= Coogan| page= [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/649 649]| publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458 |url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-19-974391-9|year=1993}}</ref> Recalling the words of [[John the Baptist]] in the [[gospel of John]], these doctrines sometimes refer to Jesus as the [[Lamb of God]], who was crucified to fulfill his role as the servant of God.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Christology of the New Testament|first= Oscar |last=Cullmann |year=1959 |isbn= 978-0-664-24351-7| page= 79 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Christology of Anselm of Canterbury|first= Dániel|last= Deme|year= 2004| isbn= 978-0-7546-3779-0 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages= 199–200}}</ref> Jesus is thus seen as the [[new Adam|new and last Adam]], whose obedience contrasts with [[Fall of man|Adam's disobedience]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Systematic Theology| volume= 2|first= Wolfhart |last=Pannenberg |author-link=Wolfhart Pannenberg |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-567-08466-8 |pages= 297–303 |publisher=Continuum}}</ref> Christians view Jesus as a role model, whose God-focused life believers are encouraged to imitate.{{sfn|McGrath|2006|pp=4–6}} At present, most Christians believe that Jesus is both human and the Son of God.{{sfn|Ehrman|2014}} While there has been [[Christological controversies|theological debate]] over his nature,{{efn|Following the [[Apostolic Age]], there was fierce and often politicized debate in the [[Early centers of Christianity|early church]] on many interrelated issues. [[Christology]] was a major focus of these debates, and was addressed at every one of the [[first seven ecumenical councils]]. Some early beliefs viewed Jesus as ontologically subordinate to the Father ([[Subordinationism]]), and others considered him an aspect of the Father rather than a separate person ([[Sabellianism]]), both were condemned as heresies by the Catholic Church.<ref name=Britannica />{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Antitrinitarianism}} The Church resolved the issues in ancient councils, which established the Holy Trinity, with Jesus both fully human and fully God.<ref name=Britannica />}} Trinitarian Christians generally believe that Jesus is the Logos, God's incarnation and [[God the Son]], both fully divine and fully human. However, the doctrine of the Trinity is not universally accepted among Christians.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Antitrinitarianism|url=http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/A597.html|last=Friedmann|first=Robert|encyclopedia=Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia|access-date=24 October 2012|archive-date=20 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020232847/http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/A597.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Blessed Trinity|first=George H. |last= Joyce}}</ref> With the [[Reformation]], Christians such as [[Michael Servetus]] and the [[Socinian]]s started questioning the ancient creeds that had established Jesus' two natures.<ref name="Britannica" /> Nontrinitarian Christian groups include [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]],<ref>{{citation |title= Mormonism 101: What is Mormonism |url=http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/mormonism-101 |work= MormonNewsroom.org |publisher= LDS Church |access-date= 21 October 2014 |date= 13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021175426/http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/mormonism-101 |archive-date= 21 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]] and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005 |loc=Antitrinitarianism}} Christians revere not only Jesus himself, but also [[Name of Jesus|his name]]. Devotions to the [[Holy Name of Jesus]] go back to the earliest days of Christianity.<ref>{{cite book|title=Outlines of dogmatic theology | volume=2 |first= Sylvester |last=Hunter|year= 2010| isbn= 978-1-177-95809-7 |page= 443 |publisher=Nabu Press}}</ref>{{sfn|Houlden|2006|p=426}} These devotions and feasts exist in both [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]] and [[Western Christianity]].{{sfn|Houlden|2006|p=426}} ===Judaism's view=== {{Main|Judaism's view of Jesus}} {{See also|Jesus in the Talmud}} Judaism rejects the idea of Jesus (or any future Jewish messiah) being God,<ref name="JE1906" /> or a mediator to God, or part of a Trinity.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kessler|first=Ed|title=Jesus the Jew|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/thepassion/articles/jesus_the_jew.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 June 2013|archive-date=7 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207081354/http://www.bbc.co.uk/thepassion/articles/jesus_the_jew.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> It holds that Jesus is not the messiah, arguing that he neither fulfilled the messianic prophecies in the [[Tanakh]] nor embodied the personal qualifications of the messiah.<ref>{{cite book |first=Asher |last=Norman |title=Twenty-six reasons why Jews don't believe in Jesus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx5qrKz6dRMC&pg=PA59 |publisher=Feldheim Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-9771937-0-7 |pages=59–70 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910065007/https://books.google.com/books?id=tx5qrKz6dRMC&pg=PA59 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jews argue that Jesus did not fulfill prophecies to build the [[Third Temple]],<ref>{{Bibleverse|Ezekiel|37:26–28|HE}}.</ref> gather Jews back to Israel,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Isaiah|43:5–6|HE}}.</ref> bring world peace,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Isaiah|2:4|HE}}.</ref> and unite humanity under the God of Israel.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Zechariah|14:9|HE}}.</ref><ref name="simmons">{{Cite web |last=Tzvi |date=9 May 2009 |others=Simmons, Rabbi Shraga |title=Do Jews Believe In Jesus? {{!}} Aish |url=https://aish.com/why-jews-dont-believe-in-jesus/ |access-date=24 July 2023 |website=Aish.com |language=en-US |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825033652/https://aish.com/why-jews-dont-believe-in-jesus/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, according to Jewish tradition, there were no prophets after [[Malachi]],<ref>{{cite web |last= Simmons |first= Shraga |url=http://www.aish.com/jewishissues/jewishsociety/Why_Jews_Dont_Believe_In_Jesus.asp |title= Why Jews Do not Believe in Jesus |date= 6 March 2004 |publisher= Aish.com |access-date= 24 February 2006 |archive-date= 16 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316040138/http://www.aish.com/jewishissues/jewishsociety/Why_Jews_Dont_Believe_In_Jesus.asp |url-status= live }}</ref> who delivered his prophecies in the 5th century BC.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Malachi, Book of | encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia | access-date=3 July 2013 |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10321-malachi-book-of | archive-date=18 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518045350/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10321-malachi-book-of | url-status=live }}</ref> Judaic criticism of Jesus is long-standing, and includes a [[Jesus in the Talmud|range of stories]] in the [[Talmud]], written and compiled from the 3rd to the 5th century AD.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Talmud | encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia | access-date=3 July 2013 |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14213-talmud | archive-date=6 September 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906061120/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=32&letter=T | url-status=live }}</ref> In one such story, ''[[Yeshu]] HaNozri'' ("Jesus the Nazarene"), a lewd apostate, is executed by the Jewish high court for spreading idolatry and practising magic.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations |first1=Edward |last1=Kessler |first2=Neil |last2=Wenborn |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-44750-8 |page=416 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkI_JNv3rIwC&pg=PA416 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907090106/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkI_JNv3rIwC&pg=PA416 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to some, the form Yeshu is an [[acronym]] which in Hebrew reads: "may his name and memory be blotted out".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Neuhaus |first=David M. |title=How Israeli Jews' Fear of Christianity Turned Into Hatred |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-02-06/ty-article/.highlight/how-israeli-jews-fear-of-christianity-turned-into-hatred/0000017f-dbd5-d3ff-a7ff-fbf562150000 |access-date=24 July 2023 |quote=The religious public in Israel is in many cases aware of the traditional interpretation of the term "Yeshu": an acronym in Hebrew for "may his name and memory be blotted out. |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327165613/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-02-06/ty-article/.highlight/how-israeli-jews-fear-of-christianity-turned-into-hatred/0000017f-dbd5-d3ff-a7ff-fbf562150000 |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority of contemporary scholars consider that this material provides no information on the historical Jesus.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=74–75}} The ''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', a late 12th-century work of [[Halakha|Jewish law]] written by [[Moses Maimonides]], states that Jesus is a "stumbling block" who makes "the majority of the world to err and serve a god other than the Lord".<ref>{{cite book|last=Jeffrey|first=Grant R.|title=Heaven: The Mystery of Angels|year=2009|publisher=Random House Digital|isbn=978-0-307-50940-6|page=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCW8fjiE-DYC&pg=PA108|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914213327/https://books.google.com/books?id=xCW8fjiE-DYC&pg=PA108|url-status=live}}</ref> Medieval Hebrew literature contains the anecdotal "Episode of Jesus" (known also as ''[[Toledot Yeshu]]''), in which Jesus is described as being the son of Joseph, the son of [[Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera|Pandera]] (see: [[s:Translation:Story of Jesus|''Episode of Jesus'']]). The account portrays Jesus as an impostor.<ref name="Sutcliffe2005">{{cite book |author=Sutcliffe |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjilDDXfmqEC&pg=PA141 |title=Judaism and Enlightenment |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-67232-0 |pages=141– |access-date=11 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208000728/https://books.google.com/books?id=vjilDDXfmqEC&pg=PA141 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Manichaeism=== {{Main|Jesus in Manichaeism}} [[Manichaeism]] was the first organized religion outside of Christianity to venerate Jesus.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57nFeeC3GKoC&q=Mani+declared+he+was+an+apostle+of+Jesus&pg=PA315 |title=The Manichean Debate |access-date=18 August 2012|isbn=978-1-56548-247-0|year=2006|author=Augustine of Hippo|publisher=New City Press |author-link=Augustine of Hippo|editor=Ramsey, Boniface |editor-link=Boniface Ramsey}}</ref><ref name="Reeves1996">{{cite book |author=Reeves |first=John C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewM1xTuRQaoC&pg=PA6 |title=Heralds of That Good Realm: Syro-Mesopotamian Gnosis and Jewish Traditions |publisher=Brill |year=1996 |isbn=978-90-04-10459-4 |pages=6– |access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=1930 |title=Manichaeism |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |last=Bevan |first=A. A. |editor-last=Hastings |editor-first=James |volume=8 |isbn=978-0-7661-3666-3}}</ref> He is considered one of the four prophets, along with [[Zoroaster]], [[Gautama Buddha]], and [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gulácsi |first=Zsuzsanna |date=2015 |title=Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China |series=Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies |volume=90 |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30894-7 |url=https://gnosis.study/library/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/ENG/Gul%C3%A1csi%20Z.%20-%20Mani's%20Pictures.pdf}}</ref><ref name="SNC Lieu">{{cite book |title=Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China |first=Samuel N. C. |last=Lieu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmNPz9teHqUC&q=manichaeism+divinity+of+Jesus&pg=PA161 |isbn=978-3-16-145820-0 |date= 1992 |publisher=J.C.B. Mohr }}</ref> ===Islam=== {{Main|Jesus in Islam}} {{Islamic prophets}} [[File:Virgin Mary and Jesus (old Persian miniature).jpg|thumb|upright=.9|[[Persian miniature]] of Mary and Jesus]] A major figure in Islam,<ref name="uscsite">{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php#004.157 |title=Quran 3:46–158 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501064500/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php |archive-date=1 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Siddiqui">{{cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=Mona |title=Christians, Muslims, and Jesus |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2013 |author-link = Mona Siddiqui |url=https://archive.org/details/christiansmuslim0000sidd |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-300-16970-6 }}</ref><ref name="CEI" /> Jesus (often referred to by his Quranic name {{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[Isa (name)|''ʿĪsā'']]}}) is considered to be a [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|messenger]] of [[God in Islam|God]] and the messiah ([[Masih (title)|{{transliteration|ar|ISO|al-Masīḥ}}]]) who was sent to guide the [[Israelites|Children of Israel]] ({{transliteration|ar|ISO|Banī Isrāʾīl}}) with a new scripture, the Gospel (referred to in Islam as [[Gospel in Islam|{{transliteration|ar|ISO|Injīl}}]]).<ref name="CEI" /><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|year=2003|first=John L.|last=Esposito|page=158|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA159|isbn=978-0-19-975726-8|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907105909/https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA159|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslims regard the gospels' accounts in the New Testament as partially authentic, and believe that Jesus' original message was altered ([[tahrif|{{transliteration|ar|ISO|taḥrīf}}]]) and that [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] came later to revive it.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Bockmuehl |editor-first=Markus N.A. |title=Quests for the historical Jesus |first=James C. |last=Paget |year=2001 |encyclopedia=Cambridge companion to Jesus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA183 |isbn=978-0-521-79678-1 |page=183 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910045903/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA183 |url-status=live }}</ref> Belief in Jesus (and all other [[Prophets in Islam|messengers of God]]) is a requirement for being a [[Muslim]].<ref>{{cite AV media | title=The Muslim Jesus | publisher=ITV Productions | date=19 August 2007 | people=Ashraf, Irshad (Director) | medium=Television production}}</ref> The Quran mentions Jesus by name 25 times—more often than Muhammad<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1196|title=Jesus, Son of Mary|publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-date=2 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702042354/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1196|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Aboul-Enein|first=Youssef H.|title=Militant Islamist Ideology: Understanding the Global Threat|year=2010|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-61251-015-6|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tX3suVDTJz0C&pg=PA20|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914213353/https://books.google.com/books?id=tX3suVDTJz0C&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}</ref>—and emphasizes that Jesus was a mortal human who, like all other prophets, had been divinely chosen to spread God's message.<ref name="comparative" /> While the Quran affirms the Virgin birth of Jesus, he is considered to be neither an incarnation nor a [[Son of God (Christianity)|son of God]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Kahf – 4 |url=https://quran.com/al-kahf?locale=en&font=v1&reading=false&translations=20%2C131 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=quran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Kahf – 5 |url=https://quran.com/al-kahf?locale=en&font=v1&reading=false&translations=20%2C131 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=quran.com}}</ref><ref name="Morgan" /> Islamic texts emphasize a strict notion of [[monotheism]] ({{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[tawḥīd]]}}) and forbid the association of partners with God, which would be [[Shirk (Islam)|idolatry]].<ref>{{cite book|last=George|first=Timothy|title=Is the Father of Jesus the God of Muhammad?: Understanding the Differences Between Christianity and Islam|year=2002|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310-24748-7|pages=150–51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5uVfN5xT3YC&pg=PA150|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907174156/https://books.google.com/books?id=A5uVfN5xT3YC&pg=PA150|url-status=live}}</ref> The Quran describes the annunciation to Mary ([[Mary in Islam|{{transliteration|ar|ISO|Maryam}}]]) by the Holy Spirit that she is to give birth to Jesus while remaining a virgin. It calls the virgin birth a miracle that occurred by the will of God.<ref name="RobB32" /><ref name="Peters23" /> The Quran ({{qref|21|91}} and {{qref|66|12}}) states that God breathed [[Holy Spirit (Islam)|his spirit]] into Mary while she was chaste.<ref name="RobB32" /><ref name="Peters23">{{cite book|title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |first=F. E. |last=Peters |year=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/23 23] |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/23 }}</ref> Jesus is called a "spirit from God" because he was born through the action of the Spirit,<ref name="RobB32">{{cite book|title= Christianity, Islam, and the West|first= Robert A.|last= Burns|year= 2011|isbn= 978-0-7618-5560-6|page= 32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akWUGyN7fwEC&pg=PA32|publisher= University Press of America|access-date= 14 August 2015|archive-date= 10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910174421/https://books.google.com/books?id=akWUGyN7fwEC&pg=PA32|url-status= live}}</ref> but that belief does not imply [[Pre-existence of Christ|his pre-existence]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Anne|first2=Elsie A.|last2=Maxwell|title=Ishmael My Brother: A Christian Introduction To Islam|year=2003|publisher=Monarch Books|isbn=978-0-8254-6223-8|page=59|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4J-p1E1OkwC&pg=PA59|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907085409/https://books.google.com/books?id=X4J-p1E1OkwC&pg=PA59|url-status=live}}</ref> To aid in his ministry to the Jewish people, Jesus was given the ability to perform [[miracle]]s, by permission of God rather than by his own power.<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Diane|title=Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36025-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/45 45]–46|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg|url-access=registration}}</ref> Through his ministry, Jesus is seen as a [[precursor (religion)|precursor]] to Muhammad.<ref name="comparative">{{cite book |last1=Fasching |first1=Darrell J. |url=https://archive.org/details/comparativerelig0000fasc/page/241 |title=Comparative Religious Ethics: A Narrative Approach |last2=deChant |first2=Dell |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-631-20125-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/comparativerelig0000fasc/page/241 241, 274–275] |language=en}}</ref> In the Quran ({{qref|4|157–159}}) it is said that Jesus was not killed but was merely made to appear that way to unbelievers,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=54 |title=The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Translation |publisher=Corpus.quran.com |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418170132/http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=54 |url-status=live }}</ref> and that he was raised into the heavens while still alive by God.<ref>{{qref|4|157|b=y}}: "''and for boasting, "We killed the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, the messenger of Allah." But they neither killed nor crucified him—it was only made to appear so. Even those who argue for this ˹crucifixion˺ are in doubt. They have no knowledge whatsoever—only making assumptions. They certainly did not kill him.''"</ref> According to most classic [[Sunni]] and [[Twelver Shi'ite]] interpretations of these verses, the likeness of Jesus was cast upon a [[Substitution hypothesis|substitute]] (most often one of the apostles), who was crucified in Jesus' stead.<ref>{{harvnb|Robinson|2005}}; {{harvnb|Lawson|2009}}. The substitution theory was criticized and rejected by the Sunni Quran commentator [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]] (1150–1210); see {{harvnb|Lawson|2009|pp=156–162}}. According to [[Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi]] (d. 1037), the substitution theory was also applied to the death of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] by the semi-legendary 7th-century figure [[Abdullah ibn Saba'|Abdallah ibn Saba']]; see {{harvnb|De Smet|2016|pp=98–99}}.</ref> However, some medieval Muslims (among others, the [[ghulat|{{transliteration|ar|ISO|ghulāt}}]] writing under the name of [[al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi]], the [[Brethren of Purity]], various [[Isma'ili]] philosophers, and the Sunni mystic [[al-Ghazali]]) affirmed the historicity of Jesus' crucifixion. These thinkers held the [[docetic]] view that, although Jesus' human form (his body) had died on the cross, his true divine nature (his spirit) had survived and ascended into heaven, so that his death was only an appearance.<ref>On the writings attributed to al‐Mufaddal ibn Umar al‐Ju'fi, see {{harvnb|De Smet|2016|p=93}}. On the Brethren of Purity, see {{harvnb|Robinson|1991|pp=55–57}}, {{harvnb|Lawson|2009|pp=129–133}} and especially {{harvnb|De Smet|2016|pp=100–101}}. On the Isma'ili philosophers (who include [[Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi|Abu Hatim al-Razi]], Abu Tammam, [[Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman]], [[Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani]] and [[Ibrahim ibn al-Husayn al-Hamidi|Ibrahim al-Hamidi]]), see {{harvnb|Lawson|2009|pp=123–129}} and especially {{harvnb|De Smet|2016|pp=101–107}}. On al-Ghazali, see {{harvnb|Lawson|2009|pp=117–118}}. This type of interpretation of Quran 4:157–159 was specifically rejected by the Sunni Quran commentator al-[[Qadi Baydawi|Baydawi]] (d. 1319); see {{harvnb|Lawson|2009|p=155}}.</ref> Nevertheless, to Muslims it is the ''[[Ascension of Jesus|ascension]]'' rather than the ''[[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]]'' that constitutes a major event in the life of Jesus.<ref name="Khalidi">{{Cite book| publisher = Harvard University Press| isbn = 978-0-674-00477-1| last = Khalidi| first = Tarif| title = The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature| year = 2001| page = [https://archive.org/details/muslimjesussayin00/page/12 12]|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimjesussayin00/page/12}}</ref> There is no mention of his resurrection on the third day, and his death plays no special role in [[Soteriology#Islam|Islamic theories of salvation]].<ref>{{harvnb|Robinson|2005}}.</ref> However, Jesus is a central figure in [[Islamic eschatology]]: Muslims believe that [[Second Coming#Islam|he will return to Earth]] at the [[Eschatology|end of time]] and defeat the [[Antichrist]] (''[[Masih ad-Dajjal|ad-Dajjal]]'') by killing him.<ref name="CEI">{{cite book |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC&pg=PA270 |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7425-6296-7 |pages=270–271 |language=en |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907070905/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC&pg=PA270 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Garrett |first=James L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZEhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA766 |title=Systematic Theology, Volume 2, Second Edition: Biblical, Historical, and Evangelical |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-62564-852-5 |page=766 |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125164743/https://books.google.com/books?id=WZEhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA766 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Grudem|1994|pp=568–603}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=The Nicene Creed |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11049a.htm |access-date=11 April 2016 |last=Wilhelm |first=Joseph |date=1911 |volume=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417055109/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11049a.htm |archive-date=17 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Quran, the coming of [[Muhammad]] (also called "Ahmad") was predicted by Jesus: {{blockquote|And ˹remember˺ when Jesus, son of Mary, said, "O children of Israel! I am truly Allah's messenger to you, confirming the Torah which came before me, and giving good news of a messenger after me whose name will be Aḥmad." Yet when the Prophet came to them with clear proofs, they said, "This is pure magic."|{{qref|61|6|c=y}}}} Through this verse, early Arab Muslims claimed legitimacy for their new faith in the existing religious traditions and the alleged predictions of Jesus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Virani|first=Shafique N.|title=Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community|url=https://www.academia.edu/36996009|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|year=2011|volume=70|issue=1|pages=99–139|doi=10.1017/S0021911810002974|s2cid=143431047|issn=0021-9118}} p. 128.</ref> ====Ahmadiyya Islam==== {{Main|Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam}} The [[Ahmadiyya]] Muslim Community has several [[Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam|distinct teachings]] about Jesus.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedmann|1989|pp=111–118}}.</ref> Ahmadis believe that he was a mortal man who survived his crucifixion and died a natural death at the age of 120 in [[Kashmir]], India, and is buried at [[Roza Bal]].<ref>{{harvnb|Friedmann|1989|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Melton|2010|p=55}}.</ref> ===Druze Faith=== {{Main|Jesus in Druze faith}} In the [[Druze|Druze Faith]],<ref name="Hitti" /> Jesus is considered and revered as one of the seven spokesmen or prophets (''natiq''), defined as messengers or intermediaries between God and mankind, along with [[Adam]], [[Noah]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Muhammad]] and [[Muhammad ibn Isma'il]], each of them sent in a different period of history to preach the message of God.<ref name=Hitti/><ref name="Dana47">{{cite book|title=The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status|url=https://archive.org/details/druzeinmiddleeas0000dana| first= Nissim |last= Dana|year= 2008| isbn= 978-1-903900-36-9| page =[https://archive.org/details/druzeinmiddleeas0000dana/page/47 47] |publisher=Michigan University press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Druse, a Religious Community in Transition| first= Nissim |last= Dana|year= 1980| isbn=978-965-200-028-6| page =11|publisher=Turtledove}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Betts |first=Robert Brenton |title=The Druze |url=https://archive.org/details/druze0000bett |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-300-04810-0 |location=New Haven, Connecticut, USA |page=[https://archive.org/details/druze0000bett/page/21 21] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The A to Z of the Druzes| first= Samy |last=Swayd|year= 2019| isbn=978-0-8108-7002-4| page =xxxviii |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref> ===Baháʼí Faith=== In the [[Baháʼí Faith]], Jesus is considered one of the [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestations of God]],<ref>{{cite web |date=13 June 2014 |title=Who is Christ to Baha'is? |url=https://bahaiteachings.org/who-is-christ-to-bahais/}}</ref> defined as divine messengers or prophets sent by God to guide humanity, along with other religious figures such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Krishna]], [[Zarathushtra]], [[Buddha]], [[Muhammad]] and [[Baháʼu'lláh]]. Baháʼís believe that these religious founders or leaders have contributed to the [[Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)|progressive revelation]] by bringing spiritual and moral values to humanity in their own time and place.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Baha'i Faith |last=Hartz |first=Paula |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60413-104-8 |location=New York |pages=14–15 |url=https://archive.org/details/bahaifaith0000hart/page/14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=William McElwee |url=https://archive.org/details/bahaifaithitshis0000mill/page/355 |title=The Baha'i faith: its history and teachings |publisher=William Carey Library |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-87808-137-0 |location=South Pasadena, California, USA |pages=355 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Jesus Christ in the Baháʼí Writings | first = Robert | last = Stockman | journal = [[Baháʼí Studies Review]] | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | year = 1992 |url=http://bahai-library.com/stockman_jesus_bahai_writings | access-date = 4 July 2010 | archive-date = 7 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607061448/http://bahai-library.com/stockman_jesus_bahai_writings | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first = Juan | last = Cole | title = The Concept of Manifestation in the Bahaʼi Writings | year = 1982 | journal = [[Baháʼí studies#Journals|Études Baháʼí Studies]] | volume = 9 | pages = 1–38 |url=http://bahai-library.com/cole_concept_manifestation | access-date = 4 July 2012 | archive-date = 17 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517105145/http://bahai-library.com/cole_concept_manifestation | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Smith |first = Peter |year = 2008 |title = An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith |publisher = Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C&pg=PA107|isbn = 978-0-521-86251-6 |page = 107}}</ref> As a Manifestation of God, Jesus is believed to reflect God's qualities and attributes, but is not considered the only saviour of humanity nor the incarnation of God.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adamson |first=Hugh C. |url=https://archive.org/details/atozofbahaifaith0000adam/page/188 |title=The A to Z of the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8108-6853-3 |location=Lanham, Maryland, USA |pages=188 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Francis |url=https://archive.org/details/bahai0000beck/page/14 |title=Bahaʼi |publisher=Bethany House |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-87123-848-1 |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |pages=13–15 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlington |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/bahaifaithinamer0000garl_r5j0/page/175 |title=The Baha'i Faith in America |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-6234-9 |location=Westport, Connecticut, USA |page=175 |language=en-us}}</ref> Baháʼís believe in the virgin birth,<ref>{{cite book | title = In the Glory of the Father: The Baháʼí Faith and Christianity | first = Brian D. | last = Lepard | year = 2008 | publisher = Baháʼí Publishing Trust | isbn = 978-1-931847-34-6 | page = 118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2ob2Tw2k3MC&pg=PA118 | access-date = 14 August 2015 | archive-date = 10 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910050221/https://books.google.com/books?id=v2ob2Tw2k3MC&pg=PA118 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Cole">{{cite journal|last=Cole|first=Juan R. I.|title=Behold the Man: Baha'u'llah on the Life of Jesus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-religion-journal_spring-1997_65_1/page/51|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |year=1997|volume=65|issue=1|pages=51, 56, 60}}</ref> but see the resurrection and the miracles of Jesus as symbolic.<ref name="Smith-jesus">{{cite encyclopedia |last= Smith |first= Peter |encyclopedia= A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |title= peace |year= 2000 |publisher= Oneworld Publications |isbn= 978-1-85168-184-6 |page= [https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/214 214] |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/214 }}</ref><ref name="Cole" /> ===Other=== {{See also|Criticism of Jesus}} [[File:The_Liberator_masthead,_1861_Jan_11.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Jesus depicted as the liberator of Black slaves, on the masthead of the [[abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] paper ''[[The Liberator (newspaper)|The Liberator]]'']] [[File:Jesus Image on a Manichaean Temple Banner.jpg|thumb|Enthroned Jesus image on a [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] temple banner from {{circa|10th-century}} [[Qocho]]]] In [[Gnosticism|Christian Gnosticism]] (now a largely extinct religious movement),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhpKxQT8n74C&pg=PA27 | title=The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2001 | page=27 | isbn=978-0-19-285439-1 | first=John | last=McManners | access-date=14 August 2015 | archive-date=7 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907102122/https://books.google.com/books?id=DhpKxQT8n74C&pg=PA27 | url-status=live }}</ref> Jesus was sent from the divine realm and provided the secret knowledge ([[gnosis]]) necessary for salvation. Most Gnostics believed that Jesus was a human who became possessed by the spirit of "the Christ" at his baptism. This spirit left Jesus' body during the crucifixion but was rejoined to him when he was raised from the dead. Some Gnostics, however, were [[docetism|docetics]], believing that Jesus did not have a physical body, but only appeared to possess one.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA124 |title=Lost Christianities: The Battles For Scripture And The Faiths We Never Knew |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-518249-1 |pages=124–125 |language=en |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222010/https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA124 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some [[Hinduism|Hindus]] consider Jesus to be an [[avatar]] or a [[sadhu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/beliefs/jesus_1.shtml | title=Jesus in Hinduism | publisher=BBC | date=24 March 2009 | first=Shaunaka | last=Rishi Das | access-date=4 June 2013 | archive-date=25 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125233747/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/beliefs/jesus_1.shtml | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], an Indian [[guru]], taught that Jesus was the reincarnation of [[Elisha]] and a student of [[John the Baptist]], the reincarnation of [[Elijah]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Paramahansa |last=Yogananda |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-902562-0-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xsIi4ePN4hYC&pg=PA319 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910173606/https://books.google.com/books?id=xsIi4ePN4hYC&pg=PA319 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some [[Buddhist]]s, including [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama]], regard Jesus as a [[bodhisattva]] who dedicated his life to the welfare of people.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beverley|first=James A.|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/june11/15.64.html?paging=off|title=Hollywood's Idol|publisher=Christianity Today|date=11 June 2011|access-date=15 May 2013|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222548/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/june11/15.64.html?paging=off|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[New Age]] movement entertains a wide variety of views on Jesus.<ref name="other views">{{cite book | last =Hutson | first =Steven | title =What They Never Taught You in Sunday School: A Fresh Look at Following Jesus | publisher =City Boy Enterprises | year =2006 | page =57 | isbn =978-1-59886-300-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVnT_hSpSBAC&pg=PA57 | access-date =14 August 2015 | archive-date =7 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907100719/https://books.google.com/books?id=sVnT_hSpSBAC&pg=PA57 | url-status =live }}</ref> [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophists]], from whom many New Age teachings originated,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newageneopaganre00pike/page/56 | title=New Age and neopagan religions in America | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=2004 | page=[https://archive.org/details/newageneopaganre00pike/page/56 56] | isbn=978-0-231-12402-7 | first=Sarah M. | last=Pike }}</ref> refer to Jesus as the [[Master Jesus]], a spiritual reformer, and they believe that Christ, after [[reincarnation|various incarnations]], occupied the body of Jesus.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Treatise on Cosmic Fire|first1=Alice|last1=Bailey|first2=Djwhal|last2=Khul|isbn=978-0-85330-117-2|publisher=Lucis Publishing Company|pages=678, 1150, 1193|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FAZi674omIC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222027/https://books.google.com/books?id=3FAZi674omIC|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Urantia Book]]'' teaches Jesus is one of more than 700,000 heavenly sons of God.<ref>{{cite book |last=House |first=Wayne |title=Charts of Cults, Sects and Religious Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRbKQwAACAAJ |publisher=[[Zondervan]] |year=2000 |page=262 |isbn=978-0-310-38551-6 |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222014/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Charts_of_Cults_Sects_Religious_Movement/rRbKQwAACAAJ?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Antony Theodore]] in the book ''Jesus Christ in Love'' writes that there is an underlying oneness of Jesus' teachings with the messages contained in [[Quran]], [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]], [[Talmud]] and [[Avesta]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Theodore |first=Antony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cwcEAAAQBAJ&q=jesus+christ+in+love+antony |title=Jesus Christ in Love |publisher=Kohinoor Books |year=2019 |isbn=978-8-194-28353-9 |location=New Delhi, India |translator-last=Pradhan |translator-first=Tapan Kumar |access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref> [[Atheist]]s reject Jesus' divinity, but have different views about him – from challenging [[Mental health of Jesus|his mental health]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Schweitzer |first=Albert |url=https://archive.org/details/psychiatricstudy00schw |title=The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Exposition and Criticism |publisher=Beacon Press |year=1948 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |language=en-us |translator-last=Joy |translator-first=Charles R. |lccn=48006488 |oclc=614572512 |ol=6030284M |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bundy |first=Walter E. |title=The Psychic Health of Jesus |publisher=The Macmillan Company |location=New York |year=1922 |lccn=22005555 |oclc = 644667928 |ol=OL25583375M |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/psychichealthofj00bund }}</ref> to emphasizing his "moral superiority" ([[Richard Dawkins]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Dawkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC&pg=PA284 |title=The God Delusion |page=284 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |access-date=13 December 2014 |isbn=978-0-547-34866-7 |date=2008 |archive-date=27 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327215018/http://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Artistic depictions== {{Main|Depiction of Jesus}} [[File:Christ Healing the Paralytic - Dura-Europos circa 232.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Jesus healing a paralytic in one of the first known images of Jesus from [[Dura-Europos church|Dura Europos]] in the 3rd&nbsp;century<ref>{{cite web|title=Dura-Europos: Excavating Antiquity {{!}} Yale University Art Gallery|url=http://media.artgallery.yale.edu/duraeuropos/dura.html|website=media.artgallery.yale.edu|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505112511/http://media.artgallery.yale.edu/duraeuropos/dura.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>|alt=An ancient wall painting depicting Jesus|left]] Some of the earliest depictions of Jesus at the [[Dura-Europos church]] are firmly dated to before 256.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=1992 |title=Early Christian and Jewish Art |encyclopedia=Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism |publisher=Wayne State University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyzbHAJ_hAC&pg=PA283 |access-date=14 August 2015 |last=Gutmann |first=Joseph |editor-last1=Attridge |editor-first=Harold W. |pages=283–284 |language=en-us |isbn=978-0-8143-2361-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910060007/https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyzbHAJ_hAC&pg=PA283 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |editor-first2=Gohei |editor-last2=Hata |url-status=live}}</ref> Thereafter, despite the lack of biblical references or historical records, a wide range of depictions of Jesus appeared during the last two millennia, often influenced by cultural settings, political circumstances and theological contexts.{{sfn|Houlden|2006|pp=63–99}}<ref name="Erricker44">{{cite book|title=Teaching Christianity: a world religions approach|url=https://archive.org/details/teachingchristia0000unse|first= Clive|last= Erricker|year= 1987 |isbn= 978-0-7188-2634-5 |page= [https://archive.org/details/teachingchristia0000unse/page/44 44] |publisher=James Clarke & Co}}</ref><ref name="Perkinson30" /> As in other [[Early Christian art]], the earliest depictions date to the late 2nd or early 3rd century, and surviving images are found especially in the [[Catacombs of Rome]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History|first= Robert |last=Benedetto|year= 2006| isbn= 978-0-664-22416-5 |pages= 51–53 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press}}</ref> The depiction of Christ in pictorial form was highly [[Aniconism in Christianity|controversial]] in the early Church.<ref name="phschaff">{{cite book | last= Schaff | first= Phillip | title= History of the Christian Church,8 volumes, 3rd edition | publisher= Hendrickson Publishers | location= Massachusetts | date= 1 July 2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NV8sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA381 | isbn= 978-1-56563-196-0 | access-date= 14 August 2015 | archive-date= 10 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910074209/https://books.google.com/books?id=NV8sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA381 | url-status= live }}</ref>{{efn|Philip Schaff commenting on Irenaeus, wrote, 'This censure of images as a Gnostic peculiarity, and as a heathenish corruption, should be noted'. Footnote 300 on Contr. Her. .I.XXV.6. ANF}}<ref name="Elvira36">[[Synod of Elvira]], 'Pictures are not to be placed in churches, so that they do not become objects of worship and adoration', AD 306, Canon 36.</ref> From the 5th century onward, flat painted [[icon]]s became popular in the Eastern Church.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Icons}} The [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]] acted as a barrier to developments in the East, but by the 9th century, art was permitted again.{{sfn|Houlden|2006|pp=63–99}} The [[Protestant Reformation]] brought renewed [[aniconism in Christianity|resistance to imagery]], but total prohibition was atypical, and Protestant objections to images have tended to reduce since the 16th century. Although large images are generally avoided, few Protestants now object to book illustrations depicting Jesus.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reformation and the Visual Arts|url=https://archive.org/details/reformationvisua0000mich|first= Sergiusz|last= Michalski |year= 1993| isbn= 978-1-134-92102-7 |publisher=Routledge |page= [https://archive.org/details/reformationvisua0000mich/page/195 195]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Payton |first=James R. |title=Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8308-2594-3 |pages=178–179 |language=en-us}}</ref> The use of depictions of Jesus is advocated by the leaders of denominations such as [[Anglicans]] and [[Catholics]]<ref name="RWilliams83">{{cite book|title=The Dwelling of the Light: Praying with Icons of Christ |last=Williams|first=Rowan|year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-8028-2778-4|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing| page= 83}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Karol J.|last=Wojtyła|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1997/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_29101997_en.html|publisher=Vatican Publishing House|title=General audience 29 October 1997|access-date=20 April 2013|archive-date=3 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303020028/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1997/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_29101997_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20090506_en.html|publisher= Vatican Publishing House|title= General audience 6 May 2009|access-date= 20 April 2013|first= Joseph A.|last= Ratzinger|archive-date= 3 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303064734/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20090506_en.html|url-status= live}}</ref> and is a key element of the [[Eastern Orthodox]] tradition.{{sfn|Doninger|1999|p=231}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Orthodox Christian World|first= Augustine|last= Casiday|year= 2012 |isbn= 978-0-415-45516-9| page= 447 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> In Eastern Christian art, the [[Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art|Transfiguration]] was a major theme, and every Eastern Orthodox monk who had trained in [[icon]] painting had to prove his craft by painting an icon depicting it.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bigham |first=Steven |title=The image of God the Father in Orthodox theology and iconography |publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-879038-15-8 |pages=226–227}}</ref> Icons receive the external marks of veneration, such as kisses and prostration, and they are thought to be powerful channels of divine grace.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Icons}} In Western Europe, the [[Renaissance]] brought forth a number of artists who focused on depictions of Jesus; [[Fra Angelico]] and others followed [[Giotto]] in the systematic development of uncluttered images.{{sfn|Houlden|2006|pp=63–99}} Before the Protestant Reformation, the [[crucifix]] was common in Western Christianity. It is a model of the cross with Jesus crucified on it. The crucifix became the central ornament of the altar in the 13th century, a use that has been nearly universal in Roman Catholic churches since then.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005 |loc=Crucifix}} ==Associated relics== {{Main|Relics associated with Jesus}} [[File:Shroud of Turin 001.jpg|thumb|The [[Shroud of Turin]], Italy, is the best-known claimed relic of Jesus and one of the most studied artefacts in human history<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=P. |title=Material witness: Shrouded in mystery |doi=10.1038/nmat2170 |journal=Nature Materials |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=349 |year=2008 |pmid=18432204 |bibcode=2008NatMa...7..349B |doi-access=free }}</ref>]] The total destruction that ensued with the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|siege of Jerusalem]] by the Romans in AD 70 made the survival of items from 1st-century Judea very rare and almost no direct records survive about the history of Judaism from the last part of the 1st century through the 2nd century.{{sfn|Levine|2006|pp=24–25}}<ref name="Koester382">[[Helmut Koester]] ''Introduction to the New Testament'', Vol. 1: History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age. Berlin, Germany: [[de Gruyter Press]], 1995, p. 382.</ref>{{efn|[[Flavius Josephus]] writing (about 5 years later, c. AD 75) in ''[[The Jewish War]]'' (Book VII 1.1) stated that Jerusalem had been flattened to the point that "there was left nothing to make those that came thither believe it had ever been inhabited".<ref>Flavius Josephus, ''The Jewish War'' Book VII, section 1.1"</ref> And once what was left of the ruins of Jerusalem had been turned into the Roman settlement of [[Aelia Capitolina]], no Jews were allowed to set foot in it.<ref name=Koester382 />}} [[Margaret M. Mitchell]] writes that although [[Eusebius]] reports (''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Ecclesiastical History]]'' III 5.3) that the early Christians left Jerusalem for [[Pella, Jordan|Pella]] just before Jerusalem was subjected to the final lockdown, we must accept that no first-hand Christian items from the early Jerusalem Church have reached us.<ref>[[Margaret M. Mitchell]] "The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine" Cambridge University Press 2006, p. 298.</ref> [[Joe Nickell]] writes, "as investigation after investigation has shown, not a single, reliably authenticated relic of Jesus exists".<ref>{{cite book|last=Nickell|first=Joe|title=Relics of the Christ|year=2007|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-3731-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/relicsofchrist00joen/page/191 191]|url=https://archive.org/details/relicsofchrist00joen|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{efn|Polarized conclusions regarding the Shroud of Turin remain.<ref>Habermas, Gary R. "Shroud of Turin". ''The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization'' (2011). {{doi|10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc1257}}</ref> According to former ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' editor [[Philip Ball]], "it's fair to say that, despite the seemingly definitive tests in 1988, the status of the Shroud of Turin is murkier than ever. Not least, the nature of the image and how it was fixed on the cloth remain deeply puzzling".<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ball | first1 = P. | title = Material witness: Shrouded in mystery | doi = 10.1038/nmat2170 | journal = Nature Materials | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | page = 349 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18432204 | bibcode = 2008NatMa...7..349B | doi-access = free }}</ref>}} However, throughout the history of Christianity, a number of [[relic]]s attributed to Jesus have been claimed, although doubt has been cast on them. The 16th-century Catholic theologian [[Erasmus]] wrote sarcastically about the proliferation of relics and the number of buildings that could have been constructed from the wood claimed to be from the [[True Cross|cross used in the Crucifixion]].{{sfn|Dillenberger|1999|p=5}} Similarly, while experts debate whether Jesus was crucified with three nails or with four, at least thirty [[holy nail]]s continue to be venerated as relics across Europe.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle =Holy Nails|title=Holy Nails|first= Herbert|last=Thurston}}</ref> Some relics, such as purported remnants of the [[crown of thorns]] placed on the head of Jesus, receive only a modest number of [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrims]], while the [[Shroud of Turin]] (which is associated with an approved [[Catholic devotion]] to the [[Holy Face of Jesus]]), has received millions,<ref>{{cite news|last=Delaney|first=Sarah|title=Shroud exposition closes with more than 2 million visits|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1002157.htm|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100608223917/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1002157.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2010|agency=Catholic News Service |date=24 May 2010}}</ref> including popes [[John Paul II]] and [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Wojtyła|first=Karol J.|title=Pope John Paul II's address in Turin Cathedral|url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/1998/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_24051998_sindone.html|publisher=Vatican Publishing House|date=24 May 1998|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219114758/https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/1998/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_24051998_sindone.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Squires|first=Nick|title=Pope Benedict says Shroud of Turin authentic burial robe of Jesus|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0503/Pope-Benedict-says-Shroud-of-Turin-authentic-burial-robe-of-Jesus|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|date=3 May 2010|access-date=19 June 2013|archive-date=1 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401072455/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0503/Pope-Benedict-says-Shroud-of-Turin-authentic-burial-robe-of-Jesus|url-status=live}}</ref> == Faigi göi == {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * [[Outline of Jesus]] * [[Jesuism]] * [[Jesus in comparative mythology]] * [[Jesus in the Talmud]] * [[Language of Jesus]] * [[Last Adam]] – title of Jesus * [[Liminal deity]] – deity who is a crosser of boundaries * [[List of books about Jesus]] * [[List of founders of religious traditions]] * [[List of messiah claimants]] * [[List of people claimed to be Jesus]] * [[List of people who have been considered deities]] * [[List of statues of Jesus]] * [[Sexuality of Jesus]] * [[Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera]] – Roman soldier, hypothesized to be connected to Jesus {{div col end}}--> == Famatokhi == {{notelist}} {{notelist|30em}} == Umbu == === Taroma wehede === {{reflist|18em}} === Sinura === {{refbegin|18em}} * {{cite book |first=Douglas |last=Hare |title=Matthew |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-664-23433-1 }} * {{cite book|first=Craig L.|last=Blomberg|author-link=Craig Blomberg|title=Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8054-4482-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5rIPC1UgsgC|publisher=B&H Publishing Group|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222031/https://books.google.com/books?id=U5rIPC1UgsgC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|title=The People's New Testament Commentary|first1=M. 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Brown |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8146-1283-5 |publisher=Liturgical Press |url=https://archive.org/details/gospelepistleso00brow }} * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Raymond E.|title=An Introduction to the New Testament|publisher=Doubleday|year=1997|isbn=978-0-385-24767-2|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0}} * {{cite book|last=Carter|first=Warren|author-link=Warren Carter|title=Pontius Pilate: Portraits of a Roman Governor|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8146-5113-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC|publisher=Liturgical Press|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222031/https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research |first1=Bruce |last1=Chilton |author-link1=Bruce Chilton |first2=Craig A. |last2=Evans |author-link2=Craig A. Evans |year=1998 |isbn=978-90-04-11142-4 |publisher=Brill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004084608/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC |url-status=live }} * {{cite book|first1=Steven L.|last1=Cox|first2=Kendell H|last2=Easley|year=2007|title=Harmony of the Gospels|isbn=978-0-8054-9444-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjmwuFUksOQC|publisher=B&H Publishing Group|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222032/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjmwuFUksOQC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|editor-first1=Frank L.|editor-last1=Cross|editor-first2=E.A.|editor-last2=Livingstone|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0-19-280290-3|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515065637/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|first1=John D.|last1=Crossan|author-link1=John Dominic Crossan|first2=Richard G.|last2=Watts|title=Who Is Jesus?: Answers to Your Questions About the Historical Jesus|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-664-25842-9|url=https://archive.org/details/whoisjesusanswer00cros}} * {{cite book|last=De Smet|first=Daniel|year=2016|chapter=Les racines docétistes de l'imamologie shi'ite|lang=fr|editor1-last=Amir-Moezzi|editor1-first=Mohammad Ali|editor2-last=De Cillis|editor2-first=Maria|editor3-last=De Smet|editor3-first=Daniel|editor4-last=Mir-Kasimov|editor4-first=Orkhan|title=L'Ésotérisme shi'ite, ses racines et ses prolongements – Shi'i Esotericism: Its Roots and Developments|series=Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Sciences Religieuses|volume=177|location=Turnhout|publisher=Brepols|pages=87–112|doi=10.1484/M.BEHE-EB.4.01163|isbn=978-2-503-56874-4}} * {{cite book|last=Dickson|first= John |author-link= John Dickson (author) |title=Jesus: A Short Life|publisher= Kregel Publications|year= 2008| isbn= 978-0-8254-7802-4}} * {{cite book|last=Dillenberger|first=John|author-link=John Dillenberger|title=Images and Relics: Theological Perceptions and Visual Images in Sixteenth-Century Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/imagesrelicstheo0000dill|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-976146-3}} * {{cite book|first1= John R.|last1= Donahue|first2= Daniel J.|last2= Harrington|author-link2= Daniel J. 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Eerdmans Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC}} * {{cite book|last1=Eddy|first1=Paul R.|last2=Boyd|first2=Gregory A.|author-link2=Greg Boyd (theologian)|year=2007|title=The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus tradition|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222033/https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|title=Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium|first=Bart|last=Ehrman|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-983943-8|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusapocalyptic00ehrm|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|title=Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (and Why We Don't Know About Them)|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|year=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0/|publisher=HarperOne|isbn=978-0-06-117393-6}} * {{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |title=How Jesus Became God|publisher=HarperCollins |year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmspAgAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0-06225-219-7}} * {{cite book|first=Bart|last=Ehrman|year=2011|title=Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are|isbn=978-0-06-207863-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/forged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376 |url-access=registration|publisher=HarperCollins}} * {{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |title=Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth |year=2012 |publisher=HarperOne |isbn=978-0-06-208994-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200020/https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC |url-status=live }} * {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Craig A.|author-link=Craig A. 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Cook|url=https://archive.org/details/bibleknowledgeba00crai}} * {{cite book|first=Craig A.|last=Evans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87x8TqW6MJQC|title=Jesus and His World: The Archaeological Evidence|year=2012a|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-23413-3|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222033/https://books.google.com/books?id=87x8TqW6MJQC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Craig A.|title=Matthew (New Cambridge Bible Commentary)|date=2012b|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-01106-8}} * {{cite book |last=Finegan |first=Jack |title=Handbook of Biblical Chronology |year=1998 |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |isbn=978-1-56563-143-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookbiblical00fine |url-access=limited }} * {{cite book|first=David N.|last=Freedman|author-link=David Noel Freedman|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|year=2000|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803133406/https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Friedmann|first=Yohanan|year=1989|title=Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05772-2}} * {{cite book|first1=Robert W.| last1= Funk |first2= Roy W.|last2= Hoover |author3= The Jesus Seminar |author-link3=Jesus Seminar |title = The Five Gospels |publisher= Scribner |year= 1993 |isbn=978-0-0254-1949-0 |oclc=819666252}} * {{cite book |first1=Joel B. |last1=Green |first2=Scot |last2=McKnight |first3=I. Howard |last3=Marshall |author-link1=Joel B. Green |author-link2=Scot McKnight |author-link3=I. Howard Marshall |title=Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ntwNm-tOogC |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=1992 |page=442 |isbn=978-0-8308-1777-1 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222034/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ntwNm-tOogC |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |title= Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine |last= Grudem |first= Wayne |author-link= Wayne Grudem |year= 1994 |publisher= Zondervan |location= Grand Rapids, MI |isbn= 978-0-310-28670-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/systematictheolo00grud_0 }} * {{cite book|first=Stephen L.|last= Harris |title= Understanding the Bible |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingbib0000harr_w2l8| publisher= Mayfield |year= 1985}} * {{cite book|last=Houlden|first=J. Leslie|title=Jesus: The Complete Guide|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8264-8011-8|publisher=Continuum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey8mZKV_jfkC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222034/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey8mZKV_jfkC|url-status=live}} * {{cite journal |last1=Humphreys |first1=Colin J. |last2=Waddington |first2=W. G. |date=1992 |url=https://legacy.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/Library/TynBull_1992_43_2_06_Humphreys_DateChristsCrucifixion.pdf |title=The Jewish Calendar, a Lunar Eclipse and the Date of Christ's Crucifixion |journal=Tyndale Bulletin |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=331–51 |doi=10.53751/001c.30487 |s2cid=189519018 |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421091510/https://legacy.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/Library/TynBull_1992_43_2_06_Humphreys_DateChristsCrucifixion.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{cite book|last=Keener|first=Craig S.|title=The Gospel of Matthew: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary |date=2009b |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-6498-7}} * {{cite book|last=Keener|first=Craig S.|title=The Historical Jesus of the Gospels |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaljesuso0000keen|date=2009 |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing}} * {{cite book|last=Keener|first=Craig S.|title=The Historical Jesus of the Gospels |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaljesuso0000keen|year=2012 |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn= 978-0-8028-6292-1}} * {{cite book|first1=Andreas J.|last1=Köstenberger|first2=L. Scott|last2=Kellum|first3=Charles L|last3=Quarles|title=The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C|publisher=B&H Publishing Group|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727131059/https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Lawson|first=Todd|year=2009|title=The Crucifixion and the Qur'an: A Study in the History of Muslim Thought|location=Oxford|publisher=Oneworld|isbn=978-1-85168-635-3}} * {{cite book |title=Transfiguration |first=Dorothy A. |last=Lee |author-link=Dorothy Lee (theologian) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8264-7595-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYWwEefwCegC |publisher=Continuum |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222034/https://books.google.com/books?id=cYWwEefwCegC |url-status=live }} * {{cite encyclopedia|title=Introduction|first=Amy-Jill|last=Levine|author-link=Amy-Jill Levine|encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Context|editor-last1=Levine|editor-last2=Allison|editor-first3=John D.|editor-last3=Crossan|publisher=Princeton Univ Press|isbn=978-0-691-00992-6|year=2006|editor1-first=Amy-Jill|editor2-first=Dale C.|editor2-link=Dale Allison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410102712/http://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Misunderstood Jew: The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus|first=Amy-Jill|last=Levine|author-link=Amy-Jill Levine|year=2007 |isbn=978-0-06-174811-0|url=https://archive.org/details/TheMisunderstoodJewTheChurchAndTheScandalOfTheJewishJesus|publisher=Harper-Collins}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8xNoRBtxMC | title=The Resurrection of Jesus: A New Historiographical Approach | publisher=InterVarsity Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-8308-2719-0 | first=Michael R. | last=Licona | access-date=29 July 2015 | archive-date=18 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218101307/https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8xNoRBtxMC | url-status=live }} * {{cite encyclopedia|first=Paul L.|last=Maier|author-link=Paul L. Maier|title=The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus|encyclopedia=''Chronos'', ''Kairos'', ''Christos'': Nativity and Chronological Studies|editor-last1=Finegan|editor-first2=Jerry|editor-last2=Vardaman|editor-first3=Edwin M.|editor-last3=Yamauchi|year=1989|isbn=978-0-931464-50-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCBBY_O88uYC&pg=PA113|publisher=Eisenbrauns|editor-first=Jack|editor1-link=Jack Finegan|editor3-link=Edwin M. Yamauchi|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907110057/https://books.google.com/books?id=UCBBY_O88uYC&pg=PA113|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|title= The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke|first1= Ján|last1= Majerník|first2= Joseph|last2= Ponessa|first3= Laurie W.|last3= Manhardt|year= 2005|isbn= 978-1-931018-31-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqP5xHXGYPQC|publisher= Emmaus Road Publishing|access-date= 8 October 2020|archive-date= 19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819025434/https://books.google.com/books?id=cqP5xHXGYPQC|url-status= live}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v26doW8jIyYC&pg=PA4 | title=Christianity: An Introduction | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | last=McGrath | first=Alister E. | author-link=Alister McGrath | year=2006 | pages=4–6 | isbn=978-1-4051-0899-7 | access-date=14 August 2015 | archive-date=10 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910073956/https://books.google.com/books?id=v26doW8jIyYC&pg=PA4 | url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Meier |first=John P. |author-link=John P. Meier |title=A Marginal Jew: The Roots of the Problem and the Person |url=https://archive.org/details/marginaljewrethi0000john |year=1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14018-7}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Meier|first=John P.|title=How do we decide what comes from Jesus|encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Recent Research|editor-last1=Dunn|editor-last2=McKnight|year=2006|isbn=978-1-57506-100-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC|editor1-first=James D.G.|publisher=Eisenbrauns|editor2-first=Scot|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222035/https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Melton|first1=J. Gordon|year=2010|chapter=Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam Hazrat|editor1-last=Melton|editor1-first=J. Gordon|editor2-last=Baumann|editor2-first=Martin|title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices|volume=1|pages=54–56|edition=2nd|isbn=978-1-59884-203-6|location=Santa Barbara|publisher=ABC-CLIO|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA55|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021175959/https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA55|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Mills|first1=Watson E.|last2=Bullard|first2=Roger A.|year=1998|title=Mercer Dictionary of the Bible|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=978-0-86554-373-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095243/https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Leon|author-link=Leon Morris|year=1992|title=The Gospel According to Matthew|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-85111-338-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802002134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Niswonger|first=Richard L.|title=New Testament History|year=1992|isbn=978-0-310-31201-7|publisher=Zondervan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyAXaNnz9sUC}} * {{cite book|last=Pannenberg|first=Wolfhart|author-link=Wolfhart Pannenberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWfvlpURwiIC|title=Jesus: God and Man|year=1968|isbn=978-0-334-00783-8|publisher=S.C.M. Press|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222035/https://books.google.com/books?id=zWfvlpURwiIC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Powell |first=Mark A. |author-link=Mark Allan Powell |title=Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-664-25703-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusasfigureinh0000powe |url-access=registration |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press }} * {{cite book|last=Rahner|first=Karl|author-link=Karl Rahner|title=Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise ''Sacramentum Mundi''|year=2004|isbn=978-0-86012-006-3|publisher=Continuum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115653/https://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|title=Who Is Jesus? An Introduction to Christology|first=Thomas P.|last=Rausch|author-link=Thomas Rausch|year=2003|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5078-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OJCa6euw5gC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222036/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OJCa6euw5gC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Redford|first=Douglas|title=The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7847-1900-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDMQz5BVFbEC|publisher=Standard Publishing|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222036/https://books.google.com/books?id=dDMQz5BVFbEC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|title=Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence|first=Jonathan L.|last=Reed|year=2002|isbn=978-1-56338-394-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC|publisher=Continuum|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504050031/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Neal|year=1991|title=Christ in Islam and Christianity|url=https://archive.org/details/christinislamchr0000robi|location=Albany|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0559-8}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Robinson|first=Neal|year=2005|title=Jesus|editor1-last=McAuliffe|editor1-first=Jane Dammen|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|publisher=Brill|doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00099}} * {{cite book|last=Sanders|first=E.&nbsp;P.|author-link=E. P. Sanders|title=The Historical Figure of Jesus|publisher=Allen Lane Penguin Press|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC|isbn=978-0-14-192822-7|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418040039/https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Theissen|first1=Gerd|author-link1=Gerd Theissen|last2=Merz|first2=Annette|author-link2=Annette Merz|year=1998|title=The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide|isbn=978-1-4514-0863-8|publisher=Fortress Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805091805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|title=The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria |first1=Gerd|last1=Theissen|first2=Dagmar|last2=Winter|year=2002|isbn=978-0-664-22537-7|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qB5ulgKx4OUC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222036/https://books.google.com/books?id=qB5ulgKx4OUC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |first=Graham H. |last=Twelftree |author-link=Graham Twelftree |title=Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical & Theological Study |isbn=978-0-8308-1596-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusmiraclework00grah/page/95 |year=1999 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusmiraclework00grah/page/95 95] }} * {{cite book|last=Van Voorst|first=Robert E|year=2000|title=Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence|publisher=Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819143206/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|title=Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words|url=https://archive.org/details/expositorydictio0000wevi_s5j0|last= Vine | first= William E. | author-link= William Edwy Vine |year= 1940|publisher= Fleming H. Revell Company|isbn= 978-0-916441-31-9}} * {{cite book|title= Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels|last= Vermes|first= Geza|author-link1= Geza Vermes|year= 1981|publisher= First Fortress|location= Philadelphia|isbn= 978-0-8006-1443-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvSEK2HALnwC|access-date= 8 October 2020|archive-date= 8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222037/https://books.google.com/books?id=RvSEK2HALnwC|url-status= live}} * {{cite book|title=The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament|first1=John F.|last1=Walvoord|author-link1=John Walvoord|first2=Roy B.|last2=Zuck|year=1983|isbn=978-0-88207-812-0|publisher=David C. Cook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DP4UiA4gQNMC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222037/https://books.google.com/books?id=DP4UiA4gQNMC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|title=The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth|first=Ben|last=Witherington|author-link=Ben Witherington III|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8308-1544-9|publisher=InterVarsity Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IE_T3Xh2fyUC|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222039/https://books.google.com/books?id=IE_T3Xh2fyUC|url-status=live}} {{refend}} == Khai-khai baero == * ''LatinVulgate.com'', [http://www.latinvulgate.com/christverse.aspx The Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406022804/http://www.latinvulgate.com/christverse.aspx |date=2018-04-06 }} nifa'oli ba li Latin faoma li Inggris, ni'osagö Mental Systems, Incorporated [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]] hjx3min7zixoh2xqqb16aep9cpfmmdz 0 1365 27657 27614 2026-08-17T14:24:03Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27657 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.jpg|jmpl|Famakao nitörö mboto ba wökhö gulo tipe 1]] '''Fӧkhӧ Gulo''' (töi resmi ''Diabetes mellitus'', li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|penyakit kencing manis}}'') no ngawalö wӧkhӧ salua börö me falawu oya [[gulo]] bakha ba ndro.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129101252/https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes }}</ref><ref name="msd">{{cite web |title=Diabetes Mellitus (DM) - Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |website=MSD Manual Consumer Version |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001070047/https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sohalöŵö bakha ba mboto ena'ö böi töra ba böi göi ambö wa'oya [[gulo]] andre ya'ia da'ö ŵe nifotöi [[insulin]] nifazökhi [[fali'a]]. Na mo'amböta ibe'e tohöna [[insulin]] [[fali'a]], ba tola wa falawu oya [[gulo]] bakha ba mboto. Bahiza tola göi börö me i'osilö'ögö boto halöŵö ŵe andrö.<ref name="Green2011">{{cite book |veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D |title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse |year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|chapter=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}</ref> Tandra-tandra si no to'ölö la'ila niha ya'ia da'ö fa'owökhi dödö, fa'asese möi kiö, alö wa'abua mboto ba sautö hörö (baŵainö). Na lö mudalu-daluni, tola tobali mongawalö ia (li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|komplikasi}}'') simane [[fökhö tödö]], [[fökhö hörö]], [[fökhö mbua]] ba fökhö nuo.<ref name="ADA2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN |date=July 2009 |title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full |url-status=live |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=1335–1343 |doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 |pmc=2699725 |pmid=19564476 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625075136/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full |archive-date=2016-06-25}}</ref> Mate mato 1,5 juta niha ero röfi börö me lö mudalu-daluni ia ma zui ambö faudu dalu-dalunia.<ref name=":3" /> So dombua ngawalö wökhö gulo sasese so, heŵa'ae so sa danö bö'ö göi, ya'ia da'ö nifotöi '''tipe 1''' ba '''tipe 2'''. Ladalu-daluni wökhö gulo tipe 1 faoma fame'e [[insulin]] (la'oguna'ö suti). Na fökhö gulo tipe 2 tola ladalu-daluni ia faoma dalu-dalu nifotöi ''metformin'' awö ''semaglutide'' ba faoma famawu'a lala wa'auri si ero ma'ökhö (li Inggris: ''{{li|en|lifestyle adjustments}}''). So göi wökhö gulo si so ba ginötö manabina ndra'alawe, bahiza döhö manö ia na no tumbu nono dania. Ba ndröfi 2021, so mato 537 juta niha ba gulidanö si göna fökhö gulo, töra 10% ba gotaluara niha satua. Ba gotalua ndra sofökhö andre 90% göna ira fökhö gulo tipe 2. Molo'ö fangerai, ba ndröfi 2045 edöna so 783 juta niha satua, eluahania samösa ero daŵalu niha, sofökhö gulo, eluahania 46% töra moroi ba wa'oya zofökhö iada'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts & figures |url=https://idf.org/about-diabetes/facts-figures/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=International Diabetes Federation |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231724/https://idf.org/about-diabetes/facts-figures/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Itugu ara itugu asese göna niha ia, töra-töra ba negara heza so niha sambö fangalui ma zui ha abönö sibai wangaluira.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = De Silva AP, De Silva SH, Haniffa R, Liyanage IK, Jayasinghe S, Katulanda P, Wijeratne CN, Wijeratne S, Rajapaksa LC | display-authors = 6 | title = Inequalities in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Sri Lanka: a lower middle income country | journal = International Journal for Equity in Health | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 45 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29665834 | pmc = 5905173 | doi = 10.1186/s12939-018-0759-3 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Fa'oya zofökhö ira matua arakhagö fagölö ira wa'oya zofökhö ira alawe, ba fökhö gulo andre no numero ŵalu fökhö fondrege asese tobali börö wa'amate niha ba zi sagörö ulidanö.<ref name="Vos2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Ackerman I, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Ali MK, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Bahalim AN, Barker-Collo S, Barrero LH, Bartels DH, Basáñez MG, Baxter A, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bernabé E, Bhalla K, Bhandari B, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Black JA, Blencowe H, Blore JD, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Bonaventure A, Boufous S, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, Braithwaite T, Brayne C, Bridgett L, Brooker S, Brooks P, Brugha TS, Bryan-Hancock C, Bucello C, Buchbinder R, Buckle G, Budke CM, Burch M, Burney P, Burstein R, Calabria B, Campbell B, Canter CE, Carabin H, Carapetis J, Carmona L, Cella C, Charlson F, Chen H, Cheng AT, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahiya M, Dahodwala N, Damsere-Derry J, Danaei G, Davis A, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Dellavalle R, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Derrett S, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dherani M, Diaz-Torne C, Dolk H, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Edmond K, Elbaz A, Ali SE, Erskine H, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ewoigbokhan SE, Farzadfar F, Feigin V, Felson DT, Ferrari A, Ferri CP, Fèvre EM, Finucane MM, Flaxman S, Flood L, Foreman K, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabbe BJ, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Ganatra HA, Garcia B, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gmel G, Gosselin R, Grainger R, Groeger J, Guillemin F, Gunnell D, Gupta R, Haagsma J, Hagan H, Halasa YA, Hall W, Haring D, Haro JM, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Higashi H, Hill C, Hoen B, Hoffman H, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Huang JJ, Ibeanusi SE, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jarvis D, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Jonas JB, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Kawakami N, Keren A, Khoo JP, King CH, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lalloo R, Laslett LL, Lathlean T, Leasher JL, Lee YY, Leigh J, Lim SS, Limb E, Lin JK, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Liu W, Loane M, Ohno SL, Lyons R, Ma J, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Malekzadeh R, Mallinger L, Manivannan S, Marcenes W, March L, Margolis DJ, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGill N, McGrath J, Medina-Mora ME, Meltzer M, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Meyer AC, Miglioli V, Miller M, Miller TR, Mitchell PB, Mocumbi AO, Moffitt TE, Mokdad AA, Monasta L, Montico M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moran A, Morawska L, Mori R, Murdoch ME, Mwaniki MK, Naidoo K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nelson PK, Nelson RG, Nevitt MC, Newton CR, Nolte S, Norman P, Norman R, O'Donnell M, O'Hanlon S, Olives C, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Page A, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Patten SB, Pearce N, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Phillips D, Phillips MR, Pierce K, Pion S, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pope CA, Popova S, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Prince M, Pullan RL, Ramaiah KD, Ranganathan D, Razavi H, Regan M, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Richardson K, Rivara FP, Roberts T, Robinson C, De Leòn FR, Ronfani L, Room R, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Saha S, Sampson U, Sanchez-Riera L, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Scott JG, Segui-Gomez M, Shahraz S, Shepard DS, Shin H, Shivakoti R, Singh D, Singh GM, Singh JA, Singleton J, Sleet DA, Sliwa K, Smith E, Smith JL, Stapelberg NJ, Steer A, Steiner T, Stolk WA, Stovner LJ, Sudfeld C, Syed S, Tamburlini G, Tavakkoli M, Taylor HR, Taylor JA, Taylor WJ, Thomas B, Thomson WM, Thurston GD, Tleyjeh IM, Tonelli M, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Tsilimbaris MK, Ubeda C, Undurraga EA, van der Werf MJ, van Os J, Vavilala MS, Venketasubramanian N, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weatherall DJ, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Weisskopf MG, Weissman MM, White RA, Whiteford H, Wiersma ST, Wilkinson JD, Williams HC, Williams SR, Witt E, Wolfe F, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Zaidi AK, Zheng ZJ, Zonies D, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA | display-authors = 6 | title = Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2163 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2163–2196 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23245607 | pmc = 6350784 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The top 10 causes of death |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |website=www.who.int |access-date=18 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924191646/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |url-status=live }}</ref> Molo'ö fangerai, la'aekhugö ambö töra 760 triliun dollar Amerika niha ba zi sagörö ulidanö ba wamadöhö fökhö andre ero röfi.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bommer C, Sagalova V, Heesemann E, Manne-Goehler J, Atun R, Bärnighausen T, Davies J, Vollmer S | display-authors = 6 | title = Global Economic Burden of Diabetes in Adults: Projections From 2015 to 2030 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 963–970 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29475843 | doi = 10.2337/dc17-1962 | s2cid = 3538441 | doi-access = free }}</ref> == Tandra-tandra == [[Berkas:Main symptoms of diabetes.svg|jmpl|upright=1.5|Tandra-tandra wökhö gulo sabölö oya so]] Tandra wökhö gulo sabölö la'ila niha ya'ia da'ö na asese möi kiö, owökhi dödö ba mo'amböta wa'abua mboto.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Feather |first1=Adam |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |last2=Randall |first2=David |last3=Waterhouse |first3=Mona |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-7020-7868-2 |edition=10th |pages=699–741}}</ref> Bahiza so göi tandra-tandra tanöbö'ö, fao ba ba da'ö lö dage, mosautö hörö (baŵainö) ba ali-ali wamatua ma fa'alawe börö me no ilawusi ia landröta i'i.<ref name=":5" /> So mato matonga wa'oya niha si no göna fökhö gulo si lö oroma tandra-tandra khöra.<ref name=":5" /> Si to'ölönia i'anema'ö oroma tandra-tandra na no göna niha fökhö gulo tipe 1, bahiza lö i'anema'ö oroma dandra-tandra wökhö gulo tipe 2, itaria no ha'uga fakhe manö ba lö nasa oroma ia.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goldman |first1=Lee |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780323532662_2 |last2=Schafer |first2=Andrew |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-323-53266-2 |edition=26th |pages=1490–1510}}</ref> [[Berkas:Diabetes complications.jpg|jmpl|Fökhö hörö, fökhö mbua ba fökhö nuo no lua-lua na mongawalö wökhö gulo]] Asese so wökhö gulo sabölö-bölö nifotöi ''ketoacidosis'' (langu saisö)<ref>Alua wökhö nifotöi ''ketoadicosis'' na falawu oya zaisö bakha ba mboto. Alua baero zaisö da'a na i'ohalöŵögöigö dawö ate, ena'ö lö aetu modage niha, börö me mo'amböta ''insulin''.</ref> ba tipe 1, heŵa'ae itaria göi alua ia ba tipe 2 na no ara sibai wökhö ma zui na lö mohalöŵö sa'ae sambua [[sel]] nifotöi sel β bakha ba mboto zofökhö.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Penman |first1=Ian |title=Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine |last2=Ralston |first2=Stuart |last3=Strachan |first3=Mark |last4=Hobson |first4=Richard |publisher=Elsevier |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-7020-8348-8 |edition=24th |pages=703–753}}</ref> Na falawu oya zaisö andre ba tola oroma ia ba tandra-tandra simane fa'omulö-mulö dödö, famu'uta, fökhö dalu, fa'aböu aisö hanu-hanu, fa'ahori mbadu, ba na irege abölö-bölö ia tobali alidifaö zofökhö andrö.<ref name=":6" /> Fökhö sabölö-bölö bö'ö si tola alua ya'ia da'ö nifotöi HHS (li Inggris: ''Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state'') soroma ba tandra-tandra simane famo'amböta nidanö ba mboto (nifotöi ''dehidrasi''), famo'amböta gulo bakha ba ndro ba tola irege fakuyu wangera-ngera zofökhö ma zui femörö sitebai maoso (nifotöi ''koma'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Willix |first1=Clare |last2=Griffiths |first2=Emma |last3=Singleton |first3=Sally |date=May 2019 |title=Hyperglycaemic presentations in type 2 diabetes |url=https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/may/hyperglycaemic-presentations-in-type-2-diabetes |journal=Australian Journal of General Practice |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=263–267 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-12-18-4785 |pmid=31129935 |s2cid=167207067 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-08-10 |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230515/https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/may/hyperglycaemic-presentations-in-type-2-diabetes |url-status=live }}</ref> Famo'amböta gulo bakha ba ndro andre no fökhö si no mu'ila ladalu-daluni faoma fame'e [[insulin]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Amiel |first=Stephanie A. |date=2021-05-01 |title=The consequences of hypoglycaemia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05366-3 |journal=Diabetologia |language=en |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.1007/s00125-020-05366-3 |issn=1432-0428 |pmc=8012317 |pmid=33550443}}</ref> Na abölö-bölö ia ba tola oroma tandra-tandra simane oya mböböi, maniri döla, manimba dödö sabölö-bölö, fakuyu gera-era, maniri-niri, koma, ba itaria fa'amate.<ref name=":7" /> Na asese alua da'a, ba tola manö alua wa lö oroma dandra-tandra irege tebörögö fakuyu gera-gera zofökhö.<ref name=":7" /> === Fökhö songawalö na ara wökhö === Fökhö songawalö (li Indonesia: ''{{li|ira|komplikasi}}'') si tola alua börö wökhö gulo ya'ia da'ö fa'atekiko nuo si fakhai ba dödö.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Diabetes - long-term effects |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-long-term-effects |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Better Health Channel |publisher=Department of Health |language=en |publication-place=Victoria |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029233716/https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-long-term-effects |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Ingelsson E, Lawlor DA, Selvin E, Stampfer M, Stehouwer CD, Lewington S, Pennells L, Thompson A, Sattar N, White IR, Ray KK, Danesh J | display-authors = 6 | title = Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies | journal = Lancet | volume = 375 | issue = 9733 | pages = 2215–2222 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20609967 | pmc = 2904878 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9 }}</ref> Eluahania tobali dua kali mosikho fökhö tödö niha si göna fökhö gulo, ba ambö töra 75% niha simate faoma fökhö gulo, mate börö wökhö tödö.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, Ettinger SM, Fang JC, Fesmire FM, Franklin BA, Granger CB, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum JA, Morrow DA, Newby LK, Ornato JP, Ou N, Radford MJ, Tamis-Holland JE, Tommaso CL, Tracy CM, Woo YJ, Zhao DX, Anderson JL, Jacobs AK, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Brindis RG, Creager MA, DeMets D, Guyton RA, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Kushner FG, Ohman EM, Stevenson WG, Yancy CW |date=January 2013 |title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=e368 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6 |pmid=23247304 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fökhö nuo tanöbö'ö ya'ia tekiko nuo samahele ndro ba guto irege mate [[sel]] bakha ba guto (fökhö nifotöi mate-dambai ma ''stroke'') awö wökhö fa'atolazi nuo ba gahe ba ba danga irege lö tola itörö ndro.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Papatheodorou K, Banach M, Bekiari E, Rizzo M, Edmonds M |date=11 March 2018 |title=Complications of Diabetes 2017 |journal=Journal of Diabetes Research |volume=2018 |pages=3086167 |doi=10.1155/2018/3086167 |pmc=5866895 |pmid=29713648 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fökhö nuo andre tola mo'aekhula ia ba wökhö si fakhai ba hörö, ba mbua ba ba nuo nifotöi ''saraf''.<ref name=":8" /> Fa'atekiko nuo si fakhai ba hörö no börö wa'abösi ma fa'abalunö hörö khö ndra niha sabölö nasa.<ref name=":5" /> Tola göi mo'aekhula ia ba wökhö hörö tanöbö'ö simane fa'abalunö hörö nifotöi ''katarak'' ba ''glaucoma''.<ref name=":5" /> Sökhi na ero döfi möi lafareso höröra khö doto hörö ya'ira sofökhö gulo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diabetes eye care |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000078.htm |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=MedlinePlus |publisher=National Library of Medicine |language=en |publication-place=Maryland |archive-date=2018-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102348/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000078.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Fökhö gulo no fökhö sasese mamobörö [[fökhö mbua]], töra 50% zofökhö bua ba [[Amerika Serikat]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Wing |first1=Edward J |title=Cecil Essentials of Medicine |last2=Schiffman |first2=Fred |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-323-72271-1 |edition=10th |location=Pennsylvania |pages=282–297, 662–677}}</ref> Tola göi ifakiko nuo nifotöi ''saraf'' fökhö gulo, duma-dumania na lö raso sa'ae, na alua wökhö nuo, na ombuyu dalu ba tebai auri mba'i ndra matua.<ref name=":5" /> Börö me lö raso sa'ae, mo'aekhula ia ba wökhö simane na abao-ombuyu waha ma ahe, irege obou ba moguna lataba faoma operasi (nifotöi ''amputasi'').<ref name=":5" /> Molo'ö [[data]] si no mu'owuloi, so gamaikhata wökhö gulo tipe 2 faoma wökhö [[awökhu|gawökhu]]. Ya'ira sofökhö gulo abölö mosikho ira göna fökhö [[awökhu|gawökhu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yuan |first1=Shuai |last2=Gill |first2=Dipender |last3=Giovannucci |first3=Edward L. |last4=Larsson |first4=Susanna C. |date=March 2022 |title=Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Lifestyle Factors, and Risk of Gallstone Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Investigation |journal=Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=e529–e537 |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2020.12.034|pmid=33418132 |doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/86461 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Baero da'ö so göi khai-khaira wökhö gulo ba fa'ambö wangera-ngera (li Inggris: ''{{li|en|cognitive deficit}}''). Oroma da'a bakha ba ngawalö wangosili si no mufalua.<ref name="cognitive">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cukierman T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD |date=December 2005 |title=Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes--systematic overview of prospective observational studies |journal=Diabetologia |volume=48 |issue=12 |pages=2460–2469 |doi=10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4 |pmid=16283246 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fökhö andre itaria göi tobali börö wa asese alau niha sibiha, töra-töra niha si no mangai [[insulin]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang Y, Hu X, Zhang Q, Zou R |date=November 2016 |title=Diabetes mellitus and risk of falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=761–767 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afw140 |pmid=27515679 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Samobörö == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:10px" |+Fökhö gulo tipe 1 ba tipe 2 (sifagölö ba sifabö'ö)<ref name=Will2011>{{cite book |title=Williams textbook of endocrinology |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |isbn=978-1-4377-0324-5 |pages=1371–1435 |edition=12th|year=2011 }}</ref> |- ! Omböila !! Tipe 1 !! Tipe 2 |- ! Böröta | I'anema'ö||Ita'i-ta'i |- ! Ndröfi | Arakhagö fefu ba ndraono || Arakhagö fefu ba zatua |- ! Fa'ebua mboto | Afuo ma to'ölö manö<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lambert P, Bingley PJ | title = What is Type 1 Diabetes? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-care-medicine_2002-06_30_6_0/page/1 | journal = Medicine | volume = 30 | pages = 1–5 | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1383/medc.30.1.1.28264 }}</ref> || Asese falawu esolo |- ! Fa'alua langu saisö<ref>Töi resminia ba gotalua ndra doto: ''ketoacidosis''</ref> | Asese || Itaria |- ! Otoantibodi<ref>Lafotöi ''otoantibodi'' zalua na ibörötaigö boto wamakiko botoda samösa. Si to'ölönia na so dungö, langu ma gofu hadia ia zi ta'unö simöi bakha ba mboto, ba i'anema'ö isuwö da'ö fefu boto (lafotöi da'a ''antibodi''). Bahiza itaria ''owöhö'' mbotoda samösa, irege tenga udu moroi baero nisuwönia, bahiza ngawalö zoguna ba mboto samösa. Duma-dumania fökhö nifotöi ''kanker'' alua börö me isuwö mboto botoda samösa.</ref> | Si to'ölönia so || Lö so |- ! Insulin nifazökhi mboto<ref>Lafotöi ''insulin'' sambua ŵe nifatumbu'ö wali'a. Moguna ŵe andre ba wamatörö ena'ö böi falawu töra ba böi göi falawu lö'ö gulo bakha ba ndro.</ref> | Arakhagö lö'ö ma lö'ö || Normal, alö<br /> ma monönö |- ! Fama'ema ba götö mitou | 0.69 irugi 0.88<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skov J, Eriksson D, Kuja-Halkola R, Höijer J, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Svensson AM, Magnusson PK, Ludvigsson JF, Kämpe O, Bensing S | display-authors = 6 | title = Co-aggregation and heritability of organ-specific autoimmunity: a population-based twin study | journal = European Journal of Endocrinology | volume = 182 | issue = 5 | pages = 473–480 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32229696 | doi = 10.1530/EJE-20-0049 | pmc = 7182094 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hyttinen V, Kaprio J, Kinnunen L, Koskenvuo M, Tuomilehto J | title = Genetic liability of type 1 diabetes and the onset age among 22,650 young Finnish twin pairs: a nationwide follow-up study | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes_2003-04_52_4/page/1052 | journal = Diabetes | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 1052–1055 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12663480 | doi = 10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1052 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Condon J, Shaw JE, Luciano M, Kyvik KO, Martin NG, Duffy DL | title = A study of diabetes mellitus within a large sample of Australian twins | journal = Twin Research and Human Genetics | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–40 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18251672 | doi = 10.1375/twin.11.1.28 | s2cid = 18072879 | url = https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11913813/study_of_diabetes_mellitus_within_a_large_sample_of_Australian_twins.pdf | access-date = 2021-12-27 | archive-date = 2023-07-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230701154034/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11913813/study_of_diabetes_mellitus_within_a_large_sample_of_Australian_twins.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>|| 0.47 irugi 0.77<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Willemsen G, Ward KJ, Bell CG, Christensen K, Bowden J, Dalgård C, Harris JR, Kaprio J, Lyle R, Magnusson PK, Mather KA, Ordoňana JR, Perez-Riquelme F, Pedersen NL, Pietiläinen KH, Sachdev PS, Boomsma DI, Spector T | display-authors = 6 | title = The Concordance and Heritability of Type 2 Diabetes in 34,166 Twin Pairs From International Twin Registers: The Discordant Twin (DISCOTWIN) Consortium | journal = Twin Research and Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 762–771 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26678054 | doi = 10.1017/thg.2015.83 | s2cid = 17854531 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |- ! Fa'asese tesöndra (nifaosatö molo'ö ndröfi) | <2 ero 1,000<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, Xu J, Ding Y, Sun X, Song X, Ren Y, Shan PF | display-authors = 6 | title = Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025 | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 14790 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32901098 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-71908-9 | pmc = 7478957 | bibcode = 2020NatSR..1014790L }}</ref>|| ~6% (ndramatua), ~5% (ndra'alawe)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tinajero MG, Malik VS | title = An Update on the Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes: A Global Perspective | journal = Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 337–355 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34399949 | doi = 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.05.013 }}</ref> |} Molo'ö [[WHO]] (World Health Organization) so 6 faosatö wökhö gulo: fökhö gulo tipe 1, fökhö gulo tipe 2, fökhö gulo si faruka tandra-tandrania (fao ba da'ö wökhö gulo sara manöi ba niha satua awö wökhö gulo tipe 2 si fao langu saisö), fökhö gulo si so ba ndra'alawe sanabina, "fökhö gulo tipe tanöbö'ö" ba "fökhö gulo si lö nasa mufaosatö".<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1233344/retrieve |title=Classification of diabetes mellitus 2019 |date=2019 |publisher=World Health Organisation |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-151570-2 |access-date=2023-08-15 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306070305/https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1233344/retrieve |url-status=live }}</ref> Oya ngawalö wökhö gulo töra moroi ba ni'angeragö niha meföna, ba tola manö wa göna samösa niha tenga ha sambua bahiza mato ha'uga ngawalö wökhö gulo andrö.<ref name="Tuomi2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tuomi T, Santoro N, Caprio S, Cai M, Weng J, Groop L |date=March 2014 |title=The many faces of diabetes: a disease with increasing heterogeneity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-22-28-2014_383_9922/page/1084 |journal=Lancet |volume=383 |issue=9922 |pages=1084–1094 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62219-9 |pmid=24315621 |s2cid=12679248}}</ref> === Fökhö gulo tipe 1 === Moroi ba gotalua fefu wökhö gulo, so tipe 1 andre mato 5 irugi 10%. Fondrege tesöndra ia ba wökhö gulo si göna niha sawuyu ndröfi moroi ba zi 20 fakhe;<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=V |title=Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |last2=Abbas |first2=A |last3=Aster |first3=J |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-323-60992-0 |edition=10th |location=Pennsylvania |pages=1065–1132}}</ref> bahiza lö te'oguna'ö sa'ae ŵa'öta "fökhö gulo ndraono matua" me tola alua ia göi ba niha satua.<ref name=":9" /> Oroma wa so wökhö andre na mo'amböta nifotöi [[sel]] β ([[sel]] ''beta'') bakha ba wali'a, ba börö da'ö mo'amböta göi [[insulin]], irege tefaböbö ia sa'ae ba wökhö si fakhai ba wa'abölö mboto wolaŵa fökhö nifotöi ''kekebalan tubuh'' ba li Indonesia ma zui ''immune system'' ba li Inggris.<ref name=":10" /> Arakhagö fefu wökhö salua fakhai ia ba zabölö mboto andre, me isuwö mboto botoda samösa (samalua da'a sambua [[sel]] nifotöi T) irege mate oi [[sel]] beta no mege, ba afuriatania falawu mo'amböta [[insulin]].<ref name="Rother">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rother KI | title = Diabetes treatment--bridging the divide | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 356 | issue = 15 | pages = 1499–1501 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17429082 | pmc = 4152979 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp078030 }}</ref> Asese möi yaŵa möi tou wa'oya gulo bakha ba ndro niha sofökhö, börö wo'amböta [[insulin]] ba börö wo'amböta wa'abölö wolaŵa nifotöi fökhö gulo ''hypoglycaemia''.<ref name="merck1">{{cite web |last=Brutsaert |first=EF |date=September 2022 |title=Diabetes Mellitus (DM) |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=MSD Manual Professional Version |publisher=[[Merck & Co.|Merck Publishing]] |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815124233/https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |url-status=live }}</ref> So ösa wökhö gulo tipe 1 nifa'ema ba götö mitou, heza tesöndra mato ha'uga ngawalö [[gen]] (fao ba da'ö gen HLA) same'e mosikho niha ba wökhö gulo. Na so gen andre ba mboto zi samösa niha, ba tola alua wa göna ia fökhö gulo börö ngawalö hadia ia zi so ba zi fasui (nifotöi ''faktor lingkungan'' ba li Indonesia),<ref name=PetzoldSolimena2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petzold A, Solimena M, Knoch KP | title = Mechanisms of Beta Cell Dysfunction Associated With Viral Infection | journal = Current Diabetes Reports | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 73 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26280364 | pmc = 4539350 | doi = 10.1007/s11892-015-0654-x | type = Review | quote = So far, none of the hypotheses accounting for virus-induced beta cell autoimmunity has been supported by stringent evidence in humans, and the involvement of several mechanisms rather than just one is also plausible. }}</ref> simane na falemba khöra dungö ite (''virus'') ma zui ngawalö gö ni'ara. So mato ha'uga ngawalö virus andrö, bahiza lö nasa abönö ni'ila hörö nibabaya tanga (''bukti'') moroi ba wangosili ndra ere wökhö.<ref name=PetzoldSolimena2015 /><ref name=ButaliaKaplan2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM | title = Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future | journal = Canadian Journal of Diabetes | volume = 40 | issue = 6 | pages = 586–593 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27545597 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002 | type = Review }}</ref> Tola göna niha wökhö gulo tipe 1 gofu manö ndröfi, heŵa'ae niha satua abölö asese göna fökhö andre. Töi nibe'e ndra ere wökhö na alua zimane ya'ia LADA (''Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults''), eluahania alua wökhö tipe 1 ba niha satua; no ita'i-ta'i wamanöi ya'ia, tenga simane ba ndraono, salio manöi wökhö andre. Börö da'ö itaria latötöi wökhö ba zatua andre "fökhö gulo tipe 1,5". Asese fasala ''diagnosis'' wökhö andre ba niha satua, lawalinga fökhö gulo tipe 2 ia, börö me lasöndra ia ba niha satua.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Laugesen E, Østergaard JA, Leslie RD | title = Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult: current knowledge and uncertainty | journal = Diabetic Medicine | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = 843–852 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25601320 | pmc = 4676295 | doi = 10.1111/dme.12700 }}</ref> Börö LADA tesöndra falawu oya ''insulin'' ba niha satua moroi ba na göna ira wökhö gulo tipe 1, bahiza ambö sökhi gulo nifazökhi insulin andrö.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Diabetes? |url=https://www.diabetesdaily.com/learn-about-diabetes/basics/what-is-diabetes/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Diabetes Daily |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004071449/https://www.diabetesdaily.com/learn-about-diabetes/basics/what-is-diabetes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nolasco-Rosales |first1=Germán Alberto |last2=Ramírez-González |first2=Dania |last3=Rodríguez-Sánchez |first3=Ester |last4=Ávila-Fernandez |first4=Ángela |last5=Villar-Juarez |first5=Guillermo Efrén |last6=González-Castro |first6=Thelma Beatriz |last7=Tovilla-Zárate |first7=Carlos Alfonso |last8=Guzmán-Priego |first8=Crystell Guadalupe |last9=Genis-Mendoza |first9=Alma Delia |last10=Ble-Castillo |first10=Jorge Luis |last11=Marín-Medina |first11=Alejandro |last12=Juárez-Rojop |first12=Isela Esther |date=2023-04-29 |title=Identification and phenotypic characterization of patients with LADA in a population of southeast Mexico |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=7029 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-34171-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmid=37120620|pmc=10148806 |bibcode=2023NatSR..13.7029N }}</ref> === Fökhö gulo tipe 2 === [[Berkas:Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.jpg|jmpl|Na mo'amböta wa'oya ma zui wa'abölö ''insulin'' ba tobali monönö wa'oya gulo bakha ba ndro]] Manumbu wökhö gulo tipe 2 na mo'amböta wa'abölö ''insulin'' ninönö na wa mo'amböta wa'oyania.<ref name=Green2011/> The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin is believed to involve the [[insulin receptor]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Freeman |first=Andrew M. |title=Insulin Resistance |date=2024 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507839/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939616 |last2=Acevedo |first2=Luis A. |last3=Pennings |first3=Nicholas |archive-date=2024-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207020904/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507839/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Fökhö gulo tipe 2 andre no fökhö fondrege asese so, 95% moroi fefu niha si göna fökhö gulo. Ato niha si göna fökhö gulo tipe 2 samörögö faoma fökhö sangoroma'ö wa edöna göna ira dania fökhö gulo tipe 2.<ref>{{cite journal | author = American Diabetes Association | title = 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 40 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S11–S24 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27979889 | doi = 10.2337/dc17-S005 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Tola labatogö ia, ena'ö böi irugi wökhö gulo sindruhu, na la'oguna'ö dalu-dalu same'e ena'ö mofa'abölö ''insulin'' ba mo'amböta wamanumbu gulo.<ref name="pmid30528418">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carris NW, Magness RR, Labovitz AJ | title = Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Prediabetes | journal = The American Journal of Cardiology | volume = 123 | issue = 3 | pages = 507–512 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30528418 | pmc = 6350898 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.032 }}</ref> Awena irugi da'a te'ali mangawuli zura andre moroi ba Wikipedia Inggris. Tolo Wikipedia Nias ba wanohugö wo'ali ya'ia. Oroma teks ba li Inggris ba modus wanura kode <!-- Type 2 diabetes is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics.<ref name=Fat2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB | title = Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes | journal = Progress in Lipid Research | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–51 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19032965 | pmc = 2654180 | doi = 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.10.002 }}</ref> A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including [[obesity]] (defined by a [[body mass index]] of greater than 30), lack of [[physical activity]], poor [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]], [[stress (biology)|stress]], and [[urbanization]].<ref name=Will2011/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Barbara |last2=Gulanick |first2=Meg |last3=Lamendola |first3=Cindy |date=January 2002 |title=Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11800065 |journal=The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=17–23 |doi=10.1097/00005082-200201000-00003 |issn=0889-4655 |pmid=11800065 |access-date=2023-10-12 |archive-date=2023-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020123710/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11800065/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in people of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60–80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders.<ref name=Green2011/> Even those who are not obese may have a high [[waist–hip ratio]].<ref name=Green2011/> Dietary factors such as [[sugar]]-sweetened drinks are associated with an increased risk.<ref name="SSB2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Hu FB | title = Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk | journal = Circulation | volume = 121 | issue = 11 | pages = 1356–1364 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20308626 | pmc = 2862465 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Willett WC, Hu FB | title = Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 33 | issue = 11 | pages = 2477–2483 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20693348 | pmc = 2963518 | doi = 10.2337/dc10-1079 }}</ref> The type of [[fat]]s in the diet is also important, with [[saturated fat]] and [[trans fat]]s increasing the risk and [[polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated]] and [[monounsaturated fat]] decreasing the risk.<ref name="Fat2009" /> Eating [[white rice]] excessively may increase the risk of diabetes, especially in Chinese and Japanese people.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hu EA, Pan A, Malik V, Sun Q | title = White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review | journal = BMJ | volume = 344 | pages = e1454 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22422870 | pmc = 3307808 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e1454 }}</ref> Lack of physical activity may increase the risk of diabetes in some people.<ref name="pmid22818936">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT | title = Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9838 | pages = 219–229 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22818936 | pmc = 3645500 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 }}</ref> [[Adverse Childhood Experiences Study|Adverse childhood experiences]], including abuse, neglect, and household difficulties, increase the likelihood of type 2 diabetes later in life by 32%, with [[neglect]] having the strongest effect.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang H, Yan P, Shan Z, Chen S, Li M, Luo C, Gao H, Hao L, Liu L | display-authors = 6 | title = Adverse childhood experiences and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Metabolism | volume = 64 | issue = 11 | pages = 1408–1418 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26404480 | doi = 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.019 }}</ref> [[Antipsychotic|Antipsychotic medication]] side effects (specifically metabolic abnormalities, [[dyslipidemia]] and weight gain) and unhealthy lifestyles (including poor diet and decreased [[physical activity]]), are potential risk factors.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y, Liu Y, Su Y, You Y, Ma Y, Yang G, Song Y, Liu X, Wang M, Zhang L, Kou C | display-authors = 6 | title = The metabolic side effects of 12 antipsychotic drugs used for the treatment of schizophrenia on glucose: a network meta-analysis | journal = BMC Psychiatry | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 373 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29162032 | pmc = 5698995 | doi = 10.1186/s12888-017-1539-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ===Gestational diabetes=== {{Main|Gestational diabetes}} Gestational diabetes resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in about 2–10% of all [[pregnancy|pregnancies]] and may improve or disappear after delivery.<ref name=NDIC_Stats>{{cite web|title=National Diabetes Clearinghouse (NDIC): National Diabetes Statistics 2011|url=http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/#Gestational|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|access-date=22 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417143052/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/#Gestational|archive-date=17 April 2014}}</ref> It is recommended that all pregnant women get tested starting around 24–28 weeks gestation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Soldavini J |date=November 2019|title=Krause's Food & The Nutrition Care Process|journal=Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1225|doi=10.1016/j.jneb.2019.06.022|s2cid=209272489|issn=1499-4046}}</ref> It is most often diagnosed in the second or third trimester because of the increase in insulin-antagonist hormone levels that occurs at this time.<ref name=":2" /> However, after pregnancy approximately 5–10% of women with gestational diabetes are found to have another form of diabetes, most commonly type 2.<ref name=NDIC_Stats /> Gestational diabetes is fully treatable, but requires careful medical supervision throughout the pregnancy. Management may include dietary changes, blood glucose monitoring, and in some cases, insulin may be required.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/gestational/management-treatment|title=Managing & Treating Gestational Diabetes {{!}} NIDDK|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-06|archive-date=2019-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202142/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/gestational/management-treatment|url-status=live}}</ref> Though it may be transient, untreated gestational diabetes can damage the health of the fetus or mother. Risks to the baby include [[macrosomia]] (high birth weight), [[Congenital heart defect|congenital heart]] and [[central nervous system]] abnormalities, and [[skeletal muscle]] malformations. Increased levels of insulin in a fetus's blood may inhibit fetal [[surfactant]] production and cause [[infant respiratory distress syndrome]]. A [[Bilirubin#Hyperbilirubinemia|high blood bilirubin level]] may result from [[hemolysis|red blood cell destruction]]. In severe cases, perinatal death may occur, most commonly as a result of poor placental perfusion due to vascular impairment. [[Labor induction]] may be indicated with decreased placental function. A [[caesarean section]] may be performed if there is marked [[fetal distress]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tarvonen M, Hovi P, Sainio S, Vuorela P, Andersson S, Teramo K | title = Intrapartal cardiotocographic patterns and hypoxia-related perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus | journal = Acta Diabetologica | volume = 58 | issue = 11 | pages = 1563–1573 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34151398 | pmc = 8505288 | doi = 10.1007/s00592-021-01756-0 | s2cid = 235487220 | doi-access = free }}</ref> or an increased risk of injury associated with macrosomia, such as [[shoulder dystocia]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health |date=February 2015 |chapter=Intrapartum care |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0080685/ |title=Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK) |language=en |access-date=2018-08-21 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828061326/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK328350/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Other types=== [[Maturity onset diabetes of the young]] (MODY) is a rare [[Dominance (genetics)|autosomal dominant]] inherited form of diabetes, due to one of several single-gene mutations causing defects in insulin production.<ref>{{cite web|title=Monogenic Forms of Diabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/monogenic-neonatal-mellitus-mody#3|website=National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases|publisher=US NIH|access-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312195627/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/monogenic-neonatal-mellitus-mody#3|archive-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> It is significantly less common than the three main types, constituting 1–2% of all cases. The name of this disease refers to early hypotheses as to its nature. Being due to a defective gene, this disease varies in age at presentation and in severity according to the specific gene defect; thus, there are at least 13 subtypes of MODY. People with MODY often can control it without using insulin.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thanabalasingham G, Owen KR | title = Diagnosis and management of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) | journal = BMJ | volume = 343 | issue = oct19 3 | pages = d6044 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 22012810 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.d6044 | s2cid = 44891167 }}</ref> Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body's tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type&nbsp;2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. Genetic mutations ([[Dominance (genetics)|autosomal]] or [[Mitochondrion|mitochondrial]]) can lead to defects in beta cell function. Abnormal insulin action may also have been genetically determined in some cases. Any disease that causes extensive damage to the pancreas may lead to diabetes (for example, [[chronic pancreatitis]] and [[cystic fibrosis]]). Diseases associated with excessive secretion of [[insulin receptor|insulin-antagonistic]] [[hormone]]s can cause diabetes (which is typically resolved once the hormone excess is removed). Many drugs impair insulin secretion and some toxins damage pancreatic beta cells, whereas others increase [[insulin resistance]] (especially [[glucocorticoid]]s which can provoke "[[steroid diabetes]]"). The [[ICD-10]] (1992) diagnostic entity, ''malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus'' (ICD-10 code E12), was deprecated by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) when the current taxonomy was introduced in 1999.<ref name="WHO1999-DefDiagClass">{{cite web |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |title=Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications |year=1999 |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030308005119/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf |archive-date=2003-03-08}}</ref> Yet another form of diabetes that people may develop is [[double diabetes]]. This is when a type 1 diabetic becomes insulin resistant, the hallmark for type 2 diabetes or has a family history for type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cleland SJ, Fisher BM, Colhoun HM, Sattar N, Petrie JR | title = Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes: what is 'double diabetes' and what are the risks? | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 56 | issue = 7 | pages = 1462–1470 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23613085 | pmc = 3671104 | doi = 10.1007/s00125-013-2904-2 | publisher = National Library of Medicine }}</ref> It was first discovered in 1990 or 1991. The following is a list of disorders that may increase the risk of diabetes:<ref name=Robbins>Unless otherwise specified, reference is: Table 20-5 in {{Cite book|author1=Mitchell, Richard Sheppard |author2=Kumar, Vinay |author3=Abbas, Abul K. |author4=Fausto, Nelson |title=Robbins Basic Pathology|url=https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_q0t1 |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1 |edition=8th |year=2007 }}</ref> {{Col-float-begin}} * Genetic defects of β-cell function ** [[Maturity onset diabetes of the young]] ** Mitochondrial DNA mutations * Genetic defects in insulin processing or insulin action ** Defects in [[proinsulin]] conversion ** Insulin gene mutations ** Insulin receptor mutations * Exocrine pancreatic defects (see [[Type 3c diabetes]], i.e. pancreatogenic diabetes) ** [[Chronic pancreatitis]] ** [[Pancreatectomy]] ** [[Pancreatic neoplasia]] ** [[Cystic fibrosis]] ** [[Hemochromatosis]] ** [[Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy]] {{Col-float-break}} * [[Endocrinopathies]] ** Growth hormone excess ([[acromegaly]]) ** [[Cushing syndrome]] ** [[Hyperthyroidism]] ** [[Hypothyroidism]] ** [[Pheochromocytoma]] ** [[Glucagonoma]] * Infections ** [[Cytomegalovirus infection]] ** [[Coxsackie B4 virus|Coxsackievirus B]] * Drugs ** [[Glucocorticoids]] ** [[Thyroid hormone]] ** [[β-adrenergic agonist]]s ** [[Statins]]<ref name="pmid20167359">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Welsh P, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ, Seshasai SR, McMurray JJ, Freeman DJ, Jukema JW, Macfarlane PW, Packard CJ, Stott DJ, Westendorp RG, Shepherd J, Davis BR, Pressel SL, Marchioli R, Marfisi RM, Maggioni AP, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Cook TJ, Gotto AM, Clearfield MB, Downs JR, Nakamura H, Ohashi Y, Mizuno K, Ray KK, Ford I | display-authors = 6 | title = Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_february-27-march-5-2010_375_9716/page/735 | journal = Lancet | volume = 375 | issue = 9716 | pages = 735–742 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20167359 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61965-6 | s2cid = 11544414 }}</ref> {{Col-float-end}} ==Pathophysiology== [[Berkas:Suckale08 fig3 glucose insulin day.png|jmpl|upright=1.4|The fluctuation of [[Blood sugar level|blood sugar]] (red) and the sugar-lowering hormone [[insulin]] (blue) in humans during the course of a day with three meals. One of the effects of a [[sucrose|sugar]]-rich vs a [[starch]]-rich meal is highlighted.]] [[Berkas:Glucose-insulin-release.svg|jmpl|upright=1.4|Mechanism of insulin release in normal pancreatic [[beta cell]]s. Insulin production is more or less constant within the beta cells. Its release is triggered by food, chiefly food containing absorbable glucose.]] [[Insulin]] is the principal hormone that regulates the uptake of [[glucose]] from the blood into most cells of the body, especially liver, adipose tissue and muscle, except smooth muscle, in which insulin acts via the [[IGF-1]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Therefore, deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] play a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Insulin Basics |url=https://diabetes.org/healthy-living/medication-treatments/insulin-other-injectables/insulin-basics |publisher=American Diabetes Association |access-date=25 June 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621163852/https://diabetes.org/healthy-living/medication-treatments/insulin-other-injectables/insulin-basics |archive-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> The body obtains glucose from three main sources: the intestinal absorption of food; the breakdown of [[glycogen]] ([[glycogenolysis]]), the storage form of glucose found in the liver; and [[gluconeogenesis]], the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates in the body.<ref name=GreenspanEndo>{{cite book |veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D |title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology |url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse |year=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|edition=9th}}</ref> Insulin plays a critical role in regulating glucose levels in the body. Insulin can inhibit the breakdown of glycogen or the process of gluconeogenesis, it can stimulate the transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells, and it can stimulate the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.<ref name=GreenspanEndo /> Insulin is released into the blood by beta cells (β-cells), found in the [[islets of Langerhans]] in the pancreas, in response to rising levels of blood glucose, typically after eating. Insulin is used by about two-thirds of the body's cells to absorb glucose from the blood for use as fuel, for conversion to other needed molecules, or for storage. Lower glucose levels result in decreased insulin release from the beta cells and in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. This process is mainly controlled by the hormone [[glucagon]], which acts in the opposite manner to insulin.<ref name=GanongsPhys>{{cite book|vauthors=Barrett KE, etal |title=Ganong's review of medical physiology|url=https://archive.org/details/ganongsreviewofm0000unse |year=2012 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |isbn=978-0-07-178003-2 |edition=24th}}</ref> If the amount of insulin available is insufficient, or if cells respond poorly to the effects of insulin ([[insulin resistance]]), or if the insulin itself is defective, then glucose is not absorbed properly by the body cells that require it, and is not stored appropriately in the liver and muscles. The net effect is persistently high levels of blood glucose, poor [[Protein biosynthesis|protein synthesis]], and other metabolic derangements, such as metabolic [[acidosis]] in cases of complete insulin deficiency.<ref name=GreenspanEndo /> When there is too much glucose in the blood for a long time, the [[kidneys]] cannot absorb it all (reach a threshold of [[reabsorption]]) and the extra glucose gets passed out of the body through [[urine]] ([[glycosuria]]).<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Murray RK, etal |title=Harper's illustrated biochemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/harpersillustrat0000unse |year=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |isbn=978-0-07-176576-3 |edition=29th}}</ref> This increases the [[osmotic pressure]] of the urine and inhibits reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increased urine production ([[polyuria]]) and increased fluid loss. Lost blood volume is replaced osmotically from water in body cells and other body compartments, causing [[dehydration]] and increased thirst ([[polydipsia]]).<ref name=GreenspanEndo /> In addition, intracellular glucose deficiency stimulates appetite leading to excessive food intake (polyphagia).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Juta's Complete Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing| vauthors = Mogotlane S |publisher=Juta|year=2013|location=Cape Town|pages=839}}</ref> ==Diagnosis== {{See also|Glycated hemoglobin|Glucose tolerance test}} Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed with a test for the glucose content in the blood, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:<ref name="WHO1999-DefDiagClass" /> * [[Fasting glucose|Fasting plasma glucose level]] ≥&nbsp;7.0&nbsp;mmol/L (126&nbsp;mg/dL). For this test, blood is taken after a period of fasting, i.e. in the morning before breakfast, after the patient had sufficient time to fast overnight or at least 8 hours before the test. * [[Plasma glucose]] ≥&nbsp;11.1&nbsp;mmol/L (200&nbsp;mg/dL) two hours after a 75&nbsp;gram oral glucose load as in a [[glucose tolerance test]] (OGTT) * Symptoms of high blood sugar and plasma glucose ≥&nbsp;11.1&nbsp;mmol/L (200&nbsp;mg/dL) either while fasting or not fasting * [[Glycated hemoglobin]] (HbA_1C) ≥&nbsp;48&nbsp;mmol/mol (≥&nbsp;6.5 [[Diabetes control and complications trial|DCCT]] %).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Summary of revisions for the 2010 Clinical Practice Recommendations | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 33 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S3 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20042773 | pmc = 2797388 | doi = 10.2337/dc10-S003 | url = http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/Supplement_1/S3.full | access-date = 29 January 2010 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100113212053/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/Supplement_1/S3.full | archive-date = 13 January 2010 }}</ref> {{OGTT}} A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal high blood sugar, should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above methods on a different day. It is preferable to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saydah SH, Miret M, Sung J, Varas C, Gause D, Brancati FL | title = Postchallenge hyperglycemia and mortality in a national sample of U.S. adults | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2001-08_24_8/page/1397 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 24 | issue = 8 | pages = 1397–1402 | date = August 2001 | pmid = 11473076 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.24.8.1397 | doi-access = free }}</ref> According to the current definition, two fasting glucose measurements at or above 7.0&nbsp;mmol/L (126&nbsp;mg/dL) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus. Per the WHO, people with fasting glucose levels from 6.1 to 6.9&nbsp;mmol/L (110 to 125&nbsp;mg/dL) are considered to have [[impaired fasting glycemia|impaired fasting glucose]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation |url=https://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes_new.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |page=21 |year=2006 |isbn=978-92-4-159493-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511072821/http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes_new.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2012}}</ref> People with plasma glucose at or above 7.8&nbsp;mmol/L (140&nbsp;mg/dL), but not over 11.1&nbsp;mmol/L (200&nbsp;mg/dL), two hours after a 75&nbsp;gram oral glucose load are considered to have [[impaired glucose tolerance]]. Of these two prediabetic states, the latter in particular is a major risk factor for progression to full-blown diabetes mellitus, as well as cardiovascular disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Santaguida PL, Balion C, Hunt D, Morrison K, Gerstein H, Raina P, Booker L, Yazdi H | display-authors = 6 | title = Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose | journal = Evidence Report/Technology Assessment | issue = 128 | pages = 1–11 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16194123 | pmc = 4780988 | url = http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/impglusum.htm | access-date = 20 July 2008 | publisher = [[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080916030540/http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/impglusum.htm | archive-date = 16 September 2008 }}</ref> The [[American Diabetes Association]] (ADA) since 2003 uses a slightly different range for impaired fasting glucose of 5.6 to 6.9&nbsp;mmol/L (100 to 125&nbsp;mg/dL).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bartoli E, Fra GP, Carnevale Schianca GP | title = The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) revisited | journal = European Journal of Internal Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 8–12 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21238885 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.07.008 }}</ref> [[Glycated hemoglobin]] is better than [[fasting glucose]] for determining risks of cardiovascular disease and death from any cause.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, Coresh J, Brancati FL | display-authors = 6 | title = Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 362 | issue = 9 | pages = 800–811 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20200384 | pmc = 2872990 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa0908359 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.589.1658 }}</ref> ==Prevention== {{See also|Prevention of type 2 diabetes}} There is no known [[Preventive healthcare|preventive]] measure for type&nbsp;1 diabetes.<ref name="WHO2022">{{cite web |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |website=www.who.int |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226173058/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |url-status=live}}</ref> However, islet autoimmunity and multiple antibodies can be a strong predictor of the onset of type 1 diabetes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacobsen |first1=Laura M. |last2=Haller |first2=Michael J. |last3=Schatz |first3=Desmond A. |date=2018-03-06 |title=Understanding Pre-Type 1 Diabetes: The Key to Prevention |journal= Frontiers in Endocrinology|volume=9 |page=70 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2018.00070 |pmid=29559955 |pmc=5845548 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes—which accounts for 85–90% of all cases worldwide—can often be prevented or delayed<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Tackling risk factors for type 2 diabetes in adolescents: PRE-STARt study in Euskadi | journal = Anales de Pediatria | volume = 95 | issue = 3 | pages = 186–196 | date = 2020 | pmid = 33388268 | doi = 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.11.001 | publisher = Anales de Pediatría | doi-access = free }}</ref> by maintaining a [[normal body weight]], engaging in physical activity, and eating a healthy diet.<ref name="WHO2022"/> Higher levels of physical activity (more than 90 minutes per day) reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%.<ref name= BMJ2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, Veerman JL, Delwiche K, Iannarone ML, Moyer ML, Cercy K, Vos T, Murray CJ, Forouzanfar MH | display-authors = 6 | title = Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = BMJ | volume = 354 | pages = i3857 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27510511 | pmc = 4979358 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i3857 }}</ref> Dietary changes known to be effective in helping to prevent diabetes include maintaining a diet rich in [[whole grain]]s and [[Dietary fiber|fiber]], and choosing good fats, such as the [[polyunsaturated fat]]s found in nuts, vegetable oils, and fish.<ref name=HarvardNutrition>{{cite web|website=The Nutrition Source|title = Simple Steps to Preventing Diabetes |date = 18 September 2012 |url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/preventing-diabetes-full-story/#references |publisher= Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425020720/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/preventing-diabetes-full-story/#references|archive-date=25 April 2014}}</ref> Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat and other sources of [[saturated fat]] can also help prevent diabetes.<ref name=HarvardNutrition /> Tobacco smoking is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes and its complications, so [[smoking cessation]] can be an important preventive measure as well.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J | title = Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 298 | issue = 22 | pages = 2654–2664 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18073361 | doi = 10.1001/jama.298.22.2654 | s2cid = 30550981 }}</ref> The relationship between type 2 diabetes and the main modifiable risk factors (excess weight, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and tobacco use) is similar in all regions of the world. There is growing evidence that the underlying determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change: [[globalization]], urbanization, population aging, and the general [[health policy]] environment.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/media/Factsheet1.pdf |title=Chronic diseases and their common risk factors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017172040/http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/media/Factsheet1.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-17 |date=2005 |access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> ==Management== {{Main|Diabetes management}} Diabetes management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels close to normal, without causing low blood sugar.<ref name="niddk16">{{cite web |title=Managing diabetes |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=4 February 2023 |date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306044924/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes |url-status=live }}</ref> This can usually be accomplished with dietary changes,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Toumpanakis A, Turnbull T, Alba-Barba I | title = Effectiveness of plant-based diets in promoting well-being in the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review | journal = BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = e000534 | date = 2018-10-30 | pmid = 30487971 | pmc = 6235058 | doi = 10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000534 }}</ref> exercise, weight loss, and use of appropriate medications (insulin, oral medications).<ref name=niddk16/> Learning about the disease and actively participating in the treatment is important, since complications are far less common and less severe in people who have well-managed blood sugar levels.<ref name=niddk16/><ref>{{cite journal|title = The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1995-04-15_122_8/page/n54|author=The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 122 | issue = 8 | pages = 561–568 | date = April 1995 | pmid = 7887548 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00001 | s2cid = 24754081 }}</ref> The goal of treatment is an A1C level below 7%.<ref name="niddka1c">{{cite web |title=The A1C test and diabetes |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/a1c-test |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=4 February 2023 |date=1 April 2018 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204214740/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/a1c-test |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=3| vauthors = Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Kansagara D, Horwitch C, Barry MJ, Forciea MA, Fitterman N, Balzer K, Boyd C, Humphrey LL, Iorio A, Lin J, Maroto M, McLean R, Mustafa R, Tufte J | title = Hemoglobin A1c Targets for Glycemic Control With Pharmacologic Therapy for Nonpregnant Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Guidance Statement Update From the American College of Physicians | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 168 | issue = 8 | pages = 569–576 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29507945 | doi = 10.7326/M17-0939 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Attention is also paid to other health problems that may accelerate the negative effects of diabetes. These include [[tobacco smoking|smoking]], [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[metabolic syndrome]] [[obesity]], and lack of regular [[exercise]].<ref name=niddk16/><ref name=NICE66>{{NICE|66|Type 2 diabetes|2008}}</ref> [[Diabetic shoe|Specialized footwear]] is widely used to reduce the risk of [[diabetic foot ulcer]]s by relieving the pressure on the foot.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bus SA, van Deursen RW, Armstrong DG, Lewis JE, Caravaggi CF, Cavanagh PR | title = Footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and heal foot ulcers and reduce plantar pressure in patients with diabetes: a systematic review | journal = Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews | volume = 32 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 99–118 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26342178 | doi = 10.1002/dmrr.2702 | s2cid = 24862853 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heuch L, Streak Gomersall J | title = Effectiveness of offloading methods in preventing primary diabetic foot ulcers in adults with diabetes: a systematic review | journal = JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 236–265 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27532798 | doi = 10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003013 | s2cid = 12012686 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Netten JJ, Raspovic A, Lavery LA, Monteiro-Soares M, Rasmussen A, Sacco IC, Bus SA | title = Prevention of foot ulcers in the at-risk patient with diabetes: a systematic review | journal = Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews | volume = 36 | issue = S1 Suppl 1 | pages = e3270 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31957213 | doi = 10.1002/dmrr.3270 | s2cid = 210830578 | url = https://eprints.qut.edu.au/220879/1/Van%2BNetten%2Bet%2Bal%2B-%2B2016%2B-%2BPrevention%2Bof%2Bfoot%2Bulcers%2Bsystematic%2Breview.pdf | access-date = 2023-01-23 | archive-date = 2023-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209225712/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/220879/1/Van%2BNetten%2Bet%2Bal%2B-%2B2016%2B-%2BPrevention%2Bof%2Bfoot%2Bulcers%2Bsystematic%2Breview.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Foot examination for patients living with diabetes should be done annually which includes sensation testing, foot [[biomechanics]], vascular integrity and foot structure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mayfield JA, Reiber GE, Sanders LJ, Janisse D, Pogach LM | title = Preventive foot care in diabetes | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 27 | issue = suppl_1 | pages = S63–S64 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14693928 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.27.2007.S63 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Concerning those with severe [[Mental disorder|mental illness]], the efficacy of [[type 2 diabetes]] self-management interventions is still poorly explored, with insufficient scientific evidence to show whether these interventions have similar results to those observed in the general population.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McBain H, Mulligan K, Haddad M, Flood C, Jones J, Simpson A | title = Self management interventions for type 2 diabetes in adult people with severe mental illness | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | pages = CD011361 | date = April 2016 | issue = 4 | pmid = 27120555 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011361.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group | pmc = 10201333 }}</ref> ===Lifestyle=== {{See also|Diet in diabetes}} People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease and treatment, dietary changes, and exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels [[Diabetes management#Glycemic control|within acceptable bounds]]. In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are recommended to control blood pressure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haw JS, Galaviz KI, Straus AN, Kowalski AJ, Magee MJ, Weber MB, Wei J, Narayan KM, Ali MK | display-authors = 3 | title = Long-term Sustainability of Diabetes Prevention Approaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials | journal = JAMA Internal Medicine | volume = 177 | issue = 12 | pages = 1808–1817 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29114778 | pmc = 5820728 | doi = 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.6040 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mottalib A, Kasetty M, Mar JY, Elseaidy T, Ashrafzadeh S, Hamdy O | title = Weight Management in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity | journal = Current Diabetes Reports | volume = 17 | issue = 10 | pages = 92 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28836234 | pmc = 5569154 | doi = 10.1007/s11892-017-0918-8 }}</ref> [[Weight loss]] can prevent progression from prediabetes to [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes type 2]], decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, or result in a partial remission in people with diabetes.<ref name="ADA2019">{{cite journal | title = 5. Lifestyle Management: ''Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019'' | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 42 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S46–S60 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30559231 | doi = 10.2337/dc19-S005 | doi-access = free | author1 = American Diabetes Association }}</ref><ref name="ADA2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KH, MacLeod J, Mitri J, Pereira RF, Rawlings K, Robinson S, Saslow L, Uelmen S, Urbanski PB, Yancy WS | display-authors = 3 | title = Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 731–754 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31000505 | pmc = 7011201 | doi = 10.2337/dci19-0014 | type = Professional society guidelines | doi-access = free }}</ref> No single dietary pattern is best for all people with diabetes.<ref name=Em2015/> Healthy dietary patterns, such as the [[Mediterranean diet]], [[low-carbohydrate diet]], or [[DASH diet]], are often recommended, although evidence does not support one over the others.<ref name="ADA2019" /><ref name="ADA2018" /> According to the ADA, "reducing overall carbohydrate intake for individuals with diabetes has demonstrated the most evidence for improving glycemia", and for individuals with type 2 diabetes who cannot meet the glycemic targets or where reducing anti-glycemic medications is a priority, [[low-carbohydrate diet|low or very-low carbohydrate diet]]s are a viable approach.<ref name="ADA2018" /> For overweight people with type 2 diabetes, any diet that achieves weight loss is effective.<ref name=Em2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Emadian A, Andrews RC, England CY, Wallace V, Thompson JL | title = The effect of macronutrients on glycaemic control: a systematic review of dietary randomised controlled trials in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes in which there was no difference in weight loss between treatment groups | journal = The British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 114 | issue = 10 | pages = 1656–1666 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26411958 | pmc = 4657029 | doi = 10.1017/S0007114515003475 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grams J, Garvey WT | title = Weight Loss and the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Using Lifestyle Therapy, Pharmacotherapy, and Bariatric Surgery: Mechanisms of Action | journal = Current Obesity Reports | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 287–302 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26627223 | doi = 10.1007/s13679-015-0155-x | s2cid = 207474124 }}</ref> A 2020 Cochrane systematic review compared several non-nutritive sweeteners to sugar, placebo and a nutritive low-calorie sweetener ([[tagatose]]), but the results were unclear for effects on HbA1c, body weight and adverse events.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Lohner |first1=Szimonetta |last2=Kuellenberg de Gaudry |first2=Daniela |last3=Toews |first3=Ingrid |last4=Ferenci |first4=Tamas |last5=Meerpohl |first5=Joerg J |date=2020-05-25 |editor-last=Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group |title=Non-nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2020 |issue=5 |pages=CD012885 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012885.pub2 |pmc=7387865 |pmid=32449201}}</ref> The studies included were mainly of very low-certainty and did not report on health-related quality of life, diabetes complications, all-cause mortality or socioeconomic effects.<ref name=":4" /> ===Medications=== {{Main|Diabetes medication}} ====Glucose control==== {{see also|Anti-diabetic medication}} Most medications used to treat diabetes act by lowering [[glucose|blood sugar levels]] through different mechanisms. There is broad consensus that when people with diabetes maintain tight glucose control – keeping the glucose levels in their blood within normal ranges – they experience fewer complications, such as [[diabetic nephropathy|kidney problems]] or [[diabetic retinopathy|eye problems]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosberger DF | title = Diabetic retinopathy: current concepts and emerging therapy | journal = Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 721–745 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24286948 | doi = 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.08.001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = MacIsaac RJ, Jerums G, Ekinci EI | title = Glycemic Control as Primary Prevention for Diabetic Kidney Disease | journal = Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 141–148 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29580578 | doi = 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.11.003 }}</ref> There is however debate as to whether this is appropriate and [[cost effective]] for people later in life in whom the risk of hypoglycemia may be more significant.<ref name=Pozzilli2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pozzilli P, Strollo R, Bonora E | title = One size does not fit all glycemic targets for type 2 diabetes | journal = Journal of Diabetes Investigation | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 134–141 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24843750 | pmc = 4023573 | doi = 10.1111/jdi.12206 }}</ref> There are a number of different classes of anti-diabetic medications. Type&nbsp;1 diabetes requires treatment with [[insulin]], ideally using a "basal bolus" regimen that most closely matches normal insulin release: long-acting insulin for the [[basal rate]] and short-acting insulin with meals.<ref name=NICENG17>{{cite web |title=Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17 |website=www.nice.org.uk |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |date=26 August 2015 |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210211840/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Type 2 diabetes is generally treated with medication that is taken by mouth (e.g. [[metformin]]) although some eventually require injectable treatment with insulin or [[GLP-1 agonist]]s.<ref name=NICENG28>{{cite web |title=Type 2 diabetes in adults: management |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28 |website=www.nice.org.uk |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222155551/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Metformin]] is generally recommended as a first-line treatment for type&nbsp;2 diabetes, as there is good evidence that it decreases mortality.<ref name=AFP09>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ripsin CM, Kang H, Urban RJ | title = Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 79 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–36 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19145963 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130505033552/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.pdf | archive-date = 2013-05-05 }}</ref> It works by decreasing the liver's production of glucose, and increasing the amount of glucose stored in peripheral tissue.<ref name=Drugs2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ | title = Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Drugs | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 385–411 | date = 2005 | pmid = 15669880 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005 | s2cid = 29670619 }}</ref> Several other groups of drugs, mainly oral medication, may also decrease blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. These include agents that increase insulin release ([[sulfonylurea]]s), agents that decrease absorption of sugar from the intestines ([[acarbose]]), agents that inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) that inactivates incretins such as GLP-1 and GIP ([[sitagliptin]]), agents that make the body more sensitive to insulin ([[thiazolidinedione]]) and agents that increase the excretion of glucose in the urine ([[SGLT2 inhibitor]]s).<ref name=Drugs2005/> When insulin is used in type 2 diabetes, a long-acting formulation is usually added initially, while continuing oral medications.<ref name=AFP09/> Some severe cases of type 2 diabetes may also be treated with insulin, which is increased gradually until glucose targets are reached.<ref name="AFP09" /><ref>{{Citation| author1 = Consumer Reports| author2-link = American College of Physicians| author2 = American College of Physicians| date = April 2012| title = Choosing a type 2 diabetes drug – Why the best first choice is often the oldest drug| publisher = [[Consumer Reports]]| work = High Value Care| url = http://consumerhealthchoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/High-Value-Care-Diabetes-ACP.pdf| access-date = August 14, 2012| url-status=live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140702223552/http://consumerhealthchoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/High-Value-Care-Diabetes-ACP.pdf| archive-date = July 2, 2014| author1-link = Consumer Reports}}</ref> ====Blood pressure lowering==== [[Cardiovascular disease]] is a serious complication associated with diabetes, and many international guidelines recommend blood pressure treatment targets that are lower than 140/90&nbsp;mmHg for people with diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell S, Malanda B, Damasceno A, Eckel RH, Gaita D, Kotseva K, Januzzi JL, Mensah G, Plutzky J, Prystupiuk M, Ryden L, Thierer J, Virani SS, Sperling L | display-authors = 3 | title = A Roadmap on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among People Living With Diabetes | journal = Global Heart | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 215–240 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31451236 | doi = 10.1016/j.gheart.2019.07.009 | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, there is only limited evidence regarding what the lower targets should be. A 2016 systematic review found potential harm to treating to targets lower than 140 mmHg,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brunström M, Carlberg B | title = Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses | journal = BMJ | volume = 352 | pages = i717 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26920333 | pmc = 4770818 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i717 }}</ref> and a subsequent systematic review in 2019 found no evidence of additional benefit from blood pressure lowering to between 130 – 140mmHg, although there was an increased risk of adverse events.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brunström M, Carlberg B | title = Benefits and harms of lower blood pressure treatment targets: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = e026686 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31575567 | pmc = 6773352 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026686 }}</ref> 2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations are that people with diabetes and albuminuria should receive an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system to reduce the risks of progression to end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular events, and death.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fox CS, Golden SH, Anderson C, Bray GA, Burke LE, de Boer IH, Deedwania P, Eckel RH, Ershow AG, Fradkin J, Inzucchi SE, Kosiborod M, Nelson RG, Patel MJ, Pignone M, Quinn L, Schauer PR, Selvin E, Vafiadis DK | display-authors = 3 | title = Update on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Light of Recent Evidence: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 38 | issue = 9 | pages = 1777–1803 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26246459 | pmc = 4876675 | doi = 10.2337/dci15-0012 }}</ref> There is some evidence that [[angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors]] (ACEIs) are superior to other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system such as [[angiotensin receptor blockers]] (ARBs),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Han F, Li X, He X, Li Q, Chen J | display-authors = 3 | title = Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama-internal-medicine_2014-05_174_5/page/773 | journal = JAMA Internal Medicine | volume = 174 | issue = 5 | pages = 773–785 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24687000 | doi = 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.348 | doi-access = free }}</ref> or [[aliskiren]] in preventing cardiovascular disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Ayis S | title = Effects of aliskiren on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes and adverse events in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease or risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,395 patients | journal = Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 400–406 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28844155 | pmc = 5600262 | doi = 10.1177/1479164117715854 }}</ref> Although a more recent review found similar effects of ACEIs and ARBs on major cardiovascular and renal outcomes.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Catalá-López F, Macías Saint-Gerons D, González-Bermejo D, Rosano GM, Davis BR, Ridao M, Zaragoza A, Montero-Corominas D, Tobías A, de la Fuente-Honrubia C, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Hutton B |author5-link=Barry R. Davis| display-authors = 3 | title = Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade in Adult Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analyses | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = e1001971 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26954482 | pmc = 4783064 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001971 |doi-access=free }}</ref> There is no evidence that combining ACEIs and ARBs provides additional benefits.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Aspirin ==== The use of [[aspirin]] to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetes is controversial.<ref name=":0" /> Aspirin is recommended by some in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, however routine use of aspirin has not been found to improve outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pignone M, Alberts MJ, Colwell JA, Cushman M, Inzucchi SE, Mukherjee D, Rosenson RS, Williams CD, Wilson PW, Kirkman MS | display-authors = 3 | title = Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, a scientific statement of the American Heart Association, and an expert consensus document of the American College of Cardiology Foundation | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 1395–1402 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20508233 | pmc = 2875463 | doi = 10.2337/dc10-0555 }}</ref> 2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations for aspirin use (based on expert consensus or clinical experience) are that low-dose aspirin use is reasonable in adults with diabetes who are at intermediate risk of cardiovascular disease (10-year cardiovascular disease risk, 5–10%).<ref name=":0" /> National guidelines for England and Wales by the [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE) recommend against the use of aspirin in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who do not have confirmed cardiovascular disease.<ref name=NICENG17/><ref name=NICENG28/> ===Surgery=== [[Bariatric surgery|Weight loss surgery]] in those with [[obesity]] and type 2 diabetes is often an effective measure.<ref name="Picot2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, Clegg AJ |date=September 2009 |title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation |journal=Health Technology Assessment |volume=13 |issue=41 |pages=1–190, 215–357, iii–iv |doi=10.3310/hta13410 |pmid=19726018 |doi-access=free |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30064294|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medications following surgery<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frachetti KJ, Goldfine AB | title = Bariatric surgery for diabetes management | journal = Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–124 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19276974 | doi = 10.1097/MED.0b013e32832912e7 | s2cid = 31797748 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and long-term mortality is decreased.<ref name=Schum2009/> There is, however, a short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Colucci RA | title = Bariatric surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes: a viable option | journal = Postgraduate Medicine | volume = 123 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–33 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21293081 | doi = 10.3810/pgm.2011.01.2242 | s2cid = 207551737 }}</ref> The [[body mass index]] cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear.<ref name=Schum2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schulman AP, del Genio F, Sinha N, Rubino F | title = "Metabolic" surgery for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Endocrine Practice | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 624–631 | date = September–October 2009 | pmid = 19625245 | doi = 10.4158/EP09170.RAR }}</ref> It is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dixon JB, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Zimmet P | title = Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-16-22-2012_379_9833/page/2300 | journal = Lancet | volume = 379 | issue = 9833 | pages = 2300–2311 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22683132 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60401-2 | s2cid = 5198462 }}</ref> A [[pancreas transplant]] is occasionally considered for people with type&nbsp;1 diabetes who have severe complications of their disease, including [[Chronic kidney disease|end stage kidney disease]] requiring [[kidney transplantation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pancreas Transplantation|url=http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/transplantation/pancreas-transplantation.html|publisher=American Diabetes Association|access-date=9 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123750/http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/transplantation/pancreas-transplantation.html|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> ===Self-management and support=== In countries using a [[general practitioner]] system, such as the United Kingdom, care may take place mainly outside hospitals, with hospital-based specialist care used only in case of complications, difficult blood sugar control, or research projects. In other circumstances, general practitioners and specialists share care in a team approach. Evidence has shown that social prescribing led to slight improvements in blood sugar control for people with type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Can social prescribing improve the health of people with diabetes? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/can-social-prescribing-improve-the-health-of-people-with-diabetes/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Research - NIHR Evidence |date=2024 |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_61876 |s2cid=267264134 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126130722/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/can-social-prescribing-improve-the-health-of-people-with-diabetes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Home [[telehealth]] support can be an effective management technique.<ref name="Polisena">{{cite journal | vauthors = Polisena J, Tran K, Cimon K, Hutton B, McGill S, Palmer K | title = Home telehealth for diabetes management: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 913–930 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19531058 | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01057.x | s2cid = 44260857 }}</ref> The use of [[technology]] to deliver educational programs for adults with type 2 diabetes includes computer-based self-management interventions to collect for tailored responses to facilitate self-management.<ref name="pal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pal K, Eastwood SV, Michie S, Farmer AJ, Barnard ML, Peacock R, Wood B, Inniss JD, Murray E | display-authors = 3 | title = Computer-based diabetes self-management interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | pages = CD008776 | date = March 2013 | volume = 2013 | pmid = 23543567 | pmc = 6486319 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008776.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group }}</ref> There is no adequate evidence to support effects on [[cholesterol]], [[blood pressure]], [[Behavior change (public health)|behavioral change]] (such as [[physical activity]] levels and dietary), [[Depression (mood)|depression]], weight and [[Quality of life (healthcare)|health-related quality of life]], nor in other biological, cognitive or emotional outcomes.<ref name=pal/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wei I, Pappas Y, Car J, Sheikh A, Majeed A | title = Computer-assisted versus oral-and-written dietary history taking for diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 12 | pages = CD008488 | date = December 2011 | volume = 2011 | pmid = 22161430 | pmc = 6486022 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008488.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group }}</ref> ==Epidemiology== {{Main|Epidemiology of diabetes}} [[Berkas:Prevalence of Diabetes by Percent of Country Population (2014) Gradient Map.png|jmpl|upright=1.4|Rates of diabetes worldwide in 2014. The worldwide prevalence was 9.2%.]] [[Berkas:Diabetes mellitus world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|jmpl|upright=1.4|Mortality rate of diabetes worldwide in 2012 per million inhabitants {{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}{{legend|#ffff20|28–91}}{{legend|#ffe820|92–114}}{{legend|#ffd820|115–141}}{{legend|#ffc020|142–163}}{{legend|#ffa020|164–184}}{{legend|#ff9a20|185–209}}{{legend|#f08015|210–247}}{{legend|#e06815|248–309}}{{legend|#d85010|310–404}}{{legend|#d02010|405–1879}}{{div col end}}]] In 2017, 425&nbsp;million people had diabetes worldwide,<ref name="IDF2017">{{cite book|vauthors=Elflein J|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/271442/number-of-diabetics-worldwide/|title=Estimated number diabetics worldwide|date=10 December 2019|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729234033/https://www.statista.com/statistics/271442/number-of-diabetics-worldwide/|url-status=live}}</ref> up from an estimated 382&nbsp;million people in 2013<ref name=Shi2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shi Y, Hu FB | title = The global implications of diabetes and cancer | journal = Lancet | volume = 383 | issue = 9933 | pages = 1947–1948 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24910221 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60886-2 | s2cid = 7496891 }}</ref> and from 108&nbsp;million in 1980.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite web |title=Global Report on Diabetes |publisher=World Health Organization |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf |access-date=20 September 2018 |date=2016 |archive-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516185526/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Accounting for the shifting age structure of the global population, the prevalence of diabetes is 8.8% among adults, nearly double the rate of 4.7% in 1980.<ref name=IDF2017/><ref name=WHO2016/> Type&nbsp;2 makes up about 90% of the cases.<ref name=Vos2012 /><ref name=Will2011/> Some data indicate rates are roughly equal in women and men,<ref name=Vos2012/> but male excess in diabetes has been found in many populations with higher type 2 incidence, possibly due to sex-related differences in insulin sensitivity, consequences of obesity and regional body fat deposition, and other contributing factors such as high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, and alcohol intake.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gale EA, Gillespie KM | title = Diabetes and gender | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetologia_2001-01_44_1/page/3 | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–15 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11206408 | doi = 10.1007/s001250051573 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meisinger C, Thorand B, Schneider A, Stieber J, Döring A, Löwel H | title = Sex differences in risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the MONICA Augsburg cohort study | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 162 | issue = 1 | pages = 82–89 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11784224 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.162.1.82 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5&nbsp;million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death.<ref name="WHO2013Top10">{{cite web |date=October 2013 |title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530121727/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ |archive-date=30 May 2017 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name=WHO2016 /> However another 2.2&nbsp;million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of cardiovascular disease and other associated complications (e.g. kidney failure), which often lead to premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes.<ref name=WHO2016 /><ref>Public Health Agency of Canada, ''Diabetes in Canada: Facts and figures from a public health perspective''. Ottawa, 2011.</ref> For example, in 2017, the [[International Diabetes Federation]] (IDF) estimated that diabetes resulted in 4.0&nbsp;million deaths worldwide,<ref name=IDF2017/> using modeling to estimate the total number of deaths that could be directly or indirectly attributed to diabetes.<ref name=IDF2017/> Diabetes occurs throughout the world but is more common (especially type 2) in more developed countries. The greatest increase in rates has however been seen in low- and middle-income countries,<ref name=WHO2016 /> where more than 80% of diabetic deaths occur.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mathers CD, Loncar D | title = Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030 | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 11 | pages = e442 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17132052 | pmc = 1664601 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The fastest prevalence increase is expected to occur in Asia and Africa, where most people with diabetes will probably live in 2030.<ref name="Wild2004" /> The increase in rates in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, including increasingly sedentary lifestyles, less physically demanding work and the global nutrition transition, marked by increased intake of foods that are high energy-dense but nutrient-poor (often high in sugar and saturated fats, sometimes referred to as the "Western-style" diet).<ref name=WHO2016 /><ref name="Wild2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H | title = Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2004-05_27_5/page/1047 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 27 | issue = 5 | pages = 1047–1053 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15111519 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The global number of diabetes cases might increase by 48% between 2017 and 2045.<ref name=IDF2017/> As of 2020, 38% of all US adults had prediabetes.<ref name="CDC 2018">{{cite web | title=Prevalence of Prediabetes Among Adults - Diabetes | website=CDC | date=2018-03-13 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/prevalence-of-prediabetes.html | access-date=2022-12-15 | archive-date=2023-03-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306070935/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/prevalence-of-prediabetes.html | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Prediabetes]] is an early stage of diabetes. ==History== {{Main|History of diabetes}} Diabetes was one of the first diseases described,<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ripoll BC, Leutholtz I |title=Exercise and disease management|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1-4398-2759-8 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&pg=PA25|edition=2nd|date=2011-04-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403054841/https://books.google.com/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&pg=PA25|archive-date=2016-04-03 }}</ref> with an [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] manuscript from {{Abbr|c.|circa}} 1500 [[Common Era|BCE]] mentioning "too great emptying of the urine."<ref name=History2010/> The [[Ebers papyrus]] includes a recommendation for a drink to take in such cases.<ref name="Roberts">{{cite magazine|vauthors=Roberts J|title=Sickening sweet|magazine=Distillations|date=2015|volume=1|issue=4|pages=12–15|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/sickening-sweet|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113141421/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/sickening-sweet|url-status=live}}</ref> The first described cases are believed to have been type&nbsp;1 diabetes.<ref name=History2010>{{cite book | veditors = Poretsky L |title=Principles of diabetes mellitus|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-09840-1|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3 |edition=2nd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404170919/https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3 |archive-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as ''madhumeha'' or "honey urine", noting the urine would attract ants.<ref name=History2010/><ref name="Roberts"/> The term "diabetes" or "to pass through" was first used in 230&nbsp;BCE by the Greek [[Apollonius (physician)|Apollonius of Memphis]].<ref name=History2010/> The disease was considered rare during the time of the [[Roman empire]], with [[Galen]] commenting he had only seen two cases during his career.<ref name=History2010/> This is possibly due to the diet and lifestyle of the ancients, or because the clinical symptoms were observed during the advanced stage of the disease. Galen named the disease "diarrhea of the urine" (diarrhea urinosa).<ref name="Laios"/> The earliest surviving work with a detailed reference to diabetes is that of [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia]] (2nd or early 3rd{{nbsp}}century CE). He described the symptoms and the course of the disease, which he attributed to the moisture and coldness, reflecting the beliefs of the "[[Pneumatic school|Pneumatic School]]". He hypothesized a correlation between diabetes and other diseases, and he discussed differential diagnosis from the snakebite, which also provokes excessive thirst. His work remained unknown in the West until 1552, when the first Latin edition was published in Venice.<ref name="Laios">{{cite journal | vauthors = Laios K, Karamanou M, Saridaki Z, Androutsos G | title = Aretaeus of Cappadocia and the first description of diabetes | journal = Hormones | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 109–113 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22450352 | doi = 10.1007/BF03401545 | url = http://www.hormones.gr/pdf/HORMONES%202012,%20109-113.pdf | url-status = live | s2cid = 4730719 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170104092212/http://www.hormones.gr/pdf/HORMONES%202012%2C%20109-113.pdf | archive-date = 2017-01-04 }}</ref> Two types of diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians [[Sushruta]] and [[Charaka]] in 400–500&nbsp;CE with one type being associated with youth and another type with being overweight.<ref name=History2010/> Effective treatment was not developed until the early part of the 20th century when Canadians [[Frederick Banting]] and [[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]] isolated and purified insulin in 1921 and 1922.<ref name=History2010/> This was followed by the development of the long-acting insulin [[NPH insulin|NPH]] in the 1940s.<ref name=History2010/> ===Etymology=== The word ''diabetes'' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|iː|t|iː|z}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|iː|t|ᵻ|s}}) comes from [[Latin]] ''diabētēs'', which in turn comes from [[Ancient Greek]] [[wikt:διαβήτης|διαβήτης]] (''diabētēs''), which literally means "a passer through; a [[siphon]]".<ref name=OED_diabetes>Oxford English Dictionary. ''diabetes''. Retrieved 2011-06-10.</ref> [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] [[physician]] [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia]] ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1st{{nbsp}}century [[Common Era|CE]]) used that word, with the intended meaning "excessive discharge of urine", as the name for the disease.<ref name=OnlineEtymology_diabetes>{{cite web | vauthors = Harper D |title= Online Etymology Dictionary. ''diabetes.'' |year= 2001–2010 |url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diabetes&searchmode=none |access-date= 2011-06-10 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120113074242/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diabetes&searchmode=none |archive-date= 2012-01-13 }}</ref><ref>Aretaeus, ''De causis et signis acutorum morborum (lib. 2)'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0719,002:2:2&lang=original Κεφ. β. περὶ Διαβήτεω (Chapter 2, ''On Diabetes'', Greek original)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702232821/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Aabo%3Atlg%2C0719%2C002%3A2%3A2&lang=original |date=2014-07-02 }}, on Perseus</ref> Ultimately, the word comes from Greek διαβαίνειν (''diabainein''), meaning "to pass through",<ref name=OED_diabetes/> which is composed of δια- (''dia''-), meaning "through" and βαίνειν (''bainein''), meaning "to go".<ref name=OnlineEtymology_diabetes/> The word "diabetes" is first recorded in English, in the form ''diabete'', in a medical text written around 1425. The word ''[[wikt:mellitus|mellitus]]'' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|aɪ|t|ə|s}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|ᵻ|t|ə|s}}) comes from the classical Latin word ''mellītus'', meaning "mellite"<ref name=OED_mellite>Oxford English Dictionary. ''mellite''. Retrieved 2011-06-10.</ref> (i.e. sweetened with honey;<ref name=OED_mellite/> honey-sweet<ref name=MyEtymology_mellitus>{{cite web |title=MyEtimology. ''mellitus.'' |url=http://www.myetymology.com/latin/mellitus.html |access-date=2011-06-10 |url-status=usurped |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110316045914/http://www.myetymology.com/latin/mellitus.html |archive-date=2011-03-16 }}</ref>). The Latin word comes from ''mell''-, which comes from ''mel'', meaning "honey";<ref name=OED_mellite/><ref name=MyEtymology_mellitus/> sweetness;<ref name=MyEtymology_mellitus/> pleasant thing,<ref name=MyEtymology_mellitus/> and the suffix -''ītus'',<ref name=OED_mellite/> whose meaning is the same as that of the English suffix "-ite".<ref name="OED_-ite">Oxford English Dictionary. ''-ite''. Retrieved 2011-06-10.</ref> It was [[Thomas Willis]] who in 1675 added "mellitus" to the word "diabetes" as a designation for the disease, when he noticed the urine of a person with diabetes had a sweet taste (glycosuria). This sweet taste had been noticed in urine by the ancient Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, and [[Persian people|Persians]] {{citation needed|date=April 2022}}. ==Society and culture== {{Further|List of films featuring diabetes}} The 1989 "[[St. Vincent Declaration]]"<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Tulchinsky TH, Varavikova EA |title=The New Public Health, Second Edition| url = https://archive.org/details/newpublichealth0000tulc_2 |publisher=[[Academic Press]]|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/newpublichealth0000tulc_2/page/200 200]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-12-370890-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Piwernetz K, Home PD, Snorgaard O, Antsiferov M, Staehr-Johansen K, Krans M | title = Monitoring the targets of the St Vincent Declaration and the implementation of quality management in diabetes care: the DIABCARE initiative. The DIABCARE Monitoring Group of the St Vincent Declaration Steering Committee | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetic-medicine_1993-05_10_4/page/371 | journal = Diabetic Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 371–377 | date = May 1993 | pmid = 8508624 | doi = 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00083.x | s2cid = 9931183 }}</ref> was the result of international efforts to improve the care accorded to those with diabetes. Doing so is important not only in terms of quality of life and life expectancy but also economically{{snd}}expenses due to diabetes have been shown to be a major drain on health{{snd}}and productivity-related resources for healthcare systems and governments. Several countries established more and less successful national diabetes programmes to improve treatment of the disease.<ref name="EO005-Dubois&Bankauskaite">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubois H, Bankauskaite V | title = Type 2 diabetes programmes in Europe | journal = Euro Observer | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 5–6 | year = 2005 | url = http://www2.lse.ac.uk/LSEHealthAndSocialCare/pdf/euroObserver/Obsvol7no2.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121024171754/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/LSEHealthAndSocialCare/pdf/euroObserver/Obsvol7no2.pdf | archive-date = 2012-10-24 }}</ref> === Diabetes stigma === Diabetes stigma describes the negative attitudes, judgment, discrimination, or prejudice against people with diabetes. Often, the stigma stems from the idea that diabetes (particularly Type 2 diabetes) resulted from poor lifestyle and unhealthy food choices rather than other causal factors like genetics and social determinants of health.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-11-03 |title=Diabetes Stigma: Learn About It, Recognize It, Reduce It |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes_stigma.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031192432/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes_stigma.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Manifestation of stigma can be seen throughout different cultures and contexts. Scenarios include diabetes statuses affecting marriage proposals, workplace-employment, and social standing in communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schabert |first1=Jasmin |last2=Browne |first2=Jessica L. |last3=Mosely |first3=Kylie |last4=Speight |first4=Jane |date=2013-03-01 |title=Social Stigma in Diabetes |journal=The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1007/s40271-012-0001-0 |pmid=23322536 |s2cid=207490680 |issn=1178-1661|doi-access=free }}</ref> Stigma is also seen internally, as people with diabetes can also have negative beliefs about themselves. Often these cases of self-stigma are associated with higher diabetes-specific distress, lower self-efficacy, and poorer provider-patient interactions during diabetes care.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Puhl |first1=Rebecca M. |last2=Himmelstein |first2=Mary S. |last3=Hateley-Browne |first3=Jessica L. |last4=Speight |first4=Jane |date=October 2020 |title=Weight stigma and diabetes stigma in U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes: Associations with diabetes self-care behaviors and perceptions of health care |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108387 |journal=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice |volume=168 |pages=108387 |doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108387 |pmid=32858100 |s2cid=221366068 |issn=0168-8227}}</ref> === Racial and economic inequalities === Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected with higher prevalence of diabetes compared to non-minority individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spanakis |first1=Elias K. |last2=Golden |first2=Sherita Hill |date=December 2013 |title=Race/Ethnic Difference in Diabetes and Diabetic Complications |journal=Current Diabetes Reports |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=10.1007/s11892–013–0421–9 |doi=10.1007/s11892-013-0421-9 |issn=1534-4827 |pmc=3830901 |pmid=24037313}}</ref> While US adults overall have a 40% chance of developing type 2 diabetes, Hispanic/Latino adults chance is more than 50%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-04-04 |title=Hispanic/Latino Americans and Type 2 Diabetes |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/hispanic-diabetes.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031192358/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/hispanic-diabetes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> African Americans also are much more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes compared to White Americans. Asians have increased risk of diabetes as diabetes can develop at lower BMI due to differences in visceral fat compared to other races. For Asians, diabetes can develop at a younger age and lower body fat compared to other groups. Additionally, diabetes is highly underreported in Asian American people, as 1 in 3 cases are diagnosed compared to the average 1 in 5 for the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-11-21 |title=Diabetes and Asian American People |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/spotlights/diabetes-asian-americans.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031192358/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/spotlights/diabetes-asian-americans.html |url-status=live }}</ref> People with diabetes who have neuropathic symptoms such as numbness or tingling in feet or hands are twice as likely to be [[unemployed]] as those without the symptoms.<ref name="pmid17563611">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Hirsch AG, Brandenburg NA | title = Lost productive time and costs due to diabetes and diabetic neuropathic pain in the US workforce | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-occupational-and-environmental-medicine_2007-06_49_6/page/672 | journal = Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine | volume = 49 | issue = 6 | pages = 672–679 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17563611 | doi = 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318065b83a | s2cid = 21487348 }}</ref> In 2010, diabetes-related emergency room (ER) visit rates in the United States were higher among people from the lowest income communities (526 per 10,000 population) than from the highest income communities (236 per 10,000 population). Approximately 9.4% of diabetes-related ER visits were for the uninsured.<ref name="hcup-us.ahrq">{{cite journal |author1=Washington R.E. |author2=Andrews R.M. |author3=Mutter R.L. |title=Emergency Department Visits for Adults with Diabetes, 2010 |date=November 2013 |website=HCUP Statistical Brief #167 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |url=http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb167.jsp |location=Rockville MD |pmid=24455787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011036/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb167.jsp |archive-date=2013-12-03 }}</ref> ===Naming=== The term "type&nbsp;1 diabetes" has replaced several former terms, including childhood-onset diabetes, juvenile diabetes, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Likewise, the term "type&nbsp;2 diabetes" has replaced several former terms, including adult-onset diabetes, obesity-related diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Beyond these two types, there is no agreed-upon standard nomenclature.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes Differences: Which One Is Worse?|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/type_1_vs_type_2_diabetes_similarities_differences/article.htm|access-date=2021-03-21|website=MedicineNet|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414120708/https://www.medicinenet.com/type_1_vs_type_2_diabetes_similarities_differences/article.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Diabetes mellitus is also occasionally known as "sugar diabetes" to differentiate it from [[diabetes insipidus]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Parker K |title= Living with diabetes|date=2008|publisher=Facts On File|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-2108-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/livingwithdiabet0000park/page/143 143]|url=https://archive.org/details/livingwithdiabet0000park|url-access=registration}}</ref> ==Other animals== {{main|Diabetes in dogs|Diabetes in cats}} Diabetes can occur in mammals or reptiles.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Niaz K, Maqbool F, Khan F, Hassan FI, Momtaz S, Abdollahi M | title = Comparative occurrence of diabetes in canine, feline, and few wild animals and their association with pancreatic diseases and ketoacidosis with therapeutic approach | journal = Veterinary World | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 410–422 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29805204 | pmc = 5960778 | doi = 10.14202/vetworld.2018.410-422 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Stahl SJ | chapter =Hyperglycemia in Reptiles |date=2006-01-01 | title = Reptile Medicine and Surgery | edition = Second |pages=822–830 | veditors = Mader DR |place=Saint Louis |publisher=W.B. Saunders |language=en |doi=10.1016/b0-72-169327-x/50062-6 |isbn=978-0-7216-9327-9 }}</ref> Birds do not develop diabetes because of their unusually high tolerance for elevated blood glucose levels.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sweazea KL | title = Revisiting glucose regulation in birds - A negative model of diabetes complications | journal = Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology | volume = 262 | pages = 110778 | date = 8 July 2022 | pmid = 35817273 | doi = 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110778 | s2cid = 250404382 }}</ref> In animals, diabetes is most commonly encountered in dogs and cats. Middle-aged animals are most commonly affected. Female dogs are twice as likely to be affected as males, while according to some sources, male cats are more prone than females. In both species, all breeds may be affected, but some small dog breeds are particularly likely to develop diabetes, such as [[Poodle|Miniature Poodles]].<ref name=Merck>{{cite web | title=Diabetes mellitus | website= Merck Veterinary Manual | edition = 9th | url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/40302.htm | year=2005 | access-date=2011-10-23 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154816/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F40302.htm | archive-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref> Feline diabetes is strikingly similar to human type 2 diabetes. The [[Burmese cat|Burmese]], [[Russian Blue]], [[Abyssinian cat|Abyssinian]], and [[Norwegian Forest cat|Norwegian Forest]] cat breeds are at higher risk than other breeds. Overweight cats are also at higher risk.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Öhlund M|title=Feline diabetes mellitus Aspects on epidemiology and pathogenesis|publisher=Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae|isbn=978-91-7760-067-1|url=https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/14746/1/ohlund_m_171123.pdf|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223918/https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/14746/1/ohlund_m_171123.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The symptoms may relate to fluid loss and polyuria, but the course may also be insidious. Diabetic animals are more prone to infections. The long-term complications recognized in humans are much rarer in animals. The principles of treatment (weight loss, oral antidiabetics, subcutaneous insulin) and management of emergencies (e.g. ketoacidosis) are similar to those in humans.<ref name=Merck/> Da'a tou teks nisura zanura siföföna ... == Fombagi wökhö gulo == [[Berkas:Gas gangrene2.jpg|jmpl|257x257px|Obou duturukahe börö wökhö gulo]] Fombagi wӧkhӧ gulo molo'ӧ mbӧrӧ (''etiologi'') ma hadia ia zi tobali bӧrӧnia. ''American Diabetes Association'' (ADA) la mane sasesenia fӧkhӧ gulo te'odombua ya'ia da'ӧ fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 ba fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2.<ref name=":1" /> Dombua tipe wӧkhӧ gulo da'e tesura ia molo'ӧ numero ba ''Arab'' tenga numero ba ''Romawi'', bӧrӧ numero II romawi asese elungu niha wamaigi ba lawalinga numero 11 (felezara).<ref>American Diabetes Association. (2003). [http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.2007.S5 Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Other Categories of Glucose Regulation]. ''Diabetes Care'', ''26''(Suppl. 1), S5-S20. </ref> Tou da'e wangombakha sadogo-dogo wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 ba tipe 2. === '''Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1''' === Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 alua bӧrӧ wӧkhӧ ''autoimun'', sel beta si so ba galakhaӧ (''pankreas'') afufu ba niha sombuyu (''rentan'') si'otarai ba dalu (nga'ӧtӧ) ba tebai mamazӧkhi isuli.<ref name=":0" /> ADA lamane fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 sasesenia musӧndra ba ndraono ba iraono sibohou ebua, furihӧ lafotӧi ia fӧkhӧ gulo ''juvenile''. Fӧkhӧ gulo da'e ha alua ia 5% ba niha sigӧna wӧkhӧ gulo, tandrania fa'afufu ''sel beta'' ba galakhaӧ. Da'e bӧrӧ angorudua wӧkhӧ nga'ӧtӧ (''genetik''), fatahana mboto (''imunologi''), ba tola manӧ bӧrӧ likunga (simane, tungö'ite [''virus'']) ba bӧrӧ tanӧ'bӧ'ӧ sitola fakhai ba wa'afufu ''sel beta'' ba galakhaӧ. Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 tola alua ia ba zi 25-50% ba zifaero sifagӧlӧ (''kembar identik''), 6% ba zi fa'talifusӧ, ba 5% mi'tou ba nga'ӧtӧ.<ref name=":3">Black, J. M., & Hawks, J. H. (2014). ''Keperawatan Medikal Bedah: Manajemen Klinis untuk Hasil yang Diharapkan'' (8^th edisi). Singapore: Elsevier</ref> Tandra wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 da'e ya'ia da'ӧ asese kiӧ (''poliuria''), owӧkhi dӧdӧ sabӧlӧ-bӧlӧ (''polidipsia''), asese olofo (''polifagia''), ba fa'alӧ wa'abua silӧ taraso.<ref name=":4">Khardori, R. (2016). ''[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-overview Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]''. ''Practice Essentials''. Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua 2021, moroi ba [http://emedicine.medscape.com emedicine.medscape.com].</ref> === '''Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2''' === Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 ya'ia da'ӧ masaala ba mboto bӧrӧ me alӧ wa'abӧlӧ ''sel'' ba wanema isuli nifotӧi ''resistensi'' isuli.<ref name=":0" /> Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 andre tesӧndra 90% irugi 95% ba gangarahuta zatua si'no gӧna fӧkhӧ gulo da'e.<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). [http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes%20/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014]. ''National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.'' Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua, moroi ba [http://www.cdc.gov cdc.gov].</ref> Awena te'ila wӧkhӧ da'e na no aefa ndrӧfi si 40 fakhe ba sasesenia ba zatua, sesolo (''obesitas''), ba ''etnik'' awӧ ''ras'' si no mutandrai.<ref name=":3" /> Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 alua bӧrӧ nga'ӧtӧ ba bӧrӧ likunga gӧi. Nga'ӧtӧ fakhai ia ba wame'e baero isuli ba ''retensi'' isuli, ba bӧrӧ likunga fakhai ia ba wa'esolo, tӧra manga, ambӧ fa olaraga, siteresi, awӧ wa'atua.<ref>Kaku, K. (2010). [https://www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/2010_01/041_046.pdf Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Treatment Policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123223356/https://www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/2010_01/041_046.pdf |date=2020-11-23 }}. ''Japan Medical Association'', ''53''(1), 41-46. Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua, moroi ba [https://www.med.or.jp med.or.jp].</ref> Ato niha si'gӧna fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 andre lӧ te'ila ma lӧ murasoi dandrania. Bahiza, so dandra si'te'ila bӧro wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 ya'ia da'ӧ:<ref name=":5">Khardori, R. (2016). [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]. ''Practice Essentials''. Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua, moroi ba [http://emedicine.medscape.com emedicine.medscape.com].</ref> # Tandra sasese murasoi ba si no ara simane, asese kiӧ, owӧkhi dӧdӧ sabӧlӧ-bӧlӧ, oya manga, ba alӧ wa'abua. # Alӧ mangi'ila. # Omboyu ndroto-ndroto tanӧ tou (i'otarai lӧwi-lӧwi irugi zuru gahe). # Ifeksi zungӧ, simane ''balanitis'' ba nonomatua. == Fökhö tanö'bö'ö salua börö wökhö gulo == Fa'alawa gulo ba ndro (''Hiperglikemia'') sarara tola tekiko ngawalӧ ndroto-ndroto siofӧnania ''saraf'' ba uo. Masaala samakiko fa'auri niha sigӧna fӧkhӧ gulo si lӧ muzago ya'ia da'ӧ fa'alawa gulo ba ndro sifao ''ketoasidosis''.<ref>Khan, A. N., Macdonald, S., Turnbull, I., & Chandramohan, M. (2015). ''[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/391989-overview Imaging in Neuropathic Arthropathy (Charcot Joint)]''. Muhalö me 19 Baŵa si dua, moroi ba [http://emedicine.medscape.com emedicine.medscape.com].</ref> Fӧkhӧ tanӧ'bӧ'ӧ salua bӧrӧ wӧkhӧ gulo ya'ia da'ӧ:<ref name=":2" /> # Alio gӧna fӧkhӧ dӧdӧ ba fӧkhӧ fa'ombuyu (''stroke'') # Fa'atekiko ''saraf'' ba gahe irege alua zokho gahe (ulkus kaki), mӧi zungӧ (infeksi), irege tola la taba gahe. # Au'a bӧrӧ tekiko nuo si'ide-ide ba hӧrӧ. # Bӧrӧ [[Fökhö mbua|wӧkhӧ mbua]]. # Fa'amate ba zigӧna wӧkhӧ gulo dua kali '''(lipat)''' moroi ba zilӧ gӧna fӧkhӧ da'e. # Masaala halӧwӧ zatua (''disfungsi seksual'') == Famareso wökhö gulo (''diagnostic test'') == Famareso wӧkhӧ da'e ya'ia da'ӧ la tesi ba ''laboratorium'' lalania la su'a  wa'alawa gulo ndro. <ref>Hannon, R. A., Pooler, C., & Porth, C. M. (2010). ''Porth Pathophysiology: Consepts of Altered Health States'' (1^st Ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref> Fotesi gulo ndro da'e ya'ia da'ӧ:<ref>Williams, L. S., & Hopper, P. D. (2015). ''Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing'' (5^th Ed.). Philadelphia: F.A Davis Company.</ref> ==== Gulo dro fuasӧ/''Fasting Plasma Glucose Level'' (FPG) ==== ADA imane gulo ndro fuasӧ si ''normal'' ya'ia da'ӧ ambӧ moroi ba zi 100 mg/dl. Niha tola la'''diagnosa'' mo fӧkhӧ gulo na gulo ndro fuasӧnia 126 mg/dl ma tӧra, nihalӧ si'lӧ'ӧ-lӧ'ӧ'nia 8 (walu) ja fuasӧ. Na gulo ndro fuasӧ ba zi 100-125 mg/dl, eluahania niha da'e tegadu gulo ndro fuasӧnia ma tefotӧi ia ba li bӧ'ӧ ''Impaired Fasting Glucose'' (IFG) ba tola gӧna fӧkhӧ gulo (''pradiabetes''). ==== Famareso gulo ndro si'lӧ tatu ginӧtӧ/''Random Plasma Glucose'' (RPG) ==== Gulo ndro sifaruka tefotӧi ia gulo ndro gofu hawa'ara manӧ wamareso. Famareso gulo da'e lӧ'moguna wama'anӧ ma inӧtӧ wemanga. Fӧkhӧ gulo na RPG 200 mg/dl ma tӧra sifao dandra wӧkhӧ gulo. ==== ''Oral Glucose Tolerance Test'' ==== Famareso gulo ndro aefa manga zami-ami ma tefotӧi ia ba li bӧ'ӧ ''Oral Glucose Tolerance Test'' (OGTT). Moguna ba wamaduhu'ӧ ''diagnosis'' wӧkhӧ gulo ba niha sokhӧ gulo ndro si normal ofeta alawa ma ha ma'ifu tedou. OGTT da'e manu'a gulo ndro ba ginӧtӧ aefa wamazu idanӧ si so gulo. Fӧkhӧ gulo na fa'alawa ndro ba zi 200 mg/dl ma tӧra na aefa 2 (dua) ja, na gulo ndro ba zi 140-199 mg/dl aefa 2 (dua) ja, la ''diagnosa'' ia IFG faoma ''pradiabetes''. ==== ''Glycohemoglobin''  ''Test'' ==== ''Glycohemoglobin'' la tӧtӧi ia gӧi ''glycosylated hemoglobin'' (HbA_1c) ma ''hemoglobin A1C''. HbA_1c te'oguna'ӧ ia tobali dane-dane awӧ ba wamaigi fa'atedou ''kontrol'' wӧkhӧ gulo. Su'a-su'a si ''normal'' HbA_1c ya'ia da'ӧ 4% ofeta 6%, te'tӧtӧi fӧkhӧ gulo na HbA_1c ba zi 6,5% ma tӧra, ba na HbA_1c ba gotalua zi 6% ofeta 6,5% tola tobali diabetes (''pradiabetes''). == Hadia nifalua na tohare wökhö da'e? == === '''Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1''' === Nifalua ba wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 1 ya'ia da'ӧ:<ref name=":4" /> # Muzago (''Kontrol'') gulo # Muzago gulo samӧsa. # Dalu-dalu isuli. # ''Diet'' ba mohalӧwӧ ma fa olaraga. === '''Fӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2''' === Nifalua ba wӧkhӧ gulo tipe 2 ya'ia da'ӧ:<ref name=":5" /> # Mangalӧsi wa'aoha (''risiko'') gӧna wӧkhӧ nuo si'ide-ide he bahӧrӧ ba he ba mbua, lalania mu'zago gulo ndro ba fa'alawa ndro. # Mangalӧsi wa'aoha gӧna wӧkhӧ nua sebua si so ba nuo dӧdӧ (''koroner''), nuo ba guto (''serebrovaskuler''), ba nuo ba mboto tanӧ'bӧ'ӧ (''perifer''). # Mangalӧsi wa'aoha ''metabolisme'' ba ''neurologi'', lalania ''kontrol'' gulo ba ndro. --> == Fökhö si fakhai == * [[Fökhö Mbua]] == Khai-khai baero == * [https://www.diabetes.org American Diabetes Association] * [https://diabetesatlas.org/ IDF Diabetes Atlas] * [https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/resources-for-health-educators/national-eye-health-education-program/nehep-partnership-directory/national-diabetes-education-program National Diabetes Education Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415182511/https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/resources-for-health-educators/national-eye-health-education-program/nehep-partnership-directory/national-diabetes-education-program |date=2022-04-15 }} * [https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/42/Supplement_1 ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2019] * {{cite journal | vauthors = Polonsky KS | title = The past 200 years in diabetes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-10-04_367_14/page/1332 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 367 | issue = 14 | pages = 1332–1340 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23034021 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1110560 | s2cid = 9456681 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/diabetes.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Diabetes }} == Umbu == {{Reflist|18em}} [[Kategori:Fökhö]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] 9qka3y8om7sxbycz8scph6ljzc55mf6 4 1556 27675 27610 2026-08-18T10:13:21Z Slaia 39 monönö ösi 27675 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ == Huhuo satua == Huhuo satua no te'irö'ö ba da'a: [[/2026|2026]], [[/2025|2025]], [[/2024|2024]], [[/2023|2023]], [[/2022|2022]], [[/2021|2021]] == Mamawu'a nösi Wikibuku == No ufuli ufatika khö ''Language Committee'' ba wanehegö khöda Wikibuku. No dua kali sa'ae ufasao wangandröda, ba lö manö latehegö, börö me mo'amböta khöda zanura nifotöi ''kontributor aktif''. Börö da'ö simane nilauda molo'ö ya'o. # Ta'andrö ena'ö mufa'anö nifotöi ''namespace'' ba Wikipedia si tobali naha oi ngawalö nösi Wikibuku # Namespace andrö ya'ia #* '''SN''' si tobali nahia Zura Ni'amoni'ö (ba dödögu sökhi na ta'osambua'ö nahia Zura Ni'amoni'ö) #* '''Wikibuku''' si tobali nahia fefu nösi tanöbö'ö ma zui # Ta'andrö ''namespace'' '''SN''' si tobali nahia heza tafawu'a Zura Ni'amoni'ö # Tafo'ösi manö nösi zura bö'ö bakha ba Wikipedia, bahiza tanönö '''Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha''', ba wanandrai wa sura simane no dokumentasi ba tenga sinura Wikipedia sindruhu. Na no mufa'anö ''namespace'' andre, ba tafawu'a oi nösi moroi si sa ba Wikibuku Inkubator ba nahia sibohou andre. Hewisa molo'ö ya'ami? <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 14 Agustus 2026 15.35 (WIB) Nitöngöni: No unönö ngawua nilauda (18 Agustus) == Standardisasi döi-töi == Me no töra lima fakhe manura-nurado ba wiki, no itugu aboto ba dödögu wa oya döi nitemada moroi ba li Indonesia, sindruhunia muhalö moroi ba li Yunani ma zui Latin. Mendruamanö töi asli andrö abölö faudu ba lela Nono Niha moroi ba döi si no mufaudugö ba li Indonesia. Duma-dumania töi teologi. Sindruhunia fehede andre tehalö moroi ba li Yunani theologia, sambua töi sabölö faudu ba li Niha. [[Teologia]], eluahania fangosili sanandrösa khö [[Lowalangi]] (''theos''). Ba oya sibai döi simane da'a: [[antropologia]], [[biologia]], [[arkeologia]], [[ekologia]], [[dekalogia]] (fulu goroisa), etc. Simanö göi döi-töi bö'ö niwawalö moroi ba li Yunani: [[filosofia]] (phylos: fa'omasi; sophos: fangi'ila). Töi sifakhai ba da'a, ya'ia niha: [[teologo]], [[biologo]], [[arkeologo]], [[ekologo]], [[filosofo]], btn. Na omasi ita tadou'ö miföna wangi'ila ba li Niha silötolalö'ö ta'oguna'ö mbua nibasida moroi ba zi lalö (nifotöi lesson learnt ba li Inggris ma ''pelajaran'' ba li Indonesia). Börö da'ö ba zi lö arara ubörötaigö wangoguna'ö oi töi da'a sabölö faudu ba li Niha moroi ba ngawalö döi moroi ba li Indonesia. <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 2 Agustus 2026 14.08 (WIB) == Fangöna ba wanura ba li Niha == Me no arakhagö töra lima fakhe ulau manura ba wiki, itugu ara itugu aboto ba dödögu, hana wa hulö "areu" Nono Niha wanura. Sindruhunia tenga börö me "areu" ira, bahiza börö me "abua" wanura ba li Niha. Me no ''merdeka'' Indonesia no laröi manö li Niha, irege lö tedou ia, lö mufazökhi khönia wehede si bohou si faudu ba ngawalö wakake, teknologi, politik ba ngawalö zalua iada'a. Sambua gohitö dödöda ba wiki ya'ia ba wamazökhi ngawua wehede si bohou. Ba no göi to'ölö ta'oguna'ö ia simane u'ö (Internet), bolokha gu'ö (website), fuka gu'ö (browser), olayama (halaman utama), btn. Bahiza moguna oya nasa ngawua si bohou, ena'ö tola fahuhuo ba manura ita ba li Niha. Ba da'e tou ufa'oli wangöna ni'oguna'ögu ba wanura ba li Niha: === Oguna'ö wehede nifotöi === Na sindruhu lö sa'ae fangali ba li Niha, ba ta'oguna'ö "nifotöi". Duma-dumania: I'oguna'ö wangöna nifotöi ''iron dome'' Israel; Bakha ba agama nifotöi agama monoteis; karate wangalösö hadia ia nifotöi amplas, btn. === Oguna'ö wehede eluahania === Singo no aurifö sosial, eluahania auri ira oi fao-fao ba zi sambawa... === Alui geluahania === Duma-dumania istilah "ungulata" ba ilmu zoologi. Na tasura manö ia ungulata, ba lö la'ila geluahania dania niha. Andrö moguna tafo'eluaha ia simane bakha ba wehede ''memangsa ungulata berukuran sedang dan besar'' tobali "ahulua ni'aluira ya'ia aurifö segebua sa'a duturu gahe simane kudo, bawi, laosi, btn." Edöna mutohugö ... <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 31 Desember 2025 18.04 (WIB) ah4ei2171gy2jhwmhk63cskrzyoga2g 27676 27675 2026-08-18T10:13:48Z Slaia 39 /* Mamawu'a nösi Wikibuku */ 27676 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ == Huhuo satua == Huhuo satua no te'irö'ö ba da'a: [[/2026|2026]], [[/2025|2025]], [[/2024|2024]], [[/2023|2023]], [[/2022|2022]], [[/2021|2021]] == Mamawu'a nösi Wikibuku == No ufuli ufatika khö ''Language Committee'' ba wanehegö khöda Wikibuku. No dua kali sa'ae ufasao wangandröda, ba lö manö latehegö, börö me mo'amböta khöda zanura nifotöi ''kontributor aktif''. Börö da'ö simane nilauda molo'ö ya'o. # Ta'andrö ena'ö mufa'anö nifotöi ''namespace'' ba Wikipedia si tobali naha oi ngawalö nösi Wikibuku # Namespace andrö ya'ia #* '''SN''' si tobali nahia Zura Ni'amoni'ö (ba dödögu sökhi na ta'osambua'ö nahia Zura Ni'amoni'ö) #* '''Wikibuku''' si tobali nahia fefu nösi tanöbö'ö ma zui # Ta'andrö ''namespace'' '''SN''' si tobali nahia heza tafawu'a Zura Ni'amoni'ö # Tafo'ösi manö nösi zura bö'ö bakha ba Wikipedia, bahiza tanönö '''Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha''', ba wanandrai wa sura simane no dokumentasi ba tenga sinura Wikipedia sindruhu. Na no mufa'anö ''namespace'' andre, ba tafawu'a oi nösi moroi si sa ba Wikibuku Inkubator ba nahia sibohou andre. Nitöngöni: No unönö ngawua nilauda (18 Agustus) Hewisa molo'ö ya'ami? <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 14 Agustus 2026 15.35 (WIB) == Standardisasi döi-töi == Me no töra lima fakhe manura-nurado ba wiki, no itugu aboto ba dödögu wa oya döi nitemada moroi ba li Indonesia, sindruhunia muhalö moroi ba li Yunani ma zui Latin. Mendruamanö töi asli andrö abölö faudu ba lela Nono Niha moroi ba döi si no mufaudugö ba li Indonesia. Duma-dumania töi teologi. Sindruhunia fehede andre tehalö moroi ba li Yunani theologia, sambua töi sabölö faudu ba li Niha. [[Teologia]], eluahania fangosili sanandrösa khö [[Lowalangi]] (''theos''). Ba oya sibai döi simane da'a: [[antropologia]], [[biologia]], [[arkeologia]], [[ekologia]], [[dekalogia]] (fulu goroisa), etc. Simanö göi döi-töi bö'ö niwawalö moroi ba li Yunani: [[filosofia]] (phylos: fa'omasi; sophos: fangi'ila). Töi sifakhai ba da'a, ya'ia niha: [[teologo]], [[biologo]], [[arkeologo]], [[ekologo]], [[filosofo]], btn. Na omasi ita tadou'ö miföna wangi'ila ba li Niha silötolalö'ö ta'oguna'ö mbua nibasida moroi ba zi lalö (nifotöi lesson learnt ba li Inggris ma ''pelajaran'' ba li Indonesia). Börö da'ö ba zi lö arara ubörötaigö wangoguna'ö oi töi da'a sabölö faudu ba li Niha moroi ba ngawalö döi moroi ba li Indonesia. <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 2 Agustus 2026 14.08 (WIB) == Fangöna ba wanura ba li Niha == Me no arakhagö töra lima fakhe ulau manura ba wiki, itugu ara itugu aboto ba dödögu, hana wa hulö "areu" Nono Niha wanura. Sindruhunia tenga börö me "areu" ira, bahiza börö me "abua" wanura ba li Niha. Me no ''merdeka'' Indonesia no laröi manö li Niha, irege lö tedou ia, lö mufazökhi khönia wehede si bohou si faudu ba ngawalö wakake, teknologi, politik ba ngawalö zalua iada'a. Sambua gohitö dödöda ba wiki ya'ia ba wamazökhi ngawua wehede si bohou. Ba no göi to'ölö ta'oguna'ö ia simane u'ö (Internet), bolokha gu'ö (website), fuka gu'ö (browser), olayama (halaman utama), btn. Bahiza moguna oya nasa ngawua si bohou, ena'ö tola fahuhuo ba manura ita ba li Niha. Ba da'e tou ufa'oli wangöna ni'oguna'ögu ba wanura ba li Niha: === Oguna'ö wehede nifotöi === Na sindruhu lö sa'ae fangali ba li Niha, ba ta'oguna'ö "nifotöi". Duma-dumania: I'oguna'ö wangöna nifotöi ''iron dome'' Israel; Bakha ba agama nifotöi agama monoteis; karate wangalösö hadia ia nifotöi amplas, btn. === Oguna'ö wehede eluahania === Singo no aurifö sosial, eluahania auri ira oi fao-fao ba zi sambawa... === Alui geluahania === Duma-dumania istilah "ungulata" ba ilmu zoologi. Na tasura manö ia ungulata, ba lö la'ila geluahania dania niha. Andrö moguna tafo'eluaha ia simane bakha ba wehede ''memangsa ungulata berukuran sedang dan besar'' tobali "ahulua ni'aluira ya'ia aurifö segebua sa'a duturu gahe simane kudo, bawi, laosi, btn." Edöna mutohugö ... <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 31 Desember 2025 18.04 (WIB) htbkfa3d2jl3c4lm23asxfewlllymmd 27677 27676 2026-08-18T10:15:56Z Laseapollo 46 /* Mamawu'a nösi Wikibuku */ Tema li 27677 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ == Huhuo satua == Huhuo satua no te'irö'ö ba da'a: [[/2026|2026]], [[/2025|2025]], [[/2024|2024]], [[/2023|2023]], [[/2022|2022]], [[/2021|2021]] == Mamawu'a nösi Wikibuku == No ufuli ufatika khö ''Language Committee'' ba wanehegö khöda Wikibuku. No dua kali sa'ae ufasao wangandröda, ba lö manö latehegö, börö me mo'amböta khöda zanura nifotöi ''kontributor aktif''. Börö da'ö simane nilauda molo'ö ya'o. # Ta'andrö ena'ö mufa'anö nifotöi ''namespace'' ba Wikipedia si tobali naha oi ngawalö nösi Wikibuku # Namespace andrö ya'ia #* '''SN''' si tobali nahia Zura Ni'amoni'ö (ba dödögu sökhi na ta'osambua'ö nahia Zura Ni'amoni'ö) #* '''Wikibuku''' si tobali nahia fefu nösi tanöbö'ö ma zui # Ta'andrö ''namespace'' '''SN''' si tobali nahia heza tafawu'a Zura Ni'amoni'ö # Tafo'ösi manö nösi zura bö'ö bakha ba Wikipedia, bahiza tanönö '''Kategori:Ondröita Nono Niha''', ba wanandrai wa sura simane no dokumentasi ba tenga sinura Wikipedia sindruhu. Na no mufa'anö ''namespace'' andre, ba tafawu'a oi nösi moroi si sa ba Wikibuku Inkubator ba nahia sibohou andre. Nitöngöni: No unönö ngawua nilauda (18 Agustus) Hewisa molo'ö ya'ami? <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 14 Agustus 2026 15.35 (WIB) :Me no simanö zaluania, ba waraö he tawisa. Heŵa'ae ebua dödögu mena'ö na latehegö khöda tola aheta ita ba zosou'a. Bahiza hewisa wolau. Hadia nifa'ema Pak Sirus, ba na da'ö atö lala zitola tatörö ba wamawu'a nösi si no tafa'anö ba nahia si bohou, ba ya'o samösa lö fatimba khögu, {{Fao dödö}}. Faduhu dödögu wa lö tobali zaya-zaya gölö hadia zi no babaya. Saohagölö Pak Sirus. <span style="padding:2px 6px;font-size:12px;background:#fb0;color:#222;">[[Sangoguna:Laseapollo|<span style="color:#222">LasapolloWp</span>]] ❯ [[Huho zangoguna:Laseapollo|<span style="color:#222">Bicara</span>]]</span> 18 Agustus 2026 17.15 (WIB) == Standardisasi döi-töi == Me no töra lima fakhe manura-nurado ba wiki, no itugu aboto ba dödögu wa oya döi nitemada moroi ba li Indonesia, sindruhunia muhalö moroi ba li Yunani ma zui Latin. Mendruamanö töi asli andrö abölö faudu ba lela Nono Niha moroi ba döi si no mufaudugö ba li Indonesia. Duma-dumania töi teologi. Sindruhunia fehede andre tehalö moroi ba li Yunani theologia, sambua töi sabölö faudu ba li Niha. [[Teologia]], eluahania fangosili sanandrösa khö [[Lowalangi]] (''theos''). Ba oya sibai döi simane da'a: [[antropologia]], [[biologia]], [[arkeologia]], [[ekologia]], [[dekalogia]] (fulu goroisa), etc. Simanö göi döi-töi bö'ö niwawalö moroi ba li Yunani: [[filosofia]] (phylos: fa'omasi; sophos: fangi'ila). Töi sifakhai ba da'a, ya'ia niha: [[teologo]], [[biologo]], [[arkeologo]], [[ekologo]], [[filosofo]], btn. Na omasi ita tadou'ö miföna wangi'ila ba li Niha silötolalö'ö ta'oguna'ö mbua nibasida moroi ba zi lalö (nifotöi lesson learnt ba li Inggris ma ''pelajaran'' ba li Indonesia). Börö da'ö ba zi lö arara ubörötaigö wangoguna'ö oi töi da'a sabölö faudu ba li Niha moroi ba ngawalö döi moroi ba li Indonesia. <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 2 Agustus 2026 14.08 (WIB) == Fangöna ba wanura ba li Niha == Me no arakhagö töra lima fakhe ulau manura ba wiki, itugu ara itugu aboto ba dödögu, hana wa hulö "areu" Nono Niha wanura. Sindruhunia tenga börö me "areu" ira, bahiza börö me "abua" wanura ba li Niha. Me no ''merdeka'' Indonesia no laröi manö li Niha, irege lö tedou ia, lö mufazökhi khönia wehede si bohou si faudu ba ngawalö wakake, teknologi, politik ba ngawalö zalua iada'a. Sambua gohitö dödöda ba wiki ya'ia ba wamazökhi ngawua wehede si bohou. Ba no göi to'ölö ta'oguna'ö ia simane u'ö (Internet), bolokha gu'ö (website), fuka gu'ö (browser), olayama (halaman utama), btn. Bahiza moguna oya nasa ngawua si bohou, ena'ö tola fahuhuo ba manura ita ba li Niha. Ba da'e tou ufa'oli wangöna ni'oguna'ögu ba wanura ba li Niha: === Oguna'ö wehede nifotöi === Na sindruhu lö sa'ae fangali ba li Niha, ba ta'oguna'ö "nifotöi". Duma-dumania: I'oguna'ö wangöna nifotöi ''iron dome'' Israel; Bakha ba agama nifotöi agama monoteis; karate wangalösö hadia ia nifotöi amplas, btn. === Oguna'ö wehede eluahania === Singo no aurifö sosial, eluahania auri ira oi fao-fao ba zi sambawa... === Alui geluahania === Duma-dumania istilah "ungulata" ba ilmu zoologi. Na tasura manö ia ungulata, ba lö la'ila geluahania dania niha. Andrö moguna tafo'eluaha ia simane bakha ba wehede ''memangsa ungulata berukuran sedang dan besar'' tobali "ahulua ni'aluira ya'ia aurifö segebua sa'a duturu gahe simane kudo, bawi, laosi, btn." Edöna mutohugö ... <span style="background-color: green; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User:Slaia|<span style="color: white">slaia</span>]]</span><span style="background-color: blue; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px">[[User talk:Slaia|<span style="color: white">talk</span>]]</span> 31 Desember 2025 18.04 (WIB) losevnw6880z7nn73giy7o6wpvb2mlm 0 1885 27669 27457 2026-08-17T14:40:52Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 12 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ambox | type = notice | image = | text = Sura andre tou awena na mubörögö mu'ali moroi ba Li Indonesia. Baero da'ö anau sibai ia. Börö da'ö moguna ara ginötö wangohalöŵögöigö ya'ia }} [[Berkas:João Zeferino da Costa - Moisés recebendo as tábuas da lei - 1868.jpg|thumb|250px|''Itema Gara Wanura Huku Moze'' (nigambaraini João Zeferino da Costa, 1868)]] '''Fulu Goroisa''' (mitou andre te'adogo'ö manö '''FG''') no angowuloa goroisa [[Lowalangi]], si tobali dane-dane wamahaö bakha ba agama [[Yahudi]], [[Niha Keriso]] ba [[Islam]], fao ba da'ö [[Gereja Katolik]].<ref name="Pottenger13">Pottenger, nga'örö 13</ref> Molo'ö wanutunö mbuku [[Moze II]] awö [[Moze IV]], ibe'e goroisa andre khö ndraono [[Izeraeli|Gizeraeli]] [[Lowalangi]] tobali faosatö gamabu'ula ba wangefa'ö ya'ira moroi ba wangosawuyu horö.<ref name="Barry85"/> Molo'ö ''Katekismus Gereja Katolik'' (mitou andre te'adogo'ö manö '''Katekismus''') — ya'ia da'ö fama'oli resmi wamati Gereja Katolik — moguna sibai FG andre ba wondrou'ö fa'auri fa'alowalangi si sökhi<ref name="Kreeft201"/> ba tobali ia dane-dane wamahaö Katolik sanandrösa ba "{{li|id|keadilan sosial}}".<ref>Lafotöi "keadilan sosial" fefu hadia ia nifalua ena'ö lasöndra ngawalö zoguna khöra fefu niha bakha ba zi sambua banua ma negara, ena'ö lasöndra ngawalö lala wondrou'ö fa'aurira ba so lala khöra ba wefao ba wangetu'ö ngawalö goi-goi si göna zato. Lafotöi fefu niŵa'ö da'a "adil" na lö isöndra ''talafu töra'' khönia si samösa ba ''arakhagö lö hadöi'' sa'ae khö zi samösa bö'ö.</ref><ref name="Carmody"/> No to'ölö la'oguna'ö FG ira niha Katolik tobali lala ba wanekhegö tödö fatua lö möi ira mangaku horö.<ref name="Toole">O'Toole, nga'örö 146</ref> So FG bakha ba ngawalö zinura moroi ba mböröta Gereja.<ref name="Hardon"/> Simane niŵa'ö Katekismus no "i'iagö nahia föna" FG bakha ba wamahaö famati i'otarai götö Agustinus Hippo (ndröfi 354-430).<ref name="Schreck303"/><ref name="Cat2065">{{en}} {{cite web | last =Paragraph number 2065 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = [[Libreria Editrice Vaticana]]| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2.htm|accessdate=1 Juni 2009}}</ref> Ba mböröta lö "sindruhu afore" wamahaö agama irugi Konsili Lateran IV ba ndröfi 1251.<ref name="Bast4"/> So sa zangoguna'ö FG andre ba wamahaö Niha Keriso ba mböröta Gereja<ref name="Pelikan"/> irugi ginötö aefa ndröfia si 1000 nifotöi "{{li|id|Abad Pertengahan}}", ba hiza no oi fabö'ö-bö'ö wamatöfa ya'ia.<ref name="Bast4"/> Andrö la'oguna'ö "wa'afabö'ö-bö'ö" andre ira samörögö famohouni Protestan tobali börö ba wolaŵa Gereja.<ref name="Bast3"/> Aefa da'ö, sindruhu mufatimba ero ngawua FG bakha ba katekismus siföföna soya te'oguna'ö bakha ba Gereja me döfi 1566, bahiza abölö mangabua ia ba wamatimba zi fitu sakramen.<ref name="Brown"/> Awena dania Katekismus sibohou zame'e nahia soya sibai ba wamatimba ero ngawua FG.<ref name="Schreck303"/> Famahaö Gereja sanandrösa ba zi fulu goroisa Lowalangi mendrua manö me te'odanegö ia ba [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]] ba [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] awö zura-sura ndra tua Gereja si föföna.<ref name="Cat"/> Ba [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]] ifaduhu'ö Yesu wa'aro goroisa andrö ba i'andrö khö ndra nifahaönia wolau si töra moroi ba goroisa, molau wa'asökhi si töra moroi ba nifaha'ö ndra ere daroma li ba ira niha [[Farisi]].<ref name="Kreeft202">Kreeft, nga'örö 202</ref> Ifarou fefu niha FG ba wahuwusa khö Lowalangi ba awönia niha bakha ba wa'omasi simane si no ifurugö Yesu bakha ba goroisa fondrege zebua.<ref name="Schreck303">Schreck, nga'örö 303</ref> Tölu goroisa si föföna ba FG mangandrö wamolakhömi töi Lowalangi, ngaluo Zo'aya ba ba wangositengagö lowalangi bö'ö. Oroisa tanöbö'ö so fakhai ba wariawösa niha simane satua ba iraono; fao ba goroisa tanöbö'ö andre wa tebai falimo, molu'a, mamunu niha, mohorö ba mangomasi'ö zi tebai. ==Fame'e nomoro goroisa== Amabu'ulali Siföföna modane-dane ba zi fulu goroisa,<ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=kel&b=34&a1=28&a2=28 Keluaran 34:28]</ref><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=ul&b=4&a1=13&a2=13 Ulangan 4:13]</ref><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=ul&b=10&a1=4&a2=4 Ulangan 10:4]</ref> heŵa'ae so töra fulu ngaro wehede goroisa nisura ba zi dua nahia ba Moze 1 20:1-17 ba Moze 4 5-6-21. Lö fanuturu bakha ba Gamabu'ula Li Si Föföna hewisa wombagi fefu nisura ba da'ö tobali fulu goroisa. Molo'ö ondröita zatua (''tradisi''), fombagi goroisa ni'oguna'ö Gereja Katolik ba Lutheran no moroi khö Agustinus Hippo (354-430), samösa duha Gereja Latin, bakha ba mbukunia "Fanofu sanandrösa ba zura Moze 2 (Quaestionum in Heptateuchum libri VII, Buku II, Fanofu lxxi).<ref name="Kreeft201">Kreeft, nga'örö 201–203</ref><ref name="Stapleton">Stapleton, "The Ten Commandments"</ref> Gereja Ortodoks ba oya gereja Protestan mangoguna'ö wombagi goroisa nifa'anö ndra tuha Gereja Yunani moroi ba nifotöi ''Kekristenan Timur''. Fame'e nomoro dombua ''tradisi'' andre no fabö'ö ma'ifu, ba hiza ''substansi''nia fagölö, heŵa'ae so ösa ba gotalua ndra Protestan zifabö'ö zöndra.<ref name="Kreeft201"/> Fame'e nomoro molo'ö ''tradisi'' guru Yahudi fakhili ira ma'ifu ''tradisi'' Gereja Timur samurugö fefu goroisa sangositengagö ngawalö wangisö tobali sambua oroisa, ba hiza fabö'ö moroi ba ngawalö ''denominasi'' Kristen sanguma'ö wa fefu goroisa si föföna no tefurugö bakha ba wamasao goroisa nifotöi ''prolog''.<ref name="Brown82">Brown, nga'örö 82</ref> ==Waö-waö== FG Lowalangi no tobali dane-dane ''moral'' ira agama Yahudi, Niha Keriso ba Islam.<ref name="Pottenger13">Pottenger, nga'örö 13</ref> Oroisa andre tefarongogö si föföna sibai bakha ba mbuku Moze 2 me tetutunö wa Moze, molo'ö fametaro moroi khö Lowalangi, mangefa'ö ndraono Gizara'eli moroi ba wangosawuyu boto ba danö Miserayi (aefa da'a tasura manö Mesir). Molo'ö wamahaö Gereja, ibe Lowalangi sambua gamabu'ula li — samurugö fefu zi FG — göi ba wangefa'ö niha moroi ba wangosawuyu horö.<ref name="Barry85">Barry, nga'örö 85</ref> So gere hikaya sanguma'ö wa da'a no "salua fondrege zebua bakha ba waö-waö ndraono Gizara'eli me föna."<ref name="Noble53">Noble, nga'örö 53</ref> Molo'ö Peter Kreeft, bakha ba wamaigi Gereja Katolik fa'atohare Yesu andrö no famalua gamabu'ula li Lowalangi khö niha Yahudi si no tetuyu ba "wangoroma'ö Lowalangi sindruhu ba gulidanö."<ref>Kreeft, nga'örö 77</ref> Ifaduhu'ö Yesu Goroisa Lowalangi andrö ba ifaha'ö ndra nifaha'önia wolau si töra, ma ba wehede Kreeft, "fa'auri fa'alowalagi si töra moroi ba wa'alowalangi ndra ere daroma li ba ira niha Farisi."<ref name="Kreeft201"/><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=mat&b=5&a1=20&a2=20 Matius 5:20]</ref> Ifaha'ö Gereja wa no i'efa'ö niha Yesu moroi ba wanöngöni "huku Yahudi (torah ma huku Moze) sabua si so 613 goi-goi si no fabö'ö-bö'ö [hiza] lö i'efa'ö ira moroi ba noro dödö wondrorogö FG Lowalangi",<ref name="Kreeft201"/> börö FG andrö no "tesura faoma 'tuturu Lowalangi',<ref name=addis195>Addis, nga'örö 195</ref> tenga si mane [ngawalö goi-goi] nisura Moze."<ref name="Kreeft201"/> Famahaö andre te'abölö'ö zui ba Konsili Trente (1545-1563) ba Konsili Vatikan II (1962-1965).<ref name="Schreck303"/> Heŵa'ae lö oroma sibai wetaro FG Lowalangi bakha ba liturgi Niha Keriso si föföna, so sa'atö sasi zura wa oi labaso goroisa andrö bakha ba liturgi ba la'oguna'ö ba wamaha'ö Niha Keriso.<ref name="Pelikan">Pelikan, nga'örö 60</ref> Duma-dumania Oroisa Lowalangi so bakha ba zura Kristen fondrege atua nifotöi ''didache'' ma Famahaö Ndra Nifahaö Si Felendrua.<ref name="Hardon">Hardon, nga'örö 1–9</ref> Molo'ö ira ere ifolakhömi Goroisa Lowalangi Gereja si föföna tobali furugö wondrakö Lowalangi.<ref name="Pelikan"/> Faduhu dödö Klaus Bockmuehl, samösa ere Protestan, wa no ifagati Goroisa Lowalangi Gereja faoma angolifa gamuata si sökhi ba si lö sökhi, duma-dumania fitu horö solohe ba wa'amate, salua ba gotalua ndröfi 400 ba 1200.<ref>Bockmuehl, nga'örö 15</ref> Ira akademisi tanöbö'ö mamaduhu'ö wa Oroisa Lowalangi no te'oguna'ö tobali lala ba wamareso tödö ba ato ere teologi zi no manura ya'ia.<ref name="Toole"/> So sasi wa Oroisa Lowalangi no tobali faosatö katekese ba biara ba ba nahia bö'ö, ba hiza lö na sa ifa'anö Gereja ''metode khusus'' bakha ba wamahaö agama götö aefa ndröfia 1000 nifotöi ''Abad Pertengahan''. Konsili Lateran IV (ndröfi 1215) no si föföna mangohalöŵögöi da'a. Sasi si so khöda iada'a manguma'ö wa so gohitö dödö mato ha'uga uskup wamatöfa gangetula konsili andrö fao ba da'ö wamatöfa Goroisa Lowalangi.<ref name="Bast4">Bast, nga'örö 4</ref> Ha'uga ngaotu fakhe aefa da'ö, fo'amböta wamahaö Goroisa Lowalangi ba zi ha'uga keuskupan tobali dane-dane wolaŵa li Gereja moroi ba gotalua ndra samohouni Protestan.<ref name="Bast3">Bast, nga'örö 3</ref> Katekismus nifa'anö mato ha'uga keuskupan ba ndröfia 1300 no tobali dane-dane wama'anö katekismus resmi si föföna sibai ni'oguna'ö ba zi sagörö Gereja, ya'ia da'ö ''Katekismus Roma'' ba ndröfi 1566.<ref>Bast, nga'örö 6</ref> Katekismus andrö tefa'anö molo'ö gangetula Konsili Trente, sanguma'ö ena'ö so "wamahuhuosi sindruhu ero goroisa" ba hiza so abölö abua ia ba wamahuhuosi zifitu sakramen, börö molo'ö wamati Katolik, fa'auri niha Keriso lö aefa moroi ba kharasi nitema moroi ba sakramen-sakramen nitema'ö Gereja Katolik.<ref name="Brown"/> Folau simanö fabö'ö sibai ba nilau ndra niha Protestan si tumbu 200 fakhe aefa da'ö, ya'ia wa oroisa Lowalangi no börö kharasi.<ref name="Brown">Brown, nga'örö 79</ref> Sagötö we'asonia ba gulidanö famahaö resmi Gereja mangai dane-dane wamaha'ö goroisa Lowalangi bakha ba Mbuku Ni'amoni'ö ba ba ngawalö zura ndra bapa Gereja si föföna simane Origenes, Ireneus, ba Agustinus.<ref name="Cat">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2052–2074 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2.htm |accessdate=8 June 2009}}</ref> Furi ö ira teolog simane Thomas Aquinas (Thomas Aquino) ba Bonaventura manura komentar soguna sibai sanandrösa Oroisa Lowalangi. Molo'ö Aquinas, samösa Guru Gereja (Pujangga Gereja), ngawalö goroisa andrö no "ngawua utama wa'atulö (''keadilan'') awö fefu wondrakö, ba ifaduhu'ö fangera-ngera (''akal budi'') wa sindruhu da'ö."<ref>Aquinas, nga'örö 293</ref> Ba ''Katekismus Gereja Katolik'' si bohou, si no tobali furugö resmi wamati Gereja, so waosatö sanau sanandrösa ba Goroisa Lowalangi,<ref name="Schreck303"/> si tobali dane-dane wamahaö sosial Katolik.<ref name="Carmody">Carmody, nga'örö 82</ref> Molo'ö ''Katekismus'' andrö, no ibe'e nahia utama Gereja ba Zifulu Goroisa Lowalangi bakha ba wamahaö wamati i'otarai abad si-5.<ref name="Schreck303"/> Ibotokhi Kreeft wa molo'ö Gereja, Oroisa andrö no "lala wa'auri", ba "lala sadölö ba wa'abebas" si hulö öli si fasui zekola sanaha ngawalö bahaya samesokho iraono zekola.<ref name="Kreeft201"/> == Oroisa si sara == {{Quote box |qalign = left |salign = right |bgcolor = Cornsilk |width = 50% |quote = '''So'aya Lowalangiu ndra'o sangefa'ö ya'ugö moroi ba danö Mesir, moroi ba nahia wangosawuyu. Böi so khöu lowalangi tanöbö'ö fönagu. Böi fazökhi khöu nadu si tobali khala-khala gofu hadia ia zi so ba mbanua yaŵa ba he zi so tou ba gulidanö ma zui zi so bakha ba nidanö. Böi folakhömi ia ma zui mangandrö'ö khönia.''' |author = Oroisa sisara |source = ''Katekismus Gereja Katolik''<ref name="Cat2084"/><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=kel&b=20&a1=2&a2=5 Keluaran 20:2-5]</ref><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=ul&b=5&a1=6&a2=9 Ulangan 5:6–9]</ref> }} Molo'ö famahaö Gereja, eluaha Goroisa si sara ya'ia wa mangalulu ba mamolakhömi niha ha khö Lowalangi me ha samösa Lowalangi.<ref name="Kreeft207">Kreeft, nga'örö 207</ref> Ba wamotokhi ''Katekismus'' ohitö dödö goroisa andre wa tebai mamolakhömi adu ba gofu hadia ia danö bö'ö simane famolakhömi ösi danö, bekhu, eheha zatua, kuaso, omasi'ö dödö, kefe, suku ma negara.<ref name="Kreeft207"/> Molo'ö Agustinus oroisa andre no hulö mangomasi'ö Lowalangi ba hiza mamalua gofu hadia ia zomasi ndra'ugö.<ref name=Kreeft205/> Börö da'ö iŵa'ö Kreeft wa molo'ö niha Keriso, mamalua horö niha na tobali ira enoni lowalangi tanöbö'ö, na la'o'ö goroisa lowalangi bö'ö andrö. Ba hiza sindruhu mangomasi'ö Lowalangi ira na la'odödögö wamalua somasi Lowalangi.<ref name=Kreeft205>Kreeft, nga'örö 205</ref><ref>{{en}} {{citation |url=http://www.peterkreeft.com/topics/discernment.htm |title=Discernment |last=Kreeft |first=Peter |publisher=www.peterkreeft.com |accessdate=8 March 2016}}</ref> No ifakhai ''Katekismus'' goroisa andre ba zi tölu faosatö nifotöi fa'asökhi dödö teologis. Si sara ya'ia da'ö famati, eluahania oroisa andre mamarou niha Katolik ena'ö aro dödöra khö Lowalangi ba la'aröu'ö ira moroi ba wamahaö si lö atulö, mondröi wamati ma zui mamazökhi angowuloa bö'ö. Si dua ya'ia da'ö fanötöna, eluahania oroisa andre mamarou niha Katolik ena'ö böi aetu wanötönara. Ba si tölu, ya'ia da'o fa'omasi, eluahania ifarou ita oroisa andre ba wangomasi'ö Lowalangi, mangandrö saohagölö khönia, mangaröu'ö moroi ba wa'areu, fa'afökhö dödö ba fayaŵasa dödö.<ref name="Cat2084">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2084–2128 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c1a1.htm |accessdate=2 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="Schreck304">Schreck, nga'örö 304</ref> Duma-duma gamuata si lö faudu ba goroisa andre molo'ö ''Katekismus'': na faduhu dödö niha ba nifalua gafökha (''takhayul''), na mamati ira khö lowalangi soya (''politeisme''), na mangosiwawöi gofu hadia ia ni'amoni'ö (''sakrilegi''), mangositengagö Lowalangi (''ateisme'') ba fefu ngawalö wakelemusa. Baero da'ö fao göi wafaduhu dödö ba wetaro ndröfi (''astrologi'' ma ''horoskop'') ba fa'a (''palmistri''). Iŵa'ö ''Katekismus'' wa ngawalö gamuata safuria andrö no amuata ba wamatörö ginötö, waö-waö (''sejarah'') ba afuriatania niha bö'ö, ba no göi amuata ba wa'awösa ba wa'abölö si lö sökhi.<ref name="Cat2084"/><ref>Kreeft, nga'örö 208</ref> === Gambara ba famaedo === {{Gambara responsif|Folio 29r - The Ark of God Carried into the Temple.jpg|Lafahea [[Tawöla Gamabu'ula|Dawöla Gamabu'ula]] bakha ba Nomo Lowalangi ba [[Yerusalema]]}} Itaria laŵa'ö niha wa lasömba gambara ira niha Katolik ba börö da'ö no mangosawöi goroisa si sara,<ref name="Kreeft209">Kreeft, nga'örö 209</ref> ba hiza iŵa'ö Gereja wa lö faudu niŵa'ö niha andrö. Molo'ö Gereja, famosumange ngawalö gambara ni'amoni'ö no sambua wamosumange ba tenga fangalulu, me fangalulu ha khö Lowalangi tebe'e ia.<ref name="Kreeft209"/><ref name="Cat2132">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2129–2132 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c1a1.htm |accessdate=2 April 2009}}</ref> Me ngaotu fakhe si-8, alua wasöndrata li sanandrösa ba hadia lö fatimba ba goroisa si sara nifotöi ''ikon'' (gambara) ni'amoni'ö. Fabu'asa zöndra andrö alua ha ba gotaluara nifotöi Gereja Timur. Ya'ira nifotöi ''ikonoklas'' molaŵa wangoguna'ö ''ikon'', ba ya'ira ''ikonodul'' manohugö wamosumange ya'ia, simane ni'o'ö ira Gereja niftöi Gereja Barat. Ba Konsili Nicea II me 787, te'etu'ö wa famosumange ikon ba famaedo tanöbö'ö lö molaŵa goroisa si sara ba haniha zamosumange gambara no mamosumange nigambaraini bakha ba da'ö.<ref name="schreck305">Schreck, nga'örö 305</ref> Irugi iada'a fangoguna'ö gambara ba adu no tobali seni ''khas'' Gereja Barat, töra-töra Gereja Katolik. Börö da'a bakha ba Gereja Katolik asese tegambaraini waö-waö wangorifi moroi ba [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]], ba no tobali ia hulö ''sarana'' wamahaö ba zi möi bakha ba Gereja. Iŵa'ö ''Katekismus'' wa me tobali ia niha, Ono Lowalangi samösa no tobali gambara si bohou.<ref name="Kreeft209"/><ref name="Cat2132"/> Lowalangi samosa no itaögö tobali niha, irege tola la'ila hörö ba lababaya tanga ia niha. Na auri ia ba ginötö andre mena'ö ba so fotonia ba Facebook ma zui oroma ia ba Televisi ba tarongo linia ba radio. Ba na möi ia wanuriagö [[Turia Somuso Dödö|turia somuso dödö]] ba khöda toba ta'ohe dangania ba tafosumange ia. Baero da'ö ba zi lalö asese te'oguna'ö ngawalö gambara ba nadu si so bakha ba Gereja ba wamotokhi Taroma Li Lowalangi. Hulö simane nifotöi ''alat peraga'' ni'oguna'ö guru ma'ökhö na mamahaö ira föna ndraono sekola. Ba hiza fefu gambara ba nadu si so bakha ba Gereja no gambara ba adu ni'amoni'ö samatörö'ö tödöda ba wa'aurira ni'amoni'ö ba gulidanö si tobali duma-duma khöda ba wolo'ö somasi Lowalangi. Famosumange ngawalö gambara ba nadu andrö no sondrou'ö ba wangomasi'ö Lowalangi. == Oroisa sidua == {{Quote box |qalign = left |salign = right |bgcolor = Cornsilk |width = 50% |quote = '''Böi tötöi döi Zo'aya Lowalangiu ba zi tenga ya'ia.''' |author = Oroisa sidua |source = ''Katekismus Gereja Katolik''<ref name="cat2142"/><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=kel&b=20&a1=7&a2=7 Keluaran 20:7]</ref><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=ul&b=5&a1=11&a2=11 Ulangan 5:11]</ref> }} Oroisa sidua manegu niha ba wangoguna'ö töi Lowalangi ba zi tenga ya'ia.<ref name="Kreeft201"/> Ba oya hada ndra niha me föna töi andrö no ni'amoni'ö; so hada sanegu wanötöi töi zi samösa niha ba ginötö si no tehonogöi. Ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] tebai mutötöi döi niha ba wa'iraono na no mangowalu ba mo'ono ira. Injil Yohanes manutunö sambua zalua me edöna latebu kara Yesu ira niha Yahudi, börö me i'oguna'ö Yesu sambua döi Lowalangi ni'amoni'ö ba wanötöi ya'ia samösa. Molo'ö wamondrongora fehede Yesu andrö no samaduhugö wa'alowalanginia. Ba börö me lö faduhu döröra wa Yesu andrö no Lowalangi, terongo khöra wehede Yesu andrö hulö fangobousi töi Lowalangi (''penghujatan''), ba molo'ö huku Moze niha solau simanö lötolalö'ö mubunu.<ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=yoh&b=8&a1=58&a2=58 Yohanes 8:58]</ref><ref name=Kreeft211/> Kreeft manura wa fefu döi si fakhai khö Lowalangi no ni'amoni'ö ba börö da'ö fefu döi andrö no terorogö ia ba goroisa sidua.<ref name=Kreeft211>Kreeft, nga'örö 211</ref> ''Katekismus'' manura, "Mamolakhömi töi Lowalangi no göi sambua lala wamolakhömi sinangea mube'e khö misteri Lowalangi samösa ba khö fefu gofu hadia ia ni'amoni'ö börö misteri andrö."<ref name="cat2142">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2142–2167 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c1a2.htm |accessdate=27 December 2008}}</ref> ''Katekismus'' manguma'ö göi wa moguna wamolakhömi döi-töi niha ba wamolakhömi nifotöi wetaro (''martabat'') niha andrö.<ref name="schreck305"/> Niŵa'ö ba goroisa sidua andre tefa'oli bakha ba wangandrö [[He Ama Khöma]] nibörögö faoma, "He Ama khöma si so ba zorugo, yani'amoni'ö Döiu". Molo'ö [[Paus Benediktus XVI]], me ifa'ele döinia Lowalangi khö Moze, ifazökhi göi gamakhaita ba niha fefu; Paus Benediktus manguma'ö wa fa'atobali niha Lowalangi (''inkarnasi'') no hogu sambua ''proses'' "nibörögö faoma fame töi wa'alowalangi andrö."<ref name="Benedict143">Benedict XVI, ''Jesus of Nazareth'', nga'örö 143–145</ref> Inönö na sa wanguma'ö Paus wa eluahania töi wa'alowalangi andrö tola göi te'oguna'ö ba zi tenga ya'ia ba wa fehede "ya ni'amoni'ö döiu" no fangandrö moroi khö Yesu ena'ö te'amoni'ö döi Lowalangi ba terorogö misteri döi andrö.<ref name="Benedict143"/> Molo'ö famaha'ö Katolik, oroisa andre lö manegu wangoguna'ö töi Lowalangi ba wahölusa nifalua otoritas. Ba hiza fahölusa ni'oguna'ö ba waya ma zui mangöndru döi Lowalangi ba wakelemusa ma zui ba wanguma'ö watiusa dödö, fefu da'a no horö fangobousi döi Lowalangi.<ref name="schreck305"/><ref name="cat2142"/> == Oroisa sitölu == {{Quote box |qalign = left |salign = right |bgcolor = Cornsilk |width = 50% |quote = '''"Be ba dödöu ba amoni'ö ngaluo Sabato andrö! Önö ngaluo wa'ara mohalöŵö ndra'ugö ba ba wangawalisi fefu halöŵöu, ba hiza ngaluo si fitu no ngaluo Sabato Zo'aya, Lowalangiu; börö da'ö böi mohalöŵö ndra'ugö ba ngaluo andrö.''' |author = Oroisa Sitölu |source = ''Katekismus Gereja Katolik''<ref name="Cat2168"/><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=kel&b=20&a1=8&a2=10 Keluaran 20:8-10]</ref><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=ul&b=5&a1=12&a2=15 Ulangan 5:12–15]</ref> }} Paus Benediktus XVI mangoguna'ö wehede moroi khö [[Jacob Neusner]], samösa akademisi ba sondrönia'ö (ba Li Ibrani רב, ''rabbi'') ba niha Yahudi, ba wamotokhi wa ohitö dödö Ndraono Gizara'eli wondrorogö goroisa andre tenga ha börö me si to'ölö ba agama ia; oroisa andre no sambua lala ba wolo'ö duma-duma Lowalangi soolombase ba ngaluo si fitu aefa wamazökhi ulidanö. Baero da'ö oroisa sitölu andre no tobali boto wama'oli niha mbanua nifotöi ''tatanan sosial'' ba Li Indonesia.<ref>Benedict, nga'örö 108</ref> Heŵa'ae so denominasi Niha Keriso solo'ö niha Yahudi ba wangowasaini ngaluo Sabat ba ngaluo Sabtu, niha Katolik ba arakhagö fefu niha Keriso mangowasaini luo Migu tobali ngaluo ''khusus'' nifotöi "Ngaluo Zo'aya". Andrö wa fangandrö ba fanunö ba luo Migu bakha ba Gereja Katolik ba Danö Niha lafotöi '''Fangowasaini Luo Zo'aya'''. Folau simane no tefalua i'otarai mböröta Gereja, me faduhu dödö ndra niha Keriso wa maoso Yesu moroi ba gotalua zi mate ba luo Migu, si no ngaluo si föföna bakha ba zi samigu.{{refn|La'owasaini luo Sabato ira niha Keriso Yahudi ba gangahorita migu (eluahania ba luo wangöhöna) ba lö aetu la'o'ö goi-goi si fakhai ba luo Sabato. Heŵa'ae simanö la'owasaini luo andre ira niha Keriso sato ba ngaluo si föföna migu (eluahania ba luo migu) me lamane, no aefa niha Keriso moroi ba goi-goi soya niha Yahudi.|group=note}}<ref name="Sunday">Stapleton, "Sunday"</ref> Buku wamahaö ndra nifahaö nifotöi ''[[Didache]]'' mamarou niha Keriso ena'ö owulo ba Ngaluo Zo'aya ba wombagi roti ba ba wangandrö saohagölö. [[Tertulianus]] no si föföna sibai manguŵa'ö wa ngaluo Migu ba no ngaluo wolombase.<ref name="Sunday"/> Ba ndröfia si-6, [[Sesarius dari Arles|Sesarius moroi ba Arles]] mamaha'ö wa fefu golakhömi ngaluo Sabat Yahudi no tefawu'a ba ngaluo Migu, ba niha Keriso si lötolalö'ö mondrorogö ngaluo Migu simane wondrorogö niha Yahudi ngaluo Sabat. Ba hiza [[Konsili Orléans III]] me 538 manegu zimane, börö me molo'ö konsili goi-goi Sabat no si fakhai ba Yahudi, ba börö da'ö tenga Kristen, ba börö da'ö göi goi-goi Sabat böi mufatörö ba wangowasaini luo Migu niha Keriso.<ref name="Sunday"/> Ngaotu ndröfi aefa da'ö labörötaigö ira sondrönia'ö ba Gereja wamaogö folombase ba luo migu bakha ba wamahaö resmi Gereja ba ira samatörö negara-negara Kristen no la'odödögö ena'ö hari migu tobali ngaluo wolombase.<ref name="Sunday"/> Khö niha Katolik, famahaö Yesu wa "te'a'asogö luo Sabat soguna ba niha, tenga tewöwöi niha soguna ba luo Sabat"<ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=mrk&b=2&a1=27&a2=27 Markus 2:27]</ref> eluahania ngawalö mbua-bua si sökhi nifalua "ba ginötö la'andrö ia niha bö'ö" tola tobali föfö ngaluo wolombase.<ref name="Schreck306">Schreck, nga'örö 306</ref> ''Katekismus'' mame'e goi-goi wangowasaini Luo Zo'aya, fao ba da'ö we'amöi ba Misa ba luo Minggu ba ngaluo gowasa bö'ö si lötolalö'ö mu'owasaini.<ref name="Cat2168">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2168–2195 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c1a3.htm |accessdate=27 December 2008}}</ref> Ba ngaluo simane da'ö, heŵa'ae niha Katolik lö mamalua halöŵö ma aktivitas somba'agö liturgi, ba hiza tetehegö sa'atö "halöŵö wa'ahakhö dödö ba folombase si faudu ba wa'omuso dödö".<ref name="Schreck306"/> Molo'ö USCCB( Konferensi ndra uskup Amerika Serikat), oroisa andre "no tefalua ba gotalua niha Katolik" tobali sambua ba gotalua goi-goi Gereja. Latandrösaigö wanguŵa'öra andrö ba ensiklik ''Dies Domini'': <blockquote>Börö me niha samati si lötolalö'ö möi ba Misa na lö taha-taha serius, no tobali noro dödö ndra pastor wame'e lala bö'ö ena'ö fefu niha tola mamalua goi-goi andrö... Ba hiza töra moroi ba ha goi-goi, fangowasaini Misa si lötolalö'ö tobali nigohi dödö si tumbu moroi ba wa'auri niha Keriso. Moguna sibai wa fefu niha samati faduhu dödöra wa lö tola mowua ba wa'aurira wamati andrö ma zui lö tola fao ira bakha ba wa'auri komunitas niha Keriso, na lö fao-fao ira bakha ba wa'asambua ekaristi ba luo migu.<ref>USCCB, nga'örö 366–367</ref></blockquote> == Oroisa si'öfa == {{Quote box |qalign = left |salign = right |bgcolor = Cornsilk |width = 50% |quote = '''Folakhömi namau ba inau, ena'ö anau nosou ba danö nibe'e Zo'aya Lowalangiu khöu.''' |author = Oroisa Si'öfa |source = ''Katekismus Gereja Katolik''<ref name="cat2197"/><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=kel&b=20&a1=12&a2=12 Keluaran 20:12]</ref><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=ul&b=5&a1=16&a2=16 Ulangan 5:16]</ref> }} Iŵa'ö Paus Benediktus XVI wa sinöndra Rabi Neusner "no fagöna sibai wa oroisa andre no same lö aetu auri dödö ndroto zato". Oroisa si'öfa mangabölö'ö gamakhaita ba gotalua götö (li Indonesaia, ''generasi'') awö gamakhaita ba gotalua ndroto ngambatö ba ndroto zato, ba mangoroma'ö wa fongambatösa no somasi ba nirorogö Lowalangi<ref>Benedict XVI, nga'örö 113</ref> Börö me fa'omasi si lö dali zatua khö ndraonora no sörömi wa'omasi Lowalangi ba börö me no tobali noro dödöra wanohugö famati khö ndraonora, iŵa'ö ''Katekismus'' wa ngambatö andrö no sambua "gereja domestik" ("gereja zoroi yomo"), sambua "komunitas istimewa" ba börö hunö wa'auri zato.<ref name="Kreeft219"/> Molo'ö ''Katekismus'' oroisa si'öfa andre noro dödö ndraono khö zatuara:<ref name="cat2197">{{en}} {{cite web | last =Paragraph number 2197–2257 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a4.htm |accessdate=27 December 2008}}</ref> # Famolakhömi zatua, ba ira talifüsö si sambua ama. # Fangandrö saohagölö, simane niŵa'ö bakha ba Zura Sirakhi: "Törö tödöu wa onora ndra'ugö. Angeragö lala wanulöni gofu hadia zi no lalfalua khöu"<ref name="Kreeft219"/><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=sir&b=7&a1=27&a2=28 Sirakh 7:27–28]</ref> # Folo'ö satua ndrege wa toröi ndraono ba nomo zatuara na moguna ia ba wa'asökhi nösi nomo,<ref name="Kreeft219"/> ba hiza ha na lö mondrou'ö iraono wamalua amuata si lö sökhi. # Mame'e fanolo he moril ba he göi materiil khö zatua si no alaŵa ndröfi, töra-töra ba ginötö mofökhö, lö awö-awö ma zui mangarö-ngarö ira.<ref name="cat2197"/><ref name="Kreeft219">Kreeft, nga'örö 217–219</ref> Molo'ö ''Katekismus'', ena'ö terorogö goroisa andre so göi noro dödö zatua khö ndraonora, ya'ia da'ö: # "Famahaö amuata si sökhi, fomböi wa'auri fa'alowalangi ba fanuriaigö wamati" khö ndraonora # Mamolakhömi ndraono sihulö ono Lowalangi ba niha sokhö nifotöi ''pribadi''. # Disiplin si faudu khö ndraono ba mengeregesi tödö ena'ö böi tumbu wofönu bakha ba dödöra. # Mame'e ena'ö iraono samösa zangetu'ö haniha zomasi ira la'owalu ba hadia halöŵö somasi ira lahalö, heŵa'ae lö latimbagö mene-mene si sökhi moroi khö zatuara.<ref name="Kreeft220"/> # "Tobali duma-duma si sökhi" khö ndraonora. # "Mangku sala na so zi fasala ira" khö ndraonora ena'ö abölö aoha khöra wamatörö ba ba wangatulö'ö zi fasala ndraono.<ref name="cat2197"/><ref name="Kreeft220">Kreeft, nga'örö 220</ref> === Fangabakha'ö moroi khö Yesu === Itutunö Injil Matai'o wa me labalo-baloi walukhasata khö-Nia ira ina-Nia ba talifusö-Nia, itema Yesu, "Haniha nina-Gu? Ba haniha ndra talifusögu?" Ituturu khö ndra nifaha'ö-Nia ba imane, "Ya'ira andre nina-Gu ba ira talifusö-Gu. Börö gofu haniha zamalua zomasi nama-Gu ba zorugo, ya'ia andrö talifusö-Gu ira matua ba talifusö-Gu ira'alawe, ya'ia andrö ina-Gu."<ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=mat&b=12&a1=46&a2=50 Matius 12:46–50]</ref> Iŵa'ö Paus Benediktus XVI wa fehede Yesus andre mangalaŵagö goroisa si'öfa. Ya'ira samalua zomasi Lowalangi tola tobali ndroto ngambatö universal Yesu.<ref>Benedict XVI, nga'örö 117</ref> Eluahania, noro dödö si fao bakha ba goroisa si'öfa no te'alaŵa'ö irege mufaogö zato ba mbanua ba tobali famolakhömi nifotöi otoritas sosial. Itötöi ''Katekismus'' "noro dödö niha sato ba zi sambua negara", simane si no ifurugö Kreeft: # "Folo'ö ba famolakhömi khö fefu niha si no manema otoritas moroi khö Lowalangi bakha ba mbanua". # Noro dödö niha mbanua wamu'a pajak, möi fao ba wamili ba ba wobela negara. # "Noro dödö ba wangelama ba böwö kritis", samarou niha ba wanguma'ö hadia ia zi lö faudu ba ''martabat'' niha awö niha sato. # "Noro dödö ba wolaŵa" wamatörö otoritas ''sipil'' si lö faudu ba gangolifa moral. # Molau halöŵö wa'ahakhö dödö", si lötolalö'ö lafalua ya'ira si no mowua halöŵö danga. Da'a no oroisa sosial fondrege zebua samarou niha ba wangomasi'ö Lowalangi ba awönia niha. # "Manema niha bö'ö" sangalui fa'ahono moroi ba wogohi ba sangalui fa'auri si lö lasöndra ba negara niröira. # "Noro dödö negara-negara so okhöta wanolo negara-negara si lö okhöta", töra-töra ba ginötö wa'afaki dödö. # "Fanötöna wa ero ngambatö manolo ngambatö bö'ö".<ref name="cat2197"/><ref>Kreeft, nga'örö 222</ref> == Oroisa silima == {{Quote box |qalign = left |salign = right |bgcolor = Cornsilk |width = 40% |quote = '''Böi bunu niha.''' |author = Oroisa Silima |source = ''Katekismus Gereja Katolik''<ref name="Cat2258"/><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=kel&b=20&a1=13&a2=13 Keluaran 20:13]</ref><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=ul&b=5&a1=17&a2=17 Ulangan 5:17]</ref> }} Oroisa silima mangotana wamolakhömi wa'auri niha ba börö da'ö abölö faudu na la'ali ia tobali "böi mamalua famunu niha nifa'anö ba molaŵa huku". Bakha ba Gereja Katolik so itaria nifotöi "keadaan" (li Indonesia) tola tetehegö mate niha. Ba hiza do'ölöania tebai. Inönö na sa Yesu me i'alakha'ö wönu si lö enahöi, fatiusa ba fa'afökhö dödö, ba ibe noro dödö niha Keriso wangomasi'ö nudura.<ref name="Schreck310">Schreck, nga'örö 310–312</ref><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=mat&b=5&a1=21&a2=22 Matius 5:21–22]</ref> Dane-dane fefu wamaha'ö Katolik si fakhai ba goroisa silima ya'ia da'ö nifotöi etika amonita wa'auri, niŵa'ö Kreeft molo'ö filosofi no fa'udu ba etika kualitas wa'auri. Molo'ö Kreeft filosofi andre muzara-zara bakha ba zinura ''Die Freigabe der Vernichtung des Lebensunwerten Lebens'' (''Fanehegö Wame Mate Niha si Lö Faudu Auri'') si no si föföna sibai "mame ena'ö latema'ö niha ... ira dokter Jerman föna Fasuwöta Gulidanö II — si tobali dane-dane ''praktik medis'' ndra [[Nazi]]."<ref name="Kreeft226">Kreeft, nga'örö 226–227</ref> Famo'eluaha simane no göi latuwugö jurnal-jurnal medis modern samahuhuosi ngawalö dilema filosofi si fandraha khö ndra dokter si lötolalö'ö mangai angetula auri ma mate.<ref>Bayertz, nga'örö 233</ref> So ba gotalua ndra sondrou'ö [[bioetika]] sanguma'ö wa "analogi Nazi" andrö lö faudu lagöna'ö ba gangetula si fakhai ba kualitas wa'auri; iŵa'ö Arthur Caplan fanguma'ö simanö "fa'elungu same umuta".<ref>Annas and Grodin, nga'örö 262</ref> No aktif fao Gereja ba wasöndrata zöndra sanandrösa fangaekhugö nono (''aborsi''), huku wa'amate (''hukuman mati'') ba "eutanasia" (manehegö mate börö lö lala wa'auri) ba ba wanema'ö goi-goi awö ndra politikus sondrou'ö fa'auri (li Indonesia, pro-'''kehidupan''').<ref>{{en}} {{citation | title = Faithful Citizenship, A Catholic Call to Political Responsibility| publisher =United States Conference of Catholic Bishops| year =2003| url=http://www.usccb.org/faithfulcitizenship/bishopStatement.html#1|accessdate=28 November 2008}}</ref> === Aborsi === Iŵaö ba ''Katekismus'': "Fa'auri niha no ni'amoni'ö börö me i'otarai mböröta no fao womböi Lowalangi ba lö aetu so gamakhaitania khö zomböi ya'ia. ... lö niha si tola manguma'ö wa tola ia wangetu'ö fa'auri niha si lö sala gofu hewisa ia."<ref name="Cat2258">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2258–2330 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a5.htm |accessdate=27 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="Schreck310"/> Mamunu niha si lö sala no horö sebua.<ref name="Cat2258"/> Abölö töra horö andrö na mamunu samösa moroi ba zi fatalifusö simane mamunu ono sawuyu, mamunu dalifusö, mamunu zatua, mamunu wo'omo ba mangaekhugö nono ba dalu."<ref name="Cat2258"/><ref name="Schreck310"/> Iŵaö ''Katekismus'' wa börö nono ba dalu nifotöi ''embrio'' no sa'ae fagölö ira samösa niha nifotöi ''pribadi''.<ref>Catechism (CCC), §2274</ref> "Heŵa'ae lö nifaosatö Gereja hamega wa'auri niha sindruhu-ndruhu tebörögö, no i'o'ö Gereja wa fa'auri niha tebörögö moroi ba mbörö nono ba dalu ba ginötö ''fertilisasi''; famolakhömi fa'auri gofu heza mbosinia no tobali ''konteks'' dokumen-dokumen Gereja.<ref>Rausch, nga'örö 150</ref> Aborsi (mangaekhugö nono ba dalu) lö aetu ilaŵa Gereja i'otarai mböröta.<ref name="Cat2258"/><ref>Kreeft, nga'örö 232</ref> Haniha zi fao ba wangaekhugö ono ba dalu göna ia nifotöi fanguhuku ''ekskomunikasi'' ba ginötö ifalua ia.<ref name="Schreck310"/> Ifaduhu'ö ''Katekismus'' wa fanguhuku andre tenga ba womba'agö fa'ahakhödödö, bahiza ba wamaduhu'ö wa sindruhu lalö sebua ia ba wa lö lala wamuli fa'auri samösa nono si no tedudugö.<ref name="Cat2258"/><ref name="Schreck310"/> Fefao ba aborsi tenga ha göna nina nono bahiza göna göi dokter, sanolo dokter ba fefu ira sanolo ba wanudugö ono andrö. Börö da'ö so göi ba Gereja ngawalö wanolo khö ndra niha si no göna huku andre ba sindruhu-ndruhu mangesa dödö.<ref>Kreeft, nga'örö 233</ref> Famahaö resmi Gereja manehegö nifotöi ''prosedur medis'' na so wa'amate nina nono na lö mufalua ''prosedur'' andrö,<ref>Posner, nga'örö 278</ref> heŵa'ae na so risiko wamalua ''prosedur'' andrö irege adudu nono.<ref name="Kelly112"/> Duma-dumania operasi fameta nifotöi ''tuba fallopi'' ma zui na manöi nono baero naha nono (nifotöi fanabina ''ektopik''), operasi naha nono börö kanker ba ma zui operasi apendektomi.<ref name="Kelly112">Kelly, nga'örö 112–113</ref> ==== Fangoguna'ö tanömö nono ba dalu ba wangosili ilmiah ma zui ba wamo'ono niha ==== Bakha ba ''United States Catechism for Adults'', sambua katekismus khö niha Katolik ba Amerika Serikat, so sambua waosatö sanandrösa ba nifotöi "ono nifazökhi ba mbuli-buli",<ref>"Ono nifazökhi ba mbuli-buli" (li Indonesia ''bayi tabung'') no samösa nono si tumbu si tobali lua-lua wamahalö ula ndra matua faoma adulo ndra alawe bakha ba mbuli-buli ba laboratorium (li Inggris ''In vitro fertilization''). Na no mowua wamadou andre ba lahalö ia ba lafalemba ba naha nono samösa ina, irege tumbu ia simane iraono sawuyu tanöbö'ö aefa siŵa waŵa.</ref> fangosisi'ö "''sel'' tanömö"<ref>"Sel tanömö" (li Indonesia ''sel punca'', li Inggris ''stem cell'') no sambua sel ba mboto niha si tobali tanömö gofu hadia ia. Duma-dumania moroi ba sel andre manumbu wiso, tödö, ate, tuturu, btn. La'oguna'ö da'a duma-dumania ba wamalali fiso si no obou ma tekiko, ma ba wamalali guli si no akhozi btn.</ref> awö nifotöi ''kloning''<ref>"Kloning" no sambua proses wamazökhi famaedo si 100% fagölö ''gen''-nia (asese latötöi ia DNA) ba nifaedogönia. Asese alua da'a ba dungö nifotöi ''bakteria'', bahiza itaria göi alua ia ba niha (iraono si tumbu faero). La'oguna'ö proses simane andre ira sangosili ilmiah ba wamazökhi "fotokopi" gofu hadia ia simane ''sel'' ma nagole si so bakha ba mboto irege wamazökhi "fotokopi" sageu gurifö ma samösa niha</ref> ba amakhaitania ba goroisa si lima. Fangosili ilmiah simane andre asese mangoguna'ö oya danömö nono nifotöi ''embrio'' ba oya ba gotaluania tetibo'ö tobali sasao. Bahiza ato niha sanguma'ö wa ''embrio'' andrö no ono, heŵa'ae ba dalu so ia nasa, ba börö da'ö na tetibo'ö ia ba proses wangosili ilmiah no fagölö ira wamunu niha. Ba famunu niha no horö sebua.<ref name="USCat392"/> Tola teŵa'ö wa fangosisi ilmiah sel tanömö moroi ba embrio no "sambua lala si lö faudu molo'ö moral ba wogamö bua si sökhi" ba "molo'ö moral lö tola tetema'ö."<ref name="USCat392"/> Ira uskup Amerika Serikat mamasugi niŵa'ö '''Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei''' moroi ba Vatikan sanandrösa ba wamolakhömi wa'auri niha ba börötania awö wa moguna ''prokreasi'' (mangowalu ena'ö so nono): "Lö ohitö dödö fondrege ebua, simane harenia ba wangi'ila ba ginötö föna ma ba niha bö'ö, si tola manehegö wamalua eksperimen ba embrio niha sauri, he na tola auri ia ma zui lö'ö, bakha ba dalu ninania ma zui baero." Bahiza lafa'ema göi ira uskup andrö wa fangosisi sel tanömö nihalö moroi ba niha si no ebua-bua tola tetehegö molo'ö moral asala no fao dödö zokhö ya'ia.<ref name="USCat392">USCCB, nga'örö 392–393</ref> === Famunu ya'ia samösa awö eutanasia === Lö itehegö oroisa silima wamunu ya'ita samösa (li Indonesia ''bunuh diri'') ma zui mamunu niha bö'ö moroi ba wa'ahakhö dödö (li Indonesia ''[[eutanasia]]'') simane niha si so ba wa'amate, heŵa'ae ohitö dödö ba wangalösi fa'afökhö khö zarakhagö mate andrö. Molo'ö Gereja, molo'ö moral tebai mubatogö wanolo nibe'e khöra ya'ira si so ba zikho wa'amate. "Fanolo si to'ölö mufalua" ya'ia da'ö ö, idanö ba dalu-dalu, bahiza lö fao ba da'ö "fanolo si dörö töra" simane holo-holo gö (li Indonesia ''pipa makanan'') ma zui mesin hanu-hanu, si ha te'a'asogö na so ba na aolo dödö. Lö molaŵa oroisa silima wanehegö khö niha sofökhö si tebai mudalu-daluni ena'ö edöna mate ira mangoguna'ö dalu-dalu sangalösi wa'afökhö si tola mangadogo'ö wa'aurira ma zui lö manehegö fanolo si dörö töra simane [[kemoterapi]] ma zui radiasi. Fefu da'a tola tetema'ö molo'ö moral ba lö mosiwawöi goroisa silima si faudu ba nifotöi prinsip lua-lua si dombua singa.<ref name="Kreeft236">Kreeft, nga'örö 236</ref> === Fanguhuku fa'amate === Götö zi dua ngaotu fakhe si föföna, la'osilö'ögö ira niha Keriso wamunu bakha ba wa'asaradadu (li Indonesia ''militer''), ba wolaŵa nudu (li Indonesia ''mempertahankan diri'') ba bakha ba nifotöi sistem ''peradilan''.<ref name=Surlis/> Me si föföna sibai tefaduhu'ö Gereja tobali ''lembaga publik'' me döfi 313, fangosisö'ögö wanguhuku fa'amate andre tobali sambua wamalua toleransi, heŵa'ae lö adölö tetema'ö ia.<ref name=Surlis/> So ösa ere teologi si föföna si fao tödö ba wanguhuku fa'amate, ba hiza so göi ba gotaluara simane [[Ambrosius]] samarou ndra ere (li Indonesia ''klerus'') ena'ö böi lafa'olo ma lafalua wanguhuku fa'amate. Ibe'e wanema li [[Agustinus]] nifodane-dane bakha ba goroisa si sara ba mbukunia ''Banua Lowalangi'' (li Latin ''De civitate Dei'', li Indonesia ''Kota Allah'').<ref name="dulles">{{cite news|authorlink=Avery Dulles|last=Dulles|first=Avery|date=April 2001|title=Catholicism and Capital Punishment|url=http://www.firstthings.com/article/2001/04/catholicism-amp-capital-punishment|work=First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life|pages=30–35|volume=121|publisher=catholiceducation.org|accessdate=2016-02-26|archive-date=2018-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193425/https://www.firstthings.com/article/2001/04/catholicism-amp-capital-punishment|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Molo'ö [[Thomas Aquinas]] ba [[Duns Scotus]] itehegö Sura Ni'amoni'ö khö ''otoritas sipil'' wamalua wanguhuku fa'amate.<ref name="dulles"/> Ena'ö tola alua rekonsiliasi faoma Gereja, ibe'e wareta Paus Innosensius III khö ndra Peter Waldo ba ira niha Keriso Waldens, ena'ö latema wa "samatörö sekuler, lö göna horö sebua, na lafalua wanguhuku faoma ndro, na fanguhuku andrö tefalua börö me fagöna (li Indonesia ''adil'') ba tenga börö wa'afökhö dödö, ba tenga göi nilau ba wa'aukhu".<ref name="dulles"/> Iŵa'ö Paul J. Surlis wa famahaö resmi Gereja lö sindruhu mangelifi ma zui mamarou wanguhuku fa'amate, fanehegö wamalua ya'ia no möi yaŵa möi tou götö ginötö.<ref name=Surlis>{{en}} {{cite web |first=Paul|last=Suris |title=Church Teaching and the Death Penalty |url=http://www.vincenter.org/95/surlis.html |accessdate=2009-05-05|publisher=The Vincentian Center for Church and Society|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629182039/http://www.vincenter.org/95/surlis.html|archivedate=2009-06-29|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[Inkuisisi]] no sambua duma-duma sasese latötöi tobali fanehegö Gereja wanguhuku fa'amate, heŵa'ae so ndra ere sejarah sanguma'ö wa ambö abölö ia moroi ba wanguhuku sekuler ba ginötö andrö..<ref name="Vidmar150">Vidmar, nga'örö 150</ref><ref name="Peters112">Peters, nga'örö 112</ref> Iŵa'ö Katekismus Gereja Katolik wa tetehegö wanguhuku fa'amate ba gamondregea zalua (li Indonesia ''kasus ekstrem''). Tola alua ia na no sindruhu oroma "wamobahulu ba ''identitas'' niha si fasala" ba na lö sa'ae lala bö'ö ba wame'e ena'ö böi mosikho wa'auri niha bö'ö. Heŵa'ae simanö na so lala tanöbö'ö ba wobelegö wa'auri niha bö'ö ba abölö mutörö da'ö börö me mamolakhömi fa'auri niha ia (li Indonesia ''martabat manusia'').<ref name="Cat2258"/> Börö me no so khö niha mbanua modern lala wanenaŵa amuata si lö sökhi andrö lö moguna fanguhuku fa'amate (''eksekusi''). Iŵa'ö Katekismus wa "kasus-kasus si lötolalö'ö aekhu ba wanguhuku fa'amate arakhagö lö'ö ma zui lö hadöi."<ref name="Cat2258"/> Ifaehagö ba i'abölö'ö da'a göi Paus Yohanes Paulus II bakha ba ''[[Evangelium Vitae]]'' niraka me 1995.<ref name=Surlis/> === Fa'owaöri mboto, amatela, fogo'o zi mate === Molo'ö wamahaö Gereja, famolakhömi wa'auri niha oroma ia ba wamolakhömi mboto samösa, ba wangositengagö amuata si lö atulö, ba wangoguna'ö si lö atulö gö, tuo, dalu-dalu, dalu-dalu si tebai mu'oguna'ö, ba wogambaraini uli (li Indonesia ''tato'') awö wamanösö falölöŵa ba mboto (li Indonesia ''tindik'').<ref name="Kreeft236"/> Ifangelama niha göi Gereja ena'ö böi molohi amuata solohi fondrege töra wa'owaöri ba fa'asökhi mboto, ba sangowalangigö we'amöna ba ''olahraga''.<ref name="Schreck310"/> Fangoloi'ö niha, terorisme, famatörö niha ba wa'afökhö, fame'e ena'ö lö mo'ono niha (''sterilisasi''), fanaba tanga ma ahe niha, fogökhö ndroto-ndroto niha, fefu da'a lö itehegö Gereja.<ref name="Cat2258"/><ref name="Schreck310"/> Molo'ö ''Katekismus'', no noro dödö niha sato ena'ö tefa'anö kondisi wa'auri sowaöri ba zowanua fefu.<ref name="Kreeft236"/> Börö me faduhu dödö Gereja ba wemaoso mboto, andrö wa lö tetehegö wanunu boto zimate (li Indonesia ''kremasi''). Ba wamatöfa ya'ia (li Indonesia ''secara pastoral'') ilulu ma'ifu goi-goi andre Konsili Vatikan II ba fulu ndröfia si-1960 asala ba wamalua kremasi andrö lö mutimbagö wamati ba wemaoso mboto. Ba hiza asese göi lö labe'e ba dödöra goi-goi andre ira ere<ref>{{citation| last = Owen| first = Richard| title = Burial is best–but you can scatter your ashes if you must, rules Vatican| publisher = TimesOnline| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3168478.ece| accessdate = 28 February 2009| location = London| date = 11 January 2008| archive-date = 10 October 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111010125730/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3168478.ece| dead-url = yes}} {{en}}</ref> Molo'ö Katekismus, fananö niha si mate no halöŵö fa'ebua dödö si lötolalö'ö molohe ba wamolakhömi ba ba wangomasi'ö boto. Andrö wa lö tetehegö ''kremasi'' awö wananö niha si mate ba lewatö si lö tandra. Mamuala ndroto-ndroto mboto zi mate (li Indonesia ''donasi organ tubuh'') awö wananö ndroto-ndroto mboto khö niha sauri (li Indonesia ''transplantasi organ tubuh'') si manö göi fanaba boto zi mate (li Indonesia ''otopsi'') börö huku ma zui fangosili ilmiah, fefu da'a tetehegö asala mubönökhi goi-goinia.<ref>{{citation | last =Paragraph number 2299–2301 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a5.htm |accessdate=28 February 2009}} {{en}}</ref> '''''Awena irugi da'a zi no mu'ohalöŵögöigö. Edöna tetohugö...''''' <!-- === Perang dan pertahanan diri === Dalam [[Khotbah di Bukit]], Yesus Kristus mengingatkan adanya perintah "Jangan membunuh"<ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=mat&b=5&a1=21&a2=21 Matius 5:21]</ref> dan kemudian menambahnya dengan larangan-larangan terhadap [[kemarahan]], kebencian, serta dendam.<ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=mat&b=5&a1=22&a2=39 Matius 5:22–39]</ref> Lebih lanjut lagi Kristus meminta murid-murid-Nya supaya mengasihi musuh-musuh mereka.<ref name="CAT2265">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2263–2267 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a5.htm |accessdate=12 April 2009}}</ref> ''Katekismus'' menegaskan bahwa "adalah sah seseorang menuntut penghormatan atas haknya sendiri untuk hidup."<ref name="CAT2265"/> Kreeft mengatakan bahwa "pertahanan diri adalah sah untuk alasan yang sama dengan tidak sahnya bunuh diri: karena kehidupan seseorang merupakan anugerah dari Allah, suatu harta yang wajib kita lestarikan dan pertahankan."<ref name="Kreeft229">Kreeft, nga'örö 229</ref> ''Katekismus'' mengajarkan bahwa "seseorang yang mempertahankan hidupnya tidak bersalah atas pembunuhan kendatipun ia terpaksa mengatasi penyerangnya dengan suatu pukulan mematikan."<ref name="CAT2265"/> Pembelaan atau pertahanan yang sah dapat saja bukan sekadar hak tetapi kewajiban berat bagi seseorang yang bertanggung jawab atas kehidupan orang lain. Pertahanan untuk kebaikan bersama mensyaratkan bahwa penyerang yang tidak dapat dibenarkan dijadikan tidak mampu menyebabkan bahaya. Untuk alasan ini, mereka yang memiliki kewenangan sah juga memiliki hak untuk menggunakan senjata demi menghalau para penyerang masyarakat sipil yang dipercayakan ke dalam tanggung jawab mereka.<ref name="CAT2265"/> Gereja meminta semua orang untuk berdoa dan berupaya mencegah perang yang tidak adil atau tidak dibenarkan, namun [[teori perang yang benar|perang yang dapat dibenarkan]] dimungkinkan dengan kondisi-kondisi tertentu: # Alasan untuk berperang adalah pembelaan diri (defensif). # "Kerugian yang diakibatkan oleh penyerang ... harus diketahui dengan pasti, bersifat berat dan langgeng." # Merupakan pilihan terakhir yang diambil setelah semua cara lain untuk mengakhiri "kerugian berat" tersebut terbukti tidak efektif. # Tujuan utamanya adalah perdamaian dan ada kesempatan besar untuk meraih kesuksesan. # Tidak mengakibatkan kejahatan yang lebih buruk daripada kejahatan yang akan disingkirkan. Hal ini termasuk larangan penggunaan senjata untuk memusnahkan seluruh kota dan daerah beserta para penduduknya. # Diperlukan penghormatan dan perlakuan manusiawi bagi para penduduk sipil, tentara yang terluka, dan tawanan perang. Para tentara yang akan berperang wajib mengabaikan perintah untuk melakukan [[genosida]] dan semua tindakan yang melanggar prinsip-prinsip universal.<ref name="Cat2258"/><ref>Kreeft, nga'örö 238</ref> === Penyesatan === ''Katekismus'' mengklasifikasikan penyesatan atau skandal di dalam perintah kelima, dan mendefinisikannya sebagai "sikap atau perilaku yang menyebabkan orang lain melakukan kejahatan".<ref name="Kreeft237">Kreeft, nga'örö 237</ref> Dalam Injil Matius, Yesus menyatakan, "Barangsiapa menyesatkan salah satu dari anak-anak kecil ini yang percaya kepada-Ku, lebih baik baginya jika sebuah batu kilangan diikatkan pada lehernya lalu ia ditenggelamkan ke dalam laut."<ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=mat&b=18&a1=6&a2=6 Matius 18:6]</ref> Gereja memandangnya sebagai suatu kejahatan serius yang menyebabkan iman, harapan, dan kasih dalam diri orang lain menjadi lemah, terutama jika hal ini dilakukan terhadap anak-anak atau kaum muda dan pelakunya adalah pribadi dari pihak otoritas seperti orang tua, guru, atau imam.<ref name="Cat2258"/><ref name="Kreeft237"/> == Perintah keenam == {{Quote box |qalign = left |salign = right |bgcolor = Cornsilk |width = 40% |quote = '''Böi ohorö.''' |author = Oroisa Si'önö |source = ''Katekismus Gereja Katolik''<ref name="Cat2331"/><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=kel&b=20&a1=14&a2=14 Keluaran 20:14]</ref><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=ul&b=5&a1=18&a2=18 Ulangan 5:18]</ref> }} Menurut Gereja, manusia adalah makhluk seksual yang identitas seksualnya harus diterima dalam kesatuan tubuh dan jiwanya.<ref name="Cat2331"/> Perbedaan jenis kelamin dimaksudkan seturut rancangan ilahi untuk saling melengkapi, masing-masing memiliki martabat yang sama dan diciptakan sesuai citra Allah.<ref>Kreeft, nga'örö 244</ref> Tindakan seksual (persetubuhan){{refn|Katekismus menggunakan istilah "tindakan-tindakan dalam pernikahan" ({{lang-en|acts in marriage}}) dan mengutipnya dari ''[[Gaudium et spes]]'': "Tindakan-tindakan dalam pernikahan, yang olehnya suami-istri dipersatukan secara mesra dan murni, adalah luhur dan terhormat; melakukan tindakan-tindakan ini secara sungguh manusiawi memperkembangkan penyerahan diri yang ditandakannya serta memperkaya suami-istri dalam kegembiraan dan rasa syukur."<ref>{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2362 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P86.HTM|accessdate=10 June 2009}}</ref> |group=note}} adalah suci di dalam konteks hubungan suami istri, mencerminkan suatu "anugerah bersama seumur hidup dan lengkap antara seorang pria dan seorang wanita."<ref>{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2337 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm |accessdate=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="Kreeft245"/> Karenanya [[Dosa (Kristen)|dosa-dosa]] seksual bukan hanya merupakan pelanggaran terhadap tubuh tetapi terhadap seluruh keberadaan pribadi pelakunya.<ref name="Kreeft245"/> Dalam buku ''[[Crossing the Threshold of Hope]]'' yang ditulisnya pada tahun 1994, Paus Yohanes Paulus II merefleksikannya dalam kata-kata berikut ini: <blockquote>Bagaimanapun, orang-orang muda selalu mencari keindahan dalam cinta. Mereka menginginkan cinta mereka menjadi indah. Jika mereka menyerah pada kelemahan, dengan mengikuti model perilaku yang secara tepat dapat dianggap sebagai suatu 'skandal dalam dunia masa kini' (dan sayangnya model ini menyebar luas), dalam kedalaman hatinya mereka masih mendambakan suatu cinta yang murni dan indah. Hal ini berlaku pada anak laki-laki sebagaimana juga anak perempuan. Pada akhirnya, mereka menyadari bahwa hanya Allah yang dapat memberikan mereka cinta semacam ini. Alhasil mereka bersedia untuk mengikuti Kristus, tanpa mempedulikan pengorbanan-pengorbanan yang mungkin menuntutnya.<ref>John Paul II, nga'örö 123</ref></blockquote> Sebagaimana Yudaisme Ortodoks dan Islam, Gereja Katolik memandang semua tindakan seksual di luar pernikahan sebagai [[Dosa (Kristen)#Dosa berat|dosa berat]]. Konsekuensi dari seriusnya dosa tersebut membuat seseorang tidak dapat menerima [[Komuni Kudus]] sampai ia menyesal dan menerima pengampunan dalam [[Sakramen Tobat]].<ref name="Kreeft245">Kreeft, nga'örö 245</ref> === Panggilan menuju kemurnian === Ajaran Gereja tentang perintah keenam mencakup suatu pembahasan mengenai [[kemurnian (kebajikan)|kemurnian]]. ''Katekismus'' mendeskripsikan kemurnian sebagai suatu "kebajikan moral ... suatu anugerah dari Allah, suatu rahmat, suatu buah dari upaya rohaniah."<ref name="USCAT405"/> Gereja memandang seksualitas lebih dari sekadar tindakan fisik; seksualitas berdampak pada seluruh tubuh dan jiwa, sehingga Gereja mengajarkan bahwa kemurnian merupakan suatu kebajikan dan semua orang dipanggil untuk meraihnya.<ref name="USCAT405"/> Kemurnian didefinisikan sebagai kesatuan batin seseorang dalam "keberadaannya sebagai makhluk jasmani dan rohani" yang berhasil mengintegrasikan seksualitasnya dengan "seluruh sifat manusia"-nya.<ref name="USCAT405"/> Untuk memperoleh kebajikan ini, umat dihimbau untuk masuk ke dalam "pekerjaan sulit dan panjang" penguasaan diri yang dibantu oleh pertemanan, rahmat Allah, kematangan serta pendidikan "yang menghormati dimensi moral dan rohani kehidupan manusia."<ref name="USCAT405">USCCB, nga'örö 405–406</ref> ''Katekismus'' mengkategorikan pelanggaran-pelanggaran terhadap perintah keenam ke dalam dua kategori: "pelanggaran terhadap kemurnian" dan "pelanggaran terhadap martabat perkawinan".<ref name="Cat2331"/> ==== Pelanggaran terhadap kemurnian ==== ''Katekismus'' menyebutkan "pelanggaran terhadap kemurnian" berikut ini,<ref name="Cat2331">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2331–2400 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm |accessdate=27 December 2008}}</ref> dengan urutan meningkat kadar keseriusannya menurut [[Peter Kreeft]]:<ref name="Kreeft247">Kreeft, nga'örö 247–248</ref> # [[Hawa nafsu]]: Gereja mengajarkan bahwa kesenangan seksual adalah baik dan dimaksudkan demikian oleh Allah Pencipta bagi pasangan suami-istri agar "mengalami kesenangan serta kenikmatan tubuh dan jiwa". Kreeft mengatakan, "Hawa nafsu tidak bertujuan pada kesenangan seksual seperti demikian, bukan juga kegembiraan di dalamnya ataupun keinginan untuk itu dalam konteks yang benar."<ref>Kreeft, nga'örö 246</ref> Hawa nafsu merupakan hasrat untuk sekadar menikmati kesenangan seksual, di luar tujuan yang telah ditetapkan untuk [[reproduksi|prokreasi]] serta persatuan pria dan wanita, tubuh dan jiwa, dalam tindakan saling penyerahan diri secara bersama.<ref name="Kreeft247"/> # [[Pandangan agama tentang masturbasi|Masturbasi]] dipandang berdosa dengan alasan yang sama sebagaimana hawa nafsu tetapi satu tingkat di atas hawa nafsu karena melibatkan suatu tindakan fisik, bukan pikiran saja.<ref name="Kreeft247"/> # Percabulan adalah hubungan seksual antara seorang pria dengan seorang wanita tanpa ikatan perkawinan. Hal ini dipandang bertentangan dengan "martabat manusia dan seksualitas manusia" yang secara alamiah diarahkan kepada "kebaikan pasangan suami-istri" serta "keturunan dan pendidikan anak-anak".<ref name="Kreeft247"/> # [[Pandangan agama tentang pornografi|Pornografi]] menempati peringkat lebih tinggi karena dipandang sebagai suatu penyimpangan tindakan seksual yang dimaksudkan untuk disebarkan kepada pihak ketiga untuk dilihat.<ref name="Kreeft247"/> # Prostitusi dipandang berdosa baik bagi penjajanya maupun konsumennya; tindakan ini merendahkan seseorang menjadi suatu alat kesenangan seksual, melanggar martabat manusia, dan membahayakan masyarakat. Bobot dosa para penjajanya dapat berkurang jika dipaksa untuk melakukan tindakan tersebut karena kemiskinan ekstrem, pemerasan, atau tekanan sosial.<ref name="Kreeft247"/> # Pemerkosaan adalah suatu tindakan yang pada hakikatnya adalah jahat, mengakibatkan kerugian serius bagi korbannya sepanjang hidupnya. # Inses ([[hubungan sedarah]]) dalam bentuk "pemerkosaan anak-anak oleh orang tuanya atau kerabat dewasa lainnya" atau "oleh mereka yang bertanggung jawab atas pendidikan anak-anak yang dipercayakan kepada mereka" dipandang sebagai dosa seksual yang paling mengerikan.<ref name="Cat2331"/><ref name="Kreeft247"/> ==== Homoseksualitas ==== ''Katekismus'' menyajikan suatu bagian terpisah mengenai homoseksualitas beserta penjelasannya terkait perintah keenam. Sama seperti tindakan heteroseksual di luar pernikahan, [[Gereja Katolik Roma dan homoseksualitas|tindakan homoseksual dipandang sebagai dosa]]. Gereja membedakan antara kecenderungan atau ketertarikan homoseksual, yang tidak dipandang sebagai dosa, dengan tindakan homoseksual, yang dipandang sebagai dosa. ''Katekismus'' menyatakan bahwa tindakan ini "melanggar hukum kodrat, tidak dapat melahirkan anugerah kehidupan, dan tidak berasal dari suatu kebutuhan asali untuk saling melengkapi secara seksual dan afektif. Dalam situasi apapun juga tindakan ini tidak dapat dibenarkan."<ref name="Cat2357"/><ref>Schreck, nga'örö 314</ref> Gereja mengajarkan bahwa kecenderungan homoseksual "sesungguhnya merupakan gangguan" dan mungkin suatu cobaan berat bagi orang yang mengalaminya, serta mengajarkan bahwa mereka harus "diterima dengan rasa hormat, kasih sayang dan kepekaan ... diskriminasi tidak adil terhadap mereka perlu dihindari."<ref name="Cat2357"/><ref name="Kreeft249">Kreeft, nga'örö 249</ref> Para pribadi homoseksual, menurut Gereja, "dipanggil untuk hidup dalam kemurnian". Mereka diminta untuk berlatih kebajikan "pengendalian diri" yang mengajarkan "kemerdekaan batin" dengan dukungan dari teman-teman, doa, dan rahmat yang diperoleh dari [[sakramen (Katolik)|sakramen-sakramen Gereja]].<ref name="Cat2357"/> Sarana-sarana ini dimaksudkan untuk membantu mereka agar "secara bertahap dan pasti menuju kesempurnaan Kristiani", yang adalah suatu pernyataan panggilan bagi semua umat Kristen.<ref name="Cat2357">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2357–2359 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm |accessdate=27 December 2008}}</ref> (Terdapat dua gerakan kaum awam yang mewakili filosofi-filosofi berlawanan terkait homoseksualitas: [[DignityUSA]] berupaya untuk mengubah ajaran Gereja untuk membenarkan tindakan seksual; [[Courage International]] merupakan suatu organisasi yang terdiri dari para pribadi homoseksual yang "saling mendukung dalam upaya tulus untuk hidup dalam kemurnian dan dalam kesetiaan kepada Kristus dan Gereja-Nya".<ref name="Kreeft249"/>) === Cinta antara suami dan istri === {{Gambara responsif|Weddingring-JH.jpg|Molo'ö USCCB, oroisa si'önö larorogö ya'ira si faronga walöfaröi seksual ba emosional me moguna sibai ia ba no göi sörömi walöfaröi Lowalangi khö niha.<ref>USCCB, nga'örö. 405: "Oroisa si'önö mangandrö khö ndra sangowalu wangoroma'ö walöfaröi si lö aetu. Falöfaröi seksual ba emosional moguna sibai ba wolo'ö amabu'ula warongasa. No ifataro Lowalangi wa farongasa no sörömi walöfaröi-Nia khöda."</ref>}} Menurut ajaran Gereja, cinta suami-istri dimaksudkan untuk membentuk tujuan ganda perkawinan yang tak terputus: persatuan suami-istri dan penerusan kehidupan.<ref name="USCAT408"/> Aspek persatuan (unitif) meliputi pemberian keberadaan masing-masing pribadi pasangan suami-istri sehingga "mereka bukan lagi dua, melainkan satu."<ref name="USCAT408"/> [[Sakramen Perkawinan (Gereja Katolik)|Sakramen Perkawinan]] dipandang sebagai penyegelan persetujuan oleh Allah yang mengikat pasangan suami-istri secara bersama. Ajaran Gereja mengenai status perkawinan mensyaratkan pasangan suami-istri saling menerima kegagalan dan kesalahan pasangannya, serta mengakui bahwa "panggilan menuju kekudusan dalam perkawinan" merupakan suatu hal yang memerlukan proses perubahan dan pertumbuhan rohani yang dapat berlangsung seumur hidup.<ref name="USCAT408">USCCB, nga'örö 408</ref> ==== Kesuburan dalam perkawinan, kenikmatan seksual, pengaturan kelahiran ==== Posisi Gereja mengenai aktivitas seksual dapat dirangkum dengan kata-kata: "aktivitas seksual hanyalah dimiliki dalam perkawinan sebagai suatu ungkapan persatuan dan penyerahan diri secara total, serta selalu terbuka kepada kemungkinan adanya kehidupan baru." Tindakan-tindakan seksual dalam perkawinan dipandang "luhur dan terhormat" serta dimaksudkan untuk dinikmati dengan "kegembiraan dan rasa syukur."<ref name="USCAT408"/> Seksualitas diperuntukkan bagi perkawinan: "Dari kodratnya, cinta dalam perkawinan menuntut kesetiaan yang tidak dapat diganggu gugat oleh suami istri. Ini merupakan konsekuensi dari penyerahan diri yang mereka lakukan satu sama lain. Cinta bersifat definitif, bukan suatu pengaturan 'sampai pemberitahuan lebih lanjut.'{{-"}} "Persatuan mesra dalam perkawinan, sebagai suatu pemberian timbal balik antara dua pribadi, dan kebaikan anak-anak, menuntut kesetiaan total suami istri serta mensyaratkan suatu persatuan yang tak terceraikan di antara mereka." (''[[Gaudium et spes]]'' 48 § 1){{-"}}.<ref>Catechism (CCC), §1646</ref> [[Pandangan Kristen tentang kontrasepsi|Pengaturan kelahiran atau kontrasepsi]] buatan telah ada sebelum Kekristenan; Gereja Katolik telah mengutuk metode-metode ini sepanjang sejarahnya.<ref name="Saunders">{{en}} {{citation | last =Saunders | first =William | title =Teachings about contraception found in Scripture | work =The Catholic Herald | publisher = | date =4 September 2008 | url=http://www.madisoncatholicherald.org/2008-09-04/columns.html | accessdate =13 May 2009 }}</ref> Sebagai tanggapan terhadap [[Gereja Inggris]] yang menerima praktik kontrasepsi buatan pada tahun 1930, Gereja Katolik mengeluarkan ensiklik kepausan ''[[Casti connubii]]'' pada tanggal 31 Desember 1930. Ensiklik kepausan ''[[Humanae vitae]]'' tahun 1968 merupakan suatu penegasan kembali pandangan tradisional Gereja Katolik tentang perkawinan dan hubungan suami istri, serta berisi kecaman lanjutan terhadap pengendalian kelahiran buatan (artifisial).<ref name="Saunders"/> Gereja memandang ''keluarga besar'' sebagai suatu tanda berkat dari Allah. "Menurut hakikatnya, kelembagaan perkawinan dan cinta kasih suami istri ditujukan untuk kelahiran keturunan serta pendidikan mereka dan di dalam merekalah ditemukan mahkota kemuliaannya." (''Gaudium et spes'' 48 § 1, 50) Anak-anak merupakan anugerah yang luar biasa di dalam perkawinan dan besar sekali artinya bagi kebaikan orang tua mereka sendiri. (...) cinta kasih suami istri yang sejati dan seluruh struktur kehidupan berkeluarga yang dihasilkan darinya, tanpa mengecilkan tujuan-tujuan lainnya dalam perkawinan, diarahkan untuk mendorong pasangan suami istri untuk bekerja sama secara gagah berani dengan cinta kasih Sang Pencipta dan Juruselamat yang melalui mereka akan menambah dan memperkaya keluarga-Nya dari hari ke hari. (''Gaudium et spes'' 50 § 1)"<ref>Catechism (CCC), §1652</ref> Gereja mengakui bahwa orang tua yang bertanggung jawab terkadang membutuhkan pengaturan jarak yang wajar atau pembatasan kelahiran dan memandang [[keluarga berencana alami]] dapat diterima secara moral, tetapi Gereja menolak semua metode [[Pandangan Kristen tentang kontrasepsi|kontrasepsi]] buatan.<ref name="Schreck315"/> Gereja menolak segala bentuk [[Tanggapan agama terhadap teknologi reproduksi berbantuan|pembuahan dan inseminasi buatan]] karena teknik-teknik tersebut memisahkan tindakan seksual dari proses penciptaan seorang anak. ''Katekismus'' menyatakan, "Anak bukanlah sesuatu yang dapat dituntut oleh seseorang, tetapi merupakan suatu ''anugerah''&nbsp;... 'anugerah luar biasa dalam perkawinan.{{'"}}<ref name="Schreck315">Schreck, nga'örö 315</ref> Banyak umat Katolik Barat dan non-Katolik yang menyatakan ketidaksetujuan akan dukungan Gereja terhadap keluarga berencana alami, serta berpendapat bahwa hal ini berkontribusi terhadap overpopulasi dan kemiskinan.<ref>{{en}} {{citation | title =Is the Vatican wrong on population control? | publisher = BBC News| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/382895.stm | accessdate = 8 April 2009 | date=9 July 1999}}</ref><ref>{{en}} Roderick Hindery. "The Evolution of Freedom as Catholicity in Catholic Ethics." ''Anxiety, Guilt, and Freedom''. Eds. Benjamin Hubbard and Brad Starr, UPA, 1990.</ref> Penolakan Gereja atas penggunaan [[kondom]] dikritik secara luas, khususnya berkenaan dengan negara-negara di mana insiden [[AIDS]] dan [[HIV]] telah mencapai tingkatan epidemi. Dalam pembelaannya, umat Katolik mencontohkan negara-negara seperti Kenya dan Uganda di mana dianjurkan perubahan perilaku—bukannya penggunaan kondom—dan di mana telah diperoleh kemajuan yang lebih baik dalam mengendalikan penyakit tersebut daripada di negara-negara yang mempromosikan penggunaan kondom saja.<ref>{{en}} {{citation | last =Dugger | first =Celia W. | title =Why is Kenya's AIDS rate plummeting? | work =[[The New York Times]] | date =18 May 2006 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/18/world/africa/18iht-aids.html?_r=0 |accessdate=21 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{citation | last =Wilson | first =Brenda | title =Study: Verbal Warnings Helped Curb AIDS in Uganda | publisher =National Public Radio | year =2004 | url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1869907|accessdate=15 August 2008}}</ref> ==== Pelanggaran terhadap martabat perkawinan ==== Menurut Gereja, perzinaan dan perceraian merupakan pelanggaran terhadap martabat perkawinan; Gereja mendefinisikannya sebagai berikut: # Perzinaan adalah hubungan seksual antara seorang pria dan seorang wanita yang setidaknya salah seorang di antara mereka terikat dalam perkawinan dengan orang lain. Karena alasan ini Gereja memandang perzinaan sebagai dosa yang lebih berat daripada percabulan.<ref name="Kreeft247"/> Kreeft menyatakan, "Pelaku perzinaan berdosa terhadap pasangannya, masyarakat di lingkungannya, dan anak-anaknya sebagaimana juga terhadap tubuh dan jiwanya sendiri."<ref name="Kreeft252"/> # Perceraian: Menurut terjemahan ''[[New American Bible]]'' Katolik, Yesus mengajarkan, "Barangsiapa menceraikan istrinya (kecuali perkawinannya melanggar hukum) menyebabkan istrinya berzina; dan barangsiapa kawin dengan janda cerai, ia berbuat zina."<ref>{{en}} [http://www.usccb.org/bible/matthew/5 Matthew 5:32]</ref> [[Peter Kreeft]] menjelaskan penafsiran Gereja mengenai ajaran ini dengan mengatakan bahwa Yesus memandang perceraian sebagai suatu pengaturan demi kenyamanan yang diselipkan ke dalam hukum Yahudi.<ref name="Kreeft252">Kreeft, nga'örö 252</ref> Gereja mengajarkan bahwa Allah Pencipta menghendaki perkawinan yang tak terceraikan: sebagaimana penciptaan seorang anak yang tidak dapat "tak-tercipta", demikian juga "satu daging" dalam ikatan perkawinan.<ref name="Kreeft252"/> ''Katekismus'' menyatakan, "Perceraian adalah suatu pelanggaran berat terhadap [[hukum kodrat]]. Perceraian mengklaim pemutusan perjanjian untuk hidup bersama sampai mati yang telah dibuat secara sukarela oleh pasangan suami istri."<ref name="Cat2331"/> Dengan mengawini orang lain, orang yang bercerai menambah berat pelanggaran yang dilakukannya karena pasangan yang kawin lagi dipandang berada dalam keadaan "perzinaan publik dan permanen".<ref name="Kreeft252"/> ''Kompendium Katekismus'' 502 mendaftar pelanggaran-pelanggaran lainnya terhadap martabat perkawinan yaitu: [[poligami]], [[inses]], ''hubungan bebas'' (hidup bersama atau [[kumpul kebo|kohabitasi]], [[pergundikan]] atau konkubinat), dan hubungan seks sebelum ataupun di luar perkawinan.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_compendium-ccc_id.pdf |title=Kompendium Katekismus Gereja Katolik |publisher=[[Konferensi Waligereja Indonesia]] dan Penerbit Kanisius |edition=2013, VIII |isbn=978-979-21-2184-1}}</ref> ==== Hidup terpisah, perceraian sipil, anulasi perkawinan ==== Menurut Gereja, terdapat situasi-situasi yang tidak sama dengan perceraian: # Dalam situasi-situasi ekstrem seperti kekerasan dalam rumah tangga, hidup terpisah diperbolehkan. Hal ini tidak dianggap sebagai perceraian dan dapat dibenarkan.<ref name="Kreeft252"/> # Perceraian sipil bukanlah suatu perceraian menurut pandangan Gereja. Jika perceraian sipil merupakan satu-satunya cara untuk menjamin hak-hak hukum tertentu, pemeliharaan anak-anak, atau perlindungan harta warisan, Gereja memandangnya dapat diterima secara moral.<ref name="Kreeft252"/><ref name="Cat2383">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2383 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm |accessdate=7 April 2009}}</ref> # [[Pernyataan nulitas|Anulasi]] (terkadang disebut pembatalan) perkawinan bukanlah suatu perceraian; hal ini merupakan suatu keputusan oleh Gereja bahwa perkawinan yang telah dilakukan tidak pernah valid. Perkawinan dipandang tidak valid jika tidak mengandung salah satu saja dari lima elemen integral: perkawinan mesti "seutuhnya", "seumur hidup", "timbal balik", suatu "anugerah bebas", serta antara "seorang laki-laki dan seorang perempuan".<ref name="Kreeft252"/> Dalam ''Address to the Roman Rota'' pada tanggal 22 Januari 1996, Paus Yohanes Paulus II menyampaikan bahwa pasangan suami istri tidak memiliki hak untuk suatu anulasi tetapi memiliki hak untuk mengajukan kasus mereka demi nulitas atau validitas di hadapan "otoritas Gereja yang kompeten dan untuk memohon suatu keputusan dalam hal ini."<ref name="arlington"/> Menurut Keuskupan Katolik Arlington: <blockquote>...&nbsp;tanda-tanda yang mungkin mengindikasikan alasan untuk melakukan penyelidikan demi suatu anulasi adalah: perkawinan yang mengecualikan hak untuk memiliki anak, atau untuk suatu perkawinan permanen, atau untuk suatu komitmen yang eksklusif. Selain itu juga perkawinan dini; perkawinan dengan jangka waktu yang sangat singkat; perkawinan yang ditandai dengan penyalahgunaan obat, fisik, ataupun emosi yang serius; penyimpangan praktik seksual; kurangnya komitmen dan tidak adanya rasa tanggung jawab yang mendalam serta konsisten; persetujuan bersyarat untuk suatu perkawinan; penipuan atau kebohongan demi mendapatkan persetujuan suami-istri; penyakit kejiwaan yang serius; atau ikatan perkawinan sebelumnya. Penentuan dasar pengajuannya perlu dilakukan setelah konsultasi ekstensif dengan diakon atau pastor paroki, dan berdasarkan bukti-bukti yang ada.<ref name="arlington">{{en}} {{citation | title = Frequently Asked Questions| publisher =Catholic Diocese of Arlington | url =http://arlingtondiocese.org/familylife/marriage_annulment.php | accessdate =7 April 2009| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080530013347/http://www.arlingtondiocese.org/familylife/marriage_annulment.php| archivedate = May 30, 2008}}</ref> </blockquote> == Perintah ketujuh == {{Quote box |qalign = left |salign = right |bgcolor = Cornsilk |width = 40% |quote = '''Böi olu'a.''' |author = Oroisa Sifitu |source = ''Katekismus Gereja Katolik''<ref name="Cat2084"/><ref name="Cat2401"/><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=kel&b=20&a1=15&a2=15 Keluaran 20:15]</ref><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=ul&b=5&a1=19&a2=19 Ulangan 5:19]</ref> }} ''Katekismus'' menjelaskan bahwa perintah ketujuh mengatur tentang barang-barang duniawi, melarang perusakan, penggunaan, atau pengambilan secara tidak adil dan tidak benar atasnya yang adalah milik orang lain.<ref name="Cat2401">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2401–2463 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a7.htm |accessdate=27 December 2008}}</ref><ref>Kreeft, nga'örö 258</ref> Perintah ini menuntut mereka yang memiliki barang-barang duniawi untuk menggunakannya secara bertanggung jawab, dengan memperhatikan kebaikannya bagi masyarakat. ''Katekismus'' membahas konsep pengelolaan ciptaan Allah oleh manusia di dalam penjelasan mengenai perintah ketujuh serta melarang penyalahgunaan hewan dan lingkungan hidup.<ref name="Cat2401"/> {{Gambara responsif|Fortunes of a Street Waif.jpg|Mangai okhöta niha bö'ö "ba ginötö wa'afakidödö sindruhu" me lö lala bö'ö ba wanöndra soguna no tenga horö solaŵa oroisa sifitu.<ref name="Cat2401"/><ref name="Kreeft260"/>}} === Milik pribadi === Menurut Gereja, setiap orang memiliki hak atas milik pribadi. Namun kepemilikan menjadikan seseorang sebagai "pengurus" atau "pengelola" yang diharapkan untuk membuat miliknya "berbuah" atau menguntungkan dengan suatu cara yang bermanfaat bagi orang lain setelah ia pertama-tama mengurus keluarganya.<ref name="Cat2401"/><ref name="Kreeft260">Kreeft, nga'örö 260–261</ref> Milik pribadi dan kebaikan bersama dipandang sebagai elemen-elemen yang saling melengkapi yang keberadaannya dimaksudkan untuk mengukuhkan masyarakat.<ref name="Kreeft260"/> Mengambil milik orang lain "dalam keadaan darurat yang mendesak dan nyata" sebagai "jalan satu-satunya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan mendasar (makanan, tempat tinggal, pakaian ...) dan segera" tidak dipandang sebagai pencurian oleh Gereja.<ref name="Cat2401"/><ref name="Kreeft260"/> Konsep perhambaan sebagai milik pribadi dikutuk oleh Gereja, dan diklasifikasikan sebagai pencurian hak asasi seseorang.<ref name="Cat2401"/><ref>Schreck, nga'örö 317</ref> === Pencurian === Menurut ''Katekismus'', pencurian berarti "merebut milik orang lain dengan melawan kehendak wajar pemiliknya" kendati ada pengeculian bagi orang yang berada dalam kebutuhan darurat untuk bertahan hidup. "Secara tidak adil mengambil dan menahan milik orang lain" dipandang sebagai pencurian, meskipun tindakan tersebut berada di luar ruang lingkup hukum sipil.<ref name="Cat2401"/> Kardinal [[Christoph Schönborn]] memberikan contoh dari kisah Santo [[Agustinus]], tertulis dalam ''[[Pengakuan-pengakuan Agustinus|Pengakuan-Pengakuan]]'' karyanya, yang mengambil buah pir dari kebun tetangga ketika ia masih kecil. Schönborn mengatakan bahwa Agustinus masih merasakan "kepedihan hati nurani atas pencurian kekanak-kanakan" yang dilakukannya bahkan sampai ketika ia telah bertumbuh dewasa, sehingga menandakan bahwa hati nurani manusia sangat menyadari tindakan pencurian walaupun tindakan tersebut mungkin bukan pelanggaran terhadap hukum sipil.<ref>Schönborn (2001), nga'örö 46</ref> Tindakan-tindakan berikut juga dipandang sebagai pelanggaran terhadap perintah ketujuh: manipulasi harga demi mendapat keuntungan di atas penderitaan orang lain, korupsi, pemanfaatan tanpa izin atas barang publik demi kepentingan pribadi, pekerjaan yang dilaksanakan dengan buruk, penghindaran pajak, pemalsuan cek atau alat pembayaran apapun, segala bentuk pembajakan dan pelanggaran hak cipta, serta pemborosan.<ref name="Cat2401"/><ref>Schönborn (2011), Q. 428-429</ref> === Keadilan sosial === Ensiklik kepausan ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' membahas hubungan dan kewajiban timbal balik antara tenaga kerja dan pemilik modal, serta antara pemerintah dan warganya. Yang menjadi perhatian utama adalah kebutuhan akan beberapa ameliorasi atau perbaikan terkait "penderitaan dan kemalangan yang sedemikian menekan secara tidak adil dan tidak benar pada sebagian besar kelas pekerja".<ref>{{ws|[[:en:s:Rerum Novarum#3|Paragraph 3]], ''Rerum novarum''}}</ref> Ensiklik tersebut mendukung hak untuk membentuk [[serikat pekerja]], menolak [[sosialisme]], [[komunisme]], dan [[kapitalisme]] tanpa batas, serta menegaskan hak atas [[properti pribadi|milik pribadi]].<ref>Bokenkotter, nga'örö 337</ref> Interpretasi Gereja atas perintah ketujuh mengajarkan bahwa para pemilik bisnis harus menyeimbangkan keinginan untuk memperoleh keuntungan yang akan menjamin masa depan bisnisnya dengan tanggung jawab terhadap "kebaikan orang-orang".<ref name="Kreeft264">Kreeft, nga'örö 263–264</ref> Para pemilik bisnis atau pelaku usaha diwajibkan untuk membayar karyawan mereka dengan upah yang layak, menghormati kontrak yang telah dibuat, dan menjauhkan diri dari aktivitas yang tidak jujur seperti menyuap pejabat pemerintah. Para karyawan diwajibkan untuk melakukan pekerjaan mereka dengan sungguh-sungguh karena mereka telah dipekerjakan untuk melakukannya, dan menghindari ketidakjujuran di tempat kerja seperti penggunaan tanpa izin atas aset atau barang kantor untuk kepentingan pribadi ([[penggelapan]]). Gereja mengajarkan bahwa harus ada keseimbangan antara regulasi pemerintah dan hukum pasar. Ketergantungan mutlak pada pasar (kapitalisme murni) dipandang tidak cukup untuk memenuhi banyaknya kebutuhan masyarakat, sementara ketergantungan mutlak pada regulasi pemerintah (sosialisme murni) "merusak landasan ikatan-ikatan sosial".<ref name="Kreeft264"/> Gereja memperingatkan akan bahaya kapitalisme ataupun sosialisme, karena sistem-sistem ini cenderung menggunakan ekstrem berlebihan yang mengakibatkan ketidakadilan bagi orang-orang.<ref name="Kreeft264"/><ref>{{en}} {{citation |url=http://www.kofc.org/un/en/resources/cis/cis129.pdf |title=The Seventh and Tenth Commandments: Economic and Political Morality |others=Based on the Catechism of the Catholic Church by Peter Kreeft |editor=John A. Farren, O.P. |pages=12-13 |year=2001 |publisher=Knights of Columbus Supreme Council}}</ref> Negara kaya, sebagaimana juga orang kaya, memiliki kewajiban moral untuk membantu negara dan orang miskin serta mengupayakan reformasi lembaga keuangan dan faktor ekonomi agar menguntungkan semua orang.<ref name="Kreeft264"/> == Perintah kedelapan == {{Quote box |qalign = left |salign = right |bgcolor = Cornsilk |width = 50% |quote = '''Böi faduhu'ö waya sanandrösa ba nawöu niha.''' |author = Oroisa Siŵalu |source = ''''Katekismus Gereja Katolik''<ref name="Cat2464"/><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=kel&b=20&a1=16&a2=16 Keluaran 20:16]</ref><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=ul&b=5&a1=20&a2=20 Ulangan 5:20]</ref> }} ''Katekismus'' menjelaskan bahwa mengucapkan saksi dusta atau "mengatakan kebohongan dengan maksud menipu" mencakup seluruh pelanggaran akan kebenaran.<ref name="Cat2464">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2464–2513 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a8.htm |accessdate=27 December 2008}}</ref> Berat tidaknya pelanggaran-pelanggaran ini tergantung pada "niat dari orang yang berbohong dan kerugian yang diderita oleh korbannya."<ref name="Kreeft275">Kreeft, nga'örö 275</ref> Berikut dicantumkan daftar pelanggaran ini: # Saksi dusta dan sumpah palsu: pernyataan-pernyataan yang dibuat di hadapan publik di dalam pengadilan yang menghalangi keadilan dengan mengutuk orang yang tidak bersalah atau mendukung orang yang bersalah, ataupun yang dapat memperberat hukuman tertuduh/terdakwa. # Penilaian yang gegabah: tanpa bukti yang memadai meyakini bahwa orang lain telah melakukan kesalahan moral. # Umpatan: mengungkapkan kesalahan orang lain tanpa alasan yang valid. # Fitnah atau pencemaran nama: berbohong untuk merugikan reputasi seseorang dan membuka peluang bagi orang lain untuk membuat penilaian yang salah tentangnya. # Sanjungan berlebihan: perkataan yang diucapkan untuk mengecoh orang lain demi kepentingan pribadi. # Bual, mulut besar, atau cemooh: perkataan yang semata-mata memegahkan diri ataupun meremehkan orang lain.<ref name="Cat2464"/><ref name="Schreck318">Schreck, nga'örö 318–319</ref> Gereja mewajibkan mereka yang telah merusak reputasi orang lain untuk melakukan pemulihan atas ketidakbenaran yang telah mereka sampaikan.<ref name="Cat2464"/><ref name="Schreck318"/> Meskipun demikian seseorang tidak memiliki kewajiban untuk mengungkapkan suatu kebenaran kepada orang yang tidak berhak mengetahuinya, dan disyaratkan juga penghormatan terhadap hak atas privasi atau hal-hal pribadi.<ref name="Cat2464"/><ref name="Schreck318"/> Para imam dilarang melanggar [[Meterai Pengakuan (Gereja Katolik)|kerahasiaan pengakuan dosa]]<ref name="Schreck318"/> betapa pun berat [[Dosa (Kristen)|dosa]] yang diakukan oleh [[penitensi|peniten]] ataupun dampaknya terhadap masyarakat. Termasuk juga dalam ajaran Gereja mengenai perintah ini yaitu kewajiban umat Kristen untuk memberikan kesaksian iman mereka "dengan jelas" dalam situasi-situasi yang menuntut demikian.<ref name="Cat2464"/><ref>Kreeft, nga'örö 273</ref> Gereja mengecam penggunaan media modern untuk menyebarkan ketidakbenaran baik oleh individu, institusi bisnis, ataupun pemerintah.<ref name="Cat2464"/><ref name="Kreeft275"/> == Perintah kesembilan == {{Quote box |qalign = left |salign = right |bgcolor = Cornsilk |width = 50% |quote = '''Böi isö nomo nawöu; böi isö ndrongania ma sawuyunia matua ba alawe, saŵi ma kalidenia, ba gofu hadia ia gokhötania.'''{{refn|Kata-kata dari perintah kesembilan dalam ''Katekismus'' hampir sama dengan perintah kesepuluh. Dalam penjelasannya, ''Katekismus'' menyatakan bahwa "St. Yohanes membedakan tiga jenis keinginan yang tidak teratur atau [[konkupisensi]]: keinginan daging, keinginan mata, dan keangkuhan hidup."<ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=yoh&b=2&a1=16&a2=16 Yohanes 2:16]</ref><ref name="Cat2514"/> "Dalam tradisi katekese Katolik, perintah kesembilan melarang nafsu badani; perintah kesepuluh melarang keinginan akan milik orang lain."<ref name="Cat2514"/> ''Katekismus'' mendefinisikan "nafsu badani" sebagai suatu keinginan yang kuat dari kedagingan, "gerakan dari hasrat yang peka yang bertentangan dengan akal budi manusia", dan "pemberontakan dari 'daging' melawan 'roh{{'"}}.<ref name="Cat2514"/> Menurut penafsiran Gereja, perintah kesepuluh berkaitan dengan segala bentuk hasrat yang kuat lainnya. ''Katekismus'' menyatakan bahwa perintah kesepuluh "menyingkapkan dan melengkapi perintah kesembilan&nbsp;... Perintah ini melarang mengingini barang orang lain".<ref name="Cat2534"/> |group=note}} |author = Oroisa Sisiŵa |source = ''Katekismus Gereja Katolik''<ref name="Cat2514">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2514–2533 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a9.htm |accessdate=2 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="Exodus20">[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=kel&b=20&a1=17&a2=17 Keluaran 20:17]</ref> }} Perintah kesembilan dan kesepuluh berhubungan dengan keinginan, yang adalah suatu kecenderungan atau disposisi dalam diri seseorang dan bukan suatu tindakan fisik.<ref name="Schreck320"/> ''Katekismus'' membedakan antara keinginan yang tidak teratur dari kedagingan (hasrat seksual yang tidak benar) dan keinginan yang tidak teratur atas milik duniawi orang lain. Perintah kesembilan berkaitan dengan yang pertama disebutkan dan perintah kesepuluh dengan yang terakhir disebutkan.<ref name="Cat2534">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2534 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a0.htm |accessdate=5 November 2015}}</ref> {{Gambara responsif|Artemisia Gentileschi - Bathsheba - WGA08558.jpg|''Batseba ba nahia wemondri'' nigambaraini Artemisia Gentileschi, 1645-1650. Hikaya Razo Dawido ba Batseba mangoroma'ö ohitö dödö si lö atulö solohe ba wohorö ba ba wamunu niha.}} Yesus menegaskan perlunya kemurnian pikiran sebagaimana juga tindakan, dan menyatakan, "Setiap orang yang memandang perempuan serta menginginkannya, sudah berzina dengan dia di dalam hatinya" (Matius 5:28).<ref name="Schreck320">Schreck, nga'örö 320</ref><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=mat&b=5&a1=28&a2=28 Matius 5:28]</ref> ''Katekismus'' menyatakan bahwa, dengan bantuan rahmat Allah, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan dituntut untuk mengalahkan [[hawa nafsu]] dan keinginan badani "untuk menjalin hubungan berdosa dengan pasangan orang lain."<ref name="Schreck320"/> Dalam ''[[Teologi Tubuh]]'', yakni suatu rangkaian pengajaran yang diberikan oleh Paus Yohanes Paulus II, pernyataan Yesus dalam Matius 5:28 ditafsirkan bahwa seseorang dapat melakukan perzinaan dalam hatinya tidak hanya dengan pasangan orang lain, tetapi juga dengan pasangannya sendiri jika ia melihat kepadanya dengan hawa nafsu atau memperlakukannya "hanya sebagai objek untuk memuaskan insting".<ref>{{en}} {{citation |url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/jp2tb42.htm |title= Interpreting the Concept of Concupiscence |author=Pope John Paul II |date=8 October 1980 |publisher=[[L'Osservatore Romano]] (retrieved from [[EWTN]])}}</ref><ref>McCormick, nga'örö 152–155</ref> Kemurnian hati dinyatakan sebagai kualitas penting yang diperlukan untuk mengerjakan tugas ini; berbagai [[himne]] dan doa Katolik yang umum memuat suatu permohonan untuk memperoleh kebajikan ini.<ref name="Schreck320"/> Gereja mengidentifikasi karunia-karunia Allah yang memampukan seseorang untuk berjuang mengatasi nafsu kedagingan dan hasrat yang tidak teratur: # [[Kemurnian (kebajikan)|Kebajikan kemurnian]], yang memungkinkan seseorang untuk mencintai orang lain dengan hati yang lurus dan tak terbagi. # Maksud yang murni, yang berupaya untuk memenuhi kehendak Allah dalam segala hal dan menyadari bahwa hanya itu saja yang akan mengarah pada tujuan akhir manusia yang sebenarnya. # Pandangan yang murni, secara lahir-batin, mendisiplinkan perasaan dan imajinasi dengan menolak memikirkan hal-hal yang cemar atau tidak senonoh. # Doa yang berupa penyerahan diri dan pengakuan atas kuasa Allah untuk memberikan seseorang kemampuan demi mengatasi hasrat seksual. # Sikap yang bersahaja atau ugahari, baik dalam perasaan maupun tubuh, yakni kearifan dalam pemilihan kata-kata dan busana. Yesus mengatakan, "Berbahagialah orang yang suci hatinya, karena mereka akan melihat Allah."<ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=mat&b=5&a1=8&a2=8 Matius 5:8]</ref><ref name="Kreeft255">Kreeft, nga'örö 255</ref> Kemurnian hati, diperkenalkan oleh perintah kesembilan, merupakan "prasyarat untuk memandang Allah" serta memungkinkan seseorang untuk melihat situasi dan orang lain sebagaimana Allah melihatnya. ''Katekismus'' mengajarkan bahwa "terdapat hubungan antara kemurnian hati, kemurnian tubuh, dan kemurnian iman."<ref name="Cat2514"/><ref name="Kreeft255"/> == Perintah kesepuluh == {{Quote box |qalign = left |salign = right |bgcolor = Cornsilk |width = 50% |quote = '''Böi isö gokhöta nawöu ba fefu zi so khönia; Böi isö gokhöta niha bö'ö: omonia, tanönia, sawuyunia, urifönia, kalidenia ba hadia manö zi so khönia.''' |author = Oroisa Sifulu |source = ''Katekismus Gereja Katolik''<ref name="Cat2534"/><ref name="Exodus20"/><ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=ul&b=5&a1=21&a2=21 Ulangan 5:21]</ref> }} Kelepasan hati dari harta kekayaan merupakan tujuan dari perintah kesepuluh dan [[Ucapan bahagia|Sabda bahagia]] yang pertama ("berbahagialah orang yang miskin di hadapan Allah") karena, menurut ''Katekismus'', hal ini diperlukan agar dapat masuk ke dalam [[Kerajaan Allah|Kerajaan surga]].<ref name="Cat 2534–2557">{{en}} {{citation | last =Paragraph number 2534–2557 | title =Catechism of the Catholic Church | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a0.htm|accessdate=6 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Kreeft266">Kreeft, nga'örö 266–267</ref> Keinginan akan milik orang lain dilarang oleh perintah kesepuluh karena dipandang sebagai langkah pertama menuju tindakan pencurian, perampokan, dan penipuan; segala "keinginan mata" ini menghantar pada kekerasan dan ketidakadilan.<ref>Schreck, nga'örö 321</ref> Gereja mendefinisikan keinginan atas milik orang lain sebagai suatu "keinginan yang tidak teratur" yang dapat berupa: # [[Keserakahan]]: keinginan seseorang yang terlalu banyak sehingga ia menginginkan apa yang tidak dibutuhkannya. # [[Iri hati]]: keinginan atas apa yang dimiliki orang lain.<ref name="Kreeft266"/> Para uskup Amerika Serikat mendefinisikan iri hati sebagai "suatu sikap yang memenuhi hati kita dengan kesedihan saat melihat kemakmuran orang lain."<ref name="USCAT450">USCCB, nga'örö 450</ref> Untuk menjelaskan ajaran Gereja mengenai perintah ini, Kreeft mengutip Santo [[Thomas Aquinas]] yang menuliskan, "Suatu keinginan jahat hanya dapat diatasi dengan suatu keinginan baik yang lebih kuat."<ref name="Kreeft266"/> Para uskup Amerika Serikat mengemukakan bahwa hal ini dapat dicapai melalui pengembangan kemauan baik, kerendahan hati, dan rasa syukur atas berkat-berkat yang dimiliki sendiri dan orang lain sembari bersandar pada rahmat Allah.<ref name="USCAT450"/> Kreeft menjelaskan bahwa Santo [[Paulus dari Tarsus|Paulus Rasul]] menggambarkan konsep ini dalam [[Surat Filipi]] di mana ia menuliskan mandat duniawinya sebagai seorang Yahudi yang dihormati dan menyatakan, "Segala sesuatu kuanggap rugi, karena pengenalan akan Kristus Yesus, Tuhanku, lebih mulia daripada semuanya."<ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=flp&b=3&a1=4&a2=9 Filipi 3:4–9]</ref> Sebagaimana Yesus menyatakannya, "Apa gunanya seorang memperoleh seluruh dunia, tetapi ia kehilangan {{nowrap|nyawanya?"}}<ref>[http://www.imankatolik.or.id/alkitab.php?k=mrk&b=8&a1=36&a2=36 Markus 8:36]</ref><ref>Kreeft, nga'örö 268</ref> Ajaran Gereja tentang perintah kesepuluh diarahkan pada sikap yang sama ini atas barang-barang duniawi, umumnya disebut dengan istilah "kemiskinan roh".<ref name="USCAT449">USCCB, nga'örö 449</ref> == Faigi göi == {{Portal|Katolik|Yahudi}} * [[Amakhaita Agama Katolik ba Agama Yahudi]] * [[Angolifa zura sanandrösa ba Gereja Katolik]] --> == Nitöngöni == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Famotokhi ba gahe == {{Reflist|20em}} == Umbu == {{Refbegin|20em}} # {{-en-}} {{cite book |last=Addis |first=William Edward |last2=Arnold |first2=Thomas |title=A Catholic Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4MXAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA195&dq=finger+of+god,+tablets+of+stone,+catechism&lr=#PRA1-PA195,M1 |year=1884 |publisher=Princeton University Press}} # {{-en-}} {{cite book |last=Annas |first=George |authorlink=George Annas |last2=Grodi |first2=Michael |author2-link=Michael Grodin |title=The Nazi doctors and the Nuremberg Code |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19-510106-5}} # {{-en-}} {{cite book |last=Aquinas |first=Thomas |authorlink=Thomas Aquinas |last2=O'Brien |first2=T. 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Clifford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4jG7X95mMQC |authorlink=Thomas Rausch |year=2003 |edition=2nd |location=Collegeville |publisher=Liturgical Prress |isbn=9780814658994}} # {{-en-}} {{cite book |title=Living the Catechism of the Catholic Church |volume=3 |last=Schönborn |first=Christoph |url=https://books.google.id/books?id=crAPC_94WD0C |authorlink=Christoph Schönborn |year=2001 |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=9780898708356}} # {{-en-}} {{cite book |title=YOUCAT: Youth Catechism of the Catholic Church |last=Schönborn |first=Christoph Cardinal |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=dAWJCwAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=9781681496412}} # {{-en-}} {{cite book|title=The Essential Catholic Catechism|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialcatholi0000schr|last=Schreck|first= Alan|year=1999|publisher=Servant Publications|isbn=1-56955-128-6}} # {{-en-}} {{Cite CE1913 |wstitle=The Ten Commandments |last=Stapleton |first=John}} # {{-en-}} {{Cite CE1913 |wstitle=Sunday |last=Stapleton |first=John}} # {{-en-}} {{cite book |last=Steinberg |first=Avraham |last2=Rosner |first2=Fred |title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaklGZAID08C&pg=PA15&dq=church+places+rights+of+fetus+over+womans&lr= |year=2003 |publisher=Feldheim Publishers |isbn=978-1-58330-592-8}} # {{-en-}} {{cite book|last =USCCB ([[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]])|title =United States Catechism for Adults|publisher =USCCB Publishing|year = 2008|isbn =978-1-57455-450-2}} # {{-en-}} {{cite book|title=The Catholic Church Through the Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchth0000vidm|last=Vidmar|first=John|authorlink=John Vidmar|year=2005|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=0-8091-4234-1}} {{Refend}} [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Gereja Katolik]] [[Kategori:Katekismus]] 2k2h2ghlrg25e3p9y41aa2j1bvusgdy 0 2080 27631 27241 2026-08-17T13:20:31Z Slaia 39 27631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies}} '''Tawuo''' (töi ilmiah ''Piper betle'') no sinumbua si so ngenge sanana ba danö ma zui manöi ba döla geu.<ref>B. Mursito, Heru P, ''Tanaman Hias Berkhasiat Obat'', nga'örö 59-60. Jakarta. Penebar Swadaya. 2002</ref> Tumbu ia mositöra ba [[Asia Tenggara]] bahiza no muzawili ia ba Asia Selatan, ba ngawalö hulo [[Pasifik]] ba ba [[Karibia]]. Asese göi latanö zinumbua andre niha tobali sinanö, me bulunia te'oguna'ö ba nafo. Bulu dawuo andre owuge'e la'a-la'ania, ba fonga'eunia hulö gambara dödö niha. Monganga afo tola möi börö zisambua fökhö ba mbawa, nifotöi ''squamous cell carcinoma'', sambua fökhö ''kanker'', awö wa tobali ia göi börö wa'alö-ngingi nifotöi ''periodentitis'' sitola mamangiwa ba mangadeha ifö, heŵa'ae so göi khönia bakha wamunu dungö irege tola iba'agö wa'atöla nifö.<ref>{{cite web|author=Herman|date=24 Maret 2015|title=Kebiasaan Menyirih Bisa Sebabkan Gigi Tanggal|url=http://www.beritasatu.com/kesehatan/259906-kebiasaan-menyirih-bisa-sebabkan-gigi-tanggal.html|access-date=2021-04-10|archive-date=2019-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019195357/https://www.beritasatu.com/kesehatan/259906-kebiasaan-menyirih-bisa-sebabkan-gigi-tanggal.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Oya te'oguna'ö dawuo ba Indonesia tobali dalu-dalu. Na munganga ia aukhu rasonia, mendrua manö na bulu dawuo sulasi, abölö wa'aukhunia moroi ba dawuo sito'ölö. Baero da'ö la'oguna'ö ia ba hada, sambua ngawalö zitobali tanömö nafo silima-endronga, tefaehagö ba wanema'ö tome he ba danö Melayu simane [[Riau]], ba he ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]]. So ösa göi zangoguna'ö ya'ia tobali famoadu nomo (sinanö gaba-gaba). {{fonga'eu}} [[Berkas:Piper betel's leaf.jpg|jmpl|Bulu dawuo hulö gambara dödö]] Sinumbua sanana da'a tola ikhamö 15 meter wa'alaŵa. Ngengenia no araidö-raidö, owulo-wulo, ba mondroto-ndroto ba zitumbu ŵa'ania. Bulunia, oroma hulö gambara dödö, tumbu ba ngenge, ha sagö-sagörö, adarö-darö mbutenia, ba tumbu fasaule-saule ba ngengenia, mohakhi side-ide, ba mohua afangö-fangö na lafera'ö ia. Fa'anau mbulu dawuo andre tola irugi 5 – 8 cm ba fa'ebolonia 2 – 5 cm. Oya mongawua dawuo ba so khönia mbulu sotötöwui bua andrö ± 1 mm owulo-wulo ba anau. Fa'anau zimatuania so ba zi 1,5 – 3 cm, so dua rozi ba ise-ise, ba fa'anau zi'alawenia so ba zi 1,5 – 6 cm so khönia mato tölu irugi lima ngawua howu safusi faoma saruzö-ruzö. Buania no igide-ide, owulo-wulo ba owuge'e la'a-la'ania. Ŵa'ania no aruzö-ruzö owulo-wulo. == Ösi ba gunania == Na lafarö mbulu dawuo tesöndra khönia wanikha si so bakha nifotöi ''betlephenol'' (ba Indonesia lafotöi ia ''minyak terbang''), ''seskuiterpen'', hamo, ''diatase,'' gulo, ŵe ''samak'' (ni'oguna'ö ba wondrino uli gurifö ena'ö mola'a-la'a), awö ''kavikol'' (ni'oguna'ö ba wamunu tungö), antioksidasi (samunu sel ba mboto), fungisida (samunu dungö same obou mbulu geu/sinanö) ba samunu [[kiwo]] (li Indonesia, ''anti jamur''). Asese la'oguna'ö wanikha nifarö moroi ba dawuo ba wangalösi wa'aböu mboto simane böu alo-alo, sambua mböu ni'a'asogö [[kiwo]] sauri ba alo-alo. Baero da'ö la'oguna'ö niha dawuo ba wanaha ndro ba zokho, tola göi mamadöhö zesokho ba guli awö wökhö mbetu'a ri'i. Nönö da'ö la'oguna'ö ia wamoto geha si fakha'a. Asese labe'e ia ba nikhu na so zi tefengo ba wanaha do (mato dua nga'örö mbulu dawuo lasasai, lakörö'ö ba lazozo nikhu sangele do). Me so khönia bakha ŵe ''samak'' awö ''kavikol'' andrö asese göi la'oguna'ö ia ba wamunu dungö samunu mbulu zinanö.<ref>S. Sudarmo, ''Pestisida Nabati. Pembuatan dan Pemanfaatannya''</ref> Ngawalö wökhö si tola mufadöhö faoma tawuo: # Eha # Fa'agoboto mbewe, fa'asila ngai mbewe # Eha sabölö-bölö # Deŵa # Kiwo sagafusi ba wa'alawe (''vagina'') # Ifö sagatöla # Fa'aukhu nifobörö virus ''Orthoflavivirus dengue'' ([[li Indonesia]] ''demam berdarah'') # Fa'aböu mbawa # Na mo'otalua wa'alua mbaŵa ba ndra'alawe # Fa'ambö mbadu ([[li Indonesia]] ''asma'') # Fökhö dölö-tölö # Fa'abao ngingi # Ta'unö hörö # Fa'aböu narö galogo (alo-alo) La'oguna'ö ia göi ba guli ba wamadöhö: # Fökhö guli nifotöi ''eksem'' # Sakhozi # Sagaitö ba gahe # Böni # Faosa # Tefengo # Fökhö hörö # Fa'akalua ndro ba ngingi # Mangalösi wamowöi-wöi nidanö [[meme]] # Mangalösi fa'ali-ali == Tawuo ba Danö Niha == Ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] tawuo andre no sambua zinumbua fondrege aoha wananö. Oi mananö tawuo dozi niha, me moguna sibai ia ba wonganga afo. Bahiza tenga ha tawuo ni'a zi so ba danö, so göi dawuo sauri ba ndru'u, sasese laŵa'ö ia tawuo danö. Tesöndra dawuo andre ba lafo ma ba [[harimbale]], no lagölugö, ba lafamawa ia ero sagölu. Moguna sibai dawuo ba Danö Niha, börö me tobali ia ösi mbola ba lala hada na so gangowuloa. == Khai-khai baero == * {{-id-}} [http://www.pnm.my/sirihpinang/sp-sirih.htm Penjelasan tentang Sirih pinang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923040423/http://www.pnm.my/sirihpinang/sp-sirih.htm |date=2018-09-23 }} * {{-id-}} [http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/cakra_obat/tanamanobat.php?id=6 Tanaman obat Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050323092752/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/cakra_obat/tanamanobat.php?id=6 |date=2005-03-23}} == Umbu == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Piperaceae]] [[Kategori:Sinumbua]] [[Kategori:Piper]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] hb8tbiz2kp8tsci3ecxkv7l98cmrap3 0 2553 27670 27374 2026-08-17T14:41:49Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book | italic title = <!--(see above)--> | name = 95 Tesis | image = Luther 95 Thesen.png | image_size = | alt = Satu cetakan halaman ''95 Tesis'' dalam dua kolom | caption = Cetakan ''95 Tesis'' döfi si 1517 moroi Nuremberg sambua [[papan penanda|plakat]], iada'a te'irö'ö ia ba [[Perpustakaan Negeri Berlin]]. | author = [[Martin Luther]] | title_orig = Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum{{efn|name=title}} | orig_lang_code = la | country = Jerman | language = Latin | pub_date = 10 November 1517<br/>(31 Oktober 1517 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) | native_wikisource = <!--Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum (broken due to fn on name above--> | wikisource = en:Ninety-five Theses|95 Tesis }} '''Siŵa wulu a lima dalil Luther''', '''''95 Tesis''''', ma Fabu'asa sifakhai ba Högö zura andrö tafa'aso moroi ba cetakan pamflet Basel 1517. Ni sura siföföna ''95 Tesis'' mangoguna'ö sambua ''incipit'' moroi na sambua högö zura sanutunö nösinia. Molo‘ö plakat Nuremberg 1517 I börötaigö faoma fehede; {{lang|la|''Amore et studio elucidande veritatis: hec subscripta disputabuntur Wittenberge. Presidente R.P Martino Lutther ... Quare petit: vt qui non possunt verbis presentes nobiscum disceptare: agant id literis absentes.''}} Luther asese manötöi "{{lang|de|''meine Propositiones''}}" (proposisi-proposisiku). ya'ia da'ö sambua waö-waö, ma proposisi ba wabu'asa ndra sangila amakhoita ma ba li Indonesia asese lawa'ö perdebatan akademik, ni sura me 1517 ya'ia da'ö '''Martin Luther''', profesor teologi moral Katolik ba Universitas Martin Luther Halle-Wittenberg, [[Jerman]]. ''95 Tesis'' tesura ngawalö hadia ia zi no i fa'ema Luther si no i'ila sambua halöŵö sambö enahöi moroi ba zanga'i halöŵö Lowalangi ma so halöŵö ba gosali meluo da'ö, ya'ia da'ö mamawa sura fangefa horö ma indulgensi, nihaogö ba zura si sökhi (sertifikat) ni farisayoi niha ba ginötö da'ö tola mangalösi hukuma ma huku horö, ba wamati niha Keriso, ni falua so wöli sura da'ö. Ba ''95 Tesis'', Luther ifa'ema wa famalalini era-era ba wamati khö Zo'aya si no i fa'ema Yesus ena'ö te'efa'ö horö, ya'ia da'ö famalalini era-era soroi ba dödö tenga ha sala la'ila niha, tenga famati lehe dalö, ha kua zami, tenga ha sambua lala halöŵö ba gosali, hiza sindruhu-ndruhu moroi ba dödö irege ba gangawalö lala wa'auri ha Yesu gubalo si sökhi. Molo'ö Luther wa famawa sura fengefa horö ma ni tötöi '''indulgensi''' tenga fangefa'ö horö, möi fa'aröu niha moroi ba wamalalini era-erara, me lamane tödöra noa ya'i so khöda zura wangefa horö, tenga ha da'ö, möi fanayaigö fo hi'a tödö ba niha samati ba wanolo ma famalua fa'omasi ba nawö simane fatolosa ba niha sinumana, me ba dödö niha keriso meluo da'ö wa na no la'okhögö zura wangefa horö, no sambua fa'ahono dödö khöra. Meluo inötö andrö, hewa'ae Luther ifagölösi wetaronia khö Paus Leo X ma ni'ila niha Sri Paus ba wamaigi ‘''indulgensi'', ''95 Tesis'' no molaŵa ''satu bulla kepausan'' ba ngahönö si fele'öfa wanguma'ö wa Paus tola mangoguna'ö harato gosali ma ''harta kekayaan Gereja'' ba ngawalö famalua si sökhi moroi khö niha samati ba ginötö si no numalö, ba wangefa'ö niha ba huku börö horö. ''95 Tesis'' lafa'anö ba möi lala ba wabu'a-bu'asa, tenga ha ba wama'ema fandrafe ma bua wangera-ngera nifa'ema Luther, ba hiza aefa da'ö Luther i fa'ema wangombakha sifakhai ba zi no ifa'ema ni be'enia högö, “Fanutunö hadia ia zalua moroi ba wabu'asa sifakhai ba Indulgensi ” ma na la wa'ö ba li Indonesia ya'ia da'ö: ''Penjelasan dari Perdebatan Terkait Nilai Indulgensi''. Luther ifa'ohe'ö ''95 Tesis'' sifao sura ni tandrösaigönia khö '''Albertus''' moroi Brandenburg, Uskup Agung Mainz, ba 31-10-1517, ngaluo si no la bali'ö si tobali inötö ma ngaluo wanörö tödö Reformasi Protestan ma laŵa'ö ia era ba zi döfi ya'ia da'ö '''Hari Reformasi'''. Luther mamalemba sura ''95 Tesis'' ba högö mbawandruhö gosali niha samati, faoma ba gosali-gosali tanöbö'ö ba Wittenberg molo'ö sito'ölö lafalua ba Universitas ero 31 mbaŵa sifulu ma ba gotalua mbaŵa sifelezara. ''95 Tesis'' ba wa'alio la fulö la fonga'örö, la ali ba li bö'ö ba la fazaewe ba zi sagörö Geremani ba Eropa. Moroi ba da'a tebörögö nifotöi fasuwöta Pamflet ma ''perang pamflet'' khö ndra sanga'i huhuo sebua indulgensi '''Johann Tetzel''', irege möi fa'amohöngö Luther. Ya'ira angowuloa so kafaloi gosali, la fakaoni'ö ma la huku zi Luther, laŵa'ö khönia wa famaha'ö ni faluania no si fakhai ba famaha'ö si fatuwu khö Zo'aya ma famahaö si sala, so aekhula sabölönia ba ''ekskomunikasi'' ba ndröfi 1521. Heŵa'ae ''95 Tesis'' sitobali famobörö Reformasi Protestan, fangera-ngera Luther sifakhai ba indulgensi lö ibe'e sibai ba dödönia me abölö sökhi ba wo'angeragö sifakhai ba teologis me i'ila wa ba gafuariata so wa'afabali gosali, simane, famaduhu'ö fa'atulö ma ''pembenaran teologi'' ba wamati ma fefu tefa'oli ia ba (''[[sola fide]]'') faoma famaso nikuku ma ''keterbelengguan kehendak''. Fa'amohi'a ba ngawalö zalua andrö, awena terongo ba niha ba ginötö sara aefa da'ö, ba lö ibe'e dödönia wanura ''95 Tesis'' sitobali famobörö lala wamaha'ö sifabö'ö moroi ba wetaro Roma. == Waö-waö (Latar belakang) == Martin Luther, samösa profesor teologi moral ba Universitas Martin Luther Halle-Wittenberg ba sanga'i huhuo sebua ba Kota,{{sfn|Junghans|2003|pp=23, 25}} manura ''95 Tesis'' so laŵa osali samalua '''indulgensi'''. Ba Gosali Katolik, ha sambua-sambua gosali niha Keriso ba Eropa Barat meluo da'ö, indulgensi no sambua lala moroi ba [[Ekonomi Keselamatan|karya keselamatan]]. Ba lala si no la haogö da'ö, ba ginötö niha Keriso so wangera-ngera wa ya'ia sebua horö, ba i'akui horö andrö, horönia te'efa'ö ba lösa'ae khönia hukuma ba galitö sohola-hola ba narako, he naso horö, ba tenga horö si lö aetu.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=176}} ''Penitensi/Peniten tola mangeheta fa'auri niha ba huku horö na lafalua zatulö, ba börö wa'ahakhö dödö Zo'aya.{{sfn|Wengert|2015a|p=xvi}} Na lö atö tefalua hukuma khönia ba wa'auri ba gulidanö, moguna ba galitö fangeheta horö. Moroi ba indulgensi si no la bali'ö hulö fa'ebua dödö ba huku horö, tola la'alösi irugi la sasai horö andrö.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=176}} Dalam penyalahgunaan sistem indulgensi, kaum rohaniwan memanfaatkannya dengan menjual indulgensi dan [[Paus (Katolik)|paus]] memberikan pernyataan resmi dengan imbalan biaya tertentu.{{sfn|Noll|2015|p=31}} [[Berkas:Indulgence selling from On Aplas von Rom.png|jmpl|kiri|Gambara geu moroi khö samösa zamawa zura fangefa horö ma indulgensi ba zi sambua gosali moroi ba zi sambua pamflet 1521.]] Ya'ira ira Paus, so khöra kuaso ba wame'e famawa sura fangefa horö ma ba ono mbanua niha keriso tola mowöli sura fangefa horö nifarisayoira si so ba galitö sa manafi (berada dalam api penyucian). Da'a zimöi fa'atumbu wehede sanguma'ö; “Na, terongo atö wa'atezaumba loga-loga ba weti fangefa horö, fa'auri si so ba galitö so hola-hola, manaoka möi baero”, ba li Indonesia ya'ia da'ö; "Begitu sekeping koin dalam peti uang berdenting, jiwa dari api penyucian melompat". Ira sangila amakhoita ma si no so fa'aboto ba dödö (Para teolog) ba [[Universitas Paris]] no irai larongo wehede da'ö ba gafuriata abad si felelima.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=182}} Para kritikus indulgensi sebelumnya misalnya [[John Wycliffe]], yang menyangkal bahwa paus memiliki yurisdiksi atas api penyucian. [[Jan Hus]] dan [[Hussites|para pengikutnya]] pernah mengadvokasikan suatu sistem [[penitensi]] atau silih yang lebih berat, yang di dalamnya tidak tersedia indulgensi.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=177}} [[Johannes von Wesel]] juga pernah menyerang indulgensi pada akhir abad kelima belas.{{sfn|Waibel|2005|p=47}} Para penguasa politik berkepentingan dalam mengendalikan indulgensi karena ekonomi lokal bergejolak saat uang untuk indulgensi pergi dari wilayah mereka masing-masing. Para penguasa sering kali berusaha mendapatkan bagian dari hasilnya atau melarang indulgensi sama sekali, seperti yang dilakukan [[Georgius, Adipati Sachsen|Adipati Georgius]] di [[Elektorat Sachsen]] tempat Luther tinggal.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|pp=178, 183}} Ba ndröfi si 1515, Paus Leo X i'amualagö sambua [[indulgensi#Indulgensi penuh|indulgensi penuh]] soguna ba wombai fangahaogö [[Basilika Santo Petrus]] di [[Roma]].{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=178}} Indulgensi ma sura fangefa horö da'a, fabö'ö moroi ba zi to'ölö me moguna ba wo tabusi ngawalö horö simane, fanagö ba fohorö. Fefu huhuo sebua ba gosali sifakhai sura fanasai horö, la batogö ba zi 8 fakhe wa'ara, lafaha'ö ira ena'ö ha sambua wehedera ba wama'ema turia indulgensi da'ö. Fefu zangai halöŵö la fahaö sindruhu-ndruhu, irege ato niha zame'e fasumangeta ma fanuno ba zura wangefa horö iada'a me fabö'ö ma'ifu moroi ba zura ziföföna.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=180}} [[Johann Tetzel]] ditugaskan untuk berkhotbah dan menawarkan indulgensi tersebut pada 1517, dan kampanyenya di kota-kota dekat [[Wittenberg]] menarik minat banyak penduduk Wittenberg untuk mengunjungi kota-kota itu dan membelinya, karena penjualannya telah dilarang di Wittenberg dan kota-kota Sachsen (Saxon) lainnya.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=183}} Luther göi no'irai itema indulgensi-indulgensi sifakhai ba [[Gereja Seluruh Orang Kudus, Wittenberg|Gereja Semua Orang Kudus di Wittenberg]].{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=186}} Hiza sifao fasumangeta ba gosali ba da'ö, ma laŵa'ö ia ([[venerasi|menghormati]] sejumlah besar [[relikui]] di gereja itu), ero samösa niha tola manema sagörö indulgensi.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|pp=117–118}} Ba ndröfi sibohou ba ndröfi si 1514, Luther manga'i huhuo sebua ba gosali, ba huhuonia sifakhai ba wolaŵa fangoguna'ö indulgensi ma sura fangefa horö, me molo'ö Luther lala simane da'a, möi fangide-ngide'ö fa'omasi ba fa'ebua dödö Lowalangi, me famati khö Zo'aya tenga ha lumö, fangesa soroi ba dödö.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=185}} Ba ndröfi si 1517, Luther awakhö-wakhö dödöunia wamaigi ösi gosalinia, awena mangawuli moroi ba Tetzel wowöli sura fangefa horö, ba hiza tenga ha da'ö, no la be'e ba dödöra wa lö sa'ae moguna mangesa dödö. Irugi dödö Luther, ba ha'uga kali ba dalu ndröfi meluo da'ö ifa'ema huhuo sebua ba gosali wanguma'ö wa, ha wa'omasi Lowalangi na so wamalalini era-era ma fangesa dödö moroi na la'öli zura wangefa horö.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=184}} I fa'ema wa fowöli sura fangefa horö, mame'e lala halöŵö khö Peniten bo wa'akui horö zowöli sura, börö na tenga simane da'ö lalania, lö eluaha zura wangefa horö da'ö. Molo'ö ya'ia, wa niha si so horö sangodödögö ba wamalalini era-era ba khö Zo'aya, lö la'alui indulgensi ma sura fangefa horö, me la'omasi'ö wa'atulö moroi khö Zo'aya, ba latötöna wanguhuku soroi ba wa'auri moroi khö Zo'aya ba horö zi no lafalua.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=187}} Huhuo-huhuo sebua nifa'ema Luther, la batogö i'otarai mbaŵa si öfa(April) ofeta mbawa si fulu(Oktober) döfi si 1517, meluo da'ö na lö sala hulö na inötö wanura ''95 Tesis'', da'ö nifalua Luther.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=188}} Ihaogö wamöfögö hewisa waö-waö wamawa sura fangefa horö, simö dane-danö na so niha sedöna mangodödögö mangalui hadia sibai zalua meluo da'ö.{{sfn|Wicks|1967|p=489}} Ifa'ohe'ö zura khö gafalo-gafalo gosali fao ba da'ö göi superiornia, [[Uskup Brandenburg]], ba wamatunö hewisa wangera-ngerara ba zi no alua andrö. Fatua lö ngaluo si 31 mbaŵa si fulu (31 Oktober), inötö ifa'ohe'ö tesis khö Uskup Agung ma ‘''Albertus moroi ba Brandenburg'''.{{sfn|Leppin|Wengert|2015|p=387}} == Ösi == Tesis siföföna no möi tehöng. Tesis andrö ya'ia da'ö sanguma'ö wa,”Na So'aya faoma guru da Yesu Keriso zamatika khöda ba wamati ma ba wamalalini era-era, da'ö dandra wa fa'auri dozi samati no sambua bagia moroi ba wamalalini era-era, ba li Indonesia lamane; "Ketika Tuhan dan Guru kita Yesus Kristus mengatakan, 'Bertobatlah,' Ia menghendaki keseluruhan hidup orang beriman sebagai satu bagian dari pertobatan." Ba tesis si'oföna, Luther ifa'ema mbua wangera-ngera sifakhai ba wangesa dödö, me molo'ö fangera-ngerania, wa famati si'onarai dödö abölö moguna ia moroi ba lala ha ngawua halöŵö ba zisambua angowuloa gosali.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=192}} Tesis 5–7 aefa da'ö, ya'ia da'ö sanguma'ö wa, Paus tola mangefa horö ha ba zifasala khönia samösa, tenga fefu zala niha, hiza na Paus mamatunö lala ba niha samati, wa fangefa horö tefalua moroi khö Zo'aya ba döi Yesu Keriso.{{sfn|Waibel|2005|p=43}} Ba tesis 14–29, Luther ifatunö walö fao dödönia zanguma'ö so galitö sangakhozi (api penyucian). Tesis 14–16 ifa'ema Luther wa hukuma ba galitö sangakhozi fagölö ira wame'e fa'ata'u ba niha irege börö wa'ata'ura, da'ö ndrela wa la'öli zura wangefa horö.{{sfn|Wengert|2015b|p=36} Ba tesis 17–24, Luther farisayo ia wa löhadöi samösa niha sangila hewisa wamati zisamösa niha bö'ö si so ba galitö sangakhozi. Ba tesis 25 dan 26, Luther ilaŵa sambua huku si no lafalua, wa Paus so khönia kuaso ba niha fefu sifakhai galitö sangakhozi, lö fao dödö Luther ba da'ö. Ba tesis 27–29, ilaŵa zanguma'ö wa ni'omasi'ö niha so bai böli sura fangefa horö, te'efa'ö moroi ba mbawa galitö. Da'a zimöi fa'olu'a-lu'a ba wangalui harato, ba hiza ifa'ema ba da'ö wa ha So'aya somböi banua siyaŵa awö danö, zi so kuaso ba wangefa'ö niha ba huku horö.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=194}} [[Berkas:Forgiveness from Christ outweighs indulgences from the Pope.png|jmpl|[[Cukil kayu]] döfi si 1525 so gambaraini hewisa wangefa moroi khö Keriso sabölö mo'eluaha moroi ba indulgensi paus.]] Tesis 30–34 ifakhai ba zura fangefa horö si no lafa'ema ira sangai halöŵö ni fazawilira ba niha keriso, ifatunö wa ha samösa lö sangila hewisa wangesa dödö zi samösa niha, börö da'ö, Luther ata'u ia hewisa watola so niha zamawa sura fangefa horö. Ba tesis 35 dan 36, ilaŵa zanguma'ö wa na no so zura fangefa horö, lö sa'ae moguna mangesa dödö, ba lö moguna mamalalini era-era ena'ö idugu ahatö khö Zo'aya. Molo'ö Luther, niha keriso samati sangodödögö ba wangesa dödö khö Zo'aya, no te'efa'ö horö ba ngawalö zala nifalaura, me so wangesa dödö khöra.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=194}} Ba tesis 37, ösinia, wa lö moguna zura wangefa horö, ba wanema fangefa moroi ba wangesa dödö khö Yesu Keriso. Tesis 39 faoma 40 sura fangefa horö andre, möi fa'abasaki ba niha ba wanema fangefa moroi khö Yesu. Fangesa dödö mangi'ila wa huku moroi khö Zo'aya, ba na ya'ira sowöli sura fangefa horö, si so ba dödöra wa ya'ira lö göna fanguhuku.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=195}} Ba tesis 41–47, Luther ba tesis ibörötaigö I'oguna'ö wehede : “Niha Keriso ena'ö la faha'ö,…”, ba li Indonesia "Umat Kristen harus diajarkan ..." ba wangombakha wa fefu niha lö moguna sibai khöra wangefa horö, me abölö moguna khöra na lafaigi wa'aurira si no so ba wa'atosasa. Ba tesis 48–52, Luther ifaedogu ia ba wetaro Paus, wa na Paus irongo hadia nifa'ema zangai halöŵö sifakhai badöi Paus, wa itötöna na Basilika Santo Petrus akhozi moroi na tefasindro faoma uli, nagole ba töla mbiri-biri, ba li Indonesia, "terbangun dengan kulit, daging, dan tulang-tulang dombanya".{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=195}} Tesis 53–55 ifa'ema wa so wo mbatogö fama'ema turia sifakhai ba wamawara sura fangefa horö.{{sfn|Waibel|2005|p=44}} Luther ilaŵa doktrin harato fa'akayo gosali (harta kekayaan Gereja) simöi dane-dane doktrin indulgensi ba tesis 56–66. Iŵa'ö bada'ö wa niha Keriso lö latema wamahaö simane da'ö, me molo'ö Luther, harato sebua gosali ya'ia da'ö turia somuso dödö (Injil) Yesu Keriso. Harato da'a tetuwuni ba niha me so daromali sanguma'ö wa ; “Niha siföföna ba tobali“,{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=196}} molo'ö ni sura ba zura Matai'o 19:30 faoma 20:16.{{sfn|Wengert|2015a|p=22}} Luther ifake gamaedola ma I kiasaini ba wo fatunö harato sindruhu ma turia somuso tödö andrö, hewisa ba wogaoni niha si kayo, na ba indulgensi, harato ya'ia da'ö hewisa ba wangowuloi fa'akayo niha.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=196}} [[Berkas:Ninety-five Theses (Basel).jpg|jmpl|alt=Laman pamflet tunggal dengan huruf besar dekoratif awal.|Nga'örö siföföna moroi ba niraka tesis-tesis Luther moroi [[Basel]] Ba ndröfi si 1517 ba zi sambua [[pamflet]].]] Ba tesis 67–80, Luther ba da'a ifa'ema zifakhai ba lala wama'ema huhuo sebua simane si no i sura ba zurania khö Uskup Agung Albertus. Ya'ira zama'ema huhuo sebua, la fazawili duria sifakhai ba zura wangefa horö, laŵa'ö wa indulgensi andre sambua fa'ebua dödö ni henagö gosali, heŵa'ae lö la'ila wa sindruhunia fangalui fohare. Ifa'ema wa uskup no mamalua fasumangeta khö ndra sangai halöŵö sama'ema ma samawa sura fangefa horö, baero da'ö Paus itenaŵa nösi gosalinia moroi ba wamahaö niha si lö fao tödö khö Pau.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=196}} Luther ilaŵa wamahaö sanguma'ö wa te'efa'ö horö niha si no mangosiwawöi [[Bunda Maria]] asala la'öli zura wamgefa horö. Luther ifa'ema wa indulgensi tebai I'efa'ö horö niha, heŵa'ae ha horö side-ide. Ya'ia göi ilaŵa ngawalö huho nifa'ema ndra sangai halöŵö sifakhai ba indulgensi sanguma'ö wa [[Santo Petrus]] wa lö hadöi manalu'I sura moroi khö [[Lambang Sri Paus|lambang kepausan]] me famaigira wa no arakhagö fagölö ira ya'I röfa Yesu na nifa'ema Paus.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=197}} Luther ifaogö ba tesis-nia, bua wangera-ngera niha mbanua sito'ölö, sifakhai ba indulgensi ba tesis 81–91. Ifa'ema hadia kabarata nösi gosali, sifakhai ba galitö fangakhozi, da'a dandra wa ato ba gotalua zomasi wowöli sura fangefa horö, so göi zi lö fao tödö. Luther ifa'ema göi wanofu niha mbanua zanguma'ö, hana wa Paus si no kayo mangandrö kefe ma fanolo moroi ba niha sinumana ba wo fasindro Basilika Santo Petrus. Fangera-ngera Luther wa na lö la tema wanofu da'a tola möi fama'igi niha khö Paus.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=197}} Da'a ifakhai ba wa'amokhö Paus, sanguma'ö wa na la aturai wama'ema turia wamawa sura fengefa horö, lö sa'ae fagölö ia ba ginötö ia da'a, meluo da'ö.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=198}} Luther i'asiwai tesis-tesis da'a faoma wo farou tödö dozi niha Keriso ba wo baliö Keriso duma-duma ba wa'auri heŵa'ae afökhö lala nitörö. Manaögö huku ba möi ba zorugo abölö sökhi moroi ba wa'ohahau dödö si taya.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=199}} == Khamötö dödö Luther == [[Berkas:Luther95theses.jpg|jmpl|Gambara Luther mamasa ''95 Tesis'' ba mbawandruhö gosali Wittenburg pada [[1517]], nihaogö [[Ferdinand Pauwels]].]] ''95 Tesis'' lasura sitobali bagia ni fabu'asaini ba zi sambua nahia ndra sagatua-tua (akademik resmi),{{sfn|Brecht|1985|pp=199–200}} heŵa'ae lö lohe-lohe saro wa fabu'asa da'ö no irai alua ba zi lalö.{{sfn|Leppin|Wengert|2015|p=388}} Ba gotalua högö moroi ba ''95 Tesis'', Luther mamalua fa'owulo, ikaoni ndra sangila amakhoita ma si so ba zekola-zekola salaŵa si so bakha ba mbanua da'ö simanö göi naso zomasi moroi baero. Mamalua fabu'asa simane da'ö, sambua fa'atöra ni'okhögö Luther moroi ba niha bö'ö, me ya'ia samösa Doktor si tola mamalua fa'owulo ba wamaigi ma ba wangalui sambua sedöna lasura.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|pp=199–200}} Luther ihaogö 20 set moroi ba zi ''95 Tesis'' ni fabu'aisi ba Wittenberg ba ndröfi gotalua zi 1516 faoma 1521.{{sfn|Hendrix|2015|p=61}} [[Andreas Karlstadt]] no irai isura sambua set tesis sifagölö moroi ba da'ö, me baŵa si öfa 1517 (April 1517), ba tesis-nia abölö atarö moroi ba teologis tesis Luther. Ia fasa ba högö mbawandruhö gosali gangowuloa niha satulö, simane Luther ba zi ''95 Tesis''. Karlstadt I fasa tesisnia ba ginötö relikui-relikui gosali teforoma'ö, ba da'a lafaigi hulö sambua so aukhuni salua, ma asese laŵa'ö samara'i horö. Simanö göi Luther ifasa ''95 Tesis'' ba zibongi ba ngaluo wanörö tödö ngaluo sebua niha samati ma ba li Indonesia [[Hari Raya Semua Orang Kudus]], inötö si sökhi sibai ba wangoroma'ö ndra niha samati ba gosali.{{sfn|McGrath|2011|pp=23–24}} Tesis-tesis Luther la'odödögö ba wamörötaigö sambua amatunöwa ba wame'e fandrafe ba gotalua zangila amakhoita, tenga ba wangoroma'ö ba niha sato,{{sfn|Hendrix|2015|p=61}} hiza, hulö na oroma ma'ifu wa Luther so khönia wangera-ngera simane sama'ele'ö soguna ba niha sato. Ba ginötö da'ö, no ibörötaigö I'oguna'ö döi "Luther" ba itaria ifake döi "Eleutherius", Li Yunani ba wa "bebas", ba tenga "Luder". Da'a hulö na möi fangefasi ya'ia moroi ba wamahaö teologi [[skolastisisme|skolastik]] si no irai ilaŵa ba ginötö si no numalö ba ndröfi.{{sfn|Lohse|1999|p=101}} Luther aefa da'ö lö omasi ia na ''95 Tesis'' safazaewe ma lafazawili mi sa ba niha sato. Söndra [[Elizabeth Eisenstein]] wanguma'ö wa fa'atokea Luther ha aka-aka, ba Hans Hillerbrand manahö dödö ia khö Luther wa no fa'onekhenia ena'ö so wabu'asa sebua ba gotalua niha sanema tesis da'ö khö Luther. {{sfn|Cummings|2002|p=32}} Ba zi ha'uga kali Luther I'oguna'ö ngawalö zifakhai ba zi no ifa'anö ba zi ''95 Tesis'' same'e khönia falötaha-taha ba wame'e söndra ba wa'aboto ba dödö niha bö'ö ba khö Zo'aya, ba tenga ha da'ö, irugi göi gosali. Börö ba wanura sambua tesis ba zisambua wa'owulo ba wabu'asa (perdebatan) wa hadia zi no isura tenga sambua fa'aro dödö ba khö niha sato wa da'ö wangera-ngerania, Luther tola manö fabu'a ia wa hasambalö I gogohe fefu zi no so ba ''95 Tesis''.{{sfn|Cummings|2002|p=35}} == Famazaewe ba famatumbu'ö (Penyebaran dan penerbitan) == Ba zi 31 Oktober 1517, Luther mama'ohe'ö sura ia khö [[Uskup Agung Mainz]], Albertus moroi Brandenburg; famaha zura horö ma indulgensi meluo da'ö barö wamatörö Albertus. Ba zura andrö, ifatunö wa no oya zalua ba wetaro zangurusi osali, börö huhuo sebua si fakhai ba wamawa zura wangefa horö (indulgensi) surania khö Uskup Agung. Hulö na ifaedogö, wa Albertus lö irasoi wa hadia nifa'emania ba huhuo sebuania ba gosali wa no barö wohörögö Luther, ba hiza Ifatunö wa no oya wa'elungu ba nono mbanua Lowalangi, solohe niha aröu moroi ba duria somuso dödö (injil) ba fama'ema huhuo sebua sifakhai ba wamawa sura wangefa horö, möi fangobou döi Albertus. Luther lö fatuwu khönia nifotöi zura wangefa horö ma tanöbö'önia börö me lö göi irai fakhai ia ma fönania lafa'ema huhuo sebua andrö. Ma na'i Luther ifatunö ba niha sato wa tenga börö zura andrö wa tola aefa niha ba huku horö. Ba zisambua zinura onönöta, isura Luther wa Albertus tola ibaso tesis-tesis si no ifaogö bakha ba zurania khö Albertus, ena'ö Albertus tola i'ila wamahaö si sala sifakhai he göi ba wandrita tanöbö'ö sama'ema huhuo sebua sanandrösa sura fangefa horö.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|pp=190–192}} [[Berkas:Der Anschlag von Luthers 95 Thesen.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.3|kiri|Ni gambaraini me abad si feleziŵa nigambaraini [[Julius Hübner]] da'a zimöi famahöhöngö turia ''95 Tesis'' Luther föna gangowuloa niha sato. Sindruhunia, famaehagö tesis sitobali fabu'asa no sambua sasese tefalua tenga sawena.]] No sambua nitema niha meluo da'ö ba zifasui sanema tesis Luther irugi [[pers universitas|penerbit universitas]] ni faehagö nahia-nahia niha sato.{{sfn|Pettegree|2015|p=128}} Lö hadöi he ha sambua manö zi no la sali ''95 Tesis'' andrö moroi Wittenberg si no mozago ya'ia ofeta ma'ökhö, ba hiza da'ö zimöi fa'atokea niha börö me Luther lö sangila ya'ia niha, ma laŵa'ö ia tenga niha sitehöngö, ba eluaha sindruhu lö latema niha ma lö la akui.{{sfn|Pettegree|2015|p=129}}{{efn|Pencetaknya di Wittenberg adalah {{Interlanguage link multi|Johann Rhau-Grunenberg|de}}. Fabu'asa molaŵa famahaö Skolastik ma "Perdebatan Melawan Teologi Skolastik" nihaogö Luther, ni raka Rhau-Grunenberg, si no tesura ŵalu migu fatua lö ''95 Tesis'', ni söndra ba ndröfi si 1983.{{sfn|Pettegree|2015|p=97}} Na molo'ö sikhalania, ba hulö fakhili-khili ira ni raka ''95 Tesis'' ba Nuremberg. Da'a sambua dane-dane wa so zi no la raka cetakan ''95 Tesis'' moroi khö Rhau-Grunenberg, börö me ni raka ba Nuremberg hulö ni sali moroi ba ni raka ba cetakan Wittenberg.{{sfn|Pettegree|2015|p=129}}}} Ba Wittenberg, statuta-statuta universitas mame'e sitobali dane-dane ena'ö tesis-tesis Luther lafasa ero högö mbawandruhö gosali ba mbanua ba da'ö, ba hiza [[Philip Melanchthon]], si'oföna sibai sanötoi wamasa ''95 Tesis'', ha ba wanötöi högö mbawandruhö gosali fefu niha samati.{{efn|[[Georg Rörer]], juru tulis Luther, mengklaim dalam sebuah catatan bahwa Luther memasangkan tesis-tesis tersebut di setiap pintu gereja.}}{{sfn|Wengert|2015b|p=23}} Melanchthon göi manguma'ö wa Luther no ifasa ''95 Tesis'' me 31 mbaŵa si fulu, ba hiza fanguma'önia andrö hulö na fabö'ö moroi ba wama'ema Luther sifakhai ba wa'emania fangombakha andrö, {{sfn|Brecht|1985|pp=199–200}} ba Luther ifa'ema wa fefu ngawalö kabaratania, no ifa'ema molo'ö si no to'ölö lafalua niha bö'ö ba lö irai möi famabali niha sato.{{sfn|Marius|1999|p=138}} So wa'a faduhu dödö niha iada'a wa Luther ba gafuriata no hulö ifarisayoi wa surani nibe'enia khö Albertus me ngaluo 31 mbaŵa si 10 sitobali famobörö fa'afabö'ö ba niha kerisa (Reformasi Protestan), lö ni fasania zi ''95 Tesis'' ba högö gosali da'ö ofeta ba dalu mbawa si 11, ba tola lö ifalemba ba högö mbawandruhö gosali andrö.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|pp=199–200}} Aefa moroi ba zi no ifa'ema andrö, ''95 Tesis'' nomöi fa'atehöngö ba gotalua ndra amada sagatua-tua, ya'ira sonekhe si so ba Wittenberg lö ara aefa Luther ifa'ohe'ö khö Albertus.{{sfn|Pettegree|2015|p=129}} ''95 Tesis'' lasali ba lafazaewe khö ndra dozi niha somasi, lö ara me aefa ifa'ohe zura khö Uskup Agung Albertus.{{sfn|Hendrix|2015|p=62}} ''95 Tesis'' sangoguna'ö fehede Latin, da'ö la haogö ba [[pamflet]] 4 nga'örö ba [[Basel]], so gö ni haogö moroi [[papan penanda|plakat-plakat]] ba [[Leipzig]] faoma [[Nuremberg]].{{sfn|Hendrix|2015|p=62}}{{sfn|Cummings|2002|p=32}} Na lafaigi ma'afefu, ngaotu ngawua tesis andrö no la raka, lasali ''95 Tesis'' moroi ba li Latin ni raka ba Geremani me 1517. {{Interlanguage link multi|Kaspar Nützel|de}} ba Nuremberg aefa da'ö la ali ba Li Geremani ba ndröfi sifagölö, ba nga'örö ni ali da'ö la fa'ohe'ö ba niha somasi si so ba zi sagörö tanö Geremani,{{sfn|Hendrix|2015|p=62}} hiza, si no la ali da'ö lö si tatu hadia no laraka ma lö'ö.{{sfn|Leppin|Wengert|2015|p=389}}{{efn|Tidak ada satupun salinan dari terjemahan bahasa Jerman 1517 yang terlestarikan.{{sfn|Oberman|2006|p=191}}}} == Fohufa ba zi sambua turia (Reaksi) == Albertus te noa itema zura moroi khö Luther si no mamaogö ''95 Tesis'' ba ngaluo safuria ba mbawa si Felezara. Albertus I'andrö zöndra ndra sangila amakhoita si so ba zekola [[Universitas Mainz]] ba fahuhuo ira ndra sagatua ba da'ö. Hiza söndra moroi khö zifalukha khönia, ena'ö i batogö Luther ba wama'ema huhuo sebua ba gosali solaŵa sura fangefa horö ma indulgensi molo'ö bulla indulgensi. Ba Albertus i'andrö na tola tefalua ba [[Kuria Roma]].{{sfn|Brecht|1985|pp=205–206}} Ba Roma, Luther no ibörötaigö tobali tundra hörö ba tobali fökhö si lötolalö'ö la taha ngawalö zöndrania.{{sfn|Pettegree|2015|p=152}} Ba mbawa si dua döfi 1518, Paus Leo i'andrö kafalo [[Eremit Agustinian]], [[ordo keagamaan]] Luther, ba wame'e khönia fa'aro dödö ena'ö laböhöi ba wamazaewe indulgensi ma sura fangefa horö.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|pp=205–206}} [[Sylvester Mazzolini]] ba baero da'ö lafili ia ba wanura zinura ni'oguna'ö dania ba wolaŵa na ofeta föna zanguhuku (pengadilan).{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=242}} Mazzolini manura sambua högö zura; ''Sebuah Dialog melawan Tesis-Tesis Lancang Martin Luther mengenai Kuasa Sri Paus'', sanandrösa ba wanofu Luther sifakhai ba kuaso Paus moroi ba wama'ema huhuo sebua sanandrösa indulgensi.{{sfn|Hendrix|2015|p=66}} Luther itema zura wogaoni ena'ö möi ia ba Roma ba mbaw si ŵalu 1518.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=242}} Ya'ia itema faoma fangombakha ha'uga mböli zura wangefa horö ma ba li Indonesia ya'ia da'ö; ''Penjelasan dari Perdebatan Mengenai Nilai Indulgensi'', ba da'ö ifatunö wa löhadöi tödönia ba wolaŵa Sri Paus, me da'ö zi no tehöngö meluo da'ö andrö wa i'odödögö ba wamatunö ba wangeheta tufa dödö niha andrö khönia meluo da'ö.{{sfn|Hendrix|2015|p=66}} Me isura ngawalö zöndra molo'ö fangi'ilania, Luther taraso khönia wa no möi fangeheta ya'ia ba wamahaö si no itema i'oroi me ide-ide. Ba imane, wa na no i'ila wa lua-luania simane da'ö ba ngawalö nifa'emania ba walö fao dödönia ba zura wangefa horö, lö ifalua.{{sfn|Marius|1999|p=145}} Irege ''Famahaö” ma “Penjelasan'' da'ö ofeta ma'ökhö lakaoni sitobali karya Reformasi Luther siföföna.{{sfn|Lohse|1986|p=125}} [[Berkas:Wittenberg Thesentuer Schlosskirche.JPG|jmpl|kiri|Bawandruhö Fangelama (Pintu peringatan) ni fasa ba [[Gereja Seluruh Orang Kudus, Wittenberg|Gereja Semua Orang Kudus, Wittenberg]], ba ginötö ngaluo wanörö tödö fa'atumbu Luther si 375 fakhe ba ndröfi si 1858.{{sfn|Stephenson|2010|p=17}}]] [[Johann Tetzel]] manema'ö ''95 Tesis'' sifao fangombakha ba niha ena'ö latunu auri Luther lawa'ö wa sama'ema famahaö si sala ia, ba teolog Konrad Wimpina isura 106 tesis ba wofalalaŵa ba zöndra Luther. Tetzel itolo ba wo falalaŵa tesis andrö ba zi sambua fabu'asa ba Universitas Frankfurt ba Oder ba mbaŵa si sara ba ndröfi si 1518.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|pp=206–207}} 800 ngawua zi no la Sali ba la raka, ba lafa'ohe'ö ba Wittenberg ena'ö la'amawa bada'ö, ba hiza ya'ira iraono sekola mahasiswa si so ba zekola andrö la taha moroi ba zamawa buku, aefa da'ö latunu. Aombö dödö Luther ata'u ia na tebai la'ehaogö wa'akaliru andrö, ba hiza so khönia wangiwa dödö, irasoi wa so'ia ba mbaŵa gameta'uö. Ba wo rara dödö do zi ya'ira si lö fao tödö khönia, ifazaewe sambua huhuo sebua samatunö sura fangefa horö faoma fa'ebua dödö Lowalangi ma “Khotbah tentang Indulgensi dan Rahmat”, ba hiza lö ilaŵa Paus.{{sfn|Hendrix|2015|p=64}} Fafa wangombakha ni sura ba li Geremani, no adogo-dogo ba aoha ba wanema'ö nono mbanua gofu haniha manö ia.{{sfn|Leppin|Wengert|2015|p=389}} Sura siföföna nihaogö Luther andrö, no lafuli la raka ba zi dua wulu kali foraka.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|pp=208–209}} Ba hiza Tetzel itema'ö zura da'ö sifao fa'akhökhö ero numero si so, ba ifakhai ma'ifu ba nösi Daromali Lowalangi faoma ndra sangila amakhoita si tehöngö meluo da'ö.{{sfn|Hendrix|2015|p=65}}{{efn|Pamflet Tetzel berjudul ''Bantahan Terhadap Sebuah Khotbah Lancang dari Dua Puluh Pasal Keliru''.{{sfn|Pettegree|2015|p=144}}}} Fafa gangombakhata nihaogö Tetzel, ambö lafaigi niha tenga simane nihaogö Luther. Ba nahia tanöbö'ö, fanema li moroi khö Luther ba wafa gangombakhata Tetzel si so ba lala misa, nomöi famazawa ba fa'atehöngö döi Luther.{{sfn|Pettegree|2015|p=145}}{{efn|Jawaban Luther atas ''Bantahan'' Tetzel berjudul ''Mengenai Kebebasan dalam Khotbah tentang Indulgensi Kepausan dan Rahmat''. Luther bermaksud membebaskan ''Khotbah'' karyanya dari cercaan Tetzel.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=209}}}} Niha tanöbö'ö si lö fao tödö ba zi no ifaehagö Luther sifakhai ba ''95 Tesis'' ya'ia da'ö Johann Eck, teolog ba Universitas Ingolstadt awönia samösa ba teman Luther. Eck isura sambua zura folawa nitandrösaigönia ba Uskup Eichstätt, nibe'e nia högö zura andrö ya'ia da'ö ''Obelisk''. Högö zura da'ö ifakhai ba dandra [[Dagger (tipografi)|obelus]] ni'oguna'ö ba wo tandrai hezoso zi lö faudu moroi ba Abad Pertengahan. Sura da'ö no sambua fasuwöta samösa si lö mudöna-döna khö Luther, sanguma'ö wa Luther mamalua si lö faudu ba khö Lowalangi, ba Luther bodo. Luther itema faoma ''Asterisk'', högö da'a fakhai ba dandra gurifö ni'oguna'ö sitobali same'e tandra ba nisura soguna sibai. Fanema li moroi khö Luther fao ma'ifu fa'aukhu dödö wanguma'ö wa söndra moroi khö Eck no aröu moroi ba wa'atulö me Eck lö I'ila mbalö hadia zi no isura.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=212}} Fatötöisa Luther faoma Eck, terongo ba niha sato ba wa'owulo ba zisambua inötö nibe'era töi Debat Leipzig ba ndröfi si 1519.{{sfn|Hendrix|2015|p=65}} Luther lakaoni ira Paus, ba wangeheta fanufa töi föna Thomas Cajetan (Gaetanus/Kayetanus) ba Augsburg ba mbaŵa si 10 döfi si 1518. Cajetan lö ibe'e ginötö khö Luther ba wabu'asa sifakhai ba wamahaö zi lö faudu khö Lowalangi si no la fanufa khönia, ba hiza lö ituturu Luther ma ifanufa khönia zi lö atulö ma itudu si no elungu lala,<ref name="Burgess228"/> ba moroi ba da'ö isöndra so dombua zi lö faudu molo'ö ya'ia. Siföföna ya'ia da'ö, ilaŵa tesis ke-58 wa sura fangefa horö ma indulgensi lö fao ba wa'akayo gosali ba tebai I'oguna'ö Paus ba wangefa'ö horö salio-lio ba niha.<ref name="Burgess228"/>{{sfn|Hequet|2015|p=124}} Da'a fatuwu ba bulla kepausan ''Unigenitus'' nifazaewe Paus Klemens VI ba ndröfi si 1343.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=253}} Sidua ya'ia da'ö, hadia si samösa niha aro dödönia wa no te'efa'ö horönia moroi ba wanema sura fangefa horö andrö. Fobotokhi Luther sifakhai ba tesis ke-7 wanguma'ö wa si samösa niha so lohe-lohe ba wamati wa te'efa'ö horönia ba zi no ifakhai goi-goi ma pengakuan sakramental,<ref name="Burgess228">[[#Burgess|Burgess 1989]], hlm. 228.</ref> ba Cajetan ibe'e zöndrania wa samati khö Keriso sangaröu ba dödö, wa tebai so khöra wa'aro dödö föna Lowalangi.{{sfn|Hequet|2015|p=124}} Luther lö omasi ia ifuli idöni furi zi no ifazaewe fangombakha ba niha, ba omasi ia na la fatunö ba kampus. Hiza angandröŵania andrö lö latema, irege Luther ifa'ema gangandröŵania khö Paus, fatua lö iröi Augsburg.{{sfn|Hequet|2015|p=125}} Luther lö la fahede ia ba ndröfi si 1521 aefa itunu bulla kepausan ma Exsurge Domine sameta'u ya'ia ba wondröni furi ngawalö zi no tadoro ifa'ema ba niha sato ba wanema ngawalö zedöna lafalua khönia.{{sfn|Brecht|1985|p=427}} == Ondröita zi no alua (Tinggalan sejarah) == [[Berkas:Göttlicher Schrifftmessiger print.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.3|Niraka nihaogö ba [[Hari Reformasi#Peringatan seratus tahun|Yubileum Reformasi 1617]] mangoroma'ö Luther hewisa ia ba wanura ''95 Tesis'' ba mbawandruhö gosali Wittenberg faoma sambua [[pena bulu]] sebua.]] Fa'afabö'ö indulgensi ma Kontroversi indulgensi ni börötaigö moroi ba ''95 Tesis'' tobali famobörö [[Reformasi Protestan]], sambua [[skisma|perpecahan]] ba gosali Katolik Roma samatumbu'ö fa'afaehu ba wa'auri niha ba he ba foliti sifatohu ba mbanua Eropa.{{sfn|Dixon|2002|p=23}} Luther aefa da'ö mamalua wa sura wangefa horö ma indulgensi lö abölö-bölö sibai na lafaedogö ia ba ngawalö zifabö'ö ba niha sato ba zi so föna, simane fabu'asania khö [[Erasmus]] sanandrösa ba wo kuku wa'omasi niha.{{sfn|McGrath|2011|p=26}} Hiza I'ila göi wa fa'afabö'ö fandrafe moroi ba niha bö'ö, aröu lö eluaha moroi hewisa wolo'ö fa'atulö molo'ö sura ni'omani'ö. Aefa da'ö Luther ilau manura sura sifakhai ''95 Tesis'' ba hiza ya'ia samösa "''[[papist|papis]]''", ma'ifu lö takana khönia wa sura nihaogönia andrö möi fa'aboto ba wamahaö ba gotalua zolo'ö Katolik si no ara so.{{sfn|Marius|1999|p=138}} Hiza, da'a zi möi femaoso fa'aterou dödö Reformasi Protestan, solohe ya'ia ba wedadao ba dadaoma wa'alaŵa ba wamahaö.{{sfn|McGrath|2011|p=26}} ''95 Tesis'' möi fa'atarö ba dödö Luther, wa lö atulö zama'ema famahaö ba gosali irege elungu niha samati ba wanema sura fangefa horö. Baero da'ö, ''95 Tesis'' fasaule moroi ba dekret [[Paus Klemens VI]] sanguma'ö wa indulgensi ya'ia da'ö harato gosali ma [[harta kekayaan Gereja]]. Si lö molo'ö fareta da'a, no möi börö watötöisa ba gotalua gosali meluo da'ö.{{sfn|Wengert|2015a|pp=xliii–xliv}} Ba ngaluo si tölu ngafulu asara ba mbaŵa si fulu ba ndröfi si 1517 (31 Oktober 1517), ngaluo ma inötö Luther ifa'ohe'ö ''95 Tesis'' khö Albertus, ba no labali'ö ngaluo wanörö tödö ba wamörötaigö Reformasi Protestan I'otarai 1527, me inötö Luther faoma ira awönia mamazaŵa galasi duo ba wanörötödö ngaluo hewisa tehundragö zura wangefa horö ma "terinjak-injaknya indulgensi".{{sfn|Stephenson|2010|pp=39–40}} Ba ''Historia de vita et actis Lutheri'' ni surania me döfi si 1548, [[Philip Melanchthon]] ifaogö wamasa ''95 Tesis'' ba historiografi Reformasi Protestan sitobali famörötaigö fohi'a dödö da'ö. Ba [[Yubileum Reformasi 1617]], fanörötödö si out fakhe ba ngaluo si tölu ngafulu a sara mbaŵa si fulu la törö tödö numalö ba gosali Wittenberg, ba nahia ni farisayoi ''95 Tesis'' ifasa Luther. Meluo da'ö lahaogö sambua gambara Luther manura fake fena bulu sebua ba högö mbawandruhö gosali, nifamaedo ba khö Paus Leo X.{{sfn|Cummings|2002|pp=15–16}} Ba ndröfi 1668, 31 Oktober la'osara'ö dödö sitobali ngalua wanörötödö wa'atumbu [[Hari Reformasi]], nifalua ero döfi ba [[Elektorat Sachsen]], sitefazaewe misa ba mbanua Lutheran tanöböö'.{{sfn|Stephenson|2010|p=40}} == Gohe-Gohe ba nitöngöni == == Umbu == {{Reflist|20em}} === Khai-khai baero === * {{cite book |last=Brecht |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Brecht |year=1985 |orig-year=1981 |title=Sein Weg zur Reformation 1483–1521 |language=de |trans-title=Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation 1483–1521 |others=Translated by James L. Schaff |place=Minneapolis, MN |publisher=Fortress |isbn=978-0-8006-2813-0 |url=https://www.questia.com/read/119881926/martin-luther-his-road-to-reformation-1483-1521 |subscription=yes |via=[[Questia]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Burgess |editor-first1=Joseph A. |editor-last2=Gros |editor-first2=Jeffrey |year=1989 |title=Building Unity: Ecumenical Dialogues with Roman Catholic Participation in the United States|publisher=Paulist Press |isbn=0-8091-3040-8 |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ICCi66SNBUoC |ref=Burgess}} * {{cite book |last=Cummings |first=Brian |year=2002 |title=The Literary Culture of the Reformation: Grammar and Grace |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |subscription=yes |via=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187356.001.0001 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187356.001.0001/acprof-9780198187356 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Dixon |first=C. Scott |year=2002 |title=The Reformation in Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/reformationinger0000dixo |place=Malden, Massachusetts |publisher=Blackwell |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hendrix |first=Scott H. |year=2015 |title=Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer |url=https://archive.org/details/martinluthervisi0000hend |place=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-16669-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hequet |first=Suzanne |year=2015 |chapter=The Proceedings at Augsburg, 1518 |title=The Annotated Luther, Volume 1: The Roots of Reform |editor-last=Wengert |editor-first=Timothy J. |place=Minneapolis, MN |publisher=Fortress |isbn=978-1-4514-6535-8 |chapter-url=http://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1692338 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/book/43325 |pages=121–166 |subscription=yes |via=[[Project MUSE]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Junghans |first=Helmar |year=2003 |chapter=Luther's Wittenberg |editor-last=McKim |editor-first=Donald K. |editor-link=Donald McKim |title=Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=20–36 |url=https://www.questia.com/read/107288031/the-cambridge-companion-to-martin-luther |subscription=yes |via=[[Questia]] |ref=harv |access-date=2021-07-30 |archive-date=2017-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902231108/https://www.questia.com/read/107288031/the-cambridge-companion-to-martin-luther |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite journal |last1=Leppin |first1=Volker |last2=Wengert |first2=Timothy J. |year=2015 |title=Sources for and against the Posting of the ''Ninety-Five Theses'' |journal=Lutheran Quarterly |volume=29 |pages=373–398 |url=http://www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/lq-95theses-leppin_wengert.pdf |ref=harv |access-date=2021-07-30 |archive-date=2016-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326124747/http://www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/lq-95theses-leppin_wengert.pdf |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite book |last=Lohse |first=Bernhard |year=1999 |origyear=1995 |title=Luthers Theologie in ihrer historischen Entwicklung und in ihrem systematischen Zusammenhang |language=de |trans-title=Martin Luther's Theology: Its Historical and Systematic Development. Contributors |others=Translated by Roy A. Harrisville |publisher=Fortress |place=Minneapolis, MN |isbn=978-0-8006-3091-1 |url=https://www.questia.com/read/119871550/martin-luther-s-theology-its-historical-and-systematic |subscription=yes |via=[[Questia]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Lohse |first=Bernhard |year=1986 |title=Martin Luther—Eine Einführung in sein Leben und sein Werk |origyear=1980 |trans-title=Martin Luther: An Introduction to His Life and Work |others=Translated by Robert C. Schultz |language=de |publisher=Fortress |place=Minneapolis, MN |isbn=978-0-8006-0764-7 |url=https://www.questia.com/read/120338828/martin-luther-an-introduction-to-his-life-and-work |subscription=yes |via=[[Questia]] |ref=harv |access-date=2021-07-30 |archive-date=2017-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902222716/https://www.questia.com/read/120338828/martin-luther-an-introduction-to-his-life-and-work |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite book |last=Marius |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Marius |year=1999 |title=Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death |url=https://archive.org/details/martinlutherchri00mari |place=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Belknap |isbn=978-0-674-55090-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Alister E. |year=2011 |title=Luther's Theology of the Cross: Martin Luther's Theological Breakthrough |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |place=Malden, MA |url=https://www.questia.com/read/123488797/luther-s-theology-of-the-cross-martin-luther-s-theological |subscription=yes |via=[[Questia]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Noll |first=Mark A. |author-link=Mark A. Noll |year=2015 |title=In the Beginning Was the Word: The Bible in American Public Life, 1492–1783 |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026398-0 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190263980.001.0001/acprof-9780190263980 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190263980.001.0001 |subscription=yes |via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Oberman |first=Heiko A. |author-link=Heiko A. Oberman |year=2006 |origyear=1982 |title=Luther: Mensch zwischen Gott und Teufel |url=https://archive.org/details/luthermanbetween0000ober_f1d7 |trans-title=Luther: Man Between God and the Devil |language=de |others=Translated by Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart |place=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10313-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Pettegree |first=Andres |year=2015 |title=Brand Luther |url=https://archive.org/details/brandluther1517p0000pett |place=New York |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-59420-496-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Stephenson |first=Barry |title=Performing the Reformation: Religious Festivals in Contemporary Wittenberg |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |via=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732753.001.0001 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732753.001.0001/acprof-9780199732753 |subscription=yes |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Waibel |first=Paul R. |year=2005 |title=Martin Luther: A Brief Introduction to His Life and Works |publisher=Harlan Davidson |place=Wheeling, IL |isbn=978-0-88295-231-4 |url=https://www.questia.com/read/117981089/martin-luther-a-brief-introduction-to-his-life-and |subscription=yes |via=[[Questia]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Wengert |first=Timothy J. |year=2015a |title=Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses: With Introduction, Commentary, and Study Guide |place=Minneapolis, MN |publisher=Fortress |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/43237 |subscription=yes |via=[[Project MUSE]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Wengert |first=Timothy J. |year=2015b |chapter=[The 95 Theses or] Disputation for Clarifying the Power of Indulgences, 1517 |title=The Annotated Luther, Volume 1: The Roots of Reform |editor-last=Wengert |editor-first=Timothy J. |place=Minneapolis, MN |publisher=Fortress |isbn=978-1-4514-6535-8 |chapter-url=http://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1692334 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/book/43325 |pages=13–46 |subscription=yes |via=[[Project MUSE]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Wicks |first=Jared |year=1967 |title=Martin Luther's Treatise on Indulgences |journal=Theological Studies |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=481–518 |url=http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/28/28.3/28.3.2.pdf |ref=harv |access-date=2021-07-30 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181523/http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/28/28.3/28.3.2.pdf |dead-url=yes }} [[Kategori:1517]] [[Kategori:Lutheranisme]] [[Kategori:Martin Luther]] [[Kategori:Reformasi Protestan]] o9co2j7vo7js3tttnj9uepqdzeuzxho 0 2593 27649 27611 2026-08-17T14:15:54Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox spesies |item = Q20980826 <!--taksonomi untuk Felis catus dari Wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20980826--> |synonyms= *''[[Felis silvestris]] catus'' <small>([[sinonim subyektif]])</small><ref name="Driscoll" /> *''[[Felis catus]] domestica'' <small>([[sinonim junior]] tidak valid)</small><ref name="ITIS F.c.d.">{{cite web |url= http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=727487 |title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Felis catus domestica |work=ITIS Online Database |accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> *''F. catus domesticus'' {{small|Erxleben, 1777}}<ref name=Erxleben>{{Cite book |last=Erxleben |first=J. C. P. |year=1777 |title=Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm synonymia et historia animalivm. Classis I. Mammalia |location=Lipsiae |publisher=Weygandt |pages=520–521 |chapter=Felis Catus domesticus |chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/iochristpolycerx00erxl/page/520}}</ref> *''F. angorensis'' {{small|[[Karl Christian Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788}} *''F. vulgaris'' {{small|Fischer, 1829}} }} '''Mao''' ba li Indonesia lamane '''Kucing''' so göi zanötöi '''kucing domestik'''<ref name="MSW3fc">{{MSW3 Carnivora|id=14000031 |pages=534–535 |heading=Species ''Felis catus''}}</ref><ref name="ITIS F.c.">{{cite web |url= http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183798 |title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Felis catus |work=ITIS Online Database |year=2011 |publisher=[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] |location=Reston, Virginia |accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> ma mao nifaliaro ba nomo ba Ii Indonesia ya'ia da'ö '''kucing rumah''' ''nama ilmiah'': ''Felis silvestris catus'' mazui ''Felis catus'') ya'ia da'ö sifagölö moroi ba gurifö so'ono ma ba wehede wamahaö ba zekola lamane; ''mamalia karnivora'' moroi ba ''Familia Felidae''. Fehede Mao ma si no la'ila döinia ba li Indonesia ya'ia da'ö; "kucing" andre, teŵa'ö ia ba Mao si no mauwu ba nofaliaro ba nomo,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/housecat |title="Housecat" in the American Heritage Dictionary |publisher=Education.yahoo.com |accessdate=6 Oktober 2010 |archive-date=2013-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022174554/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/housecat |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ba hiza tola göi teŵa'ö ia khö Mao Sebua ma "kucing besar" simane [[Singo]] ma ba li Indonesia la'ila latötöi lamane '''singa''' faoma [[Harimo]] ba li Indonesia ya'ia da'ö '''harimau'''. Mao no fariawö ba wa'auri niha I'otarai meföna ma önö ngahönö fatua lö situmbu Yesu ma laŵa'ö ia ba wanötöi si sökhi ba li Indonesia ya'ia da'ö ‘''6.000 tahun SM''', te'ila moroi ba döla mao nisöndra ba [[Siprus|Pulau Siprus]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet Helen and Aphrodite, Cyprus's indigenous cats|url =http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2009-11/03/content_8904093.htm|work=China Daily|accessdate = 3 November 2009}}</ref> Niha dawa Misirai (Mesir Kuno) moroi ba ndröfi si tölu ngahönö a lima ngaotu fakhe fatua lö situmbu Yesu (3.500 SM) no lafaliaro Mao ba wameta'u te'u ma ngawalö gurifö samakiko basitö zohalöŵö ba nowi hegöi si so ba halasa.<ref name="9500 years">{{cite web| title = Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9500-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus|url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0408_040408_oldestpetcat.html|accessdate = 6 March 2007 |date=8 April 2004|publisher=National Geographic News}}</ref> Ba ginötö iada'a, mao nosa'ae sambua moroi ba zoya gurifö nirorogö ma nifaliaro si tehöngö ba zisagörö ulidanö.<ref name=SciAm>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-taming-of-the-cat |title=The Evolution of House Cats |publisher=Scientific American |author=Carlos A. Driscoll, Juliet Clutton-Brock, Andrew C. Kitchener and Stephen J. O'Brien |accessdate=26 August 2009}}</ref> Mao si no tesura lala waö-waö we'asora ba gulidanö, ya'ia da'ö mao simane mao ''trah'' mazui galur murni (''pure breed''), simane mao Persia, Mao Siam, Mao Manx, faoma mao Sphinx. Mao simane da'a la oya'ö ia ba nahia wamaliaro urifö si no latatugöi. Fa'oya Mao simane da'ö ha 1% moroi ba mao ba zi sagörö ulidanö, sitörania ya'ia da'ö mao si no teforudugö ira mao mbanua faoma mao si lö nahia ma mao si so ba mbenua misa, si lö lafaliaro niha. == Waö-waö ngandroto faoma fa'atedou ba wa'auri (Taksonomi dan evolusi) == [[Berkas:AfricanWildCat.jpg|jmpl|Kucing liar Afrika, ''Felis silvestris lybica'', ya'ia da'ö böröta moroi ba mao mbanua.]] ''Felidae'' ya'ia da'ö mao moroi ba ''familia mamalia'' si no manema fa'afabö'ö ngawalö wa'auri ba wa'alio moroi ba nina mao si tohare moroi ba mböröta mao soya moroisa, sifagölö ha 10–15&nbsp;juta ngahönö si lalö<ref name="Johnson 1997">{{Cite journal |title=Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Felidae Using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 Mitochondrial Genes |last=Johnson |first=Warren |last2=O'Brien |first2=Stephen J. |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |year=1997 |volume=44 |issue=0 |pages=S98–S116 |doi=10.1007/PL00000060 |pmid=9071018 }}</ref> ba tefarahu ba zingo, harimo, ''cougar'' ba oya nasa danöbö'ö. Ba nga'ötö da'a, mao mbanua ma asese lamane ia ba li Indonesia ''kucing domestik'' ma (''Felis catus'') no amotola moroi ba ''genus Felis'', si tefarahu ba gangolifa mao side-ide si so ba zi fitu ngawalö mao (molo'ö moroi ba gangolifania).<ref name="MSW3fc" /><ref name="ITIS F.">{{cite web |url= http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180586 |title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Felis |work=ITIS Online Database |accessdate=14 December 2011 }}</ref> Ngambatö moroi ba ngawalö mao da'a, tesöndra ba zi sagörö ulidanö ba farahu Mao Kara ma mao gatua khönia(''Felis chaus'') moroi ba Asia Tenggara, Mao kara Eropa(''F. silvestris silvestris''), Mao kara Afrika (''F. s. lybica''), Mao hili China(''F. bieti''), faoma Mao Arab (''F. margarita''), ba gotalua zoya.<ref name="Stefoff">{{Cite book |publisher=Benchmark Books |location=New York |isbn=0-7614-1577-7 |last=Stefoff |first=Rebecca |title=Cats |url=https://archive.org/details/cats00stef |date=November 2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cats00stef/page/34 34] }}</ref> Mao mbanua si'oföna sibai la angolifagö sitobali ''Felis catus'' nibe'e namada [[Carolus Linnaeus]] bakha ba [[edisi ke-10 Systema Naturae|edisi ke-10 ''Systema Naturae'']]-nya nifaehagö ba ndröfi si 1758.<ref name="MSW3fc" /><ref name="hasilan otomatis1">{{Cite book|last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |authorlink=Carl Linnaeus |title=''Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis'' |publisher=Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii) |year=1766 |page=62 |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k99004c/f62.chemindefer |accessdate=2 April 2008 |language=la |volume=1 |edition=12th |origyear=1758}}</ref> Börö me [[filogenetika]] sibohou, Mao mbanua sito'ölönia lakaoni ia lamane subspesies moroi ba mao kara, ''F. silvestris''.<ref name="MSW3fc" /><ref name="Driscoll" /><ref name="MSW3fs">{{MSW3 Carnivora|pages=536–537|id=14000057|heading=Species ''Felis silvestris''}}</ref> Da'a no möi ba fa'afaruka wangoguna'ö ngawalö wogaoni, börö me Mao mbanua lakaoni ''subspecies''-nia, ''Felis silvestris catus''.<ref name="MSW3fc" /><ref name="Driscoll" /><ref name="MSW3fs" /> Mao kara lakaoni göi ba gangolifa subspesies ''F. catus'',<ref name="MSW3fs" /> ba hiza me döfi si 2003, [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] no la be'e döi ba mao kara ya'ia da'ö ''F. silvestris''.<ref name="ICZN">{{Cite journal |title=Opinion 2027 |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=60 |publisher=[[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] (ICZN) |year=2003 |url= http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iczn/BZNMar2003opinions.htm |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110609014212/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iczn/BZNMar2003opinions.htm |archivedate= 9 June 2011 }}</ref> Töi ni'ila niha ni'oguna'ö ba Mao mbanua ya'ia da'ö ''F. catus'', na lago'ö wamatörö töi ba gurifö nifaliaro mangoguna'ö fehede sifagölö si'oföna ''(senior)'' ni fasao ma bua wangera-ngera si tola tobali söndra ba wotatugöi ya'ia.<ref name="ICZN" /> Ba itaria göi mao mbanua andre latötöi ia ''Felis domesticus''<ref name="MacDonald">{{Cite journal |title=Nutrition of the domestic cat, a mammalian carnivore |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-nutrition_1984_4/page/521 |last=MacDonald |first=M. L. |last2=Rogers |first2=Q. R. |last3=Morris |first3=J. G. |journal=Annual Review of Nutrition |volume=4 |pages=521–562 |year=1984 |pmid=6380542 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002513 }}</ref> ma ''Felis domestica'',<ref name="MSW3fc" /> simane si no lafaehagö ira sohalöŵö ba naturalis Jerman [[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben|J. C. P. Erxleben]] ba ndröfi si 1777 ba hiza da'a tengan töi-töi ngandroto ma taksonomi valid si lö asese la'oguna'ö ba zinura ba wamahaö, literatur ilmiah,<ref name="MacDonald"/> börö binomial Linnaeus ni'ofönai'ö.<ref name="Vella">{{Cite book |title=Robinson's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians |edition=4th |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=0-7506-4069-3 |last=Vella |first=Carolyn M. |author2=Shelton, Lorraine M. |author3=McGonagle, John J. |author4= Stanglein, Terry W. |year=1999 |page=3}}</ref> Sambua gorudua mao kara saitö ya'ia da'ö '''Transkaukasus''' mazui '''Transkaukasia''' no'irao laföfögö ya'ia da'ö ''Felis daemon''<small> ([[Konstantin Alekseevich Satunin|Satunin]] 1904)</small> ba hiza iada'a orudua da'a no tobali ma tola lamane angolifa mao mbanua.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru/ |title=Catalogue of the Specimens of Caucasian Large Mammalian Fauna in the Collection of The National Museum of Georgia |publisher=Caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru |accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref> Fefu mao ba gangolifa da'a moroi ba nga'ötö soya si no irai auri me 6–7&nbsp;juta fakhe si lalö ba Asia.<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |title=The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-01-06_311_5757/page/73 |journal=Science |year=2006 |pmid=16400146 |last=Johnson |first=Warren E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=Stephen J. |bibcode = 2006Sci...311...73J }}</ref> Fa'afakhai sindruhu bakha ba Felidae ahatö ba hiza lö nasa si tatu,<ref name="Mattern" /><ref name="Masuda 1996">{{Cite journal |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Mitochondrial Cytochrome b and 12S rRNA Sequences in the Felidae: Ocelot and Domestic Cat Lineages |last=Masuda |first=R. |author2=Lopez, J. V. |author3=Slattery, J. P. |author4=Yuhki, N. |author5= O'Brien, Stephen J. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |year=1996 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=351–365 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1996.0085 |pmid=8975691 }}</ref> simane mao hili Cina, itaria lafaogö ba gangolifa ''Felis silvestris bieti'' sitobali ''upaspesies'' mao kara, simane ngawalö moroi ba Afrika Utara ''F. s. lybica''.<ref name="Driscoll" /><ref name="Mattern">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00354.x |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=232–253 |last=Mattern |first=Michelle Y. |title=Phylogeny and Speciation of Felids |journal=Cladistics |year=2000 |last2=McLennan |first2=Deborah A. }}</ref> Na lafaedogö ia ba Nasu, Mao lö itörö wa'atedou ebua ba ginötö la'ila wa tola nifaliaro tobali mao mbanua, börö me amuata mao mbanua tenga simane amuata mao kara ba gatua si tola bataha ba gatua soya utu ndru'u.<ref name="Lipinski">{{Cite journal |title=The Ascent of Cat Breeds: Genetic Evaluations of Breeds and Worldwide Random-bred Populations |last=Lipinski |first=Monika J. |author2=Froenicke, Lutz |author3=Baysac, Kathleen C. |author4=Billings, Nicholas C. |author5=Leutenegger, Christian M. |author6=Levy, Alon M. |author7=Longeri, Maria |author8=Niini, Tirri |author9= Ozpinar, Haydar |journal=Genomics |date=January 2008 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 |pmid=18060738 |pmc=2267438 }}</ref><ref name="CameronBeaumont">{{Cite journal|title=Evidence Suggesting Pre-adaptation to Domestication throughout the Small Felidae |last=Cameron-Beaumont |first=Charlotte |last2=Lowe |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Bradshaw |first3=John W. S. |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2002 |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=361–366 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00028.x |url=http://www.neiu.edu/~jkasmer/Biol498R/Readings/essay1-06.pdf |accessdate=29 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609020351/http://www.neiu.edu/~jkasmer/Biol498R/Readings/essay1-06.pdf |archivedate=9 June 2011 }}</ref> Mao si so ba nomo si no mauwu, asese alua wa'afaruka ba mao ''F. catus'' [[liar]].<ref name="Bradshaw1999">{{Cite journal |title=Feral Cats: Their Role in the Population Dynamics of ''Felis catus'' |last=Bradshaw|author2=Horsfield, G. F. |author3=Allen, J. A. |author4= Robinson, I. H. |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |year=1999 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=273–283 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00086-6 }}</ref> Fa'afabö'ö mao andre ba ginötö wame'e töi ba mbanua si so ya'ita eluahania wa hibridisasi tola ''Hibrida Felidae#Kucing domestik faoma hibridisasi|alua sifao fa'oya Felidae danöbö'', si'oföna mao leopard ba Asia.<ref name="Oliveira">{{Cite journal|last=Oliveira |first=R. |author2=Godinho, R. |author3=Randi, E. |author4= Alves, P. C. |title=Hybridization Versus Conservation: Are Domestic Cats Threatening the Genetic Integrity of Wildcats (''Felis silvestris silvestris'') in Iberian Peninsula? |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=363 |issue=1505 |page=295329861 |year=2008 |pmid=18522917 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0052 |pmc=2606743}}</ref> So ngawalö gamuata sito'ölö mao kara te börö me no Preadaptasi ma simöi fa'afabö'ö numalö ba gurifö nifaliaro.<ref name="CameronBeaumont" /> Si tola oroma ba mao andrö ya'ia da'ö, ba wa'ide-ide mboto, hewisa ia ba zamaliaro ya'ia, hadia so khönia nasa wa'amao karania, ba omasi ia famai-mai.<ref name="Fogle">{{Cite book |last=Fogle |first=Bruce (ed.) |title=Interrelations Between People and Pets |year=1981 |publisher=Charles C. Thomas Publications |isbn=0-398-04169-5}}</ref>{{rp|12–17}} So moroi ba ngafu Felidae lö oya zitola mauwu he no tefahaö ia wa'atoröi ba nomo zamaliaro ya'ia.<ref name="CameronBeaumont" /> Mao so khönia wa'afahuwu ba niha, lö ata'u ia niha [[mutualisme|mutualistik]] ma zui [[komensalisme|komensal]]. So dombua zi no la latöngöni niha wangosisi'ö hewisa ena'ö mauwu mao kara andrö. (domestikasi). Ba nifalua siföföna, niha mangodödögö ba wa mauwu mao moroi ba wamili [[seleksi buatan]] me mao göi na sambua gurifö sondra'u ba simanga hama (predator hama).<ref name="OConnor">{{Cite journal |title=Wild or Domestic? Biometric Variation in the Cat ''Felis silvestris'' |last=O'Connor |first=T. P. |journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology |year=2007 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=581–595 |doi=10.1002/oa.913 }}</ref> Da'a no tefahela ma tefalalaŵa me ambö fatema ba dödö niha, me lö oya tola tefalua lala simane da'a, mao molo'ö sito'ölönia lö lago'ö hadia ia nibawa ma nifamaha khönia heŵa'ae no la'ila niha wa mao andre, urifö sondra'u önia simane te'u, ma zui hadia manö zi tola la'a ''[[ferret]]'' mazui [[terrier]] te abölö sökhi ba wo feta'u ngawalö zamakiko.<ref name="Driscoll">{{Cite journal |title=In the Light of Evolution III: Two Centuries of Darwin Sackler Colloquium: From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets&nbsp;– An Evolutionary View of Domestication |last=Driscoll |first=C. A. |last2=MacDonald |first2=D. W. |last3=O'Brien |first3=Stephen J. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=106 |issue=S1 |pages=9971–9978 |year=2009 |pmid=19528637 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0901586106 |pmc=2702791 |bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.9971D }}</ref> Lala tanöbö'ö ya'ia da'ö, mao la famaha ena'ö tola aefa ira moroi ba wa'auri ba danö molo'ö hewisa wa'abatahara ba nomo zamaliaro ya'ira, me hadia zi so zifasui niha ngawalö zi tola la'a tola möi fondröni dödöra ba mangahono ba nomo nih.<ref name="Driscoll" /> == Sikhala (Karakteristik) == Mao nifaliaro ma mao ba nomo sambua moroi ba zoya simanga ahuluania, mao fao ba gangolifa sitehöngö ba wondra'u ahuluania ba zisagörö ulidanö. Mao andre tola mondra'u ngahönö ngawalö zaliŵa-liŵa si tola la'a, na mao kara atö ha ndrege otu ngawalö. Ba hiza börö me botonia ide-ide, mao nifaliaro lö ata'u niha wanguri ya'ia. Sitola möi fa'ata'u niha simane naso khönia ngawalö wökhö na i usu niha ma zui na göna za'ania. Mao tola famobörö de'ala ba zisambua nahia, ba zitenga nahiania. Ba zi no irai alua, mao idugu taya ba ngafunia. Mao andre, arakhagö fagölö ira zimane na mondra'u zingo [[singa]] faoma harimo [[harimau]], la usu mbagi faoma ifö satarö, irege göna gamaudu naha noso ni ra'unia, simöi alele döla, ba tekifu noso ba mate gahuluara. [[Berkas:Gambara Mao so ndrau teu.png|kiri|jmpl|Mao si no lafaliaro mondra'u te'u ba nomo (''Rattus rattus diardii'').]] Mao na la ila niha wa simanga nagole ma ba li wamahaö ba zekola laŵa'ö ia "karnivora yang sempurna" na lafaigi molo'ö ba nifö faoma lala ba wo fangamöi ngawalö ö si numalö ba mbotonia. Ifö mao ma Gigi premolar faoma molar si'oföna sibai so dua rozi nifönia satarö si so ba ngai mbewenia faoma fatambai, so tatawi ngawalö nagole ni'ania. Heŵa'ae sikhala simane da'a tesöndra ba gangolifa mao tanöbö'ö simane [[Canidae]] mazui asu, hiza i sikhala da'a alio manöi ma monönö wangi'ila niha moroi ba mao. Tenga simane simanga nagole tanöbö'ö, mao arakhagö lö la'a ngawalö zifarukha ba zinanö. [[Beru]] ma zui [[Asu]] fa'itaria la'a mbua zinanö, wa'a zinanö, ma zui we simane we zigu-sigu naso, na mao tenga simane da'ö, ha nagole ni'ara sito'ölönia hadia zi no la ra'u samösa. Ba hiza meno oi la faliaro ia niha, ba no la akasigö ena'ö so wamalala gö me moguna ba wa'atedou ma ba wa'abataha ba wa'auri, aröu sibai fabö'ö ira nasu nifaliaro, itaria la'a göra heŵa'ae tenga nagole. Hewa'ae no oroma ba niha wa mao andre, sambua gurifö somasi ha sageu-sageu ia ba nahiania, ba tola göi owulo ira ba zisambua ngafu, hiza lö khöra fo fakai zi so bangaira, tenga simane singo. Ero-ero mao andre, ba so nahiara zamösana, na simatua atö ba abölö ebolo nahia zi so ia, ba mao andre no göi faoma lazago nawöra, ba na so atö nifadönira ba faoma langöngö nawöra, ba alua warawisa side-ide. Mao sifarawi ma si fa'udu khö nawönia, sito'ölönia, iköröbui ia, ba no mosindro yaŵa mbu zörinia, ba wangoroma'ö khö mao tanöbö'ö hulö zebua sibai ia. Na fa'udu atö ira, fatafari ba mbawa, faoma fa'usu. Ba fa'udusara lö irai so wa'amesokho sabölö-bölö, me na so atö zi kala ba alio sibai ilau moloi irege lö monönö zesokhonia. Mao sasese fa'udu sagötö wa'aurinia, mao simatua. Oroma moroi ba laheto zokho börö wa'udusu ba mbawa. Si alawe tenga lö fa'udu hiza i tenga simane fa'asese wa'udusa zimatua, ha na itaboi zameta'u ononia. Na lafaigi molo'ö hewisa gamuata mao ba ginötö iada'a, mao kara ma mao gatua sitobali böröta mao nifaliaro, no so wa'afabö'ö moroi ba wetaro zalua ba danö simate ba waö-waö nitöröra so deu ba so lökhö, irege oi so wa'afabö'ö ba mboto gurifö andrö, so zawe'e-we'e bu, ba tanöbö'önia. Mao omasi ira zanaukhu-naukhu, ba asese lalau molokhoi ba haga luo, baero da'ö, mao lö omasi ia zi ta'unö, na itibo'ö zita'unönia, ba balugö ma iko'o, sitobali tandra wa lö omasi ia na la'ila zita'unönia. Hiza mao andrö, itaha ibali'ö ia adu lömaliŵa-liŵa ia, simane ba ginötö itarogö gönia simane te'u, btn. Ba danö [[Afrika Utara]] tesöndra nasa mao kara, ma sahatö ba mao nifaliaro mane ma'ökhö. Börö me so wa'afahatöra ba gurifö sauri ba danö simate (padang gurun), irege ambö bataha ira ba danö soya sau, teu, ba namo satoru börö wa'okafu-kafu, heŵa'ae so zimane mao ''Norwegian Forest Cat'' faoma ''Maine Coon'' si tola bataha; ba lafaogö ira ba wangodödögö ba wame'e fa'abataha ba wa'aukhu mbotora, ya'ia da'ö 39°C, ba wetaro fa'abasö. Arakhagö fefu mao lö omasi ba nidanö, baero mao ''Turkish Van'' ba gotalua mao soya si lö ata'u ba nidanö. [[Berkas:White Cat Nursing Four Kittens.jpg|ka|230px|jmpl|Öfa nga'eu nono mao zamaenu khö ninania.]] Inötö wanabina ma ''gestasi'' mao ya'ia da'ö, önö ngafulu a tölu ngaluo (63 hari). Ono mao tumbu balunö ba afiso. Hörö nono mao awena teboka na no irugi ŵalu ofeta fulu ngaluo ndröfi nia (8-10 hari). Ono mao fao khö ninania, döfi önö ofeta fitu migu( 6-7 minggu) ba fangi'ila hewisa ba wa'omasi khö zi'alawe ma simatua, ba ndröfi si fulu ofeta felelima waŵa (10-15 bulan). Mao tola manabina ofeta öfa nga'eu nononia, me naha nono mao so öfa nahia sifabö'ö-bö'ö. Fa'abua mboto mao so ba zi 2,5 irugi 7 kilo ba lö'irai töra moroi ba zi 10&nbsp;kilo. Na labe'e gönia töra moroi ba zi to'ölö, fa'abua mao tola ikhamö ba zi 23&nbsp;kilo. Ba da'a tatu manö lö sökhi ba mboto mao, irege da'a no sambua ni laŵa ba wanguri mao. Ba nahia wamaliaro mao, mao andre tola ikhamö 15 ofeta 20 fakhe, mao fondrege satua si no irai so ba gulidanö ya'ia da'ö tölu ngafulu a ŵalu fakhe a tölu hari (38 tahun 3 hari) nibe'e töi [[Creme Puff]]. Mao nifaliaro sitebai la'efasi baero nomo, da'a zanau noso, me aefa ira ba wa'udusa ba mao tanöbö'ö si so baero nomo. Mao kara tola fataha ndrege dua fakhe, tola ambö. Mao faliarotö si so ba nomo niha, la haogö nahiania faoma kota-kota naha zi ta'unö, kota-kota zita'unö da'ö labe'e khönia gawu, da'a oya la'amawa ba naha zamawa soguna ba mao. Baero gawu, labe'e khönia göi naha worawi ma naha sitola ikhakha'ai faoma sa'ania. Da'a ba wo'alösi fa'atekiko wakake si so ba nomo. Asese sibai mao mamili-mili ö nia. Me mao andre so khönia wa'atarö ba wangago gofu hadia manö si so ba gararonia ni tötöi faoma ''organ vomeronasal'' mazui ''organ Jacobson''. Na so atö wa'atetuli ndroto-ndrotonia da'a moroi ba zi sambua ö, ba hiza fangago mao manöngöni hua gö da'ö, irege fefu gö sitenga hua gö si no itandroi andrö, lö omasi ia i'a.<!--When a cat wrinkles its muzzle, lowers its chin, and lets its tongue hang a bit, it is opening the passage to the vomeronasal. This is called gaping. Gaping is the equivalent of the [[Flehmen response]] in other animals, such as [[dogs]] and [[horses]]--> [[Berkas:Catpupil03042006.jpg|jmpl|230px|Hörö mao. Hörögö ''membrana nictitans'' hulö guö sanifi sibai sola'a-la'a safusi si so ba gi'o.]] Mao tola ifaigi nifaiginia ba haga sitara sibai. So khöra nifotöi guö ndrumi ''Selaput Pelangi '' ma ''iris'' sangahaogö nahia ba hörö si fasösö. Hewa'ae no simanö, fa'afasösö da'a ba wo'alösi nahia wamaigi ba mao. Sambua ngandroto ni fotöi ''tapetum lucidum''ni'oguna'ö ba nahia si lö oya. Ngandroto da'a zame'e la'a-la'a ba hörö mao na la foto ia mangoguna'ö haga (blitz). Simane ngawalö gurifö simanga nagole, mao andre sambua gurifö ba gotalua gurifö soya, dombua hörö mao föna so, mame'e otalua ba wamaigi ngawalö zi so ba zifasui ya'ia, mo'alösi fa'ebua nahia ba wamaiginia. Hörö mao so khönia famaigi tanöbö'ö ma (persepsi) ma laŵa'ö Trikromasi si tebai. Na haga si lö oya sibai ba wamaigi ngawalö hadia ia, mao mangoguna'ö bu mbewe ma "kumis" ma ''vibrissae'' ba wame'e tandra khönia he zo wetahö fetaro numalö ia, da'a no sambua fonönö ngandroto sorasoi ngawalö zalua ba zifasui ya'ia. Simane na so nangi, mao tola i'ila hadia ngawalö zi so ba zifasui ya'ia hewa'ae lö ifaigi. Bu Mbewe mao andre zame'e tandra khönia simane na so nahia side-ide simane ba pipa nidanö, tola i'ila wa namöi ia bakha wa hasambalö tolazi ia. Mao so khönia wenaeta si tölu ba hörönia nibe'e töi membran pengelip ma asese laŵa'ö göi membrana niktitans. Fenaeta hörönia andre tefa'anö ya'ia da'ö fenaeta sanifi so balugö hörö ba oroma ia na teboka hörönia. Fetaro da'a mondruhö hörönia na mofökhö ia. Simanö göi na manuköu ma omuso dödönia, oroma wenaete hörö da'a khönia. Li mao asese lasura "meong" ba li [[bahasa Indonesia]]. Na ba li Inggris ni'oguna'ö ba Amerika, li mao lasura faoma "meow". Ba mbanua ba danö Inggris samösa, lasura faoma "miaow", "miaow" ba li Prancis, "miau" ba li Geremani ma Jerman, "nya" ba wehede Jepang ba ngawalö nasa wanura tanöbö'ö ba gangolifa wehede. Li "meong" mao so khönia ngawalö geluaha molo'ö fanötöi ma hewisa li mao andre ba zi sambua nahia. Mao göi so khöni li hulö zihago sasese somasi niha wamondrongo. Mao fefu gofu hezo so wetarora ba gulidanö, talingara no mozizio ma lö manaombe tou. Tenga simane dalinga nasu, sitefatö tou. Ngawalö mao sotöi ''Scottish Fold'' sambua bagotalu zoya mao sifabö'ö ma'ifu moroi khö danöbö'önia, na aukhu ia ma na ata'u ia, mosindro dalingania, ba hulö zifangöngö li nia. Na la rongo sambua li, talingania maliŵa ba wetaro he zo moroi li da'ö, talinga mao tola möi miföna, ba ngai, ba itaria hulö möi mifuri. Mao sambua gurifö sifao ba gangolifa si lö omasi ta'unö. Simane na so ginötönia ba lafelai mbura. Saliva ma idanö gararo mao, sambua fangalösö si sökhi ba mbura, ba hiza tola göi tobali fa'ali-ali na göna ba niha. Itaria mao la utaini gölu-ölu mbu ma hairball si no la'a si so ba mbetu'ara. Mao urifö soya mörö ena'ö lö alö wa'abölöra. Fa'ara wemörö mao ero ma'ökhö 12-16 za, ma so ba rata-rata 13-14 za ba so göi zi mörö ofeta 20 za. == Amuata Mao(Perilaku kucing) == === Mohago (Mendengkur) === Mao hulö zohago na so wa'omuso dödö. Ha mao zolau li simane da'a. Tenga ha na so zomusö dödönia, hiza terongo li mao simane da'ö na edöna so wa'afökhö khönia, na mo'ono, ba simanö göi na lafaenu nonora. Na la fagölösi ba Gelombang Hertz ba li mao so ba zi 25 ofeta 150. Ba wetaro sadogo-dogo, fohago mao arakhagö fagölö ira li moto na awena la orifi. Baero mao nifaliaro, mao sohago tanöbö'ö, ya'ia da'ö mao gatua, cheetah, lynx faoma puma. Hiza na ba khö Harimo, Singo lö khöra fehago, na khöra mohaŵa, ba molo'ö si no lafareso ira amada sangila amakhoita, wa na urifö sohaŵa, lö mohago. === Mamera'ö (Memijat) === Mamera'ö awönia sambua zasese lafalua mao. Lala wolau famera'ö awöra ya'ia da'ö ofade'a-de'a lalu'ania kambölö ba takera, lafalali-lali, ba itaria göi möi baero za'ara. Ba na lalau da'ö sifao li zi hulö zihago. Na ba ginötö mamaenu nono mao, ba hiza lalau la bözi-bözi dalu ninara. Da'a lala ena'ö möi baero nidanö zusu ninara. Na la fera'ö atö zokhö ya'ira da'ö dandra wa ahono dödöra wangagö omo da'ö. Ba so khöra wanandroi wa ni fera'öra andrö, sokhö ya'ira. === Mamadölö hulu (Refleks Meluruskan) === Mamadölö hulu sambua fa'onekhe ni'okhögö mao ba wohole'ö ya'ira na aekhu hezoso ira. Da'a no so ba mao si no ikhamö 3-4 migu ndröfinia, ba nano 7 migu sa'ae ba no simane mao si no ebua. Da'a börö döla mao fetaro dölahulu, mangandrauli-mangandrauli ma ba li Indonesia ia laŵa'ö fleksibel. == Angolifa Mao (Ras kucing) == [[Nga'ötö Mao]] Faigi [[Ngawalö Mao]] [[Berkas:Karin Maine Coon.jpg|jmpl|Maine Coon nga'ötö mao sebua. Fa'anau mbotora ikhamö ba zi 1,5 mete.]] [[Berkas:BurMau Vega Star, champagne burmese kitten.jpg|jmpl|Kucing ras Burmese.]] [[Berkas:Kemra2.jpg|jmpl|Chinchilla longhair.]] Angolifa mao ba zi sagörö ulidanö no oya sibai. Ero sambua nga'ötö, so khöra waehuta faoma mao tanöbö'ö, ha ya'i börö me asese faruka zimatua mao ba gangolifa mao tanöbö'ö ba no möi famöfögö mao ba zi dombua angolifa sebua ya'ia da'ö; mao sanau bu, ba mao sadogo-dogo bu. No oya gangolifa nga'ötö mao, simane nifa'oli ba da'a mitou: ;Ocicat Sinura sifakhai ba [[Ocicat]] :Ocicat ya'ia da'ö sageu mao moroi ba ngafu soya si no faruka ba mao ni'uri faoma mao kara. Tandrania mao da'a bu nia arakhagö fagölö ira mao kara, ogara-gara. ;Manx Sinura Mao [[Manx]] :Manx ya'ia da'ö mao sitesöndra ba hulo Manx. So niha zanötöi mao da'a, ya'ia da'ö ''Rumpy''. Manx i'onia no adogo-dogo, ba bunia so zaraidö-raidö. Mao da'ö lö faröi, lö amu'i ba to la ni'azari. ;Maine Coon Sinura Mao [[Maine Coon]] :Maine Coon ya'ia da'ö mao si'onarai ba Maine, Amerika Serikat. Mao da'a nga'ötö moroi ba mao Anggora Turki faoma American Shorthair. Mao da'a ailafö, ba mauwu. Bu nia anifi-nifi, ba oya la'a-la'a. ;British Shorthair Sinura Mao [[British Shorthair]] :Mao da'a la faliaro ba mbanua Inggris. Mao da'a no ahono-hono, ba tola ni faha'ö. Bu nia sito'ölönia ha sambua la'a-la'a ma dombua la'a-la'a. Si sambua la'a-la'a simane afusi, owuge'e, aitö, na si dombua la'a-la'a simane aitö (hitam pekat) faoma ogara-gara (belang). ;Burmese Sinura Mao [[Burmese]] :Burmese mao nifaliaro namada Dr. Joseph Thompson ba mbanua Amerika Serikat me döfi si 1930. Bu mao da'a a raidö-raidö (cokelat musang), owuge'e ''champagne'', btn. Mao da'a fawude-wude sibai. ;Chinchilla Longhair Sinura sifakhai Mao [[Chinchilla Longhair]] ma laŵa'ö [[Kucing Persia]] :Chinchilla Longhair mao si'onarai ba mbanua Inggris. Mao da'a no ahono-hono. Tebagi dua ngawalö mao da'a ya'ia da'ö Chinchilla so la'a-la'a soyo ba sambua tö so hawu-hawu aitö (perak gradasi). == Ngawalö la'a-la'a mbu mao (Macam warna) == Sinura [[Ngawalö mbu Mao]] [[Berkas:Long-haired tortoiseshell DSCF0193.JPG|jmpl|Mao sanau bu so la'a-la: ''tortoiseshell''.]] [[Berkas:Calico cat - Phoebe.jpg|jmpl|Mao so la'a-la'a ''calico''.]] Mao andre oya ngawalö la'a-la'a mbunia. Na mao ni faliaro simane nifa'anö ba da'a mitou; * Mao sadogo-dogo bu (kucing domestik berbulu pendek) * Mao sanau bu (kucing domestik berbulu Panjang) * Mao oriental, (da'a fefu ngawalö mao so boto size-ize, hörönia hulö almond, ebolo dalinga, ba bunia anifi ba alösö) Gen so aturai la'a-la'a ba mao samaehusi ya'ira ba : ;''Telon'' mazui ''calico'' Sinura sifakhai ba [[Mao si tölu khoi-khoi]] ma ''Kucing belang tiga'' :Telon ya'ia da'ö la'a-la'a so dane-dane ba la'a-la'a safusi, si so saitö ma'ifu ma aruzö-ruzö. Niha Jepang asese laŵa'ö mao sola'a-la'a simane da'a ya'ia da'ö; ''mi-ke'', börö me gen so fe'aso la'a-la'a da'ö tesöndra ia ba kromosom si'alawe ma simatua. Mao sola'a-la'a telon sito'ölönia mao si'alawe. ;''Tortoiseshell'' Sinura [[Tortoiseshell]] ma ''Kucing tempurung kura-kura'' :''Tortoiseshell'' ma la'adogo-dogo'ö wanötöi ya'ia da'ö; ''tortie'' ya'ia da'ö la'a-la'a saitö, aruzö-ruzö faoma safusi ba zi sageu botonia. Mao sokhö la'a-la'a simane da'a latötöi ia ''calimanco'' mazui ''clouded tiger''. ;''Tabby'' Sinura sifakhai ba Mao [[Tabby]] :Tabby ya'ia da'ö so la'a-la'a mokhoi-khoi (warna bergaris). La'a-la'a da'a ba mboto mao so zogowulo-wulo. Tabby ngawalö makarel si so tölu khoi-khoi ba ngai mboto mao, irege na lafaigi ba zaröu hulö gambara gi'a (ikan makarel). ;''Maltese'' Sinura sifakhai ba Mao [[Maltese]] ma ''Kucing malta'' :''Maltese'' töi si no ara moroi ba mao sowuge'e. ;''Bicolor'' (dombua la'a-la'a) Sinura sifakhai ba Mao [[Bicolor]] ma ''Kucing dua warna'' :''Bicolor'' latötöi ia göi ''tuxedo cat'' mazui ''jellicle cat'' börö me bunia ma'asageu botonia aitö fefu lö oya zafusi, so ma'ifu la'a-la'a safusi ba gahe, ba dalu, ba dötö'a ba tola manö göi ba mbawania ma'ifu. == Mamauwu (Domestikasi) == Simane urifö si no lafauwu (domestikasi/penjinakan), mao andre no so wa'ahatö ba wa'auri niha. Niha sanguri mao, la'odödögö wa me'e gö, ba mao si no mauwu khöra ba nomo, mamoloi ngawalö gurifö samakiko ngawalö mbotoŵa. Ba hiza da'a no möi fa'aterou dödö dozi niha somasi mamaliaro mao. <!--Original article (tidak terlalu relevan untuk id.wiki): Humans still keep cats for companionship as [[pet]]s and to hunt [[mouse|mice]] and [[rat|rats]]. Farms often have dozens of cats living semi-wild in the barns. Hunting in the barns and the fields, they kill and eat rodents that would otherwise eat large parts of the grain crop. Many pet cats successfully hunt and kill [[mice]], [[rabbit]]s, [[bird]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[frog]]s, [[fish]], and large [[insect]]s by [[instinct]], but might not eat their prey. They may even present such victims (dead or maimed) to a beloved owner, often expecting reward. [[Berkas:Predatorycat_ubt.jpeg|thumb|right|260px|Almost all cats are skilled predators.]] [[Feral cat]]s may live alone, but most are found in large groups called [[feral cat colony|feral colonies]] with communal nurseries, depending on resource availability. Many lost or abandoned [[pet]] cats join these colonies out of desperation. The average lifespan of these feral cats is much shorter than a domestic housecat, who will live an average of sixteen years or more. Urban areas are not native environments to the cat; most domestic cats evolved from cats in desert climates and were distributed throughout the world by humans, but some feral cat colonies are found in large cities, [[e.g.]] around the [[Colosseum]] and [[Forum Romanum]] in [[Rome]]. Although cats are fairly adaptable, feral felines are unable to thrive in extreme cold and heat, and with a protein requirement of about 90%, few ferals in cities find adequate nutrition on their own. In addition, they have little defense or understanding of such predators as dogs, [[coyote]]s, and even [[automobile]]s. However, there are thousands of volunteers and organizations that trap these unadoptable feral felines, [[spay]] or [[neuter]] them, [[immunization|immunize]] the cats against [[rabies]] and feline [[leukemia]], and treat them with long-lasting [[flea]] products. Before release back into their feral colonies, the attending veterinarian nips the tip off one ear to mark the feral as spayed/neutered and inoculated, as these cats will more than likely find themselves trapped again. Volunteers continue to feed and give care to these cats throughout their lives, and not only is their lifespan greatly increased, but behavior and nuisance problems, due to competition for food, are also greatly reduced. In time, if an entire colony is successfully spayed and [[neuter]]ed, no additional kittens are born and the feral colony disappears. Many hope to see an end to the harsh and unnatural world of urban feral cat colonies through these efforts. Some [[environmentalist]]s claim that the domestication of cats is harmful to the environment, and that excessive cat populations result in the overhunting of many small animals and birds in both urban and rural areas, possibly disrupting the food chain and limiting local species' populations. Throughout the centuries, as humans took advantage of the domestic cat's hunting skills, few had regard for their habitat and care, and far fewer thought to practice good [[animal husbandry]]. This created many pockets of excessive populations and local imbalances; however, with intervention and management, most especially spay and neuter programs, the disruptions and chaos in both the feline's life cycle as well as its prey can easily be avoided, and the positive effects these small and vital predators have in the appropriate environments can be observed and appreciated.--> == Mao ba Niha (Kucing dan manusia) == [[Berkas:European Male Cat.JPG|jmpl|[[European Shorthair|Kucing Eropa]] yang sedang bermain.]] Mao sageu gurifö si no la'uri niha si so ba Eropa faoma Amerika Utara, si no tefaliaro ba zi 500 zuta rozi ba zi sagörö ulidanö. Molo'ö ''Humane Society'' moroi ba Amerika Serikat, baero mao no tobali urifö ni'uri ba hiza mao no tobali sageu gurifö nihalö mbunia ba la'amawa ba zi sagörö ulidanö,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/What-is-that-they-re-wearing_FurBooklet.pdf|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061201153853/http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/What-is-that-they-re-wearing_FurBooklet.pdf |archivedate= |title=What Is That They're Wearing? |publisher=Humane Society of the United States |accessdate=15 Juni 2014}}</ref> ba wangahaogö simane zake (mantel), saeru danga (sarung tangan), tofi (topi), badagahe (sepatu), ambala (selimut) faoma boneka (mainan). Mao ni'oguna'ö ba wangahaogö sambua zake tola tehalö moroi ba zi dua wulu a öfa nga'eu mao (24 ekor kucing).<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6165786.stm|title=EU proposes cat and dog fur ban|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=15 Juni 2014|date=}}</ref> Da'a no tebai lafalua ba zi ha'uga negara simane Amerika Serikat, Australia faoma Uni Eropa.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hsus.org/about_us/humane_society_international_hsi/hsi_europe/dog_cat_fur/ |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090217153420/http://www.hsus.org/about_us/humane_society_international_hsi/hsi_europe/dog_cat_fur/ |archivedate=17 Februari 2009 |title=EU Announces Strict Ban on Dog and Cat Fur Imports and Exports |date=27 Juni 2007 |publisher=Humane Society International |first=Carly |last=Ikuma |work=HSUS.org |accessdate=15 Juni 2014}}</ref> Hiza, so nasa mbu mao nihaogö tobali ambala simane ba mbanua Swiss, so göi labali'ö dalu-dalu si no lafarisayoi tola ifadöhö wa'afökhö mbu'u (rematik).<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/switzerland-finds-a-way-to-skin-a-cat-for-the-fur-trade-and-high-fashion-815426.html|title=Switzerland Finds a Way to Skin a Cat for the Fur Trade and High Fashion|work=The Independent|location=London, England|accessdate=15 Juni 2014|first=Tony|last=Paterson|date=}}</ref> === Famareso wa'oya Mao (Sensus kucing) === Molo'ö ''International Federation for Animal Health Europe'' (IFAH), fa'oya mao nifaliaro ba zi sagörö ulidanö so ba zi dua ngaotu a dua wulu zuta rozi (220 juta ekor).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifaheurope.org/ |title=Representing the European Animal Health Industry |publisher=IFAH-Europe |accessdate=15 Juni 2014 |archive-date=2021-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921073421/http://www.ifaheurope.org/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> No oya zi no lafalua ba wangerai mao si no la'odödögö tenga ba ginötö salio, alua ngafulu fakhe, he nifaluara moroi ba gangowuloa (asosiasi) mazui organisasi nasional faoma internasional (simane ''[[Canadian Federation of Humane Societies]]''<ref name="Canadian">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2012/07/17/nb-cat-census-1000.html|title=Humane society launches national cat census|accessdate=15 Juni 2014|work=CBC News}}</ref>). Ba hiza, halöŵö simane da'ö, hulö na abua tola tesöndra hasila nidöna-döna.<ref name="catsbe">{{cite web |url=http://www.catsbe.com |title=Cats Be |accessdate=15 Juni 2014 }}</ref><ref name="SupremeCatCensus">{{cite web |url=http://www.supremecatcensus.co.za/ |title=The Supreme Cat Census |accessdate=15 Juni 2014 |archive-date=2013-04-22 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130422011322/http://www.supremecatcensus.co.za/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Sifakhai ba zalua ba gotalua mbanua (Aspek budaya) == Ba ginötö si no numalö, no la farisayoi wa böröta mao andrö, ya'ia da'ö ''Miacis'', urifö sauri ba danö me inötö [[Eosen]] sihulö garawi (musang), sauri ba zi lima wulu zuta fakhe silalö. Si no lasura si'oföna hewisa ena'ö mao andre tola lafauwu, alua ba ndröfi si 4000 SM ba Misirai (Mesir), me inötö da'ö, mao labali'ö zo zago te'u ba nahia zamaŵa gö. Ba hiza barö da'a, ba zisambua lewatö, ba Shillourokambos, Siprus, ba na lafaigi ia so ba ndröfi si 7500 SM, la söndra so döla mao faruka bakha ba döla niha. Börö me te'u tenga urifö si so ba mbanua Siprus, eluahania tola tehalö sambua wamaha'ö wa no lafalua niha ba gulidanö meluo da'ö ba wanguri ma ba wamauwu mao andrö. Töla mao ni söndra ba Siprus fakhili-khili ira mao kara si no la'ila niha wa böröta mao nifaliaro niha.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2004/0408cats.shtml |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2005-02-21 |archive-date=2007-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224180609/http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2004/0408cats.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="cbc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2004/04/08/sci-tech/cat_tomb040408|title=CBC News:Ancient tomb may hold oldest pet cat|date=26 Apr 2004|website=web.archive.org|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-date=26 April 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040426141353/http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2004/04/08/sci-tech/cat_tomb040408|dead-url=unfit}}</ref>. [[Berkas:Cat mummy mask.jpg|jmpl|150px| Sambua mbalu-mbalu mbawa (topeng perunggu) ni'oguna'ö ba wogo'o mumi mao ba Misirai (Mesir kuno).]] Ba ndröfi si 1800 tesöndra lewatö ma tesöndra faudu "situs" si so 300.000 mumi mao oroma lö sadudu, no monga'eu, da'a göi dandra wa mao andre meföna sambua gurifö ni'omasi'ö niha. Niha Misirai no olafarisayoi wa mao andre famaedo Dewi Bast, ma no la'ila göi ya'ia da'ö Bastet mazui Thet. Hukuma ba zamunu mao, ya'ia da'ö fa'amate. Ba naso mao simate, lahaogö simane niha, la mumikö. Ba ngahönö ndröfi si lalö (abad pertengahan), mao andre sageu gurifö nifakhai niha ba haölöŵö zogömi-gömi (sihir|penyihiir) ba asese labunu mao andrö, lahaluni, latebu, ofeta latunu. So hadauga sangodödögö ba wangi'ila ngawalö zalua ba zi lalö (ahli sejarah) so fandrafe si no lafaehagö, ya'ia da'ö wa bekhu moroi ba mao andre zangekhugö fa'amate soya ''Black Death'' ba alio sibai mozaewe misa ba nahia tanöbö'ö. ''Black Death'' na lafaigi sambua wökhö (penyakit pes) ba Eropa ba abad si-14. Fa'alio wökhö da'a mozaewe ba niha misa, ba hiza ato niha meluo da'ö farisayo wa bekhu zanga'asogöp fökhö andrö. Sanga'i halöŵö ba gosali Roma meluo da'ö ibe'e ma'ifu zöndra wa mao kara sanöröi-nöröi mbolo mbenua ma laŵa'ö ia tenga mao nifaliaro, no möi bakha khönia mbekhu. Börö zöndra da'a, oya mao ni bunu ba Eropa meluo da'ö. Ba hiza börö alö wa'oya mao no möi fa'atedou wa'oya de'u, sindruhunia solohe fökhö pes (penyakit pes). Ba ginötö iada'a, ato nasa niha zifarisayo wa mao saitö, tola molohe fa'a'udi ba zi samösa niha, ba banahia tanöbö'ö so zanguma'ö wa mao saitö solohe harazaki. Aefa da'ö, mao no fati wa so wa'abö zogömi-gömi khönia. Mao saitö asese la fakhai ia Halloween. Solo'ö ''wicca'' faoma neopaganisme tanöbö'ö la farisayoi wa mao andre urifö si sökhi, tola farukha ia ba zi lö i'ila hörö ba'ibabaya tanga, ba tola göi larasai na so gafökha. Ba [[Asia]], mao no lafaogö sambua gurifö ni'oguna'ö ba wamaigi baŵa wa'atumbu niha ma [[zodiak]] [[Vietnam]]. Ba hiza, Mao lö fao ba wamaigi mbaŵa wa'atumbu ba ''Gehai''[[zodiak]] [[Tionghoa]]. Molo'ö hikaya, me inötö Razo Dalumbanua (Raja Langit) mamaluo fa'owulo ba gurifö sedöna la'oguna'ö ba wangerai baŵa wa'atumbu niha ba gulidano, ifatenge [[Te'u|De'u]] ba wogaoni gurifö da'ö. Ba da'a no oya tefazawili misa duria da'a, hiza so zanguma'ö, wa meluo da'ö me inötö lafatenge De'u wogaoni Mao, ba Te'u olifu ia wogaoni Mao, ba hikaya tanöbö'ö, te'u alua ikaoni Mao, hiza'i no ilimo ngaluo wamalua fa'owulo andrö. Irege no lafakhai duria da'a wa sitobali fatötöisa Mao faoma Te'u börö zalua da'ö khöra molo'ö salua andrö ofeta ma'ökhö. Ba wamahaö Ndrawa ma ''syariat Islam'', samösa ndrawa ena'ö böi lafakao mao yamendrua labunu, molo'ö ''hadits shahih'' ni fa'ema '''Imam Muslim''' moroi ba hikaya '''Abdullah bin Umar'''<ref>Kisah dari [[Abdullah bin Umar]], bahwa Muhammad bersabda, "Seorang wanita disiksa karena mengurung seekor kucing sampai mati. Kemudian wanita itu masuk neraka karenanya, yaitu karena ketika mengurungnya ia tidak memberinya makan dan tidak pula memberinya minum sebagaimana ia tidak juga melepasnya mencari makan dari serangga-serangga tanah." Hadits shahih diriwayatkan oleh [[Imam Muslim]] No.4160.</ref> dan [[Abu Hurairah]].<ref>Kisah dari [[Abu Hurairah]], Muhammad bersabda, "Seorang wanita disiksa karena seekor kucing yang tidak diberi makan dan minum serta tidak pula ia melepasnya mencari makanan dari serangga-serangga tanah." Hadits shahih riwayat [[Imam Muslim]] No.4161.</ref> Huku wamawa faoma fowöli Mao ba huku ndrawa ma ''syariat Islam'' no sambua horö molo'ö hadits [[Nabi Muhammad]] faoma nifarisayoi ba zura ''fiqih'' (al-qawa'id al-kulliyah). Dalil [[hadits]] '''Nabi Muhammad''', nifa'ema moroi khö nawö Nabi sotöi [[Jabir bin Abdillah]] wa no itegu Nabi ena'ö böi la'a Mao, ba fao göi mböli Mao.<ref>Hadits riwayat Tirmidzi, Ibnu Majah, dan Al-Hakim, hadits shahih. Lihat Imam As-Suyuthi, Al-Jami' Al-Shaghir, Juz II hal. 191).</ref> [[Hadits]] [[Muhammad]] da'ö zitobali dalil wa tebai la'a mao faoma tebai la famawa. Börö da'ö dawa lö manga mao faoma lö mowöli ba mamawa mao.<ref>Tentang haramnya memakan kucing lihat Asy-Syarbaini Al-Khathib, Al-Iqna`, Juz II hal. 273; Syaikh Zakariyya Al-Anshari, Fathul Wahhab, Juz II hal. 192.</ref> == Faigi göi== * [[Kucing domestik berbulu panjang]] * [[Kucing domestik berbulu pendek]] * [[Daftar ras kucing]] * [[Hubungan anjing dan kucing]] == Umbu == {{reflist|2}} == Khai-khai moroi baero == * {{en}} [http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&species=felis-catus High-Resolution Images of the Cat Brain] * {{en}} [http://www.aafponline.org/ American Association of Feline Practitioners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514091242/http://aafponline.org/ |date=2008-05-14 }} * {{en}} [http://home.ncifcrf.gov/ccr/lgd/comparative_genome/catgenome/index_n.asp Cat Genome Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510211956/http://home.ncifcrf.gov/ccr/lgd/comparative_genome/catgenome/index_n.asp |date=2009-05-10 }} at the US [http://www.cancer.gov/ The National Cancer Institute] * {{en}} [http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/ Cornell Feline Health Center] {{taxonbar|from=Q20980826}} {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Urifö]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] jo65tzcfv9yxmkz86n0vyixdy94owni 0 2616 27632 27484 2026-08-17T13:21:11Z Slaia 39 27632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies}} [[Berkas:Sus philippinesis.JPG|jmpl|175px|[[Bawi filipina]] (''Sus philippensis'')]] '''Bawi''' (Li Indonesia ''babi'') ya'ia da'ö no sambua urifö ma [[hewan|''hewan'']] ba [[li Indonesia]] sitola ni'uri ba ngafunia ya'ia [[ungulata|''ungulata'']]. Sikhala mbawi andre ba enaunau mbawania, ba ikhunia alo'o ba mbalö mbawania tola tobali fogao ma folulugö nudunia. Molo'ö wanehegö ndra ere, böröta mbawi andre moroi ba ''[[Eurasia]]''. Me tola manga nagole ba tola göi manga bulu ndru'u, andrö wa bawi andre lafotöi göi ia aurifa [[omnivora|''omnivora'']]. Baero da'ö, teföfögö ia göi ba gaurifa [[mamalia|''mamalia'']] sonekhe ma [[cerdas|''cerdas'']], ba aoha wanguri ya'ia moroi ba nasu [[asu]] ma [[mao]]. Ba hada Nono Niha, bawi sambua mbe'elö ma sumange si lötolalö'ö so ba wamalua hada. Oya ngawalö goigoi so'amakhaita ba mbawi andre. {{fonga'eu}} Bawi andre itaria laföfö'ö ia bakha ba ''subspesies'' moroi ba [[sökha |zökha]] ma ''babi hutan'' ba [[Carl Linnaeus|''Carl Linnaeus'']] me döfi 1758 ibe'e döi mbawi andre ba [[li Latin]] ''Sus scrofa''; ba lö ara aefa da'ö töi da'ö tobali ''Sus scrofa domesticus. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Sus+scrofa+domestica|title=Taxonomy Browser|website=ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref name="gentry">{{cite journal|author1=Anthea Gentry |author2=Juliet Clutton-Brock |author3=Colin P. Groves |year=2004 |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=645–651 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006 |url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/J%20Arch%20Sci.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408044739/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/J%20Arch%20Sci.pdf |archivedate= 8 April 2011 }}</ref> Ba hiza, me döfi 1777, Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben iföfögö mbawi domestik tobali ''spesies'', tefasafi moroi ba zökha. Ibe'e döi ''Sus domesticus'', ba töi da'a la'oguna'ö ira ere taksonomi. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Sus+scrofa+domestica|title=Taxonomy Browser|website=ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref name="gentry"/> namun,pada 1777, [[:en:Johann_Christian_Polycarp_Erxleben]] <ref> Corbet and Hill (1992), referred to in {{MSW3|id=14200054}}</ref><ref name="gentry2">{{cite journal|author1=Anthea Gentry|author2=Juliet Clutton-Brock|author3=Colin P. Groves|year=1996|title=Proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals|journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature|volume=53|pages=28–37|url=http://biostor.org/cache/pdf/67/bc/62/67bc62b581bd1e69e143ba23a7cbc068.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014065032/http://biostor.org/cache/pdf/67/bc/62/67bc62b581bd1e69e143ba23a7cbc068.pdf|archivedate=14 October 2014|doi=10.5962/bhl.part.14102}}</ref> Ba [[Danö Niha]], bawi andre urifö ni'uri arakhagö dozi ngambatö nono niha. Bawi, urifö saoha la'uri. Na ba Danö Niha, ö mbawi andre ya'ia da'ö bulu gowi, labe'e mbanio, ba idanö lomo, ma wörö-wörö ngawalö wöfö gö niha ni be'e ba zi sambua naha. Ero labe'e gö mbawi, ba idanö wamaruka gö la'oguna'ö nidanö lomo. Baero mbulu gowi, famalala gö mbawi andre, ya'ia da'ö mbulu ndru'u sotöi [[Ladara|ladara]], da'a tenga ladara töi mbanua si so ba Nias Utara, hiza töi zinumbua sauri ba danö, tenga nitanö. Lala wangahaogö ya'ia, lara'a ba larino irege ombuyu, ba da'ö nifotöi [[Lambu|lambu]]. Naha mbawi, lahaogö mba'o ([[Ba'o|ba'o]]), moroi ba geu sabe'e simane, [[Manawa|manawa]]. Fetaro föna mba'o andre, ba lahaogö wanoto manawa sisökhi ma zui [[Simalambuo|simalambuo]] faoma eu sabe'e, nifo'ono, da'a nitötöi [[Haya|haya]]. Bawi, sambua gurifö so harago ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] ba no labali'ö ia sambua fangalui. Eluahania, dozi niha sangodödögö manguri bawi, tola möi fangalui ba fondrou'ö zinöndra ba famönökhi dozi zoguna ba zongambatö. Si lö fagölö ba mbanua bö'ö misa, bawi ba Danö Niha, sambua gurifö fasumangeta ba ngawalö gangowuloa simane, fanga'i niha ([[Falöŵa|falöŵa]]), fangowasa, fa'amate, ba tanöbö'önia sifakhai ba hada. Börö me no sambua gurifö soguna ba ngawalö lala halöŵö ba hada, andrö wa böli mbawi andre ba nga'eu ma ba kilo si no la tatawi samawa, alaŵa ma'ifu moroi ba ngawalö nagole tanöbö'ö. {{Habitat}} {{Kultivasi}} {{Fangoguna'ö}} {{Faniaga}} {{Onönöta}} {{Basoŵa}} == Umbu == {{Reflist}} <!-- Bagian di bawah ini sedang diterjemahkan, tolong jangan dihapus. [[Kategori:Babi| ]] [[Kategori:Sus]] [[Kategori:Hewan yang dijinakkan]] [[Kategori:Hewan ternak]] --> == Umbu == {{Reflist}} <!-- Bagian di bawah ini sedang diterjemahkan, tolong jangan dihapus. [[Kategori:Babi| ]] [[Kategori:Sus]] [[Kategori:Hewan yang dijinakkan]] [[Kategori:Hewan ternak]] == Jenis == {{sect-stub}} == Pertanian == Ketika digunakan sebagai ternak, babi domestik kebanyakan diternak untuk dagingnya, babi. Produk makanan lain yang terbuat dari babi termasuk [[sosis]] babi (yang meliputi selubung yang dibuat dari usus), daging asap, [[gammon]], ham dan kulit babi. Kepala babi dapat digunakan untuk membuat jeli yang diawetkan yang disebut [[keju]] kepala, yang kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai brawn. Hati, chitterling, darah (untuk puding hitam), dan [[jeroan]] babi lainnya juga banyak digunakan untuk makanan. Dalam beberapa agama, seperti [[Yudaisme]] dan [[Islam]], babi adalah makanan yang [[tabu]]. Sekitar 1,5 miliar babi disembelih setiap tahun untuk daging.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL|title=FAOSTAT|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> Penggunaan susu babi untuk konsumsi manusia memang terjadi, tetapi karena ada kesulitan tertentu dalam memperolehnya, ada sedikit produksi komersial. Babi ternak dipamerkan di pameran pertanian, dinilai sebagai stok pejantan dibandingkan dengan fitur standar dari masing-masing [[ras]] babi, atau dalam kelas komersial di mana hewan-hewan tersebut dinilai terutama berdasarkan kelayakan mereka untuk disembelih untuk menyediakan daging premium. Kulit babi digunakan untuk menghasilkan sarung jok, pakaian, kulit babi, dan barang-barang lainnya. Di beberapa [[negara berkembang]] dan [[negara maju|maju]], babi [[domestik]] biasanya dipelihara di luar ruangan dalam pekarangan atau ladang. Di beberapa daerah, babi dibiarkan mencari makan di hutan di mana mereka bisa dirawat oleh babi hutan. Di negara-negara industri seperti [[Amerika Serikat]], peternakan babi domestik telah beralih dari peternakan babi tradisional menjadi peternakan babi intensif skala besar. Ini menghasilkan biaya produksi yang lebih rendah, tetapi dapat menyebabkan masalah kekejaman yang signifikan. Karena konsumen mulai peduli dengan perlakuan manusiawi terhadap ternak, permintaan akan daging babi yang digembalakan di negara-negara ini telah meningkat.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Demand Grows for Hogs That Are Raised Humanely Outdoors|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/business/demand-grows-for-hogs-that-are-raised-humanely.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2014-01-20|access-date=2020-01-24|issn=0362-4331|language=en-US|first=Stephanie|last=Strom}}</ref> == Penelitian medis == Penelitian medis banyak menggunakan babi, karena secara anatomi dan fisiologi (fungsi) mirip hingga 90 persen dengan manusia, walaupun sistemnya berbeda. Babi adalah pemakan segala (omnivora) seperti manusia di mana ukuran dan fungsi jantung, ginjal dan pankreas babi mirip manusia. Hingga tahun 1980-an insulin dibuat dengan bantuan babi, tetapi sekarang ini semua insulin adalah sintetis. Ilmuwan telah berhasil mengunakan kelep jantung babi untuk manusia dan bertahan hingga 15 tahun, implan otot kaki manusia juga telah berhasil dibuat dari jaringan kandung kemih babi dan yang terbaru ilmuwan telah berhasil melakukan implan jantung babi yang telah direkayasa genetika pada [[primata]]. Alat-alat kedokteran dan juga obat-obat baru juga sering dites menggunakan babi. Dan yang terutama, babi mudah didapatkan dan murah, sehingga dapat mendampingi tikus putih dan kelinci dalam penelitian medis, penggunaan babi juga boleh dikatakan tidak mendapatkan tentangan dari pecinta hewan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://palembang.tribunnews.com/2014/05/10/mengapa-babi-menjadi-hewan-penting-dalam-riset-kedokteran |title=Mengapa Babi Menjadi Hewan Penting dalam Riset Kedokteran |author=Lusia Kus Anna |date=May 10, 2014}}</ref> == Babi sebagai makanan == {{artikel|Daging babi}} Dalam beberapa kepercayaan [[agama Abrahamik]], babi tidak boleh untuk disentuh ([[najis]]) dan dianggap [[haram]] untuk dikonsumsi. Contohnya adalah seperti ditulis dalam [[kitab suci]] [[agama]] [[Islam]] [[al-Quran]]. Babi juga diharamkan untuk dikonsumsi dalam [[agama Yahudi]] dan [[Gereja Masehi Advent Hari Ketujuh]] di agama [[Kristen]]. Babi sendiri sebenarnya telah diternak dan dikonsumsi selama ribuan tahun oleh orang [[Eropa]] dan orang [[Asia]] kebanyakan. Babi adalah makanan yang umum di nusantara sebelum masuknya agama [[Islam]] dari Timur Tengah. Beberapa suku bangsa di Indonesia yang masih menjalankan tradisi aslinya selain suku [[Tionghoa-Indonesia]] masih mengonsumsi babi sebagai makanan keseharian, seperti [[Suku Dayak]], [[suku Bali]], [[suku Toraja|Toraja]], [[Suku Papua|Papua]], [[Suku Batak|Batak]], [[Manado]], dll. Dalam masyarakat [[Jawa]], babi disebut '''celeng''' dan juga merupakan hewan ternak yang umum sebelum menyebarnya agama [[Islam]] yang mengharamkan babi di [[Nusantara]]. === Masakan dari daging babi === * [[Babi panggang merah]] (manis) khas Tionghoa. * [[Babi panggang putih]] (asin) khas Tionghoa. * [[Sekba]]: Masakan berisi jeroan babi dengan kuah khas Tionghoa (Jakarta, Bogor, Bandung, Tangerang). * [[Kitoba]]: Irisan bagian kepala babi yang diolah dengan cara dikukus. Untuk menikmatinya harus dicelupkan ke dalam cuka aren yang disediakan khas Tionghoa [[Bogor]]. * [[Sate babi]] khas Tionghoa: Daging sate seperti pada umumnya, namun tusukannya lebih besar dan rasanya manis. * [[Ngo hiang]] / [[Go Hiong]]: Daging babi cincang yang dibungkus dengan kulit kembang tahu tipis (Jakarta, Bogor, Bandung). * [[Babi cin]]: Hidangan daging babi ditambah minyak dengan kuah yang rasanya manis karena kecap manis. * [[Bakut]]: Hidangan khas Tionghoa yang merupakan paduan dari sayur asin dan kaldu iga babi (dapat dijumpai di seluruh Indonesia). * [[Wadi]]: Olahan daging babi khas suku Dayak. * [[Jane Kasam]]: Daging babi olahan khas suku Dayak. * [[Jane Pansoh]]: Daging babi panggang bambu khas [[suku Dayak Iban]]. * [[Bubur babi]]: Olahan khas suku Dayak. * [[Pa'piong]]: Daging babi yang dipanggang menggunakan batang bambu khas [[suku Toraja]]. * [[Pantollo' Pammarasan]]: Olahan daging babi khas daerah [[Tana Toraja]] * [[Harinake]]: Masakan daging babi khas [[suku Nias]]. * [[Ni'owuru]]: Daging babi yang diawetkan dengan garam, makanan khas Suku Nias. * [[Se'i]]: Daging babi panggang khas [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]]. * [[Saksang]]: Olahan daging babi khas daerah Tapanuli. * [[Babi rica-rica]]: Daging babi olahan khas Manado (Minahasa) yang rasanya sangat pedas. * [[Babi woku]]: Daging babi olahan khas Manado (Minahasa) yang rasanya sangat pedas. * [[Babi guling]]: Olahan daging babi khas Bali. * [[Babi putar]]: Olahan daging babi khas Manado (Minahasa) yang umumnya disajikan pada saat perayaan * [[Babi panggang Karo]]: Daging babi diiris dan dipanggang dan dinikmati beserta saus yang berasal dari darah babi, cabai rawit, dan asam kencong khas dari suku Karo. * [[Lomok-lomok]]: Olahan khas suku Karo, agak mirip dengan saksang. * [[Lawak babi]]: Olahan khas Bali yang berupa daging babi yang dicincang dan dicampur dengan sayur-sayuran yang dicincang yang biasanya sayur nangka muda dan kacang panjang. * [[Babi bakar batu]]: Olahan khas Papua. * [[Songsui]]: Olahan daging babi khas Bangka. == Babi sebagai hewan peliharaan == {{sect-stub}} Babi berperut buncit Vietnam, jenis miniatur babi domestik, telah menjadi hewan peliharaan populer di [[Amerika Serikat]], dimulai pada paruh kedua abad ke-20. Babi-babi berperut buncit ini segera dikawinkan dengan berbagai trah kecil lainnya, seperti [[minipig Göttingen]], dengan lokasi terpisah membiakkan garis keturunan yang berbeda. Babi mini silang ini segera mendapatkan perhatian, bahkan lebih dari perut beling asli [[Vietnam]]. Sebagai akibatnya, banyak babi peliharaan sekarang dari keturunan genetik yang tidak diketahui. Babi domestik adalah makhluk sosial yang sangat cerdas. Mereka dianggap [[hipoalergenik]], dan dikenal cukup baik dengan orang-orang yang memiliki alergi hewan biasa. Karena hewan-hewan ini diketahui memiliki usia harapan hidup 15 hingga 20 tahun, mereka memerlukan komitmen jangka panjang. === Pemeliharaan === Babi jantan dan betina yang belum pernah melakukan perawatan kelamin dapat mengekspresikan perilaku agresif yang tidak diinginkan, dan cenderung mengembangkan masalah kesehatan yang serius.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanminipigassociation.com/about-us/donations/|title=Donations - American Mini Pig Association|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> Pemangkasan kuku yang teratur sangat diperlukan, kuku yang tidak dirawat menyebabkan rasa sakit yang besar pada babi, dapat menyebabkan [[malformasi]] pada struktur [[tulang]], dan dapat menyebabkannya lebih rentan terhadap pertumbuhan [[jamur]] di antara celah-celah kuku, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanminipigassociation.com/owners/helpful-owner-articles/hoof-trimming/|title=Hoof Trimming - American Mini Pig Association|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> atau di antara celah-celah pada kuku belah. Babi jantan, terutama ketika dibiarkan tidak mendapat perawatan, dapat tumbuh gading besar dan tajam yang dapat terus tumbuh selama bertahun-tahun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanminipigassociation.com/educational/tusk-trimming-mini-pigs-using-gigli-wire-saw/|title=Tusk Trimming in Mini Pigs Using Gigli Wire Saw -|date=2016-09-26|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-24|archive-date=2023-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501145028/https://americanminipigassociation.com/educational/tusk-trimming-mini-pigs-using-gigli-wire-saw/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Penyakit == {{Verify section}} DR Murad Hoffman, dari Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, Amerika menyatakan terdapat lebih dari 25 penyakit yang bisa dijangkiti dari babi. Di antaranya:{{butuh rujukan}} * [[Anthrax]] * [[Ascaris suum]] * [[Botulism]] * [[Brucella suis]] * [[Cryptosporidiosis]] * [[Entamoeba polecki]] * [[Erysipelothrix shusiopathiae]] * [[Flavobacterium group IIb-like bacteria]] * [[Influenza]] * [[Leptospirosis]] * [[Pasteurella aerogenes]] * [[Pasteurella multocida]] * [[Pigbel]] * [[Rabies]] * [[Salmonella cholerae-suis]] * [[Salmonellosis]] * [[Sarcosporidiosis]] * [[Scabies]] * [[Streptococcus dysgalactiae (group L)]] * [[Streptococcus milleri]] * [[Streptococcus suis type 2 (group R)]] * [[Swine vesicular disease]] * [[Taenia solium]] * [[Trichinella spiralis]] * [[Yersinia enterocolitica]] * [[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis]] == Galeri == <gallery> Berkas:Bakutteh.jpg|[[Bak kut teh]] Berkas:Spiessbraten.wmt.jpg|[[Babi guling]] Berkas:Charsiu.jpg|Casiu ([[babi panggang merah]]) Berkas:NCI clove ham.jpg|[[Ham babi]] Berkas:Sparerib douchi.jpg|[[Iga babi]] dengan [[sayur]] Berkas:Saksang.jpg|Saksang, makanan khas dari medan. </gallery> == Pranala luar == {{refbegin}} * {{wikispecies-inline|Sus}} * {{commonscat-inline|Pig|Babi}} {{refend}} * [http://www.jsrgenetics.com JSR Genetics], portal peneliti [[babi]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100125233320/http://www.accidentalsmallholder.net/articles/pigs/introduction An introduction to pig keeping] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161112174015/http://www.pig-genetics.co.uk/gilt.htm JJ Genetics], * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071202060724/http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/filelibrary/1385/2027.PDF Swine Study Guide] dari [[UC Davis]] * [http://www.britishpigs.org.uk British Pig Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818110240/http://www.britishpigs.org.uk/ |date=2020-08-18 }} * [http://www.hyfoma.com/en/content/food-branches-processing-manufacturing/meat-fish-shrimps/pig-slaughtering/ The process of pig slaughtery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112051949/http://www.hyfoma.com/en/content/food-branches-processing-manufacturing/meat-fish-shrimps/pig-slaughtering/ |date=2007-11-12 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091227001050/http://www.pork.org/newsandinformation/quickfacts/SwineCare1.aspx Swine Care] * [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/time-to-lead/global-food/canadas-transgenic-enviropig-is-stuck-in-a-genetic-modification-poke/article1812708/ Globe and Mail article Canada's transgenic Enviropig is stuck in a genetic modification poke] * [http://www.micropigs.org Information on Micro Pigs] {{Taxonbar|from=Q787}} [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] [[Kategori:Aurifö]] 5z6nv4onfd4u3nxuj2nsbktrs7sypx5 0 2623 27668 24210 2026-08-17T14:37:16Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Bebe nifaliaro | status = DOM | image = Tunnel of ducks.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = [[Bebe sifagohi]] sola'a-la'a safusi | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Burung|Aves]] | ordo = [[Anseriformes]] | familia = [[Anatidae]] | genus = ''[[Anas]]'' / ''[[Cairina]]'' | species = ''[[Mallard|Anas platyrhynchos]]'';<br>also ''[[Cairina moschata]]'' | subspecies = '''''A. p. domesticus''''' | trinomial = ''Anas platyrhynchos domesticus''<br>''Cairina moschata momelanotus '' '''(Domesticated Muscovy duck)''' | binomial_authority = }} '''Bebe''' ya'ia da'ö sambua gurifö so'afi, sadodogo ahe, sitesöndra ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] hewa'ae tenga simane fa'oya manu ia ma latötöi niha lamane; '''''bebek domestik''''', '''bebe nifaliaro''', ma ba wanötöi ba [[li Indonesia]] '''''bebek peliharaan''''' ya'ia da'ö bebe sifao ba (''Anatidae'') sito'ölö nifaliaro nihalö nagole ni'a niha moroi ba genus ''Anas'' faoma ''Cairina'', simane [[Bebe sifagohi]] faoma ''itik serati'' mazui ''entog''. So ngawalö bebe si so ba Indonesia so bu sola'a-la'a sasese lafaehagö na so niha me sökhi sibai mbunia. Bebe si so ba Indonesia hegöi ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] no oi sifakhai ba gangolifa bebe gofu hezoso manö misa so'ia simane surati ''(itik serati)'' ma ''entog'' ba simanö göi ''itik melewar''. == Fanguri, famaliaro urifö (Peternakan) == [[Berkas:Taiwanese duck farm.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Samaliaro Bebe ba [[Taiwan]].]] [[File:Goose nesting.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Bebe samaukhu adulonia.]] [[Famaliaro Urifö]] bebe si no la'ila niha ba zi ngaotu fakhe silalö, na la osisi'ö hulö na tebörögö moroi ba Asia Tenggara.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Cambridge World History of Food|url= https://archive.org/details/cambridgeworldhi02kenn|last1=Kiple|first1= Kenneth F.|last2= Ornelas|first2=Kriemhild Coneè|year= 2000|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location= Cambridge, UK|isbn= 0-521-40214-X|oclc=44541840}}</ref> Urifö da'a no oi la'ila niha ba Asia, ba hiza ba Amerika faoma Eropa ambo tehöngö, börö me molo'ö niha ba Amerika faoma ba Eropa lafaigi nagole bebe afuo moroi ba nagole [[Manu]] ba bebe oya khönia dawö-tawö ba tenga ha da'ö nagole bebe maha moroi ba manu.<ref name=harga>Harago boronga hasil wohalöŵö ba danö [http://agricenter.jogjaprov.go.id/index.php?action=hargapasar.main2 Dinas Pertanian Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203133032/http://agricenter.jogjaprov.go.id/index.php?action=hargapasar.main2 |date=2023-02-03 }}</ref> Hewa'ae nagole bebe tenga simane fa'atehöngö nagole manu ba niha ba zi sagörö ulidanö, ba hiza so bebe ni haogö ba ngawalö lala wondrino ya'ia no so ia ba wenaeta gö si sökhi ba si maha simane si so ba naha wolombase sebua simane Hotel, si so ba zi sagörö ulidanö.<ref>Bebek Peking, Kuliner Kelas Dunia - ANNEAHIRA.COM www.anneahira.com/bebek-peking.htm</ref><ref>Memasak Bebek Peking http://bebekpeking.com/resep-memasak-bebek-peking {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722050224/http://bebekpeking.com/resep-memasak-bebek-peking |date=2016-07-22 }}</ref> Bebek juga sangat populer di [[Tiongkok]] dan [[Taiwan]], di sana bebek dibudidayakan dan disajikan dalam bentuk yang lebih berkelas. [[Berkas:Duckling - domestic duck.jpg|jmpl|ka|lurus|250px|Meri, mazui ono bebe nifaliaro.]] == Fangahaogö Bebe (Produksi) == === Bebe Peking === Famalala gö nifotöi ''Bebek Peking'' si'oroi moroi ''Peking'' ba zisambua mbanua ba [[Beijing]], nihaogö moroi ba nagole bebe nifaliaro ena'ö tola la'a. Bebe-bebe da'ö la'uri, labe'e gö ena'ö atabö, irege tola alio labali'ö ö ya'ia simane bebe ''Peking'' ma so göi zanötöi ya'ia bebe so'ösi ma ''bebek isi''. Bebe si no lahaogö no mege, la faga ba geu galitö ma hadia manö sitola mo'alitö irege asoso ba tola la'a. === Adulo Sami Asio (Telur asin) === Adulo ni asioini, no oi la'ila niha wa si lötolalö'ö so ya'ia da'ö asio. Lala wo'asioini ya'ia da'ö la'ungu ba nidanö nasio. Asese gadulo ni asioini ya'ia da'ö adulö zurati ma itik, hewa'ae adulo tanöbö'ö göi tola manö la asioini. Adulo ni asioini tola fataha ndrege tölu ngafulu ngaluo (30 hari). Ö simane da'a fao ba gangolifö gö salio ba wangahaogö ya'ia ba tola la faogö ia ba wakhe ''jamblang'', faoma fakhe ''lengko'', ba tola göi la'a ia he löhadöi fakhe. Asese sibai ya'ira sohalöŵö ba nasi ma sofanö ba nahia saröu la'ohe öra gadulo si no la asioini. == Bebe ba Indonesia == [[Berkas:Cairina_moschata_-Graniteville_SC_USA.JPG|jmpl|250px|[[Surati]] silatao, surati ma entog sambua gurifö ni faliaro niha, bu mola'a-la'a]] Ba [[Indonesia]], bebe sambua gurifö si lö tokea niha sa'ae, meno oi la'ila arakhagö ba zi sagörö tanö Indonesia ofeta ba Danö Niha. Ngawalö bebe nifaliaro ba Indonesia ya'ia da'ö bebe sifagohi ma ba wanötöi si no to'ölö niha lamane ''bebek pelari'' ma (''Anas platyrhynchos domesticus''), faoma surati ba [[li Indonesia]] serati (''Cairina Moschata''). Bebe sito'ölönia lafaliaro niha ba nomo-nomo niha mbanua, tola tesöndra föna ba newali niha, ba mbolo kabu, ba tabe gi'a, me bebe andre, la'alui göra samösa arakhagö fagölö manö ira manu. Itaria bebe andre, ba laforudugö nahiara manu, me lö fadou ira, irege tola manö manu silatao ifaro'a bebe sihene, irege tesöndra ngawalö bebe si bohou sasese laŵa'ö nga'ötönia dania ya'ia da'ö ''TikTok''. Mamaliaro bebe, sangodödögö famaliaro, no oya göi zamöfögö nahiania sambua naha inönö na ahatö ba zi so idanö, omasi sibai bebe ba da'ö. Famolala gö si no la'ila niha moroi ba bebe andre, simane adulo si no la'asioini. Na nagole bebe tenga simane fa'atehöngö nagole manu si tola la'öli niha ba nha-naha gamawaö. Ba zi ha'uga nahia ba mbanua Indonesia, oya zi no manaba surati simane ba ngaluo sebua, na hari rayo ndrawa, ma ''Idul Fitri'' faoma ''Idul Adha''. == Faigi göi == * [[Itik serati]] * [[Brati]] == Umbu == {{reflist}} == Khai-khai baero == {{Taxonbar|from=Q742292}} [[Kategori:Bebek|ternak]] [[Kategori:Hewan yang dijinakkan]] [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Urifö]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] be4g70glw742mzkiee8l4yq2s54hjw2 0 2626 27665 27616 2026-08-17T14:35:00Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox |name = Cucumber |image = ARS_cucumber.jpg |image_caption = Bua la'izu situmbu ba dölania sihulö ndraha |image_alt = Photograph of cucumber vine with fruits, flowers and leaves visible |image2 = Cucumber BNC.jpg |image2_caption = Sambua la'izu |genus = Cucumis |species = sativus |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''La'izu''' ('''''Cucumis sativus''''', li Indonesia: ''timun'', ''mentimun'' ma ''ketimun'') no sambua zinanö sanana si tefaböbö ba famili ''Cucurbitaceae'', sanga'asogö bua sowulo-wulo anau-anau, sasese te'gona'ö ba wamalala gö.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145850/cucumber Cucumber]." ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. [1998] 2019.</ref> Tefaosatö ia ba zinumbua sauri irege döfi,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silvertown |first1=Jonathan |title=Survival, Fecundity and Growth of Wild Cucumber, Echinocystis Lobata |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ecology_1985-11_73_3/page/841 |journal=Journal of Ecology |date=1985 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=841–849 |doi=10.2307/2260151|jstor=2260151 }}</ref> so tölu ngawalö ia (heŵa'ae so nasa ngawalö bö'ö si no mufazökhi<ref>Laŵa'ö ''nifazökhi'' sambua la'izu, na lafatumbu'ö niha sambua ngawalö la'izu si bohou moroi ba wamaruka tanömö la'izu si no so.</ref>): la'izu nitaba, la'izu ni'ungugö, ba la'izu si lö hunö. Tesöndra mböröta la'izu andre ba [[Asia]] i'otarai [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Tiongkok]] (Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi), irugi [[Thailand]] Utara,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chomicki |first1=Guillaume |last2=Schaefer |first2=Hanno |last3=Renner |first3=Susanne S. |title=Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.16015 |website=New Phytologist |pages=1240–1255 |language=en |doi=10.1111/nph.16015 |date=June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weng |first1=Yiqun |title=Cucumis sativus Chromosome Evolution, Domestication, and Genetic Diversity: Implications for Cucumber Breeding |journal=Plant Breeding Reviews |date=7 January 2021 |pages=79–111 |doi=10.1002/9781119717003.ch4 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119717003.ch4 |publisher=Wiley |language=en}}</ref><ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Cucumis sativus'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:292296-1|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=I. S. |last2=Bhat |first2=K.V. |last3=Tanwar |first3=S. P. S. |last4=Bhandari |first4=D. C. |last5=Joshi |first5=Kamal |last6=Sharma |first6=A. K. |title=Distribution and genetic diversity of Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef in India |journal=The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology |date=January 2004 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=783–791 |doi=10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843 |language=en |issn=1462-0316}}</ref> bahiza iada'a latanö ia niha gofu heza ba gulidanö, ba no oya göi ngawalö la'izu nifazökhi niha<ref>Laŵa'ö ''nifazökhi'' sambua la'izu, na lafatumbu'ö niha sambua ngawalö la'izu si bohou moroi ba wamaruka tanömö la'izu si no so.</ref> ba ni'ogale ba zi sagörö ulidanö. Ba [[Amerika Utara]], so göi nifotöi ''la'izu gatua'' (sinumbua si tefaböbö ba genus ''Echinocystis'' awö nifotöi ''marah''), bahiza sindruhunia lö amakhaitania ba la'izu nifatunöda ba da'a. == Omböila == La'izu no sinumbua sanana, ŵa'ania tumbu ba danö ba tölania manöi miyaŵa ifalali döla zinanö bö'ö ma zui döla-döla sise-ise.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P43fDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|title=''Cucumis sativus'', Cucumber; Chapter 16 in: Unconventional Oilseeds and Oil Sources|last1=Mariod|first1=Abdalbasit Adam|last2=Mirghani|first2=Mohamed Elwathig Saeed|last3=Hussein|first3=Ismail Hassan|date=2017-04-14|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128134337}}</ref> Tola tumbu la'izu ba gara heŵa'ae lö tambu danö, tumbu manö ia ifalali gofu hadia nitörönia. Bulunia egebolo si tobali lumö ba mbua la'izu. Bua la'izu no owulo anau-anau ba aeru irugi arakhagö atarö ba mbalö, tola irugi 62 cm wa'anau ba 10 cm wa'esolo.<ref name="ZhangLi2019">{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Tingting|last2=Li|first2=Xvzhen|last3=Yang|first3=Yuting|last4=Guo|first4=Xiao|last5=Feng|first5=Qin|last6=Dong|first6=Xiangyu|last7=Chen|first7=Shuxia|title=Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of fruit length and diameter in a cucumber (''Cucumber sativus'' L.) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population|journal=Scientia Horticulturae|volume=250|year=2019|pages=214–222|doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.062|s2cid=92837522}}</ref> Ösi mbua la'izu arakhagö ha idanö (95%) (faigi tabel nutrisi). Bakha ba wamahaö ''botani'' lafaosa la'izu tobali ngawalö ''beri'', si lö ba'a-ba'a bakha ba nösinia. Bahiza hulö zimane [[tomat]] ba [[lawu'ale]], asese lafaböbö la'izu ba ngawalö gö si tobali [[bulugeu]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://fruitorvegetable.science/cucumber | title = Cucumber | website = Fruit or Vegetable? | access-date=2019-12-05 }}</ref> === Fonowi la'izu === [[File:Cucumis sativus 0002.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Bowo ''Cucumis sativus'']] Arakhagö fefu la'izu latanö ia faoma hunönia ba moguna khönia wamohamo ena'ö mowua.<ref>Lafotöi ''famohamo'' sambua zalua ena'ö tola alau hamo mbowo tobali bua. So dombua mbalö ba mbowo zinanö: balö si so hamo (si tobali simatua) ba balö sanema hamo (si'alawe). Ena'ö tola ikhamö zi'alawe andre hamo zimatua, moguna nangi samohombo hamo andrö irege atoru ia ba zi'alawe, ma zui aurifö sihombo-hombo ba mbowo simane ŵani, ba gahera falemba hamo zimatua ba na itugeni zi'alawe ifalemba ba da'ö hamo no mege.</ref> Ena'ö alua wamohamo andre la'ohe ngahö-ngahönö ŵani niha ba kabu la'izu ba ginötö mobunga la'izu. Mongawalö ŵani si tola manolo mamohamo la'izu andre, aurifö si fakhili ba ŵani ni'ila niha humombo-hombo ba mbowo zinumbua. Itaria göi awena alua wamohamo andre na hamo sondrugi zi'alawe andrö moroi ba zinumbua bö'ö.<ref name="Nonnecke">{{cite book |author=Nonnecke, I.L. |year=1989 |title=Vegetable Production |publisher=Springer |isbn=9780442267216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7i8QJw8BJsC }}</ref> Some self-compatible cultivars exist that are related to the 'Lemon cucumber' cultivar.<ref name="Nonnecke" /> So mato ha'uga la'izu nifazökhi si lö moguna wamohamo. Bua la'izu simane lö hunö khönia bakha ba mo'amböta ''kualitas'' wemanga ya'ia. To'ölö latanö la'izu si lö hunö simane bakha ba nomo zinanö (nifosagö sörömi, andrö asese latötöi ia ''{{li|id|rumah kaca}}''), ba zi lö ngawalö ŵani. So ösa nitanö ba Eropa, baero ba mbenua si lö tesöndra ŵani. Sito'ölö wananö la'izu, lafatumbu'ö ua mbowo zimatua, ba awena bowo zi'alawe. Itaria latanö göi zinumbua bö'ö sanga'asogö hamo zimatua ba la'oya'ö wa'oya ŵani, irege tola alua wamohamo.<ref name="Nonnecke" /> Me 2009, labe'e wangombakha sambua angowuloa ndra sangosili ''international'' wa no la'awalisi wangerai ''genome'' la'izu.<ref>Latötöi ''fangerai genome'' sambua halöŵö nifalua ndra sangosili na la'osisi hadia oi zi so bakha ba zi sambua ''gen'' ba latanö ia bakha ba zura.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=S.|last2=Li|first2=R.|last3=Zhang|first3=Z.|last4=Li|first4=L.|last5=Gu|first5=X.|last6=Fan|first6=W.|last7=Lucas|first7=W.|last8=Wang|first8=X.|last9=Xie|first9=B.|last10=Ni|first10=P.|last11=Ren|first11=Y.|display-authors=4|year=2009|title=The genome of the cucumber, ''Cucumis sativus'' L|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=41|issue=12|pages=1275–81|doi=10.1038/ng.475|pmid=19881527|doi-access=free|first28=J.|first26=G.|last27=Lu|first27=Y.|last28=Ruan|first12=H.|last29=Qian|first29=W.|last30=Wang|first30=M.|first25=Y.|last26=Tian|last25=Ren|last13=Li|first18=J.|first13=J.|last14=Lin|first14=K.|last15=Jin|first15=W.|last16=Fei|first16=Z.|last17=Li|first17=G.|last18=Staub|last12=Zhu|first24=Z.|first19=A.|last20=Van Der Vossen|first20=E. A. G.|last21=Wu|first21=Y.|last22=Guo|first22=J.|last23=He|first23=J.|last24=Jia|last19=Kilian}}</ref> === Fanenaŵa gaurifö === Itaria ifa'asogö sambua ŵe la'izu, ena'ö böi la'a mbulunia ma buania aurifö sanörö.<ref name="shang">{{cite journal |display-authors=3| vauthors = Shang Y, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Duan L, Chen H, Zeng J, Zhou Q, Wang S, Gu W, Liu M, Ren J, Gu X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Yasukawa K, Bouwmeester HJ, Qi X, Zhang Z, Lucas WJ, Huang S | title = Plant science. Biosynthesis, regulation, and domestication of bitterness in cucumber |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2014-11-28_346_6213/page/1084| journal = Science | volume = 346 | issue = 6213 | pages = 1084–8 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25430763 | doi = 10.1126/science.1259215 | bibcode = 2014Sci...346.1084S | s2cid = 206561241 }}</ref> Ba wanenaŵa aurifö andrö ifazökhi sambua ŵe nifotöi ''cucurbitacin C''<ref name=":0a">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Zhiqiang |last2=Li |first2=Yawen |last3=Cao |first3=Chunyu |last4=Liang |first4=Shan |last5=Ma |first5=Yongshuo |last6=Liu |first6=Xin |last7=Pei |first7=Yanxi |title=The role of H2S in low temperature-induced cucurbitacin C increases in cucumber |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |date=February 2019 |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=535–544 |doi=10.1007/s11103-019-00834-w |pmid=30707394 |s2cid=73431225}}</ref> la'izu. Ŵe andre zame'e irege afeto ösa la'izu. Lala nitörö la'izu ba wanenaŵa aurifö andre no tobali tuho ni'osisi'ö ndra sangosili, samareso lala simane göi ba zinumbua bö'ö.<ref name=":0a" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=He |first=Jun |title=Terpene Synthases in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and Their Contribution to Herbivore-induced Volatile Terpenoid Emission |journal=New Phytologist |year=2022 |volume=233 |issue=2 |pages=862–877|doi=10.1111/nph.17814 |pmid=34668204 |pmc=9299122 |hdl=11245.1/e4b87361-6747-409a-a897-0e3939f560c0 |s2cid=239035917 }}</ref> == Nutrisi, hua ba raso == {{nutritional value | name=La'izu sataha sifao uli | water=95.23 g | kJ=65 | protein=0.65 g | fat=0.11 g | carbs=3.63 g | fiber=0.5 g | sugars=1.67 | calcium_mg=16 | iron_mg=0.28 | magnesium_mg=13 | phosphorus_mg=24 | potassium_mg=147 | sodium_mg=2 | zinc_mg=0.2 | manganese_mg=0.079 | opt1n=[[Fluoride]] | opt1v=1.3 µg | vitC_mg=2.8 | thiamin_mg=0.027 | riboflavin_mg=0.033 | niacin_mg=0.098 | pantothenic_mg=0.259 | vitB6_mg=0.04 | folate_ug=7 | vitK_ug=16.4 | note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168409/nutrients Link to USDA database entry] }} So 95% nidanö bakha ba la'izu si lö muheta uli, 4% ''[[karbohidrat]]'', 1% ''[[protein]]'' ba ma'ifu sibai dawö. So 16 kilokalori energi bakha ba 100 gram la'izu. Mo'amböta sibai khönia bakha nifotöi mikronutrisi: ha Vitamin K zi so (16% Vitamin K soguna ba mboto ero ma'ökhö. So ösa ngawalö la'izu si so raso awö hua [[melon]] börö ŵe nifotöi ''aldehyde'' awö ''cis''- ba ''trans''-isomer si so bakha khönia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schieberle|first1=P.|last2=Ofner|first2=S.|last3=Grosch|first3=W.|year=1990|title=Evaluation of Potent Odorants in Cucumbers (''Cucumis sativus'') and Muskmelons (''Cucumis melo'') by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=55|pages=193–195|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb06050.x}}</ref> Mato ha'uga la'izu afeto-feto, börö ŵe ''cucurbitacins'' si so bakha khönia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shang|first1=Y|last2=Ma|first2=Y|last3=Zhou|first3=Y|last4=Zhang|first4=H|last5=Duan|first5=L|last6=Chen|first6=H|last7=Zeng|first7=J|last8=Zhou|first8=Q|last9=Wang|first9=S|last10=Gu|first10=W|last11=Liu|first11=M|year=2014|title=Plant science. Biosynthesis, regulation, and domestication of bitterness in cucumber|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2014-11-28_346_6213/page/1084|journal=Science|volume=346|issue=6213|pages=1084–8|doi=10.1126/science.1259215|pmid=25430763|last12=Ren|first17=H. J.|last21=Huang|first20=W. J.|last20=Lucas|first19=Z|last19=Zhang|first18=X|last18=Qi|last17=Bouwmeester|first12=J|first16=K|last16=Yasukawa|first15=Y|last15=Wang|first14=S|last14=Zhang|first13=X|last13=Gu|first21=S|bibcode=2014Sci...346.1084S|s2cid=206561241}}</ref> Awena irugi da'a zi no mu'ali moroi ba li Inggris. Höndrögö '''Bulö'ö kode''' ba wamaigi teks si lö nasa mu'ali. Tolo Wikipedia ba wanohugö ya'ia. Fao ita wama'anö fangi'ila ba li Niha. Moroi khöda, soguna khöda ba soguna khö ndraonoda miföna. <!-- == Ngawalö == In general [[Agriculture|cultivation]], cucumbers are classified into three main [[cultivar]] groups: slicing, [[Pickled cucumber|pickled]], and [[Seedless fruit|seedless/burpless]]. == Fangoguna'ö == === Ngalawö gö === ==== Nitaba ==== Cucumbers grown to eat fresh are called ''slicing cucumbers''. The main varieties of slicers mature on [[vine]]s with large leaves that provide shading.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.almanac.com/plant/cucumbers|title=Cucumbers: Planting, growing, and harvesting cucumbers|publisher=Old Farmer's Almanac, Yankee Publishing, Inc., Dublin, NH|date=2016|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> Slicers grown commercially for the North American market are generally longer, smoother, more uniform in color, and have much tougher skin. In contrast, those in other countries, often called [[European cucumber]]s, are smaller and have thinner, more delicate skin, often with fewer seeds, thus are often sold in plastic skin for protection. This variety may also be called a ''telegraph cucumber'', particularly in [[Australasia]].<ref>[http://www.5aday.co.nz/facts-and-tips/fruit-vegetable-info/cucumber/ Cucumber – 5+ a day, New Zealand] Retrieved 18 May 2018</ref> ==== Ni'ungugö ==== {{Main|Pickled cucumber}} [[pickled cucumber|Pickling]] with [[Pickled cucumber#Brined pickles|brine]], sugar, [[vinegar]], and spices creates various flavored products from cucumbers and other foods.<ref name="avi">{{cite web|author1=Avi, Torey|title=History in a jar: The story of pickles|url=http://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/history-pickles/|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|access-date=13 November 2017|date=3 September 2014}}</ref> Although any cucumber can be pickled, commercial pickles are made from cucumbers specially bred for uniformity of length-to-diameter ratio and lack of voids in the flesh. Those cucumbers intended for pickling, called ''picklers'', grow to about {{convert|7|to|10|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long and {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} wide. Compared to slicers, picklers tend to be shorter, thicker, less-regularly shaped, and have bumpy skin with tiny white or black-dotted spines. Color can vary from creamy yellow to pale or dark green.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==== La'izu ite ==== [[Pickled cucumber#Gherkin|Gherkins]], also called ''cornichons'',<ref name="kitchn">{{cite web|title=What's The Deal With Cornichons?|url=http://www.thekitchn.com/whats-the-deal-with-cornichons-117240|publisher=The Kitchn|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2017}}</ref> or ''baby pickles'', are small cucumbers, typically those {{convert|1|to|5|in|cm|round=0.5|order=flip}} in length, often with bumpy skin, which are typically used for pickling.<ref name="zon">{{cite web|title=Gherkins|url=http://www.royalzon.com/en/consumer/fruit-vegetables/gherkins|publisher=Zon|access-date=13 November 2017|location=Venlo, Netherlands|date=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114040538/http://www.royalzon.com/en/consumer/fruit-vegetables/gherkins|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="wifss">{{cite web|title=Cucumbers|url=http://www.wifss.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/FDA_WIFSS_-Cucumbers_PDF.pdf|publisher=Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, US Department of Agriculture|access-date=13 November 2017|location=University of California-Davis|date=May 2016}}</ref><ref name="india">{{cite web|title=Cucumbers and gherkins|url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Cucumber_and_Gherkins.htm|publisher=Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, Government of India|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2015}}</ref> The word ''gherkin'' comes from the early modern [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''gurken'' or ''augurken'' ('small pickled cucumber').<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=Word origin and history for gherkin|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gherkin|dictionary=Dictionary.com|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2017}}</ref> The term is also used in the name for ''[[Cucumis anguria]]'', the ''West Indian gherkin'', a closely related species.<ref>{{cite web|title=West Indian gherkin, ''Cucumis anguria'' L.|url=http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+anguria|publisher=Plants for a Future|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2012}}</ref> ==== Si lö hunö ==== Burpless cucumbers are sweeter and have a thinner skin than other varieties of cucumber. They are reputed to be easy to digest and to have a pleasant taste. They can grow as long as {{convert|2|ft|cm|sp=us|order=flip|-1}}, are nearly seedless, and have a delicate skin. Most commonly grown in greenhouses, these [[parthenocarpic]] cucumbers are often found in [[Grocery store|grocery markets]], [[Shrink wrap|shrink-wrapped]] in plastic. They are marketed as either burpless or seedless, as the seeds and skin of other varieties of cucumbers are said to give some people gas.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jordan-Reilly|first=Melissa|title=Why do cucumbers upset my digestion?|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/471722-why-do-cucumbers-upset-my-digestion/|publisher=LiveStrong.com|date=15 September 2013 }}</ref> == Produksi == {{Infobox agricultural production | year = 2020 |plant= Cucumber and Gherkin | country1 ={{CHN}} | amount1 =72.8 | country2 ={{TUR}} | amount2 =1.9 | country3 ={{RUS}} | amount3 =1.7 | country4 ={{IRN}} | amount4 =1.2 | country5 ={{MEX}} | amount5 =1.2 | world =91.3 | source = [[FAOSTAT]]<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|title=2019 Production of cucumbers and gherkins; from pick lists: World regions/Production Quantity|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/|date=2019|access-date=2021-05-11|publisher=FAOSTAT of the United Nations}}</ref> }} In 2020, world production of cucumbers and gherkins was 91 million [[tonne]]s, led by China with 80% of the total.<ref name=faostat/> == Waö-waö wananö == Cultivated for at least 3,000 years, the cultivated cucumbers ''"Cucumis sativus"'' were domesticated in [[India]] from wild "''C. sativus var. hardwickii''".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chomicki |first1=Guillaume |last2=Schaefer |first2=Hanno |last3=Renner |first3=Susanne S. |title=Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.16015 |website=New Phytologist |pages=1240–1255 |language=en |doi=10.1111/nph.16015 |date=June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weng |first1=Yiqun |title=Cucumis sativus Chromosome Evolution, Domestication, and Genetic Diversity: Implications for Cucumber Breeding |journal=Plant Breeding Reviews |date=7 January 2021 |pages=79–111 |doi=10.1002/9781119717003.ch4 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119717003.ch4 |publisher=Wiley |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=I. S. |last2=Bhat |first2=K.V. |last3=Tanwar |first3=S. P. S. |last4=Bhandari |first4=D. C. |last5=Joshi |first5=Kamal |last6=Sharma |first6=A. K. |title=Distribution and genetic diversity of Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef in India |journal=The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology |date=January 2004 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=783–791 |doi=10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843 |language=en |issn=1462-0316}}</ref> where a great many varieties have been observed, along with its closest living relative, ''[[Cucumis hystrix]]''.<ref>[[Asian News International]]. 21 July 2010. "[http://newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/170033 Cucumber, melon's common ancestor originated in Asia]." ''NewsTrack India.'' Retrieved on 4 June 2020.</ref> Three main cultivar groups of cucumber are namely Eurasian cucumbers (slicing cucumbers eaten raw and immature), East Asian cucumbers (pickling cucumbers) and Xishuangbanna cucumbers. Based on demographic modelling, the East Asian C. sativus cultivars diverged from the Indian cultivars c. 2500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chomicki |first1=Guillaume |last2=Schaefer |first2=Hanno |last3=Renner |first3=Susanne S. |title=Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology |journal=New Phytologist |date=June 2020 |volume=226 |issue=5 |pages=1240–1255 |doi=10.1111/nph.16015 |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.16015 |language=en |issn=0028-646X|doi-access=free }}</ref> It was probably introduced to Europe by the [[Agriculture in ancient Greece|Greeks]] or [[Agriculture in ancient Rome|Romans]]. Records of cucumber cultivation appear in [[France]] in the 9th century, [[Agriculture in England|England]] in the 14th century, and in North America by the mid-16th century.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica" /><ref name="Renner 2007">{{cite journal|last1=Renner|first1=SS|last2=Schaefer|first2=H|last3=Kocyan|first3=A|year=2007|title=Phylogenetics of ''Cucumis'' (Cucurbitaceae): Cucumber (''C. sativus'') belongs in an Asian/Australian clade far from melon (''C. melo'')|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=7|page=58|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-58|pmc=3225884|pmid=17425784 |doi-access=free }} </ref><ref name="Doijode">Doijode, S. D. 2001. ''Seed storage of horticultural crops''. [[Haworth Press]]. {{ISBN|1-56022-901-2}}. p. 281.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.571|title=Taxonomic Relationships of A Rare ''Cucumis'' Species (''C. hystrix'' Chakr.) and Its Interspecific Hybrid with Cucumber|year=2006|last1=Zhuang|first1=Fei-Yun|last2=Chen|first2=Jin-Feng|last3=Staub|first3=Jack E.|last4=Qian|first4=Chun-Tao|journal=HortScience|volume=41|issue=3|pages=571–574|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Famatörö Roma === According to [[Pliny the Elder]], the Emperor [[Tiberius]] had the cucumber on his table daily during summer and winter. In order to have it available for his table every day of the year, the Romans reportedly used artificial methods of growing (similar to the [[Greenhouse|greenhouse system]]), whereby ''mirrorstone'' refers to Pliny's ''lapis specularis'', believed to have been sheet [[mica]]:<ref name="AncientInventions">{{cite book|author1=James, Peter J. |author2=Thorpe, Nick |author3=Thorpe, I. J. |title=Ancient Inventions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmJLd3sSYecC|year=1995|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-40102-1|chapter=Ch. 12, Sport and Leusure: Roman Gardening Technology|page=563}}</ref><ref>[[Pliny the Elder]]. [77–79 AD] 1855. "[http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2019.23 Vegetables of a Cartilaginous Nature—Cucumbers. Pepones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605044058/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2019.23 |date=5 June 2020 }}." Ch. 23 in ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|The Natural History]]'' XIX, translated by [[John Bostock (physician)|J. Bostock]] and [[Henry Thomas Riley|H. T. Riley]]. London: [[Taylor & Francis]]. – via ''Perseus under PhiloLogic'', also [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D19%3Achapter%3D23 available] via Perseus Project.</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Indeed, he was never without it; for he had raised beds made in frames upon wheels, by means of which the cucumbers were moved and exposed to the full heat of the sun; while, in winter, they were withdrawn, and placed under the protection of frames glazed with mirrorstone.|author=Pliny the Elder|title=''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' XIX.xxiii|source="Vegetables of a Cartilaginous Nature—Cucumbers. Pepones"}} Reportedly, they were also cultivated in ''specularia'', cucumber houses glazed with oiled cloth.<ref name="AncientInventions" /> Pliny describes the Italian fruit as very small, probably like a [[gherkin]]. He also describes the preparation of a medication known as ''elaterium''. However, some scholars{{who|date=February 2013}} believe that he was instead referring to ''[[Ecballium elaterium]]'', known in pre-[[Linnean nomenclature|Linnean]] times as ''Cucumis silvestris'' or ''Cucumis asininus'' ('wild cucumber' or 'donkey cucumber'), a species different from the common cucumber.<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' XX.[http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.3 iii] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605043843/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.3 |date=5 June 2020 }}.</ref> Pliny also writes about several other varieties of cucumber, including the cultivated cucumber,<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' XX.[http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.4 iv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605043845/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.4 |date=5 June 2020 }}–[http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.5 v] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605043846/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.5 |date=5 June 2020 }}.</ref> and remedies from the different types (9 from the cultivated; 5 from the "anguine;" and 26 from the "wild"). === Hönö ndröfia === [[Charlemagne]] had cucumbers grown in his gardens in the 8th/9th century. They were reportedly introduced into England in the early 14th century, lost, then reintroduced approximately 250 years later. The [[Spaniards]] (through the [[Italian people|Italian]] [[Christopher Columbus]]) brought cucumbers to [[Haiti]] in 1494. In 1535, [[Jacques Cartier]], a French explorer, found "very great cucumbers" grown on the site of what is now [[Montreal]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} === Götö modern si föföna === [[File:Trans-2,cis-6-Nonadienal.png|thumb|[[Trans,cis-2,6-Nonadienal]], or ''cucumber aldehyde'', is a component of the distinctive aroma of cucumbers.|alt=trans,cis-2,6-Nonadienal, or cucumber aldehyde|250px]] Throughout the 16th century, European trappers, traders, [[bison]] hunters, and explorers bartered for the products of American Indian [[agriculture]]. The tribes of the [[Great Plains]] and the [[Rocky Mountains]] learned from the Spanish how to grow European crops. The farmers on the Great Plains included the [[Mandan]] and [[Abenaki]]. They obtained cucumbers and [[watermelon]]s from the Spanish, and added them to the crops they were already growing, including several varieties of [[Maize|corn]] and [[bean]]s, [[pumpkin]]s, [[Squash (fruit)|squash]], and [[gourd]] plants.<ref>{{cite book|title=Taste, Memory: Forgotten Foods, Lost Flavors, and why They Matter|url=https://archive.org/details/tastememoryforgo0000buch|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tastememoryforgo0000buch/page/109 109]|last=Buchanan|first=David|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|location=VT, USA|isbn=9781603584401|year=2012}}</ref> The [[Iroquois]] were also growing them when the first Europeans visited them.<ref>{{cite book|title=Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany and Use|pages=159|last1=Kuhnlein|first1=H. V.|last2=Turner|first2=N. J.|publisher=Gordon and Breach|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|year=1996|isbn=9782881244650}}</ref> In 1630, the Reverend [[Francis Higginson]] produced a book called ''New-Englands Plantation'' in which, describing a garden on Conant's Island in [[Boston Harbor]] known as ''The Governor's Garden'', he states:<ref>[[Francis Higginson|Higginson, Francis]]. [1630] 1906. ''[[iarchive:newenglandsplant00higgrich/|New-Englands Plantation]]''. Salem, MA: Essex Book and Print Club. {{OCLC|1049892552}}. [https://archive.org/details/newenglandsplant00higgrich/page/24/mode/2up?q=turnips p. 5].</ref><blockquote>The countrie aboundeth naturally with store of roots of great {{Sic|varietie}} and good to eat. Our turnips, parsnips, and carrots are here both bigger and sweeter than is ordinary to be found in England. Here are store of pompions, cowcumbers, and other things of that nature which I know not…</blockquote>In ''New England Prospect'' (1633, England), William Wood published observations he made in 1629 in America:<ref>Wood, William. (1634). "[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/47082/47082-h/47082-h.htm#Page_13 Of the Hearbes, Fruites, Woods, Waters and Mineralls]", pp. 13–18 in ''New England Prospect''. London.</ref><blockquote>{{Sic|The ground affords very good kitchin gardens, for Turneps, Parsnips, Carrots, Radishes, and Pompions, Muskmillons, Isquoter-squashes, coucumbars, Onyons, and whatever grows well in England grows as well there, many things being better and larger.}}</blockquote> === Götö aefa wa'ateboka hörö === [[File:Lobster, Crab, and a Cucumber - 1891P32.jpg|thumb|''Lobster, Crab, and a Cucumber'' by [[William Henry Hunt (painter)|William Henry Hunt]] (watercolour, 1826 or 1827)]] In the later 17th century, a prejudice developed against uncooked vegetables and fruits. A number of articles in contemporary health publications stated that uncooked plants brought on summer diseases and should be forbidden to children. The cucumber kept this reputation for an inordinate period of time, "fit only for consumption by cows," which some believe is why it gained the name, ''cowcumber''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} [[Samuel Pepys]] wrote in his diary on 22 August 1663:<ref>[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1663/08/22/ Saturday 22 August 1663 (Pepys' Diary)]. Pepysdiary.com. Retrieved on 25 November 2012.</ref><blockquote>[T]his day Sir W. Batten tells me that Mr. Newburne is dead of eating cowcumbers, of which the other day I heard of another, I think.</blockquote> According to 18th-century British writer [[Samuel Johnson]], it was commonly said among English physicians that a cucumber “should be well sliced, and dressed with pepper and vinegar, and then thrown out, as good for nothing.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boswell |first1=James |title=The Life of Samuel Johnson: Including A Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, Volumen 1 |date=1832 |publisher=Carter, Hendee and Company |page=423 |url=https://books.google.cl/books?id=fKAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA423 |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> A copper [[etching]] made by Maddalena Bouchard between 1772 and 1793 shows this plant to have smaller, almost bean-shaped fruits, and small yellow flowers. The small form of the cucumber is figured in [[Herbal]]s of the 16th century, however stating that "[i]f hung in a tube while in blossom, the Cucumber will grow to a most surprising length."{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==Gallery== <gallery mode=packed> File:Organic Gardener Holding a Fresh Salad Cucumber.jpg|Salad cucumber File:An Indian yellow cucumber.jpg|An Indian yellow cucumber File:Kurkkuja.jpg|A Scandinavian cucumber in slices File:Cucumber grated.jpg|Grated cucumber File:Komkommer (Cucumis sativus 'Gele Tros').jpg|Komkommer (''Cucumis sativus'' 'Gele Tros') File:Hmong cucumber.jpg|A varietal grown by the [[Hmong people]] with textured skin and large seeds File:Lemon cucumber J1.JPG|Lemon cucumber File:Mizeria.jpg|Dish with cucumber cut pieces ([[mizeria]]) File:PicklingCucumbers.jpg|Pickling cucumbers File:Spreewaldgurke2.jpg|Gherkins File:Persiancucumber.jpg|[[Isfahan]] burpless cucumber, [[Iran]] File:Leaves of Cucumber (a creeping vine plant).jpg|Leaves File:Cucumber vine in New Jersey.jpg|alt=A tendril emerges from cucumber vines to facilitate climbing|A [[tendril]] emerges from cucumber vines to facilitate climbing File:Cucumbers growing on a string lattice structure.jpg|alt=A string lattice supports vine growth|A string [[Trellis (architecture)|lattice]] supports vine growth File:Cucumber hanging on the vine.JPG|alt=A bulb-shaped cucumber hanging on the vine|A [[bulb]]-shaped cucumber hanging on the [[vine]] </gallery> {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = La'izu | image = ARS_cucumber.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = La'izu | regnum = Plantae | divisio = Magnoliophyta | classis = Magnoliopsida | ordo = Cucurbitales | familia = Cucurbitaceae | genus = ''Cucumis'' | species = '''''C. sativus''''' | binomial = ''Cucumis sativus'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''La'izu''' (töi resmi: ''Cucumis sativus'', li Indonesia: ''timun'', ''mentimun'' ma ''ketimun'') no sambua zinanö si tefaböbö ba famili ''Cucurbitaceae'', ya'ia da'ö ngawalö zinumbua sanga'asogö bua si tola la'a niha. Oya nidanö bakha ba mbua la'izu. Asese la'oguna'ö ia niha tobali famalala gö, itaria labali'ö ia famaruka nidanö nibadu ba gangowuloa segebua. Asese göi la'oguna'ö ia ira'alawe ba wangalösö bawa (ladökhi ia ba awena lafalemba ba mböwö ma ba mbawa). Baero da'ö so niha si faduhu tödö wa tola möi tou wa'anai ndro niha (li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|darah tinggi}}'') na la'a ia. ''Habitus'' la'izu fao ba gangolifa sitobali dalu-dalu bulu ndru'u ma laŵa'ö herba fa'aurinia hulö matonga manana ba fananö ya'ia mo'inötö. Fobowo la'izu andre, fa sambua-sambua misa ma (''monoecious'') bowo simatua faoma bowo ''hermafrodit'' mo so khönia dombua zimatuania (''berkelamin ganda''). [[Bowo Zinanö]] si'oföna sibai tefangamöi ba zi 4-5 migu, ya'ia da'ö bowo simatua. Bowo-bowo si tumbu aefa da'ö ba la'izu ya'ia bowo da'ö hermafrodit na sökhi wa'aurinia. Ba zara ngenge tola tesöndra ofeta 20 ngawua , ba hiza ba zamaliaro si sökhi no tola la tatugöi ha wa'oya mbua ena'ö tesöndra mbua si sökhi ba ebua. Bua lai'izu sibohou ebua la'a-la'ania owuge'e ba so ma'ifu zafusi misa khönia, ba na idugu atua ia, ba idugu abölö owuge'e ba hulö zafusi hoho. Buania anau-nau hulö torpedo. Ösi la'izu tedou ba gamaudu nifotöi mesokarp, so la'a-la'a a'usö safusi hoho, ofeta ba la'a-la'a oroyo-royo. Bua sitola lateu si lö irugi asoso börö na asoso ba alio sibai oköli mbuania irege baga na lateu ia fatua atua manö ya'i böi irugi asoso. == Fangoguna'ö La'izu (''Manfaat mentimun'') == La'izu so khönia nifotöi diuretik, same'e fangokafu si so ba mbuania, ba famöfögö soguna ba guli niha. Oya khönia nidanö, vitamin A, B, faoma C faoma ''mineral'' simane ''magnesium, kalium, mangan'', faoma ''silika''; da'ö wa la'oguna'ö la'izu andre niha ba wangahaogö fangalösö guli. ''Asam askorbat'' faoma ''asam caffeic'' si so ba mbua la'izu sangalösi ''retensi'' nidanö irege da'ö zimöi fangalösi fa'abao mbewe hörö niha. == Föla ba fökhö la'izu (''Hama dan penyakit'') == Föla sasese mamakao sinanö la'izu ya'ia da'ö; utu si so ba mbulu ''Aphis gossypii'' (''Hemiptera: Aphididae''), ''trips Thrips'' ''parvispinus'' (''Tysanoptera: Tripidae''), utu ''kebul Trialeurodes vaporariorum'' (''Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae''), ngalö-ngalö samakiko bulu la'izu ''Liriomyza huidobrensis'' (''Diptera: Agromyzidae''), tolu-tolu si so ba mbu nikaoni ba li wamahaö ''Aulacophora'' ''similis'' (''Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae''), ba era mbulu ya'ia da'ö ''Diaphania indica'' (''Lepidoptera: Pyralidae''). Aefa da'ö tesöndra göi mbuania lö adölö wa'anau-nau nia, abila-bila ma'ifu mbuania, ba na tefaigi hulö zi no tekiko börö wöla ''kepik'' ''Leptoglossus australis'' (''Hemiptera: Coreidae'').<ref name="repository.ipb.ac.id">http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/13223</ref> Fökhö-fökhö si so ba zinanö la'izu andre, ba naha wananö ya'ia, nematoda puru wa'a ''Meloidogyne arenaria'', mo namo mbulunia, ni'a'asogö ''Pseudoperonospora cubensis'', fa'atekiko mbulu börö ''Alternaria sp. dan Colletotrichum sp.'' Ba fökhö ''mosaik'' ni'a'asogö ''Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)''. Na göna Föla samakao sinanö la'izu, ba lö tesöndra mbua sisökhi lö mo'ölö bawa'erege dödö zamaliaro fananö ya'ia. Sabua si'ai na so wöla simane ngalö-ngalö sanaba bulu la'izu ya'ia da'ö ''L. huidobrensis'' faoma utu mbulu ''A. gossypii''. Baero wöla, sasese möi fangalösi mbua sisökhi ba waneu la'izu andre, ya'ia da'ö ba mbuania si lö adölö-dölö, oya zi lakiritö ni'a'asogö föla ''kepik L. australis''.<ref name="repository.ipb.ac.id"/> No so wökhö ba zinanö simane la'izu ma ''Cucurbitaceae'' simöi famakao zangohalöŵögöi me tebai niteu ma lö tesöndra mbua sisökhi. Sambua ba gotalua dungö zamakao sinanö ba ''Cucurbitaceae'' andrö sifao ba danömö ya'ia da'ö '''''Squash mosaic virus'''''. ''SqMV'' no la'ila niha, tungö samakao ba mbanua sananö simane la'izu andre ma ''Cucurbitaceae'' me si no göna ya'ia ba lö alua mbua sisökhi ma lö böli gölö wohalöŵögöigö.<ref>http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/53361</ref> --> == Umbu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Khai-khai baero == * {{en}} [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/27548 ''Seni Bercocok Tanam Mentimun dan Melon''] karya Thomas Watkins * [http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/13223 Survei Hama dan Penyakit pada Pertanaman Mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.) di Desa Ciherang, Kecamatan Pacet, Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat] * [http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/53361 Keberadaan Beberapa Virus dan Efisiensi Tular Benih Squash mosaic virus pada Cucurbitaceae] {{Taxonbar|from=Q23425}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Ngawalö gö]] [[Kategori:Bulugeu]] [[Kategori:Cucurbitaceae]] [[Kategori:Sinanö]] [[Kategori:Sinumbua]] fa1om8xd02f82ildiw4iqm7ceg8swpf 0 2677 27633 24326 2026-08-17T13:22:13Z Slaia 39 27633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies}} '''Ohi''' (li Latin ''Cocos nucifera'') no sambua zinanö si tefaböbö ba mado ''Cocos'', si tumbu ba [[Indo-Pasifik]] ba ba [[Amerika Selatan]]. Oya auri ia ba zinga nasi. Tölania abe'e sibai ba alaŵa. Oya sibai gunania ba wa'auri niha, tölania tola möi dela ma soroso, tola möi ia tobali döla-döla nomo, ehomo, ba tanöbö'önia. Bulunia sawuyu nasa nifotöi lehe-lehe asese te'oguna'ö ba wamazökhi [[tamböyö]]. Bulunia si no oköli tola tobali solo ba zi bongi. Lehe-lehe soköli nifotöi sandrari tola la'oguna'ö ba wamoloi ndri, sito'ölönia na möi milo ma zui ba naha gowi. Sawu mbanio ba likhe nohi tola labali'ö ezoi. Ösi mbanio tola la'oköli'ö tobali ''kopra'', moroi khönia lafarö wanikha sasese te'oguna'ö ba wangomuhua boto (''parfum'' ba ''kosmetik''), ma zui tobali fangali gö soya bakha ''kalori'', ba so göi ni'oguna'ö tobali fanikha moto.<ref>[http://bemfateta.ipb.ac.id/index.php/berita-umum/knalpot-ubah-minyak-kelapa Knalpot Ubah Minyak Kelapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126155559/http://bemfateta.ipb.ac.id/index.php/berita-umum/knalpot-ubah-minyak-kelapa |date=2022-11-26 }}, mufaigi me [[24 Juli]] [[2010]] ({{-id-}})</ref> {{fonga'eu}} ''moguna mufo'ösi'' {{Habitat}} Ohi oya auri ba ngai nasi. Ba Danö Niha tehöngö oya auri nohi ba hulo Hinako, ba Nias Utara ba ba Nias Selatan.<ref>Dewantoro (23 Mei 2013), [https://medanbisnisdaily.com/news/read/?id=30858 ''Sumut Miliki Tiga Daerah Sentra Produksi Kelapa''], mediabisnisdaily.com, mufaigi me 3 November 2020.</ref> {{Kultivasi}} ''moguna mufo'ösi'' {{Fangoguna'ö}} ''moguna mufo'ösi'' {{Faniaga}} ''moguna mufo'ösi'' {{Onönöta}} Ba li Niha no mufabö'öni wanötöi nohi moroi ba mbuania nifotöi [[banio]]. Ba li bö'ö simane li Indonesia lö lafabö'öni döinia. Eluahania na laŵaö ''kelapa'' ba li Indonesia tola eluhania ohi (''pohon kelapa'') ma zui [[banio]] (''buah kelapa''). Töi ilmiah nohi ''Cocos nucifera'', tehalö moroi ba li Portugis satua ''coco'', eluahania högö ma töla högö, börö me la'ila zole mbanio soroma hulö högö niha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOufgbY8TbsC&dq=dalgado+glossario&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=ZODcRxxnB-&sig=RAZ9xYoSOI5bhw16H2wtH6MIx3A&hl=en&ei=MirySuf5FYahjAfZhPmUDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBAQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=coca&f=false|title=Glossário luso-asiático|last=Dalgado|first=Sebastião|volume=1|page=291|work=google.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602230529/https://books.google.com/books?id=zOufgbY8TbsC&dq=dalgado+glossario&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=ZODcRxxnB-&sig=RAZ9xYoSOI5bhw16H2wtH6MIx3A&hl=en&ei=MirySuf5FYahjAfZhPmUDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBAQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=coca&f=false|archivedate=June 2, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> {{Basoŵa}} ''moguna mufo'ösi'' {{Khai-khai baero}} ''moguna mufo'ösi'' == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Sinumbua]] [[Kategori:Sinanö]] {{Börö zura}} t82d557hxeedfp5prixbvt7x0wcq55z 0 3845 27662 27620 2026-08-17T14:32:22Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 10 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ambox | type = notice | image = | text = This page is being translated from English Wikipedia and very long. So it will take a long time. Moreover there will be some error in the footnotes because of the possible missing named references that may only appear in the parts that haven't been translated yet. So bear with me. }} {{Taxobox | name = Singo | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/115130419 ''Panthera leo'']</ref> | fossil_range = [[Pleistosen]] | image = Lion waiting in Namibia.jpg | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Carnivora]] | familia = [[Felidae]] | genus = [[Panthera]] | species = Panthera leo | binomial = Panthera leo | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Subspesies | subdivision = : P. l. leo : Panthera leo melanochaita : Panthera leo sinhaleyus † | range_map = Lion distribution.png }} '''Singo''' (töi ilmiah ''Panthera leo'') no aurifö si hulö mao sebua si tefaböbö ba ngafu ''Panthera'' ba sito'ölönia auri ira ba danö Afrika ba ba danö India. Botonia monagole soya ba tötö'ania mangebolo. Högö ba fisonia owulo-wulo ba ba mbalö gi'onia so samböbö mbu. Sikhala zimatua fabö'ö ma'ifu moroi ba zi'alawe. Boto zimatua abölö ebua moroi ba zi'alawe ba so khönia rambe sanau. Singo no aurifö ''sosial'', eluahania auri ira oi fao-fao ba zi sambawa, eluahania so mato ha'uga rozi zimatua faoma zi'alawera ba iraono zingo. Sito'ölönia möi malu ndra singo si'alawe oi fao-fao. Ahulua ni'aluira ya'ia aurifö segebua sa'a duturu gahe simane kudo, bawi, laosi, btn. Singo no fondrege onekhe mealu ba gotalua gaurifö fefu. Sito'ölönia lö lagohi niha singo, heŵa'ae no alua wa la'a nagole niha. Toröi zingo ba mbenua soya ndru'u. Sito'ölönia maoso ba mangalui ö ira ba zima'ökhö, heŵa'ae tola göi lalau mangalui ö ba zibongi na la'ila wa lagohi ira niha ma aurifö bö'ö. Götö [[neolitik]] latöröi zi sagörö Afrika ba Eurasia i'otarai Eropa Timur irugi India. Ba hiza afuriatania hatö dombua ngawa zi so: samba ngawa ba gölana danö simate Sahara ba Afrika ba sambua tö ba India Barat. I'otarai 1996 no tefaböbö zingo ba gaurifö sarakhagö taya ba IUCN Red List, börö me alö 43% wa'oyara i'otarai 1990. Lö mo'ölö ira baero nahia nirorogö niha, eluahnia nahia heza lö mealu niha. Lö ta'ila hadia sibai mbörö wa itugu alö wa'oyara, heŵa'ae ta'ila wa sikho sebua khöra niha simöi mamunu ya'ira. Moroi ba gotalua gaurifö sasese te'oguna'ö bakha ba gambara ba ba nidunö-dunö niha, singo no aurifö fondrege asese te'oroma'ö bakha ba nadu, gambara, bendera nasional, filem ba ngawalö zura. No göi lafauwu zingo ni'oguna'ö ba wondrara dödö zato<ref>Ba ginötö föna, töra-töra ba kerajaan Romawi, asese lafalua wae'atasa same'e fondrara dödö niha sato. Ba wae'atasa andrö lafabago darua niha, ma zui lafabago samösa niha ba sageu zingo. Fabagosa simane andre so ia irugi ma'ökhö ba ''pertandingan tinju''. Fabagosa samösa niha ba aurifö so nasa ba Spanyol, heza fabago samösa niha ba öröbao samu'i. Iada'a lö sa'ae fabagosa niha singo, hatö famaisa faoma singo zi so sasese ta'ila ba ''sirkus''.</ref> moroi ba ginötö kerajaan Romawi ba asese göi la'alui zingo niha tobali nifaliaro ba nifotöi kabu gurifö (li Indonesia ''kebun binatang'') ba zi sagörö ulidanö i'otarai ngaotu ndröfi si-18. Fogambaraini zingo so ba niha Miserayi ba tola taŵaö ba fefu budaya niha föna irugi ma'ökhö. == Oroita wehede == Fehede singo bakha ba li Niha tehalö moroi ba li Indonesia ''singa''. Töi ilmiah khönia ya'ia ''leo'' (li Latin) niwawalö moroi ba li Yunani λέων, ''leon''. Töi ''generik'' khönia ya'ia ''Panthera'', göi tehalö moroi ba li Latin 'panthēra' ba li Yunani satua πάνθηρ, ''panther''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Liddell, H. G. |last2=Scott, R. |name-list-style=amp |year=1940 |chapter=πάνθηρ |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Revised and augmented |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> == Famöfö'ö == [[File:Two cladograms for Panthera.svg|thumb|right|Tefazökhi diagram tanö yaŵa molo'ö fangosili ba ndröfi 2006,<ref name=Johnson2006/><ref name="werdelin2009">{{cite journal |last1=Werdelin|first1=L. |last2=Yamaguchi|first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien|first4=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |journal=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |year=2010 |pages=59–82 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142}}</ref> ba tanö tou molo'ö fangosili ba ndröfi 2010<ref name=davis2010/> and 2011<ref name=mazak2011/> studies.]] I'oguna'ö ''Felis leo'' tobali töi ilmiah zingo [[Carl Linnaeus]] me ndröfi 1758, me isura zanandrösa ba zingo bakha ba mbuku ''Systema Naturae''.<ref name="Linn1758">{{cite book |last=Linnaeus|first= C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |page=41 |chapter=''Felis leo'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}} {{ba lang|la}}</ref> Same'e töi ''genus'' (''Panthera'') ba no Lorenz Oken ba ndröfi 1816.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oken |first1=L. |year=1816 |title=Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung |location=Jena |publisher=August Schmid & Comp. |page=1052 |chapter=1. Art, ''Panthera'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5o5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1052}}</ref> Ba gotalua ngaotu ndröfia si-18 ba si-20 so 26 zingo nisura amuata ba te'andrö tobali ''sub-spesies''. Me ndröfi 2005, 11 moroi ba gotalua zi 26 andrö tetema'ö tobali töi resmi ba mbolo zoologi.<ref name=MSW3/> Si fabö'ö ba gotaluara ya'ia fa'ebua mbotora, la'a-la'a mbu [[wikt:söri|zöri]]ra ba la'a-la'a gulira.<ref name=Hemmer/> === Sub-spesies === [[File:Lion subspecies distribution3.png|thumb|Fa'amuzawili su-spesies ba kelas zingo]] Götö ngaotu ndröfi si-19 ba si-20, mato ha'uga tipe zingo ni'andrö tobali sub-spesies, ba salusi ba gotaluara tetema'ö tobali töi resmi (''valid taxa'') irugi ndröfi 2017.<ref name=MSW3/> Ba gotalua ndröfi 2008 ba 2016, la'oguna'ö ira sohalöŵö ba organisasi IUCN Red List ha dombua döi sub-spesies: ''P. l. leo'' khö ngafu singo ba Afrika ba ''P. l. persica'' khö ngafu zingo ba Asia.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=Breitenmoser2008>{{cite iucn |author=Breitenmoser, U. |author2=Mallon, D. P. |author3=Ahmad Khan, J. and |author4=Driscoll, C. |date=2008 |volume=2008 |page=e.T15952A5327221 |title=''Panthera leo'' ssp. ''persica'' |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en }}</ref><ref name=Henschel2015>{{cite iucn |author=Henschel, P. |author2=Bauer, H. |author3=Sogbohoussou, E. |author4=Nowell, K. |name-list-style=amp |date=2015 |volume=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en |title=''Panthera leo'' West Africa subpopulation}}</ref> Me 2017, labulö'ö wamöfö'ö zingo (li Indonesia ''taksonomi'') ya'ira samalua famöfö'ö ngawalö mao (li Inggris ''the Cat Classification Task Force'') si tefaböbö ba wa'awösa ''the Cat Specialist Group'', ba laföfö'ö dombua sub-spesies molo'ö wangosili evolusi zingo:<ref>Lafotöi evolusi waö-waö wa'atobali zauri ba danö i'otarai me hulö dungö ira irege manöi ba fabö'ö tobali sinumbua, aurifö ba niha. Duma-dumania me föna ha sambua dua ndra fefu mao, singo, harimo, btn. nifotöi ''Felidae''. Ba hiza ba wamofanö ginötö manöi ba fabö'ö ira irege so zi tobali mao, so zi tobali singo ma zui harimo btn.</ref><ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O'Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |pages=71–73 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=71}}</ref> * ''P. l. leo (Panthera leo leo)'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} − ba ngafu da'a fao zingo si so ba Asia, singo Mesir (ba li Inggris ''barbary lion'') awö oi zingo sauri ba Utara, Barat ba Tengah ba Afrika.<ref name=catsg/> Si fagölö töi khönia ya'ia ''P. l. persica'' {{small|(Meyer, 1826)}}, ''P. l. senegalensis'' {{small|(Meyer, 1826)}}, ''P. l. kamptzi'' {{small|([[Paul Matschie|Matschie]], 1900)}}, ba ''P. l. azandica'' {{small|([[Joel Asaph Allen|Allen]], 1924)}}.<ref name=MSW3/> Ato zanura same'e töi khö ngawalö zingo andre 'singo Utara' ba sub-spesies Utara'.<ref name="Wood1865">{{cite book |last=Wood |first=J. G. |author-link=John George Wood |title=The Illustrated Natural History. Mammalia, Volume 1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter=Felidæ; or the Cat Tribe |page=129−148 |location=London |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1DPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA147 |year=1865}}</ref><ref name=Hunter2018>{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=L. |author-link=Luke Hunter |last2=Barrett |first2=P. |title=The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World |edition=2 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney |isbn=978-1-4729-5080-2 |date=2018 |chapter=Lion ''Panthera leo'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HpxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |pages=46−47}}</ref> * ''P. l. melanochaita (Panthera leo melanochaita)'' {{small|([[Charles Hamilton Smith|Smith]], 1842)}} − fao ba da'a singo Afrika Selatan (li Inggris ''Cape lion'') si no taya ba ngawa zingo sauri ba danö tanö ba Timur ba ba Selatan Afrika.<ref name=catsg/> Si fagölö töi khönia ya'ia ''P. l. somaliensis'' {{small|(Noack 1891)}}, ''P. l. massaica'' {{small|([[Oscar Neumann|Neumann]], 1900)}}, ''P. l. sabakiensis'' {{small|([[Einar Lönnberg|Lönnberg]], 1910)}}, ''P. l. bleyenberghi'' {{small|(Lönnberg, 1914)}}, ''P. l. roosevelti'' {{small|([[Edmund Heller|Heller]], 1914)}}, ''P. l. nyanzae'' {{small|(Heller, 1914)}}, ''P. l. hollisteri'' {{small|([[Joel Asaph Allen|Allen]], 1924)}}, ''P. l. krugeri'' {{small|([[Austin Roberts (zoologist)|Roberts]], 1929)}}, ''P. l. vernayi'' {{small|(Roberts, 1948)}}, ba ''P. l. webbiensis'' {{small|(Zukowsky, 1964)}}.<ref name=MSW3 /><ref name=Hemmer/> Latötöi ia göi 'sub-spesies Selatan' ba 'singo Selatan'.<ref name=Hunter2018/> Heŵa'ae simanö so zi faruka ba gotalua zi dombua ngawa andre ba danö tanö ba Tengah Utara Afrika. Molo'ö analisa DNA safuria, singo moroi ba Afrika Tengah no nga'ötö moroi he ba zingo Utara ba he singo Selatan, ba mtDNA tefaogö ira ba ''P. leo leo'' bahiza ba DNA genomik tefaböbö ira ba ''P. leo melanochaita''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=de Manuel|first1= M.|last2= Barnett|first2= R.|last3= Sandoval-Velasco|first3= M. |last4=Yamaguchi|first4= N.|last5= Vieira|first5= F. G.|last6= Mendoza|first6= M. L. Z.|last7=Liu|first7=S.|last8=Martin|first8=M. D.|last9=Sinding|first9=M-S. S.|last10=Mak|first10=S. S. T.|last11=Carøe|first11=C.|last12=Liu|first12=S.|last13=Guo|first13=C.|last14=Zheng|first14=J.|last15=Zazula|first15=G.|last16=Baryshnikov|first16=G.|last17=Eizirik|first17=E.|last18=Koepfli|first18=K-P.|last19=Johnson|first19=W. E.|last20=Antunes|first20=A.|last21=Sicheritz-Ponten|first21=T.|last22=Gopalakrishnan|first22=S.|last23=Larson|first23=G.|last24=Yang|first24=H|last25=O’Brien|first25=S. J.|last26=Hansen|first26=A. J.|last27=Zhang|first27=G.|last28=Marques-Bonet|first28=T.|last29=Gilbert|first29=M. T. P.|date=2020|title= The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions|journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=117|issue=20|pages= 10927–10934|doi=10.1073/pnas.1919423117|pmid= 32366643|pmc=7245068|bibcode= 2020PNAS..11710927D|doi-access= free}}</ref> Akhökhöla zingo nisöndra ba hili-hili [[Etiopia]] tefaogö molo'ö genetik khö ndra singo moroi ba [[Kamerun]] ba [[Chad]], bahiza singo moroi ba nahia bö'ö ba Etiopia tefaogö khö ndra moroi ba Afrika timur. Börö da'ö laŵaö ira sangosili wa [[Etiopia]] no tobali nahia wa'afaruka zi dombua sub-spesies zingo andre.<ref name=Bertola2016>{{cite journal |author1=Bertola, L. D. |author2=Jongbloed, H. |author3=Van Der Gaag, K. J. |author4=De Knijff, P. |author5=Yamaguchi, N. |author6=Hooghiemstra, H. |author7=Bauer, H. |author8=Henschel, P. |author9=White, P. A. |author10=Driscoll, C. A. |author11=Tende, T. |author12=Ottosson, U. |author13=Saidu, Y. |author14=Vrieling, K. |author15=de Iongh, H. H. |year=2016 |title=Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (''Panthera leo'') |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |page=30807 |doi=10.1038/srep30807 |pmid=27488946 |pmc=4973251 |bibcode=2016NatSR...630807B}}</ref> Molo'ö data genome fefu zingo si no oi taya moroi ba Sudan tefaböbö ia ba ''P. l. leo'' ba mtDNA, bahiza no ahatö sibai ia ba ''P. l. melanochaita''. Börö da'ö te moguna mufaigi mangawuli wamöfö'ö ngawalö zingo si so ba Afrika Tengah.<ref name="DeManuel_al2020">{{cite journal |author1=Manuel, M. d. |author2=Ross, B. |author3=Sandoval-Velasco, M. |author4=Yamaguchi, N. |author5=Vieira, F. G. |author6=Mendoza, M. L. Z. |author7=Liu, S. |author8=Martin, M. D. |author9=Sinding, M.-H. S. |author10=Mak, S. S. T. |author11=Carøe, C. |author12=Liu, S. |author13=Guo, C. |author14=Zheng, J. |author15=Zazula, G. |author16=Baryshnikov, G. |author17=Eizirik, E. |author18=Koepfli, K.-P. |author19=Johnson, W. E. |author20=Antunes, A. |author21=Sicheritz-Ponten, T. |name-list-style=amp |author22=Gopalakrishnan, S. |author23=Larson, G. |author24=Yang, H. |author25=O'Brien, S. J. |author26=Hansen, A. J. |author27=Zhang, G. |author28=Marques-Bonet, T. |author29=Gilbert, M. T. P. |title=The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=117 |issue=20 |pages=10927–10934 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1919423117 |year=2020 |pmid=32366643 |pmc=7245068 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11710927D |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Lahe molo'ö akhökhöla === [[File:Panthera Atrox.jpg |thumb|right|Töla högö sageu zingo Amerika ni'oroma'ö ba National Museum of Natural History, Washington]] Sub-spesies zingo tanöbö'ö ma spesies si fatalifusö ba zingo modern no tesöndra ba ginötö föna me lö nasa tebörögö hikaya:<ref name="Christiansen08CaveLions">{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=P. |year=2008 |title=Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters |journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=977–992 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x|pmid=34892880 |s2cid=84497516 }}</ref> * ''P. l. sinhaleyus (Panthera leo sinhaleyus)'' no akhökhöla zingo nifotöi ''carnassial''<ref>Lafotöi ''carnassial'' zingo si so ifö satarö ifö tanö yaŵa ba tanö tou ba nifalali-lali wa'ate'olinia irege balö satarö moroi yaŵa möi ba gotalua nifö tanö tou ba ifö satarö moroi tou möi ba gotalua nifö tanö yaŵa</ref> nisöndra ba [[Sri Lanka]]. Te taya ia 39.000 fakhe si lalö.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=K. |last1=Manamendra-Arachchi |first2=R. |last2=Pethiyagoda |first3=R. |last3=Dissanayake |first4=M. |last4=Meegaskumbura |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka |journal=[[The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |issue=Supplement 12 |pages=423–434 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s12/s12rbz423-434.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807215533/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s12/s12rbz423-434.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-08-07 }}</ref> * ''P. fossilis (Panthera fossilis)'' no singo sabölö ebua moroi ba zingo modern ba auri ia ba ginötö nifotöi [[Middle Pleistocene]]. Akhökhöla döla tesöndra me lakhao ba dögi danö ba [[Britania Raya]], [[Jerman]], [[Italia]] ba [[Czeko]].<ref name=Marciszak2010>{{cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Stefaniak |first2=K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea fossilis'' Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea spelaea'' Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bisnik Cave, Poland |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen |volume=258 |issue=3 |pages=339–351 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138}}</ref><ref name=Sabol2014>{{cite journal |last=Sabol |first=M. |year=2014 |title=''Panthera fossilis'' (Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae, Carnivora) from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record from 1987–2007 |journal=Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis |volume=70 |issue=1–2 |pages=59–70 | doi=10.14446/AMNP.2014.59 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * ''P. spelaea (Panthera spelaea)'' ma '''singo dögi danö''' tumbu ba [[Eurasia]]<ref>Lafotöi ''eurasia'' danöa sebua si fakhai, ya'ia da'ö Eropa ba Asia</ref> ba ba [[Beringia]]<ref>Lafotöi ''beringia'' danö ba asi ba gotaluara [[Rusia]] ba [[Kanada]]</ref> ba ginötö nifotöi [[Late Pleistocene]]. Tobali taya ia börö ihötöi aukhu danöa ma zui börö wamuzawili niha 11.900 fakhe si lalö.<ref name=Stuart2011>{{cite journal |last1=Stuart |first1=A. J. |last2=Lister |first2=A. M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Extinction chronology of the cave lion ''Panthera spelaea'' |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=30 |issue=17 |pages=2329–40 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023 |bibcode=2011QSRv...30.2329S}}</ref> Moroi ba gakhökhöla döla nisöndra ba dögi danö ba Eropa, Asia Utara, Kanada ba Alaska oroma wa mukoli zingo andre moroi ba Eropa, itörö [[Siberia]] lumalö ba Alaska Barat.<ref name="Hemmer2011">{{cite journal |author=Hemmer, H. |year=2011 |title=The story of the cave lion – ''Panthera Leo Spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810) – A review |journal=Quaternaire |volume=4|pages=201–208|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285886884}}</ref> Te tefakhai ba ''P. fossilis'',<ref name=Barnett2016>{{cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Mendoza |first2=M. L. Z. |last3=Soares |first3=A. E. R. |last4=Ho |first4=S. Y. W. |last5=Zazula |first5=G. |last6=Yamaguchi |first6=N. |last7=Shapiro |first7=B. |last8=Kirillova |first8=I. V. |last9=Larson |first9=G. |last10=Gilbert |first10=M. T. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2016 |title=Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the ''Panthera'' cats |journal=Open Quaternary |volume=2 |page=4 |doi=10.5334/oq.24 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9d4f84e6-64c6-49fd-a1dc-a981ba7e8028/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Larson%2Bet%2Bal%252C%2BMitogenomics%2Bof%2Bthe%2BExtinct%2BCave%2BLion%252C%2BPanthera%2Bspelaea%2B%2528Goldfuss%252C%2B1810%2529%252C%2Bresolve%2Bits%2Bposition%2Bwit.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-08-28 |archive-date=2020-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003085724/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9d4f84e6-64c6-49fd-a1dc-a981ba7e8028/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Larson%2Bet%2Bal%252C%2BMitogenomics%2Bof%2Bthe%2BExtinct%2BCave%2BLion%252C%2BPanthera%2Bspelaea%2B%2528Goldfuss%252C%2B1810%2529%252C%2Bresolve%2Bits%2Bposition%2Bwit.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ba lö si faruka ia molo'ö genetik ba fabö'ö sibai ia moroi ba zingo modern ba Afrika ba ba Eurasia.<ref name="BurgerJ-Molecular-phylogeny">{{Cite journal |last1=Burger |first1=J. |year=2004 |title=Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion ''Panthera leo spelaea'' |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |pmid=15012963 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=841–849 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020 |url=http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Biologie/Anthropologie/MolA/Download/Burger%202004.pdf |last3=Loreille |first3=O. |last4=Hemmer |first4=H. |last5=Eriksson |first5=T. |last6=Götherström |first6=A. |last7=Hiller |first7=J. |last8=Collins |first8=M. J. |last9=Wess |first9=T. |last2=Rosendahl |first2=W. |last10=Alt |first10=K. W. |name-list-style=amp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925204424/http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Biologie/Anthropologie/MolA/Download/Burger%202004.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2007 }}</ref><ref name=Barnett2016/> Te'oroma'ö zingo andre ba gambara si so ba dögi danö moroi ba ginötö ''Paleolitik'', ba gambara nifakhoi ba nifö gaza ba ba nadu dötö'a nifazökhi moroi ba la'uri.<ref name="Packer00">{{Cite journal |author=Packer, C. |author2=Clottes, J. |name-list-style=amp |title=When Lions Ruled France |journal=Natural History |volume=109 |issue=9 |pages=52–57 |date=2000 |url=http://www.cbs.umn.edu/sites/cbs.umn.edu/files/public/downloads/When_lions_ruled_France.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229212607/http://cbs.umn.edu/sites/cbs.umn.edu/files/public/downloads/When_lions_ruled_France.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-29 |url-status=live}}</ref> * ''P. atrox (American lion)'' ma zui '''singo Amerika''', itöröi danö ba Amerika ba ba Kanada lumalö ba Patagonia.<ref>Lafotöi ''patagonia'' fefu mbalö danö tanö tou Amerika Selatan si so negara [[Argentina]] ba [[Cile]].</ref><ref name="Chimento2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Chimento |first1=N. R. |last2=Agnolin |first2=F. L. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=The fossil American lion (''Panthera atrox'') in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=850–864 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009 |bibcode=2017CRPal..16..850C |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321056731|doi-access=free }}</ref> Tobali so ia me te'u'u zingo sauri ba dögi danö ba Beringia ba ginötö wenaeta es nifotöi ''Cordilleran'' salua 370.000 fakhe si lalö.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harington |first1=C. R.|title=Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (''Panthera atrox'') from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-earth-sciences_1969-10_6_5/page/1277 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume= 6|issue= 5 |year=1969 |pages=1277–1288 |doi=10.1139/e69-127|bibcode=1969CaJES...6.1277H}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1= P. |last2=Harris |first2=J. M. |name-list-style=amp |title=Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities of ''Panthera atrox'': implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage |year=2009 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages= 934–945 |doi=10.1671/039.029.0314|bibcode= 2009JVPal..29..934C |s2cid= 85975640 }}</ref> No tesöndra sambua gakhökhöla ba Edmonton (Kanada) moroi khö zingo sauri a.t. 11.355 fakhe si lalö.<ref name="King2013">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/08912963.2013.861462 |title=Phylogenetics of ''Panthera'', including ''Panthera atrox'', based on craniodental characters |journal=[[Historical Biology]] |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=827–833 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265790587 |date=2014 |last1=King |first1=L. M. |last2=Wallace |first2=S. C. |s2cid=84229141 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> === Evolusi === [[File:Cave lion range.png|thumb|soyo: ''Panthera spelaea''{{break}}sobowo doru: ''Panthera atrox''{{break}}sowuge'e: ''Panthera leo''{{break}}{{break}}Fa'ebolo döröiŵa zingo modern{{break}}ba talifusönia pra-sejarah{{break}}ba ginötö nifotöi ''Pleistocene'']] Molo'ö fangerai, aboto khoi nga'ötö ''Panthera'' molo'ö genetik moroi ba dua si ha sambaua ''Felidae'' a.t. 9,32 irugi 4,47 juta irege 11,75 irugi 0,97 juta fakhe si lalö,<ref name="Johnson2006">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |date=2006 |pmid=16400146 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J|s2cid=41672825 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 }}</ref><ref name="Werdelin2010">{{cite book |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |date=2010 |pages=59–82 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor1-first=D. W. |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. J. |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids}}</ref><ref name=Li_al2016>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=G. |last2=Davis |first2=B. W. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |name-list-style=amp |date=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742}}</ref> ba andrö alua ia molo'ö nahia geografis ba tanö ba Utara Asia Tengah..<ref name=Tseng2014>{{cite journal |author1=Tseng, Z. J. |author2=Wang, X. |author3=Slater, G. J. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Takeuchi, G. T. |author5=Li, Q. |author6=Liu, J. |author7=Xie, G. |date=2014 |title=Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1774 |page=20132686 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2686|pmid=24225466 |pmc=3843846 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Fabö'ö-bö'ö mbua wangosisi (li Indonesia ''analisis'') wurugö ngawalö ngafu zingo; so zöndra sanguma'ö wa tobali ngafu si fatalifusö khö jaguar<ref>Jaguar no sambua moroi ba mao gatua sebua si tölu ngafu, ya'ia da'ö harimo, singo ba jaguar.</ref> (''P. onca'') zingo, si fabali me 3,46 irugi 1,22 juta fakhe si lalö,<ref name=Johnson2006/> bahiza fatalifusö göi ia khö leopard<ref>Leopard no göi mao gatua sebua tanöbö'ö si tefaböbö ba genus Panthera simane singo.</ref> (''P. pardus'') si fabali moroi khö zingo me 3,1 irugi 1,95 juta fakhe si lalö<ref name="davis2010">{{cite journal |last1=Davis|first1=B. W. |last2=Li |first2=G. |last3=Murphy |first3=W. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, ''Panthera'' (Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |year=2010 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=64–76 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036 |pmid=20138224 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12157986}}</ref><ref name="mazak2011">{{cite journal |last1=Mazák|first1=J. H. |last2=Christiansen |first2=P. |last3=Kitchener |first3=A. C. |last4=Goswami |first4=A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=e25483 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 |pmid=22016768 |pmc=3189913|bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M|doi-access=free }}</ref> irugi 4,32 irugi 0,02 juta fakhe si lalö. Fa'afatali genetik ndra furugö zingo ba leopard sauri ba danö si so es (''P. uncia'') te tetohugö irugi 2,1 juta fakhe si lalö.<ref name=Li_al2016/> Singo-leopard andre no muzawili ba danö si fatohu Asia Afrika i'otarai ginötö ''Pliocene''.<ref name=Tseng2014/> Akhökhöla fondrege atua soroma hulö singo, no tesöndra ba Olduvai Gorge ba [[Tanzania]] ba molo'ö fangerai te 2 juta fakhe wa'atuania.<ref name="Werdelin2010"/> Fanahö ginötö hamega fabali nga'ötö zingo modern ba singo dögi danö tola i'otarai 529.000 irugi 392.000 fakhe si lalö na lafaigi moroi ba wa'afabö'ö salua götö sambua generasi zingo modern. Lö nisöndra boto ni'ila hörö (li Indonesia ''bukti'') hohou genetik ba gotalua nga'ötö andre, eluahania lö irai toröi ira ba zi sambua nahia molo'ö geografi.<ref name="DeManuel_al2020" /> Tobali taya zingo dögi danö moroi ba Eurasia ba moroi ba Amerika ba gangahorita nifotöi periode glasial safuria<ref>Lafotöi periode glasial safuria ginötö me ihawui zi sagörö tanö nasa es. Andrö göi itaria latötöi ia götö es safuria (li Inggris ''last ice age'')</ref> ba zi lö nga'ötö mitokhondrial<ref>Latötöi mitokhondria hunö si so bakha ba ''sel'' gaurifö, sinumbua ba ngawalö nandröta (li Inggris ''fungi'')</ref> ba danöa (li Indonesia ''benua'').<ref name="BurgerJ-Molecular-phylogeny"/><ref name=Barnett>{{Cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |author-link2=Beth Shapiro |last3=Barnes |first3=I. |last4=Ho |first4=S. Y. W. |last5=Burger |first5=J. |author-link5=Joachim Burger |last6=Yamaguchi |first6=N. |last7=Higham |first7=T. F. G. |last8=Wheeler |first8=H. T. |title=Phylogeography of lions (''Panthera leo'' ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |date=2009 |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1668–1677 |pmid=19302360 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x |first9=W. |last9=Rosendahl |last10=Sher |first10=A. V. |last11=Sotnikova |first11=M. |last12=Kuznetsova |first12=T. |last13=Baryshnikov |first13=G. F. |last14=Martin |first14=L. D. |last15=Harington |first15=C. R. |last16=Burns |first16=J. A. |last17=Cooper |first17=A. |s2cid=46716748 |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.zin.ru/Labs/theriology/eng/staff/baryshnikov/references/barnett_et_al_2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808225555/http://www.zin.ru/labs/theriology/eng/staff/baryshnikov/references/barnett_et_al_2009.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-08 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Argant, A. |author2=Brugal, J.-P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017|title=The cave lion ''Panthera (Leo) spelaea'' and its evolution: ''Panthera spelaea intermedia'' nov. subspecies |journal=Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=58–103 |doi=10.3409/azc.60_2.59 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tola manö wa oya muzawili zingo modern ba Afrika götö nifotöi [[Middle Pleistocene]] ba tebörögö so wabalisa ba gölana tanö tou danö-simate Sahara ba Afrika götö [[Late Pleistocene]]. Tobali tefabali zingo si so ba Afrika Timur ba Selatan moroi ba zingo si so ba Afrika Barat ba Utara me gatua si so ba gölana equator monönö wa'ebolo 183.500 irugi 81.800 fakhe si lalö.<ref name=Barnett_al2014>{{cite journal |author1=Barnett, R. |author2=Yamaguchi, N. |author3=Shapiro, B. |author4=Ho, S. Y. |author5=Barnes, I. |author6=Sabin, R. |author7=Werdelin, L. |author8=Cuisin, J. |name-list-style=amp |author9=Larson, G. |year=2014 |title=Revealing the maternal demographic history of ''Panthera leo'' using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=70 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-70|pmid=24690312 |pmc=3997813 |doi-access=free }}</ref> They shared a common ancestor probably between 98,000 and 52,000 years ago.<ref name="DeManuel_al2020" /> Börö me itugu ebolo danö-simate Sahara 83.100 irugi 26.000 fakhe si lalö, tobali tefabali ngawalö zingo si so ba Afrika Barat ba Utara. Me itugu alö wa'ebolo gatua si so ba equator, awua'a zingo moroi ba Afrika Barat lumalö ba Afrika Tengah. Muzawili zingo moroi ba Afrika Utara miyöu ba Eropa ba ba Asia 38.800 ba 8.300 fakhe si lalö.<ref name=Barnett_al2014/> Börö wa'ataya zingo ba Eropa Selatan, Afrika Utara ba Timur Tengah, tebatogö hohou genetik zingo ba Asia ba ba Afrika. Moroi ba mbua wangosili genetik oroma wa so ha'uga wa'afabö'ö salua ba zingo soroi ba Afrika Timur ba ba Afrika Selatan, eluahania so waö-waö evolusi ngawa zingo andre abölö anau moroi ba gakhetela zingo moro ba Asia ba ba Afrika Barat awö Tengah.<ref name=Bertola2011>{{Cite journal |last1=Bertola |first1=L. D. |last2=Van Hooft |first2=W. F. |last3=Vrieling |first3=K. |last4=Uit De Weerd |first4=D. R. |last5=York |first5=D. S. |last6=Bauer |first6=H. |last7=Prins |first7=H. H. T. |last8=Funston |first8=P. J. |last9=Udo De Haes |first9=H. A. |last10=Leirs |first10=H. |last11=Van Haeringen |first11=W. A. |last12=Sogbohossou |first12=E. |last13=Tumenta |first13=P. N. |last14=De Iongh |first14=H. H. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion (''Panthera leo'') in West and Central Africa |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=1356–1367 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x|s2cid=82728679 }}</ref> Aefa la'osisi'ö gama'olita genome<ref>Ama'olita genome (li Inggris ''genome sequence'') no sambua halöŵö nifalua ndra sogonekhe ba wangosisi'ö hewisa wa'ate'oli DNA (li Inggris DeoxyriboNucleic Acid), sambua ''molekul'' fondrege moguna ba mboto fefu zauri ba danö. Bakha ba DNA andre no so fefu ''kode'' wa'auri, irege moroi ba ''sel'' side-ide oi manumbu ba tedou ngawalö hadia ia simane ta'io, tanga, högö, uto, hörö, btn. na ba niha. Tola tafaedogö ia ba sambua gadulo. Bakha ba gadulo andrö no so fefu ngawalö ''kode'' sama'anö hewisa wa moroi ba zi sambua adulo tumbu ba manöi sageu manu, si so afi, tara, söri, högö, btn. No la'osisi'ö DNA andre ira sogonekhe ba ''ilmu pengetahuan'' ba lasöndra wa fa'afa'oli kode DNA andrö no arakhagö fagölö, ba hiza si fabö'önia si ma'ifu andrö, da'ö zamabö'öni ero ''spesies'' ba töra-töra ero ngafu he sinumbua, aurifö ba niha.</ref> gakhetela zingo andre oroma wa fakhili gakhetela moroi Afrika Barat faoma Afrika Selatan, ba fakhili gakhetela zingo moroi Afrika Tengah ba Asia. Eluahania, Afrika Tengah no sambua nahia heza faruka oi ngawalö ngawa zingo, aefa tefabali ira götö ginötö nifotöi [[Holocene]].<ref name="DeManuel_al2020" /> === Singo si faruka === Ba kabu gaurifö, no lafangowalu zingo faoma harimo, soguna ba wangomuso dödö dome ma zui soguna ba wangosili ilmiah.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1898 |title=Lion-Tiger Hybrid |journal=Nature |volume=58 |issue=1496 |page=200 |doi=10.1038/058200b0|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1889713 |bibcode=1898Natur..58Q.200P |s2cid=4056029 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Benirschke, K. |title=Comparative aspects of reproductive failure |pages=218––234 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |year=1967 |chapter=Sterility and fertility of interspecific mammalian hybrids |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-48949-5_12 |isbn=978-3-642-48949-5}}</ref> Abölö ebua mboto ''liger'' (ono zingo simatua-harimo si'alawe) moroi khö zingo ma zui harimo, bahiza arakhagö fefu ''tigon'' (ono harimo simatua-singo si'alawe) ide-ide moroi khö ndra satuara, börö ''efek genetik'' (bua wa'afaruka gene).<ref name="shi">{{cite thesis |last=Shi |first=W. |year=2005 |title=Growth and Behaviour: Epigenetic and Genetic Factors Involved in Hybrid Dysgenesis |type=PhD |series=Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology |publisher=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis |location=Uppsala |chapter=Hybrid dysgenesis effects |page=8–10 |chapter-url=http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:165749/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518050521/http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:165749/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-18 |url-status=live|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4784 }}</ref><ref name="Carnivores">{{Cite book |last1=Rafferty |first1=J. P. |title=Carnivores: Meat-eating Mammals |date=2011 |location=New York |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-340-3 |chapter=The Liger |page=120 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMui7zVOqeUC&pg=PA120 |access-date=4 July 2014}}</ref> So göi ''leopon'' si tumbu moroi ba wangowalu leopard simatua ba singo si'alawe.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Zhang, Z. |author2=Chen, J. |author3=Li, L. |author4=Tao, M. |author5=Zhang, C. |author6=Qin, Q. |author7=Xiao, J. |author8=Liu, Y. |author9=Liu, S. |title=Research advances in animal distant hybridization |year=2014 |journal=Science China Life Sciences |volume=57 |issue=9 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1007/s11427-014-4707-1 |pmid=25091377 |s2cid=18179301 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11427-014-4707-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030104852/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11427-014-4707-1.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-30 |url-status=live|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Deskripsi == {{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical |image1=Lioness 12.jpg|caption1=Ha khö zingo so mbömbö mbu ba mbalö gi'o. |image2=Description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossiles (Panthera leo).jpg|caption2=Töla}} Singo no mao sebua soya nagole, sebolo tö'a, högönia adogo ba owulo-wulo, baginia göi adogo ba fisonia owulo-wulo; högö zimatua abölö ebolo. La'a-la'a mbunia oi fabö'ö i'otarai za'usö-usö irugi zolamuhu atua, ba gotalua zoroyo-royo ba so'usö-usö irugi zowumanu-soyo. Sito'ölönia la'a-la'a mboto tanö tou abölö mohaga. So khö nono zingo sawena tumbu lahe-lahe sogömi, situgu taya na ebua ia, heŵa'ae tola oroma nasa ma'ifu lahenia ba gahe ma ba mboto tanö tou khönia.<ref name=Guggisberg1975/><ref name=Haas2005>{{cite journal |author1=Haas, S. K. |author2=Hayssen, V. |author3=Krausman, P. R. |title=''Panthera leo'' |year=2005 |journal=Mammalian Species |volume=762 |pages=1–11 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf |doi=10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=198968757 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728131140/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2017 }}</ref> Fefu mbalö gi'o zingo hulö mböbö mbu ambö töra ba mbalönia so döla sabe'e si 5mm fa'anau. Lö ta'ila hadia guna döla sabe'e andre. Lö hadöi mböbö mbu andre ba nono zingo sawena tumbu, awena ibörötaigö oroma ia me lima amatonga waŵa ndröfinia ba oroma sibai sa'ae ia na irugi fitu waŵa ndröfinia.<ref name="Schaller28">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 28–30.</ref> Fakhili-khili döla högönia ba döla högö harimo, heŵa'ae na abölö ebolo högö tanö föna zingo ba abölö adogo-dogo, simanö göi abölö ebua dögi nikhunia. Börö me oya variasi döla högö he spesies zingo ba he göi spesies harimo, andrö wa ha simbi zi tola te'oguna'ö ba wangila hadia spesies andrö.<ref name=Pocock1939>{{cite book |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1939 |title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. Volume 1 |publisher=Taylor and Francis Ltd. |location=London |chapter=''Panthera leo'' |pages=212–222 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n261/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="USSR">{{Cite book |last1=Heptner |first1=V. G. |last2=Sludskii |first2=A. A. |orig-date=1972 |year=1992 |title=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola |trans-title=Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation |location=Washington DC |chapter=Lion |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/82/mode/2up |pages=83–95 |isbn=978-90-04-08876-4}}</ref> Fa'abua nagole zingo no 58.8% moroi ba wa'abua mbotonia ba börö da'ö tobali aurifö fondrege oya nagolenia ba gotalua zauri ba danö samaenu ono ma sasese latötöi mamalia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis|first=D. D. |date=1962 |title=Allometric relationships in Lions vs. Domestic Cats |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_1962-12_16_4/page/505|journal=Evolution |volume=16|issue=4|pages=505–514 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03240.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Calder|first=W. A. |chapter=Skeletal muscle |pages=17–21 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iBS6-2OO3wC&pg=PA19 |title=Size, Function, and Life History |date=1996 |publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-69191-6}}</ref> === Fa'ebua mboto === Ba gotalua ngafu mao sebua, singo no mao fondrege ebua aefa harimo.<ref name=Haas2005/> Oi fabö'ö wa'ebua ba fa'abua mboto zingo si no atua molo'ö nahia heza auri ia (li Indonesia ''habitat'').<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980>{{Cite journal |last=Smuts|first=G. L. |author2=Robinson, G. A. |author3=Whyte, I. J. |title=Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (''Panthera leo'') |journal=Journal of Zoology |year=1980 |volume=190 |issue=3 |pages=365–373 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x }}</ref><ref name=Chellam1993>{{cite book |author=Chellam, R. and A. J. T. Johnsingh |year=1993 |chapter=Management of Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest, India |pages=409–23 |title=Mammals as predators: the proceedings of a symposium held by the Zoological Society of London and the Mammal Society, London. Volume 65 of Symposia of the Zoological Society of London |editor1-last=Dunstone |editor1-first=N. |editor2-last=Gorman |editor2-first=M. L. |publisher=Zoological Society of London |location=London}}</ref><ref name="BCKM1993">{{cite book |author=Brakefield, T. |chapter=Lion: Sociable Simba |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szBm5kPeC-cC&pg=PA50 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bigcatskingdomof0000brak/page/50 50–67] |title=Big Cats: Kingdom of Might |publisher=Voyageur Press |location=London |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-89658-329-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/bigcatskingdomof0000brak/page/50 }}</ref><ref name="nowak">{{Cite book |last=Nowak |first=R. M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |chapter=''Panthera leo'' |pages=832–834 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C&pg=PR832 |isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8}}</ref> So mato ha'uga zingo ba Afrika ba India sebua boto moroi ba zingo si fagölötö.<ref name=Guggisberg1975/><ref name=CAP>{{Cite book |last1=Nowell |first1=K. |last2=Jackson |first2=P. |title=Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|chapter-url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529182212/http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |archive-date=2005-05-29 |url-status=live |year=1996 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location=Gland, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8317-0045-8 |pages=17–21; 37–41 |chapter=African lion, ''Panthera leo'' (Linnaeus, 1758); Asiatic lion, ''Panthera leo persica'' (Meyer, 1826)}}</ref><ref name="Smuts et al., 1982">{{cite book |author=Smuts, G. L. |year=1982 |title=Lion |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |publisher=MacMillan }}</ref><ref name="Sinha1987">{{cite thesis |author=Sinha, S. P. |year=1987 |title=''Ecology of wildlife with special reference to the lion (''Panthera leo persica'') in Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Saurashtra, Gujurat'' |type=PhD |publisher=Saurashtra University |location=Rajkot |isbn=978-3844305456}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Si fagölötö !!Singo si'alawe !!Singo simatua |- |Fa'anau högö-ba-boto ||{{cvt|160|-|184|cm}}<ref name=West2013>{{cite book |last1=West |first1=P. M. |last2=Packer |first2=C. |chapter=''Panthera leo'' Lion |pages=150–159 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=RA4-PA150 |editor1=Kingdon, J. |editor2=Happold, D. |editor3=Butynski, T. |editor4=Hoffmann, M. |editor5=Happold, M. |editor6=Kalina, J. |title=Mammals of Africa |year=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-8996-2}}</ref> ||{{cvt|184|-|208|cm}}<ref name=West2013/> |- |Fa'anau gi'o ||72-89.5cm<ref name=West2013/> ||82,5-93,5cm<ref name=West2013/> |- |Fa'abua ||118,37-143.52kg ba Afrika Selatan,<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980/>{{break}}119,5kg ba Afrika Timur,<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980/>{{break}}110-120kg ba India<ref name=Chellam1993/> ||186,55-225kg ba Afrika Selatan,<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980/>{{break}}174,9kg ba Afrika Timur,<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980/>{{break}}160-190kg ba India<ref name=Chellam1993/> |} === Bu zöri === {{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical |image1=Lion (Panthera leo) male 6y.jpg|caption1=Singo simatua, 6 fakhe döfi ba Phinda Private Game Reserve |image2=Lion au repos parc pendjari.jpg|caption2=Singo simatua ba Pendjari National Park}} Bu zöri zingo simatua no sambua zi i'anema'ö oroma khöda tobali amuata spesies andre.<ref name=Hemmer>{{cite journal |author=Hemmer, H. |year=1974 |title=Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (''Pantherinae'') Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen ''Panthera (Panthera) leo'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |journal=Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung |volume=17| pages=167–280 |url=https://archive.org/stream/verfentlichungen171974zool#page/178/mode/2up}}</ref> Te tebörötaigö so ia ambö töra 320.000–190.000 fakhe si lalö.<ref name=Yamaguchietal2004Mane>{{Cite journal |last1=Yamaguchi |first1=Nobuyuki |last2=Cooper |first2=A. |last3=Werdelin |first3=L. |last4=MacDonald |first4=David W. |date=2004 |title=Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (''Panthera leo''): a review |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=263 |issue=4 |pages=329–342 |doi=10.1017/S0952836904005242}}</ref> Tumbu ia mitou ba mifuri, ifönui arakhagö fefu högö, bagi, alisi ba tötö'a. Sito'ölönia la'a-la'ania owumanu-soyo ba so ma'ifu mbu sa'usö-usö, ma saraidö-aidö.<ref name=Haas2005/> Ibörötaigö tumbu ia me ebua-bua zingo, me manöi mbosi wa'oya ŵe wa'amatua nifotöi ''testosteron'', ba afönu wa'atumbu mbu zöri andre na irugi öfa fakhe ndröfi zingo.<ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], p. 148.</ref> Te börö wa'odöŵa-döŵa wa'aukhu nahia gaurifö (li Inggris ''zoo'') ba Eropa ba ba Amerika Utara, abölö atabö mbu zöri zingo ba da'ö.<ref name=BarnettYamaguchi2006/> Sito'ölönia abölö ambö wa'oya mbu zöri zingo Asia moroi ba mbu zöri zingo Afrika.<ref name=Menon>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=V. |year=2003 |title=A Field Guide to Indian Mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoindi0000meno |location=New Delhi |publisher=Dorling Kindersley India |isbn=978-0-14-302998-4}}</ref> Wa so mbu zöri andre tenga sibai börö me moguna ia ba wondrorogö mbagi, bahiza me moguna ia ba wangoroma'ö khö zingo si'alawe ha wa'abölö zingo simatua. Ba ginötö wasöndrata, göi ba gotalua ndra singo si lö bu zörö ba singo sihino döla, lö lagohi mbagi töra moroi ba mbawa, hulu ba tanö ba doyo. Ibörötaigö mangatoru mbu zöri zingo si mesokho ba wasöndrata, tandra da'a wa tenga ba wondrorogö mbagi guna mbu zöri andrö. Hulö abölö mowua ba [[wikt:nia:faro'a|waro'asa]] zingo si so bu zöri sabölö ogömi ba sito'ölönia abölö ara toröi zingo so bu zöri sogömi ba gotalua ngawa zingo. Bulura göi anau ba agawe'e-we'e, alaŵa mbosi ŵe wa'amatua (''testosteron'') ba abölö tebai lataha wa'aukhu.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Peyton|first1=P. M.|last2=Packer|first2=C|year=2002|title=Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-08-23_297_5585/page/1339|journal=Science|volume=297|issue=5585|pages=1339–1343|doi=10.1126/science.1073257|pmid=12193785 |bibcode=2002Sci...297.1339W |s2cid=15893512 }}</ref><ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], pp. 137, 145.</ref> Tenga simane spesies mao sebua tanöbö'ö, oi [[wikt:nia:faro'a|faro'a]] zingo si'alawe khö oya zingo simatua, tenga ha khö zi sageu. Te da'a mbörö hana wa lö tumbu mbu zöri ba zimatua ngawalö mao tanöbö'ö.<ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], p 148.</ref> Almost all male lions in [[Pendjari National Park]] are either maneless or have very short manes.<ref name=Schoeetal2010>{{cite book |author1=Schoe, M. |author2=Sogbohossou, E. A. |author3=Kaandorp, J. |author4=De Iongh, H. |title=Progress Report—collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin |work=The Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund (for funding the project) |year=2010}}</ref> [[Maneless lion]]s have also been reported in Senegal, in [[Sudan]]'s [[Dinder National Park]] and in [[Tsavo East National Park]], Kenya.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Trivedi |first=Bijal P. |title=Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness? |magazine=National Geographic |year=2005 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0412_020412_TVtsavolions.html |access-date=7 July 2007}}</ref> [[castration|Castrated]] lions often have little to no mane because the removal of the [[gonad]]s inhibits testosterone production.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=L. |last=Munson |date=2006 |title=Contraception in felids |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_theriogenology_2006-07-01_66_1/page/126 |journal=Theriogenology |pmid=16626799 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=126–134 |doi=10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.016}}</ref> Increased testosterone may be the cause of maned lionesses reported in northern Botswana.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dell'Amore |first=C. |date=2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |title=No, those aren't male lions mating. One is likely a female |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/160418-lions-mating-africa-animals-science/|magazine=National Geographic}}</ref> === Variasi la'a-la'a === Afusi mbu zingo safusi börö wökhö ondröita (li Indonesia ''kondisi genetik'') same'e irege mo'amböta wamola'a-la'a mbu nifotöi ''pigmentasi''. Eluahania singo safusi tenga ''albino'' nifotöi The white lion is a rare [[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]] with a genetic condition called [[leucism]] which is caused by a double [[recessive allele]]. It is not albino; it has normal pigmentation in the eyes and skin. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around [[Kruger National Park]] and the adjacent [[Timbavati Private Game Reserve]] in eastern South Africa. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion [[gene pool]]. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five prides between 2007 and 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turner|first1=J. A.|last2= Vasicek|first2=C. A. |last3= Somers |first3=M. J. |year=2015 |title=Effects of a colour variant on hunting ability: the white lion in South Africa |journal=Open Science Repository Biology |page=e45011830}}</ref> White lions are selected for breeding in captivity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McBride |first=C. |title=The White Lions of Timbavati |year=1977 |publisher=E. Stanton |location=Johannesburg |isbn= 978-0-949997-32-6}}</ref> They have reportedly been bred in camps in South Africa for use as trophies to be killed during [[canned hunt]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tucker|first=L. |title=Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God|year=2003 |publisher=Npenvu Press|location=Mapumulanga |isbn=978-0-620-31409-1}}</ref> == Fa'amuzawili ba nahia to'ölö auri == [[File:Asiatic lion 01.jpg|thumb|Singo si so ba Gir National Park, Gujarat, India]] Muzawili zingo Afrika ba zi sagörö gölana tanö raya danö-simate Sahara. Abölö omasi ira la'iagö danö sondraso-ndraso satabö ndru'u (li Indonesia ''dataran'') ba ba ''savana'',<ref>Lafotöi savana nahia ma tanö sebolo satabö ndru'u ba so ma'ifu geu, si so ba gölana i'otarai 23°26ʹ tanö yöu irugi ba 23°26ʹ tanö raya katulistiwa. Asese göi latötöi ia gölana ''tropis''. Eluahania tesöndra nifotöi savana ba gölana tropis.</ref> ba la'anöröi nahia sahatö ba nungo nidanö awö zahatö ba gatua. Ŵaraö sibai möi ira bakha ba gatua. Ba hili Elgon si so ba gotaluara [[Uganda]] ba [[Kenya]], no tesöndra zingo ba nahia sirugi 3.600m wa'alaŵa, ahatö ba nahia si so ''teu asio''<ref>Lafotöi ''teu asio'' nidanö deu satoru tou hulö nasio safusi börö wa'okafu mbanua (li Indonesia ''salju''). Na no atoru ba owulo ia tou ba danö ba tola abe'e ia tobali hulö idanö sibaku (li Indonesia ''es'')</ref> yaŵa ba hili Kenya.<ref name=Guggisberg1975>{{Cite book |last=Guggisberg |first=C. A. W. |title=Wild Cats of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00gugg |year=1975 |publisher=Taplinger Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8008-8324-9 |chapter=Lion ''Panthera leo'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00gugg/page/138 138]–179 |chapter-url=}}</ref> Ba savana heza moteu 300 irugi 1.500 mm ero röfi, ba da'ö auri arakhagö fefu zingo ba Afrika, ambö töra 3.390,821 km<sup>2</sup>, heŵa'ae so ösa ngawa sauri ba gatua tropis sabazö-bazö ba Afrika Barat ba ba gatua ba hili-hili ba Afrika Timur.<ref name=Riggio_al2013>{{cite journal |author=Riggio, J. |author2=Jacobson, A. |author3=Dollar, L. |author4=Bauer, H. |author5=Becker, M. |author6=Dickman, A. |author7=Funston, P. |author8=Groom, R. |author9=Henschel, P. |author10=de Iongh, H. |author11=Lichtenfeld, L. |author12=Pimm, S. |year=2013 |title=The size of savannah Africa: a lion's (''Panthera leo'') view |journal=Biodiversity Conservation |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=17–35|doi=10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Auri nasa zingo Asia ha bakha ba ba zifasui Gir National Park ba Gujarat, India tanö ba gaekhula. Tanö ba da'ö mogatua soköli irege oköli sibai soya eu sigine-ide bulu ba sadawa-dawa satoru bulu ero röfi.<ref name=Breitenmoser2008/> === Götö auri ia === Ba Afrika ba mböröta oi auri zingo ba Afrika Tengah ba gatua soya moteu ba ba danö-simate [[Sahara]].<ref name="Schaller5">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 5.</ref> Ba ndröfia si-60s, taya ira ba Afrika Utara, ha ba tanö raya [[Sudan]] lö'ö.<ref name=Chardonnet2002/><ref name="Riggio_al2013" /><ref name="Black_al2013">{{cite journal |last1=Black |first1=S. A. |last2=Fellous |first2=A. |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=N. | last4=Roberts |first4=D. L. |year=2013 |title=Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=4 |page=e60174 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0060174 |pmid=23573239 |pmc=3616087 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...860174B |doi-access=free}}</ref> Me föna tesöndra zingo ba danö tanö yöu Eropa ba ba Asia, ba nahia heza faudu ''iklim''<ref>Lafotöi ''iklim'' fefu zanandrösa ba hewisa zi to'ölönia ''luo'' ba zi sambua nahia (li Indonesia ''cuaca''). Duma-dumania lö mamalö lökhö, heŵa'ae itaria moteu; lö mamalö moteu-teu, heŵa'ae itaria mosino ba molökhö. To'ölö wa auri ma tesöndra zinumbua ba aurifö ba nahia si so ''luo'' simane ba ambö ba nahia si so ''luo'' bö'ö.</ref> ba oya gamauluta.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schnitzler |first1=A. |last2=Hermann |first2=L. |title=Chronological distribution of the tiger ''Panthera tigris'' and the Asiatic lion ''Panthera leo persica'' in their common range in Asia |journal=[[Mammal Review]] |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=340–353 |doi=10.1111/mam.12166 |date=2019|s2cid=202040786 }}</ref> Simane nituriaigö Herodotus ba döfi 480 föK (föna wa'tumbu Yesu föK), so zingo ba Yunani; ba döfi 300 föK no itugu ŵaraö tesöndra ia ba ba döfi 300 föK taya sa'ae.<ref name=Guggisberg1975/> So zingo ba [[Kaukasus]] irege ngaotu ndröfi si-10.<ref name="USSR"/> Simanö tesöndra ia ba [[Palestina]] ndrege [[Abad Pertengahan]], ba ba [[Asia Tenggara]] irugi gangahorita ngaotu ndröfia si-19. Ba gangahorita ngaotu ndröfia si-19 no sa'ae oi taya ia ba [[Turki]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Üstay, A. H. |year=1990 |title=Hunting in Turkey |publisher=BBA |location=Istanbul}}</ref> Afuriata la'ila niha zingo ba [[Iran]] me 1942 ambö töra 65 km tanö yöu danö Dezfull,<ref name=Firouz05>{{cite book |last=Firouz |first=E.|year=2005 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=t2EZCScFXloC |page=66}}|title=The complete fauna of Iran |publisher=I. B. Tauris| isbn=978-1-85043-946-2 |pages=5–67}}</ref> Heŵa'ae tesöndra gamatela zingo ba zinga nungo nidanö Karun ba Provinsi Khūzestān me 1944.<ref name="simba"/> La'anöröi danö singo meföna moroi ba Sind ba Punjab ba [[Pakistan]] irege [[Benggala]] ba ungo nidanö Narmada ba [[India]] Tengah.<ref name=Kinnear1920>{{cite journal |author=Kinnear, N. B. |year=1920 |title=The past and present distribution of the lion in southeastern Asia |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=27 |pages=34–39 |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbombayn27192022bomb#page/32/mode/2up}}</ref> == Waö-waö wobenuasa == Lahorigö ginötöra singo ba zahono manö (molombase); Tola ahono manö ira irugi 24 jam ma'ökhö.<ref name="Schaller122">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 122.</ref> Heŵa'ae tola gofu hawa'ara aktif ira, si to'ölönia sa ba abölö aktif ira na arakhagö bongi, heza lalau fariawö, mangehao bu ba möi ti'i. Tola aktif ira simane ba zi'anema'ö ba ba zi itaria irege zihulöwongi, heza asese lalau malu wangalui ö. Lalau mowaö-waö mato dua jam ero ma'ökhö ba inötö wemanga mato 50 menit.<ref name="Schaller120">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 120–21.</ref> === Famatörö wa'awösa === {{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical |image1=Lion (Panthera leo) male and cub Etosha.jpg|caption1=Fa'awösa zingo ba Etosha National Park, [[Namimbia]] |image2=Lions Family Portrait Masai Mara.jpg|caption2=Singo si'alawe (kambera) ba dua geu zingo simatua ba Masai Mara, [[Kenya]]}} Singo no fondrege fa'awö (li Indonesia ''sosial'') ba gotalua fefu spesies mao gatua, so ira bakha ba wa'awösa (li Indonesia ''grup'') zi fakhai ero ira khö ndraonora. Ba li Inggris latötöi wa'awösa simanö ''lion pride'' ba latötöi wa'awösa ndra singo simatua "coalitions".<ref name="Schaller33">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 33.</ref> Same'e ena'ö aro ba mogötö wa'awösa simane no singo si'alawe ba singo si'alawe andre zame'e ena'ö böi fao faruka zingo si'alawe moroi baero.<ref name="Schaller37">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 37.</ref> Arakhagö fefu zingo si'alawe toröi bakha ba wa'awösa heza tumbu ira, bahiza fefu zingo simatua ba mato ha'uga zi'alawe fabali moroi ba wa'awösa samuza ma'ökhö.<ref name=Packer33>[[#Packer|Packer]], nga'örö 33.</ref> Si to'ölönia so 15 zingo bakha ba si sambua wa'awösa, fao ba da'ö mato ha'uga zingo si'alawe si no ebua-bua ba irege öfa zingo simatua ba iraono zingo. No göi ira la'ila niha wa'awösa segebua si so bakha irugi 30 zingo.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 34–35.</ref> Ha fa'awösa zingo Tsavo zi fabö'ö moroi ba da'e, me lö mamalö ha sageu zingo simatua so bakha ba zi sambua fa'awösa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Milius |first=S. |date=2002 |title= Biology: Maneless lions live one guy per pride|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science-news-us_2002-04-20_161_16/page/253 |journal=Society for Science & the Public |volume=161 |issue=16 |page=253 |doi=10.1002/scin.5591611614}}</ref> Ba ginötö latöröi danö tola manö lababagi ira ba wa'awösa sabölö ide-ide ba faoma la'ombakha'ö heza so ira khö nawöra faoma fe'ao zingo.<ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], nga'örö 25, 31.</ref> Agaröu latöröi ya'ira singo sawu'a-wu'a nahia, daru-darua ma zui ha samösa.<ref name="Schaller33"/> Abölö asese lalau mangalui daru-darua singo simatua si fatalifusö. Bahiza tola göi ibulö'ö lala wa'aurinia singo. Ya'ira sawu'a-wu'a nahia tola tobali sangahono ba zi sambua nahia, ma zui singo sangahono tobali singo sawu'a-wu'a.<ref name=Estes>{{cite book |author=Estes, R. |year=1991 |title=The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08085-0 |location=Berkeley |chapter=Lion |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/369 369–376] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/369 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/369 }}</ref> Asese aekhu ba wasöndrata na falukha zingo si toröi ba wa'awösa ba zingo sawu'a-wu'a, heŵa'ae tola göi itehe singo si'alawe ihatö'ö ia singo simatua sawu'a-wu'a ba ginötö waro'asa.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 52–54.</ref> Ara itörö ginötö wa'awu'a-wu'a singo simatua fatua lö tetema'ö ia ba sambua wa'awösa zingo.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hanby, J. P.|author2=Bygott, J. D. |name-list-style=amp |year=1979 |chapter=Population changes in lions and other predators |title=Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem |editor1=Sinclair, A. R. E. |editor2=Norton-Griffiths, M. |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=249–262}}</ref> Molo'ö sambua wangosili nifalua ba Serengeti National Park, [[Tanzania]], isöndra nahania ba wa'awösa wa'ahono singo sawu'a-wu'a na no irugi 3,5 ba 7,3 fakhe ndröfinia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Borrego, N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Ozgul, A.|author3=Slotow, R.|author4=Packer, C. |year=2018 |title=Lion population dynamics: do nomadic males matter? |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=29 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/beheco/ary018 |pages=660–666 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba Kruger National Park, [[Afrika Selatan]], iröi wa'awösa si tumbu ya'ia sageu singo ba ifasindro mbolokhania samösa mato 25 km moroi ba nahia wa'atumbunia. Toröi ahatö zingo si'alawe ba nahia heza tumbu ia. Börö da'ö fahatö fatalifusö zingo si si tesöndra ba zisambua nahia moroi ba zingo simatua.<ref>{{cite journal |author=van Hooft, P.|author2=Keet, D.F. |name-list-style=amp |author3=Brebner, D.K.|author4=Bastos, A.D. |year=2018 |title=Genetic insights into dispersal distance and disperser fitness of African lions (''Panthera leo'') from the latitudinal extremes of the Kruger National Park, South Africa |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=21 |doi=10.1186/s12863-018-0607-x |pmid=29614950 |pmc=5883395}}</ref> Wa alua evolusi wa'awösa ba zingo, te börö me itugu oya zingo ba me itugu fadege nahia ba ''savana''. Itugu ebua sambua wa'awösa zingo, itugu ebolo gölana si sökhi si tola labelegö; so oya ira ba zahatö ba wahandrona, heza aoha khöra wanöndra idanö, wanöndra ahulua ba ba wanöndra nahia wemörö (barö lumö geu).<ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], nga'örö 195–196, 222.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mosser|first1=A. A.|last2=Kosmala|first2=M|last3=Packer|first3=C|year=2015|title=Landscape heterogeneity and behavioral traits drive the evolution of lion group territoriality|journal=Behavioral Ecology|volume=26|issue=4|pages=1051–1059|doi=10.1093/beheco/arv046}}</ref> Latötöi ba li Inggris ''pride area'' nahia ni'iagö sambua wa'awösa zingo ba ''range'' nahia ni'iagö zingo sawu'a-wu'a.<ref name="Schaller33"/> Lafauze nudu si fasui ira singo simatua, si tefaböbö ba wa'awösa.<ref name=Haas2005/> Faoma latahö nudu, he singo simatua ba he singho si'alawe, bahiza abölö faudu zingo simatua ba wasöndrata me botonia abölö ebua ba abölö mofa'abölö. So ösa zimatua sondrönia'ö wombelegösa wa'awösa ba simatua bö'ö sambö.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heinsohn|first= R. |author2=C. Packer |name-list-style=amp |year=1995 |title=Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions |journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1260–1262 |doi=10.1126/science.7652573 |pmid=7652573|bibcode=1995Sci...269.1260H |s2cid= 35849910 |url=http://www.life.umd.edu/faculty/wilkinson/BIOL608W/Heinsohn&Packer95.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810170702/http://www.life.umd.edu/faculty/wilkinson/BIOL608W/Heinsohn&Packer95.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> To'ölö wa lagohi noro-dödö zamösana bakha ba wa'awösa ya'ira singo; he ya'ira sahou wofanö, so göi noro-dödö nigohira soguna ba wa'awösara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morell |first=V. |year=1995 |title=Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-09-01_269_5228/page/1216 |journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1216–1217 |doi=10.1126/science.7652566 |pmid=7652566|bibcode=1995Sci...269.1216M |s2cid=44676637}}</ref> Tola manö wa so "döi" nisöndra na tobali sondrönia'ö ba wolaŵa nudu si tohare ba wamakiko; oroma mbosi ndra singo si'alawe bakha ba wa'awösa ba hewisa nilaura na tohare nudu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jahn |first=G. C. |year=1996 |title=Lioness Leadership |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1996-03-01_271_5253/page/1215 |journal=Science |volume=271 |issue=5253 |page=1215 |doi=10.1126/science.271.5253.1215a |pmid=17820922 |bibcode=1996Sci...271.1215J|s2cid=5058849 }}</ref> Silötolalö'ö labelegö wa'awösara ya'ira singo simatua ba wolaŵa singo simatua moroi baero sedöna mangalani ya'ira.<ref name=Estes/> Molo'ö famaigida lö hadöi bosi wa'abölö ba gotalua zingo, he ba gotalua singo simatua ba he ba gotalua singo si'alawe.<ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], nga'örö 42, 57.</ref> Fabö'ö zingo Asia molo'ö nga'eu zingo si so bakha khönia. Toröi samösa zingo Asia simatua ma zui fao ira ba wa'awösa zi datölu zimatua si lö fadoli wa'afaböböra. Toröi ndra singo si'alawe bakha ba wa'awösa irege 12 zi'alawe, ba aro wa'atefaböbö wa'awösara fao awö ndraono khöra. Fao zingo simatua ba si'alawe ha ba ginötö waro'asa.<ref name=Joslin1973>{{cite book |author=Joslin, P. |year=1973 |title=The Asiatic lion: a study of ecology and behaviour |location=University of Edinburgh, UK |publisher=Department of Forestry and Natural Resources}}</ref> Toröi abölö ara wa'awösa zingo simatua sawu'a-wu'a ba zi sambua gölana moroi ba zingo si toröi ha ya'i-ya'ia. Singo simatua sawu'a-wu'a si toröi bakha ba wa'awösa mato datölu ma daöfa zingo, so khöra mbosi, heza ifatörö zingo tanöbö'ö sageu singo ba heza abölö asese faro'a ia.<ref name=Chakrabarti2017>{{cite journal |author=Chakrabarti, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Jhala, Y. V. |author2-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala |year=2017 |title=Selfish partners: resource partitioning in male coalitions of Asiatic lions |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1532–1539 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arx118|pmid=29622932 |pmc=5873260}}</ref> === Fealu ba femanga === {{multiple image| perrow=1|image1=Male Lion and Cub Chitwa South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004.JPG |caption1=Singo simatua ba ononia si manga-manga nagole göröbao gatua moroi ba Afrika ba Sabi Sand Game Reserve, Afrika Selatan |image2=Lions taking down cape buffalo.jpg|caption2=Lara'u sageu göröbao gatua daöfa ira singo si'alawe ba Serengeti, Tanzania |image3=Lion and eland.jpg |caption3=Famasindro akhökhöla döla-töla sageu zingo sogohi nago, niforoma'ö ba The Museum of Osteology }} Singo no aurifö si tola auri gofu heza ba töra 7% gönia moroi ba nagole. Latötöi ia zuzu gaurifö me i'a oya ngawalö gaurifö bö'ö.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 208.</ref><ref name="Frank1998">{{cite book |last=Frank| first=L. G. |year=1998 |title=Living with lions: carnivore conservation and livestock in Laikipia District, Kenya |location=Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki |publisher=US Agency for International Development, Conservation of Biodiverse Resource Areas Project, 623-0247-C-00-3002-00}}</ref> Ira'u gaurifö si so sa'a segebua simane zebra, öröbao Afrika, sökha, böhö ba jerapah.<ref name=Hayward2005>{{Cite journal |last1=Hayward |first1=M. W. |last2=Kerley |first2=G. I. H. |year=2005 |title=Prey preferences of the lion (''Panthera leo'') |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=267 |issue=3 |pages=309–322 |doi=10.1017/S0952836905007508 |url=http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1595.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627132429/http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1595.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-27 |url-status=live |citeseerx=10.1.1.611.8271}}</ref> Sasese tobali ö zingo ba India, ya'ia böhö nifotöi khöra ba da'ö ''chital'' ba ''sambar'',<ref name="Haas2005" /><ref name="Hayward2005" /><ref name="Mukherjee">{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=S. |last2=Goyal |first2=S. P. |last3=Chellam| first3=R. |year=1994 |title=Refined techniques for the analysis of Asiatic lion ''Panthera leo persica'' scats |journal=Acta Theriologica |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=425–430 |doi=10.4098/AT.arch.94-50 |doi-access=free}}</ref> heŵa'ae urifö si so baero göli tobali nigohi zingo göi.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Meena, V. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Jhala, Y.V. |author3=Chellam, R. |author4=Pathak, B. |year=2011 |title=Implications of diet composition of Asiatic lions for their conservation |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=284 |issue=1 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00780.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230157940}}</ref> Si to'ölönia lö igohi gaza si no ebua-bua awö nifotöi badak ba kudo nidanö Nil (hippopotamus), simanö göi gaurifö sigide-ide simane [[laosi]], [[arawi]] ba [[ba'e]].<ref name=Hayward2005/><ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 195.</ref> Itaria ibunu gaurifö bö'ö simanga nagole (sogohi aurifö bö'ö ba wemanga ya'ira) bahiza ha ŵaraö i'a ia.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 220–221.</ref> <!-- irugi da'e ua ni'ali ba li Niha moroi ba li Inggris: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion Ta'odödögö ena'ö abölö ahatö wangali ba li Inggris, me da'ö dania zi tobali referensi ''penerjemahan otomatis'' ba zi so föna. Young lions first display stalking behaviour at around three months of age, although they do not participate in hunting until they are almost a year old and begin to hunt effectively when nearing the age of two.<ref name="Schaller153">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 153.</ref> Single lions are capable of bringing down zebra and wildebeest, while larger prey like buffalo and giraffe are riskier.<ref name=Estes/> In [[Chobe National Park]], large prides have been observed hunting [[African bush elephant]]s up to around 15 years old in exceptional cases, with the victims being calves, juveniles, and even subadults.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joubert |first1=D. |year=2006 |title=Hunting behaviour of lions (''Panthera leo'') on elephants (''Loxodonta africana'') in the Chobe National Park, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=279–281 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00626.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Power |first1=R. J. |last2=Compion |first2=R. X. S. |title=Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana |journal=African Zoology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |doi=10.3377/004.044.0104 |year=2009 |s2cid=86371484 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232693088}}</ref> In typical hunts, each lioness has a favoured position in the group, either stalking prey on the "wing", then attacking, or moving a smaller distance in the centre of the group and capturing prey fleeing from other lionesses. Males attached to prides do not usually participate in group hunting.<ref name=hunt>{{Cite journal |last=Stander |first=P. E. |title=Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=445–454 |year=1992 |doi=10.1007/BF00170175 |s2cid=2588727 |url=http://lchc.ucsd.edu/MCA/Mail/xmcamail.2011_09.dir/pdfeL5GzNL2FL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095055/http://lchc.ucsd.edu/MCA/Mail/xmcamail.2011_09.dir/pdfeL5GzNL2FL.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some evidence suggests, however, that males are just as successful as females; they are typically solo hunters who ambush prey in small bushland.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loarie, S. R. |last2=Tambling, C. J. |last3=Asner, G. P. |year=2013 |title=Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=899–906 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.018 |hdl=2263/41825 |s2cid=53185309 |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/41825/1/Loarie_Lion_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816101650/http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/41825/1/Loarie_Lion_2013.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-16 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free}}</ref> They may join in the hunting of large, slower-moving prey like buffalo; and even hunt them on their own. Moderately-sized hunting groups generally have higher success rates than lone females and larger groups.<ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], nga'örö 150, 153, 164–165.</ref> Lions are not particularly known for their stamina. For instance, a lioness's heart comprises only 0.57% of her body weight and a male's is about 0.45% of his body weight, whereas a hyena's heart comprises almost 1% of its body weight.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 248.</ref> Thus, lions run quickly only in short bursts at about {{cvt|48-59|km/h}} and need to be close to their prey before starting the attack.<ref name="Schaller2478">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 233, 247–248</ref> One study in 2018 recorded a lion running at a top speed of {{cvt|74.1|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wilson|first1= A.|last2= Hubel|first2= T.|last3= Wilshin|first3= S. |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=Biomechanics of predator–prey arms race in lion, zebra, cheetah and impala |journal=Nature |volume=554 |issue=7691|pages= 183–188|doi=10.1038/nature25479 |pmid=29364874 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..183W |s2cid= 4405091 |url=https://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/11143/1/11143.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305065622/https://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/11143/1/11143.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> They take advantage of factors that reduce visibility; many kills take place near some form of cover or at night.<ref name="Schaller237">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 237.</ref> The lion's attack is short and powerful; they attempt to catch prey with a fast rush and final leap. They usually pull it down by the rump and kill by a clamping bite to the [[Throat clamp|throat]] or [[Muzzle clamp|muzzle]].<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 244, 263–267.</ref> Lions typically consume prey at the location of the hunt but sometimes drag large prey into cover.<ref name="Schaller2706"/> They tend to squabble over kills, particularly the males. Cubs suffer most when food is scarce but otherwise all pride members eat their fill, including old and crippled lions, which can live on leftovers.<ref name=Estes/> Large kills are shared more widely among pride members.<ref name="Schaller133">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 133.</ref> An adult lioness requires an average of about {{cvt|5|kg}} of meat per day while males require about {{cvt|7|kg}}.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 276.</ref> Lions gorge themselves and eat up to {{cvt|30|kg}} in one session.<ref name="simba">{{Cite book |last=Guggisberg |first=C. A. W. |title=Simba: the life of the lion. |year=1961 |publisher=Howard Timmins |location=Cape Town}}</ref> If it is unable to consume all of the kill, it rests for a few hours before continuing to eat. On hot days, the pride retreats to shade with one or two males standing guard.<ref name="Schaller2706">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 270–76.</ref> Lions defend their kills from scavengers such as vultures and hyenas.<ref name=Estes/> Lions scavenge on [[carrion]] when the opportunity arises, scavenging animals dead from natural causes such as disease or those that were killed by other predators. Scavenging lions keep a constant lookout for circling vultures, which indicate the death or distress of an animal.<ref name = "Schaller213">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 213–216.</ref> Most carrion on which both hyenas and lions feed upon are killed by hyenas rather than lions.<ref name="nowak" /> Carrion is thought to provide a large part of lion diet.<ref name=AWF>{{cite web |title=Behavior and Diet |work=African Wildlife Foundation website |publisher=African Wildlife Foundation |year=1996 |url=http://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/lion |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> ===Predatory competition=== {{multiple image |perrow=1 |image1=Hyenas Fight Against Lions Over a Kill HD 10.png|caption1=Lion attacked by spotted hyenas in Sabi Sand Game Reserve |image2=Lioness vs Leopard 9 July 2016 Latest Sightings 1.png |caption2=Lioness stealing a kill from a leopard in Kruger National Park}} Lions and [[spotted hyena]]s occupy a similar ecological niche and compete for prey and carrion; a review of data across several studies indicates a dietary overlap of 58.6%.<ref name="prey">{{Cite journal |title=Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (''Crocuta crocuta'') and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (''Panthera leo'') |url=http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430024111/http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-30 |url-status=live |last=Hayward |first=M. W. |journal=Journal of Zoology |year=2006 |volume=270 |issue=4 |pages=606–614 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x}}</ref> Lions typically ignore hyenas unless they are on a kill or are being harassed, while the latter tend to visibly react to the presence of lions with or without the presence of food. In the [[Ngorongoro crater]], lions subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas, causing them to increase their kill rate.<ref name="Kruuk">{{Cite book |first=H. |last=Kruuk |title=The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour |publisher=Echo Point Books & Media |year=2014|isbn=978-1626549050 |pages=128–138|edition=2nd}}</ref> In Botswana's Chobe National Park, the situation is reversed as hyenas there frequently challenge lions and steal their kills, obtaining food from 63% of all lion kills.<ref name="Conservation">{{Cite book |chapter=Interspecific competition and the population biology of extinction-prone carnivores |last1=Creel |first1= S.|last2= Spong |first2=G. |last3=Creel|first3= N. |pages=35–60 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v39RdyYUfRIC&pg=PA36 |title=Carnivore Conservation |edition=First |editor1-first=J. L. |editor1-last=Gittleman |editor2-first=S. M. |editor2-last=Funk |editor3-first=D. W. |editor3-last=Macdonald |editor4-first=R. K. |editor4-last=Wayne |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-66232-1}}</ref> When confronted on a kill, hyenas may either leave or wait patiently at a distance of {{cvt|30|-|100|m}} until the lions have finished.<ref name="schaller272">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 272.</ref> Hyenas feed alongside lions and force them off a kill. The two species attack one another even when there is no food involved for no apparent reason.<ref name="schaller273">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 273–74.</ref> Lions can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in [[Etosha National Park]]. Hyenas have adapted by frequently mobbing lions that enter their home ranges.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia |last1=Trinkel |first1=M. |last2=Kastberger |first2=G. |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=43 |issue=3 |year=2005 |pages=220–224 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x}}</ref> When the lion population in Kenya's [[Masai Mara National Reserve]] declined, the spotted hyena population increased rapidly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1= D. S.| last2= Johnson-Ulrich |first2=L.| last3=Couraud | first3=H. E. |last4=Holekamp |first4=K. E. |year=2018 |title=Anthropogenic disturbance induces opposing population trends in spotted hyenas and African lions |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=871–889 |doi=10.1007/s10531-017-1469-7 |s2cid= 44240882}}</ref> Lions tend to dominate [[cheetah]]s and [[leopard]]s, steal their kills and kill their cubs and even adults when given the chance.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Denis-Hoot|first1=C. |last2= Denis-Hoot|first2= M. |year=2003 |title=The Art of Being a Lion |url=https://archive.org/details/artofbeinglion0000deni_u5m1|publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York |isbn=9780760747674 |page=[https://archive.org/details/artofbeinglion0000deni_u5m1/page/198 198]}}</ref> Cheetahs often lose their kills to lions or other predators.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Wildt |first2 =D. E. |last3=Bush |first3=M. |year=1986 |title=The Cheetah in Genetic Peril |journal=Scientific American |volume=254 |issue=5 |pages=68–76 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0586-84 |url=http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513071205/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-13 |url-status=live|bibcode=1986SciAm.254e..84O}}</ref> A study in the Serengeti ecosystem revealed that lions killed at least 17 of 125 cheetah cubs born between 1987 and 1990.<ref name="laurenson">{{cite journal |last1=Laurenson |first1=M. K. |title=High juvenile mortality in cheetahs (''Acinonyx jubatus'') and its consequences for maternal care |journal=Journal of Zoology |year=1994 |volume=234 |issue=3 |pages=387–408 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb04855.x |url=http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/L/Laurenson_1994_Cheetah_cub_mortality_-_maternal_care.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120042410/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/L/Laurenson_1994_Cheetah_cub_mortality_-_maternal_care.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-20 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cheetahs avoid their competitors by hunting at different times and habitats.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rostro-García |first1=S. |last2=Kamler |first2=J. F. |last3=Hunter |first3=L. T. B. |name-list-style=amp |year=2015 |title=To kill, stay or flee: the effects of lions and landscape factors on habitat and kill site selection of cheetahs in South Africa |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=e0117743 |pmid=25693067 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0117743 |pmc=4333767|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1017743R |doi-access=free}}</ref> Leopards take refuge in trees, but lionesses occasionally attempt to climb up and retrieve their kills.<ref name="Schaller293">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 293.</ref> Lions similarly dominate [[African wild dog]]s, taking their kills and slaying pups or adult dogs. Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Conserving the African wild dog ''Lycaon pictus''. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline |last1=Woodroffe |first1=R. |last2=Ginsberg |first2=J. R. |name-list-style=amp |year=1999 |journal=Oryx |volume=33 |pages=132–142 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x |issue=2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lion falling prey to wild dogs.<ref name=Pienaar1969>{{Cite journal |last1=Pienaar |first1=U. de V. |title=Predator–prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park |journal=Koedoe |date=1969 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=108–176 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Schaller, nga'örö 188">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 188.</ref> [[Nile crocodile]]s may also kill and eat lions, evidenced by the occasional lion claw found in crocodile stomachs.<ref name="Guggisberg1972">{{Cite book |last=Guggisberg |first=C. A. W. |title=Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation |year=1972 |page=195 |isbn=978-0-7153-5272-4 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot |url=}}</ref> ===Reproduction and life cycle=== {{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical |image1=Panthera leo massaica mating.jpg|caption1=Lions mating at Masai Mara |image2=Lion_cub,_Masai_Mara,_Kenya.jpg|caption2=A lion cub in Masai Mara}} Most lionesses reproduce by the time they are four years of age.<ref name="Schaller29">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 29.</ref> Lions do not mate at a specific time of year and the females are [[polyestrous]].<ref name="Schaller174">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 174.</ref> Like those of other cats, the male lion's penis has [[Penile spines|spines]] that point backward. During withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which may cause [[ovulation]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1002/zoo.1430130403|title = Spontaneous and induced ovulation in the lion (Panthera leo)| journal=Zoo Biology| volume=13| issue=4| pages=301–307|year = 1994|last1 = Schramm|first1 = Ralph Dee| last2=Briggs| first2=Michael B.| last3=Reeves| first3=Jerry J.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Asdell |first=Sydney A. |title=Patterns of mammalian reproduction |year=1993 |orig-date=1964 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca |isbn=978-0-8014-1753-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/asdellspatternso00hays }}</ref> A lioness may mate with more than one male when she is [[Estrous cycle|in heat]].<ref name="Schaller142">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 142.</ref> Lions of both sexes may be involved in group [[Homosexuality in animals|homosexual]] and courtship activities. Males will also head-rub and roll around with each other before mounting each other.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagemihl |first=Bruce |year=1999 |title=Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-19239-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologicalexuber00bage/page/302 302–05] |url=https://archive.org/details/biologicalexuber00bage/page/302 }}</ref><ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 137.</ref> [[Generation time|Generation length]] of the lion is about seven years.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Generation length for mammals |author=Pacifici, M.|author2= Santini, L.|author3= Di Marco, M.|author4= Baisero, D.|author5= Francucci, L.|author6= Grottolo Marasini, G.|author7= Visconti, P. |author8= Rondinini, C. |journal=Nature Conservation |year=2013 |issue=5 |pages=87–94}}</ref> The average gestation period is around 110{{spaces}}days;<ref name="Schaller174"/> the female gives birth to a litter of between one and four cubs in a secluded den, which may be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some other sheltered area, usually away from the pride. She will often hunt alone while the cubs are still helpless, staying relatively close to the den.<ref name="Scott45">[[#Scott|Scott]], nga'örö 45.</ref> Lion cubs are born blind, their eyes opening around seven days after birth. They weigh {{convert|1.2|–|2.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at birth and are almost helpless, beginning to crawl a day or two after birth and walking around three weeks of age.<ref name="Schaller143">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 143.</ref> To avoid a buildup of scent attracting the attention of predators, the lioness moves her cubs to a new den site several times a month, carrying them one-by-one by the nape of the neck.<ref name="Scott45"/> Usually, the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old.<ref name="Scott45"/> Sometimes the introduction to pride life occurs earlier, particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time.<ref name=Estes/><ref name=Schaller148/> When first introduced to the rest of the pride, lion cubs lack confidence when confronted with adults other than their mother. They soon begin to immerse themselves in the pride life, however, playing among themselves or attempting to initiate play with the adults.<ref name=Schaller148/> Lionesses with cubs of their own are more likely to be tolerant of another lioness's cubs than lionesses without cubs. Male tolerance of the cubs varies—one male could patiently let the cubs play with his tail or his mane, while another may snarl and bat the cubs away.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], nga'örö 46.</ref> [[File:Lion Cubs Phinda 2011.ogv|thumb|right|Video of a lioness and her cubs in Phinda Reserve]] Pride lionesses often synchronise their reproductive cycles and communal rearing and suckling of the young, which suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride. The synchronisation of births is advantageous because the cubs grow to being roughly the same size and have an equal chance of survival, and sucklings are not dominated by older cubs.<ref name=Estes/><ref name=Schaller148>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 147-49.</ref> Weaning occurs after six or seven months. Male lions reach maturity at about three years of age and at four to five years are capable of challenging and displacing adult males associated with another pride. They begin to age and weaken at between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crandall |first=L. S. |title=The management of wild animals in captivity |year=1964 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |oclc=557916}}</ref> When one or more new males oust the previous males associated with a pride, the victors often [[infanticide (zoology)|kill any existing young cubs]], perhaps because females do not become fertile and receptive until their cubs mature or die. Females often fiercely defend their cubs from a usurping male but are rarely successful unless a group of three or four mothers within a pride join forces against the male.<ref name="Packpus83">{{Cite journal |last1=Packer |first1=C. |last2=Pusey |first2=A. E. |date=May 1983 |title= Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1983-05_121_5/page/716 |journal= American Naturalist |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=716–28 |doi= 10.1086/284097|s2cid=84927815 }}</ref> Cubs also die from starvation and abandonment, and predation by leopards, hyenas and wild dogs. Male cubs are excluded from their maternal pride when they reach maturity at around two or three years of age,<ref name="Schaller44">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 44.</ref> while some females may leave when they reach the age of two.<ref name=Packer33/> When a new male lion takes over a pride, adolescents both male and female may be evicted.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], nga'örö 68.</ref> ===Health and mortality=== [[File:Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG|thumb|Lions in a tree near [[Lake Nakuru]]]] Lions may live 12–17 years.<ref name=Haas2005/> Although adult lions have no natural predators, evidence suggests most die violently from attacks by humans or other lions.<ref name="Schaller183">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 183.</ref> Lions often inflict serious injuries on members of other prides they encounter in territorial disputes or members of the home pride when fighting at a kill.<ref name="Schaller1889">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 188–89.</ref> Crippled lions and cubs may fall victim to hyenas and leopards or be trampled by buffalo or elephants. Careless lions may be maimed when hunting prey.<ref name="Schaller1890">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 189–90.</ref> [[Tick]]s commonly infest the ears, neck and groin regions of the lions.<ref name="Schaller184">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 184.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yeoman |first=Guy Henry|author2=Walker, Jane Brotherton |title=The ixodid ticks of Tanzania |year=1967 |publisher=Commonwealth Institute of Entomology |location=London |oclc=955970}}</ref> Adult forms of several [[tapeworm]] species of the genus ''[[Taenia (tapeworm)|Taenia]]'' have been isolated from lion intestines, having been ingested as larvae in [[antelope]] meat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sachs |first=R. |year=1969|title=Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung und Differenzierung der Muskelfinnen ostafrikanischer Wildtiere [Differentiation and species determination of muscle-cysticerci in East African game animals] |journal=Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |pmid=5393325|language=de}}</ref> Lions in the Ngorongoro Crater were afflicted by an outbreak of stable fly (''[[Stable fly|Stomoxys calcitrans]]'') in 1962, resulting in lions becoming emaciated and covered in bloody, bare patches. Lions sought unsuccessfully to evade the biting flies by climbing trees or crawling into hyena burrows; many died or migrated and the local population dropped from 70 to 15 individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fosbrooke |first=H. |year=1963 |title=The stomoxys plague in Ngorongoro |journal=East African Wildlife Journal |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=124–126 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00190.x}}</ref> A more recent outbreak in 2001 killed six lions.<ref name="Nkwame06">{{Cite news | last=Nkwame | first=V. M. |title=King of the jungle in jeopardy | work=The Arusha Times| date=9 September 2006 | url=http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2006/36/features_10.htm | access-date=4 September 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929044925/http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2006/36/features_10.htm | archive-date=29 September 2007 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> Captive lions have been infected with [[canine distemper]] virus (CDV) since at least the mid-1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Myers, D. L. |author2=Zurbriggen, A. |author3=Lutz, H. |author4=Pospischil, A. |date=1997 |title=Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers |journal=Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.1128/CDLI.4.2.180-184.1997 |pmid=9067652 |pmc=170498 |url=}}</ref> CDV is spread by domestic dogs and other carnivores; a 1994 outbreak in Serengeti National Park resulted in many lions developing neurological symptoms such as seizures. During the outbreak, several lions died from [[pneumonia]] and [[encephalitis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roelke-Parker|first1=M. E.|date=1996 |title=A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions (''Panthera leo'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1996-02-01_379_6564/page/441|journal=Nature |volume=379 |issue=6564 |pages=441–445 |doi=10.1038/379441a0|pmid=8559247 |last2=Munson |first2=L. |last3=Packer |first3=C. |last4=Kock |first4=R. |last5=Cleaveland |first5=S. |last6=Carpenter |first6=M. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |last8=Pospischil |first8=A. |last9=Hofmann-Lehmann |first9=R. |first10=Hans |last10=L. |first11=G. L. M. |last11=Mwanengele |first12=M. N. |last12=Mgasa |first13=G. A. |last13=Machange |first14=B. A. |last14=Summers |first15=M. J. G. |last15=Appel |bibcode=1996Natur.379..441R|pmc=7095363 }}</ref> [[Feline immunodeficiency virus]] and [[lentivirus]] also affect captive lions.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Bull, M. E. |author2=Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. |author3=Levine, J. F. |author4=Loomis, M. |author5=Gebhard, D. G. |author6=Tompkins, W. A. |date=2003 |title=Evaluation of T lymphocytes in captive African lions (''Panthera leo'') infected with feline immunodeficiency virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-veterinary-research_2003-10_64_10/page/1293 |journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=1293–1300 |doi=10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1293|pmid=14596469 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Poli, A. |author2=Abramo, F. |author3=Cavicchio, P. |author4=Bandecchi, P. |author5=Ghelardi, E. |author6=Pistello, M. |date=1995 |title=Lentivirus infection in an African lion: a clinical, pathologic and virologic study |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=70–74 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-31.1.70|pmid=7563428 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Communication=== [[File:Lion cub with mother.jpg|thumb|Head rubbing among pride members is a common social behaviour.]] When resting, lion socialisation occurs through a number of behaviours; the animal's expressive movements are highly developed. The most common peaceful, tactile gestures are [[Bunting (animal behavior)|head rubbing]] and [[social licking]],<ref name=Schaller85>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 85.</ref> which have been compared with the role of [[allogrooming]] among primates.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sparks |first=J. |title=Primate Ethology |chapter=Allogrooming in primates: a review |pages=148–175 |year=1967 |editor=Morris, D. |publisher=Aldine |location=Chicago |edition=2011 |isbn=9780202368160}}</ref> Head rubbing, nuzzling the forehead, face and neck against another lion appears to be a form of greeting<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leyhausen |first=P. |title=Verhaltensstudien an Katzen |edition=Second |year=1960 |publisher=Paul Parey |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-489-71836-9 |language=de}}</ref> and is seen often after an animal has been apart from others or after a fight or confrontation. Males tend to rub other males, while cubs and females rub females.<ref name=Schaller858>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 85–88.</ref> Social licking often occurs in tandem with head rubbing; it is generally mutual and the recipient appears to express pleasure. The head and neck are the most common parts of the body licked; this behaviour may have arisen out of utility because lions cannot lick these areas themselves.<ref name=Schaller8891>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 88–91.</ref> {{listen|filename=Lion raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg|title=Lion roar|description=A captive lion roaring}} Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures.<ref name=Schaller92102>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 103–117.</ref> A common facial expression is the "grimace face" or [[flehmen response]], which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth, raised muzzle, wrinkled nose, closed eyes and relaxed ears.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 95.</ref> Lions also use chemical and visual marking;<ref name=Schaller92102/> males [[Territory (animal)#Scent marking|spray urine]]<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Andersen, K. F. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Vulpius, T. |year=1999 |title=Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, ''Panthera leo'' |journal=Chemical Senses |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=179–189 |doi=10.1093/chemse/24.2.179 |pmid=10321819 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and scrape plots of ground and objects within the territory.<ref name=Schaller92102/> The lion's repertoire of vocalisations is large; variations in intensity and pitch appear to be central to communication. Most lion vocalisations are variations of [[growling]], [[snarling]], meowing and roaring. Other sounds produced include purring, puffing, bleating and humming. Roaring is used to advertise its presence. Lions most often roar at night, a sound that can be heard from a distance of {{convert|8|km|0}}.<ref name=Schaller10313>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], nga'örö 103–113.</ref> They tend to roar in a very characteristic manner starting with a few deep, long roars that subside into a series of shorter ones.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eklund |first1=R. |last2=Peters |first2=G. |last3=Ananthakrishnan |first3=G. |last4=Mabiza |first4=E. |title=An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses |journal=Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report |volume=51 |page=1 |year=2011 |url=http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001083629/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-01 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ananthakrishnan |first1=G. |last2=Eklund |first2=R. |last3=Peters |first3=G. |last4=Mabiza |first4=E. |title=An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics |journal=Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report |volume=51 |page=5 |year=2011 |url=http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Ananthakrishnan_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001083621/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Ananthakrishnan_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Conservation== The lion is listed as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]. The Indian population is listed on [[CITES Appendix I]] and the African population on [[CITES Appendix II]].<ref name="IUCN" /> ===In Africa=== [[File:Lion.ogv|thumb|right|Video of a wild lioness]] Several large and well-managed protected areas in Africa host large lion populations. Where an infrastructure for wildlife tourism has been developed, cash revenue for park management and local communities is a strong incentive for lion conservation.<ref name="IUCN" /> Most lions now live in East and Southern Africa; their numbers are rapidly decreasing, and fell by an estimated 30–50% in the late half of the 20th century. Primary causes of the decline include disease and human interference.<ref name=IUCN/> In 1975, it was estimated that since the 1950s, lion numbers had decreased by half to 200,000 or fewer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=N. |year=1975 |title=The silent savannahs |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-wildlife_september-october-1975_5_5/page/5 |journal=International Wildlife |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=5–10 }}</ref> Estimates of the African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002–2004.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=H. |last2=Van Der Merwe |first2=S. |year= 2002 |title=The African lion database |journal=Cat News |volume=36 |pages=41–53}}</ref><ref name=Chardonnet2002>{{Cite book |last=Chardonnet|first=P. |year=2002|title=Conservation of African lion |url=http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf |publisher=International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife|location=Paris, France |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184540/http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf}}</ref> In the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Odzala-Kokoua National Park]] was considered a lion stronghold in the 1990s. By 2014, no lions were recorded in the protected area so the population is considered locally extinct.<ref name=carn>{{cite journal |last1=Henschel |first1=P. |last2=Malanda |first2=G.-A. |last3=Hunter |first3=L. |title=The status of savanna carnivores in the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, northern Republic of Congo |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2014-08_95_4/page/882 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |date=2014 |volume=95 |issue=4 |page=882−892 |doi=10.1644/13-mamm-a-306 |doi-access=free }}{{open access}}</ref> The West African lion population is isolated from the one in Central Africa, with little or no exchange of breeding individuals. In 2015, it was estimated that this population consists of about 400 animals, including fewer than 250 mature individuals. They persist in three protected areas in the region, mostly in one population in the [[W National Park|W]] [[Arli National Park|A]] [[Pendjari National Park|P]] protected area complex, shared by [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]] and [[Niger]]. This population is listed as [[Critically Endangered]].<ref name=Henschel2015/> Field surveys in the [[W-Arly-Pendjari Complex|WAP ecosystem]] revealed that lion occupancy is lowest in the W National Park, and higher in areas with permanent staff and thus better protection.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henschel |first1=P. |last2=Petracca |first2=L. S. |last3=Hunter |first3=L. T. |last4=Kiki |first4=M. |last5=Sewadé |first5=C. |last6=Tehou |first6=A. |last7=Robinson |first7=H. S. |year=2016 |title=Determinants of distribution patterns and management needs in a critically endangered lion ''Panthera leo'' population |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=110 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2016.00110 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A population occurs in Cameroon's [[Waza National Park]], where between approximately 14 and 21 animals persisted as of 2009.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tumenta |first1=P. N. |last2=Kok |first2=J. S. |last3=van Rijssel |first3=J. C. |last4=Buij |first4=R. |last5=Croes |first5=B. M. |last6=Funston |first6=P. J. |last7=de Iongh |first7=H. H. |last8=de Haes |first8=H. A. Udo |year=2009 |title=Threat of rapid extermination of the lion (''Panthera leo leo'') in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon |journal=African Journal of Ecology |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01181.x |pages=1–7 |volume=48 |issue=4|hdl=1887/14372 |s2cid=56451273 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In addition, 50 to 150 lions are estimated to be present in Burkina Faso's [[Arly-Singou]] ecosystem.<ref name="Bauer & van der Merwe">{{Cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=H. |last2=Van Der Merwe |first2=S. |doi=10.1017/S0030605304000055 |title=Inventory of free-ranging lions ''Panthera leo'' in Africa |journal=Oryx |volume=38 |year=2004 |issue=1 |pages=26–31|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2015, an adult male lion and a female lion were sighted in Ghana's [[Mole National Park]]. These were the first sightings of lions in the country in 39 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Angelici |first1=F. M. |last2=Rossi |first2=L. |year=2017 |title=Further lion, ''Panthera leo senegalensis'' Meyer, 1826, sightings in Mole National Park, Ghana, and possible first serval ''Leptailurus serval'' Schreber, 1776 record after 39 years (Mammalia Felidae) |journal=Biodiversity Journal |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=749–752 |url=http://www.biodiversityjournal.com/pdf/8(2)_749-752.pdf |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074200/http://www.biodiversityjournal.com/pdf/8(2)_749-752.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the same year, a population of up to 200 lions that was previously thought to have been [[Local extinction|extirpated]] was filmed in the [[Alatash National Park]], Ethiopia, close to the Sudanese border.<ref name="NewScientist2016">{{cite magazine|magazine=New Scientist|title=Hidden population of up to 200 lions found in remote Ethiopia|date=2016|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2075740-hidden-population-of-up-to-200-lions-found-in-remote-ethiopia/|access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="BBC Ethiopian lion, 2016">{{cite news|date=2016|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35460573|title=Lions rediscovered in Ethiopia's Alatash National Park|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> In 2005, Lion Conservation Strategies were developed for West and Central Africa, and or East and Southern Africa. The strategies seek to maintain suitable habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base for lions, reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations, and make lion–human coexistence sustainable.<ref>{{cite book |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion West and Central Africa |publisher=IUCN |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |year=2006 |location=Yaounde, Cameroon |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.4._Strategies___Action_Plans/African_lion/IUCN_CatSG_2006_West_and_Central_Africa_Lion_Conservation_Strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919114530/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.4._Strategies___Action_Plans/African_lion/IUCN_CatSG_2006_West_and_Central_Africa_Lion_Conservation_Strategy.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-19 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |year=2006 |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |location=Pretoria, South Africa |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.4._Strategies___Action_Plans/African_lion/IUCN_CatSG_2006_East_and_South_Africa_Lion_Conservation_Strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619001314/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.4._Strategies___Action_Plans/African_lion/IUCN_CatSG_2006_East_and_South_Africa_Lion_Conservation_Strategy.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lion depredation on livestock is significantly reduced in areas where herders keep livestock in improved enclosures. Such measures contribute to mitigating [[human–lion conflict]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Assessment and mitigation of human-lion conflict in West and Central Africa |author1=Bauer, H. |author2=de Iongh, H. |author3=Sogbohossou, E. |journal=Mammalia |year=2010 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=363–367 |doi=10.1515/MAMM.2010.048|s2cid=86228533 }}</ref> ===In Asia=== [[File:Lion Gir.jpg|thumb|A lioness in Gir National Park]] The last refuge of the Asiatic lion population is the {{cvt|1412|km2}} Gir National Park and surrounding areas in the [[Saurashtra (region)|region of Saurashtra]] or [[Kathiawar Peninsula]] in Gujarat State, India. The population has risen from approximately 180 lions in 1974 to about 400 in 2010.<ref name="Singh, Gibson">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh | first1= H. S. |last2=Gibson | first2= Luke |title=A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir forest |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2011-05_144_5/page/1753 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=144 |issue=5 |pages=1753–57 |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009}}</ref> It is geographically isolated, which can lead to [[inbreeding]] and reduced [[genetic diversity]]. Since 2008, the Asiatic lion has been listed as [[Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=Breitenmoser2008/> By 2015, the population had grown to 523 individuals inhabiting an area of {{cvt|7000|km2}} in Saurashtra.<ref name=Venkataraman2016>{{cite book |author=Venkataraman, M. |year=2016 |chapter=Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape |title=Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies |editor1=Agrawal, P.K |editor2=Verghese, A. |editor3=Krishna, S.R. |editor4=Subaharan, K. |publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |location=New Delhi |page=32−40}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Singh, A.P. |year=2017 |title=The Asiatic Lion (''Panthera leo persica''): 50 Years Journey for Conservation of an Endangered Carnivore and its Habitat in Gir Protected Area, Gujarat, India |journal=Indian Forester |volume=143 |issue=10 |pages=993–1003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Singh, H.S. |year=2017 |title=Dispersion of the Asiatic lion ''Panthera leo persica'' and its survival in human-dominated landscape outside the Gir forest, Gujarat, India |journal=Current Science |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=933–940|doi=10.18520/cs/v112/i05/933-940 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Asiatic Lion Census conducted in 2017 recorded about 650 individuals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lion population roars to 650 in Gujarat forests|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Lion-population-roars-to-650-in-Gujarat-forests/articleshow/59907625.cms |author=Kaushik, H. |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2017|access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> The presence of numerous human habitations close to the National Park results in conflict between lions, local people and their livestock.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=V. K. |last1=Saberwal |first2=J. P. |last2=Gibbs |first3=R. |last3=Chellam |first4=A. J. T. |last4=Johnsingh |title=Lion‐Human Conflict in the Gir Forest, India |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_conservation-biology_1994-06_8_2/page/501 |date=1994 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x |journal=Conservation Biology |issue=2 |volume=8 |pages=501–507}}</ref><ref name=Venkataraman2016 /> Some consider the presence of lions a benefit, as they keep populations of crop damaging herbivores in check.<ref name=Meena2016>{{cite book |author=Meena, V. |year=2016 |chapter=Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape |editor=Agrawal, P.K. |editor2=Verghese, A. |editor3=Radhakrishna, S. |editor4=Subaharan, K. |title=Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies |publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |location=New Delhi}}</ref> The establishment of a second, independent Asiatic lion population in [[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]], located in [[Madhya Pradesh]] was planned but in 2017, the [[Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project]] seemed unlikely to be implemented.<ref name="TOI 12-2017">{{cite news |author=Sharma, R. |newspaper=The [[Times of India]] |title=Tired of Gujarat reluctance on Gir lions, MP to release tigers in Kuno |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/tired-of-gujarat-reluctance-on-gir-lions-mp-to-release-tigers-in-kuno/articleshow/61937836.cms |date=2017 |access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="HT 2017">{{cite news |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=Stalemate on translocation of Gir lions Kuno Palpur in Madhya Pradesh to be used as tiger habitat now |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/stalemate-on-translocation-of-gir-lionskuno-palpur-in-madhya-pradesh-to-be-used-as-tiger-habitat-now/story-hX8ELtxSSL4I8GeLTh6xYI.html |date=2017 |access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> ===Captive breeding=== [[File:India Animals.jpg|thumb|Two captive male Asiatic lions in [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]], India]] Lions imported to Europe before the middle of the 19th century were possibly foremost Barbary lions from North Africa, or Cape lions from Southern Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Shapiro |first3=B. |last4=Nijman |first4=V. |year=2007 |title=Using ancient DNA techniques to identify the origin of unprovenanced museum specimens, as illustrated by the identification of a 19th century lion from Amsterdam |url=http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?c=ctz;idno=7602a02 |journal=Contributions to Zoology |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=87–94 |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522041326/http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?c=ctz;idno=7602a02 |archive-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |doi=10.1163/18759866-07602002 |s2cid=2131247 }}</ref> Another 11 animals thought to be Barbary lions kept in [[Addis Ababa Zoo]] are descendants of animals owned by [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Emperor Haile Selassie]]. WildLink International in collaboration with [[Oxford University]] launched an ambitious International [[Barbary lion|Barbary Lion Project]] with the aim of identifying and breeding Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction into a national park in the [[Atlas Mountains]] of Morocco.<ref name="yamaguchi-haddane">{{Cite journal |last=Yamaguchi |first=N. |author2=Haddane, B. |year=2002 |title=The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project |journal=International Zoo News |volume=49 |pages=465–481}}</ref> However, a genetic analysis showed that the captive lions at Addis Ababa Zoo were not Barbary lions, but rather closely related to wild lions in Chad and Cameroon.<ref name="Bruche_al2012">{{Cite journal |last=Bruche |first=S. |author2=Gusset, M. |author3=Lippold, S. |author4=Barnett, R. |author5=Eulenberger, K. |author6=Junhold, J. |author7=Driscoll, C. A. |author8=Hofreiter, M. |title=A genetically distinct lion (''Panthera leo'') population from Ethiopia |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |year=2012 |pages=215–225 |doi=10.1007/s10344-012-0668-5 |volume=59 |issue=2|s2cid=508478 }}</ref> In 1982, the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]] started a [[Species Survival Plan]] for the Asiatic lion to increase its chances of survival. In 1987, it was found that most lions in North American zoos were hybrids between African and Asiatic lions.<ref name=OBrien1987>{{cite journal |author1=O'Brien, S. J. |author2=Joslin, P. |author3=Smith, G. L. III |author4=Wolfe, R. |author5=Schaffer, N. |author6=Heath, E. |author7=Ott-Joslin, J. |author8=Rawal, P. P. |author9=Bhattacharjee, K. K. |author10=Martenson, J. S. |year=1987 |title=Evidence for African origins of founders of the Asiatic lion Species Survival Plan |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=99–116 |doi=10.1002/zoo.1430060202 |url=http://dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru/pdf/sjop/MS129_O%27Brien_ZooBiol.pdf |access-date=25 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225092713/http://dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru/pdf/sjop/MS129_O%27Brien_ZooBiol.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Breeding programs need to note origins of the participating animals to avoid cross-breeding different subspecies and thus reducing their conservation value.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Frankham |first1=R. |last2=Ballou |first2=J. |last3=Briscoe |first3=D. |title=Introduction to Conservation Genetics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009| isbn=978-0-521-70271-3 |location=Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid |edition=Second |chapter=Genetic management of Captive Populations |pages=430–452 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLZKnsCk89wC&pg=PA437 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> Captive breeding of lions was halted to eliminate individuals of unknown origin and [[Pedigree (animal)|pedigree]]. Wild-born lions were imported to American zoos from Africa between 1989 and 1995. Breeding was continued in 1998 in the frame of an African lion Species Survival Plan.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Daigle, C. L. |author2=Brown, J. L. |author3=Carlstead, K. |author4=Pukazhenthi, B. |author5=Freeman, E. W. |author6=Snider, R. J. |year=2015 |title=Multi-institutional survey of social, management, husbandry and environmental factors for the SSP African lion Panthera leo population: examining the effects of a breeding moratorium in relation to reproductive success |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=198–213 |doi=10.1111/izy.12073 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270901189}}</ref> About 77% of the captive lions registered in the [[International Species Information System]] in 2006 were of unknown origin; these animals might have carried genes that are extinct in the wild and may therefore be important to the maintenance of the overall [[genetic variability]] of the lion.<ref name=BarnettYamaguchi2006>{{Cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2 =N. |last3=Barnes | first3=I. |last4=Cooper |first4=A. |date=2006 |title=Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion ''Panthera leo'': Implications for its ''ex situ'' conservation |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–514 |doi=10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0 |s2cid=24190889 |url=http://abc.zoo.ox.ac.uk/Papers/consgen06_lion.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824064412/http://abc.zoo.ox.ac.uk/Papers/consgen06_lion.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-08-24 }}</ref> ==Interactions with humans== ===In zoos and circuses=== {{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical |image1=Lion - melbourne zoo.jpg|caption1=Lion at [[Melbourne Zoo]] |image2=Lion tamer (LOC pga.03749).jpg|caption2=19th-century [[etching]] of a lion tamer in a cage with lions and tigers}} Lions are part of a group of exotic animals that have been central to zoo exhibits since the late 18th century. Although many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits,<ref name="dc81">[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], nga'örö 81-82.</ref> there are more than 1,000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world. They are considered an ambassador species and are kept for tourism, education and conservation purposes.<ref name="WAZA">{{cite web |last1= Dollinger |first1= P. |last2= Geser |first2= S. |title=Lion: In the Zoo (subpage) |work= Visit the Zoo |publisher= WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums) |url= http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |access-date= 5 April 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110929135611/http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |archive-date= 29 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lions can live over twenty years in captivity; for example, three sibling lions at the [[Honolulu Zoo]] lived to the age of 22 in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aguiar|first=E.|date=2007|title=Honolulu zoo's old lion roars no more|newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|access-date=4 September 2007|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033236/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lum|first=C.|date=2007|title=Zoo puts end to 2 lions' suffering|newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Feb/25/ln/hawaii902250384.html|access-date=29 September 2020|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106104728/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Feb/25/ln/hawaii902250384.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first European "zoos" spread among noble and royal families in the 13th century, and until the 17th century were called [[seraglio]]s. At that time, they came to be called [[menagerie]]s, an extension of the [[cabinet of curiosities]]. They spread from France and Italy during the [[Renaissance]] to the rest of Europe.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], nga'örö 19–21, 42.</ref> In England, although the seraglio tradition was less developed, lions were [[Tower of London#Menagerie|kept at the Tower of London]] in a seraglio established by [[John of England|King John]] in the 13th century;<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], nga'örö 20.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Owen |first=J. |title=Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo"|magazine=National Geographic Magazine |date=2005 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html| access-date=5 September 2007}}</ref> this was probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] at his hunting lodge in [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire]], where according to [[William of Malmesbury]] lions had been stocked.<ref name=Blunt15>[[#Blunt|Blunt]], nga'örö 15.</ref> Lions were kept in cramped and squalid conditions at [[London Zoo]] until a larger lion house with roomier cages was built in the 1870s.<ref name=Blunt208>[[#Blunt|Blunt]], nga'örö 208.</ref> Further changes took place in the early 20th century when [[Carl Hagenbeck]] designed enclosures with concrete "rocks", more open space and a moat instead of bars, more closely resembling a natural habitat. Hagenbeck designed lion enclosures for both [[Melbourne Zoo]] and Sydney's [[Taronga Zoo]]; although his designs were popular, the use of bars and caged enclosures prevailed in many zoos until the 1960s.<ref name=dc69>[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], nga'örö 69.</ref> In the late 20th century, larger, more natural enclosures and the use of wire mesh or laminated glass instead of lowered dens allowed visitors to come closer than ever to the animals; some attractions such as the Cat Forest/Lion Overlook of [[Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden|Oklahoma City Zoological Park]] placed the den on ground level, higher than visitors.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Grisham |first=J. |editor-first=C. E. |editor-last=Bell |title=Lion |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos |volume=2: G–P |year=2001 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |location=Chicago |isbn=978-1-57958-174-9 |pages=733–739}}</ref> [[Lion taming]] has been part of both established [[circus]]es and individual acts such as [[Siegfried & Roy]]. The practice began in the early 19th century by Frenchman Henri Martin and American [[Isaac A. Van Amburgh|Isaac Van Amburgh]], who both toured widely and whose techniques were copied by a number of followers.<ref name=baratay187/> Van Amburgh performed before [[Queen Victoria]] in 1838 when he toured Great Britain. Martin composed a [[pantomime]] titled ''Les Lions de Mysore'' ("the lions of Mysore"), an idea Amburgh quickly borrowed. These acts eclipsed [[equestrianism]] acts as the central display of circus shows and entered public consciousness in the early 20th century with cinema. In demonstrating the superiority of human over animal, lion taming served a purpose similar to animal fights of previous centuries.<ref name=baratay187>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], nga'örö 187.</ref> The ultimate proof of a tamer's dominance and control over a lion is demonstrated by the placing of the tamer's head in the lion's mouth. The now-iconic lion tamer's chair was possibly first used by American [[Clyde Beatty]] (1903–1965).<ref>{{Cite book |first=D. |last=Feldman |author-link=David Feldman (author) |year=1993 |title=How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-016923-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/howdoesaspirinfi00davi}}</ref> ===Hunting and games=== {{Main|Lion hunting}} {{See also|Lion baiting}} [[File:Sculpted reliefs depicting Ashurbanipal, the last great Assyrian king, hunting lions, gypsum hall relief from the North Palace of Nineveh (Irak), c. 645-635 BC, British Museum (16722183731).jpg|thumb|[[Bas-relief]] of a wounded lioness from [[Nineveh]], {{circa|645–635 BC}}]] Lion hunting has occurred since ancient times and was often a royal tradition, intended to demonstrate the power of the king over nature. Such hunts took place in a reserved area in front of an audience. The monarch was accompanied by his men and controls were put in place to increase their safety and ease of killing. The earliest surviving record of lion hunting is an [[ancient Egypt]]ian inscription dated circa 1380 BC that mentions Pharaoh [[Amenhotep&nbsp;III]] killing 102 lions in ten years "with his own arrows". The [[Assyria]]n emperor [[Ashurbanipal]] had one of his lion hunts depicted on a sequence of [[Assyrian palace reliefs]] {{circa|640 BC}}, known as the [[Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal]]. Lions were also hunted during the [[Mughal Empire]], where Emperor [[Jahangir]] is said to have excelled at it.<ref name=Jackson156>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], nga'örö 156–159.</ref> In [[Ancient Rome]], lions were kept by emperors for [[Venatio|hunts]], [[Bestiarii|gladiator fights]] and [[Damnatio ad bestias|executions]].<ref>{{Cite book |first= T. |last=Wiedemann |title=Emperors and Gladiators |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 |page=60 | isbn=978-0-415-12164-4}}</ref> The [[Maasai people]] have traditionally viewed the killing of lions as a rite of passage. Historically, lions were hunted by individuals, however, due to reduced lion populations, elders discourage solo lion hunts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hazzah |first1=L. |last2=Borgerhoof Mulder |first2=M. |last3=Frank |first3=L. |year=2009 |title=Lions and warriors: Social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2009-11_142_11/page/2428 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=142 |issue= 11|pages=2428–2437 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.006}}</ref> During the [[Scramble for Africa|European colonisation of Africa]] in the 19th century, the hunting of lions was encouraged because they were considered pests and lion skins were sold for [[Pound sterling|£1]] each.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], nga'örö 166.</ref> The widely reproduced imagery of the heroic hunter chasing lions would dominate a large part of the century.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], nga'örö 113.</ref> [[Trophy hunting]] of lions in recent years has been met with controversy, notably with the [[killing of Cecil the lion]] in mid-2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Capecchi |first1=Christina |last2=Rogers |first2=Katie |title=Killer of Cecil the lion finds out that he is a target now, of internet vigilantism |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 July 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/us/cecil-the-lion-walter-palmer.html |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> ===Man-eating=== [[File:Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg|thumb|The Tsavo maneaters of East Africa on display in the [[Field Museum of Natural History]] in Chicago]] {{Further information|Man-eater#Lions}} Lions do not usually hunt humans but some (usually males) seem to seek them out. One well-publicised case is the [[Tsavo maneaters]]; in 1898, 28 officially recorded railway workers building the [[Uganda Railway]] were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge in Kenya.<ref name=Patterson>{{cite book |last=Patterson |first=B. D. |year=2004 |title=The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters |url=https://archive.org/details/lionsoftsavoexpl0000patt |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-136333-4}}</ref> The hunter who killed the lions wrote a book detailing the animals' predatory behaviour; they were larger than normal and lacked manes, and one seemed to suffer from tooth decay. The infirmity theory, including tooth decay, is not favoured by all researchers; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man-eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=B. D. |author2=Neiburger, E. J.|author3=Kasiki, S. M. |date=2003 |title=Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease as Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2003-02_84_1/page/190 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=190–196 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sick or injured animals may be more prone to man-eating but the behaviour is not unusual, nor necessarily aberrant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peterhans |first1=J. C. K. |first2=T. P. | last2=Gnoske |title=The Science of Man-eating |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |volume=90 |issue=1&2 |year=2001 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lions' proclivity for [[man-eating]] has been systematically examined. American and Tanzanian scientists report that man-eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005. At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period. The incidents occurred near [[Selous Game Reserve]] in [[Rufiji River]] and in [[Lindi Region]] near the Mozambican border. While the expansion of villages into bush country is one concern, the authors argue conservation policy must mitigate the danger because in this case, conservation contributes directly to human deaths. Cases in Lindi in which lions seize humans from the centres of substantial villages have been documented.<ref name=Packer05>{{Cite journal |last1=Packer |first1=C. |last2=Ikanda | first2= D. |last3=Kissui| first3= B. |last4=Kushnir| first4= H. |date=2005 |title=Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-08-18_436_7053/page/927 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=436 |issue=7053 |pages=927–28 |doi=10.1038/436927a| pmid=16107828 |bibcode=2005Natur.436..927P |s2cid=3190757}}</ref> Another study of 1,000 people attacked by lions in southern Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 found that the weeks following the [[full moon]], when there was less moonlight, were a strong indicator of increased night-time attacks on people.<ref name=fullmoon>{{cite journal |title=Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions |last=Packer |first=C. |journal=[[PLOS One]] |date=2011 |volume=6 |issue=7 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022285 |author2=Swanson, A. |author3=Ikanda, D. |author4=Kushnir, H. |pages=e22285 |pmid=21799812 |pmc=3140494|bibcode=2011PLoSO...622285P|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to Robert R. Frump, Mozambican refugees regularly crossing Kruger National Park, South Africa, at night are attacked and eaten by lions; park officials have said man-eating is a problem there. Frump said thousands may have been killed in the decades after [[apartheid]] sealed the park and forced refugees to cross the park at night. For nearly a century before the border was sealed, Mozambicans had regularly crossed the park in daytime with little harm.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frump |first=R. R. |title=The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park |url=https://archive.org/details/maneatersofedenl0000frum |year=2006 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-59228-892-2}}</ref> ==Cultural significance== {{Main|Cultural depictions of lions}} [[File:Jiroft tabriz museum 1.JPG|thumb|Lions carved on a rock weight, [[Jiroft culture]], Iran, 3rd mil. BC]] The lion is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature.<ref name=Guggisberg1975/> It appeared as a symbol for strength and nobility in cultures across Europe, Asia and Africa, despite incidents of attacks on people. The lion has been depicted as "king of the jungle" and "king of beasts", and thus became a popular symbol for royalty and stateliness.<ref name=Garai73>{{Cite book |last=Garai |first=J. |title=The Book of Symbols |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofsymbols0000gara |year=1973 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-671-21773-0}}</ref> The lion is also used as a symbol of sporting teams.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004 |title=Chelsea centenary crest unveiled |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4008257.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 January 2007}}</ref> ===Africa=== [[File:Luxor Sekhmet New Kingdom.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Granite statue of the Egyptian goddess [[Sekhmet]] from the [[Luxor Temple]], dated 1403–1365 BC, exhibited in the [[National Museum of Denmark]]]] In sub-Saharan Africa, the lion has been a common character in stories, proverbs and dances, but rarely featured in visual arts.<ref name=Jackson119/> In some cultures, the lion symbolises power and royalty.<ref name=Hogarth/> In the [[Swahili language]], the lion is known as ''simba'' which also means "aggressive", "king" and "strong".<ref name=BCKM1993/> Some rulers had the word "lion" in their nickname. [[Sundiata Keita]] of the [[Mali Empire]] was called "Lion of Mali".<ref name=Lynch/> The founder of the [[Waalo]] kingdom is said to have been raised by lions and returned to his people part-lion to unite them using the knowledge he learned from the lions.<ref name=Hogarth/> In parts of West Africa, lions symbolised the top class of their social hierarchies.<ref name=Hogarth/> In more heavily forested areas where lions were rare, the leopard represented the top of the hierarchy.<ref name=Jackson119>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], nga'örö 119.</ref> In parts of West and East Africa, the lion is associated with healing and provides the connection between [[Clairvoyance|seers]] and the supernatural. In other East African traditions, the lion represents laziness.<ref name=Hogarth>{{cite book |last1=Hogarth |first1=C. |last2=Butler |first2=N. |year=2004 |title=Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture |volume=1 |editor=Walter, M. N. |isbn=978-1-57607-645-3 |chapter=Animal Symbolism (Africa) |pages=3–6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8waCmzjiD4C&pg=PA3 |url=https://archive.org/details/shamanism00mari/page/3}}</ref> In much of [[African folklore]], the lion is portrayed as having low intelligence and is easily tricked by other animals.<ref name=Lynch>{{cite book |last=Lynch |first=P. A. |year=2004 |title=African Mythology A to Z |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=63 |isbn=978-0-8160-4892-2 |chapter=Lion |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/africanmythology00lync_0/page/63}}</ref> The ancient Egyptians portrayed several of their [[List of war deities|war deities]] as lionesses, which they revered as fierce hunters. Egyptian deities associated with lions include [[Sekhmet]], [[Bastet|Bast]], [[Mafdet]], [[Menhit]], [[Pakhet]] and [[Tefnut]].<ref name="Garai73"/> These deities were often connected with the sun god [[Ra]] and his fierce heat, and their dangerous power was invoked to guard people or sacred places. The [[sphinx]], a figure with a lion's body and the head of a human or other creature, represented a [[pharaoh]] or deity who had taken on this protective role.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pinch|first=G. |title=Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianmytholog0000pinc|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-517024-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/egyptianmytholog0000pinc/page/133 133]–134, 206}}</ref> ===Asia=== [[File:Berlín Ishtar león. 02.JPG|thumb|Roaring and striding lion from the Throne Room of [[Nebuchadnezzar&nbsp;II]], 6th century BC, from [[Babylon]], Iraq]] The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient [[Mesopotamia]] from [[Sumer]] up to [[Assyria]]n and [[Babylonia]]n times, where it was strongly associated with kingship.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cassin |first=Elena |author-link=Elena Cassin |year=1981 |title= Le roi et le lion |journal=Revue de l'Histoire des Religions | trans-title = The king & the lion | volume=298 |issue=198–4 |pages=355–401 |language=fr|doi=10.3406/rhr.1981.4828}}</ref> Lions were among the major symbols of the goddess [[Inanna]]/[[Ishtar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black|first1=J. |first2=A. |last2=Green |title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ |publisher=The British Museum Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8|page=118}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Collins|first=P. |title=The Sumerian Goddess Inanna (3400-2200 BC) |journal=Papers from the Institute of Archaeology |volume=5 |date=1994 |pages=113–114|doi=10.5334/pia.57 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Lion of Babylon]] was the foremost symbol of the [[Babylonian Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sass |first1=B. |last2=Marzahn|first2=J. |date=2010 |title=Aramaic and figural stamp impressions on bricks of the sixth century B.C. from Babylon |location=Wiesbaden, Germany |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=9783447061841 |chapter=The motifs |pages=178–186 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-LfWEWhwyf8C&pg=PA181}}</ref> The [[Lion of Judah]] is the biblical emblem of the [[tribe of Judah]] and the later [[Kingdom of Judah]].<ref name=Epstein>{{Cite book|last=Epstein| first=M. M. |title=Dreams of subversion in medieval Jewish art and literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzINIM23-TcC&q=lions+symbolize+yehuda&pg=PA110 |pages=110, 121 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-271-01605-4}}</ref> Lions are frequently mentioned in the Bible, notably in the [[Book of Daniel]], in which the [[Daniel (biblical figure)|eponymous hero]] refuses to worship [[Darius the Mede|King Darius]] and is forced to sleep in [[Daniel in the lions' den|the lions' den]] where he is miraculously unharmed ({{bibleref2|Dan|6}}). In the [[Book of Judges]], [[Samson]] kills a lion as he travels to visit a Philistine woman.({{bibleref2|Judg|14}}).<ref>{{cite book |editor=Sakenfeld, K. D. |year=2008 |title=New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible |volume=3 |chapter=Lion |author=Borowski, O. |publisher=Abingdon Press|pages=669–670 |isbn=978-0687333653}}</ref> Indo-Persian chroniclers regarded the lion as keeper of order in the realm of animals. The [[Sanskrit]] word ''mrigendra'' signifies a lion as king of animals in general or deer in particular.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rangarajan, M. |year=2013 |title=Animals with rich histories: the case of the lions of Gir Forest, Gujarat, India |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-and-theory_2013-12_52_4/page/109 |journal=History and Theory |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=109–127 |doi=10.1111/hith.10690}}</ref> [[Narasimha]], the man-lion, is one of ten [[avatar]]s of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite book |editor1=Piccardi, L. |editor2=Masse, W. B. |title=Myth and Geology |series=Geological Society Special Publications No. 273 |year=2007 |publisher=Geological Society |location=London |author=Chandrasekharam, D. |chapter=Geo-mythology of India |pages=29–37 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/MythAndGeology/MythGeology#page/n35/mode/2up}}</ref> [[Singh]] is an [[History of India|ancient India]]n [[Vedic Sanskrit|vedic]] name meaning "lion", dating back over 2,000 years. It was originally used only by [[Rajputs]], a Hindu [[Kshatriya]] or military [[caste]] but is used by millions of Hindu Rajputs and more than twenty million [[Sikhs]] today.<ref>{{Cite book |first=K. |last=Singh |year=2004 |author-link=Khushwant Singh |title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-567308-1| volume = I}}</ref> The [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]], erected by [[Emperor Ashoka]] in the 3rd century CE, depicts four lions standing back to back. It was made the [[National Emblem of India]] in 1950.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], nga'örö 122.</ref> The lion is also symbolic for the [[Sinhalese people]], the term derived from the [[Sanskrit]] ''Sinhala'', meaning "of lions"<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.etymonline.com/?term=Sinhalese |contribution=Sinhalese |last=Harper|first=Douglas |year=2016 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2016-08-20}}</ref> while a sword-wielding lion is the central figure on the national [[flag of Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web | work = Constitution | year = 1978 | title = Article 6: The National Flag | publisher=Government of Sri Lanka |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Schedle_2_Amd.html |access-date=6 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814100316/http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Schedle_2_Amd.html |archive-date=14 August 2007}}</ref> The lion is a common motif in [[Chinese art]]; it was first used in art during the late [[Spring and Autumn period]] (fifth or sixth century BC) and became more popular during the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC{{snd}}AD 220) when [[imperial guardian lions]] started to be placed in front of imperial palaces for protection. Because lions have never been native to China, early depictions were somewhat unrealistic; after the introduction of [[Buddhist art]] to China in the [[Tang dynasty]] after the sixth century AD, lions were usually depicted wingless with shorter, thicker bodies and curly manes.<ref>{{Cite news |first=L. |last=Ling |date=2002 |url=http://www.cityu.edu.hk/ccs/Newsletter/newsletter4/Lion/Lion.htm | title=The Two-Way Process in the Age of Globalization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406143133/http://www.cityu.edu.hk/ccs/Newsletter/newsletter4/Lion/Lion.htm | archive-date=6 April 2005 |newspaper=Ex/Change |publisher=[[City University of Hong Kong]] |issue=4 |access-date=26 September 2007}}</ref> The [[lion dance]] is a traditional dance in [[Chinese culture]] in which performers in lion costumes mimic a lion's movements, often with musical accompaniment from cymbals, drums and gongs. They are performed at [[Chinese New Year]], the [[Mid-Autumn Festival|August Moon Festival]] and other celebratory occasions for good luck.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/Chinese_Customs/lion_dance.htm |title=Lion Dance |publisher=Nations Online|access-date=September 2, 2020}}</ref> ===Western world=== [[File:Cowardly lion2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dorothy Gale]] meets the Cowardly Lion in ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]''. Art by [[W. W. Denslow]], 1900.]] Lion-headed figures and amulets were excavated in tombs in the Greek islands of [[Crete]], [[Euboea]], [[Rhodes]], [[Paros]] and [[Chios]]. They are associated with the Egyptian deity Sekhmet and date to the early [[Iron Age]] between the 9th and 6th centuries BC.<ref>{{cite book |author=Apostola, E. |year=2014 |chapter=Cross-cultural Relations between Egypt and Greece during the Early Iron Age: Representations of Egyptian Lion-Headed Deities in the Aegean |title=Current Research in Egyptology: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Symposium |publisher=Oxbow Books |location=Oxford |pages=100–112 |editor=Pinarello, M.S. |editor2=Yoo, J. |editor3=Lundock, J. |editor4=Walsh, C.}}</ref> The lion is featured in several of [[Aesop's fables]], notably [[The Lion and the Mouse]].<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], nga'örö 99, 150</ref> The [[Nemean lion]] was symbolic in [[ancient Greece]] and Rome, represented as the constellation and zodiac sign [[Leo (astrology)|Leo]], and described in mythology, where it was killed and worn by the hero [[Heracles]],<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], nga'örö 96</ref> symbolising victory over death.<ref name="Helicon Publishers">{{cite book |last1=Tressider |first1=J. |title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Symbols |url=https://archive.org/details/hutchinsondictio0000tres |date=1997|publisher=Helicon Publishers |location=London|isbn=978-1-85986-059-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/hutchinsondictio0000tres/page/124 124] }}</ref> [[Lancelot]] and [[Gawain]] were also heroes slaying lions in the [[Middle Ages]]. In some medieval stories, lions were portrayed as allies and companions.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], nga'örö 103–105.</ref> "Lion" was the nickname of several medieval warrior-rulers with a reputation for bravery, such as [[Richard the Lionheart]].<ref name="Garai73"/> Lions continue to appear in modern literature as characters including the messianic [[Aslan]] in the 1950 novel ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'' and ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' series by [[C. S. Lewis]],<ref name=Ford>{{cite book |title=Companion to Narnia: Revised Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/companiontonarni0000ford |last=Ford |first=P. |year=2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/companiontonarni0000ford/page/6 6] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-06-079127-8 }}</ref> and the comedic [[Cowardly Lion]] in [[L. Frank Baum]]'s 1900 ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]''.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], nga'örö 135.</ref> Lion symbolism was used from the advent of cinema; one of the most iconic and widely recognised lions is [[Leo the Lion (MGM)|Leo]], which has been the mascot for [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] studios since the 1920s.<ref name=tvacres>{{cite web |title=Advertising Mascots—Animals—Leo the MGM Lion (MGM Studios) |website= TV Acres |url=http://www.tvacres.com/adanimals_leolion.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205093550/http://www.tvacres.com/adanimals_leolion.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date= 5 December 2012}}</ref> The 1966 film ''[[Born Free]]'' features [[Elsa the lioness]] and is based on the book [[Born Free (book)|Born Free]] published in 1960.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], nga'örö 54–55.</ref> The lion's role as king of the beasts has been used in the 1994 [[Disney animated feature]] film ''[[The Lion King]]''.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], nga'örö 7, 197.</ref> Lions are frequently [[Lion (heraldry)|depicted]] on [[coat of arms|coats of arms]], like on the [[coat of arms of Finland]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Klinge, M. |title=Suomen sinivalkoiset värit: Kansallisten ja muidenkin symbolien vaiheista ja merkityksestä |publisher=[[Otava (publisher)|Otava]] |year=1999 | language=fi | isbn=951-1-15314-5}}</ref> either as a device on shields or as [[supporters]], but the lioness is used much less frequently.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arms of Margaret Norrie McCain |website=The Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges |location=Canada |url=http://archive.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project-pic.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=538&ProjectElementID=1883 |access-date = 30 June 2010}}</ref> The heraldic lion is particularly common in British arms. It is traditionally depicted in a great variety of [[Attitude (heraldry)|attitudes]], although within French heraldry only lions rampant are considered to be lions; felined figures in any other position are instead referred to as leopards.<ref name=Davies>{{cite book |author=Fox-Davies, A. |year=1909 |title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry |location=London |publisher=T.C. and E.C. Jack |pages= |chapter=Chapter XI |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft}}</ref> == Faigi göi == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} * [[List of largest cats]] * [[Mapogo lion coalition]] * ''[[Roar (1981 film)|Roar]]'' (1981 film) {{div col end}} --> == Famotokhi == {{Notelist}} == Basoŵa == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Baratay |first1=E. |first2=E. |last2=Hardouin-Fugier |name-list-style=amp |year=2002 |title=Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0JSVvpZvYYC&pg=PA3 |location=London |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-111-2 |ref=Baratay}} * {{Cite book |last=Blunt |first=W. |year=1975 |title=The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_241893313 |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |isbn=978-0-241-89331-9 |ref=Blunt}} * {{Cite book |last=de Courcy |first=C. |year=1995 |title=The Zoo Story |location=Ringwood, Victoria |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-023919-5|ref=Courcy}} * {{cite book|last=Jackson| first= D. |year=2010|title=Lion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65lK7UIVRfIC |location=London |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1861896551 |ref=Jackson}} * {{cite book|last=Packer|first=C.|author-link=Craig Packer |year=2023|title=The Lion: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation of an Iconic Species|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691215297|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYOREAAAQBAJ&q=The+Lion:+Behavior,+Ecology,+and+Conservation+of+an+Iconic+Species|ref=Packer}} * {{Cite book |last=Schaller |first=G. B. |author-link=George Schaller |year=1972 |title=The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator–Prey Relations |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-73639-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ann2dYn9iYC&pg=PP1 |ref=Schaller}} * {{Cite book |last1=Scott |first1=J. |last2=Scott |first2=A. |year=2002 |title=Big Cat Diary: Lion |url=https://archive.org/details/lion0000scot_g1p0 |location=New York |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=9780007146666 |ref=Scott}} {{Refend}} == Referensi == {{Reflist|18em}} == Khai-khai baero == * {{cite web |url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=108 |title=Lion ''Panthera leo'' |author=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |access-date=2023-08-28 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090743/http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=108 |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.lionconservationfund.org/ | title=Lion Conservation Fund}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/rare-desert-lion-killed-in-angola-after-supplying-unprecedented-data/32633 |title=Rare desert lion killed in Angola after supplying unprecedented data |author=The Portugal News |date=2014 |access-date=24 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802223523/http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/rare-desert-lion-killed-in-angola-after-supplying-unprecedented-data/32633 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Lion|short=x}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q140|from2=Q15294488}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Famili mao]] [[Kategori:Aurifö]] f2dzii4iqmiamjghw78j26tsnrhi2xi 0 3964 27672 25732 2026-08-17T14:44:11Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Quadratic formula.svg|jmpl|Rumus [[persamaan kuadrat]] mengungkapkan solusi dari persamaan derajat dua <math>ax^2 + bx +c=0</math> dalam koefisien <math>a, b, c</math>, dimana <math>a</math> bukan nol.]] '''Aljabar''' andre (dari [[bahasa Arab]] الجبر ''"al-jabr"'' ma na la fo'eluaha ia lamane, fangowuloi mbagia si no tekiko ''("pengumpulan bagian yang rusak")''<ref name="oed">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/algebra|title=algebra|website=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2017-02-21|archive-date=2013-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231173558/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/algebra|dead-url=yes}}</ref>) ya'ia da'ö sambua mbagia wamahaö moroi ba [[Matematika]], sifao ba ''teori bilangan'', [[Geometri]] ba tola gö ba wo ''Analisis matematis''. No si no oi la'ila niha, aljabar ya'ia da'ö fangi'ila ba ngawalö dandra-dandra ''(simbol-simbol)'' matematika ba goi-goi hewisa wo fangamöi tandra-tandra ni'oguna'ö ba wangerai andrö;<ref>I. N. Herstein, ''Topics in Algebra'', "An algebraic system can be described as a set of objects together with some operations for combining them." p. 1, Ginn and Company, 1964</ref> aljabar no sambua wamahaö samarahu arakhagö fefu mbagia ba matematika.<ref>I. N. Herstein, ''Topics in Algebra'', "...it also serves as the unifying thread which interlaces almost all of mathematics." p. 1, Ginn and Company, 1964</ref> Baero da'ö, aljabar andre, no sambua dane-dane ba wangalui lala hewisa wo fosinöndra ngawalö ni'erai ba matetika simane ''abstraksi grup matematika'', ''Gelanggang matematika'' ba ''Medan matematika''. Idugu oya mbagia dane-dane moroi ba aljabar latötöi faoma ''aljabar elementer'', na aljabar ''abstrak'' latötöi faoma ''aljabar abstrak'' mazui ''aljabar modern''. Aljabar elementer sito'ölönia labali'ö soguna sibai ba wamahaö matematika, ''ilmu pengetahuan'', mazui ''teknik'', faoma ''aplikasi'' sifakhai ba ''kesehatan'' ba simanö göi ba wamahaö ''ekonomi''. Aljabar abstrak sambua duho ba matematika salaŵa ma'ifu ma ''tingkat lanjut'', ni'oguna'ö ya'ira si no ''profesional'' ba ere matematika. Aljabar elementer faehu ma'ifu faoma [[Aritmetika]] ba wangoguna'ö ''abstraksi'', simane mangoguna'ö hurufo ba wo salahini numero-numero si lö mu'ilana mazui tetehege tola ihalö oya zinöndra ''(nilai)''. Simane duma-duma, ba <math>x + 2 = 5</math> hurufo <math>x</math> lö mu'ila, ba hiza huku ''inversi'' tola la'oguna'ö ba wangalui sinöndra ma ''nilai'': <math>x=3</math>. Bakha ba ''(Ekivalensi massa-energi)'', hurufo <math>E</math> faoma <math>m</math> da'ö ni'oguna'ö tobali ''variabel'', ba hurufo <math>c</math> sitobali ''Konstanta (matematika)'', ''kecepatan cahaya'' bakha ba ''vakum''. Aljabar ibe'e lala ''metode'' ba wangalui wamagölösi ba hewisa ba wo faehagö ''rumus'' saoha (khöra ya'ira si no to'ölö mangoguna'ö ''konsep'' da'a) moroi na i'oguna'ö ''metode konvensional'', simane lasura fefu zinöndra faoma hurufo ma ngawua wehede. Ngawua wehede ''aljabar'' andre, oya sibai la'oguna'ö ba ngawalö lala sakhökhö. Ngawalö gangolifa ba dandrösa matematika ba aljabar abstrak da'ö nifotöi "aljabar", fehede da'a la'oguna'ö, simane ba wanötöi [[aljabar linear]] faoma topologi aljabar. Samösa gere matematika si no mamalua famareso ma ba [[li Indonesia]] lamane ''penelitian'' sanandrösa ba aljabar lakaoni faoma fanötöi; '''aljabarwan'''. == Etimologi == Fehede ''aljabar'' tefoli moroi ba Bahasa Arab {{Lang|ar|الجبر}} (''al-jabr'' molo'ö famo'eluaha moroi ba ngawua wehede andrö, eluahania ya'ia da'ö; "fangowuloi ngawalö zi no tekiko") fehede ma fanötöi da'a, tehalö moroi ba zi sambua mbuku nibe'e högö mbuku andrö ''Al Kitaab al muhtasar fii hisaab al jabr wa'l muqabaala''<ref>Ekkehard Kopp "[https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/1279 Making up Numbers : A History of Invention in Mathematics]" Open Book Publishers</ref> nisura matematikawan ba astronom [[Persia]], [[Muḥammad bin Mūsā al-Khawārizmī|Al-Khwarizmi]]. Ngawua wehede da'a no möi ia ba bahasa Inggris ba abad si 15, he moroi ba [[Spanyol]], [[Italia]], mazui moroi ba Pertengahan Latin. Aljabar ba zi'oföna latötöi ia ''prosedur operasi pengaturan patah'' ma ''dislokasi tulang''. Eluahania ba matematika si'oföna sibai lasura ba abad 16. == Ngawalö geluaha "aljabar" == Ngawua wehede "aljabar" so lala wangoguna'ö ya'ia bakha ba matematika, sitobali fehede nitandrösaigö ba dandrösa mazui faoma ''kualifikasi''. * Sitobali fehede fanandrösa ba dandrösa ma ''kata tunggal'' si lö mangoguna'ö kata sandang, "aljabar" töi sambua wamahaö ba wamahaö matematika. * Sitobali fehede fanandrösa ba dandrösa ma ''kata tunggal'' mazui ba wanötöi ha wa'oya, "aljabar" ifaehagö wenaeta ma ''struktur'' matematika faoma fa'akhökhö, ba famo'eluaha satulö, te balazigö hewisa gamöta dödö zanura ya'ia. Sito'ölönia fenaeta da'a so khönia wamonönö ''(penambahan, perkalian, ba skalar perkalian)''. Ba ginötö zanura mangoguna'ö fehede "aljabar", lahaogö sambua ''subset'' moroi ba ''asumsi tambahan'' simane: ''asosiatif, komutatif, unital, mazui/faoma ''dimensi berhingga''. Bakha ba aljabar universal, fehede "aljabar" tefaolo ba ''generalisasi'' moroi ba ''konsep'' da'ö moroi yaŵa, tola manö; ''n-ary'' operasi. * Faoma ''kualifikasi'', so wa'afabö'ö sifagölö: ** Lö hadöi khönia ''kata sandang'', eluahania no föfö moroi ba aljabar, simane ''aljabar linier, aljabar elementer'' ma ''simbol-manipulasi'' goi-goi nifaha'ö ba naha wamaha'ö ma ''kursus sd'' matematika sitobali dane-dane moroi ba wamahaö ''pendidikan dasar'' faoma ''menengah'', mazui ''aljabar abstrak''. ** Sangoguna'ö ''kata sandang'', eluahania sambua duma-duma moroi ba ''struktur abstrak'', simane ''aljabar bentang'', ''aljabar asosiatif'', mazui ''aljabar operator verteks''. ** Fa'itaria dombua geluaha da'a la'oguna'ö ba wangerai sifagölö, simane bakha ba ''kalimat'': ''aljabar Komutatif adalah studi tentang gelanggang komutatif, yang merupakan aljabar komutatif atas bilangan bulat''. == Aljabar moroi ba Matematika == Aljabar andre tebörötaigö moroi ba wangerai sifagölö ba [[Aritmetika]], sangoguna'ö hurufo ba wo salahini numero. Da'a tola möi sitobali dane-dane moroi ba zindruhunia heŵa'ae lö lafaogö khönia numero-numero. Simane duma-dumania, ba ''persamaan kuadrat'' :<math>ax^2+bx+c=0,</math> <math>a, b, c</math> tola tobali ''bilangan'' gofu hadia manö(kecuali bahwa <math>a</math> tidak dapat bernilai <math>0</math>), ba rumus kuadrat andre tola la'oguna'ö wa'alio ba aoha ba wanöndra ''nilai-nilai'' moroi ''kuantitas'' <math>x</math> si lö mu'ila ma ba wofönui ''persamaan''. Rumus kuadrat la'oguna'ö ba wamatunö persamaan, ba aefa da'ö ba wanöndra hadia lala moroi ba ''persamaan'' da'ö. Molo'ö waö-waö, ba famahaö ba ginötö iada'a, famareso aljabar tebörötaigö moroi hewisa ba wamosinöndra ''persamaan'' simane ''persamaan kuadrat'' da'ö yaŵa. Aefa da'ö, oya wanofu-wanofu sito'ölö, simane; "hadia ''persamaan'' simane da'ö so lala wamosinöndra ya'ia?", "hawa'oya lala nitörö ba wangasiwai ngawalö wamosinöndra ''persamaan'' da'a?", "hadia zitola lafaehagö moroi ba lala wamosinöndra fanofu andrö?". Fanofu-fanofu simane da'a, möi ba wa'atohare ngawalö mbua wangera-ngera sifakhai ba ''bentuk, struktur'' faoma ''simetri''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Common Sense of Teaching Mathematics|last=Gattengo|first=Caleb|publisher=Educational Solutions Inc.|year=2010|isbn=978-0878252206}}</ref> ''Sifat-sifat struktural'' moroi ba ''objek-objek non-numerik'' ma si tenga numero, aefa da'ö awena la ''abstraksi'' ba wanutunö waö-waö ''struktur-struktur'' aljabar simane grup (matematika), ''gelanggang'' (matematika), faoma ''medan (matematika). Fatua lö abad si-16, matematika so ba zidombua ''subbidang'', ya'ia da'ö [[Aritmetika]] faoma [[Geometri]]. Heŵa'ae ba zi ha'uga ngawalö ''metode'', si no oföna mu'ehaogö, te da'ö ni'ila niha sitobali aljabar, ma fa'atohare aljabar faoma lö ara aefa da'ö, ''Kalkulus infinitesimal'' sitobali ''subbidang'' matematika ha ba gotalua abad si-16 ma abad si-17. Moroi ba dalu abad si-19, oya zibohou sifakhai ba matematika, nifaehagö moroi ba aritmetika faoma geometri, ba arakhagö fefu mangoguna'ö aljabar. Ba ginötö iada'a, aljabar no idugu sökhi irege oya wamahaö moroi ba matematika zangoguna'ö simane sitola mufaigi ba [[Klasifikasi Subjek Matematika]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ams.org/mathscinet/msc/msc2010.html|title=2010 Mathematics Subject Classification|access-date=2014-10-05|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606010248/http://www.ams.org/mathscinet/msc/msc2010.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> hiza, lö hadöi he ha sambua moroi ba wenaeta si'oföna (dua digit entri) nifotöi ''aljabar''. Iada'a aljabar no irugi 08-sistem-sistem aljabar umum, 12-[[Medan (matematika)|teori medan]] dan [[Polinomial]], 13-[[Aljabar Komutatif]], 15-[[Aljabar Linear]] dan [[Aljabar Multilinear|multilinear]]; [[Matriks (matematika)|teori matriks]], 16-[[Aljabar Asosiatif]], 17-[[Aljabar tak-Asosiatif]], 18-[[Teori Kategori]]; [[Aljabar Homologis]], 19-[[Teori-K]], faoma 20-[[Teori Grup]]. Aljabar andrö la'oguna'ö göi ia molo'ö ''ekstensif'' bakha 11-[[Teori Bilangan]] faoma 14-[[Geometri Aljabar]]. == Waö-waö ''(Sejarah)'' == === Böröta aljabar ''(Sejarah awal aljabar)'' === [[Berkas:Image-Al-Kitāb al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala.jpg|jmpl|Nga'örö moroi ba mbuku ni sura [[Muḥammad bin Mūsā al-Khawārizmī|Al-Khwarizmi]] yang berjudul '''al-Kitab al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala''' (''Buku Ringkasan tentang Perhitungan dengan Pelengkapan dan Penyetimbangan'']] Ŵa'a moroi ba aljabar andre, tola mu'osisi'ö ofeta ba ginötö me Babilonia kuno,<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Concise History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000stru_m6j1|last=Struik|first=Dirk J.|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1987|isbn=0-486-60255-9|location=New York}}</ref> samazaewe ma sangodödögö fangi'ila sifakhai ba ''sistem aritmetika lanjut'' ni'oguna'ö ba wangerai ''menurut gaya algoritme''. Bangsa Babilonia la odödögö ba wangi'ila ''rumus'' ba wangerai hewisa lala wanema li ma hewisa ba wangalui sinöndra moroi ba ngawalö zedöna la'erai ba ginötö iada'a, hiza ba wangalui sinöndrönania la'oguna'ö lala ''persamaan linear, persamaan kuadrat'', faoma ''persamaan taktentu''. Hiza, tenga fefu, so göi matematika Mesir Kuno ma ni'oguna'ö ira niha [[Mesir]] ba ginötö iada'a faoma Matematika Yunani ba matematika Tiongkok ba milenium 1 SM sito'ölönia lafosinöndra wanofu andrö faoma ''metode geometris'', simane si no lafaehagö bakha ba ''Papirus Matematika Rhind'', ''Elemen Euklides'', faoma ''Sembilan Bab mengenai Seni Matematika''. Karya geometris moroi Yunani, simane si no lasura bakha ''Elemen'', no lahenagö döla-döla dödö ma ''kerangka kerja'' ba wame'e ''rumus'' ma na'i manalu'i moroi ba zinöndra nitötöna irege da'a nigo'ö zato ba wangalui sinöndra, heŵa'ae da'a lö si tehöngö fatua lö si muledo ''Matematika Islam'' ba ''abad pertengahan''.<ref>{{harvnb|Boyer|1991}}</ref> Ba ginötö [[Plato]], matematika Yunani no so wa'atedou. Niha Yunani no la'ila nifotöi aljabar geometri, hiza moroi ba wamahaö andrö tefaehagö awa ''suku-suku matematika'' tetötöi ia moroi ba ''sisi-sisi'' ba ''objek geometri'', sito'ölönia simane famadölö ma ''garis'', sangokhögö hurufo-hurufo sifakhai ba wangerai.<ref name=citeboyer>{{Harv|Boyer|1991|loc="Europe in the Middle Ages" p. 258}} "In the arithmetical theorems in Euclid's ''Elements'' VII-IX, numbers had been represented by line segments to which letters had been attached, and the geometric proofs in al-Khwarizmi's ''Algebra'' made use of lettered diagrams; but all coefficients in the equations used in the ''Algebra'' are specific numbers, whether represented by numerals or written out in words. The idea of generality is implied in al-Khwarizmi's exposition, but he had no scheme for expressing algebraically the general propositions that are so readily available in geometry."</ref> [[Diofantus]] (abad si-3 Masehi) ya'ia da'ö samösa gere matematika ma laŵa'ö ba wehede lamane Matematikawan Yunani moroi ba mbanua ''Iskandariyah'' ba si no manura oya mbuku nifotöi ''[[Arithmetica]]''. Sinura-sinura andre fakhai ia ba wamosinöndra ngawalö wanofu moroi ba ''persamaan aljabar'',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gZ2Us3F7dSwC&pg=PA34&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false|title=A History of Elementary Mathematics – With Hints on Methods of Teaching|last=Cajori|first=Florian|year=2010|isbn=1-4460-2221-8|page=34|author-link=Florian Cajori}}</ref> ba hiza no möi famarou ba si ba wangi'ila nifotöi ''persamaan Diofantin'' bakha ba ''teori bilangan''. Sito'ölö nifalui ba ginötö iada'a na la faedogö moroi ba ni fa'ema ba da'ö moroi yaŵa, no manandrösa ia ba Matematikawan bangsa Persia, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (kira-kira 780–850). Aefa da'ö isura mbuku nibe'enia högö mbuku andrö: ''Buku Ringkasan tentang Perhitungan dengan Pelengkapan dan Penyetimbangan'', nifangamöi aljabar sitobali famahaö matematika ma ''disiplin'' matematika si lö mombalazigö geometri faoma aritmetika.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Al Khwarizmi: The Beginnings of Algebra|author=Roshdi Rashed|publisher=Saqi Books|date=November 2009|isbn=0-86356-430-5|ref=harv|postscript= }}</ref> Matematikawan ba ginötö periode Helenistik, sotöi Heron moroi ba Iskandariyah faoma Diofantus,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/25672/diiophan.htm |title=Diophantus, Father of Algebra |publisher= |accessdate=2014-10-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727040815/http://library.thinkquest.org/25672/diiophan.htm |archivedate=2013-07-27 |df= }}</ref> simanö göi Matematikawan India simane Brahmagupta manohugö sito'ölö lafalua ma tradisi-tradisi Mesir faoma Babilonia, heŵa'ae ''Arithmetica''-nia Diophantus faoma ''Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta''-nia Brahmagupta so ba dadaoma sabölö alaŵa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.algebra.com/algebra/about/history/|title=History of Algebra|publisher=|accessdate=2014-10-05}}</ref> Simane duma-dumania, lala wangalui aritmetika si'oföna ''(termasuk solusi nol dan negatif)'' soguna ba ''persamaan kuadrat'', hulö simane si no ifaehagö Brahmagupta ba mbukunia ''Brahmasphutasiddhanta''. Aefa da'ö, Matematikawan Persia faoma Arab no la'odödögö hewisa ba wondrou'ö metode-metode aljabar ba wogamö wetaro sabölö alaŵa. Heŵa'ae Diofantus faoma bangsa Babilonia asese sibai mangoguna'ö metode ''ad hoc'' nifaehagö ni'oguna'öra ba wangalui sinöndra persamaan-persamaan, bua wangera-ngera Al-Khwarizmi no tobali dane-dane si sökhi. No i'asiwai persamaan linear faoma kuadrat si lö mangoguna'ö ''simbolisme'' aljabar, ''bilangan negatif'', mazui ''nol'', börö da'ö, andrö wa si lötolalö'ö i faehusi ngawalö persamaan.<ref name="Meri2004">{{cite book|author=Josef W. Meri|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA31|accessdate=25 November 2012|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-96690-0|page=31}}</ref> Ba wamahaö aljabar andre, no la'ila niha ya'ia da'ö fakhai ia ba wamagölö ngawalö wangerai ma lamane ''teori persamaan'', Matematikawan Yunani, sotöi Diofantus molo'ö wangi'ila niha sito'ölö, lakaoni ia faoma ere aljabar ma abölö enahöi wanötöi ya'ia, ya'ia da'ö: "bapak aljabar" ba hiza ba wa'anumalö ginötö, oya wabu'a-bu'asa sifakhai khö gere tanöbö'ö simane sotöi ''al-Khwarizmi'', sangahaogö fangi'ila nifotöi: ''al-jabr'', tola göi lakaoni ia faoma ''ama aljabar''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Carl B. |last=Boyer |title=A History of Mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/historymathemati00boye_328 |edition=Second |location= |publisher=Wiley |year=1991 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historymathemati00boye_328/page/n197 178], 181 |isbn=0-471-54397-7 }}</ref> Ya'ira sifao khö zöndra Diofantus zanguŵa'ö wa aljabar nisöndra bakha ba ''Al-Jabr'' tehude ma'ifu moroi ba nisöndra ba ''Arithmetica'' ba börö da'ö ''Arithmetica'' no hulö ni'adogo'ö, na ''Al-Jabr'' ma'afefu no hulö ''retoris''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Carl B. |last=Boyer |title=A History of Mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/historymathemati00boye_328 |edition=Second |location= |publisher=Wiley |year=1991 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historymathemati00boye_328/page/n247 228] |isbn=0-471-54397-7 }}</ref> Na ya'ira sifao ba zöndra Al-Khwarizmi sifakhai ma samaehagö nifotöi metode "[[reduksi (matematika)|reduksi]]" faoma "penyetimbangan" ''(transposisi suku-suku yang diambil ke ruas lain suatu persamaan, yaitu, pencoretan suku-suku yang memiliki [[variabel (matematika)|variabel]] dan [[eksponensiasi|pangkat]] sama pada ruas lain suatu persamaan)'', nituturu ma ni aekhugö moroi ba ''al-jabr'' ba mböröta,<ref name=Boyer-229>{{Harv|Boyer|1991|loc="The Arabic Hegemony" p. 229}} "It is not certain just what the terms ''al-jabr'' and ''muqabalah'' mean, but the usual interpretation is similar to that implied in the translation above. The word ''al-jabr'' presumably meant something like "restoration" or "completion" and seems to refer to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation; the word ''muqabalah'' is said to refer to "reduction" or "balancing" – that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation."</ref> ba no ifaehagö molo'ö wangi'ilania ngawalö wamosinöndra sifakhai ba ''persamaan kuadrat'' ma fangerai ba numeronia samösa,<ref>{{Harv|Boyer|1991|loc="The Arabic Hegemony" p. 230}} "The six cases of equations given above exhaust all possibilities for linear and quadratic equations having positive root. So systematic and exhaustive was al-Khwarizmi's exposition that his readers must have had little difficulty in mastering the solutions."</ref> i'abe'e'ö dödö niha molo'ö ngawalö zi so khönia sitobali dane-dane ''geometris'', sifao ba wangoguna'ö aljabar sitonali sambua dane-dane ma ''disiplin'' nifaehagö molo'ö fa'ato'ölö zangoguna'ö ya'ia.<ref>Gandz and Saloman (1936), ''The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra'', Osiris i, p. 263–277: "In a sense, Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called "the father of algebra" than Diophantus because Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers".</ref> Aljabar andre, lö sa'ae i'angeragö ngawalö wangalui sinöndra ba ngawalö wanofu, hiza sambua ''eksposisi'' ba mböröta sifakhai ba ''suku-suku primitif'' ba ngawalö wangorudugö ba wamagölösi sinöndra, ba tetohugö ia molo'ö ''eksplisit'' ba wangalui sinöndra satulö". Ya'ia göi no i'alui wamagölösi ma ''persamaan'' soguna khönia samösa ba lala wangerai sito'ölö simane nifalua niha bö'ö, ba hiza no iföfögö ba wangalui sambua zinöndra si lö hadöi amozua ma abölö sökhi wanötöi ya'ia ba [[li Indonesia]] lamane: ''tak terbatas''.<ref name=Rashed-Armstrong>{{Cite book | last1=Rashed | first1=R. | last2=Armstrong | first2=Angela | year=1994 | title=The Development of Arabic Mathematics | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | isbn=0-7923-2565-6 | oclc=29181926 | pages=11–2 | ref=harv | postscript= }}</ref> Matematikawan Persia tanöbö'ö, sotöi ''Umar Khayyām'' si no latema ngawalö wangi'ila ba woföfögö dane-dane ''geometri aljabar'' ba ya'ia samösa ere samaehagö ''solusi geometris umum'' ba wangerai famagölösi ''fungsi kubik'' ma ''persamaan kubik''. Buku nisurania nibe'e högö mbuku: ''Risalah tentang Peragaan Soal-Soal Aljabar'' (1070), so honogöigö ngawalö ''prinsip-prinsip aljabar'', si no angolifa moroi ba zifakhai ba Matematika, hiza Matematika Persia andre, sindruhunia la fa'ohe'ö ba Eropa.<ref>[[#refmathmaster|Mathematical Masterpieces: Further Chronicles by the Explorers]], p. 92</ref> Matematikawan Persia tanöbö'ö, simane ''Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi'', sanöndra lala wamosinöndra aljabar faoma numero ba ngawalö zifakhai ba wamagölösi fangerai kubik ma ''persamaan kubik.''<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Al-Tusi_Sharaf|title=Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar al-Tusi}}</ref> Dia juga mengembangkan konsep mengenai [[fungsi (matematika)|fungsi]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Victor J. Katz|first=Bill Barton|title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching|journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Netherlands]]|volume=66|issue=2|date=October 2007|doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7|pages=185–201 [192]|last2=Barton|first2=Bill|ref=harv|postscript= }}</ref> Matematikawan India, sotöi [[Mahavira (matematikawan)|Mahavira]] faoma [[Bhāskara II]], Matematikawan Persia [[Al-Karaji]],<ref name="Boyer al-Karkhi ax2n">{{Harv|Boyer|1991|loc="The Arabic Hegemony" p. 239}} "Abu'l Wefa was a capable algebraist as well as a trigonometer.&nbsp;... His successor al-Karkhi evidently used this translation to become an Arabic disciple of Diophantus – but without Diophantine analysis!&nbsp;... In particular, to al-Karkhi is attributed the first numerical solution of equations of the form ax<sup>2n</sup> + bx<sup>n</sup> = c (only equations with positive roots were considered),"</ref> faoma Matematikawan Tiongkok, [[Zhu Shijie]], mangasiwai ngawalö wangerai sifakhai ba ''persamaan kubik'', ''persamaan kuartik ma kuartik'', ''persamaan kuintik'', faoma famagölösi ''polinomial'' sasese laŵa'ö ''berorde'' abölö alaŵa mangoguna'ö ''metode numerik''. Ba abad ke-13, fangasiwaisi ''persamaan kubik'' nifalua [[Fibonacci]] ya'ia da'ö sosalahini moroi ba mböröta wangi'ila aljabar Eropa. [[Abū al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī al-Qalaṣādī]] (1412–1486) manga'i mbosi-bosi si'oföna sinumalö ba wangi'ila ngawalö dandra aljabar, ma ba [[li Indonesia]] lamane: "langkah-langkah pertama menuju perkenalan simbolisme aljabar". Hiza, no göi i'erai ∑''n''<sup>2</sup>, ∑''n''<sup>3</sup> ba i'oguna'ö wamahatö (suksesif) ba wotatugöi ''akar kuadrat''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Qalasadi.html|title=Al-Qalasadi biography|website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> Ba ginötö [[Islam]] so ma'ifu we'amöi furi, dunia Eropa hi no wa'amanöi wangi'ila ba matematika. Ba da'ö aljabar andre, tedou wa'amozawili ba zi sagörö ulidanö. === Waö-waö Sibohou Aljabar ''(Sejarah modern aljabar)'' === [[Berkas:Cardano.jpg|jmpl|258x258px|Matematikawan Italia [[Girolamo Cardano]] mamatumbu'ö lala wangalui sinöndra kubik ma ba wehede matematika asese lamane ''fungsi kubik'' faoma ''fungsi kuadrat'' nisurania bakha ba mbuku ba ndröfi si 1545 nibe'e högö mbuku: ''[[Ars Magna (Gerolamo Cardano)|Ars magna]]''.]] Karya [[François Viète]] sifakhai ba aljabar sibohou, ba gafuriata abadi si-16 no sambua bosi soguna sibai sinumalö ba wangoguna'ö ''aljabar modern''. Ba ndröfi si 1637, [[René Descartes]] mamatumbu'ö ''La Géométrie'', sifao ba wanöndra sambua lala nifotöi ''geometri analitis'' ba hiza ifaehagö göi ba niha sato nifotöi ''notasi aljabar modern''. Salua tanöbö'ö zifakhai ba wondrou'ö aljabar ya'ia da'ö ba wangasiwaisi ''aljabar'' si no oi la'ila niha sato ba zi sagörö ulidanö meluo da'ö ba wangalui hewisa wamagölösi nifotöi ''persamaan kubik'' faoma ''kuartik'', nifanöi wangi'ila ba ginötö abad si-16. Bua wangera-ngera sifakhai ba ''determinan'' nifanöi moroi khö matematikawan Jepang sotöi [[Seki Kōwa]] ba abad si-17, no igo'ö ia sotöi [[Gottfried Leibniz]] ba wa'omasinia samösa, eluahania tenga ba döi gangowuloa ilau da'ö ba zi 10 fakhe fa'ara aefa da'ö, sitobali ohitö dödö ba wangalui hewisa zinöndra ba ''sistem persamaan linear simultan'' sangoguna'ö ''Matriks (matematika)''. Hiza, Gabriel Cramer ilau mohalöŵö sifakhai ba matriks faoma determinan ba abad si-18. Permutasi i'alui lala hewisa wangasiwaisi ngawalö wanofu sotöi [[Joseph-Louis de Lagrange]] ba mbuku nisurania me döfi si 1770 nibe'enia högönia ''Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations'' (Refleksi ba resolusi aljabar ba zisambua wamagölösi), si'oföna sibai ba wotatugöi hewisa lala wangasiwaisi fanofu zisambua ''persamaan aljabar'', hiza no ifaehagö [[resolven (teori Galois)|resolven Lagrange]]. Paolo Ruffini ya'ia da'ö niha si'oföna sibai sofanöi teori moroi ba ''grup permutasi'', hulö zimane nifalui ndra matematikawan ba mböröta, tola göi ba wangalui sinöndra ''persamaan aljabar''. == Angolifa Matematika Sangoguna'ö Ngawua Wehede Aljabar ba Döira ''(Bidang matematika dengan kata aljabar pada nama mereka)'' == Ba zi ha'uga gangolifa matematika si no ahono ba zifakhai ba Aljabar ''(klasifikasi aljabar abstrak)'' mamaogö fehede aljabar ba döira; simane ''aljabar linear'' ha sambua duma-duma da'a. Ba hiza so göi zi lö'ö fao döira, simane: ''teori grup'', ''teori gelanggang'', faoma ''Medan (matematika)'' ma ''teori bidang''. Ba da'a tou so gangolifa matematika sangoguna'ö fehede "aljabar" ba döira. * '''Aljabar elementer''', angolifa moroi ba aljabar sito'ölö nifahaö ba ''perkuliahan dasar Matematika''. * '''Aljabar abstrak''', hiza ba ''struktur aljabar'' simane ''Grup (matematika)'', ''Gelanggang (matematika)'' faoma ''Medan (matematika)'' nifo'eluaha faoma ''sistem aksioma'' ma asese lamane ''aksiomatis''. * '''Aljabar linear''', hiza no oya dandra-tandra moroi ba ''persamaan linear'', ''Ruang vektor'' faoma ''Matriks (matematika)'' nitema niha ba wamahaö. * '''Aljabar Boolean''', angolifa aljabar samahatö ''komputasi'' faoma sahatö ba ''nilai kebenaran'' nifaehagö faoma fehede; ''atulö/benar'' faoma ''falasa/salah''. * '''Aljabar komutatif''', famahaö sifakhai ba ''gelanggang komutatif''. * '''Komputasi simbolik''' mazui '''Aljabar komputer''', famatöfaigö metode-metode aljabar simane; ''algoritme'' faoma ''program komputer''. * '''Aljabar homologis''', famahaö fenaeta ''aljabar'' sitobali dane-dane ba wangi'ila ''ruang topologi''. * '''Aljabar semesta''', tandra-tandra sito'ölö ba zi'ogötö'ö fenaeta ''aljabar'' nitema ba wamahaö. * '''Teori bilangan aljabar''', tandra-tandra ''bilangan'' nitema wamahaö molo'ö wamaigi moroi ba aljabar. * '''Geometri aljabar''', sambua gangolifa moroi ba geometri, ba wamaigi moroi meföna ba wotatugöi ''kurva'' faoma tete sitobali lala ba wangalui sinöndra wamagölösi ''persamaan polinomial''. * '''Kombinatorika aljabar''', da'a sambua ''metode-metode'' aljabar ni'oguna'ö ba wamaigi fanofu ''kombinatorika''. * '''Aljabar relasional''': sambua gangowuloa moroi ba ''relasi berhingga'' sitolumö barö zisambua ''operator''. Oya wenaeta matematika nifotöi '''aljabar''': * '''Aljabar atas medan''' mazui töra simane ''aljabar di atas gelanggang''.<br>Oya nahia ba aljabar ba dete danölafa mazui yaŵa ba nahia sangokhögö töi nitatugoi ''(spesifik)'': ** '''Aljabar asosiatif''' ** '''Aljabar takasosiatif''' ** '''Aljabar Lie''' ** '''Aljabar Hopf''' ** '''Aljabar-C*''' ** '''Aljabar simetri''' ** '''Aljabar eksterior''' ** '''Aljabar tensor''' * Ba ''teori ukuran'', ** '''Aljabar sigma''' ** Algebra ba dete ''Medan himpunan'' * Bakha ba ''teori kategori'' ** '''''Aljabar-F''''' faoma '''''Koaljabar-F''''' ** '''''Aljabar-T''''' * Bakha ba ''logika'', ** '''Aljabar relasi''', aljabar Boolean beresidu, ni'ebolo'ö faoma fa'abua nifotöi faoma ''konvers''. ** '''Aljabar Boolean (struktur)''', '''kisi distributif''' faoma '''kisi komplemen''' na la'adogo'ö ia lamane '''komplemen'''. ** '''Aljabar Heyting''' == Aljabar elementer == [[Berkas:algebraic equation notation.svg|jmpl|ka|Notasi ekspresi aljabar:<br/>&nbsp; 1 – pangkat (''power'')<br/>&nbsp; 2 – koefisien<br/>&nbsp; 3 – suku (''term'')<br/>&nbsp; 4 – operator<br/>&nbsp; 5 – suku konstanta<br/>&nbsp; ''x'' ''y'' ''c'' – variabel/konstanta]] '''Aljabar elementer''' ya'ia da'ö angolifa aljabar nibali'ö dane-dane. Aljabar elementer nifahaö ba ndraono sekola ma ''siswa/mahasiswa'' nifaigi walö hadöi fangi'ila ba zifakhai ba matematika, ba hiza töra ma'ifu moroi ba nifaehagö si sabata, hiza tobali ia dane-dane ba wangi'ila ngawalö zedöna latema wamahaö matematika ya'ia da'ö dane-dane moroi ba aritmetika. Bakha ba aritmetika, ha ''bilangan'' faoma ''operasi aritmetika'' (simane; +, −, ×, ÷) ni'ila niha. Bakha ba aljabar, numero asese lasura ia faoma famaedo, nitötöi faoma fanguma'ö ''variabel (matematika)'' (simane; ''a'', ''n'', ''x'', ''y'', mazui ''z''). Da'a moguna, börö me: * Tetehegö ba wame'e lala nitörö moroi ba zi no latatugöi ba ''hukum-hukum aritmetika'' (simane; ''a'' + ''b'' = ''b'' + ''a'' ero-ero; ''a'' faoma ''b''), ba hiza da'a no sambua bosi si'oföna numalö ba wangi'ila ma ''eksplorasi sistematis'' ba dandra-tandra numero ''sistem bilangan real''. * Tetehegö hezo lahalö ia gumbu zifakhai ba numero "anu", fame'e lala ma ''perumusan'' ba wamagölösi ma ''persamaan'' faoma ba wangalui sinöndra. (Simane duma-dumania, "Carilah bilangan ''x'' irege 3''x'' + 1 = 10" ma na tatohugö ia; "Carilah bilangan ''x'' irege tobalia ia; ''ax'' + ''b'' = ''c''". Bosi da'a numalö ba wurugö wa tenga dandra-tandra moroi ba zisambua numero zi tola mu'alui zinöndrania, hiza moroi ba ''operasi'' nilataeni khönia. * Tetehegö ba wangalui wamosinöndra zifakhai ba ''fungsi (matematika)''. (Simane duma-dumania, "Na ö amawa ''x'' karcis, wa hare nisöndrau ya'ia da'ö fa'ebuania; 3''x'' − 10 rupiah, mazui ''f''(''x'') = 3''x'' − 10, na tafaigi wa; ''f'' sambua ''fungsi'', faoma ''x'' ya'ia da'ö ni'erai ba ''fungsi'' nilaeteni khönia. === Polinomial === [[Berkas:Polynomialdeg3.svg|[[Grafik fungsi|Grafik]] fungsi polinomial berderajat 3.|jmpl|ka]] '''Polinomial''' ma asese latötöi faoma fehede; '''suku banyak''' ya'ia da'ö sambua ''ekspresi (matematika)'' fa'oya ni'erai sitola ni'erai moroi ba ''suku (logika)'' ma ''suku-suku'' sitenga ''nol'' (tak-nol), ero-ero ''suku'' so khönia wokali nilai konstanta faoma wa'oya zitola ni'erai ''variabel (matematika)'' nifa'aso faoma fefu ''pangkat bilangan''. Duma-dumania; ''x''<sup>2</sup> + 2''x'' − 3 ya'ia da'ö; polinomial bakha ba variabel tunggal ''x''. Sambua '''ekspresi polinomial''' ya'ia da'ö; ekspresi sitola lafomendrua wanura ya'ia sitobali polinomial, sangoguna'ö ''sifat-sifat komutativitas'', ''asosiativitas'', faoma ''distributivitas'' famonönö faoma fokalikö. Simane duma-dumania;, (''x'' − 1)(''x'' + 3) da'a no sambua ''ekspresi polinomial''. Sambua '''fungsi polinomial''' tola göi lamane ''fungsi'' nifo'eluaha polinomial, mazui, molo'ö ''ekivalen'', moroi ba zi sambua ''ekspresi polinomial''. Dombua duma-duma da'ö yaŵa mamaehagö ''fungsi polinomial'' sifagölö. Dombua wanofu soguna sibai ba faoma fakhai bakha ba aljabar ya'ia da'ö; ''faktorisasi polinomial'', famotokhi ya'ia simane ya'ia da'ö; mamaehagö ''polinomial'' sitobali fokali moroi ba ''polinomial-polinomial'' tanöbö'ö si tebai lagoligö sa'ae ma tebai nibagi, ba ''komputasi'' ma ''(faktor persekutuan terbesar polinomial)''. Duma-duma polinomial da'ö yaŵa sitola ni goligö sitobali; (''x'' − 1)(''x'' + 3). Sambua wenaeta wanofu sifakhai ya'ia da'ö ba wangalui ''ekspresi aljabar'' ba wamosinöndra ''akar fungsi'' zi sambua polinomial bakha ba variabel si mosindro samösa. === Famahaö ''(Pendidikan)'' === No lafaehagö wa ''aljabar elementer'' andre ena'ö sambua lala wamahaö ba ndraono sekola si no irugi 11 fakhe,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hull's Algebra |work=New York Times |date=1904-07-16 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F10714FB395E12738DDDAF0994DF405B848CF1D3 |format=[[pdf]] |accessdate=2012-09-21}}</ref> heŵa'ae ba gafuriata andre so ma'ifu wa'atedou ba wamahaö ''aljabar elementer'' ba ndraono [[SMP]] ma sodadao ba kalasi 1 [[SMP]] (≈&nbsp;13&nbsp;tahun&nbsp;±) di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaid |first=Libby |title=Kids misplaced in algebra |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=2008-09-22 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-09-22-357650952_x.htm |format=Report |accessdate=2012-09-23}}</ref> Heŵa'ae simanö, ba zekola si so ba [[Amerika Serikat]], aljabar no lafahaö ba kalasi 3 SMP. I'otarai me döfi si 1997, ''Institut Politeknik'' faoma ''Universitas Negeri Virginia'' ba [[universitas]] tanöbö'ö, no labörötaigö mangoguna'ö sambua lala wamahaö aljabar si no laföfögö ba wame'e fa'aboto ba dödö ba nifahaö moroi ba no lahaogö ''peranti lunak komputer'' ba wangahatö lala wangi'ila ba aljabar, ena'ö lö oya tetibo ginötö faoma soguna tanöbö'ö sangoguna'ö kefe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/07/us/ut-arlington-adopts-new-way-to-tackle-algebra.html|title=THE TEXAS TRIBUNE; U.T.-Arlington Adopts New Way to Tackle Algebra|last=Hamilton|first=Reeve|date=2012-09-07|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2012-09-10}}</ref> == Aljabar abstrak == '''Aljabar abstrak''' mangebolo'ö ngawalö zifakhai ba ''aljabar elementer'' faoma [[Aritmetika]] ''bilangan'' numalö ba mbosi-bosi sito'ölö la'oguna'ö. Ba da'a tou so mbosi-bosi ma lala nitörö bakha ba ''aljabar abstrak''. '''Himpunan Matematika''': tenga ha sito'ölö töra ma'ifu wangasiwaisi ngawalö wanofu sifakhai ba wangeraisi sifabö'ö-bö'ö, aljabar abstrak fakhai ba gangorudua ma nibe'e fanötöi ; ''himpunan'' na lafo'eluaha ia ya'ia da'ö; angorudua si so amakhaita ba wangerai si tola ni'orudugö. Fefu gangorudua da'a latötöi faoma ''himpunan''. Duma-duma simane; ''Matriks (matematika)'' dua-kali-dua(2x2), angorudua ''polinomial'' nibe'e faka 2 ma ''(berderajat 2 (''ax''<sup>2</sup> + ''bx'' + ''c'')'', angorudua ''Vektor (spasial)'' dua dimensi ba zisambua nahia, ba tanöbö'ö soya sibai simane ''grup siklis'', sifao bakha ba ''aritmetika modular'' ma ''modulo'' bilangan bulat ''n''. ''Teori himpunan'' andre ya'ia da'ö sambua gangolifa moroi ba ''logika'' ba molo'ö lala wangalui sinöndrania ya'ia da'ö tenga fenaeta moroi ba aljabar. '''Operasi biner''': amozua wamonönö ma ''perjumlahan'' (+) la ''abstraksi'' ia ba wame'e sambua khönia ''operasi biner'', Tola lamane ∗amozua moroi ba ''operasi biner'' lö gunania na lö hadöi nahia gangorudua lala wangerai sedöna lafalua. Ba zi dombua ''elemen'' moroi ba ''a'' faoma ''b'' bakha ba gangorudua ''S'', ''a'' ∗ ''b'' ya'ia da'ö ''elemen'' tanöbö'ö bakha ba ni'orudugö; fangerai da'a latötöi ia fa'ateduhö matematika ma ba [[li Indonesia]] sasese latötöi ba matematika lamane; ''ketertutupan (matematika)''. Famonönö (+), Fangeheta (−), Fokali (×), faoma Fombagi (÷) tola tobali ''operasi biner'' na tefaehagö ia ba gangorudua zifabö'ö, duma-dumania famonönö faoma fokali ''matriks, vektor'', faoma ''polinomial''. '''Elemen identitas''', ya'ia da'ö: Numero ''nol'' faoma sambua ni ''abstraksi'' ba wamo'eluaha zisambua ''elemen identitas'' ba zisambua fangerai. Nol no sambua ''elemen identitas'' ba wamonönö ba sambua ia göi ba wokali. Ba ''operator biner'' si no oi la'ila niha sato misa ∗ elemen identitas ''e'' lötolalö'ö ena'ö so khönia; ''a'' ∗ ''e'' = ''a'' faoma ''e'' ∗ ''a'' = ''a'', ba mangerai samösa ia, na so ni'erai khönia. Da'a te'oguna'ö ia ba wamonönö sitobali; ''a'' + 0 = ''a'' faoma 0 + ''a'' = ''a'' ba simanö göi ba wokali; ''a'' × 1 = ''a'' faoma 1 × ''a'' = ''a''. Lö fefu gangorudua faoma fangerai sifabö'ö-bö'ö oi so ''elemen identitas''; simane, angorudua ''bilangan asli positif'' (1, 2, 3,&nbsp;...) lö hadöi khönia ''elemen identitas'' ba wamonönö. '''Elemen invers''' mazui '''unsur balikan''', ya'ia da'ö; ''Bilangan negatif'' samaehagö lala wangerai; ''elemen invers''. Ba wamonönö, invers ''a'' lasura ia faoma −''a''; na ba wokali lasura ia faoma ''a''<sup>−1</sup>. Elemen invers te'oguna'ö ba zidombua lala wangerai ''a''<sup>−1</sup> asala so khönia zikhala wa ''a'' ∗ ''a''<sup>−1</sup> = ''e'' faoma ''a''<sup>−1</sup> ∗ ''a'' = ''e'', hiza i ''e'' no sambua ''elemen identitas''. '''Sifat asosiatif'' ma''Asosiativitas'''la fo'eluaha ia: famonönö ''bilangan bulat'' sangokhögö sikhala nifotöi ''asosiativitas''. Ya'ia da'ö, famöfögö ''bilangan'' na la fonönö ia lö tebulö zinöndrania. Simane duma-dumania: {{nowrap|1=(2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4)}}. Na sito'ölönia, da'a tobali; (''a'' ∗ ''b'') ∗ ''c'' = ''a'' ∗ (''b'' ∗ ''c''). Sikhala wangerai da'a tefalua göi ia ba lala wangerai ''operasi biner'', hiza i tenga ba wangerai fangeheta, fombagi, mazuo fokali ''oktonion''. '''Sifat komutatif''', ya'ia da'ö; Famonönö faoma fokali ''bilangan real'' sifagölö sangokhögö sikhala ''komutatif''. Ya'ia da'ö, fenaera numero ni'erai si lö mamulö'ö zinöndra moroi ba wangerai ya'ia. Duma-dumania; 2 + 3 = 3 + 2. Molo'ö fangerai sito'ölö, tola la'erai ia; ''a'' ∗ ''b'' = ''b'' ∗ ''a''. Sikhala da'a lö la'oguna'ö ia ba wangerai ''operasi biner''. Simane, fokali ''matriks'' faoma fokali ''kuaternion'', börö me dombua wangerai da'a tenga angolifa zikhala wangerai ''komutatif''. === Angorudua ''(Grup)'' === Fangorudugö lala wangerai da'ö yaŵa mame'e fangi'ila hewisa ia wenaeta soguna sibai bakha ba matematika ma abölö enahöi lamane ba; '''Grup (matematika)'''. Nifotöi Grup ba da'a ya'ia da'ö; famaruka sambua angorudua ''S'' ba sambua lala wangerai ''operasi biner'' ∗, lafo'eluaha ia bakha ba lala wangerai nifili, hiza böi fasala molo'ö lala simane ba da'a tou; * So sambua khönia ''elemen identitas'' ''e'', irege ero sambua ni'erai khönia simane; ''a'' moroi ba ''S'', ''e'' ∗ ''a'' faoma ''a'' ∗ ''e'' dombua lala da'a fagölö ira; ''a''. * Ero-ero ''elemen'' sokhönia ''invers'': ero ngawua; ''a'' moroi ba ''S'', sokhönia ngawua ''a''<sup>−1</sup> irege ''a'' ∗ ''a''<sup>−1</sup> faoma ''a''<sup>−1</sup> ∗ ''a'' da'a fagölö ira ''elemen identitas''. * Lala wangerai sikhala ''asosiatif'': Na ''a'', ''b'', faoma ''c'' angolifa moroi ba ''S'', hiza (''a'' ∗ ''b'') ∗ ''c'' fagölö ira ''a'' ∗ (''b'' ∗ ''c''). Na'atö angorudua da'a ''komutatif'', ya'ia da'ö ero dombua gangolifania ''a'' faoma ''b'' moroi ba ''S'', ''a'' ∗ ''b'' fagölö ira ''b'' ∗ ''a''—ba hiza angorudua da'a tola latötöi ia faoma fanötöi ''grup abelian''. Sitobali duma-duma, angorudua moroi ba ''bilangan bulat'' barö wangerai famonönö no sambua angorudua ma ''grup''. Ba gangorudua da'a, ''elemen identitas'' ya'ia da'ö; 0 ba hiza ''invers'' moroi ba ''elemen'', ''a'' ya'ia da'ö ''negasi'', −''a''. Si lötolalö'ö te'a'asogö ba wangerai ''asosiativitas'', me ero ''bilangan bulat'', ''a'', ''b'', faoma ''c'', (''a'' + ''b'') + ''c'' = ''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'') '''Bilangan rasional'' sitenga Nol tehaogö khönia gangorudua ma ''grup'' barö wangerai fokali. Ba da'a, ''elemen identitas'' ya'ia da'ö 1, me 1 × ''a'' = ''a'' × 1 = ''a'' ero ''bilangan rasional'' ''a''. Invers moroi ba ''a'' ya'ia da'ö 1/''a'', börö me ''a'' × 1/''a'' = 1. Heŵa'ae simanö, ''bilangan bulat'' barö wangerai fokali lö tehaogö khönia gangorudua ma grup. Da'a börö me ''invers'' fokali ''bilangan bulat'' lö mamosinöndra tobali ''bilangan bulat''. Simane duma-duma, 4 no ta'ila wa sambua ''bilangan bulat'', hiza i ''invers'' fokali ya'ia, ya'ia da'ö; ¼, ba no tefa'ele'ö wa tenga ''bilangan bulat''. Lala wangerai sifakhai ba gangorudua nitötöi faoma fehede ''grup'' ba wamahaö andre, no mozawili misa wamahaö ya'ia si no oi la'ila niha ya'ia da'ö; ''teori grup''. Nisöndra moroi ba wamahö andre ya'ia da'ö hewisa ba wama'oli gangorudua-gangorudua wangerai ma fanötöi ba li matematika ''klasifikasi grup-grup sederhana berhingga'', hiza abölö ebua nifatumbu'ö ba gotalua ndröfi 1955 faoma döfi si 1983, samöfögö ''grup sederhana'', ''himpunan berhingga'' tobali ba zi 30 ngawalö dane-dane wamahaö. ''Semigrup'', ''kuasigrup'', faoma ''monoid'' ya'ia da'ö fenaeta-fenaeta sifagölö ira ''grup'', hiza i sikhalania sifagölötö ba danö bö'ö. No lahaogö sambua gangorudua faoma sambua wangerai ''operasi biner'' si tekusi, ha ya'i lö moguna sibai so khönia goi-goi nihonogöi. ''Semigrup'' so khönia ''operasi biner'' simane; ''asosiatif'', ba lö hadöi ''elemen identitas''. Na ''Monoid'' ya'ia da'ö ''semigrup'' sangokhögö ''elemen identitas'', ba lö hadöi khönia ''invers'' ero-ero ''elemen''. Fabö'ö ira na ''Kuasigrup'', so zi lötolalö'ö tefa'aso khönia me gofu hadia manö ''elemen'' tola tefangamöi tobali ''elemen'' tanöbö'ö moroi ba wokali kabera ma zui kambölö; ha ya'i ''operasi biner''nia tola manö lö khönia sikhala ''asosiatif''. Fefu gangorudua ma ''grup'' tola lamane fao ba ''monoid'', ba fefu ''monoid'' ya'ia da'ö; ''semigrup''. {| class="wikitable" |+'''D u m a - D u m a''' |- !Himpunan | colspan=2|[[Bilangan asli]] '''N''' | colspan=2|[[Bilangan bulat]] '''Z''' | colspan=4|[[Bilangan rasional]] '''Q''' (juga [[Bilangan real]] '''R''' faoma [[Bilangan kompleks|kompleks]] '''C''') | colspan=2|[[Aritmetika modular|Modulo]] bilangan bulat 3: '''Z'''<sub>3</sub> = {0, 1, 2} |- !Operasi | + | × (tak-nol) | + | × (tak-nol) | + | − | × (tak-nol) | ÷ (tak-nol) | + | × (tak-nol) |- !Tertutup | Ya | Ya | Ya | Ya | Ya | Ya | Ya | Ya | Ya | Ya |- | Identitas | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Lö hadöi | 1 | Lö hadöi | 0 | 1 |- | Invers | Lö hadöi | Lö hadöi | −''a'' | Lö hadöi | −''a'' | Lö hadöi | 1/''a'' | Lö hadöi | ero-ero: 0, 2, 1 | ero-ero: Lö hadöi, 1, 2 |- | Asosiatif | Ya | Ya | Ya | Ya | Ya | Lö'ö | Ya | Lö'ö | Ya | Ya |- | Komutatif | Ya | Ya | Ya | Ya | Ya | Lö'ö | Ya | Lö'ö | Ya | Ya |- | Struktur | [[monoid]] | [[monoid]] | [[grup abelian]] | [[monoid]] | [[grup abelian]] | [[kuasigrup]] | [[grup abelian]] | [[kuasigrup]] | [[grup abelian]] | [[grup abelian]] ('''Z'''<sub>2</sub>) |} === ''Gelanggang'' faoma ''Lapangan'' === Grup ha sambua khönia ''operasi biner''. Famaehagö ngawalö lala wangerai sifabö'ö-bö'ö, fangerai si so fenaeta dombua lala wangerai lötolalö'ö lafanöi lala wangi'ila ba wamahaö aljabar andre. Sabölö moguna ya'ia da'ö ba wangi'ila hadia ia nifotöi ''Gelanggang'' (matematika), faoma ''Medan''(matematika). Sambua '''Gelanggang'''(matematika) so dombua khönia ''Operasi biner'' ya'ia da'ö; (+) faoma (×), simanö göi × distributif ba dete wamonönö (+). Fangerai si'oföna ya'ia da'ö (+), te faehagö khönia ''grup abelian''. Fangerai aefa da'ö, fokali (×), sikhalania ya'ia sa'ae nifotöi ''asosiatif'', ha ya'i lö khönia ''identitas'' mazui ''invers'', irege lö moguna la bologö ero fenaeta. ''Elemen identitas'' wamonönö (+) lasura ia faoma numero; 0 ba ''invers'' famonönö moroi ba ''a'' lasura ia faoma; −a. Böi olifu wa lala wangerai da'a tola lamane fangerai si ''abstrak'', fefu zedöna la faehagö. '''Distributif'' ma sikhala moroi ba ''distributif'' la'osara'ö ba zito'ölö la'erai niha ya'ia da'ö; ''hukum distributif'' fangerai numero. Na ba ''bilangan bulat'' {{nowrap|1=(''a'' + ''b'') × ''c'' = ''a'' × ''c'' + ''b'' × ''c''}} faoma {{nowrap|1=''c'' × (''a'' + ''b'') = ''c'' × ''a'' + ''c'' × ''b'',}} faoma × latötöi ia; ''distributif'' ba dete +. ''Bilangan bulat'' sambua duma-duma moroi ba nifotöi ''gelanggang''. ''Bilangan bulat'' sikhalania so khönia wamonönö solohe ya'ia tobali '''domain integral''', ma lamane; '''daerah bilangan bulat''', mazui '''ranah bilangan bulat,'''. Sambua ''medan (matematika)'' ma ''lapangan]'' ya'ia da'ö; ''gelanggang'' sikhala wamonönö wa fefu ''elemen'' tak-nol mamaehagö ''grup abelian'' barö ×. Sikhala wokali (×) lasura faoma numero 1 ba ''invers'' wokali moroi ba ''a'' lasura faoma ''a''<sup>−1</sup>. ''Bilangan rasional, bilangan real'', faoma ''bilangan kompleks'' sambua duma-duma moroi ba ''lapangan''. == Umbu == [[Kategori:Nias]] 9eam7rppxbpdcsjtwfoz1tm0nvnxbr4 0 3973 27660 25497 2026-08-17T14:27:27Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27660 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Última Cena - Juan de Juanes.jpg|jmpl|375px|Femanga safuria nigambaraini Juan de Juanes (a.t. 1562). Oroma ifazaŵa roti Yesu ba fönania so mako ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|piala}}'') si so bakha agu]] '''Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö''' ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|Sakramen Maha Kudus}}'', [[li Inggris]]: ''{{li|en|The Blessed Sacrament}}'') no töi roti ba [[agu]] si no tobali boto awö do Keriso me mufahowu'ö ia bakha ba wangowasaini [[misa]]/[[Ekaristi]]. Töi andre te'oguna'ö ia bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] ba ba gereja bö'ö simane [[Gereja Anglikan]], [[Gereja Lutheran]], [[Gereja Metodis]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Church|url=https://archive.org/details/doctrinesdiscipl0000na|year=1960|publisher=The Methodist Publishing House|location=Nashville, Tennessee |language=English|page=[https://archive.org/details/doctrinesdiscipl0000na/page/522 522]|quote=Ba ginötö möi bakha ba gereja, ifaköu ia sanema komuni ba ihatö'ö ia ba Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö faoma fangandrö awö famatou ba dödö nifotöi ''meditasi''}}</ref> btn. Faduhu dödö gereja-gereja sondrorogö tradisi da'a wa sindruhu so Yesu Keriso samösa bakha ba roti awö agu si no mufahowu'ö andrö, ba börö da'ö silötolalö mu'irö'ö ia na so zi tosai. To'ölö la'irö'ö zi tosai boto Keriso da'a bakha ba Gereja ba nahia nifotöi [[tabernakel]] si lö mamalö muhola wandru khönia bongi ma'ökhö. Oroma na so Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö bakha ba zi sambua Gereja, ya'ia na so wandru sihola nifataro ba zinga [[tabernakel]] andrö. == Gereja Katolik == Ekaristi no owasa fondrege ni'amoni'ö bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]]. Baero wamondrondrongo ba ba wamotokhi Taromali, so nifotöi fangandrö saohagölö sebua ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|Doa Syukur Agung}}''). Lafalua wangandrö saohagölö sebua andrö molo'ö ni'oroi'ö [[Yesu]] samösa ba wamohowu'ö roti ba agu ena'ö tobali dania boto ba do [[Keriso]]. Iŵa'ö [[Yesu]] samösa, "Botogu da'e" ba "Dogu da'e".<ref>Faigi Mat 26:26-28; Mar 14:22-24; Luk 22:19-20; Yoh 6:48-58</ref> Börö da'ö molo'ö [[teologi]] Katolik, tenga ha roti ba agu sa'ae ba hiza no tobali boto ba do Keriso roti ba agu si no mufahowu'ö bakha ba gowasa [[Ekaristi]]. Salua simane lafotöi ia bakha ba teologi ''transubstansiasi''. No tobali [[tradisi]] bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] wa la'irö'ö zi tosai Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö andre bakha ba nahia nifotöi [[tabernakel]] nifehola fandru bongi ma'ökhö. Börö da'ö göi wa te'amoni'ö sibai na möi niha bakha ba sambua [[Gereja Katolik]]. Ba asese möi niha mangandrö föna Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö andrö baero ginötö wangowasaini [[Ekaristi]]. [[File:Oblater_Alterbr%C3%B8d_3.jpg|jmpl|375px|Roti ni'oguna'ö bakha ba wangowasaini Ekaristi. To'ölö latötöi ia bakha ba Gereja Katolik ''[[hosti]]'']] [[File:US_Navy_100912-M-2275H-196_A_command_chaplain_holds_church_services_aboard_USS_Kearsarge.jpg|jmpl|375px|Ifaduwa agu bakha ba mako (piala) samösa ere ba wangowasaini Ekaristi]] == Gereja Anglikan == ''Lö nasa sawai'' == Gereja Lutheran == ''Lö nasa sawai'' == Gereja Metodis == ''Lö nasa sawai'' {{Basoŵa}} * {{Cite web | title = Kitab Hukum Kanonik (''Codex Iuris Canonici'') | date = 1983 | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P39.HTM#4.1.0.3.1.2.916 | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana | ref = {{harvid|CIC|1983}} }} {{Khai-khai baero}} * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05584a.htm ''The Blessed Eucharist as a Sacrament''], [http://www.newadvent.org/ newadvent.org] (Ensiklopedi Katolik) {{en}} * [http://www.savior.org/ Savior.org] (Video siaran langsung Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö ba savior.org) * [http://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/pt2sect2chpt1art3.htm#1376 Faosatö 1376 Katekismus Gereja Katolik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208233521/http://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/pt2sect2chpt1art3.htm#1376|date=2006-02-08}} * [http://www.ewtn.com/faith/teachings/euchmenu.htm EWTN ''The Holy Eucharist''], [http://www.ewtn.com/ EWTN] (bolokha gu'ö heza oya tesöndra wamahaö Katolik sanandrösa ba Ekaristi) {{en}} * [http://westernorthodox.blogspot.com/2006/06/melkite-rite-of-benediction-of-most.html Ritus Famahowu'ö], [http://westernorthodox.blogspot.com/ Gereja Katolik Yunani Melkit] == Umbu == <references /> {{Börö zura}} [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Agama Katolik]] [[Kategori:Sakramen]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] 5b74d2396pigauaac2ujo785ln9okch 0 4004 27634 27615 2026-08-17T13:22:45Z Slaia 39 27634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = '''Bogo''' | image = Porcupine-BioDome.jpg | image_alt = Bogo sauri ba Amerika Utara | image_caption = Bogo sauri ba Amerika Utara | auto = yes | parent = Hystricognathi | includes = *[[Hystricidae]] *[[Erethizontidae]] | excludes = *{{extinct}}''[[Bathyergoididae]]'' *''[[Bathyergidae]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Myophiomyidae]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Diamantomyidae]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Phiomyidae]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Kenyamyidae]]'' *''[[Petromuridae]]'' *''[[Thryonomyidae]]'' *''[[Chinchillidae]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Neoepiblemidae]]'' *''[[Dinomyidae]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Cephalomyidae]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Eocardiidae]]'' *''[[Caviidae]]'' *''[[Dasyproctidae]]'' *''[[Cuniculidae]]'' *''[[Ctenomyidae]]'' *''[[Octodontidae]]'' *''[[Abrocomidae]]'' *''[[Echimyidae]]'' *''[[Myocastoridae]]'' *''[[Capromyidae]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Heptaxodontidae]]'' }} '''Bogo''' no aurifö si hulö de'u sebua, bunia aganau ba agatarö hulö ndroi, si tobali fangöna famoloi nudu sedöna mondra'u ya'ira. Tefaböbö ia ba gaurifö satarö ifö ba wanaba hadia ia ([[li Indonesia]] ''hewan pengerat'', [[li Latin]] ''Rodentia''). Ara auri ia, so zi no irai auri 32 fakhe. Bogo si so ba Afrika manga balö geu, gowi, bua geu awö fakhe ba laza/nowi. Bogo si so ba Amerika asese toröi ira ba hogu geu ba wemanga bulu geu, ba hiza la'a göi ndru'u. {{Fonga'eu}} Si to'ölönia fa'anau mbogo 60-90 cm, inönö ba da'ö 20-25 cm gi'o. Fa'abua mbotora 5-16 kg ba omböilara owulo ba no ahou sibai na mofanö. La'a-la'a mbura no amarukhata zafusi, sohawu-hawu ba sowaru-waru. Oya ngawalö mbogo, so zi tefaböbö ba ngawalö ''Hystricidae'' (si tesöndra ba Italia, Asia ba Afrika) ba so göi ba ''Erethizontidae'' (si tesöndra ba Amerika Utara ba Selatan). Si fagölö khöra ya'ia da'ö bulu si hulö ndroi börö me so khönia bakha nifotöi ''keratin''. Bogo ''hystricidae'' egebua ba ha mangalui gö ira ba zi bongi. Bogo si tefaböbö ba ''Erethizontidae'' no igide-ide ba tola göi mangalui gö ira ba zi ma'ökhö. {{Habitat}} [[File:Ялтинский зоопарк 079.jpg|jmpl|Bogo si tefaböbö ba Hystricidae]] Tesöndra mbogo ba mbenua tropis ba Asia, Eropa Selatan, Afrika, Amerika Utara ba Amerika Selatan. Auri ira ba gatua, ba danö simate, ba danö soya kara segebua ba ba naere-naere hili. Si to'ölönia mangalui gö ira ba zi bongi, heŵa'ae so göi mbogo sangalui gö ba zi ma'ökhö {{Kultivasi}} Bogo tenga urifö, börö da'ö lö waö-waö wanguri ya'ia ([[li Indonesia]] ''pembudidayaan'' ma ''kultivasi''). {{Fangoguna'ö}} Si to'ölönia lö labali'ö ö mbogo. Ba hiza ba Asia Tenggara, töra-töra ba Vietnam, labali'ö ia börö gö. Andrö wa itugu alö wa'oya mbogo ba da'ö.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100825103830.htm |title=Wild Southeast Asian porcupines under threat due to illegal hunting, researchers find |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2010-08-25 |access-date=2012-02-20 |archive-date=2019-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421160439/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100825103830.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.030|title=The conservation impact of commercial wildlife farming of porcupines in Vietnam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2010-11_143_11/page/2808|year=2010|last1=Brooks|first1=Emma G.E.|last2=Roberton|first2=Scott I.|last3=Bell|first3=Diana J.|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=143|issue=11|pages=2808 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Ettinger, Powell |url=http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/porcupine-vietnam.html#cr |title=Wildlife Extra News – Illegal hunting threatens Vietnam's wild porcupines |publisher=Wildlifeextra.com |date=2010-08-30 |access-date=2012-02-20 |archive-date=2019-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082742/http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/porcupine-vietnam.html#cr |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- As mentioned, in Kenya porcupines are eaten as a delicacy.<ref name="BBC"/> --> So ösa niha samaliaro bogo ba nomo tobali urifö hulö zimane mao ba asu. Ba hiza lö to'ölö da'a. [[File:MAPElNorte041.JPG|jmpl|Balu högö moroi ba mbu mbogo nifazökhi ndra niha asli Amerika]] [[File:Libertarian Party Porcupine (USA).svg|jmpl|Logo libertarianisme Amerika samokhala mbogo]] Ba Amerika so zangoguna'ö bu mbogo tobali famoadu bala högö simane nifalua ndra niha asli Amerika (faigi gambara). Baero da'ö la'oguna'ö gambara mbogo tobali tandra libertarianis Amerika (faigi gambara), ya'ia da'ö hou wangera-ngera sanguma'ö wa tebai mubörögö wasöndrata, ba hiza tola molau balö na lasuwö ita niha, ena'ö böi irugi te'ala ita.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Libertarian Party Symbol|url=https://www.symbols.com/symbol/the-libertarian-party-symbol|access-date=2021-04-02|website=www.symbols.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023201943/https://www.symbols.com/symbol/the-libertarian-party-symbol|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Faniaga}} Lö tefamawa mbogo, andrö wa lö ya'ia ba waniaga. {{Onönöta}} Ba [[li Indonesia]] latötöi mbogo ''landak''. Ba [[li Inggris]] lafotöi ia ''porcupine'', nihalö moroi ba [[li Italia]] ''porcospino'', eluahania bawi si so ndroi. {{Umbu}} <references /> [[Kategori:Aurifö]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] 63t0apt9s2rlrl7f9fhtzdc6h5hco1r 0 4019 27671 27459 2026-08-17T14:43:56Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox santo |honorific_prefix = [[Santo]] |name = Mareko |birth_date = a.t. 12 |death_date = a.t. 68 (56 fakhe) |image = Berkas:St Mark.JPG |imagesize = |caption = Gambara Santo Mareko ba zandrela gereja paroki SS Mary and Lambert, Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, Inggris |birth_place = Kirene (iada negara [[Libya]]) molo'ö tradisi Koptik<ref name=cocn>{{cite web | title=St. Mark The Apostle, Evangelist | publisher=Coptic Orthodox Church Network| url= http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/synexarion/mark.html| access-date = November 21, 2012}}</ref> |titles = Sanura [[Injil]], [[Martir]] |feast_day= * 25 April ([[Agama Katolik]] ba [[Ortodoks Timur]] (kalender Julian)) * 30 Parmouti (Ortodoks Timur) ma 8 Mei (Ortodoks Koptik ba Ortodoks Timur molo'ö kalender Gregorian) |venerated_in = Fefu gereja ndra niha Keriso samolakhömi niha ni'amoni'ö |beatified_date = |beatified_place = |beatified_by = |canonized_date = |canonized_place = |canonized_by = |major_shrine = Basilika Santo Marco ([[Venesia]], [[Italia]])<br />Katedral Santo Markus ([[Aleksandria]], [[Mesir]]) |patronage = Pengacara, Venesia,<ref name="Walsh, p. 21">[[#Walsh|Walsh]], p. 21.</ref> Mesir, Koptik,<ref>{{cite book|title=Through Cyprus|first=Agnes Smith |last=Lewis|year= 2008| isbn=9780884022848| page =65|publisher=University of Michigan Press|quote=St. Mark is the patron saint of the Copts.}}</ref> Mainar, Podgorica<ref>https://borba.me/markovdan-slava-podgorice/</ref> |suppressed_Date = |prayer = |prayer_attrib = |death_place = [[Aleksandria]], [[Mesir]] (barö wamatörö Roma me luo da'ö) | major_works = [[Turia Somuso Dödö Nisura Mareko]] (niböbögö khö Mareko) }} '''Mareko''' ([[li Latin]] Marcus; [[li Yunani]] Μᾶρκος; [[li Aramaia]] ܡܪܩܘܣ; [[li Geʽez]] ማርቆስ; [[li Ibrani]] מארק) ma '''Mareko Yohane'''<ref name="HalZin">HalZin 12:1-17</ref> ma asese göi latötöi ia '''Santo Mareko''', no samösa niha niŵaö tradisi sanura Zura Mareko. Ha sambalö fao-dödö ndra ere [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] modern wa sanura [[Sura Mareko|Zura Mareko]] no samösa niha bö'ö si lö ta'ila töi ba tenga Mareko samösa.<ref name=sanders /><ref name=lost /><ref name=nickle /><ref name="Carolina2004" /> Molo'ö tradisi<ref>Latötöi ''tradisi'' fefu ni'oroi'ö zatua föna, nitohu-tohugö wanutunö ba ni'o'ö-o'ö niha irugi iada'a. Moroi ba li Latin ''traditio'', eluahania nifa'ema. Tradisi Gereja eluahania fefu goroisa nifa'ema i'otrarai ndra niha Keriso si föföna aefa götö Yesu, nitohugö wanutunö irugi ma'ökhö ba ni'o'ö ndra niha Keriso i'otarai me föna.</ref> Gereja, ifasindro Gereja Keuskupan Aleksandria Mareko, si tobali sambua moroi ba zilima dadaoma ndra niha Keriso nifotöi ''patriarkat''<ref>So lima nifotöi patriarkat, ya'ia da'ö tuho nahia (li Indonesia ''pusat'') ndra niha Keriso, ya'ia da'ö Roma, Antiokhia, Aleksandria, Konstantinopel ba furi hö Yerusalem</ref> bakha ba agama [[Niha Keriso]]. Te'owasaini wanörö-tödö khönia ero 25 April ba simbol<ref>Latötöi ''simbol'' gofu hadia ni'oguna'ö niha tobali tandra ba wangosalahini gofu hadia ia bö'ö. Duma-dumania na ta'ila dandra röfa ba no salahi wa'anihakeriso da'ö. Itaria la'oguna'ö niha gambara wofo beo ma zui mbua ndruria tobali simbol Danö Niha. Mandrera soyo afusi no tobali simbol negara Indonesia.</ref> khönia harimo so'afi.<ref name=EECp720>{{Citation|last=Senior|first=Donald P.|year=1998|edition = 2nd|contribution=Mark|editor1-last=Ferguson|editor1-first=Everett|title=Encyclopedia of Early Christianity|place=New York and London|publisher=Garland Publishing, Inc.|page=720|isbn= 0-8153-3319-6}}</ref> == Haniha ia (identitas) == [[Berkas:Leone marciano andante - Vittore Carpaccio - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|330px|[[Singo]] so'afi no simbol Mareko Sanura Injil ma asese laŵa'ö ia Singo Santo Mareko. Nisura ba gambara andre: ''PAX TIBI MARCE EVANGELISTA MEVS'' ("Fa'ahono-dödö khöu, Mareko, sanura turia somuso dödö khögu"). Singo simane andre no göi simbol kota Venesia, [[Italia]] (oroma bakha ba gambara andrö)]] Molo'ö William Lane (1974), so "tradisi si lö mamalö" sanguma'ö wa Mareko Yohane no Mareko Sanura Injil samösa,<ref>{{cite book |last=Lane |first=William L.|author-link=William L. Lane|chapter=The Author of the Gospel |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIjPDDlweUgC&pg=PA21 |title=The Gospel According to Mark |series=[[New International Commentary on the New Testament]] |year=1974 |publisher=Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids |pages=21–3 |isbn=978-0-8028-2502-5}}</ref> ba ba wa Mareko Yohane no talifusö tiri khö [[Baranaba]].<ref>Mark: Images of an Apostolic Interpreter, nga'örö 55 mbuku C. Clifton Black – 2001 –"... infrequent occurrence in the Septuagint (Num 36:11; Tob 7:2) to its presence in Josephus (JW 1.662; Ant 1.290, 15.250) and Philo (On the Embassy to Gaius 67), anepsios consistently carries the connotation of "cousin," though ..."</ref> Ba hiza bakha ba zura ''On the Seventy Apostles'' ifabö'öni Hipolitus moroi ba Roma zi datölu niha andrö: Mareko Sanura Injil ({{SN|TimII|4|11}}), Mareko Yohane (HalZin 12:12,25; 13:5,13; {{SN|HalZin|15|37|hafaza=1}}) ba Mareko talifusö tiri khö Baranaba ({{SN|Kol|4|10}}; {{SN|Fil|1|24}}).<ref>{{cite book |author=Hippolytus |author-link=Hippolytus of Rome |chapter=The same Hippolytus on the Seventy Apostles |chapter-url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf05.iii.v.iii.html |title=Ante-Nicene Fathers|title-link=Ante-Nicene Fathers }}</ref> Molo'ö Hipolitus, fefu ira si datölu andre te'erai ba gotalua ndra "nifahaö si fitu ngafulu" nifatenge [[Yesu]] ba wamazaewe turia somuso-dödö ({{SN|Luk|10|1}}) ba danö Yudaia. Molo'ö [[Eusebius moroi ba Kaisarea]] (''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.9.1–4), ba ndröfi si sara wamatörönia Yudaia (ndröfi 41), ibunu Yakobo ono Zebedaio Herode Agripa I ba ifara'u'ö Wetero, sedöna mubunu aefa [[Paska]]. Bahiza i'efa'ö Wetero mala'ika ba zahöli-höli dödö ba te'efa'ö moroi ba wogamö Herode (HalZin 12:1-19). Isaŵa Antiokhia Fetero ba ba döfi si dua wamatörö Klaudius (döfi 42; ''Hist. Eccl.'' 2.14.6) mofanö ia möi ba Roma itörö Anatolia (ba negara Turki iada'a) (itörö khö ndra niha samati ba Pontus, Galatia, Kapadokia, Asia ba Bithinia, simane nisura ba {{SN|FetI|1|1}}). Ba lala wofanönia andrö falukha ia khö Mareko ba ihalö Mareko tobali awönia ba lala awö tobali sangali li khönia. Isusura ngawalö huhuo sebua khö Wetero götö wefaora andrö Mareko ba si no isura andre tobali dania böröta Zura Mareko (''Hist. Eccl.'' 15-16). Aefa da'ö iröi Wetero Mareko, ilau ia ba Aleksandria ba döfi si tölu wamatörö Klaudius (döfi 43).<ref>{{cite book |first=Jack |last=Finegan |title=Handbook of Biblical Chronology |location=Peabody, MA |publisher=Hendrickson |year=1998 |page=374 |isbn=978-1-56563-143-4}}</ref> Molo'ö HalZin 15:39, aefa sinode ba Yerusalema möi Mareko ba Siprus fao awönia Baranaba. Molo'ö tradisi, me döfi 49, eluahania 19 fakhe aefa wanahae Yesu ba zorugo, möi mukoli Mareko ba Aleksandria ba ba da'ö ifasindro Gereja. [[Gereja Ortodoks]] Koptik ba Gereja Ortodoks Aleksandria awö [[Gereja Katolik]] Koptik, oi latötöi wurugöra khö ndra niha Keriso siföföna ba Aleksandria andre.<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt |title=Egypt |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=December 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220145046/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt |archive-date=December 20, 2011 |url-status=dead }} See drop-down essay on "Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire"</ref> So ösa ngawalö bakha ba liturgi Koptik si'otarai moroi khö Mareko samösa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt|url=http://www.coptic.net/EncyclopediaCoptica/|website=Encyclopedia Coptica|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831164722/http://www.coptic.net/EncyclopediaCoptica/|archive-date=August 31, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tobali Mareko uskup siföföna Aleksandria ba lafolakhömi göi ia tobali samasindro fa'anihakeriso ba Afrika.<ref name=OSVESp401>{{cite book |last1=Bunson |first1=Matthew |last2=Bunson |first2=Margaret |last3=Bunson |first3=Stephen |title=Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints |url=https://archive.org/details/oursundayvisitor0000buns_j4r7 |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division |year=1998 |place=Huntington, Indiana |page=[https://archive.org/details/oursundayvisitor0000buns_j4r7/page/401 401] |isbn=0-87973-588-0}}</ref> Molo'ö Eusebius (''Hist. Eccl. '' 2.24.1), te i'ali Mareko Paus Anianus moroi ba [[Aleksandria]] ba döfi si ŵalu wamatörö [[Nero]] (döfi 62/63), lö i ta'ila sibai, börö wa'amatenia. Furi hö iŵa'ö tradisi Koptik wa labunu ia börö wamatinia (to'ölö laŵaö da'ö bakha ba tradisi Gereja ''martir'') me döfi 68.<ref name=cocn/><ref name=macrory>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09672c.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia, St. Mark |access-date=March 1, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=acts%2015:36-40&version=NASB|title=Acts 15:36–40|work=Bible Gateway}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2timothy%204:11&version=NASB|title=2timothy 4:11 NASB – Only Luke is with me. Pick up Mark and – Bible Gateway|work=Bible Gateway}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=philemon%201:24&version=NASB|title=Philemon 1:24|work=Bible Gateway}}</ref> Ha sambalö sambua zöndra arakhagö fefu gere [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] modern wa sanura Zura Mareko no samösa niha si lö ta'ila töi ba tenga Mareko samösa.<ref name="Ehrman 2004 p. ">{{cite book | last=Ehrman | first=Bart D. | title=The New Testament | url=https://archive.org/details/newtestamenthist0000ehrm_r9h4 | publisher=Oxford University Press, USA | date=2004 | isbn=0-19-515462-2 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/newtestamenthist0000ehrm_r9h4/page/n91 58]–59 | quote=Proto-orthodox Christians of the second century, some decades after most of the New Testament books had been written, claimed that their favorite Gospels had been penned by two of Jesus' disciples&mdash;Matthew, the tax collector, and John, the beloved disciple&mdash;and by two friends of the apostles&mdash;Mark, the secretary of Peter, and Luke, the travelling companion of Paul. Scholars today, however, find it difficult to accept this tradition for several reasons.}}</ref><ref name="Staff 2012 p. 344">{{cite book | author=Holman Reference Staff | title=Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook | publisher=B&H Publishing Group | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4336-7833-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qc_GBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT344 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=PT344 | quote=Most critical scholars deny that Mark was the author or that he wrote on the basis of Peter's recollections}}</ref><ref name="B&H Publishing Group 2006 p. 1454">{{cite book | title=Holman Illustrated Study Bible-HCSB | publisher=B&H Publishing Group | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-58640-277-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz2QxQUrFxoC&pg=PA1454 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=1454 | quote=Most critical scholars deny that Mark was the author or that he wrote on the basis of Peter's recollections}}</ref><ref name="Easley 2002 p. 233">{{cite book | last=Easley | first=Kendell H. | title=Holman Quicksource Guide to Understanding the Bible: A Book-By-Book Overview | publisher=B&H Publishing Group | series=Holman QuickSource | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-4336-7134-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucy4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT233 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=PT233 | quote=Most critical scholars deny that Mark was the author or that he wrote on the basis of Peter's recollections}}</ref><ref name="Craig Lüdemann Copan Tacelli 2000 p. 43">{{cite book | last1=Craig | first1=William Lane | last2=Lüdemann | first2=Gerd | last3=Copan | first3=Paul | last4=Tacelli | first4=Ronald K. | title=Jesus' Resurrection: Fact Or Figment?: A Debate Between William Lane Craig & Gerd Ludemann | publisher=InterVarsity Press | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-8308-1569-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPhL1w9-JbEC&pg=PA43 | language=nl | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=43 | quote=I wanted to use that quotation in order to show that the results of historical scholarship can be made known to the public&mdash;especially to believers&mdash;only with difficulty. Many Christians feel threatened if they hear that most of what was written in the Bible is (in historical terms) untrue and that none of the four New Testament Gospels was written by the author listed at the top of the text.}}</ref><ref name="Jeon Baugh 2017 p. 181">{{cite book | last1=Jeon | first1=Jeong Koo | last2=Baugh | first2=Steve | title=Biblical Theology: Covenants and the Kingdom of God in Redemptive History | publisher=Wipf & Stock | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-5326-0580-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVoQDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA181 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=181 fn. 10 | quote=10. Just as historical critical scholars deny the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch, so they also deny the authorship of the four Gospels by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. [...] But today, these persons are not thought to have been the actual authors.}}</ref><ref name=sanders>{{cite book|author=E. P. Sanders|title=The Historical Figure of Jesus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC&pg=PT103|date=30 November 1995|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-192822-7|page=103|quote="We do not know who wrote the gospels. They presently have headings: ‘according to Matthew’, ‘according to Mark’, ‘according to Luke’ and ‘according to John’. The Matthew and John who are meant were two of the original disciples of Jesus. Mark was a follower of Paul, and possibly also of Peter; Luke was one of Paul's converts.<sup>5</sup> These men – Matthew, Mark, Luke and John – really lived, but we do not know that they wrote gospels. Present evidence indicates that the gospels remained untitled until the second half of the second century."}}</ref><ref name=lost>{{cite book|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA235|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518249-1|page=235|quote=Why then do we call them Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John? Because sometime in the second century, when proto-orthodox Christians recognized the need for apostolic authorities, they attributed these books to apostles (Matthew and John) and close companions of apostles (Mark, the secretary of Peter; and Luke, the traveling companion of Paul). Most scholars today have abandoned these identifications,<sup>11</sup> and recognize that the books were written by otherwise unknown but relatively well-educated Greek-speaking (and writing) Christians during the second half of the first century.}}</ref><ref name=nickle>{{cite book |last=Nickle |first=Keith Fullerton |title=The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SSytjasmAgC&pg=PA43|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22349-6|page=43|quote=We must candidly acknowledge that all three of the Synoptic Gospels are anonymous documents. None of the three gains any importance by association with those traditional figures out of the life of the early church. Neither do they lose anything in importance by being recognized to be anonymous. Throughout this book the traditional names are used to refer to the authors of the first three Gospels, but we shall do so simply as a device of convenience. }}</ref><ref name="Carolina2004">{{cite book|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code : A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbLK6kn5T-EC&pg=PA110|date=November 1, 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-534616-9|page=110-111|quote=We call these books, of course, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. And for centuries Christians have believed they were actually written by these people: two of the disciples of Jesus, Matthew the tax collector (see Matt. 9:9) and John, the “beloved disciple” (John 21:24), and two companions of the apostles, Mark, the secretary of Peter, and Luke, the traveling companion of Paul. These are, after all, the names found in the titles of these books. But what most people don’t realize is that these titles were added later, by second-century Christians, decades after the books themselves had been written, in order to be able to claim that they were apostolic in origin. Why would later Christians do this? Recall our earlier discussion of the formation of the New Testament canon: only those books that were apostolic could be included. What was one to do with Gospels that were widely read and accepted as authoritative but that in fact were written anonymously, as all four of the New Testament Gospels were? They had to be associated with apostles in order to be included in the canon, and so apostolic names were attached to them.}}</ref><ref name=ehrman>Bart D. Ehrman (2000:43) ''The New Testament: a historical introduction to early Christian writings.'' Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name="Ehrman 2006 p. 143">{{cite book | last=Ehrman | first=Bart D. | title=The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-19-971104-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBuJMhJlTYwC&pg=PA143 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=143 | quote=The Gospels of the New Testament are therefore our earliest accounts. These do not claim to be written by eyewitnesses to the life of Jesus, and historians have long recognized that they were produced by second- or third-generation Christians living in different countries than Jesus (and Judas) did, speaking a different language (Greek instead of Aramaic), experiencing different situations, and addressing different audiences.}}</ref><ref name="Ehrman 2000 p. 55">{{cite book | last=Ehrman | first=Bart D. | title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-19-512639-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kF8RAQAAIAAJ | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=55 | quote=We have already learned significant bits of information about these books. They were written thirty-five to sixty-five years after Jesus’ death by authors who did not know him, authors living in different countries who were writing at different times to different communities with different problems and concerns. The authors all wrote in Greek and they all used sources for the stories they narrate. Luke explicitly indicates that his sources were both written and oral. These sources appear to have recounted the words and deeds of Jesus that had been circulating among Christian congregations throughout the Mediterranean world. At a later stage we will consider the question of the historical reliability of these stories. Here we are interested in the Gospels as pieces of early Christian literature.}}</ref><ref name="Boring 2012 p. 522">{{cite book | last=Boring | first=M. Eugene | title=An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology | publisher=Presbyterian Publishing Corporation | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-664-25592-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leFrgkyEtusC&pg=PA522 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=522 | quote=Beginning with Papias in the second century, a tradition developed in various forms that attributed the authorship of the Gospel of Mark to this John Mark, who had been the companion of both Paul and Peter (Eusebius, ''Hist. eccl.'' 3.39.15). In all its variations, the ancient tradition makes clear that Mark's Gospel was accepted and valued in the church, not because of its historical accuracy, but because it represented Peter's apostolic authority. The Gospel of Mark itself makes no claim to have been written by an eyewitness and gives no evidence of such authorship. While most critical scholars consider the actual author's name to be unknown, the traditional view that Mark was written in Rome by a companion of Peter is still defended by some scholars who begin with the church tradition cited above and do not find convincing historical evidence to disprove it.<sup>6</sup> For convenience, in this book we continue to refer to the Gospels by the names of their traditional authors.}}</ref><ref name="Ray 2018 p. 123">{{cite book | last=Ray | first=Ronald R. | title=Systematics Critical and Constructive 1: Biblical-Interpretive-Theological-Interdisciplinary | publisher=Pickwick Publications | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-5326-0016-6 | url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=-j9qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 | access-date=15 August 2023 | page=123 | quote=Authorship by an apostle was so unimportant to early recognition of a writing's authority that names of apostles (Matthew and John) or names of people thought to be associated with apostles (Mark and Luke respectively with Peter and Paul) were only attached to the four Gospels at the beginning of the second century, after those had gained recognition primarily because of churchly appreciation of their content. Having studied the content of John and Matthew, historical-critical scholarship massively doubts that the Hellenistic Fourth Gospel was authored by the apostle John, and widely doubts that the First Gospel was written by the apostle Matthew. That the author of Mark was Peter's associate also seems unlikely, since that Gospel is very Hellenistic and Peter—according to both Acts and Paul—was highly Jewish. Similarly, that the author of Luke was Paul's companion is most improbable, since Acts's accounts concerning Paul conflict much with what Paul's epistles report. Again, had any of the Gospels been written by apostles, why were their names attached so late?<sup>125</sup> Nor would apostle associates have been apostles!}}</ref><ref name="Foster 2012 p. 176">Which is not a new claim, see {{cite book | last=Foster | first=Douglas A. | title=The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement | publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4674-2736-4 | url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=gv-AEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT176 | access-date=15 August 2023 | page=176 | quote=During this period Disciples scholars such as Willett began to study at interdenominational theological schools and secular universities, and for the first time the Stone-Campbell Movement engaged historical criticism as the primary perspective on biblical interpretation. While Campbell's "Seven Rules" had advocated a kind of historical criticism, traditional conclusions about authorship, date, and the nature of biblical documents had been assumed, so that no one in the first generation had supposed that the consistent application of Campbell's own principles would lead to results that challenged and overturned these conclusions. By the end of the nineteenth century, those who followed the critical method arrived at a new set of conclusions that made the Bible look entirely different. Among these new conclusions: the Pentateuch was not written by Moses but represented a long development within history, the prophets were not making long-range predictions about Jesus and the church, but spoke to the issues of their own time; the Gospels were not independent 'testimonies" that provided "evidence" for the historical facts about Jesus' life and teaching, but were interdependent (Matthew and Luke used Mark and "Q"); also, the Gospels were not written by apostles and contained several layers of reinterpreted traditions.}}</ref> Duma-dumania ambö i'ila geografi Palestina sanura Zura Mareko (te börö me lö irai möi ia ba da'ö),<ref name="leach">{{cite book | last=Leach | first=Edmund | editor-last1=Alter | editor-first1=Robert | editor-last2=Kermode | editor-first2=Frank | title=The Literary Guide to the Bible | publisher=Harvard University Press | year=1990 | isbn=978-0-674-26141-9 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSEwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT354 | chapter=Fishing for men on the edge of the wilderness | page=590 | quote=5. The geography of Gospel Palestine, like the geography of Old Testament Palestine, is symbolic rather than actual. It is not clear whether any of the evangelists had ever been there.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wells | first=George Albert | title=Cutting Jesus Down to Size: What Higher Criticism Has Achieved and Where It Leaves Christianity | publisher=Open Court | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-8126-9867-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuccAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=25 | quote=Mark's knowledge even of Palestine's geography is likewise defective. [...] Kümmel (1975, p. 97) writes of Mark's "numerous geographical errors"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Hengel | first=Martin | title=Between Jesus and Paul: Studies in the Earliest History of Christianity | publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-7252-0077-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVj7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=98 | quote=Furthermore, it is more than doubtful whether evangelists like Mark or Luke ever caught sight of a map of Palestine.}}</ref><ref name="Evans 2014 p. 252"/>{{sfn|Reddish|2011|p=36|ps=: "Evidence in the Gospel itself has led many readers of the Gospel to question the traditional view of authorship. The author of the Gospel does not seem to be too familiar with Palestinian geography. [...] Is it likely that a native of Palestine, as John Mark was, would have made such errors?" [...] Also, certain passages in the Gospel contain erroneous statements about Palestinian or Jewish practices."}} "sindruhu tenga sohalöŵö ba danö ma zui sondra'u i'a ba nasi ia",<ref name="leach"/> ambö i'ila hada zi to'ölö ba niha [[Yahudi]] (moroi ba Palestina),<ref name="Evans 2014 p. 252"/>{{sfn|Reddish|2011|p=36|ps=: "Evidence in the Gospel itself has led many readers of the Gospel to question the traditional view of authorship. The author of the Gospel does not seem to be too familiar with Palestinian geography. [...] Is it likely that a native of Palestine, as John Mark was, would have made such errors?" [...] Also, certain passages in the Gospel contain erroneous statements about Palestinian or Jewish practices."}} ba te samösa "niha Yahudi Yunani sitoröi baero danö Palestina" ia.<ref>{{cite book | last=Watts Henderson | first=Suzanne | editor-last1=Coogan | editor-first1=Michael | editor-last2=Brettler | editor-first2=Marc | editor-last3=Newsom | editor-first3=Carol | editor-last4=Perkins | editor-first4=Pheme | title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-19-027605-8 | chapter=The Gospel according to Mark | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T05WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1431 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=1431 | quote=suggest that the evangelist was a Hellenized Jew who lived outside of Palestine.}}</ref> Itema i Mitchell Reddish wa töi zanura Sura Mareko Mareko, bahiza lö ta'ila Mareko haniha.{{sfn|Reddish|2011|p=36|ps=: "Evidence in the Gospel itself has led many readers of the Gospel to question the traditional view of authorship. The author of the Gospel does not seem to be too familiar with Palestinian geography. [...] Is it likely that a native of Palestine, as John Mark was, would have made such errors?" [...] Also, certain passages in the Gospel contain erroneous statements about Palestinian or Jewish practices."}} Simanö göi, "iŵaö Francis Moloney wa sanura ya'ia samösa niha sotöi Mareko, ba hiza te tenga Mareko nitötöi bakha ba [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou|Gamabu'ulali Sibohou]]".<ref name="Tucker Kuecker 2020 p. 70">{{cite book | last1=Tucker | first1=J. Brian | last2=Kuecker | first2=Aaron | title=T&T Clark Social Identity Commentary on the New Testament | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2020 | isbn=978-0-567-66785-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKbDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=70 | quote=Francis Moloney suggests the author was someone named Mark, though maybe not any of the Marks mentioned in the New Testament (Moloney, 11-12).}}</ref> Iŵaö göi zimanö ''The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus'': latötöi ia Mareko, ba hiza lö la'ila ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö haniha Mareko andrö.<ref name="Evans 2014 p. 252">{{cite book | last=Hatina | first=Thomas R. |editor-last=Evans | editor-first=Craig A. | title=The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-317-72224-3 | chapter=Gospel of Mark | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 | access-date=13 August 2023 | page=252 | quote=Like the other synoptics, Mark's Gospel is anonymous. Whether it was originally so is, however, difficult to know. Nevertheless, we can be fairly certain that it was written by someone named Mark. [...] The difficulty is ascertaining the identity of Mark. Scholars debate [...] or another person simply named Mark who was not native to Palestine. Many scholars have opted for the latter option due to the Gospel's lack of understanding of Jewish laws (1:40-45; 2:23-28; 7:1-23), incorrect Palestinian geography (5:1-2, 12-13; 7:31), and concern for Gentiles (7:24-28:10) (e.g. Marcus 1999: 17-21).}}</ref> Arakhagö fefu gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö ha sara zöndra wa fefu injil si öfa buku tenga nisura niha si no mangila hörö Yesu samösa.<ref name="Millard 2006">{{Cite book|last=Millard|first=Alan|chapter=Authors, Books, and Readers in the Ancient World|editor1-last=Rogerson|editor1-first=J.W.|editor2-last=Lieu|editor2-first=Judith M.|title=The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2006|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC&dq=%22written+virtually+entirely+in+a+form+of+ancient+Greek%22&pg=PA558|isbn=978-0199254255|page=558|quote=The historical narratives, the Gospels and Acts, are anonymous, the attributions to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John being first reported in the mid-second century by Irenaeus}}</ref>{{sfn|Reddish|2011|pp=13, 42}}{{sfn|Cousland|2010|p=1744}}{{sfn|Cousland|2018|p=1380}} So sa ösa zangosili konservatif<ref>Latötöi ''konservatif'' niha sabölö aolo ba wombelegö hadia ni'oroi'ö moroi meföna/zatua föna. Si fa'ero eluaha khönia ya'ia ''progresif'', eluahania abölö aolo ba wangalui hadia zindruhu iada'a ba latema hadia ia ni'oroi'ö me föna ha na sindruhu ia aefa lafatörö ia ba wamareso ilmiah.</ref> samorege wa sanura injil si'öfa andrö simane niŵa'ö tradisi, ba hiza no laröi zöndra andre ya'ira arakhagö fefu gere zura ma ndregenia na laŵa'ö ia ba lö laforege sibai.{{sfn|Lindars|Edwards|Court|2000|p=41}} == Niŵaö Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba tradisi == Wa laŵa'ö isura Zura Mareko Mareko samösa, tebörögö ia moroi khö Papias moroi ba Hierapolis (a.t. döfi 60–130).<ref>http://oyc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/canon_0.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705013329/http://oyc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/canon_0.pdf |date=2016-07-05 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Papias01">{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Ante-Nicene Christian Library/Fragments of Papias|Exposition of the Oracles of the Lord]]|title=Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Volume I|year=1885|publisher=T. & T. Clark in Edinburgh|author=Papias|author-link=Papias of Hierapolis|translator=Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson}}</ref><ref name=NJBCp596>{{Citation |last=Harrington |first=Daniel J. |year=1990 |contribution=The Gospel According to Mark |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Raymond E. |editor1-link=Raymond_E._Brown |editor2-last=Fitzmyer |editor2-first=Joseph A. |editor2-link=Joseph_A._Fitzmyer |editor3-last=Murphy |editor3-first=Roland E. |title=The New Jerome Biblical Commentary |place=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |publisher=Prentice Hall |page=596 |isbn=0-13-614934-0 }}</ref> Ba hiza laŵa'ö ira ere zura moroi ba ''Trinity Evangelical Divinity School'' wa niŵa'ö Papias andrö "arakhagö lö mangiwa dödö" no Mareko Yohane.<ref>D. A. Carson, Douglas J. Moo and Leon Morris, ''An Introduction to the New Testament'' (Apollos, 1992), 93.</ref> Molo'ö ira ere zura modern, aökö wamotokhi ba dödö informasi moroi khö Papias.<ref name="MuddimanBarton2010">{{cite book|first1=Henry|last1=Wansbrough|editor-first1=John|editor-last1=Muddiman|editor-first2=John|editor-last2=Barton|title=The Gospels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utMUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA243|date=22 April 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-958025-5|page=243|quote=Finally it is important to realize that none of the four gospels originally included an attribution to an author. All were anonymous, and it is only from the fragmentary and enigmatic and—according to Eusebius, from whom we derive the quotation—unreliable evidence of Papias in 120/130 CE that we can begin to piece together any external evidence about the names of their authors and their compilers. This evidence is so difficult to interpret that most modern scholars form their opinions from the content of the gospels themselves, and only then appeal selectively to the external evidence for confirmation of their findings.}}</ref> Ha sambalö li Gereja Ortodoks Koptik ba Aleksandria wa sanura Sura Mareko no Mareko Yohane andrö, awö wa ya'ia no samösa ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si 70 nifatenge Keriso ({{SN|Luk|10|1}}), simane nifaduhu'ö Hipolitus moroi ba Roma.<ref name=Shen01/> Laforege göi tradisi Koptik wanguma'ö wa ifonaha ndra nifahaö ba nomonia sanura Sura Mareko aefa wa'amate Yesu, ba wa itörö nomo Mareko Yesu Keriso si no maoso (Yoh 20), ba wa möi tou Geheha Ni'amoni'ö yaŵara ba nomonia andrö göi.<ref name=Shen01/> Inönö na, laŵa'ö wa Mareko no samösa ba gotalua genoni sama'ema idanö si no tobali agu ba walöŵa ba Kana (Yoh 2:1–11).<ref name="Shen01">[[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria|Pope Shenouda III]], ''The Beholder of God Mark the Evangelist Saint and Martyr'', Chapter One. [http://tasbeha.org/content/hh_books/Stmark/ Tasbeha.org]</ref> Molo'ö tradisi Koptik, tumbu Mareko ba Kirene, sambua kota ba Afrika Utara (iada'a [[Libya]]). Inönö tradisi andre wa ba da'a mangawuli dania Mareko aefa ifatenge ia Faulo ba Golose (Kol 4:10; Filem 24. So ösa zanguma'ö wa sindruhunia tenga Mareko da'a ba hiza Mareko talifusö tiri Baranaba) ba tobali enoninia ba Roma (TimII 4:11); Moroi ba Kirene andre awu'a ia dania möi ba Aleksandria.<ref name=SUSCopt>{{cite web |publisher = Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States |url = http://www.suscopts.org/diocese/about/ |title = About the Diocese |access-date = 2023-08-11 |archive-date = 2013-01-13 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130113145639/http://www.suscopts.org/diocese/about/ |dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.suscopts.org/coptic-orthodox/church/saint-mark/ |title = Saint Mark |access-date = May 14, 2009 |archive-date = December 10, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231210053927/http://www.suscopts.org/coptic-orthodox/church/saint-mark/ |dead-url = yes }}</ref> Me mangawuli Mareko ba Aleksandria, la'afökhösi tödö halöŵönia ira niha si lö mamati, börö me ifanudu dödö niha ba wamolakhömi lowalangi ndra niha Yunani.<ref name=Shen07/> Me ndröfi 68, latawi zinali ba mbaginia, ladönia ia sagötö lala irege mate ia.<ref name=Shen07>Paus Shenouda III, ''The Beholder of God Mark the Evangelist Saint and Martyr'', Faza fitu. [http://tasbeha.org/content/hh_books/Stmark/ Tasbeha.org]</ref> == Famolakhömi == [[Berkas:La tradizione del dono del "Bocol".jpg|thumb|Owasa mbunga ''Festa del bocoło'' ba Venisia (Italia)]] La'owasaini gowasa Santo Mareko ira Gereja Katolik ba Gereja Ortodoks Timur ero 25 April. Gereja bö'ö sangoguna'ö kalender Julian, la'owasaini ia ero 8 Mei kalender Gregorian irugi döfi 2099. I'owasaini gowasa Santo Mareko Gereja Ortodoks Koptik ero 30 Parmouti, si faudu ba zi 25 April ba kalender Julian ma 8 Mei ba kalender Gregorian. Tefabö'öni Mareko Yohane moroi ba Mareko sanura Injil ba mbaŵa gowasa wanörö-tödö ya'ira, Mareko Yohane te'owasaini 27 September (faudu ma Martirologi Romawi) ba Mareko sanura injil 25 April. Bakha ba wa'awösa [[Gereja Anglikan]] la'owasaini Mareko faoma sambua festival sebua ero 25 April.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref> == Mareko bakha ba "seni" == Fondrege asese lagambaraini Mareko Sanura Injil faoma gambara, heza isura-sura ma zui igogohe khönia [[Injil]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/christianiconog00millgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/christianiconog00millgoog/page/n369 356]|quote=St. Mark iconography.|title=Christian Iconography: The Trinity. Angels. Devils. Death. The soul. The Christian scheme. Appendices|first=Adolphe Napoléon|last=Didron|date=February 20, 1886|publisher=G. Bell|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Bakha ba tradisi niha Keriso, la'oguna'ö gambara zingo tobali simbol Mareko Sanura Injil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.christianiconography.info/mark.html|title=St. Mark in Art|website=www.christianiconography.info}}</ref> [[Singo]] andre no singo ba danö-simate nitutunö Mareko bakha ba injil Mareko; tola göi lagambaraini ia tobali uskup nifasui ha'uga singo; ma zui gambara niha sanolo ya'ira soloyo ba Venesia, Italia. Asese göi oroma ia i'ohe mbuku si so nisura ''pax tibi Marce'' ma zui igogohe mbulu nohi ba sambua buku. Ba gambara tanöbö'ö la'oroma'ö Mareko samösa niha sololohe buku ma gölu-gölu zura ba ba zingania so zingo so'afi. [[Singo]] andre tola eluahania femaoso Yesu moroi ba gotalua zimate, börö faduhu dödö niha wa teboka sambua hörö zingo na mörö ia, irege tobali famaedo Keriso ba lewatönia ba Keriso si tobali razo. So göi gambara Mareko faoma zinali ba mbaginia ba ma zui oroma ia wangefa'ö ndra sawuyu (si no tobali niha Keriso) moroi khö niha Sarasene. == Galeri == <gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Mareko Sanura Injil"> Accademia - St Mark's Body Brought to Venice by Jacopo Tintoretto.jpg|Gambara ndra saniaga sangosao'ö boto Santo Mareko ba Venesia, nifalului ndra biarawan Yunani, nifazökhi Tintoretto Codexaureus 21.jpg|Gambara Mareko samondrondrongo khö singo so'afi (bakha ba injil Lorsch) Vangeli di ebbone (evangelista marco), epernay, Bibliothèque municipale, Ms. 1 f 18 v., 20,8x26 cm, ante 823.jpg|Gambara Mareko Sanura Injil samaigi singo (a.t. döfi 823) Folio 19v - The Martyrdom of Saint Mark.jpg|Gambara sangoroma'ö me tobali ''martir'' Santo Mareko (Musée Condé, Chantilly, a.t. döfi 1412 ba 1416) Andrea Mantegna 087.jpg|Gambara ''Santo Mareko'' nifazökhi Andrea Mantegna, 1448 Evangelist-with-lion.jpg|Gambara Mareko Sanura Injil faoma singo, 1524 Bodleian Library MS. Arm. d.13. Armenian Gospels-0041-0.jpg|Gambara Mareko ba injil Armenia moroi ba ndröfi 1609 si so ba Bodleian Library, Oxford, Inggris Åhus kyrka-15.jpg|Gambara Santo Mareko ba nahia zekola wanunö ba Gereja Santa Maria, Åhus, Swedia Pasquale Ottino San Marcos escribe sus Evangelios al dictado de San Pedro Musée des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux.jpg|Gambara Santo Mareko sanura injil Mareko moroi ba wanutunö Santo Fetero, nifazökhi Pasquale Ottino, ngaotu ndröfi si-17, Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux Il Pordenone - San Marco - Budapest.jpg|Gambara Mareko Sanura Injil nifazökhi Il Pordenone (a.t. 1484 – 1539) GRM Inv. J-3179.jpg|Gambara Mareko Sanura Injil si so ba mbawagöli Katedral Kazan, St. Petersburg, Rusia, 1804 Tzanes Emmanuel - St Mark the Evangelist - Google Art Project.jpg|Ikon Mareko Sanura Injil, 1657 San Marco cathedral in Venice.JPG|Gereja Basilika Santo Mareko Nuremberg chronicles f 104r 1.png|Gambara Santo Mareko bakha ba zura Nuremberg Chronicle Stmark.jpg|Gambara Santo Mareko nifazökhi Donatello (1411–1413), Florence, Italia </gallery> == Nahia tefolakhömi ia == * Basilika Santo Mareko (Venesia, Italia) * Katedral Santo Mareko Ortodoks Koptik (Aleksandria, [[Mesir]]) * Gereja Santo Mareko (Belgrade, [[Serbia]]) * Katedral Santo Mareko Ortodoks Koptik (Kairo, [[Mesir]]) * Gereja Santo Mareko in-the-Bowery ([[New York City]], [[Amerika Serikat]]) == Faigi göi == * [[Mataio]] * [[Sura Mataio]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Sura Mareko]] * [[Luka]] * [[Sura Luka]] * [[Yohane]] * [[Injil Yohane]] * [[Sura Yohane]] {{Umbu}} {{Reflist|colwidth=22em}} === Basoŵa === * {{Cite book |last1 = Fant |first1 = Clyde E. |last2 = Reddish |first2 = Mitchell E. |title = Lost Treasures of the Bible |publisher = Eerdmans |year = 2008 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj6zVQJz7zYC |isbn = 9780802828811 }} * {{Cite book |last = Reddish |first = Mitchell |title = An Introduction to The Gospels |year = 2011 |publisher = Abingdon Press |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC |isbn = 978-1426750083 }} * {{Cite book|first=J.R.C.|last=Cousland|editor-first4=Pheme|editor-last4=Perkins|editor-first1=Michael David|editor-last1=Coogan|editor-first2=Marc Zvi|editor-last2=Brettler|editor-first3=Carol Ann|editor-last3=Newsom|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version|url=https://archive.org/details/newoxfordannotat0000unse_i0x8|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|page=[https://archive.org/details/newoxfordannotat0000unse_i0x8/page/1744 1744]|isbn=978-0-19-528955-8}} * {{cite book|first=J.R.C.|last=Cousland|editor-first1=Michael David|editor-last1=Coogan|editor-first2=Marc Zvi|editor-last2=Brettler|editor-first3=Carol Ann|editor-last3=Newsom|editor-first4=Pheme|editor-last4=Perkins|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T05WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1380|date=1 March 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-027605-8|page=1380}} * {{Cite book | title = The Johannine Literature | last1 = Lindars | first1 = Barnabas | last2 = Edwards | first2 = Ruth | last3 = Court | first3 = John M. | year = 2000 | publisher = A&C Black | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qVOD0PhayhsC | isbn = 978-1-84127-081-4 }} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Mareko]] [[Kategori:Sura Mareko]] [[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Turia Somuso Dödö]] [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Nifahaö Yesu]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] 234yqmsp48a23go4108wts3k52syoy2 0 4076 27659 27612 2026-08-17T14:25:59Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox santo |honorific_prefix = [[Santo]] |name = Mataio |death_date = Ngaotu ndröfi si-1 |feast_day = 21 September (niha Keriso ba Barat)<br />22 Oktober (Ortodoks Koptik)<br />16 November (niha Keriso ba Timur) |venerated_in = Gereja Ortodoks Timur<br />[[Gereja Katolik]]<br />Gereja Katolik Timur<br />Ortodoks Timur<br />Gereja Timur<br />Persekutuan Anglikan<br />[[Gereja Lutheran]] |image = Berkas:Rubens apostel mattheus grt.jpg |caption = Santo Mataio (a.t. 1611) nigambaraini Peter Paul Rubens |birth_place = Kafanauma,{{sfn|Easton|1897}} Galilaia, Kerajaan Romawi |death_place = [[Etiopia]] |titles = Nifahaö, Sanura Injil, Martir |canonized_date = |attributes = Mala'ika |patronage = Akuntan; kota Salerno (Italia); ira sohalöŵö ba bank; sangowuloi bea; ya'ira samazökhi parfum; pegawai negeri<ref name=stmatthewscathedral.org /> |major_works = [[Sura Mataio|Turia Somuso Dödö Nisura Mataio]] }} '''Mataio''' ([[li Ibrani]] מַתִּתְיָהוּ, te'adogo'ö מַתִּי; [[li Aramaia]] ܡܰܬ݁ܰܝ; [[li Yunani]] Μαθθαῖος; [[li Koptik]] ⲙⲁⲧⲑⲉⲟⲥ; [[li Latin]] Matthaeus; li Indonesia Matius) ma asese lakaoni ia '''Santo Mataio''' no töi samösa moroi ba gotalua ndra nifahaö Yesu si felendrua. Molo'ö tradisi niha Keriso, ya'ia göi samösa moroi ba gotalua zi daöfa zanura [[Injil]], sanura Sura Mataio, ba börö da'ö tehöngö göi ia faoma töi '''Mataio Sanura Injil''', sambua döi si lö latema arakhagö fefu gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö, heŵa'ae so göi zanohugö manguma'ö wa Mataio zanura Injil andrö.{{sfn|Allison|2010|p=27}} Isura Amabu'ulali Sibohou wa i'o'ö Yesu Mataio tobali nifahaö Yesu. Furi da'ö laŵaö ira tua Gereja simane [[Ireneus]] ba [[Klemens moroi ba Aleksandria]] wa ituriagö Injil Mataio khö ndra angowuloa Yahudi ba danö Yudea, fatua lö awu'a ia ba negara bö'ö. == Mataio bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou == [[Berkas:Bodleian Library MS. Arm. d.13. Armenian Gospels-0039-0.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambara Mataio bakha ba Injil Armenia 1609, ni'irö'ö ba Bodleian Library]] Bakha ba {{SN|Mataio|9|9}} awö {{SN|Mataio|10|3}} tetötöi Mataio samösa niha sangowuloi bea ba Kafanauma, si dadao ba gödo wanema bea me tekaoni ia wolo'ö Yesu. Tefa'oli göi ia ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si felendrua, ba hiza lö nisura sanandrösa heza moroi ia bakha ba {{SN|Mar|3|18}}, {{SN|Luk|6|15}} ba ba {{SN|HalZin|1|13}}. Ba ayati si fagölö ba Mataio 9:9, lasura Mareko 2:14 ba Luka 5:27 zanandrösa ba wogaoni Lewi, sanema bea, ono Alfeus, ba hiza lö irai latötöi Injil Mareko ba injil Luka wa Lewi andrö no samösa moroi ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si felendrua. == Halöŵö fa'a'enoni == Ituriagö Amabu'ulali Sibohou wa i'o'ö Yesu Mataio, tobali samösa nifahaö. Aefa da'ö la'iagö sambua lote ira nifahaö ({{SN|HalZin|1|10|14}}) (latötöi ia kenakel ba gotalua ndra niha Keriso me föna) ba Yerusalema.{{sfn|Jacquier|1911}} Toröi ndra nifahaö ba Yerusalema ba ba mbanua sifasui ba laturiagö wa Yesu andrö no Keriso. Ba mbuku ''Talmud [[Babilonia]]'' (Sanhedrin 43a), tesura wa "Mattai" andrö no samösa moroi ba gotalua zi dalima nifahaö "Jeshu".{{sfn|Schneemelcher|2003|p=17}} Laŵaö ira tua Gereja simane [[Ireneus]] (''Against Heresies'' 3.1.1) ma zui Klemens moroi ba Aleksandria wa ituriagö Injil Mataio khö ndra niha Yahudi ba danö Yudaia, fatua lö möi ia ba mbanua zobanua. Lö la'ila ya'ira sanura me föna hadia mbanua zobanua andrö, ba hiza latötöi [[Etiopia]] arakhagö fefu gumbu zura.{{sfn|Jacquier|1911}} Ira [[Gereja Katolik]] ba [[Gereja Ortodoks]] la'o'ö tradisi wa mate Mataio tobali ''martir'' (niha nibunu börö wamatinia) ba hulö i'ombakha'ö hewisa labunu ia ''Talmud [[Babilonia]]'' bakha ba Sanhedrin 43a.{{sfn|Lardner|1838|p=299}}{{sfn|Bock|2002|p=164}} Molo'ö tradisi Gereja, me möi mangombakha Mataio ba Etiopia, ibe'e tobali niha Keriso Ephigenia, ono alawe khö razo Etiopia Egippus<ref>''The Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine'', trans. and adapted by Ryan, Granger and Helmut Ripperger. (Arno Press: Longmans, Green & Co) 1941. pp. 561–566.</ref> ba aefa da'ö te'angaruwusi ia tobali biarawati. Me i'ali Egippus razo Hirtacus, i'andrö khö Mataio ena'ö tola omasi Ephigenia mangowalu khönia. Börö da'ö ikaoni razo Hirtacus Mataio ena'ö fao ia ba [[misa]] ba hari migu föna da'ö. Bakha ba misa andrö ihöwö razo Hirtacus andrö Mataio ba wangisönia Ephigenia, si no tobali biarawati ba börö da'ö no sangowalu khö Keriso. Bakha ba wönunia ifatenge zaradadunia razo andrö ba wamunu Mataio si sindro nasa ba [[altar]], irege tebunu ia tobali [[martir]].<ref name=ROCOR2004>The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). ''St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004.'' St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p.&nbsp;70.</ref> == Injil Mataio == [[Berkas:Rembrandt - Saint Matthew and the angel.jpg|jmpl|upright|Gambara ''Santo Mataio faoma Mala'ika'' nigambaraini [[Rembrandt]] (1661)]] Ifaduhu'ö tradisi Gereja meföna wa Mataio zanura Turia Somuso Dödö nisura Mataio. Si föföna sibai manguma'ö da'a ya'ia ngawalö zinura moroi ba ngaotu ndröfia si sara ba si dua, simane sinura uskup Papias moroi ba Hierapolis (a.t. döfi 60–163),{{sfn|Martin|2012}} sangai niŵaö Eusebius, samösa ere Hikaya Gereja (döfi 260–340), imane: "I'owuloi ngawalö ngawua wehede (''logia'': nidunö-dunö khö Yesu) ba li Ibrani Mataio, ba ifo'eluaha ia ndrege wa'abölönia."{{sfn|Turner|2008|p=15–16}}{{efn|name=Eusebius}}{{sfn|Bingham|1998|p=64}} Simanö göi iŵa'ö teolog sotöi Origenes (a.t. 184 – a.t. 253) wa Injil si föföna no nisura Mataio,{{sfn|Edwards|2009|p=18}}{{sfn|Repschinski|2000|p=14}} ba wa Injil andrö khönia no tesura ba li Ibrani ba zahatö ba Yerusalema si lalö khö ndra niha Keriso Ibrani ba ni'ali ba li Yunani. Injil asli ba li Ibrani andrö te'irö'ö ba perpustakaan Kaisaria. Ba gangahorita ngaotu ndröfia si öfa lafazökhi sambua kopi Injil andrö ira fa'awösa Nazarene ba labe'e ia khö Hieronimus{{sfn|Nicholson|1879|p=82}} ni'oguna'önia dania ba halöŵö wangosili Zura Ni'amoni'ö.{{sfn|Saint Jerome|2000|p=10}} Latötöi Injil Mataio me luo da'ö ''Turia Somuso Dödö molo'ö niha Heberaio''{{sfn|Hultgren|Haggmark|1996|p=122}} ba itaria göi ''Turia Somuso Dödö ndra Nifahaö''{{sfn|Nicholson|1879|p=26}}{{sfn|Dods|1858|p=iv}} ba faduhu dödö niha me luo da'ö wa injil andre no tanömö zura asli ''Mataio Yunani'' si so bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö.{{sfn|Harrison|1964|p=152}} Ba hiza no latenaŵa da'a ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö modern simane Bart D. Ehrman ba James R. Edwards.{{sfn|Edwards|2009|p=245}}{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|p=43}} Faigi göi nifotöi ''hipotese dombua-gumbu''.<ref>'''Hipotese dombua-gumbu''' no sambua zöndra nifaehagö ndra ere zura Ni'amoni'ö ba wamotokhi hana wa oya zi fagölö ba so göi zi fabö'ö ba gotalua zi tölu injil Mataio, Mareko ba Luka. Molo'ö famotokhi andre me lasura injil khöra ira Mataio ba Luka, la'oguna'ö '''injil Mareko'''. Awena lanönö göi nidunö-dunö si tesöndra ba zura '''Q''', ya'ia da'ö angowuloa angowuloa nidunö-dunö sanandrösa khö Yesu ba gotalua ndra niha Keriso.</ref>{{sfn|Mills|Wilson|2003|p=942}}{{sfn|Epiphanius of Salamis|1987|p=129}} Ha sambalö latema'ö arakhagö fefu gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö modern wa sanura Injil Mataio no niha bö'ö si lö ta'ila töi ba tenga Mataio samösa.{{sfn|Muddiman|Barton|2010|p=27}}{{sfn|Allison|2010|p=27}} Lö nibe'enia döinia bakha ba teks sanura injil Mataio ba molo'ö ndra ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö, awena ba ngaotu ndröfia si dua tenönö döi zura "molo'ö Mataio".{{sfn|Harrington|1991|p=8}}{{sfn|Nolland|2005|p=16}} == Injil bö'ö si lö resmi ("apokrif") == [[Berkas:Matthaeus San Giovanni in Laterano 2006-09-07.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambara ''Santo Mataio'' nigambaraini Camillo Rusconi (1713–1715), so ba Basilika Sebua Santo Yohane Lateran ba Roma]] Ba ngaotu ndröfia si tölu, la'oguna'ö injil Keriso-Yahudi niböbögö khö Mataio ya'ira niha Keriso Yahudi simane fa'awösa Nazarene ba fa'awösa Ebionita. Tesöndra gakhökhöla si toröi moroi ba injil andre bakha ba zura Hieronimus, sura Epiphanius ba ba zura tanöbö'ö. La'o'ö wamaosatö ngawalö zura andre arakhagö fefu zangosili Zura Ni'amoni'ö: Injil ndra fa'awösa Nazarene (36 fragmen), Injil ndra niha Ebionita (7 fragmen) ba Injil ndra niha Yahudi (7 fragmen) si tesöndra bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou ''apokrif''<ref>Lafotöi ''apokrif'' fefu zura injil si ''lö resmi'' tetema'ö bakha ba Gereja, simane injil ndra Nazarene, injil ndra Ebionita, injil ndra niha Heberaio, injil Tomas btn. Lö te'oguna'ö ia bakha ba Gereja me manumbu dödö niha ba wa'afatulönia. Bahiza la'oguna'ö oi zura andre ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba wangosili hewisa zalua me luo no ba ginötö Yesu.</ref> nifa'anö Schneemelcher. Laŵa'ö ira komentator si no mangosisi'o ngawalö teks andre wa tesura ia ba li Yunani ba tefaböbö ia ba Mataio Yunani.{{sfn|Vielhauer|Strecker|2003|p=542}} So ösa ndra komentator sanguma'ö wa teks andre no akhökhöla (li Indonesia ''fragmen'') moroi ba injil asli ba li Ibrani ba ba li Aramaia si no taya. Injil nifotöi Pseudo-Mataio no sambua zura nifa'anö ba ngaotu ndröfia si fitu moroi ba zi tölu zura ''apokrif'' tanöbö'ö ya'ia da'ö Injil Yakobus, Foloi ba Mesir, ba Injil Nono Side-ide nisura Tomas. Ifasinga Hieronimus, wa molo'ö ndra fa'awösa Nazarene, Injil Heberaio khöra no nisura Mataio {{sfn|Saint Jerome|2000|p=10}} heŵa'ae laŵa'ö ira [[Ireneus]] ba Epiphanius moroi ba Salami wa sindruhunia injil andre ha nisura mangawuli Injil resmi (''kanonik''). So ma'ifu nösi Injil andre si tesöndra ba ngawalö zura ndra [[tua Gereja]], niŵa'ö nisura Mataio.{{sfn|Mills|Wilson|2003|p=942}} Lö iŵa'ö Epiphanius wa Mataio zanura Injil Heberaio, ha iböbögö wanguma'ö simanö khö ndra Ebionita (sambua wa'awösa niha Keriso selungu).{{sfn|Epiphanius of Salamis|1987|p=129}} [[Berkas:Matthew the Apostle. Detail of the mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale. Ravena, Italy.jpg|jmpl|upright|Gambara ''Mataio Nifahaö'', detil mosaik si so ba Basilika Santo Vitale, Ravenna, ngaotu ndröfia si önö]] == Fanörö-tödö khönia == Latema'ö Mataio tobali samösa niha ni'amoni'ö (''santo'') ya'ira [[Gereja Katolik]], [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]], [[Gereja Lutheran]]{{sfn|ELCA|2006|p=57}} ba [[Gereja Anglikan]]. La'owasaini wanörö-tödö khönia ero 21 September ba Barat ba ero 16 November ba Timur (Ba gereja-gereja solo'ö kalender Julian te'aekhugö ia ero 29 November kalender Gregorian modern, saekhu ba 16 November ba kalender Julian). Latörö-tödö göi Mataio ba Gereja Ortodoks ero 30 Juni (13 Juli) fao awö ndra nifahaö bö'ö, nifotöira ''Synaksis ndra Nifahaö Ni'amoni'ö''. So lewatönia ba gereja Katedral Salerno ba Italia Selatan. Bakha ba Gereja Anglikan ba Inggris la'owasaini ia faoma sambua festival sebua ero 21 September.<ref name=Calendar /> Simane ya'ira sanura Injil tanöbö'ö, asese göi tegambaraini Mataio bakha ba ''seni'' niha Keriso faoma aurifö nitötöi bakha ba zura Wama'ele'ö 4:7.<ref>{{SN|Fam|4|7}}</ref> Si to'ölö labe'e fao bakha ba gambara Mataio ya'ia samösa niha si so afi. Tölu gambara Mataio nifazökhi Caravaggio si so ba Gereja San Luigi dei Francesi ba [[Roma]], heza oroma ikaoni Mataio Yesu moroi ba halöŵönia ba wangowuloi bea, no tölu gambara fondrege tehöngö ba ''seni'' Barat. == Bakha ba Islam == Itötöi Al-Qur'an wa so ndra nifahaö Yesu, ba hiza lö itötöi döira, ha ifotöi ira "sanolo halöŵö Lowalangi".<ref>{{Cite quran|3|49|e=53|s=ns}}</ref> Ba hiza latötöi döi ndra nifahaö andrö ira samo'eluaha Al-Qur'an ba laŵaö wa fao ba da'ö Mataio.{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2003|p=86}} Latohugö sambua tradisi ira samo'eluaha Al-Qur'an wa Mataio ba Andrea no darua nifahaö si möi ba Etiopia ba wanuriagö turia Lowalangi. == Bakha ba arsitektur == Ba narö zagö Basilika Wanuriagö ba Nazareta so gambara Mataio Nifahaö awö hikayania faoma razo Eglypus moroi ba Etiopia ba iraono khönia. Te'oroma'ö hewisa me i'oloi'ö ira Mataio moroi khö gafökha. Itutunö Sura Ni'amoni'ö hewisa me ibali'ö niha Keriso razo andrö awö ndraono khönia Mataio. Tenga ha itutunö gambara Mataio andre hadia nifazökhi Mataio bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö, ba hiza ifasinga göi wa edöna tobali ''martir'' Mataio. Me labunu Mataio Nifahaö, tobali ia ''martir'' khö agama niha Keriso börö me tebunu ia ba wamatinia ba ba wamahaönia. Itolo ita fogambaraini gambara ba narö zagö Basilika Wanuriagö andre ena'ö aboto ba dödöda hewisa ba ginötö föna andrö me tobali agama wa'anihakeriso. I'oroma'ö sambua nikhoi sadölö ba gotaluara Etiopia ba Nazareta, heza so ibu kota iada'a.<ref name=stmatthewscathedral.org>{{cite web|url=http://www.stmatthewscathedral.org/events/2013/09/happy-feast-st-matthew |title=Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle, Washington, D.C |publisher=Stmatthewscathedral.org |date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2014-07-10}}</ref><ref name=franciscanmedia.org>{{Cite web |title=Saint Matthew |website=franciscanmedia.org |publisher=Franciscan Media |access-date=21 September 2020 |url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-matthew/ |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008010504/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-matthew/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=Calendar>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jewish">{{Cite journal |last1=Nees |first1=Lawrence |last2=Boehm |first2=Barbara Drake |last3=Holcolmb |first3=Melanie |date=2018 |title=Pleasurable Perplexity: Reflecting the Holy City |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90025854 |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=551–561 |jstor=90025854 |issn=0021-6682}}</ref><ref name="Neophilologus">Jasmine A. L. Kilburn. 2003. "The Contrasted `Other' in the Old English Apocryphal Acts of Matthew, Simon and Jude." Neophilologus 87 (1) (01): 137–151.</ref><ref name=Humanities>Naomi, Simhony. 2020. "The Central Synagogue of Nazareth Illit and its Architectural Dialogue with Nazareth’s Basilica of the Annunciation." Humanities & Social Sciences Communications 7 (1) (12).</ref> == Bakha ba zura fiksi == * Novel The Master and Margarita == Galeri == <gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Mataio Sanura Injil"> Saint Matthew2.jpg|Santo Mataio bakha ba Injil Ebbo MattewIslam.JPG|''Isura injil Santo Mataio ba mala'ika sogogohe ya'ia'', gambara Islam a.t.. 1530 nifazökhi Kesu Das khö razo Mughal The Calling of Saint Matthew-Caravaggo (1599-1600).jpg|''Fogaoni Santo Mataio'', nigambaraini Caravaggio (1599–1600) Guido Reni - St Matthew and the Angel.jpg|''Santo Mataio ba Mala'ika'' nigambaraini Guido Reni (1620–1630) MatthewSt.Matts.jpg|Gambara Santo Mataio ba Gereja Lutheran Jerman ba Charleston, South Carolina Saint Matthew (crop) - Triumphal arch - Sant'Apollinare in Classe - Ravenna 2016.jpg|Ikon Santo Mataio ba Basilika Santo Apolinaris, Ravenna Giuseppe Bernardi-Matthew-BMA.jpg|Adu Santo Mataio nifazökhi moroi ba dambu nibogö nifazökhi Giuseppe Bernardi Salerno 2013-05-17 10-47-55.jpg|Lewatö barö Gereja Katedral Salerno Helsinki Cathedral Matthew the Evangelist.jpg|Adu Santo Mataio nifazökhi August Wredow ba zagö Katedral Helsinki </gallery> == Faigi göi == * [[Mataio]] * [[Sura Mataio]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Sura Mareko]] * [[Luka]] * [[Sura Luka]] * [[Yohane]] * [[Injil Yohane]] * [[Sura Yohane]] == Referensi == === Famotokhi === {{notelist|notes= {{efn|name=Eusebius|Eusebius, "History of the Church" 3.39.14–17, c.&nbsp;325 CE, teks Yunani 16: "ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἱστόρηται τῷ Παπίᾳ περὶ τοῦ Μάρκου· περὶ δὲ τοῦ Ματθαῖου ταῦτ’ εἴρηται· Ματθαῖος μὲν οὖν Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ τὰ λόγια συνετάξατο, ἡρμήνευσεν δ’ αὐτὰ ὡς ἧν δυνατὸς ἕκαστος. Oya te'ali ba li Inggris, referensi standar nifazökhi Philip Schaff ba [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.viii.xxxix.html CCEL]: "[C]oncerning Matthew he [Papias] writes as follows: 'So then(963) Matthew wrote the oracles in the Hebrew language, and every one interpreted them as he was able.'(964)" Versi online fao ba da'ö wamotokhi ba gahe 963 awö 964 moroi khö Schaff.<br>Iŵa'ö göi [[Ireneus moroi ba Lyons]] (mate a.t. 202) zimane da'ö, te ihalö moroi khö Papias, bakha ba ''Against Heresies'', [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.iv.ii.html Book III, Chapter 1], ''"Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect"''}} }} === Umbu === {{Reflist}} === Basoŵa === {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{cite EB1911|first=James Vernon |last=Bartlet|wstitle=Matthew, St|volume=17}} *{{cite book| first=Dale C. Jr. |last=Allison|author-link=Dale Allison|editor-first1=John|editor-last1=Muddiman|editor-first2=John|editor-last2=Barton|title=The Gospels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utMUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|date=22 April 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-958025-5|page=27}} *{{cite book|last=Bingham|first=D. Jeffrey |title=Irenaeus' Use of Matthew's Gospel in Adversus Haereses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vRvCYSw4DIC&pg=PA64|year=1998|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-6831-964-4}} *{{cite book|last=Bock|first=Darrell L. |title=Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZooDflYCwEC&pg=PA164|year=2002|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-1-58558-596-0}} *{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=William David |last2=Finkelstein|first2=Louis |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 2, The Hellenistic Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L20ipjJ-efYC|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21929-7}} *{{cite book |first=John Bovee |last=Dods |editor=Gibson Smith |year=1858 |url=https://archive.org/details/gospeljesus00dodsgoog |quote=Gospel of the Apostles. |title=The Gospel of Jesus |publisher=G. Smith }} *{{cite EBD|wstitle=Matthew}} *{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=James R. |title=The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs9YXAB_axYC&pg=PA18|year=2009|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-6234-1}} *{{cite book|first=Bart D.|last=Ehrman|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8_QCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|date=23 September 1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802888-8|page=45}} *{{cite book|first=Bart D.|last=Ehrman|title=A Brief Introduction to the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrRBAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536934-2|page=56}} *{{cite book|ref={{sfnref|ELCA|2006}}|publisher=Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|title=Evangelical Lutheran Worship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnOnQwAACAAJ|year=2006|via=Augsburg Fortress|isbn=978-0-8066-5672-4|chapter=Lesser Festivals, Commemorations, and Occasions}} *{{cite book|author=Epiphanius of Salamis|author-link=Epiphanius of Salamis|title=The Panarion of Ephiphanius of Salamis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9-utOHPLfEC&pg=PA129|volume=Book I (sects 1–46)|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-07926-2|translator=Frank Williams}} *{{cite book|last=Freedman|first= David Noel |title=The Anchor Bible Reference Library|year=2001|publisher=Doubleday|title-link=Anchor Bible Series}} *{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Everett Falconer |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh7b4o6JQpIC&pg=PA152 |title=Introduction to the New Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=9780802847867 }} *{{cite book|last=Hezser|first=Catherine |title=Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlrxbYml2ioC&pg=PA172|year=2001|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-147546-7}} *{{cite book|last1=Hultgren|first1=Arland J. |last2=Haggmark|first2=Steven A. |title=The Earliest Christian Heretics: Readings from Their Opponents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wLZAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-0-8006-2963-2}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=St. Matthew|first=Eugène |last=Jacquier|volume=10}} *{{cite book |author=Saint Jerome |editor=Thomas P. Halton |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqzY1zBtKg0C&q=%22composed%20a%20gospel%20of%20Christ%22&pg=PA10 |title=On Illustrious Men (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 100) |publisher=CUA Press |isbn=978-0813201009 }} *{{cite book|last=Lardner|first=Nathaniel |author-link=Nathaniel Lardner|title=The Works of Nathaniel Lardner|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DX89AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA299|year=1838|publisher=W. Ball|volume=5|chapter=St Matthew, Apostle and Evangelist}} *{{Cite web |title=Introduction to New Testament History and Literature |last=Martin |first=Dale B. |work=oyc.yale.edu |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University |access-date=21 September 2020 |url= https://oyc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/canon_0.pdf }} *{{cite journal|first=Werner G. |last=Marx|title=Money Matters in Matthew|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-bibliotheca-sacra_1979-06_136_542/page/148 |journal=Bibliotheca Sacra|volume= 136|issue=542|date=April–June 1979|pages=148–157}} *{{cite book|last1=Mills|first1=Watson E. |last2=Wilson|first2=Richard F. |title=Mercer Commentary on the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNLZYtBEw0sC&pg=PA942|year=2003|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=978-0-86554-864-0}} *{{Cite book|last1=Muddiman|first1=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utMUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|title=The Gospels|last2=Barton|first2=John|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-958025-5}} *{{cite book|last=Nicholson|first=E.B. |author-link=E.B. Nicholson|title=The Gospel according to the Hebrews, its fragments tr. and annotated, with a critical analysis of the evidence relating to it|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb4CAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA82|year=1879}} *{{cite book |author1-last= Noegel|author1-first= Scott B.|author2-last= Wheeler|author2-first= Brandon M.|date= 2003|title= Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6aTXAAAAMAAJ|location= Lanham, MD|publisher= Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield)|isbn= 978-0810843059}} *{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924095207126/page/n651/mode/2up |title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|chapter= Matthew |editor-first=James|editor-last= Orr |publisher=The Howard-Severance Co.|location=Chicago |year=1915 }} *{{cite book|last=Repschinski|first=Boris |title=The Controversy Stories in the Gospel of Matthew: Their Redaction, Form und &#91;sic&#93; Relevance for the Relationship Between the Matthean Community and Formative Judaism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2VLANXcZsYC&pg=PA14|year=2000|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-525-53873-9}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Schneemelcher|editor-first=Wilhelm |title=New Testament Apocrypha: Writings relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and related subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6IqqnEoN3QC&pg=PA17|year=2003|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22722-7|translator=Robert McLachlan Wilson}} *{{Cite book|last=Theissen|first=Gerd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhQsAQAAMAAJ|author-link=Gerd Theissen|title=The New Testament: History, Literature, Religion|date=2003|publisher=T & T Clark|isbn=978-0-567-08949-6}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Schneemelcher|editor-first=Wilhelm |author-link=Wilhelm Schneemelcher|title=New Testament Apocrypha: Writings relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and related subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6IqqnEoN3QC&pg=PA17|year=2003|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22722-7|translator=Robert McLachlan Wilson|last1=Vielhauer |last2=Strecker|first1=Philipp|first2=Georg}} *{{Cite journal|last1=NEES |first1=LAWRENCE |author2=Barbara Drake Boehm |author3=Melanie Holcolmb |title=Pleasurable Perplexity: Reflecting the Holy City |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=108 |issue=4 |year=2018 |pages=551–561 |doi=10.1353/jqr.2018.0038 |jstor=90025854 |s2cid=165897158 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90025854}} {{refend}} === Basoŵa onönöta === {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Aune|editor-first=David E. |title=The Gospel of Matthew in current study|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8lZ7BXzt0sCe|isbn=978-0-8028-4673-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Aune|first=David E.|title=The New Testament in its literary environment|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSto1nkx9AC|isbn=978-0-664-25018-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Beaton |first=Richard C. |chapter=How Matthew Writes |editor1-last=Bockmuehl |editor1-first=Markus |editor2-last=Hagner |editor2-first=Donald A. |title=The Written Gospel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAZxCMRztQ4C&pg=PA116 |isbn=978-0-521-83285-4 }} * {{Cite book|last=Browning|first=W. R. F.|title=Oxford Dictionary of the Bible|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKsdAtPUoRgC&q=W.+R.+F.+Browning,+Gospel+of+Matthew,+A+dictionary+of+the+Bible|isbn=978-0-19-860890-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Burkett|first=Delbert|title=An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&q=Gospel+of+Matthew|isbn=978-0-521-00720-7}} * {{Cite book |last = Casey |first = Maurice |author-link = Maurice Casey |title = Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching |publisher = Continuum |year = 2010 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC |isbn = 978-0-567-64517-3 }} * {{Cite book|last=Clarke|first=Howard W.|title=The Gospel of Matthew and Its Readers|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BB70m7EVPkC&q=Howard+W.+Clarke+%282003%29|isbn=978-0-253-34235-5}} * {{Cite book |editor1-last = Cross |editor1-first = Frank L. |editor1-link = Frank Leslie Cross |editor2-last = Livingstone |editor2-first = Elizabeth A. |title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |contribution = Matthew, Gospel acc. to St. |page = 1064 |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2005 |orig-year = 1997 |edition = 3 |url = http://www.biblicalwritings.com/the-oxford-dictionary-of-the-christian-church/?alfa=M&word=Matthew,%0AGospel+acc.+to+St.+ |isbn = 978-0-19-280290-3 |access-date = 14 November 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184503/http://www.biblicalwritings.com/the-oxford-dictionary-of-the-christian-church/?alfa=M&word=Matthew,%0AGospel+acc.+to+St.+ |archive-date = 23 September 2015 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }} * {{Cite book|last=Dunn|first=James D. G.|title=Jesus Remembered|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC|isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2}} * {{cite book |last = Ehrman |first = Bart D. |title = Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth |year = 2012 |publisher = HarperCollins |isbn = 978-0-06-220460-8 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC&pg=PT102 }} * {{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Reginald H. |chapter=Biblical Theology |editor1-last=Metzger |editor1-first=Bruce M. |editor2-last=Coogan |editor2-first=Michael D. |title=The Oxford Guide to Ideas & Issues of the Bible |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780195149173 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aml3tEWoOVEC&pg=PA68 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last = Hagner |first = D. A. |editor-last = Bromiley |editor-first = Geoffrey W. |title = International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 3: K-P |contribution = Matthew, Gospel According to |pages = 280–8 |year = 1986 |publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn = 978-0-8028-8163-2 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC&pg=PA280 }} * {{cite book|last=Harris |first=Stephen L. |title=Understanding the Bible |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingbib0000harr_w2l8 |location=Palo Alto |publisher=Mayfield |year=1985 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kowalczyk |first=A. |title=The influence of typology and texts of the Old Testament on the redaction of Matthew's Gospel |publisher=Bernardinum |year=2008 |url=http://digital.fides.org.pl/publication/814 |isbn=978-83-7380-625-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kupp |first=David D. |title=Matthew's Emmanuel: Divine Presence and God's People in the First Gospel |url=https://archive.org/details/matthewsemmanuel0000kupp |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-57007-7 }} * {{Cite book |last=Levine |first=Amy-Jill |chapter=Visions of kingdoms: From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt |editor1-last=Coogan |editor1-first=Michael D. |title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PT546 |isbn=978-0-19-513937-2 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Levison |first1=J. |last2=Pope-Levison |first2=P. |chapter=Christology |editor1-last=Dyrness |editor1-first=William A. |editor2-last=Kärkkäinen |editor2-first=Veli-Matti |title=Global Dictionary of Theology |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780830878116 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C&pg=PA167 }} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|title=Studies in Matthew|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voRVZFEpNsAC&q=Luz+Studies+in+Matthew|isbn=978-0-8028-3964-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|title=The Theology of the Gospel of Matthew|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKl5M_MQMoYC|isbn=978-0-521-43576-5}} * {{Cite book |last=McMahon |first=Christopher |chapter=Introduction to the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles |editor-last=Ruff |editor-first=Jerry |title=Understanding the Bible: A Guide to Reading the Scriptures |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780884898528 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=al4d-3t6rqwC&pg=PA57 }} * {{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Leon|title=New Testament Theology|publisher=Zondervan|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6D3o6fZd67EC&q=Morris+New+Testament+Theology|isbn=978-0-310-45571-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Peppard |first=Michael |title=The Son of God in the Roman World: Divine Sonship in Its Social and Political Context |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iH4Zk-3MJJcC&pg=PA133|isbn=9780199753703 }} * {{Cite book|last=Perkins|first=Pheme|chapter=The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSHCRgS_SAUC&pg=PR7|title=The Cambridge Companion to Biblical Interpretation|isbn=0521485932|date=1998-07-28}}, in {{Cite book|editor-last=Kee|editor-first=Howard Clark|title=The Cambridge companion to the bible: part 3|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00keeh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-521-48593-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Saldarini|first=Anthony|chapter=Matthew|year=2003|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA1000|title=Eerdmans commentary on the Bible|isbn=0802837115}}, in {{Cite book|last1=Dunn|first1=James D. G.|last2=Rogerson|first2=John William|title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Saldarini|first=Anthony|title=Matthew's Christian-Jewish Community|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btSZh4_vzqoC|isbn=978-0-226-73421-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Sanford |first=Christopher B. |title=Matthew: Christian Rabbi |publisher=Author House |year=2005 |isbn=9781420883718 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYw3MGiYgSkC }} * {{Cite book |last=Scholtz |first=Donald |title=Jesus in the Gospels and Acts: Introducing the New Testament |publisher=Saint Mary's Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780884899556 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=royKA4FeMB4C&pg=PA34 }} * {{Cite book|last=Senior|first=Donald|chapter=Directions in Matthean Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8lZ7BXzt0sC|title=The Gospel of Matthew in Current Study: Studies in Memory of William G. Thompson, S.J|isbn=0802846734|year=2001}}, in {{Cite book|editor-last=Aune|editor-first=David E. |title=The Gospel of Matthew in current study|url=https://archive.org/details/gospelofmatthewi0000unse_o7v3|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8028-4673-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Senior|first=Donald|title=What are they saying about Matthew?|publisher=PaulistPress|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuyaPmvwnLEC&q=What+are+they+saying+about+Matthew|isbn=978-0-8091-3624-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Stanton|first=Graham|title=A gospel for a new people: studies in Matthew|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GytxXOIsF-0C&q=Stanton%2BA+Gospel+for+a+New+People|isbn=978-0-664-25499-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Strecker|first=Georg|title=Theology of the New Testament|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2000 |orig-year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6NxpAvdrOgC&q=Strecker+Theology+New+Testament|isbn=978-0-664-22336-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Tuckett |first=Christopher Mark |title=Christology and the New Testament: Jesus and His Earliest Followers |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780664224318 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5Zr0_CsEcwC&q=christology+matthew&pg=PA119 }} * {{Cite book|last=Van de Sandt|first=H. W. M.|chapter=''Introduction''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTE0FQtrphwC&q=Matthew+and+the+Didache|title=Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish–Christian Milieu?|isbn=9023240774|year=2005}}, in {{Cite book|last=Van de Sandt|first=H. W. M.|title=Matthew and the Didache|publisher=Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press|year=2005|isbn=978-90-232-4077-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Weren|first=Wim|chapter=The History and Social Setting of the Matthean Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTE0FQtrphwC&q=Matthew+and+the+Didache|title=Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish–Christian Milieu?|isbn=9023240774|year=2005}}, in {{Cite book|editor-last=Van de Sandt|editor-first=H. W. M.|title=Matthew and the Didache|publisher=Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press|year=2005|isbn=978-90-232-4077-8}} {{refend}} ==== Komentar ==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Allison|first=D. C.|author-link=Dale Allison|title=Matthew: A Shorter Commentary|publisher=T&T Clark|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_OShrBh0I0C&q=Allison+Matthew:+a+shorter+commentary|isbn=978-0-567-08249-7}} * {{Cite book|last1=Davies|first1=W. D.|author-link=W. D. Davies|last2=Allison|first2=D. C.|title=Matthew 1–7|publisher=T&T Clark|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQzZc7KYUKgC&q=Davies+and+Allison+%E2%80%94+Matthew+1-7|isbn=978-0-567-08355-5 }} * {{Cite book|last1=Davies|first1=W. D.|last2=Allison|first2=D. C.|title=Matthew 8–18|publisher=T&T Clark|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdpE84GmWiIC&q=Davies+and+Allison+%E2%80%94+Matthew+8-18&pg=PA211|isbn=978-0-567-08365-4}} * {{Cite book|last1=Davies|first1=W. D.|last2=Allison|first2=D. C.|title=Matthew 19–28|publisher=T&T Clark|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEKQ_iBhX7UC&q=Davies+and+Allison+%E2%80%94+Matthew+19-28|isbn=978-0-567-08375-3}} * {{Cite book |last = Duling |first = Dennis C. |editor-last=Aune |editor-first = David E. |title = The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament |contribution = The Gospel of Matthew |publisher = Wiley-Blackwell |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-1-4051-0825-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&q=%22Chapter+18+The+Gospel+of+Matthew%22&pg=PA295}} * {{Cite book|last=France|first=R. T.|title=The Gospel of Matthew|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&q=%22A+pre-70+date+for+Matthew%22&pg=PA19 |isbn=978-0-8028-2501-8 |page=19}} * {{Cite book |last=Harrington|first=Daniel J.|title=The Gospel of Matthew | publisher=Liturgical Press|year=1991|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bNf13S3k2w0C|isbn=9780814658031 }} * {{Cite book|last=Keener|first=Craig S.|title=A commentary on the Gospel of Matthew|publisher=Eerdmans|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWzhEdBZOp4C&q=Craig+S.+Keener+%E2%80%94+A+Commentary+on+the+Gospel+of+Matthew|isbn=978-0-8028-3821-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|author-link=Ulrich Luz|title=Matthew 1–7: a commentary|url=https://archive.org/details/matthew17contine0000luzu|publisher=Fortress Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-8006-9600-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|title=Matthew 8–20: a commentary|publisher=Fortress Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8006-6034-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar0000luzu}} * {{Cite book|last=Luz|first=Ulrich|title=Matthew 21–28: a commentary|publisher=Fortress Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8006-3770-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar0000luzu}} * {{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Leon|title=The Gospel according to Matthew|publisher=Eerdmans|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC&q=Leon+Morris+%E2%80%94+The+Gospel+According+to+Matthew|isbn=978-0-85111-338-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Nolland|first=John|title=The Gospel of Matthew: A Commentary on the Greek Text|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|isbn=0802823890}} * {{Cite book|last=Turner|first=David L.|title=Matthew|publisher=Baker|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8z9LSdKLUl4C&q=David+Turner|isbn=978-0-8010-2684-3}} {{refend}} == Khai-khai baero == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121118101557/http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/medmil/pages/non-mma-pages/text_links/gl_matthew.html Saint Matthew the Apostle] from The ''[[Golden Legend]]'' *[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103313 Apostle and Evangelist Matthew] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] *[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2006/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20060830_en.html Benedict XVI, "Matthew", General audience, 30 August 2006] *[https://opinion.inquirer.net/81926/the-caravaggio-effect "The Caravaggio Effect"] {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Mataio]] [[Kategori:Sura Mataio]] [[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Turia Somuso Dödö]] [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Nifahaö Yesu]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] 3i7i9ywl5fvonixezoqmmneybx43o88 0 4080 27635 23702 2026-08-17T13:23:09Z Slaia 39 27635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies | fossil_range = [[Kapur (periode)|Periode Kapur]]&nbsp;– [[Holosen|sekarang]] | subdivision_ranks = Subfamili | subdivision = * [[Agroecomyrmecinae]] * [[Amblyoponinae]] (termasuk "[[Apomyrminae]]") * [[Aneuretinae]] * {{extinct}}[[Brownimeciinae]] * [[Dolichoderinae]] * [[Dorylinae]] * [[Ectatomminae]] * {{extinct}}[[Formiciinae]] * [[Formicinae]] * {{extinct}}[[Haidomyrmecinae]] * [[Heteroponerinae]] * [[Leptanillinae]] * [[Martialinae]] * [[Myrmeciinae]] (termasuk "[[Nothomyrmeciinae]]") * [[Myrmicinae]] * [[Paraponerinae]] * [[Ponerinae]] * [[Proceratiinae]] * [[Pseudomyrmecinae]] * {{extinct}}[[Sphecomyrminae]] }} '''Sikhö''' no sambua gaurifö ngasi serangga eusosial moroi ba ngambatö ''Formicidae'' ba, fao ira geto ba faöhö, farahu ira ba ordo ''Hymenoptera''. Sikhö berevolusi moroi ba mbörötara ya'ia geto vespoid me inötö Kretaseus. Töra moroi ba zi 13.800 ngasi moroi ba 22.000 ngasi spesies zi no la golagö. Aoha wangi'ila sikhö andre me so antena genikulat (berlutut) ba struktur simane nodus, zi tobali famobö'ö moroi ba zato sofangamöi lafoyo sise'ise. {{Fonga'eu}} Sikhö andre ba lalau wabanuasa (fao ba orudu ba zi sambua nahia) ba fa'oyara no oi fabö'ö-bö'ö. I'oroi ngawawa zi ngafulu nga'eu zikhö si so ba dögi-dögi danö si gide-ide irugi ba ngawawa sebua si so ba göla danö sebolo. Tola irugi ma to sazuta wa'oyara. Ngawawa sebua andre no so dekhe ba sigelo zikhö, si lö asese mo'ono ba lö mo'afi, abölö oya ira tobali sikhö sohalöwö (ergat), awö tobali saradadu zikhö, ba sohalöwö tanöbö'önia. Arakhagö oi fefu ngawawa zikhö andre ba so khöra la'imba zikhö nifotöi "drone" ba so göi sageu ma töra sageu zigelo sasese mo'ono nifotöi "ratu" (gine). Ngawawa-ngawawa da'a ba tola lamane ia superorganisme (aurifö sitehude moroi ba gurifö tanöbö'ö) me sikhö andre ba no so khöra wahasara dödö, falulu fohalöwö ba wolasoni ngawawara. Sikhö andre ba no arakhagö i'awawaisi ma'asagörö uli danö. Sambua mbolokha danö si lö irai so sikhö sowanua (asli), ya'ia Antartika faoma hulo-hulo sitesafi. Sikhö andre ba tola auri ia ba nahia saukhu-aukhu (tropis) ba ba nahia sabasö-basö. Hewa'ae no ide-ide mbotora, sikhö no sambua aurifö sabölö ba gulidanö. Zikhö simatua tola i'ohe noro si limawulu kali fa'abua mbotonia, tola tafaedogö ia faoma gaza si tola mo'osa'ö noro dua kali fa'abua mbotonia. Ba hiza, ha kumbang badak zi tola wosaingi zikhö, si tola mamazawa wa'abua 850 kali wa'abua mbotonia. Ba li Inggris, sikhö la ŵa'ö <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ant|title=Ant |access-date=2023-07-17 |archive-date=2023-07-17|}} </ref> [[ant]] lahalö moroi ba wehede ''emmet'', moroi ''ǣmette'' (li Inggris satua) <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emmet|title=Emete |access-date=2023-07-17 |archive-date=2023-07-17|}}</ref>. Ba li Jerman la ŵa'ö ''Ameise'' nihalö moroi ba *ǣmaitjōn (Jerman) so eluaha: si fa'usu. Ba ba li Indonesia laŵa'ö: semut. Ba ba Danö Niha laŵa'ö: sikhö. Sikhö andre ba no so ia i'otarai luo föna. Ba mbuku Gamabu'ula Si Föföna, ba tesendra zinura samatunö sikhö andre. Labali'ö ia duma-duma ma maeodo-maedo. Ae faigi zikhö andrö, yaʼugö si no areu; faigi gamuatania, enaʼö ösöndra waʼatua-tua. Lö salaŵa khöra, lö mandru, lö solohe; Ba laʼalui zui mbalazora na baŵa mosino, lahöna göra na baŵa wamasi. <ref>Sura Gamaedola 6:6-8</ref> {{Kultivasi}} {{Habitat}} Sikhö andre, na arakhagö so ia ba zi sagörö ulidanö. Hiza so mbanua si lö oya zikhö andre, simane ba [[Islandia]], [[Greenland]], faoma [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0708/feature5/did_you_know.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2007-11-10 |archive-date=2007-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116080214/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0708/feature5/did_you_know.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hear.org/ants/ |title=Pest Ants in Hawaii |date=2004-07-08 |author=Philip Thomas |publisher=Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR)}}</ref> Sikhö andre, mangahaogö so ba zi 15–20% moroi ba ''biomassa'' gurifö si so ba dete danö.<ref name="schultz">{{cite journal |quotes=no |author=Ted R. Schultz |year=2000 |title=In search of ant ancestors |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA]] |volume=97 |issue=26 |pages=14928–14029 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/97/26/14028}}</ref> Ngawalö zikhö andre si no oi la'ila niha, simane; sikhö saitö, te hulö [[Gegewukhö]] ia na ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]], sikhö sebua, sikhö soyo ''(semut api)'', [[Sikhö Hombo]] ma ba li Indonesia lamane; ''semut rangrang''. [[Henu]] asese latötöi faoma fanötöi; sikhö safusi ''(semut putih)'' hiza lö fao ia ba gangolifa zikhö, heŵa'ae so khöra wa'afagölö ba lala wa'auri. {{Kultivasi}} {{Fangoguna'ö}} {{Faniaga}} {{Onönöta}} {{Basoŵa}} == Umbu == lw90gyzkdbil0d6inf47eo8lux3k6by 0 4085 27664 24497 2026-08-17T14:34:08Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27664 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Social Media Platforms.jpg|jmpl|Mato ha'uga ba gotalua oya media sosial]] '''Media sosial''' ma asese la'adogo'ö '''Medsos''' no sambua wakake [[teknologi]] si tola te'oguna'ö ba wariawösa yaŵa ba [[Internet]]. Tola la'oguna'ö ia ba wamazaewe turia ([[informasi]]), börö wangera-ngera, omasi'öta awö gofu hadia lala wanguma'ö bö'ö ba wa'awösa yaŵa ba [[Internet]]. Andrö wa latötöi göi ia [[teknologi]] ''interaktif''.<ref name="Kietzmann" /><ref name="SMDefinition" /> Börö me oya ngawalö wakake nifotöi ''media sosial'' andrö, alua göi wa fabö'ö zöndra niha moroi ba definisi da'a yaŵa.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tuten|first1=Tracy L.|title=Social media.marketing|last2=Solomon|first2=Michael R. |publisher=Sage |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5264-2387-0 |location=Los Angeles|pages=4}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Aichner |first1=T. |last2=Grünfelder |first2=M. |last3=Maurer |first3=O. |last4=Jegeni |first4=D. |year=2021 |title=Twenty-Five Years of Social Media: A Review of Social Media Applications and Definitions from 1994 to 2019 |journal=Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=215–222 |doi=10.1089/cyber.2020.0134 |pmid=33847527 |pmc=8064945 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Heŵa'ae simanö so sa'atö ni'ilada (li Indonesia ''{{li|id|fitur}}'') oi so khönia:<ref name="SMDefinition">{{cite journal |last1=Obar |first1=Jonathan A. |last2=Wildman |first2=Steve |title=Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue |journal=Telecommunications Policy |date=2015 |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=745–750 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2647377|ssrn=2647377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # Media sosial no ngawalö aplikasi nifazökhi molo'ö teknologi Web 2.0 interaktif.<ref name="SMDefinition"/><ref name=usersoftheworld>{{cite journal |last1= Kaplan |first1= Andreas M. |author-link1 = Andreas Kaplan|last2= Haenlein |first2= Michael|title= Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0007681309001232 |journal= Business Horizons |publisher = Kelley School of Business |location= Bloomington, Indiana |date= 2010 |volume= 53 |issue= 1 |pages= 61, 64–65, 67 |doi= 10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003 |s2cid= 16741539 |access-date = 2019-04-28|quote= <!--pages 64-65-->Social Media is a very active and fast-moving domain. What may be up-to-date today could have disappeared from the virtual landscape tomorrow. It is therefore crucial for firms to have a set of guidelines that can be applied to any form of Social Media [...].}}</ref> Duma-dumania so aplikasi [[Facebook]], so [[Instagram]], so [[YouTube]], so [[WhatsApp]], btn. # Tuhonia ya'ia ngawalö nösi nifazökhi zangoguna ya'ia simane teks, komentar, foto ma video awö [[data]] si so börö wariawösa ba gu'ö andrö.<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name=usersoftheworld/> # Lafazökhi ya'ira sangoguna "profil si faudu" ba zi sambua media sosial ni'oguna'öra he bolokha gu'ö ([[li Inggris]] ''{{li|en|website}}'') yaŵa ba [[Internet]] ba he göi aplikasi nifasa ba [[HP (telepon)|hape]], si no ifa'anö organisasi sangokhögö media sosial andrö.<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="boydEllison">{{cite journal|last1=Boyd|first1=Danah M.|last2=Ellison|first2=Nicole B.|year=2007|title=Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship|journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication|volume=13|issue=1|pages=210–30|doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> # Itolo media sosial wangebua'ö u'ö fariawösa ([[li Inggris]] ''online social networks'') na ifakhai sambua "profil" zangoguna khö zangoguna bö'ö ma angowuloa tanöbö'ö.<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="boydEllison" /> == Eluaha wehede == === Media === ''Media'' eluahania fakake ma gama-gama ni'oguna'ö niha tobali lala ba wamalua hadia ia. So media si tola tababaya tanga (to'ölö lafotöi ia "media tradisional" ma konvensional) ba so göi zi tebai tababaya tanga (tola lafotöi ia "media digital"). Duma-duma media si tola tababaya tanga ya'ia [[majalah]], [[koran]], [[selebaran]], [[brosur]], baliho, sura nisura tanga nifa'ema khö niha bö'ö, ba fefu ngawalö nisura bö'ö. Baero da'ö so [[kaset]] awö [[VCD]], ni'oguna'ö ba wamarongogö sinunö. Bahiza so abölö oya media si tebai tawawaya tanga. Duma-dumania ngawalö zinura ni'irö'ö tobali berkas [[PDF]] nibokai ba [[komputer]] ba ba [[HP (telepon)|hape]]. Fao göi ba da'ö ngawalö [[foto]] si so ba [[komputer]], [[HP (telepon)|hape]] ma zui yaŵa ba gu'ö, ngawalö [[video]], ngawalö [[email]], ngawalö duria nifa'ohe'ö faoma [[WhatsApp]], [[Facebook]], btn. Fefu da'a lafotöi media, me hulö ha ndrela ia ba wangirö'ö ba ba wamazaewe gofu hadia ia zomasi ira lafazaewe niha. === Sosial === Fehede ''sosial'' eluahania fariawösa niha sato. Bahiza bakha ba döi "media sosial", ''sosial'' ba da'e eluahania wa he sangoguna ba he göi halöŵö nifaluania ba media andrö samösa, no tobali tuho halöŵö media andrö. Börö da'ö tola taŵa'ö wa yaŵa ba media sosial no tobali niha sondrou'ö ngawalö gu'ö wariawösa, he u'ö wariawösa ero zi samö-samösa niha ba he göi u'ö wariawösa niha sato.<ref name="Dijck">{{Cite book |last=Dijck |first=Jose van |url={{Google books|t5RpAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}|title=The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media |date=2013-01-02 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-997079-7 |language=en}}</ref> == Guna Media Sosial == Sito'ölönia larugi ngawalö media sosial niha faoma aplikasi gu'ö si so ba [[komputer]] ma zui faoma aplikasi media sosial si so bakha ba wakake simane telefon gokhö sonekhe ([[li Inggris]]: ''{{li|en|smartphone}}'') ma zui [[Tablet (komputer)|kara wanura digital]] ([[li Inggris]]: ''[[Tablet (komputer)|tablet]]''). Me la'oguna'ö oi wakake andre niha, lafobörö nahia fondrege ''interaktif'', heza tola lafazaewe, lafalulu-fohalöŵö, lafatunö, labulö'ö hadia ia zi no lafazökhi ba la'owuloi ira sangoguna bö'ö.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schivinski |first1=Bruno |last2=Brzozowska-Woś |first2=Magdalena |last3=Stansbury|first3=Ellena|last4=Satel|first4=Jason|last5=Montag|first5=Christian|last6=Pontes|first6=Halley M.|date=2020|title=Exploring the Role of Social Media Use Motives, Psychological Well-Being, Self-Esteem, and Affect in Problematic Social Media Use |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=11 |pages=3576 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2020.617140|issn=1664-1078|pmc=7772182|pmid=33391137|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="boydEllison" /><ref name="Kietzmann">{{cite journal |last1=Kietzmann |first1=Jan H. |first2=Kristopher |last2=Hermkens |title=Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media |journal=Business Horizons |year=2011 |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=241–251 |doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005|s2cid=51682132 |url=http://summit.sfu.ca/item/18103 |type=Submitted manuscript }}</ref> Onönötania, la'oguna'ö media sosial ba wangirö'ö wanörö-tödö, ba wamahaö ya'ira ba ngawalö hadia ia, ba wangombakha'ö ya'ira ba niha, ba ba wariawösa, awö ba wondrou'ö söndra i'otarai ba wamazökhi nifotöi ''blog'', ''podcast'', video ba ''game''.<ref name=":16">{{cite journal|last1=Schurgin O'Keeffe|first1=Gwenn|last2=Clarke-Pearson|first2=Kathleen|title=The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families|date=2011|volume=127|issue=4|pages=800–804|doi=10.1542/peds.2011-0054|journal=Pediatrics|pmid=21444588 |s2cid=56801712 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21444588/}}</ref> Amakhaita ba gotalua niha ba teknologi si lö mamalö tebulö andre no tobali ''fokus'' mbolo wangosili teknologi nifalua samö-samösa niha.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dennis|first=Amy|date=July 5, 2017|title=5 Social Media Outlets Ruling the World|url=https://nice-branding.com/social-media-outlets/|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Nice Branding Agency}}</ref> Mato ha'uga mbolokha gu'ö media sosial fondrege populer, si so töra 100 juta zangoguna si no mamasura'ö töira, fao ba da'ö [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]] (ba [[Facebook Messenger]]), [[WeChat]], [[ShareChat]], [[Instagram]], [[QZone]], [[Sina Weibo]], [[VK]], [[Tumblr]], [[Baidu Tieba]], ba [[LinkedIn]]. Ba gofu interpretasi, nahia bö'ö andre göi latötöi media sosial: [[YouTube]], [[Tencent QQ]], [[Quora]], [[Telegram]], [[WhatsApp]], [[Signal]], [[Line]], [[Snapchat]], [[Pinterest]], [[Viber]], [[Reddit]], [[Discord]], [[TikTok]], [[Microsoft Teams]], btn. Baero da'ö so nifotöi wiki, ya'ia da'ö bolokha gu'ö nahia wamazökhi sura nifalului niha sato (falulu fohalöwö). Oi fabö'ö media sosial moroi ba media tradisional simane majalah, koran, TV ba radio töra-töra na lahörögö kualitas,<ref name="qualitymedia">{{cite journal|last1=Agichtein|first1=Eugene|last2=Castillo|first2=Carlos|last3=Donato|first3=Debora|last4=Gionis|first4=Aristides|last5=Mishne|first5=Gilad|title=Finding high-quality content in social media|journal=WISDOM – Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining|year=2008|pages=183–193|url=http://184pc128.csie.ntnu.edu.tw/presentation/09-03-09/Finding%20High-Quality%20Content%20in%20Social%20Media.pdf|access-date=2023-07-31|archive-date=2023-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090540/http://184pc128.csie.ntnu.edu.tw/presentation/09-03-09/Finding%20High-Quality%20Content%20in%20Social%20Media.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> fa'amuzaewenia, fa'oya kali so nösi sibohou, fangoguna'ö ya'ia, awö wa faudu ba dödö niha nösinia, ba falö alio taya manö ia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tao|first1=Xiaohui|last2=Huang|first2=Wei|last3=Mu|first3=Xiangming|last4=Xie|first4=Haoran|date=18 November 2016|title=Special issue on knowledge management of web social media|url=https://content.iospress.com/download/web-intelligence/web343?id=web-intelligence%2Fweb343|journal=Web Intelligence|volume=14|issue=4|pages=273–274|doi=10.3233/WEB-160343|via=Lingnan scholars}}</ref> Baero da'ö so media sosial bakha ba nifotöi ''sistem transmisi dialogis'' eluahania oya gumbunia ba oya göi zangouna'ö ya'ia. Na media tradisional so ia ba nifotöi ''model transmisi monologis'' eluahania ha sambua gumbunia sadölö ba oya zangoguna'ö ya'ia. Duma-dumania, lafa'ohe'ö sagörö koran ba ato zangoroi'ö ya'ia ([[li Inggris]] ''{{li|en|subscriber}}''), ifazaewe sambua program sambua stasiun radio ba zi sambua kota.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pavlik|first1=John|last2=MacIntoch|first2=Shawn|year=2015 |title=Converging Media 4th Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/convergingmedian0000pavl|location=New York, NY |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/convergingmedian0000pavl/page/189 189] |isbn=978-0-19-934230-3 }}</ref> I'otarai me fondrege muzawili gu'ö digital ([[li Inggris]] ''{{li|en|internet}}''), tola te'oguna'ö media digital ba wamazaewe hada ma zui ba wangila hadia hada sambua media. No tobali proses sibohou khö ndra ere wangosili ba wamareso hewisa lala wehede ba mbolo digital. === Lua-lua positif ba negatif === No la'ila ya'ira sohörögö media sosial wa so oya lua-lua positif ba negatif wangoguna'ö media sosial. Tola itolo niha ba wondrou'ö fariawösa ba komunitas he ba zi faola omo ba he yaŵa ba gu'ö ([[li Inggris]] ''{{li|en|online}}'') ba tola göi tobali ia fakake ba wamazaewe ngawalö waniaga ma fakake komunikasi efektif khö perusahaan, pengusaha, organisasi si lö mangalui hare ([[li Inggris]] ''{{li|en|non-profit organisation}}''), partai politik ba famatörö. No göi la'ila ya'ira sohörögö wa itugu oya gerakan sosial sangoguna'ö media sosial tolbai fakake komunikasi ba organisasi ba ginötö alua wasöndrata politik niha sato ([[li Indonesia]] ''{{li|id|kerusuhan politik}}''). Tola göi la'oguna'ö niha media sosial ba wamazaewe turia satulö ba si lö atulö. <!-- ndrege da'a ua zi no u'ali ba li Niha moroi ba [[li Inggris]] ba https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media tatohugö ba zi so föna --> == Umbu == {{Reflist|18em}} {{Börö zura}} [[Kategori:Media sosial]] [[Kategori:Teknologi]] 63hy88nqc6oxgf11hl0w2zu7rj74y2r 0 4121 27667 27574 2026-08-17T14:36:35Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox santo |honorific_prefix = [[Santo]] |name = Luka Sanura Injil |image = Berkas:St Luke.JPG |caption = Gambara Luka Sanura Injil ba zandrela gereja paroki SS Mary and Lambert, Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, Inggris |birth_date = Ba gotalua ndröfi 1 ba 16 |birth_place = [[Antiokia]], [[Suriah]] (provinsi Roma me luo da'ö), Kerajaan Romawi<br />(iada'a Antakya, Provinsi Hatay, Turki) |death_place = Thebes, [[Yunani]], Boeotia, Achaea (provinsi Roma), Kerajaan Romawi<br />(iada'a Thebes, [[Yunani]]) |death_date = Ba gotalua ndröfi 84 ba 100 (molo'ö tradisi 84 fakhe) |feast_day = 18 Oktober |venerated_in = Fefu gereja niha Keriso samosumange niha ni'amoni'ö (santo/santa), agama Druze<ref name= "S. Swayd 2009 109">{{cite book|title= The A to Z of the Druzes| first=Samy |last=S. Swayd|year= 2009 | isbn= 978-0-81086836-6| page =109 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote= They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others}}</ref> |titles = Nifahaö, Sanura Injil, Martir |beatified_date = |beatified_place = |beatified_by = |canonized_date = |attributes = Sanura Injil, doto, buku faoma fena, ni'o'awöni öröbao so'afi, sogambaraini ''ikon'' Maria ina Yesu, ngawalö fakake ba wamazökhi gambara |patronage = Seniman, ono matua, doto, doto operasi, sohalöŵö ba danö, sonekhe fahuhuo, btn.<ref name=catholicsaints.info /> |major_shrine = Padua, Italia |major_works = Turia Somuso Dödö nisura Luka, Halöŵö Zinenge |issues = }} '''Luka''' ([[li Latin]] ''Lucas''; [[li Yunani]] Λουκᾶς; [[li Ibrani]] לוקאס; [[li Aramaia]] ܠܘܩܐ/לוקא) ma asese göi lakaoni khönia '''Santo Luka''' no samösa ba gotalua zi daöfa zanura injil kanonik,<ref>Injil kanonik ya'ia da'ö injil si so bakha ba mbuku Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Baero da'ö so göi mato ha'uga injil nisura niha bö'ö si lö itema Gereja tobali injil nifotöi injil apokrif.</ref> molo'ö tradisi. Laböbögö khönia wanura [[Sura Luka|injil Luka]] ba [[Halöŵö Zinenge]] ira tua Gereja<ref>Lafotöi tua Gereja (li Indonesia ''bapak Gereja'') ya'ira sanura ngawalö buku ba sura sanandrösa ba wamati niha Keriso ba ngaotu ndröfia si sara irugi si lima (?). Si to'ölönia ya'ira andre no ere teologi ba ölö göi ere filosofia.</ref>. Lafaduhu'ö gö da'a ira tokoh si tedou moroi ba mböröta niha Keriso simane Heronimus awö Eusebius, ba hiza lö boto si tola mugogohe si tola la'oguna'ö ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö, he sekular ba he göi religius, sanguma'ö wa sanura injil Luka andrö no Luka samösa. Latötöi Luka mato ha'uga kali ba adogo-dogo buku Gamabu'ulali Sibohou awö sura nifotöi Sura khö ndra niha ba Kolose<ref>{{SN|Kol|4|14}}</ref> ba laŵa'ö wa doto ia (li Yunani ''fysikos'', niha samadöhö fökhö); molo'ö fangi'ila Luka andre no samösa doto ba no göi samösa nifahaö khö Waulo. I'otarai mböröta ndra niha Keriso no laŵaö wa niha ni'amoni'ö Luka (li Latin ''santo''). Faduhu dödö niha wa samösa ''martir'' ia (eluahania mate labunu ia börö wamatinia), lataŵi mbaginia ba döla ''zaitun'', heŵa'ae so zi lö faduhu tödö wa simanö zalua khönia.{{efn|name=martyred?}} Lafolakhömi ia tobali ''Santo Luka sanura Injil'' ira [[Gereja Katolik]] ba gereja segebua tanöbö'ö ba baero da'ö tobali ia solumö'ö (li Indonesia ''pelindung'') ndra seniman, doto, iraono matua, doto sangoperasi, mahasiswa ba ira samöfölö urifö. La'owasaini wanörötödö khönia ero 18 Oktober.<ref name= catholicnewsagency.com /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Calendar|url= https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England}}</ref> == Fa'aurinia == [[Berkas:Evangelist Lucas.jpg|thumb|Gambara Luka Sanura Injil nifagamöi Crispijn van de Passe de Oude.<ref name=ugent.be />]] Faduhu dödö ato gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö wa Luka andre no samösa doto sauri ba wöfö [[Yunani]] kota [[Antiokia]] ba danö [[Suriah]] föna (provinsi [[Roma]]),{{efn|name=Hackett}} ba wa tumbu ia ba sambua ngambatö [[Yunani]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=St. Luke |url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76 |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Catholic Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2023 |title=BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE |url=https://stlukes-parish.org/biography-of-st-luke |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE |publisher=St. Luke the Evangelist Parish |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811064542/https://stlukes-parish.org/biography-of-st-luke |dead-url=yes }}</ref> heŵa'ae so ösa gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba teolog sanguma'ö wa Luka no samösa niha [[Yahudi]] Yunani.{{sfn|Harris|1980|pp=266–68}}{{sfn|Strelan|2013|pp=102–10}} Ölö ato zanema'ö wa teologi injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge te'aekhugö khö ndra niha Keriso si tenga Yahudi, so sa'atö zanguma'ö wa abölö atöla ba dödö wa lasura injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge soguna khö sambua komunitas si so bakha niha Yahudi ba niha bö'ö, börö me hulö ifa'ösö sibai wangombakha böröta misi khö ndra niha si tenga Yahudi bakha ba Zura Ni'amoni'ö (faigi wangoguna'ö Yes 49:6 ba injil Luka awö sura Halöŵö Zinenge).{{sfn|Koet|1989|pp=157–58}}{{sfn|Koet|2006|pp= 4–5}} Moroi ba sambua test DNA (nihalö moroi ba mboto Luka molo'ö tradisi) te'oroma'ö wa Luka andre no samösa niha [[Suriah]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vernesi |first1=Cristiano |last2=Di Benedetto |first2=Giulietta |last3=Caramelli |first3=David |last4=Secchieri |first4=Erica |last5=Simoni |first5=Lucia |last6=Katti |first6=Emile |last7=Malaspina |first7=Patrizia |last8=Novelletto |first8=Andrea |last9=Marin |first9=Vito Terribile Wiel |last10=Barbujani |first10=Guido |date=6 November 2001 |title=Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=98 |issue=23 |pages=13460–13463 |doi=10.1073/pnas.211540498 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=11606723|pmc=60893 |bibcode=2001PNAS...9813460V |doi-access=free }}</ref> Gofu haniha Luka andre, niha Yahudi ma zui tenga, ma zui amarukhatara, oroma moroi ba kualitas li Yunani injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge wa sindruhu niha salaŵa famahaö ia ba gotalua fefu zanura ngawalö mbuku bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Moroi ba wangoguna'önia amaedola moroi ba teks klasik Yunani föna simane Homer, Aesop, Epimenides, Euripides, Plato ba Aratus oroma wa i'ila oi zura Yunani andrö. Eluahania si lötolalö'ö no fao ia ba wamahaö molo'ö kurikulum Yunani, ni'oguna'ö ba danö si fasui nasi Mediterania ngaotu fakhe aefa ginötö Luka.<ref>{{cite book|first=Steve |last=Reece |title=The Formal Education of the Author of Luke-Acts |publication-place=London |publisher=T&T Clark |date=2022 |pages=29–50 |isbn=978-0-567-70588-4}}</ref> Sura si föföna sibai manötöi Luka ya'ia Sura Waulo khö Filemo 1:24.<ref>{{SN|Fil|1|24}}</ref> Latötöi göi ia bakha ba {{SN|Kol|4|14}} ba ba {{SN|TimII|4|11}}. Ya'ira si darua andre, Filemo ba Timoteo, no nifahaö Waulo.{{sfn|Milligan|2006|p=149}}{{sfn|Mornin|2006|p=74}}{{sfn|Aherne|1910}}{{sfn|Smith|1935|p=792}}{{sfn|von Harnack|1907|p=5}} Aefa da'ö latötöi ia bakha ba zura Anti-Marcionite<ref>Anti-Marconite no tölu wehede famasao khö zi tölu injil Mataio, Mareko ba Luka ba tefa'anö a.t. ngaotu ndröfia si dua.</ref> ni'oguna'ö tobali famasao injil Luka, sambua zura nifa'anö ba ngaotu ndröfia si dua. Iŵaö Epifanius moroi ba Salamis wa Luka no samösa ba gotalua ndra nifahaö si 70 (''Panarion'' 51.11) ba ifasinga Yohane Krisostomus wa "talifusö" niŵaö Waulo bakha ba {{SN|KorII|8|18}} no Luka ma zui Baranaba (''Homily 18 on Second Corinthians'' sanandrösa ba Korindro II 8:18). Na tatema wa sindruhu Luka zanura injil Luka ba sura Halöŵö Zinenge, ba tola ta'ila haniha ia moroi ba detil bakha ba zura andrö. Lö isura wa i'ila hörönia samösa halöŵö Yesu, ba hiza asese i'oguna'ö wehede "ya'aga" me itutunö misi Waulo bakha ba Halöŵö Zinenge, eluahania no fao ia ba i'ila hörönia samösa zalua andrö.{{sfn|Bartlet|1911}} Moroi ba komposisi zura injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge awö wa'oya ngawua wehede ni'oguna'ö, oroma wa sanura ya'ia no niha si no mamahaö. Oroma sibai da'a bakha ba sambua wehede niŵaö bakha ba zura Waulo khö niha Kolose sanandrösa ba "wamoto", si tobali samabalö Luka moroi ba zanura ngawalö zura bö'ö bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. {{blockquote|¹⁰I'owai ami Arisaro, awögu nikuru andrö, ba Mareko, talifusö MBaranaba andrö. ¹¹I'owai ami göi Yesu andrö sotöi Yuso. Ha da'ö nawögu niha niboto, sohalöŵö ba mbanua Lowalangi; no tobali fondrara dödögu ira. … ¹⁴I'owai ami Luka, doto andrö, ni'omasi'ö, ba Dema.|source={{SN|Kol|4|10|11}}.}} Börö komentar andre lafurugö ira komentator wa Luka andrö no tenga niha Yahudi. Na sindruhu da'a, eluahania ha Luka zi tenga niha Yahudi moroi ba gotalua ndra sanura ngawalö mbuku bakha ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou. Ba hiza tenga ha da'a zi tola tobali furu-furu. Heŵa'ae laŵaö niha wa Luka andrö no samösa niha Keriso si tenga niha Yahudi, so göi gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa ya'ia no samösa niha Yahudi si tobali niha Yunani.{{sfn|Harris|1980|pp=266–68}}{{sfn|Strelan|2013|pp=102–10}}{{sfn|McCall|1996}} Eluahania tola niha Yahudi solo'ö sibai ritual Yahudi ba niha Yahudi si lö molo'ö sibai ritual andrö.{{sfn|Bartlet|1911}} Itutunö we'aso Luka awö Waulo ba Roma sura TimII 4:11 lö ara fatua lö mate Waulo: "Ha Luka nawögu". Ba gangahorita zura Halöŵö Zinenge, tesura ha'uga kali ba da'ö hulö na no fao ba i'ila samösa Luka zalua nisurania ba Roma, fao ba da'ö me isura {{SN|HalZin|28|16}}: "Ba no marugi Roma…" So ösa zanguma'ö wa no göi fao Luka wanura sura khö niha Heberaio.{{sfn |Fonck|1910}} Mate Luka me 84 ndröfinia ba Boeotia, molo'ö tradisi si föföna sibai ba ni'o'ö oya Gereja.{{sfn|Butler|1991|p=342}} Molo'ö Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos, samösa gere sejarah moroi ba Yunani Greek ngaotu ndröfia si-14 (ba tanöbö'önia), tesöndra lewatö Luka ba Thebes (Yunani), ba hiza gama-gama awö föfö gamatelania no lafawu'a ba ba [[Konstantinopel]] me ndröfi 357.{{sfn|Migne|1901|loc=cols 875–78}} == Sanura injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge == Lö itötöi döi zanura ya'ia injil Luka.{{sfn|Sanders|1995|pp=63–64}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2000|p=43}}{{sfn|Senior|Achtemeier|Karris|2002|p=328}}{{sfn|Nickle|2001|p=43}} Tenga nisura zangila hörö halöŵö Yesu injil Luka, ba lö göi niŵaö injil Luka samösa wa sanura ya'ia no fao ba i'ila Yesu. Fabö'ö sibai da'a ba Halöŵö Zinenge i'otarai faza 16.{{sfn|Ehrman|2005|p=235}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2004|p=110}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2006|p=143}} Ba hiza labotokhi arakhagö fefu ira sangali injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge ba li bö'ö wa tesura zi dombua buku andre aekhu khö Teofilo. Bakha ba teks si föföna sibai injil andre (Papyrus 75 = Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV) nisura me döfi 200 teböbögö wanura ya'ia khö Luka. Simanö göi bakha ba zinura [[Ireneus]] moroi ba ndröfi 180 awö fragmen Muratorian, sambua teks ba li Latin nisura ngaotu ndröfia si-7, ni'ali moroi ba teks Yunani nisura me döfi 170.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=267}} Itaria lafotöi injil Luka ba Halöŵö Zinenge ira ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö Luk–HalZin, sambua halöŵö ni'odombua buku. Luk-HalZin no 27.5% nösi ba Gamabu'ulali Sibohou, eluahania kontribusi fondrege ebua zi samösa zanura.{{sfn|Boring|2012|p=556}} [[Berkas:De heilige Lucas schildert de Madonna - Maarten van Heemskerck-1532.JPG|thumb|''Igambaraini Maria Ono Alawe Si Lö Mamalö Luka'', nigambaraini Maarten van Heemskerck, 1532]] == Luka sanura buku "sejarah" == Ato gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa bua halöŵö Luka (Luka-HalZin) tefalua bakha ba tradisi nifotöi historiografi Yunani.{{sfn|Grant|1963|loc=Ch. 10}} Bakha ba Luk 1:1–4, nilau hulö investigasi historis, i'ombakha'ö Luka khö zombaso wa sinurania andre tefaböbö ba ngafu sejarah.{{sfn|Bauckham|2017|p=117}} Lö ha sara dödö niha sanandrösa ba hewisa wama'oli sinura Luka. So gere sejarah sanguma'ö wa nisura Luka andrö fondrege sindruhu (li Indonesia ''akurat''),{{sfn|Ramsay|1915|p=222}}{{sfn|Blaiklock|1970|p=96}} ba so ösa zi lö fao tödö ba da'ö.{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}}{{sfn|McGrew|2019}}{{sfn|Flew|1966|p=}}{{sfn|Bradley|1874|p=44}}{{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion}} Börö wa sindruhu wanutunönia banua, kota, hulo, simanö göi wa sindruhu ngawalö döi resmi (li Indonesia ''gelar''), isura William Mitchell Ramsay, samösa gere arkeologi, wa "Luka no samösa ere sejarah bosi fondrege alaŵa; nisurania tenga ha sindruhu boto (li Indonesia ''fakta'') … si lötolalö'ö göi tefa'oli ia ba gotalua ndra ere sejarah fondrege zebua töi."{{sfn|Ramsay|1915|p=222}} Isura Edward Musgrave Blaiklock, samösa profesor bolo klasik ba Auckland University: "Börö me detil ba atmosfer nisurania sindruhu-ndruhu (li Indonesia ''akurat''), fagölö Luka khö Thucydides. Halöŵö Zinenge no tenga bua wanufa tödö ndra niha samati, bahiza no fanutunö hadia zalua si tola tafaduhusi tödö. … Sinura Luka andrö no hulö halöŵö arkeologis si föföna sibai mangoroma'ö sindruhu."{{sfn|Blaiklock|1970|p=96}} No idou'ö wangi'ila boto historis ba fa'asindruhu (li Indonesia ''akurasi'') zinura Luka Colin Hemer, samösa gere Gamabu'ulali Sibohou.{{sfn|Hemer|1989|pp=104–7}} Sanadrösa ba gaekhuta Halöŵö Zinenge, isura ere Gamabu'ulali Sibohou Luke Timothy Johnson wa "Ifili ba ifa'oli nisurania Luka ena'ö faudu ba gohitö dödönia ba wobela wamati, ba ba wamalua da'ö i'o'ö standar satua historiografi."{{sfn|Johnson|1991|p=474}} I'o'ö zöndra andre göi Richard Heard, sangila wa so zo'amböta historis börö dandrösa wanurania ba börö göi wa mo'amböta gumbu informasi khönia."{{sfn|Heard|1950|loc= Ch. 13: The Acts of the Apostles}} Ba ginötö modern andre, labago niha kompetensi Luka tobali sanura sejarah, molo'ö hewisa zöndra ''a priori'' niha zanandrösa ba ngawalö hadia ia si tebai labotokhi molo'ö ilmu (li Indonesia ''adikodrati'').{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}} I'otarai ginötö nifotöi fa'ateboka-hörö (li Indonesia ''pencerahan'', li Inggris ''enlightenment'') la'oguna'ö metode naturalisme ira ere sejarah,{{sfn|Ehrman|2000|p=229}}{{sfn|McGrew|2019}}{{sfn|Flew|1966|p=}}{{sfn|Bradley|1874|p=44}}{{efn|name= McGrew's conclusion}}{{efn|name= CraigEhrman2006}} ba khö ndra ere sejarah simane, no sambua tandraŵa na tobali umbu sejarah fefu lala wanutunö si tefaböbö ba ''adikodrati'' simane salua sahöli-höli dödö, mala'ika, afökha, btn. Iŵaö Mark Allan Powell wa "lö ta'ila na ohitö dödö Luka wanura sambua sejarah. Isura zinurania Luka ba wanuriagö, ba wamarou ba ba wame'e eluaha. Lö isura zinurania ba wondrorogö hadia zalua khö nga'ötö miföna. Na tabe'e ba dödöda zimane ba tobali ia hulö gosö-osö safuria nibökö ba hasi Luka tobali sanura sejarah."{{sfn|Powell|1989|p=6}} Iŵaö Robert M. Grant wa so ha'uga zi lö tola alua bakha ba zinura Luka, heŵa'ae omasi Luka tefaogö ia bakha ba tradisi historis, duma-dumania fa'oya niha sato samondrongo huhuo Wetero bakha ba {{SN|HalZin|4|4}}. Baero da'ö so göi zi lö faudu molo'ö angolita ginötö (li Indonesia ''kronologi'') duma-dumania me iŵaö Luka wa "itötöi Toida awö Yuda Gamalieli ba gangolifa ginötö si fasala, börö me sindruhunia maoso Toida töra fulu fakhe aefa muhede Gamalieli andrö (HalZin 5:36–37)",{{sfn|Grant|1963|loc=Ch. 10}} heŵa'ae so nasa wasöndrata zöndra sanandrösa ba gangolifa ginötö andre.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://biblehub.com/commentaries/acts/5-36.htm|title = Acts 5:36 Commentaries: "For some time ago Theudas rose up, claiming to be somebody, and a group of about four hundred men joined up with him. But he was killed, and all who followed him were dispersed and came to nothing}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christian-thinktank.com/qtheudy.html |title=Good Question… |publisher=Christian thinktank | accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref> Isura Brent Landau: {{blockquote|Hewisa tola tabaso sambua injil, si ndruhu ia ba zalua side-ide bahiza lö tola alua ia ba zalua segebua? Sambua lala wamotokhi da'a ya'ia wa faduhu dödö Luka wa fa'atumbu Yesu no fondrege fahöna khö zi sagörö ulidanö irege ifangai zalua andre faoma salua (nitufa tödö) samatörö ulidanö ma'asagörö nilau samatörö Roma, si no manguma'ö wa ya'ia andrö no "sangorifi" ba "ono Lowalangi" — bahiza ya'ia andrö tenga sa. Khö samösa zanura sejarah solo'ö lahe Thucydides, tola manö tetema'ö prosedur simanö.<ref name=Landau />}} == Luka samösa "seniman" == [[Berkas:Evangelist Luka pishustchiy ikonu.jpg|thumb|upright|Igambaraini gambara (''ikon'') Maria Ono Alawe Si Lö Mamalö-malö si föföna sibai]] Iŵaö tradisi niha Keriso i'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-8 wa Luka andrö no sogambaraini ''ikon'' si föföna sibai. Laŵaö wa no igambaraini Maria ba Ononia, duma-dumania gambara Hodegetria si so ba [[Konstantinopel]] (no taya). I'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-11 so mato ha'uga gambara moroi khönia nifolakhömi niha (li Indonesia ''dihargai''), fao ba da'ö ikon Madonna Saitö moroi ba Częstochowa, ikon Theotokos khö Vladimir ba ikon ''Madonna del Rosario''. Laŵaö wa no göi igambaraini Wetero ba Faulo ba wa no igambaraini sambua mbuku injil.{{sfn|Grigg|1987|pp=3–9}}{{efn|name=Bacci}} Fa'awösa Santo Luka si tesöndra ba oya kota ba Eropa ba ginötö ngahönö ndröfia, töra-töra Flanders ma "Accademia di San Luca" ba Roma — nifasindro ba oya kota ba Eropa götö ngaotu ndröfia si-16 — sangowuloi ba sobelegö ndra seniman samazökhi gambara. No to'ölö sibai tradisi sanguma'ö wa igambaraini ikon Maria ba Yesu Luka ba Gereja Ortodoks Timur. La'o'ö göi tradisi andre ira niha Keriso Santo Tomas ba India sanguma'ö wa ikon Theotokos si so khöra no ni'ohe Santo Tomas ba India.{{efn|name=Hosten}} Isura A.I. Uspensky wa ikon niŵaö nifazökhi Luka sanura injil no molo'ö amuata Byzantin ba awena to'ölö laŵaö ba ngaotu ndröfia si 5 irugi 6.<ref>[https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Aleksandr_Uspenskij/o-hudozhestvennoj-dejatelnosti-evangelista-luki/ Александр Иванович Успенский. О художественной деятельности евангелиста Луки : I, II. Ев. Лука как иконописец. Ев. Лука как резчик : Реф., чит. 8 нояб. 1900 г. в заседании Церк.-археол. отд. при Общ. люб. духов. просвещения тов. пред. Отд. А.И. Успенским. - Москва : типо-лит. И. Ефимова, 1901. - 12 с.; 27.]</ref> == Tanda khönia ("simbol") == [[Berkas:Hermen Rode 001.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambara fa'awösa seni Santo Luka ba sambua [[altar]] nifosandrela nifazökhi Hermen Rode, Lübeck, Jerman (1484)]] Ba seni tradisional simane gambara ba nifotöi mosaik ba gereja-gereja, asese tegambaraini Santo Luka faoma öröbao, sasese so afi. Itaria na i ha simbol öröbao andrö, töra-töra na la'oroma'ö simbol ndra sanura injil si daöfa.{{sfn|Zuffi|2003|p=8}}{{sfn|Audsley|Audsley|1865|p=94}} == Fanörö-tödö khönia == La'owasaini wanörö-tödö khö Luka ba Gerja Ortodoks Timur,<ref>{{Cite web |title= Лука, Апостол |url= http://drevo-info.ru/articles/10326.html |access-date=16 July 2022 |website= Drevo-info |language=ru}}</ref> simane göi fanörö-tödö ndra nifahaö ba sanura injil bö'ö, faoma owasa si ha'uga hari wa'ara. Da'a tou ngaluo gowasa nifalua ero röfi: * 4 Januari: Sinaksis ndra Nifahaö si-70.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104055229/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> * 22 April: Owasa Natanaeli nifahaö Yesu, Luka sanura injil, Klemens moroi ba Sardise ma Klemens moroi ba Roma ba Apelles moroi ba Heraklion (so gumbu ba li Yunani sanguma'ö wa Santo Luka no niha bö'ö moroi khö Luka sanura injil).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101181-apostle-and-evangelist-luke-of-the-seventy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135925/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101181-apostle-and-evangelist-luke-of-the-seventy |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Apostles of the 70 Apelles, Luke (Loukios), and Clement |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101182-holy-apostles-of-the-70-apelles-luke-loukios-and-clement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135545/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/04/22/101182-holy-apostles-of-the-70-apelles-luke-loukios-and-clement |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> Lafalua göi gowasa andre ero 10 September. * 20 Juni: Famawu'a wöfö mboto ba okhöta Luka Nifahaö, Andrea Nifahaö ba Tomas Nifahaö, Eliseus Sama'ele'ö, Lazarus moroi ba Persia martir nisöndra döfi 960 ba ginötö razo Romanos I Lekapenos (919–44) moroi ba biara Santa Agusta lumalö ba Gereja ndra Nifahaö ba Konstantinopel ba ginötö razo konstantinus VII (a.t. 956–970) nidönia'ö Patriark Polyeuctus moroi ba Konstantinopel (956–70).<ref>{{Cite web |title=June 20, 2023. + Orthodox Calendar |url=https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230620.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430140249/https://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230620.html |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=orthochristian.com}}</ref> * 10 September: Owasa ndra nifahaö si-70: Natanaeli nifahaö Yesu, Luka sanura injil, Klemens moroi ba Sardise ma Klemens moroi ba Roma ba Apelles moroi ba Heraklion. Owasa andre tefalua göi ero 22 April. * 18 Oktober: Owasa Luka Nifahaö ba Sanura Injil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostle and Evangelist Luke |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/18/102993-apostle-and-evangelist-luke |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123193835/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/18/102993-apostle-and-evangelist-luke |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref> Baero da'ö so gowasa bö'ö khö Luka, inötö lafalua ia ba zi lö fagölö ngaluonia ero röfi: * Sinaksis fefu ndra niha ni'amoni'ö moroi ba Akhaia, si to'ölönia ba luo migu fatua lö alua gowasa Santo Andrea (November 30).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanidopoulos |first=John |date=November 28, 2010 |title=Synaxis of the Achaean Saints |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/synaxis-of-achaean-saints.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327193259/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/synaxis-of-achaean-saints.html |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Orthodox Christianity Then and Now}}</ref> * Sinaksis ndra niha ni'amoni'ö moroi ba Boeotia, ba luo Sabtu safuria ba mbaŵa si lima.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanidopoulos |first=John |date=May 27, 2017 |title=Synaxis of All Saints of Boeotia |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-boeotia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207144712/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-boeotia.html |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Orthodox Christianity Then and Now}}</ref> == Akhökhöla mbotonia ("relik") == Ŵalu föfö mboto ba siŵa föfö högö, oi muzawili ba zi fabö'ö nahia, te'oroma'ö tobali föfö mboto Luka sanura injil.<ref>[[Ludovic Lalanne]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Curiositsdestra00lalagoog.pdf&page=138 Curiosités des traditions, des mœurs et des légendes, 1847. / р. 148]</ref><ref>[[Jacques Collin de Plancy|Jacques Albin Simon Collin de Plancy]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dictionnaire_critique_des_reliques_et_des_images_miraculeuses,_T2.pdf&page=141 Dictionnaire critique des reliques et des images miraculeuses, T. 2. 1827 / р. 131]</ref> I'öli oi wöfö mboto (li Indonesia ''relik'') andre George moroi ba Serbia]] moroi khö Sultan Murad II (30.000 hua gana'a). Me i'alani Bosnia razo Ottoman, i'amawa relik andrö ndronga razo Serbia khö Republik Venesia ba Italia.{{sfn|Fine|1975|p=331}} Me ndöfi 1992, i'andrö khö uskup Antonio Mattiazzo moroi ba Padua uskup agung Athena ba aefa da'ö uskup agung Yunani (Metropolitan Ieronymos) ena'ö ifangawuli oi ''relik'' Santo Luka sedöna mu'irö'ö ba nahia heza so lewatö Santo Luka, ba heza lafolakhömi ia irugi ma'ökhö. Börö wangandrö uskup andre, labörögö wamalua fangosili ilmiah ngawalö relik andrö ba Padua. This prompted a scientific investigation of the relics in [[Padua]] mangoguna'ö teknologi modern nifotöi ''carbon-14 dating''. Bua wangosili andrö: relik andrö moroi khö samösa niha moroi ba Suriah simate ba gotalua ndröfi 72 ba 416.{{sfn|Marin|Trolese|2003}}{{sfn|Craig|2001}} Aefa da'ö ifa'ohe'ö sara nosu Santo Luka uksup Padua khö Metropolitan Ieronymos ena'ö tola la'irö'ö ia ba lewatö Santo Luka ba Thebes.<ref name=Tornielli />{{sfn|Wade|2001}} Da'a oi nahia heza te'irö'ö relik Santo Luka: * Botonia, ba Biara Santa Giustina ba Padua, [[Italia]] * Högönia, ba Katedral Santo Vitus ba Prague, [[Ceko]] * Sara nosunia, ba lewatönia ba Thebes, [[Yunani]] {{blockquote|Ma'owuloi göi wöfö moroi ba [[Suriah]] ba ba [[Yunani]]. Me lafaedogö ngawalö wöfö mboto andre faoma wöfö moroi ba Anatolia nitötöi bakha ba ngawalö zura, matenaŵa zöndra sanguma'ö wa boto andre boto niha Yunani, bahiza boto niha Suriah ia. Heŵa'ae simanö arakhagö lö tola wa tohare niha andre moroi ba Turki iada'a, abölö tola wa tohare ia moroi ba Suriah. I'oroma'ö bua wangosili faoma DNA wa boto andrö moroi ba Suriah, ba fangalinia ba Konstantinopel.<ref name="Vernesi Benedetto Caramelli Secchieri 2001 p.">{{cite journal | last1=Vernesi | first1=Cristiano | last2=Benedetto | first2=Giulietta Di | last3= Caramelli | first3=David | last4= Secchieri | first4=Erica | last5= Simoni | first5=Lucia | last6=Katti | first6=Emile | last7=Malaspina | first7=Patrizia | last8=Novelletto | first8=Andrea | last9=Marin | first9= Vito Terribile Wiel | last10= Barbujani | first10=Guido | title=Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=98 | issue=23 | date= 6 November 2001 | pages= 13460–63 | pmid=11606723 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.211540498 | pmc= 60893 | bibcode=2001PNAS...9813460V | doi-access=free}}</ref>|Famöfö'ö mbua wangosili DNA wöfö mboto niŵaö niha boto Luka sanura injil}} == Galeri == <gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Luka Sanura Injil"> Luke_writing.jpg 142082810-612x612.jpg Luke_the_Evangelist.jpg Saint_luke.jpg Nuremberg_chronicles_f_108r_1.png Icon of the blessed Virgin Mary by Luke the Evangelist.jpg </gallery> == Faigi göi == * [[Mataio]] * [[Sura Mataio]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Sura Mareko]] * [[Luka]] * [[Sura Luka]] * [[Yohane]] * [[Injil Yohane]] * [[Sura Yohane]] == Referensi == === Famotokhi === {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=martyred?|{{harvnb|Aherne|1910}} notes that it is controversial whether he actually died a martyr's death}} {{efn|name=Hackett|Luke, was born in [[Antioch]], by profession was a physician.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=12}} He had become a disciple of the apostle Paul and later followed Paul until his [Paul's] martyrdom. He died at the age of 84 years.{{Harvnb|Hackett|1858|p=335}} }} {{efn|name=Bacci|The basic study on the legends concerning Saint Luke as a painter is {{harvnb|Bacci|1998}} }} {{efn|name=Hosten| Father '''H. Hosten''' in his book ''Antiquities'' notes the following "The picture at the mount is one of the oldest, and, therefore, one of the most venerable Christian paintings to be had in India. Other traditions hold that St. Luke painted two icons which currently are in Greece: the "Theotokos Mega Spileotissa" (Our Lady of the Great Cave, where supposedly Saint Luke lived for a period of time in asceticism) and the "Panagia Soumela", and "Panagia Kykkou" which are in Cyprus."}} {{efn|name=CraigEhrman2006|Historians can only establish what probably happened in the past, and by definition a miracle is the least probable occurrence. And so, by the very nature of the canons of historical research, we can't claim historically that a miracle probably happened. By definition, it probably didn't. And history can only establish what probably did.{{Harvnb|Craig|Ehrman|2006}} }} {{efn|name=McGrew's conclusion|McGrew's conclusion: historians work with [[methodological naturalism]], which precludes them from establishing miracles as objective historical facts;{{Harvnb |Flew| 1966|p= 146}} cf. {{Harvnb |Bradley |1874|p= 44}}.}} }} === Kutipan === {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=catholicsaints.info>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/saint-luke-the-evangelist/|title=Saint Luke the Evangelist | work = Catholic saints |date=27 December 2008}}</ref> <ref name=catholicnewsagency.com>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-luke-the-evangelist-23|title=St. Luke The Evangelist|website=Catholic News Agency|access-date=16 October 2018|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203317/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-luke-the-evangelist-23|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name=ugent.be>{{cite web|title= Evangelist Lucas|url= https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E1FF1A70-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1680,0,5842,2450|access-date= 2 October 2020|publisher= Ghent University Library|archive-date= 8 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201008003123/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E1FF1A70-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1680,0,5842,2450|dead-url= yes}}</ref> <ref name=Tornielli>{{cite web|url= http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|title=The Beloved Physician|last= Tornielli |first=Andrea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607075349/http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/2000/novembre/luca.htm|archive-date=7 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=Landau>{{cite web|title= Was Luke a Historian?|url= https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/was-luke-a-historian|access-date= 15 July 2020|website= Bible odyssey|first= Brent|last= Landau|date= n.d.|archive-date= 15 July 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200715232043/https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/was-luke-a-historian|dead-url= yes}}</ref> }} === Umbu === {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Gospel of Saint Luke|volume=9|last=Aherne|first= Cornelius}} *{{Cite book |last1=Audsley |first1= William |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5UAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Handbook of Christian Symbolism |last2= Audsley |first2= George Ashdown |publisher=Day & Son |year=1865 |chapter= VI. Symbols and emblems of the Evangelists and the Apostles}} * {{Cite book |last=Bacci |first= Michele |title=Il pennello dell'Evangelista. Storia delle immagini sacre attribuite a san Luca |date=1998 |publisher=Gisem-Ets |location=Pisa |language=it}} *{{cite EB1911|first=James Vernon |last=Bartlet|volume=17|wstitle= Luke}} *{{Cite book |last=Bauckham |first= Richard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qYfMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |title= Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2017 |isbn= 978-1-4674-4680-8}} *{{Cite book |last=Blaiklock |first= E. M. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YgSNvwEACAAJ |title=The Archaeology of the New Testament |publisher= Zondervan |year=1970}} * {{Cite book |last=Boring |first=M. Eugene |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=leFrgkyEtusC&pg=PA556 |title=An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2012 |isbn= 978-0-66425592-3}} *{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first= Francis Herbert |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zDdPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA44 |title=The Presuppositions of Critical History |publisher=J. Parker |year=1874 |isbn= 978-0-598-72059-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Brown |first= Raymond Edward |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gk_uAAAAMAAJ |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher= Doubleday |year=1997 |isbn= 978-0-385-24767-2 |author-link= Raymond E. Brown}} *{{Cite book |last=Butler |first= Alban |url= https://archive.org/details/butlerslivesofsa00butl/page/342 |title=Butler's Lives of the Saints |date=1991 |publisher=HarperColllins Publishers |isbn=978-0-06-069299-5 |editor-last=Walsh |editor-first= Michael |location=New York |author-link= Alban Butler}} *{{Cite news |last=Craig |first=Olga |date=21 October 2001 |title=DNA test pinpoints St Luke the apostle's remains to Padua |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1360095/DNA-test-pinpoints-St-Luke-the-apostles-remains-to-Padua.html |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1360095/DNA-test-pinpoints-St-Luke-the-apostles-remains-to-Padua.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status= live}}{{cbignore}} *{{Citation |last1=Craig |first1= William Lane |title=Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus? : A debate held at College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts |date=28 March 2006 |url= http://www.bringyou.to:80/apologetics/p96.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100810074856/http://www.bringyou.to:80/apologetics/p96.htm |access-date= 10 August 2010 |archive-date=10 August 2010 |last2= Ehrman |first2=Bart D.}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kF8RAQAAIAAJ |title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings |publisher=University Press |year= 2000 |isbn=978-0-19-512639-6 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vbLK6kn5T-EC&pg=PA110 |title=Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine |publisher= University Press |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-19-534616-9 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first = Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA235 |title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew |publisher=University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518249-1 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first= Bart D. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oBuJMhJlTYwC&pg=PA143 |title=The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed |publisher=University Press |year= 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-971104-8 |location=Oxford |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}} *{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John van Antwerp |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8sDYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA331 |title=The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation : a Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries |publisher=East European quarterly |year=1975 |isbn= 978-0-914710-03-5}} *{{Cite book |last=Flew |first= Antony |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JcV9AAAAMAAJ |title=God & Philosophy |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1966 |location=London}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Epistle to the Hebrews|first=Leopold |last= Fonck|volume=7}} *{{Cite book |last=Hackett |first= Horatio Balch |title=A Commentary on the Original Text of the Acts of the Apostles |url=https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonor00hackgoog |date=1858 |publisher=Gould and Lincoln; Sheldon, Blakeman & Co. |author-link= Horatio Balch Hackett}} *{{Cite book |last=Harris |first= Stephen L. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TGJKeHOmGhwC |title=Understanding the Bible: a reader's guide and reference |publisher=Mayfield |year= 1980 |isbn=978-0-87484-472-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Heard |first= Richard |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oQwXAAAAIAAJ |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=A. & C. Black |year=1950 |chapter= 13: The Acts of the Apostles |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100412184041/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=557 |archive-date=12 April 2010 |chapter-url= http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=557}} *{{Cite book |last=Koet |first=Bart J. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=liFVAAAAYAAJ |title=Five Studies on Interpretation of Scripture in Luke-Acts |publisher=University Press |year=1989 |isbn= 978-90-6186-330-4 |location= Leuven}} *{{Cite book |last=Koet |first=Bart J. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K9_QsLPsKYMC |title=Dreams and Scripture in Luke-Acts: Collected Essays |publisher=Peeters |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-429-1750-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Grant |first= Robert McQueen |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2VQJAQAAIAAJ |title=A Historical Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1963 |chapter= 10: The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts |isbn=9780006427063 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100621102923/http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230 |archive-date=21 June 2010 |chapter-url= http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230}} *{{Cite journal |last=Grigg |first= Robert |date=1987 |title=Byzantine Credulity as an Impediment to Antiquarianism |journal=[[Gesta (journal)|Gesta]] |volume=26 |issue= 1 |pages=3–9 |doi=10.2307/767073 |jstor=767073|s2cid=191950669 }} *{{Cite book |last=Hemer |first= Colin J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPspGyJSteUC |title=The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History |publisher=Mohr |year=1989 |isbn=978-3-16-145451-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first= Luke Timothy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eum1ijxbr6kC&pg=PA474 |title=The Gospel of Luke |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=1991 |isbn= 978-0-8146-5805-5 |series=Sacra Pagina}} *{{Cite book |title=San Luca evangelista testimone della fede che unisce. Atti del Congresso internazionale, Padova, 16–21 ottobre 2000 |date=2003 |publisher= Istituto per la storia ecclesiastica Padovana |editor-last=Marin |editor-first=V.T.W. |volume=I–III |location=Padua |editor-last2=Trolese |editor-first2=F.G.B |language=it}} Documenting an international congress in Padua in 2000 on the topic of Luke the evangelist, including his relics. *{{cite web |last=McCall |first= Thomas S. |date=March 1996 |title= Was Luke a Gentile? |url= https://www.levitt.com/essays/luke |access-date=19 October 2020 |website= Levitt Letter}} *{{Citation |last=McGrew |first= Timothy |title=Miracles |url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/miracles/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year= 2019 |editor-first =Edward N. | editor-last = Zalta |edition=Spring}} *{{Cite book |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/patrologicursus11migngoog#page/n441/mode/2up | series =Patrologia Graeca |date=1901 |editor-last=Migne |editor-first=J.P. |location=Paris | title = Ecclesiasticae Historiae Nicephori Callisti | volume = II | chapter = XLIII}} (In Greek and Latin parallel) *{{Cite book |last=Milligan |first= George |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=x5lLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |title=The New Testament Documents: Their Origin and Early History |publisher=Wipf & Stock |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-59752-641-8 |orig-year=1913}} *{{Cite book |last=Mornin |first= Edward |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TDwbvgAACAAJ |title=Saints: A Visual Guide |publisher=Frances Lincoln |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7112-2606-7}} *{{Cite book |last=Nickle |first= Keith Fullerton |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5SSytjasmAgC&pg=PA43 |title=The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2001 |isbn= 978-0-664-22349-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Powell |first= Mark Allan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9jRu8_-GlKMC&pg=PA6 |title=What are They Saying about Luke? |publisher= Paulist Press |year=1989 |isbn= 978-0-8091-3111-2}} *{{Cite book |last=Ramsay |first=Sir William Mitchell |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924029303760/page/n237/mode/2up |title=The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1915 |author-link= William Mitchell Ramsay}} *{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=E. P. |title=The Historical Figure of Jesus |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalfigure0000sand_v5c9 |date=1995 |publisher= Penguin}} *{{Cite book |last1=Senior |first1= Donald |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VrmW1eXBILgC&pg=PA328 |title= Invitation to the Gospels |last2= Achtemeier |first2=Paul J. |last3= Karris |first3=Robert J. |publisher= Paulist Press |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-8091-4072-5}} *{{Citation |title=New Outlook |date= 1935 |volume=165 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first= Alfred Emanuel |publisher=Outlook Pub. Co.}} *{{Cite book |last=Strelan |first= Rick |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTdi13weAoC&pg=PA102 |title=Luke the Priest: The Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel |publisher= Ashgate |year=2013 |isbn= 978-1-4094-7788-4}} *{{Cite book |last=von Harnack |first= Adolf |title=Luke the Physician: The Author of the Third Gospel |date=1907 |publisher= Williams & Norgate; [[G.P. Putnam's Sons]] |series=New Testament Studies | volume = I}} *{{Cite news |last=Wade |first = Nicholas |date=16 October 2001 |title= Body of St. Luke Gains Credibility |work=[[The New York Times]] |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/world/body-of-st-luke-gains-credibility.html}} *{{Cite book |last=Zuffi |first= Stefano |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tL3YeduAk8gC&pg=PA8 |title=Gospel Figures in Art |publisher=Getty Publications |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-89236-727-6 |chapter=The Evangelists and their symbols}} {{refend}} === Basoŵa === {{refbegin}} * [[I. Howard Marshall]]. ''Luke: Historian and Theologian''. Downers Grove, [[Illinois|IL]]: InterVarsity Press. * [[F. F. Bruce]], ''[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf The Speeches in the Acts of the Apostles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531103401/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/speeches_bruce.pdf |date=31 May 2012 }}.'' London: The Tyndale Press, 1942. * Helmut Koester. ''Ancient Christian Gospels''. Harrisburg, [[Pennsylvania|PA]]: Trinity Press International, 1999. * Burton L. Mack. ''Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth''. San Francisco, [[California|CA]]: HarperCollins, 1996. * J. Wenham, "The Identification of Luke", ''[[Evangelical Quarterly]]'' 63 (1991), 3–44 {{refend}} == Khai-khai baero == {{Commons category|Luke the Evangelist}} * [http://www.allaboutthejourney.org/saint-luke.htm Biblical Interpretation of Texts of Saint Luke] * [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/luke.html Early Christian Writings: ''Gospel of Luke'' e-texts, introductions] * [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/211540498v1?maxtoshow National Academy of Sciences on Luke the Evangelist] * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76 Patron Saint Luke] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311192236/http://www.glaubenswege.ch/Evangelist_Lukas.html Photo of the grave of Luke in Padua (in German)] * [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E6D61E3FF935A25753C1A9679C8B63 DNA testing of the Saint Luke corpse] * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=76, Catholic Online] {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Luka]] [[Kategori:Sura Luka]] [[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Turia Somuso Dödö]] [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Nifahaö Yesu]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] g7bz24e24xvwqiekp55l6mmltirxixy 0 4125 27651 27426 2026-08-17T14:18:48Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox santo |honorific_prefix = [[Santo]] |name = Yohane Sama'anö Injil |birth_date = ba gotalua a.t döfi 6-9 |death_date = a.t. 100<ref name=Theophylact>{{Citation|author=Saint [[Sophronius of Jerusalem]]|orig-year=c. 600|year=2007|title=The Explanation of the Holy Gospel According to John|chapter=The Life of the Evangelist John|publisher=Chrysostom Press|publication-place=[[House Springs, Missouri]], United States|isbn=978-1-889814-09-4|pages=2–3}}</ref> |feast_day = 27 Desember (Niha Keriso Barat); 8 Mei ba 26 September (Gereja Ortodoks Timur) |venerated_in = [[Gereja Katolik]]<br>[[Gereja Katolik Timur]]<br>[[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]]<br>Fa'awösa [[Gereja Anglikan]]<br>[[Gereja Lutheran]] |image = Berkas:Saint John in the stained glass of the church of St Mary and St Lambert (Stonham Aspal, Suffolk - 12-02-2009).jpg |imagesize = |caption = Gambara Yohane Sanura Injil ba zandrela gereja paroki SS Mary and Lambert, Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, Inggris |titles = Sanura Injil, Nifahaö, Teologo |attributes = Moyo, Mako (Piala), Gölu-Gölu Zura |patronage = |major_works = Turia Somuso Dödö nisura Yohane<br>Sura Yohane<br>Fama'ele'ö }} '''Yohane''' ([[li Yunani]] Ἰωάννης; [[li Aramaia]] ܝܘܚܢܢ; [[li Ge'ez]] ዮሐንስ; [[li Arab]] يوحنا الإنجيلي; [[li Latin]] Ioannes; [[li Ibrani]] יוחנן; [[li Koptik]] ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ma ⲓⲱ̅ⲁ) ma '''Yohane Sanura Injil''' ba asese göi latötöi ia '''Santo Yohane''' no samösa niha sanura sura Yohane molo'ö ndra tua Gereja meföna ([[tradisi]]). Bakha ba tradisi laŵaö niha Keriso wa Yohane andrö no fagölö ira Yohane nifahaö Yesu, Yohane moroi ba Patmos ba Yohane Satua Niha Samati,<ref name="Harris" /> heŵa'ae no latenaŵa da'a arakhagö fefu gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö modern.<ref name="Ehrman" /> == Haniha ia == [[Berkas:Johannes (evangelist).jpg|jmpl|274x274px|Gambara niraka Yohane Sama'anö Injil. Te'irö'ö ia ba Ghent University Library.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evangelist Johannes|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E3E2CDAA-D142-11E7-9D8C-0D306EE4309A#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1300,-136,5055,2713|access-date=2 October 2020|website=lib.ugent.be}}</ref>]] I'ombakha'ö khöda Injil Yohane wa so samösa "nifahaö ni'omasi'ö Yesu" si lö mutötöi töi, si no "mamaduhu'ö ba manura" turia injil.<ref name = "TM1998 2">Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). Chapter 2. Christian sources about Jesus.</ref> Hulö na sanura injil andre, i'odödögö wamini'ö haniha sibai döi zanura ya'ia. Na tafaedogö zi tölu injil ''sinoptik''<ref>Lafotöi sinoptik zi tölu injil Mataio, Mareko ba Luka, börö oya nösinia si fakhili-khili, irege na lafasinga ira fefu (li Indonesia ''sinopsis'') tola oroma wa no fagölö ma fakhili nösinia.</ref> ba na ta'angeragö wa töi zanura ya'ia Fetero awö na tatörö tödö wa Yakobo no tobali ''martir''<ref>''Martir'' no töi sasese la'oguna'ö bakha ba tradisi gereja, me i'otarai mböröta lö aetu so niha Keriso nibunu börö wamatira khö Keriso. Itutunö Halöŵö Zinenge hewisa me tobali martir Stefanus.</ref> me ndröfi 44,<ref>HalZin 12:2</ref> arakhagö gofu heza faduhu dödö niha wa sanura andrö no Yohane nifahaö Yesu (heŵa'ae so zanguma'ö wa ha ibe'e hulö ya'ia zanura).<ref name = "TM1998">Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition)</ref> Iŵaö tradisi niha Keriso wa Yohane Sanura Injil andrö no Yohane nifahaö Yesu samösa. Baero Wetero ba Yakobo, Yohane no samösa moroi ba gotalua zi datölu börö zanuhe gereja ba Yerusalema aefa wa'amate Yesu.<ref name="Harris John">[[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], ''Understanding the Bible''. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" p. 302-310</ref> No samösa ia moroi ba gotalua nifahaö si felendrua. Molo'ö tradisi ya'ia nifahaö fondrege awuyu ndröfi ba safuria mate moroi ba gotaluara fefu. Laŵaö wa alaŵa sibai ndröfinia ba mate ia me irugi inötö khönia ba Nefeso aefa ndröfi 98, götö wamatörö kaisaro Traian. Börö da'ö moroi ba gotalua ndra nifahaö, ha Yohane zi lö mate tobali ''martir''. Laŵaö wa a.t. döfi 95 latibo'ö ia ba hulo Patmos, heza isura Zura [[Fama'ele'ö|Wama'ele'ö]]. Ba hiza so ösa zanguma'ö wa sanura Sura Wama'ele'ö no samösa niha bö'ö sotöi Yohane Satua Niha Samati ma zui niha bö'ö si lö ta'ila töi.<ref>{{cite book |title=In Encyclopaedia Britannica, Britannica concise encyclopedia |date=2017 |publisher=Britannica Digital Learning |location=Chicago IL}}</ref> Iforege Bauckham wanguma'ö wa khö ndra niha Keriso si föföna no fagölö ira Yohane Sanura Injil andrö ba Yohane Satua Niha Samati.<ref name="Bauckham2007">Bauckham, Richard (2007)) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QQzjDM_L7-oC The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple]''.</ref> == Sanura ngawalö zura Yohane == No fabago zöndra ndra ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö i'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-2 ba zanadrösa ba haniha zanura oi ngawalö zura Yohane (Injil Yohane, tölu zura Yohane ba sura Wama'ele'ö).<ref>F. L. Cross, ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'', (New York: [[Oxford University Press]], 1997), 45</ref> Tuho nifadönira ya'ia haniha zanura oi sura andrö ba hezo zura nisura Yohane ni'ilada. Iböbögö tradisi Ortodoks Timur zanura fefu zura Yohane khö Yohane nifahaö Yesu.<ref name=Harris>Stephen L Harris, ''Understanding the Bible,'' (Palo Alto: Mayfield, 1985), 355</ref> Ba ngaotu ndröfia si-6 iŵaö ''Decretum Gelasianum'' wa sanura [[Sura Yohane II]] ba [[Sura Yohane III]] no samösa niha bö'ö sotöi "Yohane, samösa ere" (faigi göi Yohane Satua Niha Samati).<ref>Since the 18th century, the Decretum Gelasianum has been associated with the [[Council of Rome]] (382), although historians dispute the connection.</ref> Ira ere sejarah simane H.P.V. Nunn,<ref>{{cite book|last=Nunn|first=Rev Henry Preston Vaughan (H.P.V.)|title=The Fourth Gospel: An Outline of the Problem and Evidence|url=https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_4thgospel_nunn.html|date= 1 January 1946|publisher=London The Tyndale Press|asin=B002NRY6G2|pages=10–13, 14–18, 19, 21–35, 37–39}}</ref> ba ere sejarah si tenga niha Keriso simane Reza Aslan,<ref>{{cite book|last=Aslan|first=Reza |title=ZEALOT: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth|url=https://archive.org/details/zealotlifetimeso00reza|date= 16 July 2013|publisher=Random House; Illustrated Edition, NY Times Press|isbn=978-2523470201|page=XX}}</ref> ba Bart Ehrman,<ref>{{cite book|last=Ehrman|first=Bart|title=Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the Millenium|url=http://www.bartdehrman.com/jesus-apocalyptic-prophet-of-the-new-millennium/|date=May 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press Press|isbn=978-0195124743|pages=41–44, 90–93|access-date=2023-08-20|archive-date=2021-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204045247/https://www.bartdehrman.com/jesus-apocalyptic-prophet-of-the-new-millennium/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> lö latema wa Yohane nifahaö Yesu zanura oi zura Yohane, lö na'i sambua ba gotalua zura andrö. Faduhu dödö arakhagö fefu gere zura Ni'amoni'ö modern wa lö sambua zura Yohane nisura Yohane nifahaö Yesu.,<ref name="Fourth Gospel 1985 p. 355">"Although ancient traditions attributed to the Apostle John the Fourth Gospel, the Book of Revelation, and the three Epistles of John, modern scholars believe that he wrote none of them." [[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], ''Understanding the Bible'' (Palo Alto: Mayfield, 1985) p. 355</ref><ref name="Kelly2012">{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Joseph F.|title=History and Heresy: How Historical Forces Can Create Doctrinal Conflicts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=923-w0Knq-AC&pg=PA115|date=1 October 2012|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5999-1|page=115}}</ref> heŵa'ae so ösa ira simane J.A.T. Robinson, F.F. Bruce, Leon Morris ba Martin Hengel,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hengel |first=Martin |title=Four Gospels and the One Gospel of Jesus Christ, 1st edition |url=https://archive.org/details/fourgospelsonego0000heng |page=[https://archive.org/details/fourgospelsonego0000heng/page/40 40] |isbn=978-1-56338-300-7 |publisher=Trinity Press International |year=2000}}</ref> sanguma'ö wa silö'ö-lö'önia sambua ba gotalua zura Yohane, töra-töra Injil Yohane, no nisura Yohane nifahaö Yesu.<ref name="Morris1995">Morris, Leon (1995) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=II-33dS9esAC&q=Continental+scholars&pg=PA4 The Gospel According to John]'' Volume 4 of The new international commentary on the New Testament, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-8028-2504-9}}, pp. 4–5, 24, 35–7. "Continental scholars have&nbsp;... abandoned the idea that this gospel was written by the apostle John, whereas in Great Britain and America scholarship has been much more open to the idea." Abandonment is due to changing opinion rather "than to any new evidence." "Werner, Colson, and I have been joined, among others, by I. Howard Marshall and J.A.T. Robinson in seeing the evidence as pointing to John the son of Zebedee as the author of this Gospel." The view that John's history is substandard "is becoming increasingly hard to sustain. Many recent writers have shown that there is good reason for regarding this or that story in John as authentic.&nbsp;... It is difficult to&nbsp;... regard John as having little concern for history. The fact is John is concerned with historical information.&nbsp;... John apparently records this kind of information because he believes it to be accurate.&nbsp;... He has some reliable information and has recorded it carefully.&nbsp;... The evidence is that where he can be tested John proves to be remarkably accurate." *Bruce 1981 pp. 52–4, 58. "The evidence&nbsp;... favor[s] the apostolicity of the gospel.&nbsp;... John knew the other gospels and&nbsp;... supplements them.&nbsp;... The synoptic narrative becomes more intelligible if we follow John." John's style is different so Jesus' "abiding truth might be presented to men and women who were quite unfamiliar with the original setting.&nbsp;... He does not yield to any temptation to restate Christianity.&nbsp;... It is the story of events that happened in history.&nbsp;... John does not divorce the story from its Palestinian context." *Dodd p. 444. "Revelation is distinctly, and nowhere more clearly than in the Fourth Gospel, a historical revelation. It follows that it is important for the evangelist that what he narrates happened." *Temple, William. "Readings in St. John's Gospel". MacMillan and Co, 1952. "The synoptists give us something more like the perfect photograph; St. John gives us the more perfect portrait". *Edwards, R. A. "The Gospel According to St. John" 1954, p 9. One reason he accepts John's authorship is because "the alternative solutions seem far too complicated to be possible in a world where living men met and talked". *Hunter, A. M. "Interpreting the New Testament" P 86. "After all the conjectures have been heard, the likeliest view is that which identifies the Beloved Disciple with the Apostle John.</ref><ref name="Strobel, Lee 1998">Dr. [[Craig Blomberg]], cited in Lee Strobel ''The Case for Christ'', 1998, Chapter 2. *Marshall, Howard. "The Illustrated Bible Dictionary", ed J. D. Douglas et al. Leicester 1980. II, p 804 *Robinson, J. A. T. "The Priority of John" P 122 *Cf. Marsh, "John seems to have believed that theology was not something which could be used to read a meaning into events but rather something that was to be discovered in them. His story is what it is because his theology is what it is; but his theology is what it is because the story happened so" (p&nbsp;580–581).</ref> Tola manö wa injil Yohane ba si tölu zura Yohane no nisura samösa niha.<ref name=Harris/> Bahiza so ösa ere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa sanura zura Yohane fabö'ö moroi ba zanura injil Yohane, heŵa'ae fefu ia te'a'asogö moroi ba sambua komunitas.<ref>Ehrman, pp.&nbsp;178–9.</ref> Molo'ö tradisi injil Yohane ba sura Yohane tohare moroi ba Nefeso, a.t. 90-100, heŵa'ae so gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö sanguma'ö wa moroi ba Suriah oi zura andrö.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Raymond E. |author-link=Raymond E. Brown |title=Introduction to the New Testament |year=1997 |publisher=Anchor Bible |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0/page/334 334] |location=New York |isbn=0-385-24767-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0/page/334 }}</ref> Na manandrösa ba zura Wama'ele'ö, fao dödö arakhagö fefu gere Zura Ni'amoni'ö wa sanura ya'ia no niha bö'ö, ya'ia da'ö Yohane moroi ba Patmos, a.t. döfi 95, ba so ösa wöfö zura andrö soroi ba ndröfia 60 ba ginötö kaisaro [[Nero]].<ref name=Harris/><ref name=Ehrman>{{Cite book|last=Ehrman |first=Bart D.|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman |title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford |location=New York |isbn=0-19-515462-2 |page=468 }}</ref> == Luo wangowasaini ya'ia == Luo wanörö-tödö khö Santo Yohane bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]], fa'awösa [[Gereja Anglikan|Anglikan]] ba ba [[Gereja Lutheran]], te'owasaini ero 27 Desember, ngaluo si tölu ba ginötö Natal.<ref name="Dame2006">{{cite book|last=Frandsen|first=Mary E. |title=Crossing Confessional Boundaries : The Patronage of Italian Sacred Music in Seventeenth-Century Dresden|url=https://archive.org/details/crossingconfessi00fran_0|url-access=registration|date=4 April 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en |isbn=9780195346367|page=[https://archive.org/details/crossingconfessi00fran_0/page/161 161]|quote=On the Feast of St. John the Evangelist (the third day of Christmas) in 1665, for example, peranda presented two concertos in the morning service, his ''O Jesu mi dulcissime'' and ''Verbum caro factum est'', and presented his ''Jesus dulcis'', ''Jesu pie'' and ''Atendite fideles'' at Vespers.}}</ref> Bakha ba kalender Trentine (ni'oguna'ö i'otarai me ifakhoi ia Paus Pius V ba ndröfi 1568) tetohugö wangowasaini ya'ia irugi 3 Januari (samigu wa'ara ma latötöi ia bakha ba liturgi Latin ''Octave''). Ibatogö wamalua Octave andre Paus Pius XII ba ndröfi 1955.<ref>General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII</ref> Afusi no la'a-la'a liturgi wanörö-tödö Santo Yohane bakha ba tradisi. La'owasaini göi luo andre ira nifotöi fa'awösa Freemasons i'otarai ngahönö ndröfia si-18, ba ngaluo da'ö göi tefa'olo Presiden ba ya'ira nifotöi Grand Masters si bohou ndra freemasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masonrytoday.com/index.php?new_month=12&new_day=27&new_year=2015|title=Today in Masonic History - Feast of St. John the Evangelist|website=www.masonrytoday.com|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> == Yohane bakha ba ngawalö gambara == Bakha ba tradisi to'ölö la'oroma'ö Yohane ba zi dua ngawalö: ma samösa niha satua si so gambi safusi, ma zui samösa nono matua si lö gambi.<ref name=HallJerousek>Umbu: *James Hall, ''Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art,'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), 129, 174-75. *Carolyn S. Jerousek, "Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism," ''Cleveland Studies in the History of Art,'' Vol. 6 (2001), 16. </ref><ref name=BritannicaOnline>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |title=Saint John the Apostle |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-John-the-Apostle |access-date=4 August 2017 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref> Bakha ba seni [[Bizantin]] to'ölö la'oroma'ö ia si hulö niha satua andrö, te nihalö moroi ba lala wogambaraini [[Sokrates]].<ref> Jadranka Prolović, "Socrates and St. John the Apostle: the interchangеable similarity of their portraits" ''Zograf,'' vol. 35 (2011), 9: "It is difficult to locate when and where this iconography of John originated and what the prototype was, yet it is clearly visible that this iconography of John contains all of the main characteristics of well-known antique images of Socrates. This fact leads to the conclusion that Byzantine artists used depictions of Socrates as a model for the portrait of John."</ref> Bakha ba seni Eropa Barat to'ölö lagambaraini ia si hulö ono matua, ba no so gambara simane ba Roma si'otarai ngaotu ndröfia si-4.<ref name="BritannicaOnline" /> Ba gambara, adu ba ba zura nifazökhi ba ginötö nifotöi ''Abad Pertengahan'', asese la'oroma'ö Santo Yohane simane onomatua soroma hulö ira'alawe (li Indonesia ''feminin'') (li Inggris ''androgynous'').<ref>*James Hall, ''Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art,'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), 129, 174-75. *[[Jeffrey F. Hamburger]], ''St. John the Divine: The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), xxi-xxii; ibidem, 159-160. *Carolyn S. Jerousek, "Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism," ''Cleveland Studies in the History of Art,'' Vol. 6 (2001), 16. *Annette Volfing, ''John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing: Imitating the Inimitable.'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 139. </ref> Laböbögö lala wangoroma'ö simanö ira ere sejarah ba niha sedöna tobali samaigi gambara andrö dania.<ref>*[[Jeffrey F. Hamburger]], ''St. John the Divine: The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), xxi-xxii. *Carolyn S. Jerousek, "Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism" ''Cleveland Studies in the History of Art,'' Vol. 6 (2001), 20. *Sarah McNamer, ''Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion'', (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 142-148. *Annette Volfing, ''John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing: Imitating the Inimitable.'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 139. </ref> Duma-dumania gambara sangoroma'ö ya'ia hulö ira'alawe tefazökhi ena'ö abölö ahatö ia ba ndra alawe samaigi gambara andrö.<ref> * Carolyn S. Jerousek, "Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism" ''Cleveland Studies in the History of Art,'' Vol. 6 (2001), 20. * Annette Volfing, ''John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing: Imitating the Inimitable.'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 139. </ref> Ba zimanö, iŵaö Sarah McNamer wa börö status ''androgynous'' Yohane andre, tola tobali ia salahi ''gender'' nomoro tölu, ya'ia da'ö ba gotaluara ndra alawe ba ba ndra matua<ref> Sarah McNamer, ''Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion'', (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 142. </ref> ba heza tola la'ila ira samösa niha samati iramatua<ref> Sarah McNamer, ''Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion'', (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 145. </ref> somasi molo'ö gamuata wa'alowalangi sangofönai'ö worasoi tödö (li Indonesia ''affective piety''), solo'ö lala wanou'ö fa'auri khö Zokhö (li Inggris ''devotion'') sangofönai'ö wa'alulu dödö (li Indonesia ''emosi''), soya la'o'ö niha ba ginötö ''Abad Pertengahan'', ba si lö faudu ba wa'aonomatua (li Indonesia ''maskulinitas'').<ref> Sarah McNamer, ''Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion'', (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 142-148.</ref> Nidunö-dunö (li Indonesia ''legenda'') nisura bakha ba zura "Halöŵö Yohanes" no tobali umbu ngawalö gambara nifazökhi ba "Abad Pertengahan". Moroi khönia tumbu zöndra wa tobali nifahaö Yohane me awuyu-wuyu ia nasa.<ref name="BritannicaOnline" /> Sambua gambara sasese te'oroma'ö fao khö Yohane ya'ia da'ö mako (li Indonesia ''piala''), asese göi oroma möi baero gulö moroi ba mako andrö.<ref name="Hall1979">James Hall, "John the Evangelist," ''Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art,'' rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1979)</ref> Molo'ö sambua nidunö-dunö bakha ba "Halöŵö Yohane",<ref>J.K. Elliot (ed.), ''A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation Based on M.R. James'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993/2005), 343-345.</ref> samuza ma'ökhö tetandraigö Yohane wamadu moroi ba mako si no labe bakha langu ba wangoroma'ö wa'abölö wamatinia, ba börö wanolo Zo'aya lö manga khönia langu andrö.<ref name="Hall1979" /><ref>J K Elliott, "Graphic Versions: Did non-biblical stories about Jesus and the saints originate more in art than text?", ''Times Literary Supplement'', 14 December 2018, pp. 15-16, referring to the El Greco painting.</ref> Tola göi lafakhai mako andrö ba Wemanga Safuria ma zui ba wehede Keriso khö Yohane ba Yakobo: "Mibadu sa nösi mako andrö khögu dania."<ref>''Bible'' {{Bibleverse||Matthew|20:23}}</ref><ref name="CathEnc">Fonck, L. (1910). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08492a.htm St. John the Evangelist]. In ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York: Robert Appleton Company). Retrieved 14 August 2017 from New Advent.</ref> Molo'ö ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1910), faduhu dödö niha sangila wa simbol andre awena tebörögö ba ngaotu ndröfia si-13.<ref name="CathEnc" /> So nasa sambua tö nidunö-dunö sanguma'ö wa no irai larino Yohane bakha ba wanikha ba ba zahöli-höli dödö lö tekiko ia.<ref>J K Elliott, "Graphic Versions: Did non-biblical stories about Jesus and the saints originate more in art than text?", ''Times Literary Supplement'', 14 December 2018, pp. 15-16, referring to a thirteenth-century manuscript in Cambridge known as the Trinity College Apocalypse.</ref> Gambara tanöbö'ö sasese mangoroma'ö Yohane ya'ia buku ma gölu-gölu zura, si tobali tandra ngawalö zinurania.<ref name="Hall1979" /> Lagambaraini göi Yohane Sanura Injil faoma moyo, sara ba gotalua ngawalö gomböila nifa'ele'ö khö Hezekieli (1:10) ba si so göi bakha ba mbuku Wama'ele'ö (4:7).<ref name="CathEnc" /> <gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Yohane Sanura Injil"> Joan_de_Joanes_-_St_John_the_Evangelist_-_WGA12061.jpg|Santo Yohane Sanura Injil nifazökhi Vicente Juan Masip (1507–1579) Zampieri St John Evangelist.jpg|Santo Yohane Sanura Injil nifazökhi Domenichino (1621–29) 1490 Gleismüller Johannes auf Patmos anagoria.JPG|Santo Yohane Sanura Injil nifazökhi ba hulo Patmos, 1490 Piero di Cosimo (Piero di Lorenzo) - St. John the Evangelist, c. 1500.jpg|Santo Yohane Sanura Injil nifazökhi Piero di Cosimo (1504–6), Honolulu Museum of Art El Greco, The Vision of Saint John (1608-1614).jpg |Fama'ele'ö khö Santo Yohane nifazökhi El Greco (1608–1614) Simone Cantarini - São João Batista em Meditação.jpg|Mangandrö Santo Yohane Sanura Injil nifazökhi Simone Cantarini (1612–1648), Bologna, Italia Sts-john-and-bartholomew-with-donor-dosso-dossi.jpg|Santo Yohane ba Bartolomeus nifazökhi Dosso Dossi Enniscorthy St. Aidan's Cathedral East Aisle Second Window Evangelist John Detail 2009 09 28.jpg|Sandrela Gereja Katedral St. Aidan, Irlandia Cano - San Juan.jpg|''Santo Yohane ba Mako si so langu'' nifazökhi Alonzo Cano (1635–1637), Spanyol GRM Inv. J-3182.jpg|''Santo Yohane ba moyo'' nifazökhi Vladimir Borovikovsky ba Gereja Katedral Kazan, Saint Petersburg, Rusia KellsFol291vPortJohn.jpg|Sambua potret moroi ba mbuku Book of Kells, a.t. döfi 800 El Greco 034.jpg|''Santo Yohane ba mako'' nifazökhi El Greco St-johns-seminary-st-john.jpg|Adu ''Yohane Sanura Injil'' ba mbagolö Seminari Santo Yohane (Massachusetts), Boston De Grey Hours f.26.v St. John the Evangelist.png|Santo Yohane Sanura Injil bakha ba sambua zura moroi ngaotu ndröfi si-14 San Juan Evangelista, por Francisco Pacheco.jpg|''Santo Yohane Sanura Injil'' nifazökhi Francisco Pacheco (1608), Museo del Prado Prochorus and St John Miniature, 1224.jpg|Prokorus ba Santo Yohane bakha ba injil Xoranasat 1224 (sura moroi ba Armenia) </gallery> == Faigi göi == * [[Mataio]] * [[Sura Mataio]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Sura Mareko]] * [[Luka]] * [[Sura Luka]] * [[Yohane]] * [[Injil Yohane]] * [[Sura Yohane]] == Umbu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Khai-khai baero == {{Commons category|Saint John the Evangelist}} * [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/305163/Saint-John-the-Apostle "Saint John the Apostle." ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.] * [http://www.answers.com/topic/john-saint Answers.com] * [http://www.christianiconography.info/john.html St. John the Evangelist] at the [http://www.christianiconography.info Christian Iconography] web site * Caxton's translations of the ''[[Golden Legend]]''{{'}}s two chapters on St. John: [http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/john.htm Of St. John the Evangelist] and [http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/johnPortLatin.htm The History of St. John Port Latin] {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Yohane]] [[Kategori:Injil Yohane]] [[Kategori:Sura Yohane]] [[Kategori:Niha ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Turia Somuso Dödö]] [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Nifahaö Yesu]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] jkw1oozokyuf7y9lzwwc4isvm2ymis8 0 4138 27636 24608 2026-08-17T13:23:56Z Slaia 39 27636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Gajah (Fanötöi ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]], ya'ia da'ö: "'''Gaza'''") | image =African Bush Elephant.jpg | image_caption = Sageu Gaza Afrika ba [[Taman Nasional Mikumi]], [[Tanzania]] | fossil_range = | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Mammalia|Mammal]] | superordo = [[Afrotheria]] | ordo = [[Proboscidea]] | familia = [[Elephantidae]] | familia_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 18211 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision ={{plainlist| * ''[[Gajah afrika|Loxodonta]]'' * ''[[Elephas]]''}} }} Angolifa gurifö sauri ba zi sambua niha oya sibai, so zauri dozi banua, ba so göi gurifö si lö auri ia fefu ba zi sagörö ulidanö. Ba zinura da'a so gurifö nifotöi ; '''Gaza''' (fanötöi ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]]). Ba li Indonesia latötöi faoma fogaoni; '''Gajah''' ya'ia da'ö auriföa so'ono sebua nga'eu ba li wamahaö lamane; ''mamalia besar'' moroi ba gangolifa ''Elephantidae'' faoma ''ordo Proboscidea''. Molo'ö fangi'ila niha soya, so dombua gangolifa gauriföa da'a; gaza moroi ba Afrika [[Gajah Afrika]] (''Loxodonta africana'') faoma gaza sauri ba Asia [[Gajah Asia]] (''Elephas maximus''), heŵa'ae so zi no la'ila niha wa gaza si so ba gatua Afrika faoma gaza sauri ba danö gatua tanöbö'ö ba Danö Afrika, no gaza soroi ba nga'ötö sifabö'ö. adalah spesies yang berbeda (''L.&nbsp;africana'' dan ''L.&nbsp;cyclotis''). Gaza andre mozawili wa'aurinia ba zi sagörö Afrika sub-Sahara, [[Asia Selatan]], faoma [[Asia Tenggara]]. Elephantidae ha sambua moroi ba nga'ötö ''ordo Proboscidea'' sauri irugi ma'ökhö, nga'ötö tanöbö'ö no taya simane ''mamut'' faoma ''mastodon''. Simatua Gaza Afrika andre, fao ba gangolifa gurifö sabölö ebua sauri ba danö (tenga ba nasi ma ba dalumbanua) sogamö fa'alaŵa so ba zi 4 ''meter'' fa'abua ikhamö ba zi 7.000&nbsp;kg. Gaza andre so khönia dandra-dandra si tola la'ila niha, simane sokhönia nikhu sanau ma si no la'ila ba li Indonesia ya'ia da'ö; ''belalai'' ma ba li wamahaö latötöi faoma ''proboscis'' ni'oguna'önia ba wohanu-hanu, famadu idanö, ma ba wanga'i ngawalö mbotoŵa si so fönania. Ifönia fefu ifö sanaba sitobali fangönania ba wanaba ngawalö gö tola göi ba wogao gofu hadia ia. Talinga gaza andre, ba wanolo ya'ia ba wo föfögö wa'aukhu ba zifasui ya'ia. Fa'ebolo dalinga gaza, ebolo ia moroi ba detehulunia, na gaza ba Asia, abölö ide-ide ma'ifu moroi ba gaza moroi ba Afrika. Da'a zi no tobali amaehuta side-ide moroi ba Gaza Afrika ma Gaza Asia. {{Habitat}} Gaza andre, heŵa'ae fao ia ba gurifö sabölö ebua, hiza tenga simanga nagole, no lafaogö ia ba gurifö simanga mbulundru'u ma ba wehede wamahaö lamane urifö ''herbivora'' sitesöndra ba zi sagörö hezo mozawili wa'aurinia, simane ''sabana'', atua, tanö simate ma ''gurun'', faoma ba ndraso-ndraso ma ''rawa-rawa''. Urifö da'a so wa adöni dödöra ba wa'ahatö ba nidanö. Gaza andre sambua ''spesies kunci'' börö me oya zalua ba zifasui ya'ira ba nahia hezo auri ira. Urifö tanöbö'ö ba zi so gaza andre, no so khöra wa'ata'u, irege lö lahatö'ö ira, urifö tanöbö'ö simane; [[Singo]], [[Harimo]]. [[Hyena]], faoma asu gatua ma ''Canidae'' ha da'a zasese mamakao dödö gaza side-ide. Gaza si'alawe; fa'aurinia laföfögö ira ba zisambua ngafu, sageu nina gaza ba ononia sifao khönia. Ngafu da'a te'orudugö ira ba zi ha'uga nga'eu nina gaza faoma ono-onora sigide-ide. Hiza simatua sitobali kafalora si so bakha ba lala wamatörö ngafu nifotöi ''matriarki'' ma ''matriark'', faoma so zi'alawe satua fao khöra. Gaza andre so khönia wenaeta nifotöi ngafu ''fisi-fusi'', ya'ia da'ö; angorudua-angorudua ngafu sifaondra ba zi sambua nahia sifaoma fao ba wozago fa'auri. Gaza simatua fabali ia ba ngawawa nano irugi inötö ebua-bua ia ma notola i'alui zi'alawe, ba wanötöi ya'ia lamane nano irugi ginötö ''pubertas'', ba hatö ya'ia-ya'ia faoma ngawawa zimatua tanöbö'ö. Simatua si no atua ma'ifu, ifahatö ia ba ngawawa ngafu na inötö so zi'alawe sedöna ihatö'ö ia ba wondrou'ö khönia ''testosteron'' ba fohokha nitötöi faoma ''musth'', sanolo simatua andre ba wogamö fokuasoi ngawawa ma ''dominasi (etologi)'' ba fa'alua wodou'ö nga'ötö ma ''reproduktif''. Ono gaza andre, terorogö ia ba ngawawa irugi 3 fakhe ndröfinia. Gaza tola auri irugi 70 fakhe. Fa'auri gaza, fahuwusa ba ngawawa tefalua moroi ba wa'afadekha guli ba nawönia gaza, moroi ba wamaigi moroi ba hörö, ba wo'ago, faoma ba li; gaza andre so khönia göi ''infrasonik'' faoma ''komunikasi seismik'' ni'oguna'önia na aröu gotalua nahia si so ya'ia faoma ngawawania. Fa'onekhe gaza andre na lafaedogö ia ba gurifö simane ''primata'' faoma ''cetacea'', lö aröu faehu, me so khö gaza andre wa'ahakhö dödö khö nawönia si tosasa ma sarakhagö mate. Gaza afrika tefaogö ia ba gangolifa ''spesies rentan'' moroi ba ''International Union for Conservation of Nature'' (IUCN), Na gaza asia tefao ia ba gangolifa gaza ba zi ma'futö taya. Sambua moroi ba zoya si no tobali fangohori gaza andre ya'ia da'ö famawa ikhu gaza ma nilau ba zi lö faudu. Fangohori ma fa'ataya gaza tanöbö'ö baero da'ö, fa'amowawa ba zi sambua nahia ba niha mbanua ba da'ö. Heŵa'ae gaza andre, no sambua gurifö sanolo halöŵö niha, da'a alua ba gaza Asia. Memböröta, so zangoguna'ö gaza andre ba wanuwö, ba na iada'a no oya sa'ae wangi'ila irege gaza andre no fao ba ''sirkus'' si so ba ''kebun binatang''. Gaza andre no oya ba gambara, hikaya, ba agama, sifakhai ba ''sastra'', simanö göi ba ''budaya'' si so ba zisagörö ulidanö mane ma'ökhö. {{Kultivasi}} Gaza andre ba li bö'ö ma ba wanötöi ba simane ba li [[bahasa Indonesia]], [[bahasa Jawa|Jawa]], [[bahasa Sunda|Sunda]], [[bahasa Minangkabau|Minangkabau]], faoma ba li [[bahasa Aceh|Aceh]], no oi la'ila niha lamane; "gajah". Fehede da'a omböila moroi ba li ''bahasa Sanskerta'', ya'ia da'ö; "''gaja''", sitobali ŵa'a li moroi ba mbotoŵa ''maskulin''. Ba wanötöi ''nominativus'' ma ''(sebagai subjek yang berdiri sendiri)'', "''gaja''" nitöfaigö samösa ba wanötöi fa'oya si ha sambua, da'a sindruhunia ''Deklinasi (linguistik)'' ma ''deklinasi'' tobali "''gajas''", ba hiza fehede da'a göna ia ba wonönö hurufo s ba mbalö ŵa'a li da'a ba no munönö ma mufalalini tobali hurufo h, irege tobali fanötöi ya'ia; "''gajah''".<ref>Hardiyanto dan Afendy Widayat, [http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/SANSKRIndWA.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424071608/http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/SANSKRIndWA.pdf |date=2022-04-24 }} Sumbangan Kosakata Bahasa Sanskerta terhadap Perkembangan Bahasa Indonesia dan Jawa Baru, dimuat di jurnal diksi 1 Januari 2006, hlm. 12</ref> Baero da'ö, gaza andre tetötöi ia ba wehede bö'ö si no lakaoni faoma fanötöi; "''elephant''" ba li [[Inggris]]. Fehede "''elephant''" omböila moroi ba ngawua wehede [[Latin]] ''elephas'' (bentuk [[genitivus]] ''elephantis''), ni'ila fanötöi ''Latinisasi'' moroi ba wehede; ἐλέφας, ''elephas'' (bentuk genitivus ἐλέφαντος, ''elephantos'') ba li [[Yunani]];<ref name="LSJ">{{LSJ|e)le/fas|ἐλέφας|ref}}</ref> Fehede da'a hulö nihalö moroi ba li ''Indo-Eropa'', ya'ia da'ö; ba li ''Fenisia''.<ref name=etymology>{{cite web|author=Harper, D|title=Elephant|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=elephant|accessdate=25 October 2012|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224141504/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=elephant|dead-url=no}}</ref> Fehede ''e-re-pa'' faoma ''e-re-pa-to'' te'oguna'ö ba ''Peradaban Mykenai'' ma ''Yunani Mikenai'' bakha ba ''aksara silabis'' Linear B.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.academia.edu/2229199/Ivory_and_horn_production_in_Mycenaean_texts |title=Ivory and horn production in Mycenaean texts |last1=Lujan |first1=E. R. |last2=Bernabe |first2=A |work= |publisher=Academia |accessdate=22 January 2013 |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407230302/https://www.academia.edu/2229199/Ivory_and_horn_production_in_Mycenaean_texts |dead-url=no }}</ref> Simane ba Yunani Mikenai, ''Homeros'' mangoguna'ö fehede ba wanötöi ''gading'', ba hiza ba ginötö aefa ginötö ''Herodotos'' fanötöi da'a tetöfaigö ba wanötöi gajah.<ref name="LSJ"/> So'ofönai'ö wanötöi fehede "''elephant''", ya'ia da'ö; ''olyfaunt'', awena tetötöi ia ba li ''Inggris Pertengahan'' ba ndröfi si 1300, ba fehede andre tefiza moroi ba wehede ''bahasa Prancis Kuno'', ''oliphant'' (abad si-12).<ref name=etymology/> Ba wenaeta tanöbö'ö, ''Gajah afrika'' ma ba li wamahaö so zanötöi ya'ia faoma ''Loxodonta'', si no tobali fanötöi ngafi ma ''genus'' gaza afrika, omböila moroi ba li Yunani nifo'eluaha ba li Indonesia, töra ambö ya'ia da'ö; ''"gigi bersisi miring"''.<ref>{{cite book|author = Kalb, J. E.; Mebrate, A.|title = Fossil Elephantoids from the Hominid-Bearing Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia|url = https://archive.org/details/fossilelephantoi0000kalb|publisher = The American Philosophical Society|year = 1993|pages = [https://archive.org/details/fossilelephantoi0000kalb/page/52 52]–59|isbn = 0-87169-831-5}}</ref> [[Berkas:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|jmpl|ka|Gaza Asia ba ''Taman Nasional Bandipur'', tanö [[India]].]] [[Berkas:Elefants comparative anatomy.png|jmpl|ka|Fanimbagö ''morfologi'' högö faoma ngandroto tanö föna Gaza Asia ('''1''') faoma Gaza Afrika ('''2''').]] Gaza simane si no mufaehagö moroi yaŵa ba da'ö, fao ba gangolifa ''Elephantidae'', ha sambua ngafu zifao bakha ba ''ordo Proboscidea'' si so irugi ma'ökhö. Nga'ötö sahatö khönia irugi iada'a simane ''sirenia'' (dugong) faoma ''lembu laut'' simanö göi ''hyrax''; urifö da'a fefu tehonogöi ba zisambua ''klad'' sifagölö, ya'ia da'ö; ''klad Paenungulata'' bakha ba ''superordo Afrotheria''. Gaza faoma ''Sirenia'' teföfögö bakha ba klad ''Tethytheria''.Molo'ö fangi'ila niha sito'ölö, so dombua gangolifa gaza zi no latema ba wangahaö ba zisagörö ulidanö, ya'ia da'ö; Gaza Afrika (''Loxodonta africana'') faoma ''Gaza Asia'' ma (''Elephas maximus''). Gaza Afrika no tehöngö sambua gangolifa gaza sebolo talinga, töla hulu saogo ma'ifu, uli salulu, talu saehu ma'ifu, ba dombua wanganau'ö ni'okhögö gaza da'a simane fa'anau za'a faoma ikhu. Na talinga gaza Asia abölö ide-ide moroi ba dalinga gaza Afrika, töla hulu tenga aogo mohili ma'ifu, ulinia alösö, talunia itaria aogo, ba aeru, ba anau ma'ifu mbalö nikhunia. Sitohude (''ridge'') ba mboha Gaza Asia abölö farege moroi ba mboha Gaza Afrika zi hulö ''berlian''. Gaza Asia so ma'ifu khönia hulö nagole sanöi ba wetaro ''Dorsal (biologi)'' si so yaŵa ba döla högönia ba tandra-tandra ''Pigmen hayati'' ma ''depigmentasi'' ba gulinia. {{Fangoguna'ö}} Gaza andre agolifa gurifö sauri ba danö. Hiza iada'a no lafaliaro ia ba mbanua sebua misa, simane ba Thailand, gaza andre, urifö sanolo ngawalö halöŵö niha, so ni'oguna'ö ba Parawisata ni faliaro ba ''kebun binatang'' ba so nifaliaro niha mbanua, no so goi-goi ma lala nitörö hewisa wangokhögö zageu gaza andre. Simane si ba danö Indonesia, gaza Sumatera, so ba zi fitu<ref>Redaksi Manfaat, ''"7 Manfaat Gajah Sumatera Bagi Manusia dan Alam"'', Manfaat.Co.Id, [https://manfaat.co.id/manfaat-gajah-sumatera], mufaigi me 5 September 2023</ref> ngawalö zitola möi tolo-tolo niha samaliaro ya'ia simane si so ba da'a tou; * Gaza da'a sauri ba Indonesia ma nikaoni faoma töi Gaza Sumatera, so ba zi 170 kilometer gofanöŵania ba zima'ö-ma'ökhö, ba sageu gaza tola manga ia fa'oya ba zi 136 kilogram, eluahania gaza sofanö fa'aröu simane da'ö ba fa'oya femanga simane da'ö no ifazawili wa'oya hunö geu ni'ania ba wangahaogö atua nitörönia * Sita'unö gaza nomöi fangatabö zinanö. * Ba zi no so fangi'ila ba wa'atua-tua, iö gaza andre tola la oguna'ö ia sitobali ''biogas''. * Gaza andre, sangahaogö atua me tola möi ia sitobali ''produsen O²'' ba so hofo CO² moroi ba hawa gatua. * Gaza tola manolo niha ba wamokai atua satua eu, labokai labali'ö kabu. * Gaza sangahaogö eu ba gatua ena'ö lö adawa-dawa sibai, irege möi tolo-tolo ba gurifö tanöbö'ö. * Gaza tola sanötö lala ba gurifö tanöbö'ö. {{Faniaga}} Aurifö gaza andre, si'oföna sibai si lötolalö'ö la'ila ya'ia da'ö; tenga urifö sitola ni'uri zamösana niha, hiza fao ia ba gangolifa gutundru'u ni uri ni fetaro ba zi sambua nahia simane; ''kebun binatang''. Ba mbanua simane Thailand, no oi so gaza andre ba mbanua-mbanua misa me no mauwu sibai ia ba niha. Hiza tenga ha nilaeteni ba danö Thailand andre wamaliaro Gaza, no tobali famaedo Negara sasese lakaoni faoma ''Gaza Safusi'' ma ba li Indonesia lamane; ''gajah putih''. Hana wa so wofarisayoi Gaza andre ba Thailand, me so khöra wa'aboto ba dödö wa gaza andre, sambua wamaedo fa'abölö, fa'anau noso, fa'abataha ba ngawalö wanandraigö. Da'a no lafati i'otarai döfi si 1500 ba no la'oguna'ö sanolo ba wanuwö ba wolaŵa Burma, Melayu, faoma Khmer. Gaza andre, lafahaö ia moroi ba wa'awuyu ya'ia da'ö ba zi 10 fakhe ndröfinia. Nahiania ba Thailand ya'ia da'ö ba Suaka Margasatwa Thungyai Naresuan fetaro Provinsi Uthai Thani, Tak, faoma Kanchanaburi.<ref>Wikan Prasetya, Anggara,"''Mengapa Gajah Menjadi Simbol Nasional Negara Thailand?''", Kompas.Com, 06/04/2019, 15:00 WIB [https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/04/06/150000827/mengapa-gajah-menjadi-simbol-nasional-negara-thailand-?page=all.], mufaigi me 7 September 2023</ref> {{Onönöta}} Gaza andre, ba Thailand tenga ha sitobali famaedo ba wa'abölö, ba wa'anau noso ma fa'ara wa'auri ba gulidanö, hiza no tobali sodou'ö fa'asökhi wisata ba da'ö. Molo'ö nisura ba ''Gajah dan ekowisata di Thailand - Prasob Tipprasert''<ref>"''Gajah dan ekowisata di Thailand - Prasob Tipprasert, ''", fao.org, [https://www.fao.org/3/ad031e/ad031e0i.htm], mufaigi me 7 September 2023</ref>, wa ba zi 100 fakhe silalö, so 10.000 nga'eu gaza nifaliaro ba Thailand nifataro ba halöŵö zangahaogö eu ''(pabrik kayu)''. Ba ndröfi si 1965, Departemen Peternakan (DLD) ifa'ema wa so ba zi 11.192 nga'eu gaza ba da'ö. Fa'oya da'a no alö 3.381 nga'eu moro ba ndröfi si 1985 ba hatö 2.257 nga'eu ba ndröfi si 1998. Eluahania, fa'auri ma fa'oya gaza andre idugu alö ma na la'erai ia so ba zi 3 persen ero döfi wa'alö wa'oyania. Ba ndröfi si 1989, fanegu wolobö eu soya moroi ba wamareta Thailand si no tobali fangahaogö atua ba da'ö, si no te'ila so ba zi 25 persen moroi ba danö si so ba negara Thailand, fefu atua – simöi 70 persen gaza nifaliaro molombase, lö hadöi halöŵö, irege meluo da'ö oya zelungu gaza andre larugi nahia-nahia ba kota. {{Basoŵa}} Gajah dan ekowisata di Thailand - Prasob Tipprasert, [https://www.fao.org/3/ad031e/ad031e0i.htm] Penilaian Kesejahteraan dan Aktivitas Gajah Penangkaran di Thailand, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341207/] {{Khai-khai baero}} Gajah dan ekowisata di Thailand - Prasob Tipprasert, [https://www.fao.org/3/ad031e/ad031e0i.htm] {{Umbu}} <references /> [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Aurifö]] t3z9ludm5x3om00qr8b2y4jlta7cnkj 27645 27636 2026-08-17T14:04:10Z Slaia 39 mangehaogö ösi 27645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Gajah (Fanötöi ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]], ya'ia da'ö: "'''Gaza'''") | image =African Bush Elephant.jpg | image_caption = Sageu Gaza Afrika ba [[Taman Nasional Mikumi]], [[Tanzania]] | fossil_range = | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Mammalia|Mammal]] | superordo = [[Afrotheria]] | ordo = [[Proboscidea]] | familia = [[Elephantidae]] | familia_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 18211 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision ={{plainlist| * ''[[Gajah afrika|Loxodonta]]'' * ''[[Elephas]]''}} }} '''Gaza''' no aurifö fondrege ebua boto ba gulidanö, si tefaböbö ba gaurifö samaenu ono nifotöi ''mamalia'' ba wamahaö biologia ([[famili (biologia)|famili]] ''Elephantidae'' ba [[ordo (biologia)|ordo]] ''Proboscidea''). Baero wa'ebua mboto, ebolo sibai göi dalingania ba anau sibai nikhunia. So dombua ngasi ia: gaza sauri ba danöa Afrika (''Loxodonta africana'') ba sauri ba danöa Asia (''Elephas maximus''). Muzawili so ira ba Afrika, tanö raya danö simate Sahara, ba [[Asia Selatan]], ba ba [[Asia Tenggara]]. ''Elephantidae'' ha sambua ngasi bakha ba [[ordo (biologia)|ordo]] ''Proboscidea'' sauri irugi ma'ökhö. Ngasi tanöbö'ö simane ''mamuta'' faoma ''masitodono'' no oi taya. Simatua gaza Afrika no aurifö fondrege ebua boto sauri ba gulidanö (tenga sauri ba nasi ma ba dalumbanua). Fa'alaŵa so ba zi 4 mete, fa'abua ikhamö ba zi 7.000 kilo. Ikhu gaza anau ba baero ba wohanu-hanu i'oguna'ö göi nikhu sanau andre ba wamadu idanö awö ba wondra'u ö si so fönania. I'oguna'ö nifönia ba wanaba ngawalö gö ba ba wogao gofu hadia ia. Talingania ebolo moguna ba wanolo ena'ö mo'amböta wa'aukhu ba zifasui ya'ia. Talinga gaza Afrika abölö ebolo moroi ba detehulunia, bahiza talinga gaza Asia abölö ide-ide moroi ba dalinga gaza Afrika. {{Habitat}} Gaza andre, heŵa'ae fao ia ba gurifö sabölö ebua, hiza tenga simanga nagole, no lafaogö ia ba gurifö simanga mbulundru'u ma ba wehede wamahaö lamane urifö ''herbivora'' sitesöndra ba zi sagörö hezo mozawili wa'aurinia, simane ''sabana'', atua, tanö simate ma ''gurun'', faoma ba ndraso-ndraso ma ''rawa-rawa''. Urifö da'a so wa adöni dödöra ba wa'ahatö ba nidanö. Gaza andre sambua ''spesies kunci'' börö me oya zalua ba zifasui ya'ira ba nahia hezo auri ira. Urifö tanöbö'ö ba zi so gaza andre, no so khöra wa'ata'u, irege lö lahatö'ö ira, urifö tanöbö'ö simane; [[Singo]], [[Harimo]]. [[Hyena]], faoma asu gatua ma ''Canidae'' ha da'a zasese mamakao dödö gaza side-ide. Gaza si'alawe; fa'aurinia laföfögö ira ba zisambua ngafu, sageu nina gaza ba ononia sifao khönia. Ngafu da'a te'orudugö ira ba zi ha'uga nga'eu nina gaza faoma ono-onora sigide-ide. Hiza simatua sitobali kafalora si so bakha ba lala wamatörö ngafu nifotöi ''matriarki'' ma ''matriark'', faoma so zi'alawe satua fao khöra. Gaza andre so khönia wenaeta nifotöi ngafu ''fisi-fusi'', ya'ia da'ö; angorudua-angorudua ngafu sifaondra ba zi sambua nahia sifaoma fao ba wozago fa'auri. Gaza simatua fabali ia ba ngawawa nano irugi inötö ebua-bua ia ma notola i'alui zi'alawe, ba wanötöi ya'ia lamane nano irugi ginötö ''pubertas'', ba hatö ya'ia-ya'ia faoma ngawawa zimatua tanöbö'ö. Simatua si no atua ma'ifu, ifahatö ia ba ngawawa ngafu na inötö so zi'alawe sedöna ihatö'ö ia ba wondrou'ö khönia ''testosteron'' ba fohokha nitötöi faoma ''musth'', sanolo simatua andre ba wogamö fokuasoi ngawawa ma ''dominasi (etologi)'' ba fa'alua wodou'ö nga'ötö ma ''reproduktif''. Ono gaza andre, terorogö ia ba ngawawa irugi 3 fakhe ndröfinia. Gaza tola auri irugi 70 fakhe. Fa'auri gaza, fahuwusa ba ngawawa tefalua moroi ba wa'afadekha guli ba nawönia gaza, moroi ba wamaigi moroi ba hörö, ba wo'ago, faoma ba li; gaza andre so khönia göi ''infrasonik'' faoma ''komunikasi seismik'' ni'oguna'önia na aröu gotalua nahia si so ya'ia faoma ngawawania. Fa'onekhe gaza andre na lafaedogö ia ba gurifö simane ''primata'' faoma ''cetacea'', lö aröu faehu, me so khö gaza andre wa'ahakhö dödö khö nawönia si tosasa ma sarakhagö mate. Gaza afrika tefaogö ia ba gangolifa ''spesies rentan'' moroi ba ''International Union for Conservation of Nature'' (IUCN), Na gaza asia tefao ia ba gangolifa gaza ba zi ma'futö taya. Sambua moroi ba zoya si no tobali fangohori gaza andre ya'ia da'ö famawa ikhu gaza ma nilau ba zi lö faudu. Fangohori ma fa'ataya gaza tanöbö'ö baero da'ö, fa'amowawa ba zi sambua nahia ba niha mbanua ba da'ö. Heŵa'ae gaza andre, no sambua gurifö sanolo halöŵö niha, da'a alua ba gaza Asia. Memböröta, so zangoguna'ö gaza andre ba wanuwö, ba na iada'a no oya sa'ae wangi'ila irege gaza andre no fao ba ''sirkus'' si so ba ''kebun binatang''. Gaza andre no oya ba gambara, hikaya, ba agama, sifakhai ba ''sastra'', simanö göi ba ''budaya'' si so ba zisagörö ulidanö mane ma'ökhö. {{Kultivasi}} Gaza andre ba li bö'ö ma ba wanötöi ba simane ba li [[bahasa Indonesia]], [[bahasa Jawa|Jawa]], [[bahasa Sunda|Sunda]], [[bahasa Minangkabau|Minangkabau]], faoma ba li [[bahasa Aceh|Aceh]], no oi la'ila niha lamane; "gajah". Fehede da'a omböila moroi ba li ''bahasa Sanskerta'', ya'ia da'ö; "''gaja''", sitobali ŵa'a li moroi ba mbotoŵa ''maskulin''. Ba wanötöi ''nominativus'' ma ''(sebagai subjek yang berdiri sendiri)'', "''gaja''" nitöfaigö samösa ba wanötöi fa'oya si ha sambua, da'a sindruhunia ''Deklinasi (linguistik)'' ma ''deklinasi'' tobali "''gajas''", ba hiza fehede da'a göna ia ba wonönö hurufo s ba mbalö ŵa'a li da'a ba no munönö ma mufalalini tobali hurufo h, irege tobali fanötöi ya'ia; "''gajah''".<ref>Hardiyanto dan Afendy Widayat, [http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/SANSKRIndWA.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424071608/http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/SANSKRIndWA.pdf |date=2022-04-24 }} Sumbangan Kosakata Bahasa Sanskerta terhadap Perkembangan Bahasa Indonesia dan Jawa Baru, dimuat di jurnal diksi 1 Januari 2006, hlm. 12</ref> Baero da'ö, gaza andre tetötöi ia ba wehede bö'ö si no lakaoni faoma fanötöi; "''elephant''" ba li [[Inggris]]. Fehede "''elephant''" omböila moroi ba ngawua wehede [[Latin]] ''elephas'' (bentuk [[genitivus]] ''elephantis''), ni'ila fanötöi ''Latinisasi'' moroi ba wehede; ἐλέφας, ''elephas'' (bentuk genitivus ἐλέφαντος, ''elephantos'') ba li [[Yunani]];<ref name="LSJ">{{LSJ|e)le/fas|ἐλέφας|ref}}</ref> Fehede da'a hulö nihalö moroi ba li ''Indo-Eropa'', ya'ia da'ö; ba li ''Fenisia''.<ref name=etymology>{{cite web|author=Harper, D|title=Elephant|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=elephant|accessdate=25 October 2012|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224141504/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=elephant|dead-url=no}}</ref> Fehede ''e-re-pa'' faoma ''e-re-pa-to'' te'oguna'ö ba ''Peradaban Mykenai'' ma ''Yunani Mikenai'' bakha ba ''aksara silabis'' Linear B.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.academia.edu/2229199/Ivory_and_horn_production_in_Mycenaean_texts |title=Ivory and horn production in Mycenaean texts |last1=Lujan |first1=E. R. |last2=Bernabe |first2=A |work= |publisher=Academia |accessdate=22 January 2013 |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407230302/https://www.academia.edu/2229199/Ivory_and_horn_production_in_Mycenaean_texts |dead-url=no }}</ref> Simane ba Yunani Mikenai, ''Homeros'' mangoguna'ö fehede ba wanötöi ''gading'', ba hiza ba ginötö aefa ginötö ''Herodotos'' fanötöi da'a tetöfaigö ba wanötöi gajah.<ref name="LSJ"/> So'ofönai'ö wanötöi fehede "''elephant''", ya'ia da'ö; ''olyfaunt'', awena tetötöi ia ba li ''Inggris Pertengahan'' ba ndröfi si 1300, ba fehede andre tefiza moroi ba wehede ''bahasa Prancis Kuno'', ''oliphant'' (abad si-12).<ref name=etymology/> Ba wenaeta tanöbö'ö, ''Gajah afrika'' ma ba li wamahaö so zanötöi ya'ia faoma ''Loxodonta'', si no tobali fanötöi ngafi ma ''genus'' gaza afrika, omböila moroi ba li Yunani nifo'eluaha ba li Indonesia, töra ambö ya'ia da'ö; ''"gigi bersisi miring"''.<ref>{{cite book|author = Kalb, J. E.; Mebrate, A.|title = Fossil Elephantoids from the Hominid-Bearing Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia|url = https://archive.org/details/fossilelephantoi0000kalb|publisher = The American Philosophical Society|year = 1993|pages = [https://archive.org/details/fossilelephantoi0000kalb/page/52 52]–59|isbn = 0-87169-831-5}}</ref> [[Berkas:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|jmpl|ka|Gaza Asia ba ''Taman Nasional Bandipur'', tanö [[India]].]] [[Berkas:Elefants comparative anatomy.png|jmpl|ka|Fanimbagö ''morfologi'' högö faoma ngandroto tanö föna Gaza Asia ('''1''') faoma Gaza Afrika ('''2''').]] Gaza simane si no mufaehagö moroi yaŵa ba da'ö, fao ba gangolifa ''Elephantidae'', ha sambua ngafu zifao bakha ba ''ordo Proboscidea'' si so irugi ma'ökhö. Nga'ötö sahatö khönia irugi iada'a simane ''sirenia'' (dugong) faoma ''lembu laut'' simanö göi ''hyrax''; urifö da'a fefu tehonogöi ba zisambua ''klad'' sifagölö, ya'ia da'ö; ''klad Paenungulata'' bakha ba ''superordo Afrotheria''. Gaza faoma ''Sirenia'' teföfögö bakha ba klad ''Tethytheria''.Molo'ö fangi'ila niha sito'ölö, so dombua gangolifa gaza zi no latema ba wangahaö ba zisagörö ulidanö, ya'ia da'ö; Gaza Afrika (''Loxodonta africana'') faoma ''Gaza Asia'' ma (''Elephas maximus''). Gaza Afrika no tehöngö sambua gangolifa gaza sebolo talinga, töla hulu saogo ma'ifu, uli salulu, talu saehu ma'ifu, ba dombua wanganau'ö ni'okhögö gaza da'a simane fa'anau za'a faoma ikhu. Na talinga gaza Asia abölö ide-ide moroi ba dalinga gaza Afrika, töla hulu tenga aogo mohili ma'ifu, ulinia alösö, talunia itaria aogo, ba aeru, ba anau ma'ifu mbalö nikhunia. Sitohude (''ridge'') ba mboha Gaza Asia abölö farege moroi ba mboha Gaza Afrika zi hulö ''berlian''. Gaza Asia so ma'ifu khönia hulö nagole sanöi ba wetaro ''Dorsal (biologi)'' si so yaŵa ba döla högönia ba tandra-tandra ''Pigmen hayati'' ma ''depigmentasi'' ba gulinia. {{Fangoguna'ö}} Gaza andre agolifa gurifö sauri ba danö. Hiza iada'a no lafaliaro ia ba mbanua sebua misa, simane ba Thailand, gaza andre, urifö sanolo ngawalö halöŵö niha, so ni'oguna'ö ba Parawisata ni faliaro ba ''kebun binatang'' ba so nifaliaro niha mbanua, no so goi-goi ma lala nitörö hewisa wangokhögö zageu gaza andre. Simane si ba danö Indonesia, gaza Sumatera, so ba zi fitu<ref>Redaksi Manfaat, ''"7 Manfaat Gajah Sumatera Bagi Manusia dan Alam"'', Manfaat.Co.Id, [https://manfaat.co.id/manfaat-gajah-sumatera], mufaigi me 5 September 2023</ref> ngawalö zitola möi tolo-tolo niha samaliaro ya'ia simane si so ba da'a tou; * Gaza da'a sauri ba Indonesia ma nikaoni faoma töi Gaza Sumatera, so ba zi 170 kilometer gofanöŵania ba zima'ö-ma'ökhö, ba sageu gaza tola manga ia fa'oya ba zi 136 kilogram, eluahania gaza sofanö fa'aröu simane da'ö ba fa'oya femanga simane da'ö no ifazawili wa'oya hunö geu ni'ania ba wangahaogö atua nitörönia * Sita'unö gaza nomöi fangatabö zinanö. * Ba zi no so fangi'ila ba wa'atua-tua, iö gaza andre tola la oguna'ö ia sitobali ''biogas''. * Gaza andre, sangahaogö atua me tola möi ia sitobali ''produsen O²'' ba so hofo CO² moroi ba hawa gatua. * Gaza tola manolo niha ba wamokai atua satua eu, labokai labali'ö kabu. * Gaza sangahaogö eu ba gatua ena'ö lö adawa-dawa sibai, irege möi tolo-tolo ba gurifö tanöbö'ö. * Gaza tola sanötö lala ba gurifö tanöbö'ö. {{Faniaga}} Aurifö gaza andre, si'oföna sibai si lötolalö'ö la'ila ya'ia da'ö; tenga urifö sitola ni'uri zamösana niha, hiza fao ia ba gangolifa gutundru'u ni uri ni fetaro ba zi sambua nahia simane; ''kebun binatang''. Ba mbanua simane Thailand, no oi so gaza andre ba mbanua-mbanua misa me no mauwu sibai ia ba niha. Hiza tenga ha nilaeteni ba danö Thailand andre wamaliaro Gaza, no tobali famaedo Negara sasese lakaoni faoma ''Gaza Safusi'' ma ba li Indonesia lamane; ''gajah putih''. Hana wa so wofarisayoi Gaza andre ba Thailand, me so khöra wa'aboto ba dödö wa gaza andre, sambua wamaedo fa'abölö, fa'anau noso, fa'abataha ba ngawalö wanandraigö. Da'a no lafati i'otarai döfi si 1500 ba no la'oguna'ö sanolo ba wanuwö ba wolaŵa Burma, Melayu, faoma Khmer. Gaza andre, lafahaö ia moroi ba wa'awuyu ya'ia da'ö ba zi 10 fakhe ndröfinia. Nahiania ba Thailand ya'ia da'ö ba Suaka Margasatwa Thungyai Naresuan fetaro Provinsi Uthai Thani, Tak, faoma Kanchanaburi.<ref>Wikan Prasetya, Anggara,"''Mengapa Gajah Menjadi Simbol Nasional Negara Thailand?''", Kompas.Com, 06/04/2019, 15:00 WIB [https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/04/06/150000827/mengapa-gajah-menjadi-simbol-nasional-negara-thailand-?page=all.], mufaigi me 7 September 2023</ref> {{Onönöta}} Gaza andre, ba Thailand tenga ha sitobali famaedo ba wa'abölö, ba wa'anau noso ma fa'ara wa'auri ba gulidanö, hiza no tobali sodou'ö fa'asökhi wisata ba da'ö. Molo'ö nisura ba ''Gajah dan ekowisata di Thailand - Prasob Tipprasert''<ref>"''Gajah dan ekowisata di Thailand - Prasob Tipprasert, ''", fao.org, [https://www.fao.org/3/ad031e/ad031e0i.htm], mufaigi me 7 September 2023</ref>, wa ba zi 100 fakhe silalö, so 10.000 nga'eu gaza nifaliaro ba Thailand nifataro ba halöŵö zangahaogö eu ''(pabrik kayu)''. Ba ndröfi si 1965, Departemen Peternakan (DLD) ifa'ema wa so ba zi 11.192 nga'eu gaza ba da'ö. Fa'oya da'a no alö 3.381 nga'eu moro ba ndröfi si 1985 ba hatö 2.257 nga'eu ba ndröfi si 1998. Eluahania, fa'auri ma fa'oya gaza andre idugu alö ma na la'erai ia so ba zi 3 persen ero döfi wa'alö wa'oyania. Ba ndröfi si 1989, fanegu wolobö eu soya moroi ba wamareta Thailand si no tobali fangahaogö atua ba da'ö, si no te'ila so ba zi 25 persen moroi ba danö si so ba negara Thailand, fefu atua – simöi 70 persen gaza nifaliaro molombase, lö hadöi halöŵö, irege meluo da'ö oya zelungu gaza andre larugi nahia-nahia ba kota. {{Basoŵa}} Gajah dan ekowisata di Thailand - Prasob Tipprasert, [https://www.fao.org/3/ad031e/ad031e0i.htm] Penilaian Kesejahteraan dan Aktivitas Gajah Penangkaran di Thailand, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341207/] {{Khai-khai baero}} Gajah dan ekowisata di Thailand - Prasob Tipprasert, [https://www.fao.org/3/ad031e/ad031e0i.htm] {{Umbu}} <references /> [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Aurifö]] bywx4yx0cz30y7d8o23a5taaxv1t4zl 27646 27645 2026-08-17T14:07:19Z Slaia 39 Nibulö'ö ba aplikasi WikiNusa 27646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Gajah (Fanötöi ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]], ya'ia da'ö: "'''Gaza'''") | image =African Bush Elephant.jpg | image_caption = Sageu Gaza Afrika ba [[Taman Nasional Mikumi]], [[Tanzania]] | fossil_range = | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Mammalia|Mammal]] | superordo = [[Afrotheria]] | ordo = [[Proboscidea]] | familia = [[Elephantidae]] | familia_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 18211 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision ={{plainlist| * ''[[Gajah afrika|Loxodonta]]'' * ''[[Elephas]]''}} }} '''Gaza''' no aurifö fondrege ebua boto ba gulidanö, si tefaböbö ba gaurifö samaenu ono nifotöi ''mamalia'' ba wamahaö biologia ([[famili (biologia)|famili]] ''Elephantidae'' ba [[ordo (biologia)|ordo]] ''Proboscidea''). Baero wa'ebua mboto, ebolo sibai göi dalingania ba anau sibai nikhunia. So dombua ngasi ia: gaza sauri ba danöa Afrika (''Loxodonta africana'') ba sauri ba danöa Asia (''Elephas maximus''). Muzawili so ira ba Afrika, tanö raya danö simate Sahara, ba [[Asia Selatan]], ba ba [[Asia Tenggara]]. ''Elephantidae'' ha sambua ngasi bakha ba [[ordo (biologia)|ordo]] ''Proboscidea'' sauri irugi ma'ökhö. Ngasi tanöbö'ö simane ''mamuta'' faoma ''masitodono'' no oi taya. Simatua gaza Afrika no aurifö fondrege ebua boto sauri ba gulidanö (tenga sauri ba nasi ma ba dalumbanua). Fa'alaŵa so ba zi 4 mete, fa'abua ikhamö ba zi 7.000 kilo. Ikhu gaza anau ba baero ba wohanu-hanu i'oguna'ö göi nikhu sanau andre ba wamadu idanö awö ba wondra'u ö si so fönania. I'oguna'ö nifönia ba wanaba ngawalö gönia ba ba wogao gofu hadia ia. Talingania ebolo sibai ba moguna da'ö ba wanolo ena'ö wame'e okafu ma'ifu mbotonia na töra wa'aukhu ba zifasui ya'ia. Talinga gaza Afrika abölö ebolo moroi ba wa'ebolo detehulunia fefu, bahiza talinga gaza Asia abölö ide-ide moroi ba dalinga gaza Afrika. {{Habitat}} Gaza andre, heŵa'ae fao ia ba gurifö sabölö ebua, hiza tenga simanga nagole, no lafaogö ia ba gurifö simanga mbulundru'u ma ba wehede wamahaö lamane urifö ''herbivora'' sitesöndra ba zi sagörö hezo mozawili wa'aurinia, simane ''sabana'', atua, tanö simate ma ''gurun'', faoma ba ndraso-ndraso ma ''rawa-rawa''. Urifö da'a so wa adöni dödöra ba wa'ahatö ba nidanö. Gaza andre sambua ''spesies kunci'' börö me oya zalua ba zifasui ya'ira ba nahia hezo auri ira. Urifö tanöbö'ö ba zi so gaza andre, no so khöra wa'ata'u, irege lö lahatö'ö ira, urifö tanöbö'ö simane; [[Singo]], [[Harimo]]. [[Hyena]], faoma asu gatua ma ''Canidae'' ha da'a zasese mamakao dödö gaza side-ide. Gaza si'alawe; fa'aurinia laföfögö ira ba zisambua ngafu, sageu nina gaza ba ononia sifao khönia. Ngafu da'a te'orudugö ira ba zi ha'uga nga'eu nina gaza faoma ono-onora sigide-ide. Hiza simatua sitobali kafalora si so bakha ba lala wamatörö ngafu nifotöi ''matriarki'' ma ''matriark'', faoma so zi'alawe satua fao khöra. Gaza andre so khönia wenaeta nifotöi ngafu ''fisi-fusi'', ya'ia da'ö; angorudua-angorudua ngafu sifaondra ba zi sambua nahia sifaoma fao ba wozago fa'auri. Gaza simatua fabali ia ba ngawawa nano irugi inötö ebua-bua ia ma notola i'alui zi'alawe, ba wanötöi ya'ia lamane nano irugi ginötö ''pubertas'', ba hatö ya'ia-ya'ia faoma ngawawa zimatua tanöbö'ö. Simatua si no atua ma'ifu, ifahatö ia ba ngawawa ngafu na inötö so zi'alawe sedöna ihatö'ö ia ba wondrou'ö khönia ''testosteron'' ba fohokha nitötöi faoma ''musth'', sanolo simatua andre ba wogamö fokuasoi ngawawa ma ''dominasi (etologi)'' ba fa'alua wodou'ö nga'ötö ma ''reproduktif''. Ono gaza andre, terorogö ia ba ngawawa irugi 3 fakhe ndröfinia. Gaza tola auri irugi 70 fakhe. Fa'auri gaza, fahuwusa ba ngawawa tefalua moroi ba wa'afadekha guli ba nawönia gaza, moroi ba wamaigi moroi ba hörö, ba wo'ago, faoma ba li; gaza andre so khönia göi ''infrasonik'' faoma ''komunikasi seismik'' ni'oguna'önia na aröu gotalua nahia si so ya'ia faoma ngawawania. Fa'onekhe gaza andre na lafaedogö ia ba gurifö simane ''primata'' faoma ''cetacea'', lö aröu faehu, me so khö gaza andre wa'ahakhö dödö khö nawönia si tosasa ma sarakhagö mate. Gaza afrika tefaogö ia ba gangolifa ''spesies rentan'' moroi ba ''International Union for Conservation of Nature'' (IUCN), Na gaza asia tefao ia ba gangolifa gaza ba zi ma'futö taya. Sambua moroi ba zoya si no tobali fangohori gaza andre ya'ia da'ö famawa ikhu gaza ma nilau ba zi lö faudu. Fangohori ma fa'ataya gaza tanöbö'ö baero da'ö, fa'amowawa ba zi sambua nahia ba niha mbanua ba da'ö. Heŵa'ae gaza andre, no sambua gurifö sanolo halöŵö niha, da'a alua ba gaza Asia. Memböröta, so zangoguna'ö gaza andre ba wanuwö, ba na iada'a no oya sa'ae wangi'ila irege gaza andre no fao ba ''sirkus'' si so ba ''kebun binatang''. Gaza andre no oya ba gambara, hikaya, ba agama, sifakhai ba ''sastra'', simanö göi ba ''budaya'' si so ba zisagörö ulidanö mane ma'ökhö. {{Kultivasi}} Gaza andre ba li bö'ö ma ba wanötöi ba simane ba li [[bahasa Indonesia]], [[bahasa Jawa|Jawa]], [[bahasa Sunda|Sunda]], [[bahasa Minangkabau|Minangkabau]], faoma ba li [[bahasa Aceh|Aceh]], no oi la'ila niha lamane; "gajah". Fehede da'a omböila moroi ba li ''bahasa Sanskerta'', ya'ia da'ö; "''gaja''", sitobali ŵa'a li moroi ba mbotoŵa ''maskulin''. Ba wanötöi ''nominativus'' ma ''(sebagai subjek yang berdiri sendiri)'', "''gaja''" nitöfaigö samösa ba wanötöi fa'oya si ha sambua, da'a sindruhunia ''Deklinasi (linguistik)'' ma ''deklinasi'' tobali "''gajas''", ba hiza fehede da'a göna ia ba wonönö hurufo s ba mbalö ŵa'a li da'a ba no munönö ma mufalalini tobali hurufo h, irege tobali fanötöi ya'ia; "''gajah''".<ref>Hardiyanto dan Afendy Widayat, [http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/SANSKRIndWA.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424071608/http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/SANSKRIndWA.pdf |date=2022-04-24 }} Sumbangan Kosakata Bahasa Sanskerta terhadap Perkembangan Bahasa Indonesia dan Jawa Baru, dimuat di jurnal diksi 1 Januari 2006, hlm. 12</ref> Baero da'ö, gaza andre tetötöi ia ba wehede bö'ö si no lakaoni faoma fanötöi; "''elephant''" ba li [[Inggris]]. Fehede "''elephant''" omböila moroi ba ngawua wehede [[Latin]] ''elephas'' (bentuk [[genitivus]] ''elephantis''), ni'ila fanötöi ''Latinisasi'' moroi ba wehede; ἐλέφας, ''elephas'' (bentuk genitivus ἐλέφαντος, ''elephantos'') ba li [[Yunani]];<ref name="LSJ">{{LSJ|e)le/fas|ἐλέφας|ref}}</ref> Fehede da'a hulö nihalö moroi ba li ''Indo-Eropa'', ya'ia da'ö; ba li ''Fenisia''.<ref name=etymology>{{cite web|author=Harper, D|title=Elephant|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=elephant|accessdate=25 October 2012|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224141504/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=elephant|dead-url=no}}</ref> Fehede ''e-re-pa'' faoma ''e-re-pa-to'' te'oguna'ö ba ''Peradaban Mykenai'' ma ''Yunani Mikenai'' bakha ba ''aksara silabis'' Linear B.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.academia.edu/2229199/Ivory_and_horn_production_in_Mycenaean_texts |title=Ivory and horn production in Mycenaean texts |last1=Lujan |first1=E. R. |last2=Bernabe |first2=A |work= |publisher=Academia |accessdate=22 January 2013 |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407230302/https://www.academia.edu/2229199/Ivory_and_horn_production_in_Mycenaean_texts |dead-url=no }}</ref> Simane ba Yunani Mikenai, ''Homeros'' mangoguna'ö fehede ba wanötöi ''gading'', ba hiza ba ginötö aefa ginötö ''Herodotos'' fanötöi da'a tetöfaigö ba wanötöi gajah.<ref name="LSJ"/> So'ofönai'ö wanötöi fehede "''elephant''", ya'ia da'ö; ''olyfaunt'', awena tetötöi ia ba li ''Inggris Pertengahan'' ba ndröfi si 1300, ba fehede andre tefiza moroi ba wehede ''bahasa Prancis Kuno'', ''oliphant'' (abad si-12).<ref name=etymology/> Ba wenaeta tanöbö'ö, ''Gajah afrika'' ma ba li wamahaö so zanötöi ya'ia faoma ''Loxodonta'', si no tobali fanötöi ngafi ma ''genus'' gaza afrika, omböila moroi ba li Yunani nifo'eluaha ba li Indonesia, töra ambö ya'ia da'ö; ''"gigi bersisi miring"''.<ref>{{cite book|author = Kalb, J. E.; Mebrate, A.|title = Fossil Elephantoids from the Hominid-Bearing Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia|url = https://archive.org/details/fossilelephantoi0000kalb|publisher = The American Philosophical Society|year = 1993|pages = [https://archive.org/details/fossilelephantoi0000kalb/page/52 52]–59|isbn = 0-87169-831-5}}</ref> [[Berkas:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|jmpl|ka|Gaza Asia ba ''Taman Nasional Bandipur'', tanö [[India]].]] [[Berkas:Elefants comparative anatomy.png|jmpl|ka|Fanimbagö ''morfologi'' högö faoma ngandroto tanö föna Gaza Asia ('''1''') faoma Gaza Afrika ('''2''').]] Gaza simane si no mufaehagö moroi yaŵa ba da'ö, fao ba gangolifa ''Elephantidae'', ha sambua ngafu zifao bakha ba ''ordo Proboscidea'' si so irugi ma'ökhö. Nga'ötö sahatö khönia irugi iada'a simane ''sirenia'' (dugong) faoma ''lembu laut'' simanö göi ''hyrax''; urifö da'a fefu tehonogöi ba zisambua ''klad'' sifagölö, ya'ia da'ö; ''klad Paenungulata'' bakha ba ''superordo Afrotheria''. Gaza faoma ''Sirenia'' teföfögö bakha ba klad ''Tethytheria''.Molo'ö fangi'ila niha sito'ölö, so dombua gangolifa gaza zi no latema ba wangahaö ba zisagörö ulidanö, ya'ia da'ö; Gaza Afrika (''Loxodonta africana'') faoma ''Gaza Asia'' ma (''Elephas maximus''). Gaza Afrika no tehöngö sambua gangolifa gaza sebolo talinga, töla hulu saogo ma'ifu, uli salulu, talu saehu ma'ifu, ba dombua wanganau'ö ni'okhögö gaza da'a simane fa'anau za'a faoma ikhu. Na talinga gaza Asia abölö ide-ide moroi ba dalinga gaza Afrika, töla hulu tenga aogo mohili ma'ifu, ulinia alösö, talunia itaria aogo, ba aeru, ba anau ma'ifu mbalö nikhunia. Sitohude (''ridge'') ba mboha Gaza Asia abölö farege moroi ba mboha Gaza Afrika zi hulö ''berlian''. Gaza Asia so ma'ifu khönia hulö nagole sanöi ba wetaro ''Dorsal (biologi)'' si so yaŵa ba döla högönia ba tandra-tandra ''Pigmen hayati'' ma ''depigmentasi'' ba gulinia. {{Fangoguna'ö}} Gaza andre agolifa gurifö sauri ba danö. Hiza iada'a no lafaliaro ia ba mbanua sebua misa, simane ba Thailand, gaza andre, urifö sanolo ngawalö halöŵö niha, so ni'oguna'ö ba Parawisata ni faliaro ba ''kebun binatang'' ba so nifaliaro niha mbanua, no so goi-goi ma lala nitörö hewisa wangokhögö zageu gaza andre. Simane si ba danö Indonesia, gaza Sumatera, so ba zi fitu<ref>Redaksi Manfaat, ''"7 Manfaat Gajah Sumatera Bagi Manusia dan Alam"'', Manfaat.Co.Id, [https://manfaat.co.id/manfaat-gajah-sumatera], mufaigi me 5 September 2023</ref> ngawalö zitola möi tolo-tolo niha samaliaro ya'ia simane si so ba da'a tou; * Gaza da'a sauri ba Indonesia ma nikaoni faoma töi Gaza Sumatera, so ba zi 170 kilometer gofanöŵania ba zima'ö-ma'ökhö, ba sageu gaza tola manga ia fa'oya ba zi 136 kilogram, eluahania gaza sofanö fa'aröu simane da'ö ba fa'oya femanga simane da'ö no ifazawili wa'oya hunö geu ni'ania ba wangahaogö atua nitörönia * Sita'unö gaza nomöi fangatabö zinanö. * Ba zi no so fangi'ila ba wa'atua-tua, iö gaza andre tola la oguna'ö ia sitobali ''biogas''. * Gaza andre, sangahaogö atua me tola möi ia sitobali ''produsen O²'' ba so hofo CO² moroi ba hawa gatua. * Gaza tola manolo niha ba wamokai atua satua eu, labokai labali'ö kabu. * Gaza sangahaogö eu ba gatua ena'ö lö adawa-dawa sibai, irege möi tolo-tolo ba gurifö tanöbö'ö. * Gaza tola sanötö lala ba gurifö tanöbö'ö. {{Faniaga}} Aurifö gaza andre, si'oföna sibai si lötolalö'ö la'ila ya'ia da'ö; tenga urifö sitola ni'uri zamösana niha, hiza fao ia ba gangolifa gutundru'u ni uri ni fetaro ba zi sambua nahia simane; ''kebun binatang''. Ba mbanua simane Thailand, no oi so gaza andre ba mbanua-mbanua misa me no mauwu sibai ia ba niha. Hiza tenga ha nilaeteni ba danö Thailand andre wamaliaro Gaza, no tobali famaedo Negara sasese lakaoni faoma ''Gaza Safusi'' ma ba li Indonesia lamane; ''gajah putih''. Hana wa so wofarisayoi Gaza andre ba Thailand, me so khöra wa'aboto ba dödö wa gaza andre, sambua wamaedo fa'abölö, fa'anau noso, fa'abataha ba ngawalö wanandraigö. Da'a no lafati i'otarai döfi si 1500 ba no la'oguna'ö sanolo ba wanuwö ba wolaŵa Burma, Melayu, faoma Khmer. Gaza andre, lafahaö ia moroi ba wa'awuyu ya'ia da'ö ba zi 10 fakhe ndröfinia. Nahiania ba Thailand ya'ia da'ö ba Suaka Margasatwa Thungyai Naresuan fetaro Provinsi Uthai Thani, Tak, faoma Kanchanaburi.<ref>Wikan Prasetya, Anggara,"''Mengapa Gajah Menjadi Simbol Nasional Negara Thailand?''", Kompas.Com, 06/04/2019, 15:00 WIB [https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/04/06/150000827/mengapa-gajah-menjadi-simbol-nasional-negara-thailand-?page=all.], mufaigi me 7 September 2023</ref> {{Onönöta}} Gaza andre, ba Thailand tenga ha sitobali famaedo ba wa'abölö, ba wa'anau noso ma fa'ara wa'auri ba gulidanö, hiza no tobali sodou'ö fa'asökhi wisata ba da'ö. Molo'ö nisura ba ''Gajah dan ekowisata di Thailand - Prasob Tipprasert''<ref>"''Gajah dan ekowisata di Thailand - Prasob Tipprasert, ''", fao.org, [https://www.fao.org/3/ad031e/ad031e0i.htm], mufaigi me 7 September 2023</ref>, wa ba zi 100 fakhe silalö, so 10.000 nga'eu gaza nifaliaro ba Thailand nifataro ba halöŵö zangahaogö eu ''(pabrik kayu)''. Ba ndröfi si 1965, Departemen Peternakan (DLD) ifa'ema wa so ba zi 11.192 nga'eu gaza ba da'ö. Fa'oya da'a no alö 3.381 nga'eu moro ba ndröfi si 1985 ba hatö 2.257 nga'eu ba ndröfi si 1998. Eluahania, fa'auri ma fa'oya gaza andre idugu alö ma na la'erai ia so ba zi 3 persen ero döfi wa'alö wa'oyania. Ba ndröfi si 1989, fanegu wolobö eu soya moroi ba wamareta Thailand si no tobali fangahaogö atua ba da'ö, si no te'ila so ba zi 25 persen moroi ba danö si so ba negara Thailand, fefu atua – simöi 70 persen gaza nifaliaro molombase, lö hadöi halöŵö, irege meluo da'ö oya zelungu gaza andre larugi nahia-nahia ba kota. {{Basoŵa}} Gajah dan ekowisata di Thailand - Prasob Tipprasert, [https://www.fao.org/3/ad031e/ad031e0i.htm] Penilaian Kesejahteraan dan Aktivitas Gajah Penangkaran di Thailand, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341207/] {{Khai-khai baero}} Gajah dan ekowisata di Thailand - Prasob Tipprasert, [https://www.fao.org/3/ad031e/ad031e0i.htm] {{Umbu}} <references /> [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Aurifö]] be9jcivqkgll1gwli09axmr119rio0v 4 4139 27674 27599 2026-08-17T21:02:57Z MediaWiki message delivery 62 /* Berita Teknis: 2026-34 */ bagian baru 27674 wikitext text/x-wiki == Turia satua == Turia satua no te'irö'ö ba da'a: [[/2026|2026]], [[/2025|2025]], [[/2024|2024]], [[/2023|2023]], [[Wikipedia:Monganga afo/2022|2022]], [[Wikipedia:Monganga afo/2021|2021]] [[Kategori:Monganga afo]] [[Kategori:Monganga afo (teknis)]] [[Kategori:Fanolo]] == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-03</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Wikimedia Foundation telah membagikan sejumlah pertanyaan panduan untuk Rencana Tahunan Juli 2026–Juni 2027 di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] dan ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini berfokus pada tren global, uji coba yang lebih cepat dan lebih sehat, dukungan yang lebih baik bagi pengguna baru, penguatan peran penyunting dan pengguna tingkat lanjut, peningkatan kolaborasi lintas proyek, dan upaya memperluas dan mempertahankan jumlah pembaca. Masukan dan gagasan dapat disampaikan melalui [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|halaman pembicaraannya]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan Tim Community Tech dalam proyek [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Daftar pantau ganda]] (''Multiple watchlists''), tampilan [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] akan diperbarui sebagai langkah awal menuju penerapan beberapa daftar pantau. Selain itu, sistem penomoran halaman pada fitur [[Special:Search|Pencarian]] juga akan diperbarui sebagai bagian dari pengerjaan permintaan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|perombakan penomoran dan navigasi halaman]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantau Global]] merupakan sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|ekstensi]] MediaWiki yang memungkinkan Anda melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. Ekstensi ini baru-baru ini diperbarui agar tampilannya lebih menyerupai [[Special:Watchlist|Daftar pantau]] biasa, termasuk untuk menyiapkannya menghadapi penggunaan akun sementara dalam penyamaran IP (misalnya dengan mengarahkan ulang pranala pengguna ke halaman kontribusi), menampilkan judul halaman dengan huruf tebal, dan membuka pranala dalam ringkasan suntingan dan label di tab peramban baru. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah ketika pemblokiran global tidak memiliki opsi untuk menonaktifkan pengiriman surel kini telah diperbaiki, dan fitur tersebut dapat digunakan pada pekan 13 Januari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|Perkakas pengutipan di VisualEditor]] dan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Pratinjau Rujukan]] kini mendukung jenis rujukan "peta". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 Januari 2026 02.33 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Panel yang ditampilkan pada [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] dalam tampilan seluler telah didesain ulang. Panel ini kini ditampilkan dalam keadaan tertutup secara bawaan dan dilengkapi dengan pranala untuk membatalkan suntingan yang sedang ditinjau, sehingga memudahkan penyunting dan peninjau di perangkat seluler untuk mengambil tindakan tanpa membuat antarmuka terlihat penuh. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantau Global]] memungkinkan Anda melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. Ekstensi ini terus dikembangkan dan kini mampu menentukan arah teks secara otomatis, sehingga tampilan situs dengan nama domain yang tidak lazim tetap benar. Ekstensi ini juga menampilkan keterangan yang lebih rinci untuk setiap tindakan dalam log. Pada akhir pekan ini, akan ditambahkan pranala permanen baru untuk pembuatan halaman dan kelas CSS untuk setiap elemen entri. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang sebelumnya ditemukan pada Vector 2022, yaitu tujuan pranala jangkar tertutup oleh tajuk yang menempel (''sticky header''), kini telah ditangani. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagaimana disebutkan dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|pengumuman penghentian bertahap pada Oktober 2025]], Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki akan mulai menghentikan seluruh titik akhir transformasi (''transform endpoint'') pada MediaWiki REST API yang menggunakan garis miring di akhir alamat (''trailing slash'') pada pekan 26 Januari. Perubahan ini diperkirakan akan diterapkan di semua wiki paling lambat 30 Januari. Seluruh pengguna API yang saat ini masih menggunakannya diimbau untuk beralih ke versi titik akhir tanpa garis miring di akhir. Kedua variasi titik akhir tersebut dapat ditemukan, dibandingkan, dan diuji melalui [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. Jika memiliki pertanyaan atau mengalami kendala, silakan ajukan tiket di Phabricator pada papan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team]. * Dokumentasi rujukan interaktif untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] telah dipindahkan. Permintaan ke dokumentasi API yang sebelumnya diinang melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (misalnya <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) kini akan dialihkan ke [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Tim Platform Wikidata Wikimedia Foundation]] (WDP) telah menerbitkan [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|nawala Januari 2026]]. Nawala ini memuat pembaruan mengenai penghentian titik akhir graf penuh (''full-graph'') lama, perubahan kebijakan User-Agent, jadwal sesi diskusi bulanan migrasi Blazegraph, dan upaya untuk mengurangi kemunduran (regresi) yang disebabkan oleh penonaktifan titik akhir lama tersebut. Sebagai pengingat, Anda dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|berlangganan nawala WDP]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Eropa Barat Laut 2026]] akan diselenggarakan pada 13–14 Maret 2026 di Arnhem, Belanda. Pendaftaran dibuka sejak pertengahan Desember dan akan segera ditutup atau ditutup lebih awal jika kuota peserta telah terpenuhi. Acara ini merupakan hackathon teknis selama dua hari yang mempertemukan para Wikimediawan dari kawasan tersebut. Sampai jumpa di sana! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20 Januari 2026 03.29 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Wikimedia Foundation mengundang masukan mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|usulan arah masa depan]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] hingga 28 Februari. * Semua pengguna dengan akun terdaftar kini dapat menggunakan kunci sandi (''passkey'') untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|autentikasi dua-faktor]] (2FA). Kunci sandi merupakan cara masuk yang lebih sederhana tanpa perlu menggunakan perangkat kedua. Identitas pengguna diverifikasi melalui sidik jari, pemindaian wajah, atau kode PIN. Untuk menggunakan kunci sandi, pengguna harus terlebih dahulu mengaktifkan metode 2FA standar. Saat ini, proses masuk dengan kunci sandi masih memerlukan kata sandi. Pada kuartal ini, fitur masuk tanpa kata sandi akan memungkinkan pengguna masuk dengan satu klik menggunakan kunci sandi. Pengguna dengan hak akses lanjutan juga akan diwajibkan mengaktifkan 2FA. Kebijakan ini merupakan bagian dari proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Keamanan Akun]]. * Kontributor tidak terdaftar yang berasal dari alamat IP atau rentang IP yang diblokir kini dapat berinteraksi di wiki untuk mengajukan banding pemblokiran dengan membuat akun sementara dan menyampaikannya melalui halaman pembicaraan pengguna, selama opsi "mencegah pengguna ini menyunting halaman pembicaraannya sendiri" tidak diaktifkan. Perubahan ini mengatasi masalah sebelumnya, yaitu pengguna yang tidak masuk log (keluar log dari akun) tidak dapat menggunakan prosedur pembukaan blokir standar melalui halaman pembicaraan pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, deskripsi metode Autentikasi Dua-Faktor (2FA) pada halaman pengelolaan kini telah diperbarui. Penjelasannya menjadi lebih jelas dan lebih mudah dipahami serta digunakan oleh pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebuah variabel AbuseFilter baru, <code>account_type</code>, telah ditambahkan untuk menyediakan cara yang andal dalam menentukan jenis akun yang sedang dibuat pada tindakan <code>createaccount</code> dan <code>autocreateaccount</code>. Sebagai bagian dari perubahan ini, variabel <code>accountname</code> telah diubah namanya menjadi <code>account_name</code>, dan <code>accountname</code> kini dinyatakan tidak lagi digunakan (''deprecated''). Pengelola penyaring suntingan disarankan untuk memperbarui penyaring apa pun yang masih menggunakan pemeriksaan jenis akun yang ditulis langsung (''hardcoded'') atau variabel yang telah dinyatakan tidak digunakan tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Keluku (''thumbnail'') yang diminta dengan ukuran tidak standar dan menggunakan cara tidak standar, seperti permintaan langsung ke <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code>, akan berhenti berfungsi dalam waktu dekat. Perubahan ini dilakukan untuk mencegah penyalahgunaan berkelanjutan oleh pengambil data otomatis (''web scraper'') dan bot. Sebagian pengguna dengan CSS/JS khusus, pengurus antarmuka yang dapat memperbaiki gawai dan kulit lokal, serta pembuat alat, perlu memperbarui kode mereka agar menggunakan ukuran gambar mini standar. [[phab:T414805|Informasi lengkap, pranala pencarian, dan contoh cara memperbaikinya tersedia pada tugas terkait]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 Januari 2026 04.17 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" yang menampilkan informasi validasi tentang suatu halaman ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} contoh]) kini secara otomatis akan menyertakan daftar isi. Jika terdapat halaman lokal [[MediaWiki:Pageinfo-header]] yang dibuat oleh pengguna, halaman tersebut kini dapat dihapus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebelumnya VisualEditor menambahkan pemformatan tebal atau miring di dalam deskripsi pranala, sehingga membuat kode wiki menjadi rumit. Hal ini kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tidak ada salinan XML pada 20 Januari. Selain itu, mulai sekarang, salinan data hanya akan dihasilkan satu kali per bulan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki telah menghapus dukungan untuk seluruh titik akhir transformasi yang menggunakan garis miring di akhir (''trailing slash'') dari [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API REST API MediaWiki]. Seluruh pengguna API yang saat ini masih memanggil titik akhir tersebut dianjurkan untuk beralih ke versi tanpa garis miring di akhir. Apabila terdapat pertanyaan atau mengalami kendala, silakan mengajukan tiket di Phabricator pada papan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Wikimedia Foundation mengingatkan para pengguna bahwa sejumlah pertanyaan panduan untuk Rencana Tahunan Juli 2026–Juni 2027 telah dibagikan melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] dan ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. Pertanyaan ini menyoroti berbagai isu utama, termasuk tren global, pengembangan eksperimen yang lebih cepat dan berkelanjutan, peningkatan dukungan bagi pengguna baru, penguatan peran penyunting dan pengguna tingkat lanjut, optimalisasi kolaborasi antarproyek, dan upaya meningkatkan serta mempertahankan jumlah pembaca. Masukan, saran, dan gagasan dapat disampaikan melalui [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|halaman pembicaraannya]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 3 Februari 2026 00.43 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Kontributor yang masuk log dan mengelola daftar pantauan yang besar atau kompleks kini dapat mengatur dan menyaring halaman yang dipantau dengan lebih efektif melalui fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Label Daftar Pantauan]] yang baru. Dengan menambahkan label tersuai, misalnya halaman yang dibuat sendiri, halaman yang dipantau untuk vandalisme, atau halaman diskusi, pengguna dapat lebih cepat mengidentifikasi halaman yang memerlukan perhatian, mengurangi beban kognitif, dan merespons dengan lebih efisien. Peningkatan ini membuat daftar pantauan lebih mudah digunakan, terutama bagi penyunting yang sangat aktif. * Sebuah fitur baru yang tersedia di [[Special:Contributions|Istimewa:Kontribusi]] kini menampilkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] yang kemungkinan dioperasikan oleh orang yang sama, sehingga proses patroli menjadi lebih efisien dan tidak memakan banyak waktu. Saat memeriksa kontribusi suatu akun sementara, pengguna yang memiliki akses ke alamat IP akun sementara kini dapat melihat tampilan kontribusi dari akun-akun sementara terkait. Fitur ini menelusuri seluruh alamat IP yang terkait dengan suatu akun sementara dalam periode retensi data, lalu menampilkan semua kontribusi dari seluruh akun sementara yang pernah menggunakan alamat IP tersebut. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * Saat para penyunting melakukan pratayang suntingan teks wiki, kotak pengingat di bagian atas yang menunjukkan bahwa yang ditampilkan hanyalah pratayang kini menggunakan latar belakang abu-abu/netral, bukan lagi kuning/peringatan. Perubahan ini memudahkan pembedaan antara catatan pratayang dan peringatan yang sebenarnya (misalnya konflik suntingan atau sasaran pengalihan yang bermasalah), yang kini akan ditampilkan dalam kotak peringatan atau kesalahan terpisah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]] memungkinkan pengguna meninjau daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|Ekstensi]] ini terus mengalami penyempurnaan, yang kini mendukung lebih dari satu situs Wikibase secara optimal, seperti [[d:|Wikidata]] dan [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. Selain itu, kendala tentang arah teks telah diperbaiki bagi pengguna Wikidata atau situs Wikibase lain yang menggunakan bahasa dengan arah kanan ke kiri (RTL). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * "Pranala magis" otomatis untuk nomor ISBN, RFC, dan PMID [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|telah dinyatakan usang dalam teks wiki sejak 2021]] karena kurang fleksibel dan menyulitkan pelokalan. Sejumlah wiki telah berhasil menggantikan pranala magis RFC dan PMID dengan pranala luar yang setara, tetapi untuk menggantikan fungsi pranala magis ISBN sering kali diperlukan templat khusus. Kini telah tersedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|fungsi pengurai bawaan]] baru, <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code>, yang dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan fungsi dasar pranala magis ISBN. Hal ini memudahkan wiki yang ingin bermigrasi dari fungsi pranala magis yang telah dinyatakan usang tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Dua wiki baru telah dibuat: ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam [[d:Q35401|bahasa Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam [[d:Q1186896|bahasa Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebuah kelompok pengguna global baru telah dibuat, yaitu [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. Kelompok ini digunakan secara internal oleh perangkat lunak untuk memungkinkan bot komunitas melewati pembatasan laju (''rate limit'') yang diterapkan terhadap [[w:en:Web scraping|perayap web]] (''web scraper'') yang bersifat merusak. Akun yang telah disetujui sebagai bot di setidaknya satu wiki Wikimedia akan secara otomatis ditambahkan ke dalam kelompok ini. Perubahan ini tidak memengaruhi atau mengubah hak akses yang dimiliki oleh bot tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|Konferensi Pengguna dan Pengembang MediaWiki Musim Semi 2026]] akan diselenggarakan pada 25–27 Maret 2026 di Salt Lake City, Amerika Serikat. Acara ini diselenggarakan oleh dan untuk komunitas MediaWiki pihak ketiga. Peserta dapat mengusulkan sesi serta mendaftarkan diri untuk mengikuti konferensi ini. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10 Februari 2026 06.30 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|Tim SRE]] akan membersihkan Etherpad, yaitu penyunting berbasis web sumber terbuka untuk penyuntingan dokumen kolaboratif langsung. Seluruh catatan (''pad'') akan dihapus secara permanen setelah 30 April 2026. Harap membuat salinan cadangan lokal atas konten apa pun yang ingin dipertahankan karena data yang telah dihapus tidak dapat dipulihkan. Pembersihan ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi ukuran basis data dan meminimalkan jejak infrastruktur. Etherpad akan tetap mendukung kolaborasi langsung, tetapi tidak ditujukan untuk penyimpanan jangka panjang. Pembersihan tambahan dapat dilakukan di masa mendatang tanpa pemberitahuan sebelumnya.</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pengambilan Informasi (''Information Retrieval'') akan meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|eksperimen aplikasi seluler Android]] untuk menguji pencarian hibrida yang mampu menangani kueri semantik dan berbasis kata kunci. Peningkatan pencarian di dalam platform ini bertujuan memudahkan pembaca menemukan informasi yang dicari secara langsung di Wikipedia. Eksperimen ini akan pertama kali diluncurkan di Wikipedia bahasa Yunani pada akhir Februari, kemudian diperluas ke Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, Prancis, dan Portugis pada bulan Maret. Informasi selengkapnya [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ dapat dibaca] di Diff. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]].</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:19}} {{PLURAL:19|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Sebagai contoh, sebuah masalah di [[Special:RecentChanges|Istimewa:PerubahanTerbaru]] telah diperbaiki. Sebelumnya, ketika pengguna mengeklik sembunyikan pada penyaring aktif, tombol "lihat perubahan baru sejak…" ikut menghilang, padahal seharusnya tetap ditampilkan. Kini, tombol tersebut telah berfungsi dan ditampilkan sebagaimana mestinya.</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Dokumentasi baru kini tersedia untuk membantu para penyunting menelusuri dan mendiagnosis masalah pada fitur pencarian di situs. Dokumentasi ini mendukung proses pemecahan masalah ketika halaman tidak muncul dalam hasil pencarian, ketika peringkat hasil terasa tidak sesuai, dan ketika perlu memeriksa konten apa saja yang sedang diindeks. Dengan demikian, perilaku pencarian menjadi lebih mudah dipahami dan dianalisis. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Pelajari lebih lanjut]].</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17 Februari 2026 02.16 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Pemeriksaan Referensi]] kini telah diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, menandai selesainya peluncuran fitur ini di seluruh Wikipedia. Fitur tersebut mendorong pengguna baru untuk menambahkan rujukan sebelum memublikasikan konten baru, sehingga membantu menekan pembatalan suntingan akibat kekurangan rujukan dan meningkatkan keterverifikasian. Hasil pengujian A/B menunjukkan dampak yang kuat: pengguna baru yang ditampilkan Pemeriksaan Rujukan sekitar 2,2 kali lebih sering menambahkan rujukan di desktop dan sekitar 17,5 kali lebih sering di web seluler. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|Ekstensi InterwikiSorting]], yang sebelumnya memungkinkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|pengurutan pranala antarwiki]], telah dinonaktifkan di Wikipedia. Dampaknya, penyunting yang mengaktifkan pengurutan pranala antarwiki dalam mode tidak ringkas (format daftar penuh) kini akan melihat urutan pranala berubah. Ke depannya, pranala antarwiki akan ditampilkan berdasarkan urutan alfabet kode bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Mulai akhir pekan ini, pengguna yang menyunting suatu bagian halaman menggunakan VisualEditor seluler akan melihat tombol baru "Sunting seluruh halaman". Dengan mengetuk tombol tersebut, pengguna dapat langsung menyunting keseluruhan artikel. Fitur ini memudahkan ketika perubahan yang ingin dilakukan ternyata berada di luar bagian yang awalnya dibuka. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] mengundang para penyunting untuk menilai apakah mode gelap masih perlu dianggap sebagai fitur beta di wiki masing-masing berdasarkan pengalaman penggunaan dan kinerjanya di perangkat desktop maupun seluler. Apabila fitur ini dinilai telah matang, para penyunting dapat memperbarui pesan antarmuka di <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> dan <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> untuk menunjukkan bahwa mode gelap telah siap digunakan dan tidak lagi berstatus beta. * [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Tab Aktivitas]] yang telah ditingkatkan dan menampilkan wawasan pengguna kini tersedia untuk seluruh pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia iOS (versi 7.9.0 dan yang lebih baru). Setelah uji A/B sebelumnya menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah pembuatan akun pada pengguna yang memiliki akses ke fitur ini, pembaruan tersebut kini diluncurkan kepada 100% pengguna, dan disertai dengan sejumlah penyempurnaan. Tab Aktivitas kini menampilkan artikel-artikel yang telah disunting dalam lini masa, menyajikan wawasan dampak penyuntingan seperti jumlah kontribusi dan tren kunjungan artikel, serta menyediakan opsi penyesuaian untuk meningkatkan pengalaman penggunaan aplikasi. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, sebuah kekutu yang sebelumnya menyebabkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] tidak berfungsi di perangkat seluler kini telah diperbaiki, sehingga fungsionalitasnya kembali berjalan sepenuhnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]] memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|Ekstensi]] yang mendukung fitur ini terus dikembangkan. Pembaruan terbaru menambahkan [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|kait baru]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, yang dijalankan setiap kali daftar pantauan dibangun ulang. Dengan adanya kait ini, gawai dan skrip pengguna kini dapat dijalankan pada halaman Istimewa tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 24 Februari 2026 02.03 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Mode Ulang Tahun]] ke-25 Wikipedia kini telah tersedia di Wikipedia bahasa Betawi, Breton, Tionghoa, Ceko, Belanda, Inggris, Prancis, Gorontalo, Indonesia, Italia, Luksemburg, Madura, Sisilia, Spanyol, Thai, dan Vietnam. Fitur kampanye waktu terbatas ini merayakan 25 tahun Wikipedia dengan maskot ulang tahun bernama Baby Globe. Saat diaktifkan, Baby Globe akan muncul di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|sekitar 2.500 artikel]] dan dapat ditemukan oleh para pembaca. Komunitas dapat memilih untuk mengaktifkan Mode Ulang Tahun dengan mencapai konsensus di tingkat komunitas, lalu meminta pengurus untuk mengaktifkan dan menyesuaikan fitur tersebut melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|pengaturan komunitas]] di wiki lokal masing-masing. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur baru [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], yang memungkinkan penggunaan ulang rujukan dengan informasi yang berbeda, telah dirilis di Wikipedia bahasa Swedia, Polandia, dan [[:phab:T418209|beberapa wiki lainnya]]. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|Fitur ini dapat dicoba]] di proyek-proyek tersebut atau di testwiki dan [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Pembelajaran dari wiki percontohan pertama, yaitu Wikipedia bahasa Jerman, telah [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|dirilis dalam sebuah laporan]]. Jika [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|berminat untuk menjadi wiki percontohan]], silakan menghubungi tim Wikimedia Deutschland. * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Pemeriksaan Tempel]] (''Paste Check'') akan tersedia di seluruh Wikipedia pekan ini. Fitur ini menampilkan pengingat kepada pengguna baru yang menempelkan teks ke dalam VisualEditor yang kemungkinan besar bukan hasil tulisan mereka sendiri agar mempertimbangkan risiko pelanggaran hak cipta. Pemeriksaan Tempel juga [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|menandai]] semua suntingan yang memunculkan pengingat tersebut untuk kemungkinan peninjauan lebih lanjut. Pengurus lokal dapat mengatur berbagai aspek fitur ini melalui [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Penelitian]] di 22 wiki menunjukkan bahwa Pemeriksaan Tempel menghasilkan penurunan relatif sebesar 18% pada suntingan yang dibatalkan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Para penerjemah dapat membantu [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate melokalkan] fitur ini dan fitur terkait lainnya. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] akan melakukan standardisasi menu pengguna di pojok kanan atas bagi seluruh pengguna seluler agar lebih selaras dengan pengalaman di desktop. Saat ini, menu tersebut hanya terlihat oleh pengguna yang mengaktifkan Kontrol Seluler Lanjutan (''Advanced Mobile Controls''/AMC). Perubahan yang dilakukan hanya berupa pemindahan beberapa tombol yang sebelumnya berada di menu sisi kiri ke pojok kanan atas bagi pengguna yang tidak mengaktifkan AMC. Perubahan ini dijadwalkan diterapkan pada 9 Maret dan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan antarmuka pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Mulai pekan 2 Maret, surel yang dikirim saat alamat surel pada suatu akun ditambahkan, dihapus, atau diubah akan beralih dari format teks biasa menjadi surel HTML yang tampilannya lebih rapi dan informatif. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Saat ini, setiap pengguna dapat menyimpan hingga 2.000 notifikasi lama, dengan riwayat yang mencakup sejak 2013 ketika fitur ini diperkenalkan. Ke depan, sistem akan diubah sehingga hanya notifikasi dari lima tahun terakhir yang disimpan, tetapi dengan kapasitas yang ditingkatkan hingga 10.000 notifikasi. Penyesuaian ini dilakukan untuk menjaga kesehatan infrastruktur dalam jangka panjang sekaligus mengurangi kemungkinan notifikasi terbaru hilang lebih cepat dari yang seharusnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]], yang memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman, terus mengalami penyempurnaan. Pembaruan terbaru meningkatkan pengalaman penggunaan label. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|Ekstensi]] ini kini memungkinkan pengaktifan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|sistem pengganti bahasa]] (''language fallback'') untuk butir Wikidata yang tidak memiliki label dalam bahasa yang sedang ditampilkan, dan menampilkan label tersebut dalam bahasa Wikidata pilihan pengguna apabila tidak ada parameter URL <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> yang digunakan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * Tim Wikipedia Android telah memulai uji coba beta fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|pencarian hibrida]] di Wikipedia bahasa Yunani. Fitur pencarian hibrida ini dapat menangani pencarian berdasarkan makna maupun kata kunci, sehingga pembaca dapat menemukan informasi yang dicari secara lebih mudah langsung di Wikipedia. * Demi meningkatkan keamanan, anggota dari sejumlah kelompok pengguna [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|diwajibkan mengaktifkan autentikasi dua-faktor]] (2FA). Saat ini, 2FA menjadi syarat untuk menggunakan hak akses dalam kelompok tersebut, tetapi belum menjadi syarat untuk tercatat sebagai anggotanya. Karena kebijakan ini masih memiliki beberapa kelemahan, perubahan akan [[phab:T418580|dilakukan secara bertahap mulai bulan Maret]]. Anggota kelompok terkait tidak lagi dapat menonaktifkan satu-satunya metode 2FA yang tersisa di akun mereka. Selain itu, pengguna yang belum mengaktifkan 2FA tidak dapat ditambahkan ke dalam kelompok tersebut. Pengguna tetap dapat menambahkan metode autentikasi baru atau menghapus metode yang ada, selama minimal satu metode 2FA tetap aktif. Pada paruh kedua bulan Maret, pengguna yang belum mengaktifkan 2FA akan dikeluarkan dari kelompok-kelompok ini. Ketentuan ini berlaku untuk pengurus CentralNotice, pemeriksa, pengurus antarmuka, pengawas, staf Wikidata, staf Wikifunctions, WMF Office IT, dan WMF Trust & Safety. Tidak ada perubahan bagi pengguna lainnya. Jadwal pelaksanaan dapat dilihat pada tugas yang ditautkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang sebelumnya menghalangi pengguna untuk membuat sebuah instans (''instance'') di [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Untuk membantu memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]], dalam satu bulan ke depan Wikimedia Foundation akan menerapkan pembatasan jumlah permintaan (''rate limit'') API secara global pada seluruh API yang digunakan. Pada awal Maret, batas yang lebih ketat akan diberlakukan untuk permintaan yang tidak teridentifikasi dari luar Toolforge/WMCS dan permintaan API yang dilakukan melalui peramban web. Pada bulan April, batas yang lebih tinggi akan diterapkan untuk lalu lintas yang teridentifikasi. Batasan ini sengaja ditetapkan setinggi mungkin agar dampaknya terhadap komunitas tetap minimal. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, semua pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik yang telah diperbarui. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat halaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * Layanan ''Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment'' (LDF) akan dihentikan pada bulan Februari. Layanan ini hanya melayani lalu lintas yang terbatas, dan penggunaannya telah berhasil dialihkan ke metode akses data lain yang lebih sesuai untuk mendukung kebutuhan yang ada. Perangkat keras yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk mendukung layanan LDF akan dialokasikan kembali guna menunjang proses migrasi sistem bagian belakang yang sedang berlangsung. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * Pengurai Parsoid versi terbaru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|terus diperluas penggunaannya ke berbagai wiki lainnya]]. Penerapan ini mendukung keberlanjutan sistem dan mempermudah pengembangan fitur baru untuk kegiatan membaca dan penyuntingan. Kini, Parsoid telah menjadi pengurai utama di 488 wiki milik Wikimedia Foundation, termasuk 268 edisi Wikipedia. Cakupan tersebut mewakili lebih dari 10% dari total tayangan halaman di seluruh Wikipedia. * Proses dan kriteria untuk [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|mengajukan akses khusus]] ke umpan data berkapasitas tinggi dari API Wikimedia Enterprise (tanpa biaya untuk penggunaan yang sejalan dengan misi) [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|kini telah dipublikasikan]]. Publikasi ini bertujuan menyediakan dokumentasi yang lebih lengkap dan jelas bagi para pengguna. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], yang selama ini menjadi blog bagi komunitas teknis Wikimedia, [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ akan digabungkan] ke [[diffblog:|Diff]], blog yang memuat berita dan kegiatan komunitas. Proses penggabungan ini ditargetkan rampung pada April 2026. Setelah proses tersebut selesai, kiriman tulisan baru akan kembali dibuka untuk dipublikasikan. Semua tulisan, baik yang lama dan yang baru, tetap dapat dibaca melalui halaman khusus di https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 3 Maret 2026 00.51 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 25 Maret 2026, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 pukul 15.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan sebagai bagian dari uji coba pengalihan peladen pusat data ke peladen cadangan, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|yang dilaksanakan dua kali setiap tahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia akan dialihkan dari pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan. Pengujian ini bertujuan memastikan layanan tetap tersedia dan mengurangi kemungkinan gangguan layanan, termasuk dalam keadaan darurat. * Pekan lalu, seluruh wiki sempat berada dalam mode hanya-baca selama sekitar dua jam. Selain itu, skrip pengguna dan gawai juga mengalami gangguan lebih lama dari biasanya. Kejadian ini disebabkan oleh sebuah insiden keamanan yang kini telah ditangani. Langkah-langkah untuk mencegah kejadian serupa masih terus dilakukan. Informasi terkini dapat dilihat pada [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|pengumuman di papan pengumuman penatalayan]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|tersedia terjemahan]]). '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna yang terkena beberapa pemblokiran saat mengakses melalui perangkat seluler kini akan melihat alasan untuk setiap pemblokiran secara terpisah, bukan lagi satu pesan umum. Hal ini membantu pengguna memahami alasan pemblokiran yang mereka alami serta langkah-langkah yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasinya. Sebagai contoh, pengguna yang terdampak karena menggunakan VPN umum (seperti [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) akan mendapatkan penjelasan yang lebih jelas mengenai apa yang perlu dilakukan agar dapat kembali menyunting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Pada akhir pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Mode Saran]] (''Suggestion Mode'') akan tersedia sebagai fitur beta di penyunting visual di seluruh Wikipedia. Fitur ini memberikan berbagai saran tindakan yang dapat dipertimbangkan untuk memperbaiki artikel Wikipedia, dan membantu pengguna mempelajari pedoman yang relevan. Pengaturan fitur ini dapat disesuaikan oleh setiap wiki dan juga dapat diperluas dengan menambahkan saran khusus. Pengaturan yang saat ini berlaku dapat dilihat di halaman [[Special:EditChecks]]. Selain itu, tersedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|panduan bagi pengurus untuk menyesuaikan]] pranala agar mengarah ke pedoman lokal. Mode Saran terhubung dengan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Pemeriksaan Suntingan]] yang memberikan saran perbaikan ketika seseorang sedang menulis konten baru. Ke depannya, tim Penyuntingan (''Editing'') berencana menilai dampak fitur ini terhadap pengguna baru melalui sebuah percobaan terkontrol. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah ketika posisi kursor menjadi tidak selaras saat menggunakan penyorotan sintaks CodeMirror (fitur yang memudahkan pembacaan teks wiki dan kode) kini telah diperbaiki. Masalah ini secara khusus memengaruhi pengguna yang menetapkan aturan jenis huruf dalam lembar gaya tersuai ketika membuat topik baru dengan menggunakan DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pembaruan pembatasan permintaan API: Untuk membantu memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]], pembatasan jumlah permintaan API secara global akan mulai diterapkan pada minggu ini. Pembatasan ini berlaku untuk permintaan tanpa User-Agent yang sesuai yang berasal dari luar Toolforge/WMCS, serta untuk permintaan API tanpa autentikasi yang dilakukan melalui peramban web. Pada bulan April, batas yang lebih tinggi akan diberlakukan untuk lalu lintas yang teridentifikasi. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, semua pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik yang telah diperbarui. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat halaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * API GraphQL yang baru kini telah tersedia. API ini dikembangkan sebagai alternatif yang lebih fleksibel untuk beberapa fitur di Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), dengan tujuan meningkatkan kemudahan bagi pengembang, mendukung fleksibilitas penggunaan, dan mempercepat akses data. Pengguna dipersilakan untuk mencoba API ini dan [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|memberikan masukan]]. Pengembang juga dapat [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply mendaftar untuk mengikuti uji kegunaan]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Kelompok Kerja untuk Perkakas yang Tidak Didukung]] melanjutkan peningkatan pada [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] sepanjang Februari. Pembaruan ini mencakup perbaikan kesalahan autentikasi, penanganan berkas berukuran besar, visibilitas antrean tugas, dan penjelasan yang lebih jelas mengenai proses pengunggahan. Sejumlah pekerjaan masih terus berlangsung di beberapa bagian, termasuk perubahan yang berkaitan dengan metode pengunggahan dari sisi peladen yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi. Baca [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|kabar terkini]] untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Tim Panduan Artikel (''Article Guidance'') mengundang penyunting Wikipedia berpengalaman dari sejumlah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|wiki percontohan]] dan kontributor yang berminat dari Wikipedia lainnya untuk mengisi angket ini. Angket tersebut tersedia dalam [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform bahasa Inggris], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arab], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Jepang], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portugis], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persia], dan [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turki]. Jawaban yang diberikan akan membantu tim untuk menyesuaikan panduan bagi penyunting yang kurang berpengalaman, sekaligus membantu mereka mempelajari kebijakan dan praktik komunitas saat membuat artikel. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat dilihat di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|halaman proyek tersebut]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10 Maret 2026 01.52 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], yang juga dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], telah digunakan untuk penyorotan sintaks teks wiki sejak November 2024. Fitur ini direncanakan keluar dari status beta pada Mei 2026 agar berbagai perbaikan dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|fitur]] baru dapat digunakan oleh semua penyunting yang memakai penyorot sintaks standar. Jika terdapat pertanyaan atau masukan terkait rencana penghapusan status beta pada fitur ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|silakan disampaikan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Sebagian perubahan pada kelompok pengguna lokal dilakukan oleh penatalayan di Meta-Wiki dan sebelumnya hanya dicatat di sana. Kini, perubahan hak pengguna lintas wiki akan dicatat di Meta-Wiki dan di wiki tempat pengguna tersebut berada. Langkah ini memudahkan penelusuran riwayat lengkap perubahan hak pengguna di wiki lokal. Catatan perubahan yang terjadi sebelumnya juga akan ditambahkan secara bertahap dalam beberapa minggu mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * Pada wiki yang menggunakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], jumlah perubahan tertunda yang ditampilkan di halaman [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] sebelumnya juga menghitung halaman yang sebenarnya sudah tidak menunggu peninjauan. Hal ini terjadi karena halaman tersebut telah dihapus dari sistem tanpa melalui proses peninjauan, misalnya karena dihapus, dipindahkan ke ruang nama lain, atau akibat perubahan konfigurasi wiki. Kini, jumlah yang ditampilkan telah diperbaiki sehingga lebih akurat. Di beberapa wiki, angka yang terlihat mungkin jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan sebelumnya. Daftar halaman yang ditampilkan seharusnya tidak mengalami perubahan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Bahasa komposisi yang digunakan di Wikifunctions telah ditulis ulang dan menghasilkan versi bahasa yang baru. Perubahan ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kestabilan layanan dengan mengurangi penggunaan memori pada orkestrator. Selain itu, pembaruan ini juga memungkinkan pengurangan waktu tunda secara signifikan, penyederhanaan kode, dan penerapan abstraksi yang lebih baik. Perubahan tersebut membuka peluang bagi pengembangan fitur baru pada tahap berikutnya. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|pembaruan ini]] dapat dibaca pada penjelasan yang tersedia. * Pengguna kini dapat mengurutkan hasil pencarian secara alfabetis berdasarkan judul halaman. Pembaruan ini menambahkan opsi baru yang dapat membantu menemukan halaman dengan lebih mudah dan cepat. Sebelumnya, hasil pencarian hanya dapat diurutkan berdasarkan tanggal penyuntingan, tanggal pembuatan, atau tingkat relevansi. Untuk menggunakan opsi baru ini, buka menu "Pencarian lanjutan" pada halaman hasil pencarian, lalu pilih "Alfabetis" pada bagian "Urutan pengurutan". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kekutu yang sebelumnya membuat UploadWizard di Wikimedia Commons tidak dapat mengimpor berkas dari Flickr kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebuah halaman istimewa baru, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], telah dibuat untuk menampilkan daftar halaman yang ditransklusikan dan ditandai memiliki galat pemeriksaan kode (''lint''). Halaman ini membantu pengguna menemukan kesalahan tersebut dengan lebih mudah. Daftar yang ditampilkan akan diurutkan berdasarkan jumlah transklusi yang mengandung galat. Contohnya dapat dilihat pada halaman [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Pengguna fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] telah menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] sebagai pengganti [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] untuk penyorotan sintaks saat menyunting halaman berisi JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue, dan Lua sejak beberapa waktu terakhir. Seiring dengan rencana mengeluarkan CodeMirror 6 dari status beta, CodeEditor juga direncanakan akan digantikan sebagai penyunting standar untuk jenis konten tersebut pada Mei 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Masukan atau tanggapan tentang rencana ini sangat dipersilakan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Modul JavaScript [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] akan segera diperbarui ke CodeMirror 6. Menjelang pembaruan tersebut, pemuatan modul <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> atau <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> dari gawai dan skrip pengguna telah dinyatakan usang sejak Juli 2025. Penggunaan kait <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> juga telah dinyatakan usang sejak Maret 2025. Kontributor kini dapat menyesuaikan skrip atau gawai mereka agar kompatibel dengan CodeMirror 6. Lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|panduan migrasi]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki sedang memperluas cakupan definisi modul REST API agar juga mencakup [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|API dari ekstensi]]. Modul REST API merupakan kelompok titik akhir yang saling berkaitan dan dapat dikelola serta diberi versi secara mandiri. Saat ini, modul tersebut sudah tersedia untuk API [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] dan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions]. Seiring dengan pemindahan API ekstensi ke struktur ini, dokumentasinya akan dipindahkan dari spesifikasi utama MediaWiki OpenAPI dan tampilan REST Sandbox. Selanjutnya, dokumentasi tersebut dapat diakses melalui opsi khusus modul pada menu tarik turun di [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (yaitu di [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], yang tersedia di semua proyek wiki). * Ekstensi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] menyediakan berbagai informasi tentang wiki tempat modul digunakan melalui pustaka [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]]. Sejak pekan lalu, pustaka tersebut juga menyediakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|cara]] untuk mengakses [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|ID wiki]]. Informasi ini dapat digunakan untuk memudahkan pemeliharaan modul yang digunakan di berbagai wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Penghargaan Perkakas Terkeren 2026]], yang merayakan berbagai perkakas terbaik yang dikembangkan oleh komunitas, kini telah membuka proses nominasi. Nominasi untuk perkakas favorit dapat diajukan melalui [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en formulir survei nominasi] paling lambat 23 Maret 2026. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai privasi dan pengelolaan data dapat dilihat pada [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|pernyataan privasi survei]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17 Maret 2026 02.35 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Pengguna situs Wikimedia kini dapat masuk log ke akun mereka tanpa menggunakan kata sandi melalui penggunaan kunci sandi (''passkey''). Metode ini merupakan cara yang aman dan didukung oleh autentikasi seperti sidik jari, pengenalan wajah, atau PIN. Dengan adanya perubahan ini, semua pengguna yang memilih masuk log tanpa kata sandi akan merasakan proses yang lebih mudah, lebih cepat, dan lebih aman saat mengakses akun mereka dari berbagai perangkat. Opsi masuk menggunakan kunci sandi saat ini ditampilkan sebagai saran pengisian otomatis pada kolom nama pengguna. Dalam waktu dekat, [[phab:T417120|tombol tambahan "Masuk log dengan kunci sandi"]] juga akan tersedia bagi pengguna yang telah mendaftarkan kunci sandi mereka sebelumnya. Pembaruan ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan keamanan sekaligus memberikan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih baik. [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|Rekaman layar]] yang disertakan memperlihatkan proses masuk log tanpa kata sandi secara bertahap, langkah demi langkah. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 25 Maret 2026 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 pukul 15.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan dalam rangka pengujian pencadangan melalui pengalihan peladen pusat data (''datacenter server switchover'') yang [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|dilaksanakan dua kali setiap tahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan tersebut, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia akan dipindahkan dari pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan. Langkah ini bertujuan untuk menguji ketersediaan layanan sekaligus memastikan bahwa layanan tetap dapat berjalan tanpa gangguan, bahkan dalam situasi darurat. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna situs Wikimedia kini dapat mengekspor notifikasi mereka yang berusia lebih dari lima tahun dengan menggunakan sebuah [[toolforge:echo-chamber|perkakas baru di Toolforge]]. Fitur ini memungkinkan pengguna untuk tetap menyimpan notifikasi penting mereka, sekaligus menghindari risiko terhapusnya notifikasi tersebut seiring rencana penghapusan notifikasi yang berusia lebih dari lima tahun, sebagaimana telah diumumkan sebelumnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Para penyunting Wikipedia dalam bahasa Indonesia, Thai, Turki, dan Simple English kini memiliki akses ke Special:PersonalDashboard. Fitur ini merupakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|versi awal dari sebuah pengalaman]] yang dirancang untuk memperkenalkan alur kerja patroli kepada penyunting yang lebih baru, sehingga mereka dapat beralih secara lebih mudah dari sekadar melakukan suntingan menuju keterlibatan dalam tugas moderasi yang lebih lanjut di proyek mereka. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * Halaman [[Special:Block]] kini mengalami dua perubahan kecil pada antarmukanya. Pengurus kini dapat dengan lebih mudah menetapkan pemblokiran tanpa batas waktu melalui tombol pilihan (''radio button'') khusus yang tersedia pada bagian masa berlaku. Selain itu, ketika masa berlaku tanpa batas dipilih, akan muncul kumpulan alasan umum yang berbeda untuk dipilih, yang dapat disesuaikan melalui halaman [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Para penyunting seluler [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|di beberapa wiki]] kini dapat melihat peringatan penyuntingan dalam keadaan belum masuk log (''logged-out'') yang telah ditingkatkan, berkat pembaruan terbaru dari tim Pertumbuhan. Perubahan yang dirilis pada pekan lalu ini merupakan bagian dari upaya dan pengujian yang berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan pengalaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|pembuatan akun di perangkat seluler]], dan mendorong peningkatan partisipasi pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:36}} {{PLURAL:36|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, galat yang sebelumnya menyebabkan pengguna web seluler tidak dapat melihat informasi pemblokiran ketika mereka terdampak oleh beberapa pemblokiran sekaligus kini telah diperbaiki. Kini, saat mengakses Wikipedia, mereka dapat melihat pesan dari seluruh pemblokiran yang sedang berlaku terhadap akun atau alamat IP mereka. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Citra yang dibangun menggunakan Toolforge dalam waktu dekat akan mendapatkan pembaruan versi ''buildpacks'' (kumpulan skrip dan konfigurasi untuk membangun aplikasi secara otomatis), yang menghadirkan dukungan bagi versi bahasa pemrograman yang lebih baru serta berbagai peningkatan dan perbaikan dari sumber pengembang utama (''upstream''). Jika menggunakan Toolforge Build Service, disarankan untuk meninjau surel terbaru dari [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ milis cloud-announce] dan memperbarui konfigurasi ''build'' sesuai kebutuhan, guna memastikan bahwa perkakas yang digunakan tetap kompatibel dengan perubahan tersebut. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * Wiki dokumentasi [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] akan ditutup pada Juni 2026. Kunci API yang dibuat melalui API Portal akan tetap berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. Titik akhir api.wikimedia.org akan dihentikan secara bertahap mulai Juli 2026. Dokumentasi yang sebelumnya tersedia di API Portal sedang dipindahkan ke [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat dipelajari melalui [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|halaman proyek]] yang tersedia. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Tim [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] (inisiatif dari Wikimedia Deutschland yang berfokus pada pengembangan fitur berdasarkan kebutuhan teknis komunitas) tengah mempertimbangkan peningkatan pada [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|penamaan referensi yang dihasilkan secara otomatis di VisualEditor]]. Para pengguna dipersilakan untuk meninjau [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solusi yang diusulkan]] serta berpartisipasi dalam proses [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|permintaan tanggapan]] yang sedang berlangsung. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Maret 2026 23.50 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Versi Beta dari [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]], proyek baru Wikimedia yang tidak terikat dengan bahasa, telah diluncurkan pada pekan lalu. Proyek ini memungkinkan berbagai komunitas untuk menyusun artikel Wikipedia dalam bahasa asli mereka, yang kemudian dapat dengan mudah diakses oleh pengguna lain dalam bahasa masing-masing. Wiki ini dijalankan melalui serangkaian instruksi dari Wikifunctions, dan didukung oleh konten terstruktur yang berasal dari Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Baca selengkapnya]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') sedang menjalankan uji A/B untuk mengevaluasi pesan yang lebih jelas dan ramah pengguna dalam mendorong pembuatan akun di berbagai wiki. Saat ini, ketika pengguna seluler yang belum masuk log mulai melakukan penyuntingan, mereka akan dihadapkan pada pesan peringatan yang terasa mendadak dan dapat mengurangi minat untuk melanjutkan kontribusi. Selain itu, kondisi ini juga menjadikan penyuntingan dengan akun sementara sebagai pilihan bawaan, alih-alih mendorong pengguna untuk membuat akun. Uji coba ini berlangsung di sepuluh Wikipedia, termasuk Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, Spanyol, dan Jerman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Baca selengkapnya]]. * Tim Aplikasi Wikimedia (''Wikimedia Apps'') mengundang Anda untuk memberi masukan mengenai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|cara proses penyuntingan seharusnya bekerja di aplikasi seluler Wikipedia]]. Diskusi ini berfokus pada upaya meningkatkan cara pengguna mengakses berbagai alat penyuntingan saat mereka mengetuk tombol "Sunting". Inisiatif ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk mengarahkan para pembaca yang mulai tertarik menyunting agar dapat menemukan jalur yang lebih ramah pengguna ketika mereka mulai berkontribusi. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:45}} {{PLURAL:45|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebuah masalah ketika pengambilan sitasi dari arsip surat kabar besar [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] tidak lagi berfungsi, akibat adanya pemblokiran pada permintaan di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]], kini telah berhasil diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 31 Maret 2026 02.25 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Ekstensi CampaignEvents]] kini dilengkapi dengan fitur baru untuk penetapan tujuan kelompok, yang memungkinkan para penyelenggara menetapkan dan memantau target acara, seperti jumlah artikel yang dibuat dan jumlah kontributor yang berpartisipasi, secara langsung. Di sisi lain, para peserta juga dapat bergerak menuju target bersama dan melihat dampak kolektif yang dihasilkan seiring berlangsungnya acara. Fitur ini kini telah tersedia di seluruh wiki Wikimedia. Pelajari lebih lanjut dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|dokumentasinya]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|label daftar pantauan]] yang baru (yang diumumkan dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Berita Teknis 2026-07]]) kini telah tersedia melalui VisualEditor, penyunting sumber, dan "''watchstar''" (pranala pantau). Sebelumnya, pemberian label hanya dapat dilakukan melalui [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. Kini, di ketiga tempat tersebut, tersedia kolom baru yang terletak setelah kolom masa kedaluwarsa. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada halaman pembicaraan di perangkat seluler yang menggunakan Parsoid, yang membuat halaman menjadi tidak dapat digunakan setelah munculnya tajuk bagian yang kosong, kini telah berhasil diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Fitur subreferensi]], yang memungkinkan penyunting menambahkan keterangan pada referensi yang sudah ada tanpa perlu membuatnya dua kali, akan diluncurkan secara bertahap ke [[phab:T414094|lebih banyak wiki]] pada akhir tahun ini. Wiki yang menggunakan gawai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] dianjurkan untuk memperbarui versinya (umumnya berada di [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] seperti ditunjukkan [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 di sini]) guna menjaga kompatibilitas. Gawai lain yang berkaitan dengan referensi juga berpotensi terdampak. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * Seluruh edisi Wikinews dijadwalkan untuk ditutup dan dialihkan ke mode hanya-baca pada 4 Mei 2026. Meskipun seluruh konten tetap dapat diakses, tidak akan ada lagi penyuntingan atau penambahan artikel baru. Keputusan penutupan ini telah disetujui oleh Dewan Pengawas Wikimedia Foundation setelah melalui rangkaian diskusi yang panjang. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Baca selengkapnya]]. * [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|API tindakan]] (''action API'') selama ini menyediakan berbagai format keluaran sesuai permintaan. Salah satunya, yaitu <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, akan segera dihentikan. Oleh karena itu, pastikan skrip atau bot yang Anda gunakan telah beralih ke [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|format JSON]]. Perubahan ini diperkirakan hanya akan berdampak pada sebagian kecil skrip dan bot. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * Halaman [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] kini juga memuat nama lain (alias) ruang nama. Sebagai contoh, "WP" digunakan sebagai alias untuk ruang nama "Project" ("Wikipedia") di Wikipedia bahasa Jerman. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 6 April 2026 23.18 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para penyunting berpengalaman diundang untuk [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page menguji] fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]], yang dirancang untuk membantu penyunting dengan pengalaman lebih terbatas dalam membuat artikel Wikipedia yang terstruktur dengan baik dan sesuai dengan kebijakan yang berlaku. Petunjuk pengujian telah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|tersedia]] dan dapat diikuti sebagai panduan. Setelah meninjau [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance kerangka artikel] yang disediakan, mohon memberikan umpan balik melalui [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. Masukan tersebut akan digunakan untuk menyempurnakan fitur ini sebelum kemudian diterapkan pada Wikipedia percontohan untuk diterjemahkan dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan setiap komunitas. Sebuah [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|video]] penjelasan mengenai fitur ini juga tersedia untuk disimak. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Di sejumlah besar wiki, kini semua pengguna yang telah terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed users'') dapat menggunakan halaman [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|membuat halaman baru dengan model konten khusus]], seperti daftar pesan massal, sehingga format halaman tersuai menjadi lebih mudah diakses. Untuk mengetahui statusnya di wiki masing-masing, silakan periksa halaman [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * Tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') telah meluncurkan sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|eksperimen pembuatan akun]] untuk mengevaluasi apakah penambahan tombol pembuatan akun pada bagian kepala halaman versi web seluler dapat meningkatkan jumlah pendaftaran akun baru sekaligus mendorong lebih banyak pengguna seluler untuk berkontribusi di berbagai wiki. Saat ini, eksperimen tersebut sedang berlangsung di Wikipedia bahasa Hindi, Indonesia, Bengali, Thai, dan Ibrani, serta menyasar 10% pengguna web seluler yang belum masuk log. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kendala yang menyebabkan VisualEditor berhenti pada proses pemuatan di perangkat Windows ketika animasi dinonaktifkan, kini telah berhasil diatasi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai akhir pekan ini, {{int:group-abusefilter}} yang telah mengaktifkan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] sebagai penyunting di halaman [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]], menggantikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten di berbagai jenis penyunting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Perkakas dan bot yang mengakses [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|API Notifications]] melalui <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi> perlu memperbarui izin OAuth atau BotPassword mereka agar juga mencakup akses ke notifikasi privat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Karena adanya pembaruan pustaka, urutan daftar pada halaman kategori mungkin akan menjadi tidak berurutan mulai Senin, 20 April. Sebuah skrip migrasi akan dijalankan untuk memperbaikinya, dan proses ini dapat berlangsung dari beberapa jam hingga beberapa hari, tergantung pada ukuran wiki (bahkan hingga sekitar satu minggu untuk Wikipedia bahasa Inggris). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 April 2026 22.18 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Setelah dua tahun pengembangan, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], yang juga dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], akan diluncurkan dari tahap beta pada Selasa, 21 April. Fitur ini membawa peningkatan keterbacaan kode dan teks wiki, pengurangan kesalahan pengetikan, beserta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|manfaat]] lainnya bagi semua pengguna penyorot sintaks standar. Ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada sukarelawan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] yang telah mengembangkan banyak fitur baru, termasuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|pelipatan kode]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|pelengkapan otomatis]], dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|pemeriksaan sintaks]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Sebuah pembaruan besar untuk aplikasi Wikipedia di iOS kini sedang diluncurkan, dengan antarmuka yang didesain ulang agar selaras dengan desain visual terbaru Apple, "Liquid Glass". Silakan [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 unduh versi terbaru] dan telusuri pembaruannya. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Daftar bacaan]] merupakan fitur yang memungkinkan para pembaca menyimpan artikel ke dalam daftar untuk dibaca nanti. Fitur ini sedang dalam tahap beta di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, Indonesia, Vietnam, dan Mandarin, serta secara bawaan untuk semua akun baru di semua Wikipedia. * Percobaan yang mengeksplorasi perluasan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Pratinjau Halaman ke versi seluler]] akan diluncurkan pada pekan tanggal 20 April di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Inggris, Prancis, Italia, Polandia, dan Vietnam. Pratinjau Halaman merupakan jendela sembulan yang menampilkan keluku, paragraf pembuka, dan pranala untuk membuka artikel lengkap dari pranala berwarna biru, sehingga memudahkan pengguna dalam menemukan konten. Fitur ini sudah tersedia di versi desktop dan aplikasi. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Lihat selengkapnya mengenai uji coba ini dan uji coba lainnya]]. * Di beberapa wiki, para penyunting yang sudah masuk log tetapi belum [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|mengonfirmasi alamat surel mereka]] sekarang dapat melihat spanduk yang meminta mereka untuk lakukan hal tersebut. Dengan memiliki alamat surel yang terkonfirmasi, pengguna dapat memulihkan akses ke akunnya jika akun tersebut tidak dapat diakses. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Baca selengkapnya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:15}} {{PLURAL:15|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan pemuatan lambat, tampilan pratinjau yang lambat, dan guliran yang lambat saat menyunting halaman wiki berukuran sangat besar di editor teks wiki 2017, serta masalah kinerja saat memilih, memotong, atau menempelkan konten, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai bagian dari upaya mempromosikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] dari status fitur beta, seluruh pengguna kini akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] alih-alih [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] untuk penyorotan sintaks saat menyunting halaman konten berformat JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue, dan Lua. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Layanan <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> yang selama ini digunakan oleh pengguna Debian dan Ubuntu akan dihentikan dan tidak lagi berfungsi mulai 15 Mei. Sumber daya yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk layanan ini akan dialihkan ke opsi baru yang dinilai lebih baik. Sejumlah pengguna mungkin perlu beralih ke peladen lain yang diperkirakan hanya memerlukan waktu sekitar satu menit. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia untuk dibaca]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * Tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> akan dihapus dari [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. Jika perkakas atau kueri yang digunakan masih mengakses tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> atau <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> secara langsung, disarankan untuk segera memperbaruinya agar menggunakan tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> sebelum 28 Mei. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Setelah penerapan terbaru mengenai pembatasan laju global API (''global API rate limits'') pada lalu lintas yang tidak teridentifikasi, Wikimedia Foundation akan melanjutkan upaya untuk memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]] dengan mulai menerapkan pembatasan global juga pada lalu lintas API yang teridentifikasi, dimulai pada pekan terakhir April. Batasan ini sengaja ditetapkan setinggi mungkin guna meminimalkan dampak terhadap komunitas. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, seluruh pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik terbaru. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan pada dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] serta bagian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Tanya Jawab]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] kini telah tersedia dalam versi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. API ini berfungsi untuk mengambil informasi yang diperlukan dalam memberikan atribusi (kredit) terhadap artikel dan berkas media Wikimedia di mana pun konten tersebut digunakan. Dokumentasi referensi tersedia melalui halaman spesial REST Sandbox yang dapat diakses di seluruh wiki Wikimedia (misalnya [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]). Umpan balik dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. * Tidak ada versi MediaWiki baru dalam pekan ini. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20 April 2026 22.00 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Terdapat perubahan dalam cara pengguna baru memperoleh status terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed'') yang bertujuan meningkatkan perlindungan terhadap vandalisme. Selama ini, pengguna yang telah memiliki akun selama beberapa hari dan melakukan sejumlah suntingan akan otomatis masuk ke dalam kelompok [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]]. Namun, pengaturan ini kerap dimanfaatkan oleh sebagian pelaku vandalisme yang membuat akun lalu baru menggunakannya setelah beberapa waktu. Untuk mengatasinya, aturan tersebut akan diperbarui mulai pekan depan. Dalam penentuan status terkonfirmasi otomatis, usia akun akan dihitung sejak suntingan pertama, bukan sejak tanggal pendaftaran. Nilai ambang usia tetap tidak berubah. Perubahan ini hanya akan diterapkan pada wiki yang menuntut sekurang-kurangnya satu suntingan sebagai bagian dari kriteria terkonfirmasi otomatis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * Kini, seluruh pengguna Wikipedia dengan akun baru, serta mereka yang mengaktifkan opsi "Secara otomatis mengaktifkan sebagian besar fitur beta" dalam preferensi, dapat menggunakan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|daftar bacaan]] (''reading lists''). Fitur ini membantu mengelola minat membaca dalam satu tempat agar mudah diakses. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan gambar pada kotak info (''infobox'') memiliki jarak kosong yang sangat besar di Firefox kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai pengingat, pembatasan laju global pada API (''rate limits'') akan mulai diterapkan pekan ini terhadap lalu lintas API yang teridentifikasi. Langkah ini bertujuan menjaga [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|penggunaan infrastruktur tetap adil]]. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, seluruh pengembang disarankan mengikuti praktik terbaik terbaru. Informasi lebih lanjut, termasuk batasan yang berlaku, dapat dilihat pada dokumentasi [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] dan [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Tanya Jawab]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 28 April 2026 01.05 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]] mengundang para penyunting berpengalaman dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|Wikipedia percontohan]]: Arab, Bengali, Jepang, Portugis, Persia, Turki, Inggris Sederhana, Spanyol, dan Prancis, untuk turut membantu menerjemahkan dan menyesuaikan [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance contoh kerangka artikel]. Kerangka ini akan menjadi pedoman bagi para penyunting dalam menyusun artikel yang jelas, terstruktur dengan baik, dan sesuai dengan kebijakan, saat [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle fitur tersebut] resmi diluncurkan pada Mei 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Petunjuk sederhana]] mengenai cara menerjemahkan dan menyesuaikan kerangka tersebut juga telah disediakan. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] telah menerbitkan [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|rancangan rekomendasi]] mengenai model yang dapat diikuti oleh para organisasi afiliasi ketika berkontribusi di ranah teknis. Anggota komunitas diundang untuk memberikan umpan balik terhadap rekomendasi ini hingga 8 Mei melalui [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|halaman pembicaraannya]]. * Jumlah pilihan ukuran keluku (''thumbnail'') di MediaWiki kini disederhanakan menjadi tiga opsi baku: Kecil (180 piksel), Sedang (250 piksel), dan Besar (400 piksel), sebagai bagian dari upaya berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan kinerja serta mengurangi beban pada layanan keluku. Akibatnya, preferensi yang sudah ada akan dipetakan ke ukuran baru yang paling mendekati (misalnya, pilihan kecil seperti 120 piksel atau 150 piksel akan ditampilkan sebagai 180 piksel, sementara pilihan lebih besar seperti 300 piksel atau 360 piksel akan ditampilkan sebagai 400 piksel). Antarmuka preferensi akan segera diperbarui untuk mencerminkan perubahan ini. Pengguna yang ingin menonaktifkan atau memberikan umpan balik dipersilakan melakukannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * Mulai saat ini, bahkan ketika suatu hak akses berakhir secara otomatis, pengguna tetap akan menerima pemberitahuan melalui Echo yang serupa dengan pemberitahuan standar untuk perubahan hak akses. Hal ini berbeda dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|bot pengingat global]] yang mengingatkan pengguna satu minggu ''sebelum'' hak akses berakhir agar dapat diperpanjang. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada pemilih bahasa ULS di [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] yang sebelumnya dapat bergulir secara vertikal meskipun tidak diperlukan, kini telah diperbaiki. Sebelumnya, saat pengguna membuka menu tarik-turun "Terjemahkan ke bahasa Inggris" dan mengetikkan masukan tertentu, kotak dialog akan bergeser beberapa piksel ke bawah meskipun ruang tampilan masih mencukupi. Kini, menu tersebut tidak lagi bergeser secara tidak perlu saat menyaring bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]], yang memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman, terus mengalami peningkatan. Sebagai contoh, daftar pantauan untuk situs berbasis Wikibase seperti [[:d:|Wikidata]] kini mendukung elemen [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] untuk pelacakan yang lebih baik. Mode pembaruan langsung kini menyegarkan halaman khusus setiap 60 detik agar selaras dengan pembatasan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|laju API global terbaru]], sehingga meningkatkan respons waktu nyata. Selain itu, kesalahan arah teks yang sebelumnya menampilkan pranala sebagai "perubahan 3" alih-alih "3 perubahan" dalam daftar dengan arah campuran juga telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tahap kedua penerapan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|pembatasan laju API global]] telah diluncurkan untuk mengurangi [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|dampak perayap kecerdasan buatan]] serta memastikan akses yang adil dan berkelanjutan terhadap sumber daya Wikimedia, dengan memprioritaskan lalu lintas manusia dan yang selaras dengan misi. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Batasan]] yang sebelumnya dihitung per jam kini diubah menjadi per menit, sehingga menghasilkan pola lalu lintas yang lebih halus dan beban API yang lebih terprediksi. Pengguna komunitas diperkirakan tidak akan terdampak, dan tidak ada tindakan yang perlu dilakukan. Indikasi awal menunjukkan bahwa sebagian peminta berbasis User-Agent mulai menyesuaikan perilakunya, dan sekitar 64% lalu lintas API otomatis telah berhasil diidentifikasi. Pemantauan terus dilakukan, dan layanan Wikimedia Enterprise tetap tersedia untuk dukungan komersial. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 5 Mei 2026 03.43 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Komunitas Teknis telah mempublikasikan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|panduan baru]] yang menjelaskan bagaimana keinginan pada Daftar Harapan Komunitas disaring dan diprioritaskan. Dokumentasi ini bertujuan untuk membantu kontributor baru dalam menulis proposal yang lebih baik dengan menjelaskan faktor yang memengaruhi keputusan prioritas. Selain hitungan suara, panduan ini menyorot pertimbangan seperti potensi dampak pada komunitas ketika menentukan keinginan yang akan diteruskan. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca sedang meluncurkan pengujian untuk menakar [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|fitur Kartu Berbagi]] yang memungkinkan pembaca untuk membuat kartu yang menarik secara visual dari artikel Wikipedia atau bagian artikel yang dipilih dan membagikannya secara daring. Setiap kartu akan menautkan kembali ke artikel awal untuk meningkatkan pembaca dan penemuan artikel. Pengujian A/B hanya perangkat seluler akan tersedia pada beberapa pembaca di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Tiongkok, Prancis, Vietnam, dan Inggris untuk memahami lebih lanjut tentang kebiasaan pembaca dan pembagian, dan akan dijadwalkan dimulai pada pekan 18 Mei dan berjalan selama empat minggu. * Aplikasi Wikipedia di Android dan iOS meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|tantangan membaca 25 hari]] ke fitur Beta sebagai bagian dari usaha untuk meningkatkan keterlibatan pembaca dengan mendorong pengguna menyelesaikan pencapaian bacaan. Untuk melacak rentetan bacaan mereka selama periode tantangan, pengguna aplikasi dapat menambahkan gawit Baby Globe pada layar utama mereka. Tantangan ini secara resmi dimulai pada 11 Mei. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:17}} {{PLURAL:17|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Misalnya, masalah ketika pengaturan global untuk mengaktifkan penyorotan sintaks pada teks wiki dapat menonaktifkan dirinya sendiri secara tiba-tiba setelah diaktifkan, sekarang sudah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Perihal kelanjutan]] Modul ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, sudah dihentikan sejak [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], akan dihapus pekan ini. Terdapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|panduan untuk memigrasikannya dari UI MediaWiki ke Codex]] untuk perkakas apa pun yang menggunakannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 12 Mei 2026 02.20 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Abstract Wikipedia telah mengidentifikasi lima wiki potensial untuk menilai ketertarikan mereka dalam mengadopsi artikel abstrak di wiki masing-masing. Wiki percontohan tersebut meliputi Wikipedia bahasa Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arab, dan Indonesia. Masa pemberian masukan akan dibuka hingga 22 Mei. Jika komunitas Anda tertarik menjadi bagian dari proyek uji coba ini, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|silakan beri tahu kami melalui Meta]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Sebuah uji coba untuk menampilkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Daftar Bacaan]] kepada pembaca yang belum masuk log di web seluler akan dimulai pada 18 Mei di Wikipedia bahasa Jerman, Spanyol, Italia, Portugis, Polandia, Belanda, Turki, serta Urdu, dan berlangsung selama satu bulan. Upaya ini mendukung tujuan yang lebih luas untuk membantu pembaca menyimpan dan mengatur artikel agar dapat dibaca kembali di lain waktu, sekaligus mendorong kebiasaan yang berpotensi mengarah pada kontribusi di Wikipedia pada masa mendatang. * Untuk mendukung tombol markah dalam fitur beta Daftar Bacaan, menu "Perkakas > Tindakan" kini diperbarui dengan tampilan ikon, termasuk penanda bintang pantauan yang membantu penyunting mengenali artikel yang dipantau sementara. Ikon-ikon tersebut kini juga disesuaikan dengan tampilan di perangkat seluler sehingga menciptakan konsistensi antarplatform yang lebih baik. Perubahan ini saat ini masih terbatas pada menu tindakan dan terutama memengaruhi penyunting dengan hak pengguna khusus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Mode Saran]] telah dirilis sebagai sebuah [[w:en:A/B test|uji A/B]] bagi penyunting baru di situs web seluler pada [[phab:T421189|sekitar 15 Wikipedia]]. Eksperimen ini akan mengukur dampak Mode Saran terhadap persentase sesi penyuntingan pengguna baru di web seluler yang menghasilkan suntingan artikel yang konstruktif (''unreverted''). Selain itu, uji coba ini juga akan mengevaluasi pengaruh fitur tersebut terhadap tingkat retensi penyunting, serta memantau perubahan pada tingkat pengembalian suntingan (''revert'') dan pemblokiran pengguna. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada aplikasi Wikipedia Android yang terkadang menyebabkan gambar gagal dimuat setelah membuka notifikasi daftar bacaan rekomendasi kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Tim Platform Wikidata]] telah menerbitkan [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|rekomendasi pengganti sistem sisi belakang]] beserta rancangan [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|arsitektur teknis]] untuk migrasi Layanan Kueri Wikidata (WDQS) dari grap Blazegraph. Masukan dibuka hingga 25 Mei 2026, terutama berkenaan dengan kemungkinan celah maupun dampaknya terhadap penggunaan tingkat lanjut. Anggota komunitas Wikidata dan pengguna WDQS juga didorong untuk membantu mengidentifikasi perkakas dan alur kerja berdampak tinggi yang mungkin memerlukan perhatian lebih pada [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|halaman terkait]]. Masukan dapat disampaikan melalui [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|halaman pembicaraan migrasi]] atau saat [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|sesi pembicaraan berikutnya]]. Lihat [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|nawala tim WDP]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Jepang, dan beberapa bahasa lainnya, sempat dilakukan [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|uji coba penggunaan hCaptcha]], layanan pendeteksi bot pihak ketiga. Uji coba tersebut menunjukkan bahwa hCaptcha cukup efektif dalam mendeteksi dan menghambat sejumlah aktivitas otomatis yang dilakukan dengan niat buruk, baik secara langsung maupun dengan memberikan sinyal tambahan kepada [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|para pemeriksa dan penatalayan]] untuk melakukan peninjauan lebih lanjut. Karena hasilnya dinilai positif, hCaptcha akan diterapkan di seluruh wiki dalam beberapa minggu mendatang. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|Lihat halaman proyek hCaptcha]] untuk informasi teknis mengenai implementasi dan perlindungan privasinya. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. * Kabar terbaru dari Teknis Komunitas kini telah tersedia, menampilkan perkembangan berbagai inisiatif Daftar Harapan Komunitas, termasuk perluasan fitur Daftar Bacaan dari aplikasi seluler ke situs web, dukungan bahasa baru untuk fitur "Siapa yang Menulisnya" ("''Who Wrote That''") dan Dasbor Pribadi, peningkatan pada perenderan 3D dan grafik, serta rencana pengembangan mendatang mengenai pengurutan halaman pembicaraan, pemutaran audio, dan alur penyuntingan. Pembaruan tersebut juga membagikan prioritas saat ini, tren status daftar harapan, serta peluang bagi komunitas untuk memberikan masukan mengenai fokus pengembangan di masa depan dan Rencana Tahunan Wikimedia Foundation 2026–2027. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Baca nawala lengkapnya untuk informasi lebih lanjut]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19 Mei 2026 03.21 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Setelah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|uji coba pembuatan akun berjalan dengan sukses]], pesan peringatan penyuntingan bagi pengguna yang belum masuk log akan diterapkan ke seluruh wiki Wikimedia pada minggu pertama Juni. Perubahan ini hanya akan memengaruhi pengguna yang belum masuk log di web seluler ketika mereka membuka sesi penyuntingan. Pengalaman baru tersebut dirancang untuk mendorong pembuatan akun dengan lebih jelas, sambil tetap memungkinkan pengguna menyunting menggunakan akun sementara. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan signifikan dalam pembuatan akun, dengan kenaikan relatif sebesar 27% pada pengguna yang melihat pesan terbaru tersebut. Seperti yang diperkirakan, semakin banyak pengguna yang diarahkan untuk membuat akun, jumlah akun sementara pun menurun sebesar 16% secara relatif. Percobaan ini tidak menunjukkan perubahan signifikan terhadap tingkat suntingan konstruktif atau metrik kontributor lain yang dipantau. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Demi alasan keamanan, anggota dari kelompok pengguna tertentu [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|diwajibkan mengaktifkan autentikasi dua-faktor]] (2FA). Anggota dari kelompok tersebut tidak lagi dapat menonaktifkan metode 2FA terakhir pada akun mereka, dan pengguna tanpa 2FA juga tidak dapat ditambahkan ke kelompok tersebut. Pengguna masih dapat menambahkan metode autentikasi baru atau menghapus metode yang ada, selama setidaknya satu metode tetap aktif setiap saat. Dalam beberapa pekan ke depan, pengguna yang belum mengaktifkan 2FA akan dikeluarkan dari kelompok-kelompok tersebut. Secara khusus, ketentuan ini berlaku juga bagi para birokrat. Jadwal penerapannya dapat dilihat pada tugas terkait. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Tim Harapan Teknis Wikimedia Deutschland]] akan menjalankan [[w:en:A/B testing|uji A/B]] di [[:phab:T415904|10 wiki]] untuk menguji sejumlah kemungkinan peningkatan pada [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|Pratayang Referensi]]. Percobaan ini akan berlangsung selama sekitar dua minggu pada akhir Mei hingga awal Juni, dan akan memengaruhi 10% pembaca desktop di wiki yang berpartisipasi. * Setelah dua uji coba yang berhasil, tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca akan meluncurkan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Penelusuran Gambar]] untuk seluruh Wikipedia versi seluler pada 25 Mei. Dengan demikian, pengguna yang mengaktifkan seluruh fitur beta secara bawaan akan mulai melihat fitur ini, sementara pengguna lain dapat mengaktifkannya melalui preferensi masing-masing. Fitur beta tersebut akan menampilkan karusel seluruh gambar dalam sebuah artikel di bagian atas halaman artikel, lengkap dengan [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|kendali bagi penyunting untuk mengecualikan gambar tertentu dari karusel artikel atau mengecualikan artikel sepenuhnya dari fitur ini]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, berkas STL tiga dimensi sebelumnya ditampilkan secara tidak tepat oleh ekstensi penampil media (''media viewer'') 3D, dan masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Kelas CSS lama <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> telah digantikan oleh <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> karena kedua kelas lama tersebut tidak bekerja secara konsisten di seluruh platform MediaWiki, terutama pada web seluler dan aplikasi seluler. Proyek yang masih menggunakan kelas tersebut dianjurkan untuk meninjau penggunaannya dan mulai merencanakan migrasi. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> juga berpotensi tidak digunakan lagi di masa mendatang, meskipun saat ini belum ada rencana untuk melakukannya. [[phab:T426452|Baca selengkapnya]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 26 Mei 2026 04.52 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> == Survey (proposed direction for Wishlist) == Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}. You are invited to voice your opinion on a new [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|community-proposed direction]] for the [[m:Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Sangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Huhuo zangoguna:MediaWiki message delivery|fahuhuo]]) 29 Mei 2026 10.07 (WIB) </bdi> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:기나ㅏㄴ@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:%EA%B8%B0%EB%82%98%E3%85%8F%E3%84%B4/MassMessage&oldid=30604233 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-23</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] sedang menjalankan sebuah eksperimen untuk menampilkan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|daftar bacaan]], yang saat ini masih dalam tahap pengembangan, kepada pembaca seluler yang belum masuk log. Tujuannya adalah untuk menguji apakah fitur tersebut dapat mendorong pembuatan akun dengan tingkat yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan tombol bintang pantauan. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|Eksperimen ]]ini diluncurkan pada 18 Mei di wiki bahasa Jerman, Spanyol, Italia, Portugis, Polandia, Belanda, Turki, dan Urdu, serta akan berlangsung selama satu bulan. * Tim Aplikasi Wikimedia telah merilis [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Fase 1]] dari beranda yang telah didesain ulang pada aplikasi Android Beta. Beranda baru ini mencakup tab "Komunitas" yang diperbarui serta tab "Untuk Anda" yang dipersonalisasi, yang menampilkan rekomendasi bacaan yang diperbarui setiap hari. Perancangan ulang ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk meningkatkan penemuan konten serta menciptakan pengalaman belajar yang lebih menarik di aplikasi Wikipedia. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:18}} {{PLURAL:18|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan gambar gagal dimuat pada beberapa suntingan yang disarankan di [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], sehingga keluku (''thumbnail'') terus berada dalam keadaan memuat, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 2 Juni 2026 04.08 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-24</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Wikimedia Enterprise telah meningkatkan batas penggunaan gratis layanan API yang ditawarkannya. Batas permintaan bulanan untuk API Berdasarkan Permintaan (''On-Demand API'') meningkat dari 5.000 menjadi 50.000 permintaan, sedangkan batas untuk API Salinan Data (''Snapshot API'') meningkat dari 15 menjadi 30 permintaan per bulan. Selain itu, salinan data Konten Terstruktur (''Structured Contents snapshot'') kini juga tersedia bagi akun gratis. Perubahan ini memperluas akses terhadap data Wikimedia Enterprise bagi pengembang, peneliti, dan organisasi yang memanfaatkan konten Wikimedia. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Umpan Jelajah (''Explore Feed'') yang telah diperbarui]] dan kini bernama Umpan Beranda (''Home Feed'') mulai diluncurkan kepada 50% pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android. Umpan Beranda membantu pembaca menemukan konten yang relevan melalui dua tab baru, yaitu Komunitas (''Community'') dan Untuk Anda (''For You''). Tab Komunitas menyediakan aliran konten yang dapat digulir berisi materi pilihan dan pembaruan dari komunitas dan gerakan Wikimedia secara luas. Sementara itu, tab Untuk Anda menawarkan pengalaman layar penuh yang dapat dijelajahi dengan menggeser layar, menampilkan konten yang disesuaikan dengan minat pengguna. Perancangan ulang ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk meningkatkan kemudahan menemukan informasi serta memperkaya pengalaman belajar di aplikasi Wikipedia. * Permainan kuis harian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Mana yang lebih dulu?]] (''Which came first?'') kini tersedia dalam versi beta aplikasi Wikipedia untuk iOS dalam bahasa Inggris, Jerman, Prancis, Portugis, Rusia, Spanyol, Arab, Tionghoa, dan Turki. Permainan ini memanfaatkan peristiwa-peristiwa sejarah dari konten Wikipedia "Pada Hari Ini" dan menantang pembaca untuk menebak peristiwa mana yang terjadi lebih dahulu di antara dua pilihan yang diberikan. Sebelumnya, permainan ini telah dirilis untuk Android. Komunitas yang ingin menghadirkan permainan tersebut dalam bahasa mereka dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|membaca petunjuk dan persyaratan yang tersedia]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Subreferensi]], fitur baru MediaWiki yang memungkinkan penyunting menggunakan kembali referensi yang sama dengan penjelas yang berbeda, akan mulai diluncurkan ke wiki Wikimedia setelah sukses melewati tahap uji coba. Penerapan akan dimulai pada 8 Juni untuk sebagian besar [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|wiki Kelompok 1]] dan Wikipedia bahasa Prancis, kemudian diperluas ke edisi Wikipedia dalam bahasa lain selama beberapa bulan mendatang. Komunitas dianjurkan untuk melakukan persiapan dengan [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate memeriksa apakah masih ada pesan ekstensi Cite yang belum diterjemahkan] ke dalam bahasa mereka, dan meninjau penggunaan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] yang mungkin memerlukan [[:phab:T416304#11668731|pembaruan]] agar mendukung fungsi baru tersebut. Wiki yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] tidak perlu melakukan tindakan apa pun. Komunitas juga dapat mempertimbangkan untuk membuat [[Special:TrackingCategories|kategori pelacakan]] ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' sebagai kategori tersembunyi menggunakan <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (atau templat khusus), lalu menghubungkannya dengan butir Wikidata yang sesuai, yaitu [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Eksperimen Pratayang Halaman (''Page Previews'')]] di Wikipedia versi web seluler telah berakhir. Tim memutuskan untuk tidak meluncurkan fitur tersebut secara luas setelah hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa fitur ini tidak memberikan dampak yang signifikan secara statistik terhadap tingkat retensi pembaca, yang merupakan metrik keberhasilan utama. Pratayan Halaman, yang saat ini sudah tersedia pada versi desktop dan aplikasi, menampilkan keluku, paragraf pembuka, dan pranala menuju artikel lengkap ketika pembaca mengetuk pranala berwarna biru. Eksperimen ini menguji pengalaman tersebut pada versi web seluler di enam Wikipedia. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|Pustaka ikon antarmuka pengguna]] akan [[phab:T399175|diperbarui pada pekan ini atau pekan depan]]. Sebagian besar dari sekitar 300 ikon yang ada telah mengalami penyempurnaan kecil, dan sekitar 30 ikon baru telah ditambahkan. Perubahan ini bertujuan menjadikan ikon lebih konsisten, lebih mudah dipahami, serta memiliki keseimbangan visual yang lebih baik ketika digunakan secara berkelompok. * Antarmuka [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Pemilih Bahasa Universal]] (''Universal Language Selector'' atau ULS) di MediaWiki, yang membantu pengguna memilih konten dalam bahasa lain, telah diperbarui. Versi terbaru ini menghadirkan peningkatan kecepatan dan aksesibilitas. Pengguna proyek Wikimedia kini juga dapat menyematkan bahasa tertentu agar proses berpindah bahasa menjadi lebih cepat. Penerapan ke situs-situs Wikimedia akan dilakukan secara bertahap dalam beberapa minggu ke depan. Fitur ini sudah dapat diuji sebagai [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur beta]] melalui pengaturan preferensi profil, dan masukan dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|halaman proyek terkait]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada dasbor Pageviews Analysis di pageviews.wmcloud.org, yang menyebabkan data grafik berhenti diperbarui sejak Mei 2026 dan memengaruhi seluruh pengguna, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tanda tangan fungsi (''function signature'') untuk <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> kini telah disederhanakan. Pengembang sekarang dapat memberikan sebuah objek konfigurasi sebagai parameter, menggantikan daftar parameter posisi yang sebelumnya digunakan saat membuat pranala portlet. Format lama tetap didukung demi menjaga kompatibilitas dengan skrip yang sudah ada. Sebagai contoh, alih-alih menggunakan: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi>, pengembang kini dapat menggunakan: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Para pemelihara skrip dianjurkan untuk meninjau penggunaan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> yang sudah ada dan memperbaruinya bila diperlukan. Perubahan ini akan tersedia di seluruh wiki mulai 11 Juni. Terima kasih kepada sukarelawan komunitas Gerges yang telah berkontribusi dalam pengembangan peningkatan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Diskusi Daftar Harapan Komunitas:''' Tim Produk dan Teknologi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|memperkenalkan sejumlah perubahan]] yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan jumlah dan kompleksitas usulan komunitas yang dapat diwujudkan, termasuk pembubaran tim Teknis Komunitas. Saat ini sedang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|berlangsung diskusi]] dengan anggota komunitas mengenai [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|arah baru yang diusulkan untuk program daftar harapan tersebut]]. Topik yang dibahas mencakup cara menyusun pemungutan suara tahunan, peningkatan pelacakan usulan, penghapusan fokus area tertentu, serta pembaruan mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|penugasan staf]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 9 Juni 2026 04.29 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca]] telah meluncurkan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Penjelajahan Gambar]] (''Image Browsing'') pada versi web seluler di seluruh Wikipedia. Fitur ini menampilkan korsel gambar di bagian atas artikel yang memiliki tiga gambar atau lebih. Para penyunting dapat mengatur fitur ini melalui beberapa kontrol yang tersedia. Untuk menyembunyikan gambar tertentu dari suatu halaman, gunakan <code>class=notpageimage</code> agar gambar tersebut tidak ditampilkan dalam pratinjau keluku, atau gunakan <code>class=noviewer</code> agar gambar tersebut tidak tersedia di MediaViewer. Korsel gambar juga dapat dinonaktifkan sepenuhnya pada suatu halaman dengan menggunakan kata magis <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. Untuk memberikan masukan atau melaporkan galat, silakan kunjungi [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|halaman proyek terkait]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Tabel wiki]] (''wikitable'') kini dapat langsung [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|diurutkan dalam urutan menurun]] pada klik pertama dengan menambahkan <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> pada sel tajuk. Sebelumnya, secara bawaan, klik pertama pada tajuk kolom akan mengurutkan data dalam urutan menaik. Penambahan ini memberikan kendali dan fleksibilitas yang lebih besar dalam pengaturan tabel, sementara perilaku bawaan untuk klik berikutnya tetap tidak berubah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]] (''Article guidance'') saat ini sedang diuji coba kepada sebagian penyunting yang membuat artikel baru di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris Sederhana, Wikipedia bahasa Prancis, dan Wikipedia bahasa Turki. Dalam waktu dekat, uji coba juga akan dimulai di Wikipedia bahasa Arab dan Wikipedia bahasa Bengali. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|Fitur ini]] menyediakan panduan yang disusun dan dikurasi oleh komunitas untuk membantu penyunting membuat artikel yang sesuai dengan standar komunitas setempat. Para penyunting berpengalaman dapat terus membuat atau menyesuaikan kerangka artikel untuk jenis-jenis artikel tertentu yang umumnya dibuat oleh kontributor yang lebih baru. Kerangka tersebut berfungsi sebagai panduan agar penyunting yang kurang berpengalaman dapat menghasilkan artikel berkualitas tinggi. Panduan singkat mengenai markah yang digunakan dalam kerangka artikel tersedia di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|halaman ini]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Contoh kerangka]] yang dapat disesuaikan beserta petunjuk penyesuaiannya juga tersedia pada [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|bagian terkait]] di halaman proyek tersebut. * Wiki yang ingin mengganti tombol "indefinitely" pada halaman Special:Block untuk akun sementara (misalnya wiki yang hanya memblokir pengguna sementara hingga masa berlaku akun berakhir) kini dapat melakukannya dengan membuat halaman [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] dan menentukan durasi pemblokiran yang diinginkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:41}} {{PLURAL:41|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai akhir Juni, pengunduhan data arsip (''dump data'') secara otomatis dari situs dumps.wikimedia.org akan mewajibkan penggunaan untaian ''user-agent'' yang sahih. Permintaan otomatis yang menggunakan ''user-agent'' umum atau kosong akan diblokir. Kebijakan ini merupakan [[phab:T400119|perluasan dari penegakan]] [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|kebijakan ''user-agent'']] yang telah lama berlaku. Akses terhadap arsip melalui Layanan Awan Wikimedia (''Wikimedia Cloud Services'') tidak akan mengalami perubahan. * Penerapan [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|batas laju API]] global kini telah selesai sepenuhnya. Batas tersebut sudah diberlakukan pada seluruh API sesuai tingkat yang telah didokumentasikan untuk setiap kelompok pengguna. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge atau Wikimedia Cloud Services (WMCS), maupun bot yang memiliki hak pengguna bot pada wiki mana pun, tetap dikecualikan dari pembatasan ini. Seluruh bot tetap dianjurkan mengikuti praktik terbaik yang telah didokumentasikan untuk menghindari pembatasan laju permintaan. * [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wiki Portal API] akan beralih ke mode hanya-baca mulai pekan ini (15–18 Juni). Pada pekan berikutnya (22–25 Juni), seluruh URL API Portal akan dialihkan ke dokumentasi [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs di mediaWiki.org]]. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|halaman proyek tersebut]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pada 17 Juni pukul 18.00 UTC, Wikimedia Foundation akan menyelenggarakan panggilan Discord yang berfokus pada proses tinjauan kode (''code review''). Berdasarkan hasil [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Survei Kepuasan Pengembang]], banyak sukarelawan menyampaikan bahwa mereka mengalami kesulitan dalam proses tinjauan kode. Melalui diskusi ini, Wikimedia Foundation berharap dapat memahami pengalaman tersebut dan menemukan solusi yang dapat diterapkan. Siapa pun yang berminat dapat bergabung [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 melalui peladen Discord Komunitas Wikimedia]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Konferensi Wikimedia Amerika Latin]] akan menyelenggarakan sebuah ''hackathon'' regional yang mempertemukan komunitas teknis gerakan Wikimedia, termasuk pengembang, pengurus sistem, ilmuwan data, dan pengguna dengan hak akses lanjutan. Kontributor teknis yang berminat dapat [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform mengajukan beasiswa] partisipasi hingga 21 Juni pukul 00.00 waktu Bolivia (UTC−4). * Pendaftaran Tantangan Tim Wikimania kini telah dibuka. Kegiatan khusus ini akan berlangsung secara daring maupun luring pada 21–22 Juli, menjelang konferensi Wikimania. Semua orang dipersilakan untuk berpartisipasi, tanpa memandang tingkat keterampilan ataupun status pendaftaran Wikimania. Setiap tim akan bekerja sama menyelesaikan sepuluh tantangan penting yang mendukung komunitas Wikimedia. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|halaman Tantangan Tim]] dan [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ mendaftar di sana]. Pendaftaran akan ditutup pada 20 Juni pukul 23.00 UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15 Juni 2026 23.48 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-26</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Fitur-fitur Pertumbuhan]] [[phab:T418115|kini telah tersedia di Wikidata]]. Pembaruan ini memungkinkan akses ke fitur Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|jika telah diatur]]), modul Dampak, Panel Bantuan, dan Beranda Pendatang Baru yang disederhanakan (tanpa fitur Suntingan yang Disarankan). Para pengurus Wikidata saat ini masih mengatur fitur-fitur tersebut melalui Konfigurasi Komunitas. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Halaman khusus [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] telah dibuat. Halaman ini memungkinkan pengguna menemukan rentang alamat IP tanpa perlu mengandalkan perkakas eksternal. Sebelumnya, perkakas ini hanya tersedia bagi pengguna dengan hak Pemeriksa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Subreferensi]] merupakan fitur baru MediaWiki yang memungkinkan penyunting menggunakan kembali suatu rujukan dengan informasi yang berbeda-beda. Fitur ini akan diterapkan pada sebagian besar Wikipedia bahasa berukuran kecil dan menengah pada 23 Juni. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|Halaman Tanya Jawab]] (FAQ) memuat berbagai langkah yang dapat dilakukan di wiki Anda untuk mendukung penerapan tersebut. [[:phab:T414094|Rencana peluncuran]] juga tersedia untuk melihat tahapan penerapan berikutnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Mulai pekan depan, pengguna akan menerima pemberitahuan ketika mereka diblokir atau dicabut pemblokirannya dari penyuntingan, atau apabila terdapat perubahan terhadap pemblokiran tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai pekan depan, penyaring penyalahgunaan yang diatur untuk "memerlukan verifikasi CAPTCHA" juga akan berlaku bagi pengguna yang memiliki hak <code>skipcaptcha</code>, termasuk sebagian besar pengguna yang telah terkonfirmasi secara otomatis (''autoconfirmed''). Bot dikecualikan dari perubahan ini. Perubahan tersebut hanya memengaruhi suntingan yang memicu suatu penyaring penyalahgunaan. Hak <code>skipcaptcha</code> tetap akan membebaskan pengguna dari keharusan menyelesaikan CAPTCHA dalam penggunaan wiki sehari-hari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Dokumentasi rujukan untuk [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] telah dipindahkan dari Portal API ke [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox] yang bersifat interaktif. * Wiki Portal API kini telah ditutup. Untuk dokumentasi API, silakan merujuk ke [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|API Wikimedia di MediaWiki]]. Seluruh URL wiki Portal API (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) akan dialihkan ke halaman mediawiki.org mulai 22 Juni. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Bergabunglah dalam pertemuan daring pada 25 Juni pukul 14.30 UTC untuk berkenalan dengan para pemagang Wikimedia saat ini dalam program [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] dan [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Para peserta magang akan memberikan gambaran umum mengenai proyek yang mereka kerjakan dan pemaparan singkat tentang hasil pekerjaan mereka sejauh ini. Para peserta yang hadir juga didorong untuk [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|berbagi gagasan dan menjalin koneksi dengan komunitas masing-masing]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Juni 2026 20.04 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-27</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Sebagai bagian dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Eksperimen Pembuatan Akun]], tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') menguji penambahan ikon akun pengguna pada tajuk versi web seluler bagi pengguna yang belum masuk log. Ikon tersebut menyediakan akses langsung ke opsi "Buat akun" dan "Masuk log". Hasil uji coba menunjukkan bahwa perubahan ini meningkatkan pembuatan akun sekitar 20% tanpa berdampak negatif terhadap kualitas suntingan atau tingkat suntingan yang bersifat konstruktif. Fitur ini akan mulai diterapkan di seluruh wiki Wikimedia Foundation pada versi web seluler pada minggu pertama bulan Juli. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220] * Setelah melalui [[phab:T426248|uji coba yang berhasil]], pengguna yang sudah masuk log tetapi belum [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|mengonfirmasi alamat surelnya]] saat akun dibuat kini akan melihat sebuah spanduk baru yang mengingatkan mereka untuk menyelesaikan proses tersebut. Langkah ini membantu mengurangi risiko pengguna kehilangan akses ke akun mereka, dan meningkatkan keandalan alamat surel yang terhubung dengan akun. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Keamanan Akun]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292] * Pembaruan pada fitur [[Special:Search|Pencarian]] menyempurnakan cara kerja <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> ketika digunakan untuk mengecualikan hasil pencarian. Sebelumnya, penggunaan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> dengan negasi dapat secara tidak sengaja memperluas hasil pencarian dengan menambahkan ruang nama yang termasuk dalam cakupan pencarian, sehingga perilakunya membingungkan bagi pengguna yang mengharapkan penyaring pengecualian yang sederhana. Melalui pembaruan ini, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> kini hanya akan mengecualikan judul halaman yang sesuai sebagaimana mestinya, dan dapat menampilkan peringatan apabila ruang nama yang relevan belum dipilih secara eksplisit. Sementara itu, perilaku <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> tanpa negasi tetap tidak mengalami perubahan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:33}} {{PLURAL:33|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan peninjau yang menggunakan bilah alat Kurasi Halaman (''Page Curation'') tidak secara otomatis berlangganan diskusi halaman pembicaraan yang mereka mulai kini telah diperbaiki. Mulai sekarang, peninjau akan menerima pemberitahuan ketika seseorang membalas diskusi tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai 29 Juni, unduhan otomatis dari situs web dumps.wikimedia.org akan mengikuti [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|kebijakan agen pengguna]]. Permintaan otomatis yang menggunakan agen pengguna umum atau kosong akan diblokir. Akses ke arsip melalui Layanan Awan Wikimedia tidak akan terpengaruh. Perubahan ini merupakan tindak lanjut dari pengumuman yang disampaikan pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Berita Teknis edisi 2026/25]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 29 Juni 2026 18.47 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30744833 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-28</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:34}} {{PLURAL:34|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada bilah pencarian di Wikidata yang sebelumnya menampilkan hasil dalam bahasa Inggris alih-alih menggunakan bahasa kedua yang sesuai bagi pengguna varian bahasa kini telah diperbaiki. Mulai sekarang, saran pencarian akan mengikuti rantai bahasa kedua yang diharapkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai persiapan menuju [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|kampanye Celebrate Women]] yang direncanakan berlangsung pada Maret 2027, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|tim Pemberdayaan Konten]] dari Wikimedia Foundation meluncurkan survei yang terdiri atas 22 pertanyaan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai kontribusi teknis yang dilakukan oleh perempuan+ (siapa pun yang mengidentifikasi dirinya sebagai perempuan) di berbagai proyek Wikimedia. Survei ini membutuhkan waktu sekitar 15–20 menit untuk diselesaikan dan akan tetap dibuka hingga 20 Juli 2026. Seluruh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|pertanyaannya]] juga telah tersedia di wiki sehingga dapat ditinjau terlebih dahulu. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Ekstensi Score]] kini mendukung penyajian partitur musik dalam format gambar SVG selain PNG. Pembaruan ini menjawab [[:phab:T49578|permintaan fitur]] yang telah lama diajukan, sekaligus mengatasi masalah kualitas gambar yang selama ini terjadi. Kedua format tersebut kini akan dikirimkan kepada pengguna: format PNG pada atribut <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>src</nowiki></code></bdi> dan SVG pada atribut <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>srcset</nowiki></code></bdi>. * Pengurai [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] yang baru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|terus diterapkan ke wiki lainnya]] untuk mempermudah pengenalan berbagai fitur baru dalam membaca dan menyunting. Pengurai ini kini telah diaktifkan di Wikipedia bahasa Prancis, sehingga cakupan penerapannya telah mencapai 78,9% dari seluruh tampilan halaman Wikipedia. Penerapan pada Wikipedia bahasa Inggris versi desktop akan terus berlanjut sepanjang pekan ini. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|Tulisan rangkuman]] mengenai Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 kini telah diterbitkan. Tulisan tersebut menyoroti berbagai proyek, sesi, dan kegiatan sosial yang berlangsung selama acara tahun ini, dan membagikan rencana awal penyelenggaraan Wikimedia Hackathon 2027. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 6 Juli 2026 20.56 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30773578 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-29</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revisi Nada]] (''Revise Tone'') membantu pengguna baru mengenali bagian-bagian dalam artikel Wikipedia yang mungkin menggunakan bahasa yang kurang sesuai dengan gaya ensiklopedis, sekaligus mengajaknya untuk mempertimbangkan penyuntingan ulang agar nada tulisannya lebih tepat. Fitur ini telah diuji melalui [[w:en:A/B_testing|pengujian A/B]] di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Inggris, Prancis, dan Portugis. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat penyelesaian tugas oleh pengguna baru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|meningkat sebesar 38,7%]] dibandingkan dengan tugas penyuntingan teks bawaan, tanpa penurunan kualitas suntingan. Uji coba tersebut berakhir pada 9 Juli, dan kini fitur ini tersedia bagi semua pengguna di wiki-wiki tersebut, dan dapat diatur melalui Konfigurasi Komunitas. Selanjutnya, fitur ini [[phab:T426364|direncanakan]] akan diluncurkan ke lebih banyak wiki. * Konfigurasi komunitas yang memungkinkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|pembimbing tidak aktif dihapus secara otomatis]] berdasarkan kriteria yang dapat disesuaikan akan mulai diaktifkan pada hari Kamis, 16 Juli, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|di sejumlah wiki]] agar daftar pembimbing tetap mutakhir. Pembimbing merupakan kontributor berpengalaman yang secara sukarela mendaftarkan diri untuk membantu pengguna baru di wiki melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Fitur-fitur Pertumbuhan]]. Pengurus kini dapat menyiapkan pengaturannya melalui [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]. Pengaturan tersebut akan mulai berlaku pada hari Kamis. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:38}} {{PLURAL:38|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan sebagian pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android langsung keluar log sesaat setelah masuk log (''login'') sehingga mereka tidak dapat tetap masuk log dan menyunting halaman, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Penyuntingan halaman menggunakan skrip pengguna atau gawai sebelumnya menyebabkan label daftar pantauan yang telah ditetapkan pengguna pada halaman tersebut kembali ke kondisi awal. Masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778] * Sebagai solusi sementara untuk mengatasi bug pada Safari (lihat [[phab:T425211]]), pada wiki yang telah mengaktifkan Parsoid, atribut href pada pranala wiki kini menggunakan URL absolut, alih-alih URL relatif terhadap protokol (''protocol-relative URL''). Keluaran REST API tidak mengalami perubahan dan tetap menggunakan URL relatif terhadap protokol. Oleh karena itu, gawai, skrip pengguna, bot, atau CSS mungkin perlu disesuaikan apabila sebelumnya bergantung pada penggunaan URL relatif terhadap protokol dalam atribut href pada pranala wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Tim Platform Eksperimen (''Experiment Platform Team'') dari Wikimedia Foundation telah menerbitkan sebuah tulisan di blog yang merenungkan tahun pertama pelaksanaan uji coba terstruktur mereka. Tulisan tersebut menyoroti berbagai eksperimen yang berhasil, seperti Pemeriksaan Tempel, Pemeriksaan Referensi, dan Pemeriksaan Nada Bahasa, yang terbukti meningkatkan hasil penyuntingan dan kini telah diluncurkan kepada lebih banyak pengguna. Selain itu, tulisan tersebut juga membahas sejumlah eksperimen yang pada akhirnya tidak menghasilkan perubahan terhadap produk. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Baca selengkapnya]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 Juli 2026 23.10 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30804401 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-30</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] telah menindaklanjuti berbagai masukan dari komunitas mengenai penempatan tombol bintang pantauan (''watchstar'') dan daftar pantauan (''watchlist'') pada [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|fitur beta Daftar Bacaan]] (''Reading Lists''). Fitur ini memungkinkan pengguna menyimpan artikel untuk dibaca di lain waktu dan merupakan salah satu [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|usulan dalam daftar harapan pengembangan]] agar fungsi tersebut tersedia di antarmuka web. Para penyunting diundang untuk mengaktifkan fitur beta ini, mencobanya, dan [[phab:T426453|menyampaikan tanggapan maupun masukan mereka]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Mode Saran]] menghadirkan saran penyuntingan di dalam VisualEditor untuk membantu meningkatkan kualitas artikel Wikipedia. [[Special:EditChecks|Seluruh saran]] yang ditampilkan dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|dikonfigurasi oleh komunitas]]. Salah satu fiturnya, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]], memungkinkan para sukarelawan membuat saran lokal yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan wiki masing-masing. Fitur ini bekerja dengan mencari pola teks tertentu di dalam artikel, dan kini telah mendukung penggunaan ekspresi reguler. Dukungan tersebut memberikan ketelitian dan fleksibilitas yang lebih besar bagi para sukarelawan dalam menentukan jenis saran lokal yang ingin dibuat. Perlu diketahui bahwa saran [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|dapat disasar]] berdasarkan jumlah suntingan penyunting atau berbagai karakteristik lain dari halaman yang sedang disunting. Sebagai referensi, tersedia pula [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|berbagai contoh dari komunitas lain]], termasuk TextMatch yang dapat mendeteksi kesalahan ketik, kesalahan tata bahasa, potensi konten promosi, penggunaan ungkapan klise, kesalahan penggunaan tanda pisah atau tanda hubung, kata-kata penunjuk waktu yang tidak spesifik, nama yang sudah tidak lagi digunakan, dan lain-lain. Segala bentuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|masukan]] sangat diharapkan. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada perkakas Penerjemah SVG (''SVG Translate''), yang sebelumnya menggunakan versi berkas yang sudah usang. Akibatnya, terjemahan yang sudah ada dapat tertimpa saat terjemahan baru diunggah. Masalah tersebut [[phab:T430577|kini telah diperbaiki]]. Secara keseluruhan, sepanjang triwulan April–Juni 2026, Wikimedia Foundation telah menyelesaikan sekitar 337 tugas yang diajukan oleh komunitas. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pada wiki yang telah menggunakan Parsoid, kini jumlah gambar yang dapat dihasilkan dalam satu halaman akan dibatasi hingga 1.250 gambar. Kategori pelacakan baru bernama "media-limit-reached" akan segera tersedia untuk membantu mengidentifikasi halaman yang mencapai batas tersebut. Dengan adanya kategori ini, halaman yang keluaran medianya mungkin dibatasi selama proses render akan lebih mudah ditemukan. Lihat [[phab:T430854]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut dan untuk menyampaikan masukan. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21 Juli 2026 12.45 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30836091 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-31</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Penerjemahan Konten]] (''Content Translation''), kini mendukung mode gelap. Pembaruan ini memenuhi salah satu [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|permintaan dari Daftar Harapan Komunitas]] dan membuat perkakas tersebut selaras dengan fitur aksesibilitas yang telah tersedia pada kulit Vector 2022 dan Minerva. Dengan dukungan ini, pengguna yang menerjemahkan konten dapat mengurangi kelelahan visual saat menggunakan perkakas tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077] * Mode sumber pada DiscussionTools dan penyunting teks wiki 2017 kini akan menyediakan fitur pelengkapan otomatis untuk pranala (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[</nowiki></code></bdi>), templat (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code></bdi>), tag HTML dan pengurai (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><</nowiki></code></bdi>), dan kata magis (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__</nowiki></code></bdi>). Fitur ini membuat proses penyisipan pranala, templat, dan elemen markah wiki lainnya menjadi lebih cepat dan mudah ketika melakukan penyuntingan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca]] telah menyelesaikan eksperimennya mengenai pratinjau halaman pada perangkat seluler (''mobile page previews'') dan memutuskan untuk tidak meluncurkan fitur tersebut secara luas. Pratinjau Halaman (''Page Previews'') merupakan lembar tersembul di bagian bawah layar yang muncul ketika pembaca mengetuk pranala berwarna biru. Fitur ini menampilkan keluku, paragraf pembuka artikel, dan opsi untuk membuka artikel tersebut. Hasil uji coba menunjukkan tingkat retensi yang relatif datar dan metrik indikator yang negatif. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa pembaca Wikipedia melalui web seluler lebih memilih berpindah langsung ke artikel yang ditautkan daripada menggunakan pratinjau halaman. * Tim Pengalaman Pembaca memperoleh hasil awal yang menjanjikan dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|fitur Daftar Bacaan]] (''Reading Lists''), dengan 93% pengguna yang berpartisipasi melaporkan bahwa fitur tersebut bermanfaat. Fitur ini membantu pembaca aktif menyimpan artikel untuk dibaca kembali di masa mendatang dan mendukung tujuan pembelajaran mereka dalam proyek-proyek Wikimedia. Tim tersebut berencana melakukan peningkatan lebih lanjut sebelum memperluas penggunaan fitur ini kepada lebih banyak pengguna. * Inisiatif [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Penyegaran Jelajah Umpan]] (''Explore Feed Refresh'') telah diuji coba kepada pembaca baru dan pembaca kasual aplikasi Wikipedia. Tampilan umpan yang diperbarui ini membantu pembaca menemukan artikel baru yang relevan dengan lebih mudah. Setelah fitur tersebut menghasilkan peningkatan interaksi sebesar 10,5% pada penggunaan umpan, tim Aplikasi Wikimedia memutuskan untuk menerapkan desain ulang Umpan Beranda (''Home Feed'') pada perangkat iOS, dengan memanfaatkan pembelajaran dari peluncuran versi Android. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada fitur Panduan Artikel yang menyebabkan nama subjek ditampilkan dengan penggunaan huruf kapital yang keliru di Wikipedia bahasa Prancis kini telah diperbaiki. Nama subjek tersebut sekarang akan ditampilkan sesuai dengan aturan kapitalisasi yang berlaku dalam bahasa terkait. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Setelah melakukan serangkaian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Uji Coba Pembuatan Akun]] untuk meningkatkan persentase pengguna yang berhasil menyelesaikan proses registrasi, versi terbaru kolom nama pengguna pada halaman [[Special:CreateAccount|Buat Akun]] kini telah diterapkan. Versi terbaru ini menambahkan jendela sembul yang berisi [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|ringkasan kebijakan nama pengguna]], sehingga pengguna memperoleh panduan yang lebih jelas saat membuat akun. Sebagai bagian dari perubahan ini, pesan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-helpusername</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-help</nowiki></code></bdi> yang telah dikonfigurasi oleh beberapa komunitas tidak akan digunakan lagi. Jika komunitas ingin menyesuaikan panduan yang ditampilkan pada dialog sembul baru tersebut, mereka dapat menyunting halaman pesan-pesan berikut: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2</nowiki></code></bdi>, dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604] * Mulai akhir pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|penyorot sintaks CodeMirror]] akan menyediakan pilihan tema. Tema tersebut dapat dipilih melalui menu tarik-turun pada dialog [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|pengaturan lengkap CodeMirror]]. Untuk teks wiki, tema yang tersedia adalah: ''default'' (tampilan standar), ''colorblind-friendly'' (ramah bagi pengguna dengan buta warna; sebelumnya merupakan opsi preferensi buta warna pada [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]), dan ''no-highlighting'' (tanpa penyorotan sintaks). Untuk bahasa pemrograman seperti CSS, JavaScript, JSON, Vue, dan Lua, tersedia beberapa pilihan tema lainnya. Tema-tema yang sama nantinya juga akan tersedia untuk teks wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533] * Mulai sekarang, wiki dapat membatasi penyuntingan pada ruang nama "Pengguna" hanya kepada pemilik halaman tersebut dan kelompok pengguna tertentu. Silakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|membaca dokumentasi konfigurasi]] untuk mengetahui informasi lebih lanjut. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 28 Juli 2026 01.48 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30856308 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-32</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] telah mengembangkan sebuah ''[https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&uselang=de patch demo]'' yang mengatur agar bilah perkakas halaman ditampilkan dalam dua baris ketika ruang horizontal tidak mencukupi untuk menampung seluruh tombol. Perubahan ini bertujuan mengurangi kesan sesak pada bilah perkakas Vector 2022, yang dapat terjadi di beberapa Wikipedia dalam berbagai bahasa pada lebar layar tertentu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518] * Tim Pengalaman Pembaca berencana meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Daftar Bacaan]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|salah satu usulan dalam Daftar Harapan Komunitas]], sebagai fitur penuh pada bulan September. Saat ini, fitur tersebut sudah dapat dicoba melalui versi beta. Menjelang peluncurannya, dibutuhkan bantuan para penerjemah sukarelawan untuk menerjemahkan [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists&filter=&action=translate pesan-pesan antarmuka] ke berbagai bahasa. Fitur ini dirancang untuk mendukung kegiatan membaca sekaligus membantu pengguna mencapai tujuan pembelajaran mereka di Wikipedia. * Mulai pekan depan, daftar isi pada halaman berkas di Wikimedia Commons akan disempurnakan dengan menggabungkan daftar isi khusus halaman berkas ke dalam daftar isi utama halaman. Perubahan ini akan memudahkan pengguna memahami struktur halaman berkas, berpindah ke bagian tertentu dengan lebih mudah, dan membagikan pranala yang langsung mengarah ke bagian yang diinginkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:24}} {{PLURAL:24|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan sebagian gambar berformat [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] gagal dimuat setelah keluku (''thumbnail'') diklik, sehingga yang tampil hanyalah gambar rusak, bukan gambar berukuran penuh, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pemilih variabel dan fungsi pada AbuseFilter kini telah diperbarui dengan dukungan pencarian dan pelengkapan otomatis (''autocomplete''). Pembaruan ini memungkinkan para pengelola penyaring menemukan variabel atau fungsi yang diinginkan dengan lebih cepat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698] * Format video MJPEG dan VP8 telah dihapus dari pemutar video. Sebagai penggantinya, kini ditambahkan dukungan untuk format MP4 (MPEG-4 Part 2) yang mampu menyajikan video dengan kualitas lebih baik pada perangkat iPhone generasi lama. Proses pembaruan terhadap seluruh video yang sudah ada akan dilakukan secara bertahap dan diperkirakan memerlukan waktu beberapa pekan hingga semuanya selesai diperbarui. Sementara itu, format bawaan yang digunakan untuk perangkat modern tetap tidak berubah, yaitu VP9/WebM. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 4 Agustus 2026 02.45 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30872536 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-33</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Kini [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|tersedia ChartWizard baru di Wikimedia Commons]] bagi pengguna yang ingin membuat bagan dari data mereka sendiri. Fitur ini membuat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|ekstensi Chart]] lebih ramah bagi pemula karena memungkinkan penyunting membuat berbagai jenis bagan, seperti bagan batang dan bagan pai, tanpa perlu menulis kode JSON. Bagi pengguna yang lebih memilih cara tersebut, tersedia pula opsi untuk beralih ke penyunting JSON kapan saja. Masukan dan tanggapan mengenai perkakas baru ini sangat diharapkan melalui [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|halaman pembicaraan usulan terkait]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:19}} {{PLURAL:19|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Salah satu contohnya adalah perbaikan pada gawit Gambar Pilihan Hari Ini di aplikasi Wikipedia untuk iOS. Sebelumnya, gawit tersebut menampilkan gambar yang sama setiap hari alih-alih memperbaruinya secara harian. Masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Gambar SVG untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|rumus matematika]] tidak lama lagi akan dihasilkan secara langsung di sisi peramban, bukan lagi di sisi peladen. Sementara itu, MathML akan tetap dibuat di peladen dan ditampilkan di peramban tanpa memerlukan JavaScript. Perubahan ini akan mulai diterapkan di Wikibooks pada 12 Agustus, di Wikisource pada 19 Agustus, dan di Wikipedia secara bertahap antara 20–27 Agustus. Anda dapat mencobanya lebih awal dengan memilih opsi "Penerapan MathJax di sisi klien" ("''Client side MathJax rendering''") di preferensi. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|penghentian penggunaan RESTBase]] dan [[phab:T431372|Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001] * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Halaman kategori akan segera mendukung pengurutan entri berdasarkan waktu saat halaman tersebut ditambahkan ke dalam kategori. Fitur ini akan mempermudah penyunting menemukan halaman yang baru saja dikategorikan maupun yang telah lama berada dalam kategori tersebut. Selain itu, alur kerja untuk kategori pemeliharaan, seperti daftar tunggu penghapusan dan berbagai tugas peninjauan yang bergantung pada urutan waktu, juga akan menjadi lebih efisien. Untuk menggunakan fitur ini, tambahkan argumen URL <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>cldsort=timestamp</nowiki></code></bdi> pada tampilan kategori agar daftar diurutkan berdasarkan stempel waktu penambahannya.</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gawai]] dan skrip pengguna di wiki Wikimedia kini dapat memanfaatkan [[phab:T395347|fitur-fitur ES2018]] dan [[phab:T419142|ES2019]] dalam kode JavaScript. Sebelumnya, platform ini hanya mendukung hingga ES2017. MediaWiki akan tetap memvalidasi kode sumber untuk melindungi fungsionalitas dari kesalahan sintaksis dan memastikan bahwa skrip tetap berjalan dengan baik di seluruh [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|peramban yang didukung]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11 Agustus 2026 03.44 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30901051 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-34</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Fitur Daftar Kerja]] perkakas Pendaftaran Acara kini telah tersedia di seluruh wiki Wikimedia. Dengan fitur ini, penyelenggara acara dapat menambahkan artikel-artikel yang akan menjadi fokus acara mereka langsung ke halaman acara. Daftar Kerja juga menjadi dasar bagi fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Jalur Acara]], yang akan memberi tahu kontributor lain mengenai acara yang akan berlangsung atau sedang berlangsung ketika mereka menyunting artikel yang tercantum dalam Daftar Kerja acara tersebut. Ini merupakan versi minimum yang layak digunakan (MVP), sehingga masukan dari pengguna sangat diharapkan. Para penyelenggara dianjurkan untuk mencoba fitur ini. Pelatihan praktik [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Lokakarya Penyiapan Daftar Kerja]] akan diselenggarakan pada 18 Agustus pukul 16.00 UTC dan 19 Agustus pukul 11.00 UTC. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[Special:ShortPages]] menampilkan halaman-halaman pendek berdasarkan ukurannya. Namun, dalam banyak kasus, halaman tersebut dipenuhi halaman disambiguasi dan pengalihan lunak sehingga artikel-artikel pendek yang sebenarnya menjadi lebih sulit ditemukan. Mulai akhir pekan ini, Anda dapat memilih untuk tidak memasukkan suatu artikel ke halaman khusus tersebut dengan menambahkan kata magis <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203] * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/id}} dalam [[d:Q3436680|bahasa Bole]] ([[w:bol:|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>w:bol:</nowiki></code></bdi>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921] * Mulai pekan 17 Agustus, bilah perkakas halaman akan ditampilkan dalam dua baris apabila ruang horizontal yang tersedia tidak mencukupi untuk menampilkan seluruh tombol. Perubahan ini merupakan tambalan yang telah [[phab:T429518|sepenuhnya digabungkan dari tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] dan bertujuan mengurangi kepadatan pada bilah perkakas Vector 2022, yang dapat terjadi pada beberapa Wikipedia dalam bahasa tertentu pada lebar layar tertentu. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:16}} {{PLURAL:16|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, pengunggahan berkas berukuran besar ke Wikimedia Commons kini menjadi lebih stabil dan lebih jarang mengalami kegagalan setelah sejumlah perbaikan dilakukan terhadap galat pengunggahan "''Could not acquire lock''". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Dukungan Jangka Panjang (''Long Term Support'') Debian Bullseye akan berakhir pada 31 Agustus 2026. [[phab:T434103|Sejumlah proyek Cloud VPS]] masih memiliki instans yang menjalankan Debian Bullseye. Pengelola proyek-proyek tersebut dianjurkan untuk bermigrasi ke Debian Bookworm atau Debian Trixie. Tersedia [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|panduan migrasi]] untuk membantu proses tersebut. Pengguna juga dapat mempertimbangkan apakah beban kerja mereka lebih sesuai dijalankan di Toolforge. Jika Anda memerlukan bantuan atau tidak dapat menyelesaikan migrasi sebelum 31 Agustus, silakan hubungi pengurus Cloud VPS sesegera mungkin. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Baca selengkapnya]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18 Agustus 2026 04.02 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30922806 --> hl2eju575iv7xgjzpfopdvake9zfb39 0 4157 27637 27301 2026-08-17T13:24:22Z Slaia 39 27637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bunga''' andre, no so ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] simane ba danö tanöbö'ö, misa. Bunga nihalö moroi ba li Indonesia, fanura ba fanötöi ya'ia no fagölö ya'ia da'ö bunga. Hiza fehede bunga andre, nihalö moroi ba li [[Jawa]] ꦧꦸꦔꦃ, translit. bungah, ma asese tarongo lamane; '''kembang''' (kata serapan dalam bahasa Indonesia) ma moroi ba wanura ya'ia; li Jawa (serapan dari Jawa: ꦏꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ) ya'ia da'ö sambua lala wa'amonönö wa'oyania sangoguna'ö ''divisio'', '''Magnoliophyta''' mazui '''Angiospermae''', "sinumbua sitekusi hunö, ''tumbuhan berbiji tertutup''"). Ba mbunga so khönia wamatua, ni'ila faoma fanötöi ''benang sari'' ba ''putik''. [[Berkas:Flower poster 2.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.5|Fama'oli gambara bowo mbunga moroi ba famili sifabö'ö-bö'ö]] Bunga tola tumbu ia sambua ba zinumbua so bunga mazui oya mbunga ba zi sara daha zinumbua so bunga andrö. Na so bunga soya, la tötöi ia faoma '''bunga majemuk''' ma ba li wamahaö no la'ila faoma fogaoni; ''inflorescence''. Ba ngawalö zinumbua so bunga, ''bunga majemuk'' tola lamane hulö zobowo samösa (tunggal), simane ba mbunga; ''Anthurium'' faoma ''bunga matahari''. Bunga site'oli tobali bunga soya lakaoni faoma fanötöi; ''floret''. [[Berkas:Bloemenpanorama Maurice van Bruggen.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.5|Ngawalö mbunga ba Belanda]]Na molo'ö ''botani'', bunga no sambua angolifa moroi ba zinanö sowua so hunö. Fa'atobali ia bunga i'otarai ba mbowo ofeta ba mbunga. Na no aefa moroi ba wa'atobali mbunga, aefa da'ö numalö ba wa'atobali bua. Ba zinumbua so bunga, bua so balugö hunö. {{Fonga'eu}} Sinumbua so bunga, Angiosperma, ma Anthophyta ("tumbuhan bunga") so göi zanötöi faoma; Magnoliophyta ("tumbuhan sekerabat dengan magnolia") ya'ia da'ö angorudua sebua zinumbua sauri ba dete danö. Töi zinumbua da'a, tehalö moroi ba zikhala ni'okhögönia, ya'ia da'ö; so'a'asogö botoŵa fangoya (organ reproduksi) sitefa'ele'ö ba mbunga. Bunga sindruhunia ha fo'ali zinumbua moroi ba mbulu faoma töla ba wamalua fangoya ba zi lö te'ila ba ngawalö zauri tanöbö'ö (pembuahan tertutup). Lala wangoya da'a, notobali sambua fanandra, irege angorudua zinumbua so bunga andre no te'ila ia sitobali Angiospermae ("berbiji terbungkus/tertutup"). Famaedo sifabö'ö moroi ba zinumbua so hunö, ''berbiji'' (Spermatophyta) ya'ia da'ö; sinumbua so huno si teboka ma ba li wamahö no oi la'ila, fogaoninia ya'ia da'ö; ''tumbuhan berbiji terbuka'' (Gymnospermae). Töi Angiospermae tehalö moroi ba gangorudua dombua wehede ba [[li Yunani]] Kuno: αγγειον (aggeion, "penyangga" mazui "pelindung") faoma σπερμα (sperma, bentuk jamak untuk "biji") nifaehagö; Paul Hermann pada tahun 1690. Si no oi la'ila niha soya wa ''sistem taksonomi modern'', ngafu zinumbua da'a so ia ba wenaeta''takson'' sitobali ''divisio''. Hiza, ''Sistem klasifikasi APG II'' ba faonohugö ya'ia, ''Sistem klasifikasi APG III'', molo'ö foföfögö ''filogeni versi APG'', sinumbua so bunga lafenahöi ba zisambua ''klad'' lö fao ba ''takson'' ba latötöi Angiospermae.<ref>Ensiklopedia Dunia, ''"Tumbuhan berbunga"'', Pusat Layanan UNIVERSITAS STEKOM, p2k.stekom.ac.id [https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Tumbuhan_berbunga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331065528/https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Tumbuhan_berbunga |date=2023-03-31 }}, mufaigi me 15 September 2023</ref> == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Sinumbua]] s4fwbu1qwmsuy4s4vn0vkmsnd29z4x6 0 4177 27638 25877 2026-08-17T13:25:03Z Slaia 39 27638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox spesies |item = Q26644764 }} [[Berkas:Campeonato Argentino de Polo 2010 - 5237109478 e7ed034169 o.jpg|jmpl|Kudo andre göi la'oguna'ö ia ba ''olahraga'']] Ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]], urifö nifotöi kudo, no oi la'ila niha, hiza urifö da'a lö hadöi sa'ae irugi ma'ökhö, eluahania lö mu'uri simane urifö tanöbö'ö. Ba li Indonesia latötöi faoma fogaoni; '''Kuda''' (''Equus caballus'' mazui ''Equus ferus caballus'') ya'ia da'ö sambua moroi ba gotalua zifulu ''spesies modern'' gurufö so'ono ma ''mamalia'' moroi ba ''genus Equus''. I'otaria meföna, urifö da'a tenga sauri songawawa ba ndru'u, hiza no sambua gurifö ni'uri, me urifö da'a no so khönia hikaya he ba zifakhai ba wangalui ''(ekonomis)'' ba simanö göi ba hikaya tanöbö'ö. Kudo andre, no tobali lala ba gofanöŵa niha he ba wana'u ngawalö mbotoŵa ba tola göi i'ohe niha. Da'a alua ba zi ha'uga ngahönö silalö ofeta mane ma'ökhö. {{Fonga'eu}} Kudo andre, urifö sitola lakudoini ia niha, tola göi itundreheni ba wodöni ngawalö noro sabua simane goroba nifogaolo-gaolo. Tenga ha da'ö, ba mbanua soya kudo andre, no tobali ia göi famalala gö, nirino tobali diwo. Kudo andre molo'ö famahaö si no lafareso ira ere wa'atua-tua wa no oi la'ila niha we'aso kudo andre ba ndröfi si 4500 föna wa'atumbu Yesu, hiza awena oi la owuloi zitobali dane-dane ba wamaha'ö andre ba ndröfi si 2000 föna wa'atumbu Yesu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Librado|first=Pablo|last2=Khan|first2=Naveed|last3=Fages|first3=Antoine|last4=Kusliy|first4=Mariya A.|last5=Suchan|first5=Tomasz|last6=Tonasso-Calvière|first6=Laure|last7=Schiavinato|first7=Stéphanie|last8=Alioglu|first8=Duha|last9=Fromentier|first9=Aurore|date=2021-10|title=The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04018-9|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=598|issue=7882|pages=634–640|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Ba wehede [[Jawa]] kudo latötöi faoma fogaoni ''jaran'', ba li [[Makassar]] lamane; ''jarang''. Hiza so göi kudo si lö abua sibai, simane kudo moroi ba Arab, Morgan, Quarter Horse, Paint faoma Thoroughbred, fa'abuania so ba zi 590&nbsp;kg. {{Habitat}} Ere wa'atua-tua no lalau ndregera ba wangalui hezo mböröta kudo andre, ba hiza no lafaehagö wa si'oföna sibai la ''domestikasi'' gurifö da'a ba ndröfi si 3500 föna wa'atumbu Yesu ma 5500 fakhe silalö fetaro ba Botai, Asia Tengah. Hiza, bua wangera-ngera da'a la tenaŵa ya'ira sambua angorudua ndra niha satua-tua ba wamahaö si no lafaehagö wurugö wamareso me döfi si 2021 silalö. Molo'ö furugö ''sekuens genom DNA kuda kuno'', lasöndra wa ''padang stepa Eurasia Barat, tefaudu ba Volga-Don, sambua ''habitat'' kudo ''domestik modern''. Tenga ha da'ö, kudo ''domestik modern'' da'a no mozawili baero wetaro Eurasia ba no la kuasoi wa'oya kudo sitohanöna ba naha da'ö. Fozawili kudo domestik modern andre, fendronga ira ''budaya material'' fakudosa, fao bakha khönia ''Kereta roda gigi'' ma ''kereta [https://www.kursirodapku.com/ roda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028013629/https://www.kursirodapku.com/ |date=2023-10-28 }}'' moroi ba ''Kebudayaan Sintashta'' ba ndröfi si 2000 föna wa'atumbu Yesu.<ref name=":0" /> {{Kultivasi}} Kudo andre, so zabua ba so göi zaoha. Kudo saoha simane; kudo moroi ba Arab, Morgan, Quarter Horse, Paint faoma Thoroughbred fa'abuania tola ikhamö ba zi 590&nbsp;kg. {{Fangoguna'ö}} Kudo andre no oya sibai wanolonia niha, ba simanö göi zifakhai ba ''kebudayaan''. Urifö da'a, si'oföna sibai la'oguna'ö sambua ba gotalua zoya sitobali ofanöŵa ''(hewan tunggangan)'' ya'ira sikoli ma ''suku-suku pengembara'' si findra-findra nahia ''(nomaden)'' ba gatua simanö göi ba danö simate ''(gurun)'' ba Asia Tengah faoma Utara. Nifalua gurifö andre soguna ba wa'auri niha ya'ia da'ö simane sondröni goroba solohe niha ma botoŵa soguna ba niha. Kudo, ba ''kebudayaan'' mosalahini fa lö tabi-tabi ma ba li Indonesia lamane ''kebebasan'', fa'onekhe ma ''kecerdasan'', faoma fa'abölö ma ''kekuatan''. Ba zura mbaŵa Tionghoa, na ngaluo wa'atumbu ba ''shio kuda'' no la farisayoi wa situmbu andrö no niha sonekhe, si so fa'aro dödö ma ''mandiri'', ba so khönia dödö si lö tabi-tabi ma ''berjiwa merdeka''. {{Faniaga}} ''Apakah tumbuhan/binatang tsb. diperdagangkan? Dalam bentuk apa? Sebesar apa keuntungan ekonomis yang diperoleh? Apa perannya dalam pendapatan satu negara?'' {{Onönöta}} ''Adakah hal yang khusus pada tumbuhan/binatang tsb. yang tidak umum dan merupakan informasi berharga? Ada ritus khusus yang berhubungan dengan tumbuhan/binatang ini?'' {{Basoŵa}} ''Di sini ditulis daftar buku yang membahas tanaman/binatang tsb. dan belum disebut dalam tulisan.'' {{Khai-khai baero}} ''Di sini ditulis situs web utama yang membahas tumbuhan/binatang tsb. kalau ada'' {{Börö Zura}} {{Umbu}} <references /> [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Aurifö]] 3s6rxjempm237rbkjbuetgc0n5zcb2h 0 4183 27673 22180 2026-08-17T14:44:32Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27673 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Data types - en.svg|jmpl|Ngawalö data ba li Inggris]] Lafotöi '''data''' gofu hadia ia zi tobali tanömö informasi simane fa'oya, fa'anau, fa'awakha, ha'ökhö tefaböbö ia, hamega tefakhai ia, waö-waö te'oguna'ö ia, btn. Duma-dumania ''data'' zowanua sambua banua (li Indonesia ''penduduk'') ya'ia da'ö ha'uga niha, ha'uga ngambatö, ha'uga ndraono, ha'uga zekola, ha'uga zohalöŵö ba danö ba ha'uga zohalöŵö ba gödo, btn. Si to'ölönia oi la'oguna'ö ''data'' andrö ba wangerai soguna ba nifotöi ''[[statistik]]'' simane ''[[statistik]]'' sambua desa niŵaö da'ö yaŵa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diffen.com/difference/Data_vs_Information|title=Data vs Information - Difference and Comparison {{!}} Diffen|website=www.diffen.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms |url=https://archive.org/details/oecdglossaryofst0000unse |page=[https://archive.org/details/oecdglossaryofst0000unse/page/119 119] |date=2008 |publisher=OECD |isbn=978-92-64-025561}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/home/statistical+language+-+what+are+data |title=Statistical Language - What are Data? |date=2013-07-13 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=2020-03-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419010315/http://abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/home/statistical+language+-+what+are+data |archive-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> Data tola te'owuloi ia faoma fangerai nifotöi ''[[sensus]]'' ba tola göi te'owuloi ia otomatis mangoguna'ö gofu hadia nisura niha ba internet. Duma-dumania tola lafazökhi ''[[statistik]]'' zangoguna [[Facebook]], la'oguna'ö ''data'' si no isura sangoguna andrö: heza toröi ia (li Indonesia ''alamat''), heza sekola ia, hamega tumbu ia (moroi ba nisura sanandrösa ba luo wa'atumbu ma ''ulang tahun''), haniha oi zi fariawö khönia, btn. Töra moroi ba da'ö i'ila [[Facebook]] hadia nösi dödö zangoguna, töra moroi ba niha andrö samösa. Hana? Börö me tola ifazökhi ''[[statistik]]'' zangoguna andrö [[Facebook]]: hadia duria sasese i'omasi'ö (na ihöndrögö hagu ''Like''), hadia tuho huhuo somasi ia (na isura wanemali nifotöi ''komentar''), hadia gö omasi'önia (na i'oroma'ö foto ngawalö gö ni'ania), btn. Da'ö wa so zanguma'ö, i'ila samösa niha [[Facebook]] töra moroi khö ndrongania samösa. Tola falimo samösa niha khö niha bö'ö bahiza lö tola falimo ''data''-nia si no i'owuloi [[Facebook]] ba fefu ngawalö media sosial bö'ö simane [[Instagram]], [[Snapchat]], [[Telegram]], [[WhatsApp]], [[YouTube]], btn. Börö me data simane andre no data si tefaböbö khö zi samö-samösa niha, sasese lö la'ila niha bö'ö, ha niha sangoguna'ö ya'ia, andrö wa asese latötöi ia göi data ''[[pribadi]]'' ba li Indonesia. Fefu zi fakhai ba data ''[[pribadi]]'' andre lafotöi ia ''[[privasi]]'', data sinangea ha i'ila niha andrö samösa ba si lö sökhi na tefazaewe ia ba niha sato. Na lö'ö ba tola la'oguna'ö data ''[[pribadi]]'' andrö niha bö'ö ba wangobousi döi niha andrö. Töra moroi ba da'ö tola göi la'oguna'ö data ''[[pribadi]]'' andrö ba wamawu'a zöndra niha ma labe'e ena'ö faduhu dödöra ba sambua hadia ia ba zi lö la'ila. Duma-dumania no ifalua da'a perusahaan Cambridge Analytica ba wame'e ena'ö möna samösa ''calon'' ma sambua [[partai]] ba zi sambua ''[[pemilu]]'' (faigi zanandrösa ba skandal Cambridge Analytica ba gahe zura [[Mark Zuckerberg]]). Ba lö la'ila sangoguna ba [[Facebook]] wa no ibulö'ö zöndrara Cambridge Analytica. Andrö moguna sibai wa larorogö nifotöi ''[[privasi]]'' andre ba ya böi i'oguna'ö ia perusahaan [[teknologi]] simane [[Facebook]] ba wangalui hare. == Paket data == [[Berkas:Wi-Fi.gif|jmpl|Fogambaraini teknologi wama'ohe'ö sambua [[dokumen]] faoma ndrulu Wi-Fi sanörö angi]] Ba Indonesia asese göi la'oguna'ö wehede data ma zui ''paket data'' ba wamotöi ngawalö hadia ia zanörö moroi ba [[Internet]] lumalö ba [[HP (telepon)|HP]]-da. Data andre tenga ngawua zinura si so ba garate ia, bahiza data [[digital]], eluahania ni'irö'ö [[komputer]] si tola lafa'ohe'ö ba latema he faoma zinali elektronik nifotöi ''kabel'' ma zui faoma ndrulu elektronik sanörö angi, simane nitemada faoma [[HP (telepon)|HP]]-da ma zui faoma [[laptop]] si no mufakhai ba [[Wi-Fi]]. [[Berkas:Half-open pipe wave.gif|jmpl|Gambara ndrulu li simane na fahuhuo ma na manunö ita]] Si to'ölönia lafakhai sambua [[komputer]] ba [[komputer]] bö'ö faoma tali elektronik nifotöi ''kabel'' ena'ö tola tafa'ohe'ö sambua data simane dokumen. Ba wama'ohe'ö data simane so göi [[teknologi]] bö'ö nifotöi [[Wi-Fi]] ma zui [[3G]], [[4G]], [[5G]], btn. Ba wama'ohe'ö data, i'oguna'ö teknologi andre tenga ''kabel'' bahiza ndrulu elektronik sanörö angi, ba börö da'ö lö oroma hörö. Lafotöi ia ndrulu (li Indonesia "gelombang", li Inggris "wave") börö me fofanönia to'ölö lagambaraini hulö zimane ndrulu ba nasi. Data nifa'ohe'ö faoma ndrulu andrö no labagi-bagi ia tobali nifotöi ''paket'' sigide-ide (tola tafaomagö ia khö niha sama'ohe'ö hadia ia khö niha bö'ö ba kantor pos, ena'ö böi talafo abua ba ebua, labagi-bagi ia tobali mato ha'uga "paket" sigide-ide). Na no ofeta ia ba nahia sinangea manema ya'ia, lafatohu zui ngawalö paket sigide-ide andrö tobali sambua paket sebua. Faoma sambua program [[komputer]] "labokai" paket andrö ba "labaso" nösinia, irege tola tabaso ia na nisura ia, ma zui tafaigi ia na gambara ma video ia. Andrö mbörö wa asese latötöi ''data'' simane ''paket data''. == Umbu == <references /> {{Börö zura}} [[Kategori:Komputer]] [[Kategori:Teknologi]] 9fstxi2a3tv98xkwqzyfhug7wags26g 0 4187 27666 25498 2026-08-17T14:35:24Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27666 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Tabernakel in het koor van de Onze-Lieve-Vrouw van Fatimakerk (Gijmel).jpg|mini|Tabernakel si so bakha ba gereja ba Aarschot-Gijmel ([[Belgia]])]] '''Tabernakel''' (li Latin ''tabernaculum'' eluahania ose-ose) no sambua nahia ba wangirö'ö [[Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö]], ya'ia da'ö roti ba agu si no mufahowu'ö tobali boto awö do [[Keriso]], si tosai ero wangowasaini [[misa]] ma [[ekaristi]].<ref>{{cite book |first=William Warde |last=Fowler |author-link=William Warde Fowler |title=The Religious Experience of the Roman People |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousexperie0000fowl_q3a3 |location=London |date=1922 |page=[https://archive.org/details/religiousexperie0000fowl_q3a3/page/209 209]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Scheid |author-link=John Scheid |title=An Introduction to Roman Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00sche/page/113 113–114]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Linderski |first=Jerzy|title=The Augural Law |work=Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt |volume=II |number=16 |date=1986 |pages=2164–2288}}</ref> Börö me faduhu dödö ndra Niha Keriso wa sindruhu boto awö do Keriso ia, andrö la'irö'ö ba la'amoni'ö ia. Lalau da'a bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]], [[Gereja Anglikan]], [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]] awö ba [[Gereja Lutheran]]. To'ölö wa la'amoni'ö nahia si so tabernakel ba tobali ia nahia wangandrö. Ba fa'awösa Mormon ba simanö göi ba fa'awösa solo'ö khö Calvin, lafotöi tabernakel sambua gosali ma nahia ni'oguna'öra ba wangandrö. [[Berkas:Stiftshuette Modell Timnapark.jpg|jmpl|Tabernakel nifasindro ba Timna Valley Park, [[Israel]]. Simane oroma nose-ose nifotöi tabernakel andrö nifawu'a-wu'a ndraono Gizeraeli götö wanöröra tanösimate.]] Fehede tabernakel tehalö moroi ba li Ibrani ''mischkan'' (משכן) eluahania ose-ose (li Indonesia ''kemah'', ''tenda''). Ifazökhi tabernakel andre [[Moze]] ba [[hili Sinai]] aefa itema [[fulu goroisa]].<ref>Faigi MozeII 25–31 ba 35–40</ref> Bakha ba tabernakel andre la'irö'ö gara wanura heza tesura [[fulu goroisa]] andrö. I'otarai da'ö lö aetu awu'a tabernakel andre fao awö ndraono [[Izeraeli|Gizeraeli]] ba wanöröra tanösimate irege larugi danö amabu'ula ba danö [[Kana'ana]]. Me 440 fakhe aefa da'ö, lafawu'a gara wanura fulu goroisa moroi ba nose-ose nifawu'a-wu'a lumalö ba Gosali Sebua ba [[Yerusalem]], si tobali omo Lowalangi sindruhu. == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Gereja Katolik]] [[Kategori:Liturgi]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] 037srupqho6ep5qs69hmesy5paumao1 0 4207 27655 27312 2026-08-17T14:21:46Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27655 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Gedung Pusat Universitas Gadjah Mada (3).jpg|jmpl|Gödo [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]] si so ba Yogyakarta]] '''Universitas''' no sambua nifasindro tobali same'e famahaö awö wamalua fangosili ''ilmiah'' ba same'e töi wa'atua-tua (li Indonesia "gelar" ma li Inggris "degree"). Ena'ö lasöndra döi andrö niha, si lötolalö'ö no la'awalisi fefu wamahaö si no muhonogöi, ba no göi möna ira ba wamareso safuria. Sito'ölönia so dombua wamareso safuria andre: so nifotöi famareso (li Indonesia "ujian", li Inggris "exam") ba so wombelegö sambua zura sanau nifotöi "[[skripsi]]" (ba wanöndra töi "[[sarjana]]") ma zui "[[tesis]]" (ba wanöndra töi "[[doktor]]"). Töi universitas tehalö moroi ba li Latin "universitas magistrorum et scholarium" eluahania ambö töra fa'awösa ndra guru ba ere wangosili. Universitas si föföna sibai simane ni'ilada ma'ökhö lafasindro ba [[Eropa]] ira ''biarawan''<ref>Lafotöi ''biarawan'' niha si fao ba wa'awösa fa'alowalangi, same'e fa'aurinia khö Keriso, irege laröi wa'auri fongambatösa.</ref> [[Gereja Katolik]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions|first=Alexandra |last= Den Heijer| isbn=9789059724877| year =2011|publisher=Academische Uitgeverij Eburon| quote= Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Christian Education|first=Mark|last= A. Lamport |year= 2015| page =484|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield| isbn=9780810884939|quote= All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|first=Thomas |last=B M. Leonard|year= 2013| isbn=9781135205157| page = 1369|publisher=Routledge|quote= Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sciences in the Universities of Europe, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Academic Landscapes|url=https://archive.org/details/sciencesinuniver0000anas|first=Kostas |last=Gavroglu|year= 2015| isbn=9789401796361| page = [https://archive.org/details/sciencesinuniver0000anas/page/302 302]|publisher=Springer|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=First Peoples of the Americas and the European Age of Exploration|first=Patricia |last=GA. Dawson|year= 2015| isbn=9781502606853| page =103|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing|quote=}}</ref> Töi universitas nifasindro me 1088 andrö ya'ia ''Università di Bologna'' (Universitas Bologna) ba kota Bologna, [[Italia]]. Lafotöi ia sindruhu universitas si föföna börö me: * Ya'ia zame'e döi wa'atua-tua simane ni'ilada ma'ökhö (li Indonesia "gelar", li Inggris "degree"). * Lö so ia barö wamatörö [[Gereja]] (eluahania mamatörö samösa ia ma "independen" ba li Indonesia), heŵa'ae so ba gotalua ndra guru khönia ndra ere. * I'oguna'ö wehede ''universitas'' ba wamasindro ya'ia. * Ibe'e döi wa'atua-tua he töi ''sekular'', eluahania si lö fakhai ba [[agama]], ba he göi töi si fakhai ba agama: bahasa, retorika, [[logika]], [[teologi]], [[huku Gereja]], huku notaris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unibo.it/en/university/who-we-are/our-history/university-from-12th-to-20th-century|title=The University from the 12th to the 20th century - University of Bologna|website=www.unibo.it|access-date=23 March 2021|archive-date=5 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405221329/https://www.unibo.it/en/university/who-we-are/our-history/university-from-12th-to-20th-century|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/ Top Universities] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117202932/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/ |date=17 January 2009 }} ''World University Rankings'' Retrieved 6 January 2010</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyjnHZ1IIlgC&q=the+oldest+university+in+the+world+Bologna&pg=PA18 |title=The Challenge of Bologna |author=Paul L. Gaston |year=2010 |page=18 |publisher=Stylus |isbn=978-1-57922-366-3 |access-date=7 July 2016 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310171124/https://books.google.com/books?id=wyjnHZ1IIlgC&q=the+oldest+university+in+the+world+Bologna&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hunt Janin 2008">Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, ISBN: 0-7864-3462-7, p. 55f.</ref><ref name="Ridder-Symoens 1992">de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC ''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213223037/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC&printsec=frontcover |date=13 December 2021 }}, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN: 0-521-36105-2, pp. 47–55</ref> So dombua universitas ba Danö Niha, ya'ia [[Universitas Nias Raya]] (UNIRAYA) ba [[Telukdalam]] awö [[Universitas Nias]] (UNIAS) ba [[Gunungsitoli]]. Ba Indonesia tefaböbö universitas ba fefu ngawalö zekola salaŵa nifotöi [[Perguruan Tinggi]]. Baero universitas fao ba da'ö ngawalö zekola salaŵa bö'ö simane akademi, institut, politeknik ba sekolah tinggi. Bakha ba universitas so ngawalö [[fakultas]], same famahaö molo'ö bolo wamahaö si no muhonogöi, duma-dumania ba [[Fakultas Pertanian]] tebe'e wamahaö ba fefu zi fakhai ba wohalöŵö ba danö, ba [[Fakultas Kedokteran]] tebe'e fefu wamahaö si fakhai ba ngawalö wökhö ba lala wamadöhö ya'ia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zkarnain.tripod.com/DIKNAS.HTM |title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 1989 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional |access-date=2011-09-08 |archive-date=2023-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131224436/https://zkarnain.tripod.com/DIKNAS.HTM |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inherent-dikti.net/files/sisdiknas.pdf |title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional |access-date=09/09/2011 |archive-date=2011-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513051314/http://www.inherent-dikti.net/files/sisdiknas.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Me 2015 so 3.255 universitas ba Indonesia, so 121 [[universitas negeri]] (okhöta negara) ba 3.104 [[universitas swasta]] (okhöta niha sato).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2015/09/14/1839/jumlah-perguruan-tinggi-mahasiswa-dan-tenaga-edukatif-negeri-dan-swasta-di-bawah-kementrian-pendidikan-dan-kebudayaan-menurut-provinsi-2013-2014-2014-2015.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik|website=www.bps.go.id|language=en|access-date=20/05/2018}}</ref> == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Famahaö]] [[Kategori:Bolo wamahaö]] [[Kategori:Bolo wamahaö ba Universitas]] [[Kategori:Perguruan Tinggi]] [[Kategori:Universitas]] t7uts2wv9ghvgx2on2trcfj0diic6cj 0 4213 27639 21125 2026-08-17T13:31:29Z Slaia 39 27639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = '''Öröbao''', '''''(Kerbau)''''' | taxon = Bubalus bubalis | Kerajaan = Animalia | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | image = Two_water_buffaloes_bathing_at_sunset.jpg | image_caption =Water buffaloes in [[Laos]] | status = DOM | range_map = 2004buffalo.PNG | range_map_caption = Global distribution of the water buffalo in 2004 | synonyms = ''Bos bubalis'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}} }} '''Öröbao''', ma ''Göröbao'' ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]], urifö si no oi la'ila niha, tenga urifö sawena terongo. Öröbao andre, asese latötöi faoma; '''benuang''' mazui '''kerbau air''' ba li Indonesia, da'a ba wamaehuni öröbao moroi ba Afrika, ya'ia da'ö urifö ni'uri ma nifaliaro niha, ba ya'ia andre, fao ba gangolifa gurifö so'ono. Öröbao no urifö soya ni'uri niha ba zisagörö ulidanö, simane ba Asia faoma ba Amerika Selatan. Urifö da'a ya'ia sa'ae gurifö nifaogö ba gangolifa ''domestikasi'' moroi ba göröbao sitenga nifaliaro (niha India lakaoni göröbao da'ö faoma fanötöi; ''arni'') si so irugi ma'ökhö ba tola la'ila niha so ba [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Vietnam]], [[China]], [[Filipina]], [[Taiwan]], [[Indonesia]], faoma [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]]. Öröbao andre, no oi mozawili ba zi sagörö ulidanö. Hiza, iada'a Öröbao si lö mu'uri ma si so ba ndru'u misa, no alö wa'oyania ba Asia ma tola manö taya ia ba zi so föna. Öröbao si no atua tola ikhamö fa 300&nbsp;kg wa'abua nia ofeta ba zi 600&nbsp;kg. Öröbao si so ba ndru'u ma si tenga ni'uri abua ia moroi ba ni'uri, simane si'alawenia ikhamö fa 800&nbsp;kg simatua so ba zi 1200&nbsp;kg. Na simatua ''rata-rata'' ba zi 900&nbsp;kg ba fa'alaŵa detehulu ''rata-rata'' ba zi 1,7 meter. {{Fonga'eu}} Sambua wamaehusi göröbao ni'uri faoma sauri ba ndru'u ya'ia da'ö; ba zikhala dalu göröbao. Na ni'uri, talunia owulo-wulo. Simanö göi ba wa'abua, no faehu sibai. Angolifa göröbao andre, lö nasa sibai mo ahonoa ia, ba hiza ''Bubalus bubalis'' asese labagi ba zi tölu faosatö ma angolifa, ya'ia da'ö: # Öröbao sauri ba ndru'u, Kerbau liar (''B. bubalis arnee''), da'a sitobali böröta moroi ba göröbao sauri ba nidanö ''(moyang bagi kerbau sungai)'' # Öröbao nidanö ma ''Kerbau sungai'' (''B. bubalis bubalis'') sitefa'aso moroi ba [[Asia Selatan]]. # Öröbao sauri ba ndraso ma ''Kerbau rawa'' (''B. bubalis carabauesis'') sitefa'aso moroi ba [[Asia Tenggara]]. Böröta göröbao sauri ba ndraso, lö hadöi sa'ae ba ndru'u iada'a, ba hiza so genom 24 fasa, ''kromosom'', ba na öröbao ba nidanö, so 25 fasa ''kromosom''-nia. Nga'ötö fa'afaruka moroi ba zi dombua gangolifa sitola manohugö nga'ötö (fertil). Öröbao andre tebai manohugö nga'ötö ia khö [[Sawi|zawi]] si so 60 kromosom, heŵa'ae fao ba gangolifa ngawawa Bovinae. {{Habitat}} ''Di mana tumbuhan/binatang tsb. biasanya hidup (negara, daerah, lingkungan, ekosistem). Dan bila ada sejarah penyebaran, ke mana saja tumbuhan/binatang tsb tersebar?'' {{Kultivasi}} ''Bagaimana membudidayakan (penanaman, pembiakan, perawatan, pemanenan, pengolahan) tumbuhan/binatang tsb.? Adakah teknik khusus?'' {{Fangoguna'ö}} ''Untuk apa saja yang tumbuhan/binatang tsb. digunakan? Sebagai obat? Sebagai makanan? Sebagai mainan? Sebagai dekorasi? Sebagai piaraan? Sebagai obyek budaya? Sebagai obyek religius?'' {{Faniaga}} ''Apakah tumbuhan/binatang tsb. diperdagangkan? Dalam bentuk apa? Sebesar apa keuntungan ekonomis yang diperoleh? Apa perannya dalam pendapatan satu negara?'' {{Onönöta}} ''Adakah hal yang khusus pada tumbuhan/binatang tsb. yang tidak umum dan merupakan informasi berharga? Ada ritus khusus yang berhubungan dengan tumbuhan/binatang ini?'' {{Basoŵa}} ''Di sini ditulis daftar buku yang membahas tanaman/binatang tsb. dan belum disebut dalam tulisan.'' {{Khai-khai baero}} ''Di sini ditulis situs web utama yang membahas tumbuhan/binatang tsb. kalau ada'' {{Börö zura}} {{Umbu}} <references /> [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Aurifö]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] ppqxrina9i4ic0aq4jorcotf22k7yld 0 4214 27640 24669 2026-08-17T13:31:56Z Slaia 39 27640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = Rhynchophorus ferrugineus MHNT.jpg | image_width = 240px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | classis = [[Insect]]a | ordo = [[Beetle|Coleoptera]] | familia = [[Curculionidae]] | genus = ''[[Rhynchophorus]]'' | species = '''''R. ferrugineus''''' | binomial = ''Rhynchophorus ferrugineus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Guillaume-Antoine Olivier|Olivier]], 1790) }} {{Fonga'eu}} '''Tolu-tolu''', andre ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]], asese sibai so ba geu sobou, ba li Indonesia latötöi faoma fogaoni; '''Kumbang sagu''' (Lat.: ''Rhynchophorus ferrugineus'', larva-nia lafotöi faoma; "era" ma '''ulat sagu''') ya'ia da'ö angolifa moroi ba dolu-tolu sozawili soya ba [[India]] ofeta Sauwa, me hulö moroi ba da'ö mbörötania. Boto dolu-tolu andre, la'a-la'ania oroyo-royo (coklat kemerahan) ba so göi zaitö ia. Sikhala dolu-tolu, so zanau ba mbawania anau föna mbawania. Larva-nia fa'ebuania so ba wa'ebua duturusebua duru danga, ba itaria so zebua moroi ba da'ö nasa. So zide-ide högö sola'a-la'a soyo, ba lelenia abe'e ma'ifu. ''Larva'' faoma tolu-tolu andre si no ebua la'a hunö saku ma ''empulur batang sagu'' si no obou. Era si no ebua fa'ebua hunö ndruria, afusi mbotonia ba oyo högö, no la'agö bakha ba hunö zaku sobou. Era saku andre göi so ia ba hunö döla nohi, akhe, uluwi, andrö wa asese lafagölösi manö döinia faoma era, ba li Indonesia lamane ''kumbang kelapa''. Ba Indonesia, era zaku andre tobali famalala gö si tola la'a niha.<ref name="Shadily">{{id}} Hassan Shadily ''Ensiklopedi Indonesia'' Jilid ke-4. 1984. Jakarta: Ictiar Baru- Van Hoeve dan Elsevier Publishing Projects.</ref> Era saku andre fao ba gangolifa samakiko ba zinanö ohi. La'agö ba mbute lai ba lehe-lehe nohi, aefa da'ö ara-ara ahori la'a ba tola irugi mate nohi da'ö. Niha ba [[Maluku]] faoma Suku Kamoro moroi ba Papua no to'ölö la'a gera andre, latunu, labe'e ba likhe zihulö sate ba so zimanga ba ginötö auri. La farisayoi wa era andre so khönia we ba tola möi fangabölö mboto.<ref name="Ditjenbun">{{id}} {{cite web|url=http://ditjenbun.pertanian.go.id/perlindungan/berita-166-sate-ulat-kumbang-sagu.html|title=Sate Ulat Kumbang Sagu|publisher=Kumbang sagu|accessdate=24 Juni 2014|archive-date=2014-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627061243/http://ditjenbun.pertanian.go.id/perlindungan/berita-166-sate-ulat-kumbang-sagu.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Era da'a samakiko sinanö ''kurma'', ohi, ''kelapa sawit'', saku, ''siwalan'', akhe, Ba ndröfi si 1906, era samakao sinanö ohi ba India faoma ''kurma'' me döfi si 1918. Aefa da'ö era andre numalö ba Timur Tengah me 1980 ba samakao fokabu ''kurma'' ba da'ö.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/288440300|title=Encyclopedia of entomology|date=2008|publisher=Springer|others=Capinera, John L.|isbn=978-1-4020-6359-6|edition=2nd ed|location=Dordrecht|oclc=288440300}}</ref> {{Habitat}} == Siklus wa'auri dolu-tolu == Urifö da'a so lima wenaeta waö-waö wa'aurinia; i'otarai; ba gadulo, ''larva, kepompong, pupa'', ofeta tobali tolu-tolu. Fefu waö-waö ''siklus'' wa'aurinia andre, alua ba zisambua nahia, tebai ba naha sifabö'ö, simane na ba döla zaku, ba ba zaku manö, ba döla nohi, akhe ba töla geu tanöbö'ö sifao ba geu angolifa ''palem-paleman''.<ref name=":0" /> === Adulo === Adulo dolu-tolu fa'anaunia so ba zi 2,6&nbsp;mm ba fa'ebolo 1,1&nbsp;mm sola'a-la'a safusi. Sikhalania anau-nau ma ba li Indonesia lamane; ''oval''.<ref name=":0" /> adulonia andre mamoto ba zi 2-3 ngaluo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://balitka.litbang.pertanian.go.id/hama-rhynchoporus-ferrugineus-oliver-pada-tanaman-kelapa/|title=Hama Rhynchoporus ferrugineus Oliver Pada Tanaman Kelapa – Balai Penelitian Tanaman Palma|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-07-21|archive-date=2020-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721160126/http://balitka.litbang.pertanian.go.id/hama-rhynchoporus-ferrugineus-oliver-pada-tanaman-kelapa/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Larva === Larva sawena möi baero ba gadulo, la'a-la'ania a'usö, na no ebua aruzö-ruzö. Fa'anaunia 5&nbsp;cm ba fa'ebolo 2&nbsp;cm. Oroma wetaro mbawa faoma högö.<ref name=":0" /> Urifö andre tobali ''larva'' ba zi 41-78 ngaluo ba hiza ba ginötö fa'ara da'ö, larva andre ö nia i'a mbute-bute lai sawuyu moroi ba zinanö si so ya'ia.<ref name=":1" /> {{Börö zura}} {{Umbu}} <references /> [[Kategori:Nias] [[Kategori:Aurifö]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] 6s6qwmt6k0061bol7k309xx344gk3w4 0 4216 27641 21185 2026-08-17T13:32:18Z Slaia 39 27641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = '''Katawaena''', ''Burung walet'' | image = Apus apus 01.jpg | image_width = 220px | image_caption = Burung walet, ''Apus apus''<br />Sayapnya berbeda dengan burung layang-layang. | fossil range = [[Eocene]] - sekarang | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Apodiformes]] | familia = '''[[Apodidae]]''' | familia_authority = ''Ernst Hartert'', [[1897]] | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = *[[Cypseloidinae]] *[[Apodinae]] }} '''Katawaena''', andre ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] fofo sohombo ba zi tanö'owi, sola'a-la'a saitö. Ba li Indonesia, ya'ia da'ö; '''Burung walet''' (''Collocalia vestita'') so afi satarö-tarö, sanau i'o. Katawaena auri ia ahatö bangai nidanö ba simanö göi ba gotalua nomo-nomo niha mbanua. Itaria mongawawa wa'oyania, la'iagö nahia si lö hadöi niha, simane gödo-gödo si no ara lö mu'oguna'ö. Fofo da'a, tenga simane fofo tanöbö'ö, managaule ia ba ginötö sara, na katawaena, iduhugö manö wohombo sifao wangalui önia, me no adogo-dogo gahenia. Baero da'ö, katawaena tola muhombo ia ba nahia sogömi-gömi, me so khönia wanolo nifotöi ''ekolokasi''. La'agö zisambua nahia mongawawa, ba lahaogö gazunira faoma idanö gararora. Azuni gatawaena andre, oya la'amawa niha, sitobali famalala gö, ba so göi ni'oguna'ö ba dalu-dalu.<ref name="ensi">Hassan Shadily. Ensiklopedi Indonesia Volume 1. Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru-Van Hoeve.</ref> {{Fonga'eu}} [[Berkas:Dans l'ombre des dinosaures - Scaniacypselus - 02.jpg|jmpl|Fosil ''Scaniacypselus'']] Ere taksonomi no ara lafareso ma laföfögö gatawaena andre faoma fofo zihulö laya-laya, ''kerabat burung kolibri'', molo'ö si no la söndra, ya'ia da'ö; ''Jungornitihidae'' (kerabat kolibri-walet) faoma fofo ''kolibri primitif'' faoma ''Eurotrochilus''. Taksonomi molo'ö niha mbanua ma ba li Indonesia lamane; ''tradisional'' tefataro gatawaena andre ba ngafu wofo ''kolibri'' (Trochilidae) bakha ba ''ordo'' sifagölö khö gatawaena faoma fofo zihulö laya-laya (lö hadöi ngafu fofo bö'ö); taksonomi Sibley-Ahlquist lafataro gatawaena andre sitobali ''super ordo Trocholiformes''.<ref name="ter" /> {{Habitat}} Habitat ma angorudua ngawawa gatawaena oya ia ba Asia Tenggara. Simanö göi ba Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Filipina Kamboja, faoma Laos, na ba negara Eropa, Amerika, ma ba benua Afrika lö hadöi fofo da'a. Fofo andre auri ma fataha ia ba ''iklim tropis'' soya alua deu. Me fa'okafu-kafu, no sambua fanolo ba wangoya'ö nga'ötö gatawaena andre. Taksonomi gatawaena na molo'ö si no la'ila niha; no lala sabua sibai, me so khönia wo goligö gangolifa he göi ngawaönia ''(pembatasan jenis dan spesies)'' soya nifatunöisi ba wamöfögö gangolifa andre. Ba wamaigi hewisa zikhala faoma li wofo da'a, no lala sabua sifakhai ba ''evolusi paralel'' molo'ö si no la'ila niha, na analisis ''sifat morfologi'' faoma ngawalö wanandraigö ''DNA'' tefaehagö wa'afagölö heŵa'ae oya wabu'asa khönia.<ref name="ter">Thomassen, Henri A.; Tex, Robert-Jan; de Bakker, Merijn A.G.; Povel, G. David E. (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships amongst swifts and swiftlets: A multi locus approach".''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''37''' (1): 264–277</ref> ''Ordo Apodiformes'' tefazaewe me inötö ''Eocene'' ba ginötö da'ö so ngawalö gatawaena si no arakhagö taya, fosil ni söndra ba Eropa no sitobali fanuturu lala, nahia tesöndra ba gotalua [[Denmark]] faoma [[Prancis]], duma-duma wofo ''primitif'' simane; ''Scaniacypselus'' (Awal–pertengahan Eocene) ba sabölö te'ila ba ginötö iada'a ya'ia da'ö fofo; ''Procypseloides'' (Akhir ''Eocene''/Awal [[Oligocene]]–Awal [[Miocene]]). Ngawalö prasejarah asese lafakhai ia faoma gatawaena, simane; ''Primapus''.<ref name="BBCnews">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8539000/8539383.stm|work=BBC News|first=Jody|last=Bourton|title=Supercharged swifts fly fastest|date=2 March 2010}}</ref> {{Kultivasi}} Azuni gatawaena andre asese laŵa'ö ia ö sami ''(konsumsi eksotis)'' same'e ŵe soguna ba mboto niha faoma ba wangehao boto. Femanga ŵe moroi ba gazuni gatawaena andre, asese lafaedogö ia khö ndra gehai, sitobali dane-dane fondrege satua ya'ia da'ö ba ginötö dinasti Tang (618-907 SM ) (Lau dan Melville, 1994). Sindruhunia raso moroi ba gazuni gatawaena andre, ma'ifu lö raso ba lela zimanga ya'ia. Hiza börö me so khönia ŵe soguna ba mboto niha. So sambua ''perusahaan'' si no mangahaogö gazuni gatawaena andre sitobali ngawalö wamalala soguna ba niha, ya'ia da'ö; PT. Lentera Alam Nusantara, si no oya zikhalania, simane ''parfum walet'', idanö nibadu moroi ba gazuni gatawaena, ba tanöbö'önia.<ref>Walet, Markas, ''"Sarang Burung Walet – Eliksir Terkenal Dengan Manfaat Mutakhir"'', MarkasWalet.Com, [https://markaswalet.com/sarang-burung-walet-eliksir-terkenal-dengan-manfaat-mutakhir/], mufaigi me 6 Oktober 2023</ref> {{Fangoguna'ö}} Azuni gatawaena andre, oya sibai gunania sifakhai ba wa owaöri mboto, simane:<ref>{{Cite web|first=Dedy Setia|date=2022-11-02|title=12 Manfaat Minuman Sarang Burung Walet, Salah Satunya Menurunkan Kolesterol|url=https://www.viva.co.id/gaya-hidup/kuliner/1539458-manfaat-minuman-sarang-burung-walet|access-date=2022-12-23}}</ref> # dalu-dalu geha sabe'e, ma sara sibai adeha mbörökehania, ''(sebagai obat batuk kering)''; # fanolo ba wangazökhi wa'alösö guli ''(mempertahankan kecantikan kulit)''; # fanolo ba wa'ambö mbadu ''(mengatasi keluhan paru-paru)''; # fanolo ba wamadöhö wa'atekiko nuo ''(mengobati kerusakan pembuluh darah)''; # modou'ö wa'atagia wemanga ''(meningkatkan nafsu makan)''; # tuho antioksidan ''(sumber antioksidan)''; # tuho mineral ba wa'afataha mboto ''(sumber mineral untuk sistem kekebalan tubuh)''; # fangazökhi guli ''(membuat kulit menjadi cantik)''; # famonönö wa'atua-tua ''(mencerdaskan otak)''. {{Faniaga}} ''Apakah tumbuhan/binatang tsb. diperdagangkan? Dalam bentuk apa? Sebesar apa keuntungan ekonomis yang diperoleh? Apa perannya dalam pendapatan satu negara?'' {{Onönöta}} ''Adakah hal yang khusus pada tumbuhan/binatang tsb. yang tidak umum dan merupakan informasi berharga? Ada ritus khusus yang berhubungan dengan tumbuhan/binatang ini?'' {{Basoŵa}} ''Di sini ditulis daftar buku yang membahas tanaman/binatang tsb. dan belum disebut dalam tulisan.'' {{Khai-khai baero}} ''Di sini ditulis situs web utama yang membahas tumbuhan/binatang tsb. kalau ada'' {{Börö zura}} {{Umbu}} <references /> [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Aurifö]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] mg6te9026abdcxu4lv4g6vt5kcppcac 0 4239 27654 24536 2026-08-17T14:21:07Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info provinsi Indonesia | settlement_type = Ibu kota | translit_lang1_type = [[Jawi]] Minang | nama = Kota Padang | provinsi = Sumatera Barat | julukan = Kota Bengkuang | motto = Padang, kota tercinta | translit_lang1_info = ڤادڠ | foto = {{multiple image |border = infobox |total_width = 300 |image_style = border:1; |perrow = 1/2/2/2 |image1=Padang Kota yang Dikelilingi Bukit dan Lautan.jpg |image2=Adityawarman Museum.JPG |image3=Padang Kota Tercinta udara.jpg |image4=Teluk Bayur Harbour1.jpg |image5=Pantai Padang 2018.jpg |image6=RTH Imam Bonjol 2013.jpg |image7=Sign Padang pagi.jpg }} | caption = Dari Atas, kiri ke kanan: Panorama Kota dari [[Taman Sitti Nurbaya]], [[Museum Adityawarman]],Tagline Padang Kota Tercinta di Puncak Gunung Padang, [[Pelabuhan Teluk Bayur]], [[Pantai Padang|Pantai Padang (Taplau)]], [[Lapangan Imam Bonjol|Ruang Terbuka Imam Bonjol]], dan monumen [[Asosiasi Negara-negara Pesisir Samudra Hindia|IORA]] | dasar hukum = UU Nomor 9 Tahun 1956<ref name="UU">{{cite web|url=https://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf|title=Pembentukan Daerah-Daerah Otonom di Indonesia s/d Tahun 2014|website=www.otda.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=6 Desember 2021|archive-date=12 Juli 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712121648/http://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | tanggal = [[19 Maret]] [[1956]]<ref name="UU"/> | hari jadi = {{tanggal lahir dan umur|1669|08|7}} | bendera = flag of Padang City.png | lambang = Logo Padang.svg | image_map = Lokasi Sumatera Barat Kota Padang.svg | map_caption = Letak Padang di [[Sumatera Barat]] | pushpin_map_caption = Letak Padang di [[Indonesia]] | coordinates_region = ID | jenis pemimpin = Daftar Wali Kota Padang{{!}} Wali Kota | pemimpin = [[Hendri Septa]] | jenis pemimpin2 = Daftar Wakil Wali Kota Padang{{!}} Wakil Wali Kota | pemimpin2 = [[Ekos Albar]] | nama sekretaris daerah = [[Andree Harmadi Algamar]] | ketua DPRD = Syafrial Kani | luas = 1414.96 | area_rank = 9 | penduduktahun = 2022 | population_rank = 19 | pendudukref = <ref name="BPS">{{cite web|last =|first =|authorlink =|coauthors =|year =2021|url =https://sumbar.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/438e46e73d9a64df8d8c34f2/provinsi-sumatera-barat-dalam-angka-2021.html|title =Provinsi Sumatera Barat Dalam Angka 2021|format =pdf|work =|publisher =BPS Sumbar|accessdate =27 Februari 2021|accessyear =2021|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20210516024612/https://sumbar.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/438e46e73d9a64df8d8c34f2/provinsi-sumatera-barat-dalam-angka-2021.html|archivedate =2021-05-16|quote =|page =139-365|dead-url =no}}</ref> | penduduk = 919145 | agama = [[Islam]] 95,63%<br> [[Kristen]] 3,40%<br>- [[Protestan]] 1,72%<br>- [[Katolik]] 1,68%<br> [[Buddha]] 0,95%<br> [[Hindu]] 0,01%<br> Lainnya 0,01% | bahasa = [[bahasa Indonesia]](resmi), bahasa Minang(Utama)<ref name="BPS"/><ref name="padangkota.bps.go.id">{{cite web|url=https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?search-tabel=Penduduk+Menurut+Wilayah+dan+Agama+yang+Dianut&tid=321&search-wilayah=Kota+Padang&wid=1371000000&lang=id|last=|first=|title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut di Kota Padang|website=www.sp2010.bps.go.id|accessdate=28 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2023-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303162109/https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?search-tabel=Penduduk+Menurut+Wilayah+dan+Agama+yang+Dianut&tid=321&search-wilayah=Kota+Padang&wid=1371000000&lang=id|dead-url=no}}</ref> | kepadatan = 1310,50 | kecamatan = 11 [[kecamatan]]<ref>Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 17 Tahun 1980 tentang Perubahan Batas Wilayah Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Padang.</ref> | kelurahan = 104 [[kelurahan]] | nagari = 10 | zona = [[Waktu Indonesia Barat|WIB]] | koordinat = {{Coord|-0.947231|100.417720}} | elevation_m = 2 | kodepos = [[Daftar kodepos di Indonesia|25000]] | kodearea = +62 751 | nomor_polisi = '''BA xxxx''' A**/B*/O*/Q*/R* | SNI = PAD | dau = Rp 1.183.725.491.000,- ([[2020]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf |title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2020|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2020)|accessdate=27 Februari 2021}}</ref> | IPM = {{increase}} 83,29 ([[2022]])<br>{{fontcolor|darkgreen|sangat tinggi}}<ref name="IPM">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2020-2021|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=6 Desember 2021|archive-date=2021-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201065917/https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> | situs = {{URL|http://www.padang.go.id}} }} '''Padang''' andre sambua kota sebua si so ba wetaro gaekhula hulo Sumatera ba no mu'ila wa banua andre ibukota moroi Provinsi Sumatera Barat, [[Indonesia]]. Ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] fanötöi kota da'a asese lamane; no möi mangarato ba '''Wada'''. Kota da'a sambua mbawandruhö ba gaekhula Indonesia moroi ba [[Samudra Hindia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/149259/padang-ingin-kembalikan-kejayaan-indonesia-sebagai-penghasil-rempah|title=Padang Ingin Kembalikan Kejayaan Indonesia sebagai Penghasil Rempah|last=Sumbar|first=Antara|work=[[Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara|ANTARA News]]|access-date=2020-06-13|date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613120104/https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/149259/padang-ingin-kembalikan-kejayaan-indonesia-sebagai-penghasil-rempah|dead-url=no}}</ref> Molo'ö Geografi Kota Padang, Padang no ifasui ia hili-hili so wa'alaŵa ba zi 1.853 m (na la'erai moroi ba dete nasi) fa'ebolo so ba zi 1.414,96&nbsp;km², töra moroi ba zimatonga no atua sebolo ''(hutan lindung)''. Molo'ö data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) ba ndröfi si 2022, kota andre fa'ato niha khönia no ikhamö ba zi 919.145 niha.<ref name="BPS"/> Kota Padang no tobali ''kota inti'' moroi ba wamanöi zi sambua kota nitötöi faoma kota metropolitan ''(Kawasan Metropolitan Palapa)''. Waö-waö Kota Padang andre, turiania tebai aefa moroi ba zi no oi la'ila niha soya ya'ia da'ö; ''kawasan rantau Minangkabau'' ma khamötö dödö dozi niha sangarato, tebörötaigö moroi ba mbanua zifagai i'a ba luaha ''Batang Arau'' awena tedou tobali ''bandar pelabuhan'' sirame niha me no aefa ndra [[Belanda]] barö bendera ''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie'' ma la'adogo-dogo'ö ia faoma VOC. Ngaluo wa'atobali kota Padang andre, latörö tödö ero; '''7 Agustus 1669''', si no ngaluo wanuwö ''loji'' Belanda ba Pelabuhan ''Muara'' ma ''Muara Padang'' ira niha Pauh, Padang faoma Koto Tangah, Padang. Me inötö wasuwöta Belanda, kota da'a tobali nahia wamawa ana'a, tesi, kofi, ba ''rempah-rempah''. Ba ginötö abad si-20, ekspor batu bara faoma semen nifa'ema sanörö Pelabuhan Teluk Bayur. Ba ginötö iada'a, infrastruktur Kota Padang no so khönia Bandar Udara Internasional Minangkabau faoma lala ''kereta api'' samahatö banua tanöbö'ö si so ba Sumatera Barat. Naha wamaha ni'osambuai'ö nahia ba Kota Padang andre, tola möita fetaro ba Pasar Raya Padang, ba inönö wa'oya fasa simane si so ba mbanua bö'ö misa ''(pasar modern)'' simanö göi fasa sito'ölö ma simane [[Harimbale]] na ba Danö Niha, so 16 ngawau. Kota Padang andre, no tehöngö sambua kota naha wamahaö soya ''(pusat pendidikan terkemuka)'' baero hulo Jawa, so khönia ngafulu ''perguruan tinggi''. Si no tobali ''kota seni'' faoma ''budaya'', Padang andre, no tehöngö ba zi sagörö Indonesia, hikaya [[Malin Kundang]] faoma novel ''[[Sitti Nurbaya]]''. Ero ndröfi, wa'oya wahulösa ''(festival) ba wotundreheni lala wodou'ö ''sektor pariwisata''. Ba niha Indonesia, töi kota da'a no lafaedogö ia ba soi [[Minangkabau]] faoma fondrokata ''Rumah Makan Padang''.<ref name="Galang"/> == Waö-waö ''(Sejarah)'' == [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De rivier van Padang TMnr 3728-845.jpg|jmpl|Pelabuhan Muara, Padang ba ndröfi 1883-1889 ''(litografi)'' molo'ö ''cat air'' ni gambaraini [[Josias Cornelis Rappard]])]] Lö hadöi data satulö sibai haniha zamotöi kota da'a, hiza no oya wangera-ngera wa dane-dane wame'e töi ya'ia da'ö; sambua danölafa, tetedanö salo'o mazui daso<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alam|date=1856|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:2314601|title=Oendang oendang Adat Limbago|location=Solok|pages=272 - 273|url-status=live}}</ref> sebolo irege latötöi ia faoma ''Padang''. Ba li Minang, ngawua wehede ''padang'' tola lafo'eluaha ia faoma föda ''(pedang)''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Paco-Paco (Kota) Padang|last=Colombijn|firstk=Freek|authorlink=Freek Colombijn|pages=55}}</ref> Molo'ö waö-waö nga'ötö ba Padang andre, ma lamane ia ''Tambo Minangkabau'', banua andre me mböröta no sambua nahia ndra sangarato moroi ba mbanua tanöbö'ö moroi sa, irege tola lamane wa banua andre nifasindro ndra niha sangarato bada'ö ya'ira soi Minangkabau moroi ba hili ba Minangkabau (''darek''). Nahia mbanua sitoröi ira ba mböröta ya'ia da'ö fetaro tanö raya ba Batang Arau na iada'a töinia Seberang Padang, Padang Selatan, Padang.<ref>{{cite book|title=Paco-Paco (Kota) Padang|last=Colombijn|first=Freek|pages=56}}</ref> Awena sa'ae monönö wa'ateboka mbanua numalö tanö yöu, fefu mbanua andrö lamane ''Kenagarian'' Padang ba hada ''Nan Dalapan Suku''; ya'ia da'ö; soi-soi ma ''suku-suku Sumagek'' (Chaniago Sumagek), ''Mandaliko'' (Chaniago Mandaliko), ''Panyalai'' (Chaniago Panyalai), faoma ''Suku Jambak'' moroi ba Kelarasan Bodhi-Chaniago, faoma ''[[Sikumbang]]'' (Tanjung Sikumbang), ''Balai Mansiang'' (Tanjung Balai-Mansiang), ''Suku Koto'' (Tanjung Piliang), simanö göi ''Suku Malayu'' moroi ba Kelarasan Koto-Piliang.<ref name="Jumhari"/> So göi zifatewu moroi ba rato, ya'ia da'ö moroi ba Painan (kota), Kabupaten Pasaman, faoma Koto XI Tarusan, Pesisir Selatan.<ref name="Jumhari">{{cite journal | journal = Wacana Etnik, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora | title = Urgensi Penguatan Identitas Kewarganegaraan Subnasional di Kota Padang Pasca Gempa 2009: Studi Tentang Reposisi Etnis Cina Terhadap Kebijakan Publik dan Politik Lokal | author = Jumhari | volume = Vol. 4, no. 1 | url = http://wacanaetnik.fib.unand.ac.id/index.php/wacanaetnik/article/viewFile/42/49 | page = 8 | location = Padang | publisher = Pusat Studi dan Informasi Kebudayaan Minangkabau (PSIKM) dan Sastra Daerah FIB Universitas Andalas | id = ISSN 2098-8746 | date = April 2013 | access-date = 2017-04-28 | archive-date = 2017-04-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170429001827/http://wacanaetnik.fib.unand.ac.id/index.php/wacanaetnik/article/viewFile/42/49 | dead-url = no }}</ref> Simane nahia rato Minangkabau tanöbö'ö, ba mböröta nahia da'a ba zisara lala numalö ba gaekhula hulo Sumatera barö mbawa wamatörö ''Kerajaan Pagaruyung''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cortesão|first=Armando|title=The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires|year=1944|publisher=Hakluyt Society|location=London|volume=2}}</ref> Hiza, ba mböröta abad si-17, banua da'a no tobali bagia moroi ba Kesultanan Aceh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kathirithamby-Wells|first=J|title=Achehnese Control over West Sumatra up to the Treaty of [[Painan]] of 1663. JSEAH 10. 3:453-479.|year=1969}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Abdullah|first=Taufik|authorlink=Taufik Abdullah|url=http://cip.cornell.edu/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate/seap.indo/1107140687/body/pdf|title=Some Notes on the Kaba Tjindua Mato: An Example of Minangkabau Traditional Literature|format=PDF|accessdate=2010-03-30|archive-date=2011-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027215758/http://cip.cornell.edu/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate/seap.indo/1107140687/body/pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> === Fetaro kolonial ba Kota Padang === Fa'atohare soi bö'ö ba Kota Padang tebörötaigö me toharre ''pelaut'' Inggris ba ndröfi si 1649.<ref>{{cite book|last=Keane|first=A.H.|title=Eastern Geography: A Geography of the Malay Peninsula, Indo-China, the Eastern Archipelago, the Philippines, and New Guinea|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3HNKAAAAYAAJ|year=1892|publisher=E. Stanford}}</ref> Kota Padang andre, ibörötaigi rame ma so wa'atedou lala wa'auri ya'ia da'ö me inötö so ndra niha Belanda barö wamatörö ''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie'' (VOC) ba ndröfi si 1663, nitete wa'afindra niha Minangkabau moroi ba ''luhak''.<ref name="Freek">{{cite journal|last=Colombijn|first=Freek|title=Padang|volume=13|issue=4|year=1996|doi=10.1016/0264-2751(96)00010-8 |pages=281-288}}</ref> Hiza, banua da'a so khönia wahandrona si sökhi sibai, irege adöni dödö ndra VOC ba wangahaogö Pelabuhan, nibe'e töi Pelabuhan Muara ba banua sibohou ba gaekhula Sumatera ba wangadogo-dogoi'ö inötö nitörö ba wamaha khöra numalö ba mbenua ba Minangkabau. Aefata da'ö ba ndröfi si 1668, VOC no samatörö fefu lala wa'auri niha mbanua ba Kota Padang me no tola la fofanö Kesultanan Aceh si no manaro'o ba da'ö ba zi no numalö, irege ba zi sara lala ba mbewe nasi fetaro gaekhula Sumatera, simane nisura ba zura : ''Regent'' Jacob Pits khö Razo Pagaruyung, ösi zura andrö ya'ia da'ö; ena'ö tola so gamakhaita mangawuli sifakhai ba wamaha ngawalö gamawaö ba hewisa lala wamaha ana'a ba kota da'a.<ref>NA. VOC 1277. ''Mission to Pagaruyung''. fols. 1027r-v.</ref> VOC monga'öla ira ba wombali'ö Kota Padang i'oroi banua niha nasi si lö rame niha, tobali sambua kota metropolitan ba ''abad'' si-17.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lifestyle.okezone.com/read/2011/05/16/408/457626/abad-17-kota-padang-pernah-jadi-kota-metropolitan |title=Abad 17 Kota Padang Pernah Jadi Kota Metropolitan |access-date=2014-12-26 |archive-date=2014-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226094047/http://lifestyle.okezone.com/read/2011/05/16/408/457626/abad-17-kota-padang-pernah-jadi-kota-metropolitan |dead-url=no }}</ref> Kota Padang andre no tobali ''kota pelabuhan'' sirame niha ba zamawa ana'a, [[Tesi|tesi]], [[Kofi|kofi]] ba tanöbö'önia. Hiza ba ginötö aefa da'ö, me 7 Agustus 1669 so wa'udusa niha mbanua Pauh, Padang faoma niha Koto Tangah, Padang ba wanuwö VOC. Heŵa'ae tola i fahono ira VOC, inötö wanuwö moroi ba niha mbanua andre no tobali ngaluo wanörötödö wa'atumbu Kota Padang.<ref name="Pemda"/> [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Ereboog bij een brug met opschrift 'Welkom te Padang' ter gelegenheid van het bezoek van Gouverneur-Generaal Van Limburg Stirum Westkust -Sumatra. TMnr 60013113.jpg|kiri|jmpl|lurus|Bawandruhö ba wanema fa'atohare Gubernur Jenderal Hindia Belanda sotöi '''Johan Paul van Limburg Stirum'' ba Padang ba mbaŵa sitölu ba ndröfi si 1916]] Oya zanuwö moroi ba soi Eropa falali-lali ba wokuasoi Kota Padang. Ba ndröfi si 1781, nifa'aso fasuwöta niha Inggris faoma niha Belanda si me'öfa kali, hiza Inggris zanaro'o ba kota andre.<ref name="Moore">Moore, B., Nierop, H.F.K. (2003). ''Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750-1850''. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-0492-6.</ref><ref name="Marsden">{{cite book|last=Marsden|first=William|authorlink=William Marsden|title=The History of Sumatra: Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs and Manners of the Native Inhabitants, with a Description of the Natural Productions, and a Relation of the Ancient Political State of That Island|url=https://archive.org/details/historysumatrac01marsgoog|year=1784}}</ref> Hiza, me aefa la tandrotangai ''Peace of Paris (1783)'' ma fazazita nitötöi ba li Indonesia lamane; ''Perjanjian Paris'' ba ndröfi si 1784, Padang andre lafangawuli barö wamatörö VOC.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tarling|first=Nicholas|title=Anglo-Dutch Rivalry in the Malay World, 1780-1824|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X(1964)7%3A1%3C177%3AARITMW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y|journal=Historical Journal|volume=7|year=1964|pages=177-179|access-date=2010-12-11|archive-date=2023-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303162000/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020528|dead-url=no}}</ref> Ba ndröfi si 1793 Padang lasuwö ba tohare zorabu ''(bajak laut)'' moroi ba [[Prancis]] sanaro'ö ba [[Mauritius]] sotöi François Thomas Le Même, hiza nifaluania andrö, tebe'e sambua wanuno moroi ba zamatörö Prancis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Piat|first=Denis|title=Pirates and Corsairs in Mauritius|url=https://archive.org/details/piratescorsairsi0000piat|year=2007|publisher=Christian le Comte|id=ISBN 978-99949-905-3-5}}</ref> Hiza ba ndröfi 1795, Kota Padang ifuli ihalö kuaso Inggris.<ref name="Moore"/> Hiza, aefa wasuwöta ba ginötö Napoleon, ba ndröfi si 1819 Belanda ifuli ifadöni mbanua andre ba ifaduhu'ö faoma ''Traktat London'', ni tandrotangai me 17 Maret 1824.<ref>{{cite book|last=Keat|first=G.O.|title=Southeast Asia: a Historical Encyclopedia, from [[Angkor Wat]] to East Timor|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|id=1-57607-770-5}}</ref> [[Berkas:Coat of Arms of Padang (1926).svg|ka|jmpl|lurus|Lambang Kota Padang zaman Hindia Belanda, nihaogö me döfi 1926.]] Ba ndröfi si 1837, famareta ''Hindia Belanda'' mobali'ö Padang sitobali nahia furugö moroi ba wamareta ba zisagörö wilayah Pesisir Barat Sumatra (''Sumatra's Westkust'') barö wamatörönia ya'ia da'ö; Sumatera Barat faoma Tapanuli na iada'a.<ref>[[Gusti Asnan|Asnan, Gusti]] (2002). ''Transportation on the West Coast of Sumatra in the Nineteenth Century''. In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, On the road The social impact of new roads in Southeast Asia 158. No. 4. Leiden. hlm. 727-741. [http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/view/1745/2506 www.kitlv-journals.nl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620104601/http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/view/1745/2506 |date=2010-06-20 }}.</ref> Aefa da'ö kota da'a tobali sambua banua nifotöi ''gemeente'' i'otarai me 1 April 1906 me aefa ma lösa'ae faböbö ia ba ''ordonansi'' (STAL 1906 No.151) ba 1 Maret 1906. Ofeta [[Perang Dunia II]], Padang sambua kota moroi ba zi lima kota pelabuhan sebua ba Indonesia, baero [[Jakarta]], [[Surabaya]], [[Medan]], faoma [[Makassar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kicc.jp/auick/database/ids/ids01/ids01-05.htm |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2015-10-24 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001737/http://www.kicc.jp/auick/database/ids/ids01/ids01-05.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ba ginötö arakhagö tohare ndra saradadu Jepang me 17 Maret 1942, Kota Padang andre la röi manö ira niha Belanda. Ba ginötö da'ö göi [[Soekarno]] fakhamö toröi ia ba kota andre ni ohe ndra niha Belanda me no so wa'edöna ndra niha Belanda ;a'ohe ia ba [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Kesadaran Nasional: dari Kolonialisme Sampai Kemerdekaan|last=Muljana|first=Slamet|volume=2|year=2008|publisher=PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara|id=ISBN 979-1283-57-5|pages=2}}</ref> Aefata da'ö, panglima Angkatan Darat Jepang nifataro ba mbanua Sumatera lafalukhaisi Soekarno ba wamatunö hewisa lua-lua Indonesia andre ba zi so föna.<ref>{{cite book|title=K. H. Mas Mansur, 1896-1946|last=Aqsha|first=Darul|year=2005|publisher=Erlangga|id=ISBN 979-781-145-X|pages=72}}</ref> Me no sa'ae Jepang lakuasoi ngawalö zalua meluo da'ö, kota Padang andre labali'ö sambua kota administratif ba wo'urusai ngawalö zifakhai ba wangahaogö gofu hadia ia ma lamane sifakhai ba ''pembangunan'' faoma ''pekerjaan umum''.<ref name="Mardanas"/> === Republik Indonesia === Turia wa'aefa moroi ba wanuwöta ma ba li Indonesia lamane; ''merdeka'' Indonesia me felewitu mbaŵa siŵalu sara ngahönö a siŵa ngaotu a öfa wulu a lima (17 Agustus 1945) awena ofeta ba danö Padang ba gangohorita mbaŵa si ŵalu ''(akhir Agustus)''. Hiza, ba ngaluo 10 Oktober 1945 saradadu ''Blok Sekutu'' (Perang Dunia II) no tohare zui ba Kota Padang sanörö [[Pelabuhan Teluk Bayur]], ba so ira ba mbanua da'a 15 waŵa wa'ara.<ref name="Audrey"/> Ba ngaluo si 9 Maret 1950, Kota Padang lafangawuli ba Republik Indonesia me ba zi no numalö andre tefaogö ia ba negara bagian [[Republik Indonesia Serikat]] ma na la'odogo-dogo'ö faoma RIS, molo'ö ''surat keputusan Presiden RIS nomor 111''. Aefa da'ö, molo'ö Undang-undang Nomor 225 tahun 1948, Gubernur Sumatra Tengah meluo da'ö molo'ö ''surat keputusan nomor 65/GP-50'', Ba ngaluo si 15 Agustus 1950 la'etu'ö wa Kota Padang tobali daerah otonom. Banua Padang andre, la'ebolo'ö, ba hiza ''status kewedanaan'' Padang la heta lafawu'a ia tobali Wali Kota Padang.<ref name="Mardanas"/> Ba ngaluo si 29 Mei 1958, Gubernur Sumatera Barat molo'ö ''Surat Keputusan Nomor 1/g/PD/1958'', na molo'ö ''de facto'' lafawu'a ibu kota provinsi [[Sumatera Barat]] moroi ba Bukittinggi tobali ba Padang. Fetaro da'a te'etu'ö molo'ö ''de jure'' simane nisura ba ''Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 29 Tahun 1979''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/66827/pp-no-29-tahun-1979 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2021-11-14 |archive-date=2021-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114093659/https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/66827/pp-no-29-tahun-1979 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Me no sa'ae tobali Kota Padang andre, ibukota moroi ba provinsi Sumatera Barat, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 1980 laföfögö wa'atebulö nola Kota Padang ba ginötö da'ö fao khönia Kabupaten Padang Pariaman simane Pauh, Padang, Koto Tangah, Padang, Lubuk Kilangan, Padang, faoma Teluk Kabung.<ref>legislasi.mahkamahagung.go.id [http://legislasi.mahkamahagung.go.id/docs/PP/PP_1980_17_PERUBAHAN%20BATAS%20WILAYAH%20KOTAMADYA%20DAERAH%20TINGKAT%20II%20PADANG.pdf Perubahan Batas Wilayah Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Padang]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Diakses pada 27 Juli 2010.</ref> Molo'ö [[Sistem Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional|Rencana Jangka Panjang Menengah Nasional]] 2015–2019, ''pemerintah pusat'' mamanaro'o Kota Padang, faoma Kabupaten Padang Pariaman ba Kota Pariaman ba wamanöi ba wodou'ö tobali kota metropolitan Palapa (wilayah metropolitan), (Padang–Lubuk Alung–Pariaman).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/berita/nusantara/36839-padang-dan-padang-pariaman-jadi-metropolitan-baru|title=Padang dan Padang Pariaman Jadi Metropolitan Baru|last=|first=|website=harianhaluan.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101003334/http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/berita/nusantara/36839-padang-dan-padang-pariaman-jadi-metropolitan-baru|archive-date=2015-01-01|dead-url=yes|access-date=2020-06-13}}</ref> [[Berkas:Padang panorama.jpg|pus|800px|jmpl|Panorama Kota Padang ''ba'' sehiliran Batang Arau ''me'' abad si-19]]. == Geografi == Kota Padang terletak di pantai barat pulau [[Sumatra]], dengan luas keseluruhan 1.414,96&nbsp;km² ma arakhagö fagölö ira zi 3,36% moroi ba wa'ebolo provinsi Sumatera Barat.<ref name="BPS2">sumbar.bps.go.id [http://sumbar.bps.go.id/?page=artikel&fd=artikel&act=lihat&idtopik=203&idartikel=102 Luas Daerah dan Jumlah Penduduk Kota Padang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111114658/http://sumbar.bps.go.id/?page=artikel&fd=artikel&act=lihat&idtopik=203&idartikel=102 |date=2012-01-11 }}.</ref> Töra moroi ba zi 60% moroi ba wa'ebolo Kota Padang ya'ia da'ö; hili-hili ba atua satua ma ''hutan lindung''. So ba zi 205,007&nbsp;km² mbanua nibali'ö kota.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.padang.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=59 |title=Kondisi Geografis Kota Padang |access-date=2014-12-26 |archive-date=2014-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226044243/http://www.padang.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=59 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Hili-hilinia no ibabara ia tanö ba gatumbukha ba tanö raya moroi ba kota andre. Hili si no oi la'ila niha ba Kota Padang simane; ''Bukit Lampu, Gunung Padang, Bukit Gado-Gado'', ba ''Bukit Pegambiran''. Kota Padang so khönia ngai nasi ma ''garis pantai'' fa'anau 68,126&nbsp;km ba danö Sumatera. Baero da'ö, so 19 ngawua hulo side-ide si tola tafaigi ba kecamatan Bungus Teluk Kabung, Padang Selatan, faoma Koto Tangah. {| class="wikitable" |- ! No !! Töi Hulo !! Kecamatan !! Fa'ebolo (Ha) |- | 1 || Bintangur || rowspan="11" | Bungus Teluk Kabung || 56,78 |- | 2 || Sikuai || 48,12 |- | 3 || Sirandah || 19,18 |- | 4 || Pasumpahan || 16,90 |- |5 |Sibunta |13,18 |- |6 |Sironjong |11,04 |- |7 |Sinyaru |7,90 |- |8 |Setan |7,81 |- |9 |Setan Kecil |3,33 |- |10 |Kasik |1,73 |- |11 |Ular |1,38 |- |12 |Toran | rowspan="6" |Padang Selatan |33,67 |- |13 |Bindalang |27,06 |- |14 |Pisang |26,19 |- |15 |Pandan |24,32 |- |16 |Pasir Gadang |4,91 |- |17 |Setan Ketek |3,02 |- |18 |Sao | rowspan="2" |Kota Tangah |12,46 |- |19 |Air |7,09 |} Ba ndröfi si 1833, Residen James du Puy lafazaewe duria wa no alua ndrulu danö ma siheu ''Gempa bumi Sumatra 1833'' molo'ö wa'abölö-bölönia so ba zi 8.6–8.9 skala Richter ba Padang sifao [[Tsunami]].<ref name="gempapadang2"/> Ba zi no numalö ba zi ha'uga wulu fakhe fatua lö alua ba ndröfi si 1833 andre, no irai ilau siheu ya'ia da'ö ba ndröfi si 1797, ''Gempa bumi Sumatra 1797'' molo'ö ndra ere wangi'ila ba zifakhai siheu andre so ba zi 8.5–8.7 skala Richter, sifao tsunami ba zi sagörö ngai nasi ma ''pesisir'' Kota Padang ba no möi fa'atekiko sifasui zahatö ba ''Pantai Air Manis''.<ref name="gempapadang2">{{cite journal|last=Natawidjaja|first=D. H.|coauthors=K. Sieh, M. Chlieh, J. Galetzka, B. W. Suwargadi, H. Cheng, R. L. Edwards, J.-P. Avouac, dan S. N. Ward|title=Source parameters of the great Sumatran megathrust earthquakes of 1797 and 1833 inferred from coral microatolls|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/papers/P06e.pdf|journal=Journal Of Geophysical Research|volume=111|issue=B06403|month=Juni|year=2006|doi=10.1029/2005JB004025|pages=B06403|access-date=2010-10-03|archive-date=2009-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012210241/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/papers/P06e.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ba ngaluo 30 September 2009, kota andre zui ifuli ilau siheu, ''Gempa bumi Sumatera Barat 2009'' fa'abölö-bölönia so ba zi 7,6 skala Richter,<ref>{{cite journal|last=McCloskey|first=J.|last2=et. al.|title=The September 2009 Padang Earthquake|journal=Nature Geoscience|volume=26|year=2010|volume=3|pages=70-71|doi=10.1038/ngeo753}}</ref> ''titik pusat gempa'' ba nasi ba wetaro 0.84° LS dan 99.65° BT fa'abakha ba zi 71&nbsp;km, si no möi ba wa'atekiko 25% infrastruktur si so yaŵa ba kota andre.<ref>sirrma.bppt.go.id [http://sirrma.bppt.go.id/home/rapid-assessment/rapid-assessment-bencana-gempa-bumi-dan-kolateral-longsor-dan-kebakaran-di-sumbar Bencana Gempa Bumi dan Kolateral Longsor dan Kebakaran di Sumbar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125195145/http://sirrma.bppt.go.id/home/rapid-assessment/rapid-assessment-bencana-gempa-bumi-dan-kolateral-longsor-dan-kebakaran-di-sumbar |date=2011-01-25 }}. mufaigi me 26 Juli 2010.</ref> Fa'alaŵa detedanö ba Kota Padang andre, lö fagölö dozi nahia, fabö'ö-bö'ö, ya'ia da'ö i'otarai ba zi 0 m ofeta ba zi 1.853 m moroi ba dete nasi ba hiza detedanö fondrege zalaŵa so ba mbanua Lubuk Kilangan, Padang ma fetaronia ba Kecamatan Lubuk Kilangan. ''Suhu udara'' sabölö alaŵa, so ba zi 23&nbsp;°C–32&nbsp;°C ba zima'ökhö ba 22&nbsp;°C–28&nbsp;°C ba zibongi, fa'abasö-basö so ba zi 78%–81%.<ref>http://www.padang.go.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820101619/http://www.padang.go.id/ |date=2006-08-20 }} [http://www.padang.go.id/v2/content/view/16/28/ Profil Geografis Kota Padang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311155912/http://www.padang.go.id/v2/content/view/16/28/ |date=2010-03-11 }}.</ref> Kota Padang göi sambua Kota soya ungo nidanö, ya'ia da'ö so 5 nungo nidanö sebua ba 16 nungo nidanö side-ide, ba ungo nidanö fondrege zanau ya'ia da'ö nungo nidanö sotöi ''Batang Kandis'' fa'anaunia so ba zi 20&nbsp;km. Fa'asese alua deu ba Kota Padang andre so na la faigi ''rata-rata'' ba zi 405,58&nbsp;mm ero waŵa ba zi ''rata-rata'' ngaluonia so ba 17 ngaluo ero waŵa. Me asese sibai ilau teu, hiza kota da'a asese ilau molö. Ba ndröfi si 1980 2/3 fetaro ba kota ba Padang andre no irai ifönui molö me tebai sa'ae itema ''drainase kota'' soluaha ba nungo nidanö ''Batang Arau'' irege falawu ba tobali molö sofönui kota andre.<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=Tempo|year=1980|publisher=Badan Usaha Jaya Press Jajasan Jaya Raya|volume=10}}</ref> == Tata Ruang == Kota Padang sambua kota si no mangokhögö ''karakteristik'' fetaro kota sangotahögö [[Samudra Hindia]] ba no ifasui ia botohili [[Pegunungan Bukit Barisan]]. Fa'atedou wamanöi wamokai kota andre ba Padang tefanöi numalö tanöyöu faoma ba gatumbukha moroi ba kota si no ara ma ''kota tua'' ba muara Batang Arau.<ref>[http://www.ranahberita.com/news.php?id_news=425/Berita/view/Padang-Kota-Lama,-Tata-Ruang-Berbasis-Rasialisme#.Uj0kcH-TPIW Padang Kota Lama, Tata Ruang Berbasis Rasialisme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226132811/http://www.ranahberita.com/news.php?id_news=425%2FBerita%2Fview%2FPadang-Kota-Lama%2C-Tata-Ruang-Berbasis-Rasialisme#.Uj0kcH-TPIW |date=2014-12-26 }}. ''Ranah Berita''. Diakses pada 21 September 2013.</ref> Sifago'ö ba wangahaogö ma ba wondrou'ö kota Padang andre si no sambua kota nihaogö sifakhai ba danö sasese alua ngawalö ''bencana'', tanö ba gatatumbukha kota Padang andre labali'ö nahia niha mbanua ba naha ma fetaro wamasindro omo sekola, ''pusat pendidikan'', tanö ba gaekhula sahatö bangai nasi labali'ö nahia ''komersial perkotaan'' ma nahia ngawalö lala halöŵö, ''pusat bisnis''.<ref>[http://padangekspres.co.id/?news=berita&id=43644 Khatib Dijadikan Kawasan Bisnis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226130759/http://www.padangekspres.co.id/?news=berita&id=43644 |date=2014-12-26 }}. ''Padang Ekspres''. Diakses pada 10 Oktober 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.bisnis-sumatra.com/index.php/2011/04/pemkot-padang-diminta-petuhi-rtrw/ Pemkot Padang Diminta Petuhi RTRW] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927063256/http://www.bisnis-sumatra.com/index.php/2011/04/pemkot-padang-diminta-petuhi-rtrw/ |date=2013-09-27 }}. ''Bisnis Sumatra''. Diakses pada 10 Oktober 2013.</ref> Molo'ö Peraturan Daerah (Perda) tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Kota Padang Tahun 2010–2030, kawasan pusat kota ya'ia da'ö; [[Padang Barat, Padang|Kecamatan Padang Barat]], [[Padang Utara, Padang|Padang Utara]], [[Padang Timur, Padang|Padang Timur]], faoma [[Padang Selatan, Padang|Padang Selatan]]. Gödo-gödo wamareta Provinsi Sumatera Barat la haogö ba kawasan da'a, ya'ia da'ö ba zi sara lala ''protokol'' [[Jalan Sudirman, Padang|Sudirman]]–[[Jalan Khatib Sulaiman, Padang|Khatib]]. Baero kawasan pusat kota, so öfa kawasan subpusat kota, ya'ia da'ö [[Lubuk Buaya, Koto Tangah, Padang|Lubuk Buaya]] tanöyöu, [[Air Pacah, Koto Tangah, Padang|Air Pacah]] ba [[Bandar Buat, Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Bandar Buat]] tanö ba gatumbukha, faoma [[Bungus]] tanöraya. Gödo pemerintahan Kota Padang simane ''balaikota'' tehaogö ba Air Pacah.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jdih.padang.go.id/po-content/uploads/244.%20Perda%20No.%204%20Tahun%202012%20.pdf |title=Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Padang Tahun 2010–2030 |access-date=2020-12-09 |archive-date=2020-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719184410/http://jdih.padang.go.id/po-content/uploads/244.%20Perda%20No.%204%20Tahun%202012%20.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> [[Berkas:Padang dari Gunung Padang 2.JPG|pus|700px|jmpl|Panorama Kota Padang tefaigi moroi ba [[Taman Sitti Nurbaya]] me 28 Juni 2013. Padang andre i'otahögö [[Samudra Hindia]] tanö ba gaekhula ba no ifasui ia boto hili [[Pegunungan Bukit Barisan]] moroi ba gatumbukha.]] {{umbu}} {{Börö zura}} [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] [[Kategori:Nias]] i4qnav6o50lrmusqyvq468tikd90d6p 0 4249 27642 25428 2026-08-17T13:33:27Z Slaia 39 27642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Nilam |image =Starr-121108-0704-Pogostemon cablin-flowers with bee Apis melifera-Pali o Waipio-Maui (25169592716).jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]] |ordo = [[Lamiales]] |familia = [[Lamiaceae]] |genus = ''[[Pogostemon]]'' |species = '''''P. cablin''''' |binomial = ''Pogostemon cablin'' |binomial_authority = [[George Bentham|Benth.]] | synonyms = * ''patchouli'' * ''patchouly'' * ''pachouli'' }} Ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]], '''Nila''' ''(Indonesia, Nilam)'', sambua zinumbua sauri, si no oi la'ila niha ba zisagörö Tanö Niha. So zauri samösa ba danö, ba so göi ni'odödögö wananö ya'ia, me nila andre, möi tuho lala wangalui niha. Sitobali lala wangalui moroi ba zinanö da'a, ya'iada'ö fanikha. '''Fanikha nila''' (''Patchouli Oil'') fanikha nihalö moroi ba mbulu nila (''Pogostemon cablin Benth'').<ref>Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan Kementerian Perkebunan. (2020). [https://ditjenbun.pertanian.go.id/harumnya-nilam-primadona-dunia/ Harumnya Nilam Primadona Dunia]. Mufaigi me 18 Oktober 2023</ref> Fanikha da'e asese te'oguna'ö ia ba wamazökhi sabu ''(sabun)'', fangomuhua mboto ''(parfum)'', fangehao ma fangalösö guli (''kosmetik''), ba tola göi te'oguna'ö ia ba wamadöhö ngawalö wökhö ba mboto, ''mental'', ba ''emosi'', ba löhadöi sitola manalahini ya'ia irugi iada'a.<ref>Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. (2021). [https://pustaka.setjen.pertanian.go.id/index-berita/mengenal-tanaman#:~:text=hmm%20menyebut%20nama%20ini%20mungkin,(%22patchouly%20oil%22). Mengenal Tanaman Nilam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724052847/https://pustaka.setjen.pertanian.go.id/index-berita/mengenal-tanaman#:~:text=hmm%20menyebut%20nama%20ini%20mungkin,(%22patchouly%20oil%22). |date=2022-07-24 }}. Mufaigi me 18 Oktober 2023.</ref> Nila ma si no la'ila ba Indonesia latötöi faoma; '''Nilam ''' (''Pogostemon cablin'' Benth.) du'u sauri ba gatua ''tropis'' sanga'asogö fanikha moroi ba mbulunia ''(minyak atsiri)'' nifotöi fanikha nila ''(minyak nilam)''. Lala wangahaogö ma fanga'i fanikha moroi ba mbulunia ya'iada'ö la'oköli'ö mbulunia, ba awena lafarö,<ref>M Faizal. (2015). ''Pengaruh Pemberian Streptomycin Sulfate Dan Corynebacterium Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Nilam Di Daerah Endemik Penyakit Layu Dan Budog'' (Repository, Institut Pertanian Bogor). Retrieved from [http://repository.ump.ac.id/5200/2/MUHAMMAD%20FAIZAL%20BAB%20I.pdf repository.ump.ac.id]</ref> ba simane si no mufa'ema moroi yaŵa wa fanikha andre tola labali'ö ia fangomuhua, fanikha ba ''dupa'', fanikha ''atsiri'', ba tola möi dalu-dalu wöla ma ''antiserangga'',<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trongtokit|first1=Yuwadee|last2=Rongsriyam|first2=Yupha|last3=Komalamisra|first3=Nerumon|last4=Apiwathnasorn|first4=Chamnarn|title=Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites|journal=Phytotherapy Research|volume=19|issue=4|year=2005|pages=303–309|doi=10.1002/ptr.1637}} </ref> ba no tobali fanikha soguna sibai ba wangahaogö ''kosmetik''.<ref name="Nilam | Dinas Perkebunan Provinsi Jawa Barat">{{cite web | url = http://disbun.jabarprov.go.id/page/view/58-id-nilam | title = Nilam; Dinas Perkebunan Provinsi Jawa Barat | format = Website | work = work 3X | accessdate = 2020-07-03 | archive-date = 2020-08-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200808085129/http://disbun.jabarprov.go.id/page/view/58-id-nilam | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Sinanö nila andre fa'alaŵania ba gotalua ndru'u ikhamö fa 1 meter. Sinanö da'a omasi sibai ia na molumö, göna ma'ifu haga zino, ba so wa'abasöbasö ma'ifu. Bowonia amuhua sibai, taraso ba zifasui, fangoya'ö ya'ia sito'ölönia latanö nihalö moroi ba döla, lataba ba latanögö, hiza lö basaki sibai wananö ya'ia ''(vegetatif)''. {{Fonga'eu}} ''Deskripsi tentang tumbuhan/binatang tsb: bentuk, ciri-ciri seperti ukuran besar/panjang, warna, dlsb. yang membantu orang bisa mengidentifikasi tumbuhan/binatang tsb. Adakah berbagai jenis (varietas)?'' {{Habitat}} ''Di mana tumbuhan/binatang tsb. biasanya hidup (negara, daerah, lingkungan, ekosistem). Dan bila ada sejarah penyebaran, ke mana saja tumbuhan/binatang tsb tersebar?'' {{Kultivasi}} ''Bagaimana membudidayakan (penanaman, pembiakan, perawatan, pemanenan, pengolahan) tumbuhan/binatang tsb.? Adakah teknik khusus?'' {{Fangoguna'ö}} ''Untuk apa saja yang tumbuhan/binatang tsb. digunakan? Sebagai obat? Sebagai makanan? Sebagai mainan? Sebagai dekorasi? Sebagai piaraan? Sebagai obyek budaya? Sebagai obyek religius?'' {{Faniaga}} ''Apakah tumbuhan/binatang tsb. diperdagangkan? Dalam bentuk apa? Sebesar apa keuntungan ekonomis yang diperoleh? Apa perannya dalam pendapatan satu negara?'' {{Onönöta}} ''Adakah hal yang khusus pada tumbuhan/binatang tsb. yang tidak umum dan merupakan informasi berharga? Ada ritus khusus yang berhubungan dengan tumbuhan/binatang ini?'' {{Basoŵa}} ''Di sini ditulis daftar buku yang membahas tanaman/binatang tsb. dan belum disebut dalam tulisan.'' {{Khai-khai baero}} ''Di sini ditulis situs web utama yang membahas tumbuhan/binatang tsb. kalau ada'' {{Umbu}} {{Börö zura}} [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Sinumbua]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] iixrd0fgymoq4ynqrow03nblgx2irtg 0 4250 27643 25651 2026-08-17T13:33:54Z Slaia 39 27643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image = Xanthos sagitt 140518-0440 tdp.JPG |image_caption = Balitung, ''Xanthosoma sagittifolium'' <br />moroi ba [[Cihideung Ilir, Ciampea, Bogor|Dramaga]], [[Bogor]] |image_width = 250px |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Monokotil]] |ordo = [[Alismatales]] |familia = [[Araceae]] |subfamilia = [[Aroideae]] |tribus = [[Caladieae]] |genus = ''[[Xanthosoma]]'' |species = '''''X. sagittifolium''''' |binomial = ''Xanthosoma sagittifolium'' |binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) Schott<ref>{{aut|[[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott, H.]] & [[Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher|S. Endlicher]]}}. 1832. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/89412#page/27/mode/1up ''Meletemata Botanica'': 19]. Vindobonae :Typis C. Gerold.</ref> |synonyms = * ''Alocasia talihan'' {{small|Elmer ex Merr.}} * ''Arum sagittifolium'' {{small|L.}}<ref>{{aut|[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linné, C. von]] & L. Salvius}}. 1753. ''Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus...'' [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/408/mode/1up Tomus '''II''': 966]. Holmiae :Impensis Laurentii Salvii.</ref> * ''Arum xanthorrhizon'' {{small|Jacq.}} * ''Caladium edule'' {{small|G.Mey.}} * ''Caladium mafaffa'' {{small|Engl.}} * ''Caladium sagittifolium'' {{small|(L.) Vent.}} * ''Caladium utile'' {{small|Engl.}} * ''Caladium xanthorrhizon'' {{small|(Jacq.)}} * ''Xanthosoma appendiculatum'' {{small|Schott}} * ''Xanthosoma atrovirens'' {{small|K.Koch & C.D.Bouché}} * ''Xanthosoma blandum'' {{small|Schott}} * ''Xanthosoma edule'' {{small|(G.Mey.) Schott}} * ''Xanthosoma ianthinum'' {{small|K.Koch & C.D.Bouché}} * ''Xanthosoma jacquinii'' {{small|Schott}} * ''Xanthosoma mafaffa'' {{small|Schott}} * ''Xanthosoma nigrum'' {{small|Stellfeld}} * ''Xanthosoma peregrinum'' {{small|Griseb.}} * ''Xanthosoma poeppigii'' var. ''mafaffa'' {{small|(Schott) J.F.Macbr.}} * ''Xanthosoma roseum'' {{small|Schott}} * ''Xanthosoma utile'' {{small|K.Koch & C.D.Bouché}} * ''Xanthosoma violaceum'' {{small|Schott}} * ''Xanthosoma xantharrhizon'' {{small|(Jacq.) K.Koch}} {{small|''Sumber''}}.<ref name=plant>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-215144|title=The Plant List|access-date=2023-10-21|archive-date=2023-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208071731/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-215144|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Home.aspx|title=Tropicos.org}}</ref> |}} '''Kamumu''', ''gamumu'' andre, ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]], tenga sa'ae sinumbua sawena larongo ma la'ila niha. Kamumu, no arakhagö dozi nahagowi, ba gowoto laza, oi so zinanö da'a. So ni'dödögö wananö, ba so göi zitumbu samösa. Ba li Indonesia, famaedo gamumu andre asese latötöi faoma; '''Talas belitung''', '''kimpul''' mazui '''bentul''' (''Xanthosoma sagittifolium'') ya'ia da'ö angolifu zinumbua so bowo ''(tumbuhan berbunga)'' ba mbanua ''tropis'' moroi ba ''genus Xanthosoma'' sanga'asogö wa'a si no tobali buania ''(umbi-umbian)'' si tola mu'a. Sinanö da'a fao ba ''familia'' ma ''suku'' [[Talö|dalö]] ''talas-talasan'' ma (Araceae) si tefa'aso moroi ba [[Amerika]] tropis, hiza no mozawili ba zi sagörö ulidanö ba ginötö iada'a.<ref name=prosea9>{{aut|Flach, M. & F. Rumawas}} (Eds.) ''Plant Resources of South-East Asia'' (PROSEA) '''9''' - Plants yielding non-seed carbohydrates: 159-164 ([http://www.proseanet.org/prohati2/browser.php?docsid=498 ''Xanthosoma nigrum'' Schott] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121400/http://www.proseanet.org/prohati2/browser.php?docsid=498 |date=2014-05-17 }})</ref> Ba [[Bolivia]], kamumu andre latötöi faoma fogaoini; ''walusa'', ba [[Kolombia]] latötöi faoma ''bore'', ba [[Kosta Rika]] ''tiquizque'' mazui ''macal'', ba [[Meksiko]] ''mafafa'', ba [[Nikaragua]] ''quequisque'', faoma ba [[Panama]] ''otoy''. Oi fabö'ö-bö'ö wanötöi dozi banua. {{Fonga'eu}} La'ohe gamumu andre ba [[Asia]] ba abad si-19,<ref name=prosea9/> Simane ba mbanua bö'ö, ba [[Indonesia]] kamumu andre no fabö'ö wogaoni ya'ia so zanötöi simane; ''kimpul'' (Bahasa Betawi), (Bahasa Sunda); ''kimpul, glitung,'' ''bisono,'' ''busil, bentul,'' ''bothe, linjik'' (Bahasa Jawa); ''dilago gogomo'' (Halmahera Utara).<ref name=heyne1913>{{aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, K.]]}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''I''': 501-2. Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta. (versi berbahasa [[Belanda]] [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten1922heyn#page/454/mode/2up -1922- '''I''': 454], sebagai ''Xanthosoma violaceum'' Schott)</ref> So zifakhili ba gamumu andre, moroi ba ''genus'' sifagölö ya'ia da'ö; ''X. violaceum'', hakhi faoma bulunia, araidö-raidö (ungu) irege latötöi ia faoma; ''kimpul hideung'' ma ''kimpul wulung'' (Bahasa Sunda, Bahasa Jawa). [[Berkas:Xanthosoma sagittifolium 1.jpg|jmpl|kiri|180px|Pelat botani molo'ö [[Hooker]], 1857]] Ösi gamumu andre ma ''Herba'' sara si lö muhalö, hulö zi tenga ösi ia, ''(umbi palsu) ba li Inggris, ''corm'' tumbu khönia lewiö, ba möi fangoya gamumu andre(Ingg., ''cormels''; Jw., ''enthik'') si tola muhalö dania mbuania. Bulunia ebolo, hakhinia anau, fa'alaŵa irugi fa 1-2 ''meter''.<ref name="purdue">{{aut|Giacometti D.C. & J. León}}. 1994. [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/1492/tannia.html Tannia, Yautia (''Xanthosoma sagittifolium'')], <u>in</u> J.E. Hernándo Bermejo and J. León (eds.) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0646e/t0646e00.htm Neglected Crops: 1492 from a different perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132601/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0646e/T0646E00.HTM |date=2018-11-06 }}. ''Plant Production and Protection Series'' No. '''26''': 253-258. FAO, Rome, Italy. ISBN 92-5-103217-3</ref> {{Habitat}} [[Berkas:Xanthos sagitt 140518-0382 tdp.JPG|jmpl|kiri|180px|Bulu zihulö wana ''(mata panah)'']] Kamumu andre na faigi moroi ba waö-waönia, tefa'aso moroi ba benua [[Amerika Selatan]] tanö yöu. No la'oya'ö ia wananö itarai meföna ma moroi ba ''zaman kuno'', aefa da'a mozawili ia ba ''Kepulauan Antillen'' faoma [[Amerika Tengah]]. Ba ginötö [[Eropa]] ofeta ira ba Amerika, [[Talö]] ni'ilara ba da'ö fao töi ''tannia'' ma ''yautia'' no latönö oföna ba [[Meksiko]] tanö raya ofeta ba [[Bolivia]], ba sabölö oya ba Kep. Antillen.<ref name=purdue/> {{Kultivasi}} [[Berkas:Xanthosoma sagittifolium at Kadavoor.jpg|jmpl|kiri|180px|Tongkol bunga]] Ba ginötö wamawa sawuyu, kamumu ma ''talas belitung'' la'ohe ira sanuwö Eropa numalö ba [[Afrika]] ba oya auri ba [[Afrika Barat]], fefu niha ba da'ö omasi sibai ira wemanga kamumu andre sitobali famalala moroi ba dalö si no oföna latanö ba da'ö.<ref name=prosea9/><ref name=purdue/> Ba gafuriata, ba abad si-19 ofeta mböröta abad si-20 kamumu andre ma ''kimpul'' mozawili ba zisagörö Oseania faoma Benua [[Asia]].<ref name=prosea9/> Ba Indonesia, tesura ofeta me döfi si 1864 moroi ba [[Amerika Tengah]].<ref name=kimpullipi/> ''Xanthosoma'' ya'ia da'ö ngawalö zinumbua moroi ba gatua ma ''hutan hujan tropika''. Na molo'ö fa'atumbunia samösa, sinumbua andre sauri samösa ba gatua, ba hiza bakha ba ''kultivasi'' tola auri ia ba zabölö göna haga zino.<ref name=purdue/> Sito'ölönia ''Xanthosoma'' andre auri ba danö si tenga hili-hili ma lamane ia ba ndraso, ba suhu 21&nbsp;°C. Fa'alua deu ero döfi ba zi 1400&nbsp;mm, ba hiza abölö atabö ia ba zi 2000&nbsp;mm, alua ba zi döfi, sifao fa'abasö-basö danö.<ref name=prosea9/> Kamumu andre, bataha ia ba danö si so asio,<ref name=prosea9/> ''Xanthosoma''ba hiza lö omasi auri ia ma tola kö'öfö ba nidanö sogaonö eluahania he so khönia wa'abasö-basö, ba abölö sökhi na mangele mangele.<ref name=purdue/> Fa'oya nidanö ba danö nitanö gamumu andre, möi famanöi ''klorofil'' ba mbulunia. Fa'afaruka nidanö ba zi 75% ba idanö narödanö 40%fangazökhi si sökhi ba ''klorofil'' sifakhai ba wa'abönia.<ref>{{aut|Anggarwulan, E., Solichatun, & W. Mudyantini}} 2008. Karakter fisiologi kimpul (''Xanthosoma sagittifolium'' (L.) Schott)pada variasi naungan dan ketersediaan air. [http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0904/D090405.pdf ''Biodiversitas'' '''9'''(4): 264-8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182818/http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0904/D090405.pdf |date=2022-07-05 }}.</ref> {{Fangoguna'ö}} ''Untuk apa saja yang tumbuhan/binatang tsb. digunakan? Sebagai obat? Sebagai makanan? Sebagai mainan? Sebagai dekorasi? Sebagai piaraan? Sebagai obyek budaya? Sebagai obyek religius?'' {{Faniaga}} ''Apakah tumbuhan/binatang tsb. diperdagangkan? Dalam bentuk apa? Sebesar apa keuntungan ekonomis yang diperoleh? Apa perannya dalam pendapatan satu negara?'' {{Onönöta}} ''Adakah hal yang khusus pada tumbuhan/binatang tsb. yang tidak umum dan merupakan informasi berharga? Ada ritus khusus yang berhubungan dengan tumbuhan/binatang ini?'' {{Basoŵa}} ''Di sini ditulis daftar buku yang membahas tanaman/binatang tsb. dan belum disebut dalam tulisan.'' {{Khai-khai baero}} ''Di sini ditulis situs web utama yang membahas tumbuhan/binatang tsb. kalau ada'' {{Umbu}} <references /> {{Börö zura}} [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Sinumbua]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] l7njqdqivyq9epssn5wd6c3u9uukxvp 0 4268 27656 27269 2026-08-17T14:22:27Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27656 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Seminari''' no sambua zekola, heza lafahaö ndraono si hino döla ba [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] ba ba [[teologi]]. Sito'ölönia lafalua da'a si tobali fama'anö ba wa'atobali ere bakha ba [[Gereja]] ma ba wa'atobali guru [[teologi]] ma zui ba wa'atobali sohalöŵö bakha ba wa'a'enoni [[Gereja]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica Concise|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/seminary|chapter=Seminary|access-date=2014-12-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226235348/http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/seminary|archive-date=2014-12-26}}</ref> Fehede seminari tehalö moroi ba li Latin "seminarium" eluahania "owoto danömö". Ŵa'a wehedenia ya'ia "semen" eluahania tanömö. Ba li Niha fakhili ira [[famasua|wamasua]], ya'ia da'ö naha heza latanö danömö wakhe irege tumbu ia ba tola dania latanö ba [[nowi]] ma ba [[laza]]. Fehede seminarium andrö tesöndra si föföna bakha ba dokumen [[Konsili]] Trente sotöi ''Cum adolescentium aetas'', heza so goroisa ba wamasindro seminari.<ref>XXIII Session, [[Council of Trent]], ch. XVIII. Retrieved from {{cite book|url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct23.html|title=The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Oecumenical Council of Trent|editor=J. Waterworth|location=London|publisher=Dolman|year=1848|pages=170–92|access-date=June 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610224316/http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct23.html|archive-date=June 10, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Famasindro seminari tebörögö ba wamalua nifotöi [[reformasi]] Katolik aefa [[Konsili]] Trente.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Glazier | editor-first = Michael | editor2-last = Hellwig | editor2-first = Monika | title = Ecumenical Councils to Trent | encyclopedia = The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia | location = Collegeville, Michigan | publisher = Liturgical Press | year = 2004 | page = 263 | isbn = 978-0-8146-5962-5}}</ref> Ba seminari andre lafomaha ira ya'ira sedöna tobali ere ba zi so föna ba wa'auri fa'alowalangi molo'ö fa'anihakeriso (to'ölö latötöi ia [[spiritualitas]]) awö ba wame'e ena'ö to'ölö ira ba nifotöi "disiplin pribadi". Lafalua fefu da'a gasa-gasa wa lafomaha ira ba [[filosofi]] (si no tobali dane-dane fefu wamahaö) ba awena aefa da'ö lafahaö ira ba [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] ba ba [[teologi]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Rose | first = Michael S. | title = Goodbye, Good Men | url = https://archive.org/details/goodbyegoodmenho0000rose | publisher = Regnery Publishing | year = 2002 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/goodbyegoodmenho0000rose/page/217 217]–25 | isbn = 0-89526-144-8}}</ref> Sito'ölönia bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]], [[keuskupan]] ma zui fa'awösa fa'alowalangi nifotöi [[Ordo]] ma [[Kongregasi]] zamasindro ba samatörö seminari. Ba [[Amerika Serikat]] la'oguna'ö göi döi seminari ya'ira [[Gereja Protestan]] ba zekola heza labe'e wamahaö khö ndra sedöna tobali sinenge ba enoni bakha ba Gereja. Duma-dumania seminari fondrege atua simane andrö lafasindro ia ba Andover, Masschusetts, me 1807, arakhagö 300 fakhe aefa wamasindro seminari bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] aefa [[Konsili]] Trente. Iada'a seminari ba Andover andrö no tobali föfö Yale Divinity School ba New Haven, Connecticut. Seminari [[Gereja Protestan]] si föföna sibai ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] tefasindro ba [[Ombölata Seminari|Gombölata]], iada'a so ba [[Kecamatan Gunungsitoli Selatan]]. Lö seminari Gereja Katolik ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]]. Na so zedöna tobali ere, ba lafatenge ira ba [[Seminari Menengah]] ba Aek Tolang, [[Kabupten Tapanuli Tengah]], ba aefa da'ö latohugö ba [[Seminari Tinggi]] ba [[Pematangsiantar]] (töi resmi khönia "Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat dan Teologi St. Yohanes" ma STFT St. Yohanes). Seminari Menengah fagölö ira SMA ba Seminari Tinggi fagölö ira [[Perguruan Tinggi]]. Ara sibai wamahaö khö ndra sedöna tobali ere bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]]. Ba Seminari Menengah 4 fakhe ba ba Seminari Tinggi 7 irugi 8 fakhe. Tebai tobali ere niha bakha ba Gereja Katolik na ha latörö kursus si ha 6 waŵa ma döfi simane itaria alua ösa ba [[Gereja Protestan]]. To'ölö wa lakaoni ira samomaha ba Seminari Tinggi [[frater]] ma "calon Pastor".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Perjalanan Panjang Pendidikan Menjadi Pastor|url=https://asumsi.co/post/pembuktian-keimanan-siswa-sekolah-kepastoran|website=Asumsi|language=en|access-date=2021-02-13|archive-date=2021-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403101502/https://asumsi.co/post/pembuktian-keimanan-siswa-sekolah-kepastoran|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Seminari Menengah ba Indonesia == So 37 Seminari Menengah bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] ba [[Indonesia]]. Labagi zi 37 andre ba zi 5 Regio, ya'ia da'ö Regio Jawa, Regio Sumatera, Regio Kalimantan, Regio Nusa Tenggara ba Regio MAMPU ('''Maluku, Ambon, Makasar, Papua).'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seminari Menengah Se-Indonesia {{!}} HIDUPKATOLIK.com|url=https://majalah.hidupkatolik.com/2017/04/10/5314/seminari-menengah-se-indonesia/|language=en-US|access-date=2021-02-13|archive-date=2020-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929150917/https://majalah.hidupkatolik.com/2017/04/10/5314/seminari-menengah-se-indonesia/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Regio Jawa === # Seminari St Aloysius Gonzaga Wacana Bakti, Jl. Pejaten Barat 10A, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan # Seminari Stella Maris Bogor, Jl. Kapten Muslihat 22, Bogor, Jawa Barat # Seminari St Antonius Padua Cadas Hikmat, Jl. Suryalaya Sari 5, Bandung, Jawa Barat # Seminari St Petrus Canisius Mertoyudan, Jl. Mayjend Bambang Soegeng No.15, Mertoyudan, Magelang, Jawa Tengah # Seminari St Vincentius a Paulo Blitar, Jl. Merdeka Timur 4-6 Garum, Blitar, Jawa Timur # Seminarium Marianum Probolinggo, Jl. Letjen Panjaitan 58 Probolinggo, Jawa Timur === Regio Sumatera === # Seminari Christus Sacerdos Pematangsiantar, Jl. Lapangan Bola Atas 24 Pematangsiantar, Sumatera Utara # Seminari Santo Petrus Aek-Tolang, Sibolga Jl. AIS Nasution No. 27, Sibolga, Sumatera Utara # Seminari Santo Petrus Palembang, Jl. Bangau 60 Palembang, Sumatera Selatan # Seminari Mario John Boen Pangkalpinang, Jl Solichin GP Dalam Pangkalpinang, Kepulauan Bangka belitung === Regio Kalimantan === # Seminari St Petrus Nyarumkop, Nyarumkop, Singkawang Timur, Kalimantan Barat # Seminari St Gabriel Sekadau, Jl. Merdeka Selatan No. 1, Sekadau, Kalimantan Barat # Seminari St Laurentius Ketapang, Komplek Pastoran Bina Utama Jl. Gatot Subroto No. 36, Payak Kumang, Ketapang, Kalimantan Barat # Seminari St Yohanes Maria Vianey Sintang, Jl. A. Yani No. 8 Sintang, Kalimantan Barat # Seminari St Yohanes Don Bosco Samarinda, Jl. Pasundan 78, Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur # Seminari Raja Damai Palangkaraya, Jl. Tjilik Riwut Km. 1, No. 5 Palangkaraya, Kalimatan Tengah # Seminar St Yosef Tanjung Selor, Jl. Danau Jempang No. 52 Pamusian Tarakan Tengah, Kalimantan Utara === Regio Nusa Tenggara === # Seminari St Rafael Kupang, Jl. Thamrin No. 15 Oepoi, Kupang, NTT # Seminari St Maria Immaculata Lalian, Jl. Nela Raya Lalian, Atambua, NTT # Seminari St Yohanes Berkhmans Mataloko Todabelu, Mataloko, Ngada, Flores, NTT # Seminari St Maria Budan Segala Bangsa Maumere, Jl. Kimang Buleng, Kota Uneng-Alok Maumere, Flores, NTT # Seminari Pius XII Kisol Kisol, Tanah Rata, Kota Komba, Manggarai Timur, Flores, NTT # Seminari St Fransiskus Asisi Sinar Buana Sumba, Jl. Kodi-Kelembu Nga’a Bangga, Weelonda, Tambolaka, Sumba Barat Daya, NTT # Seminari St Yohanes Paulus II Labuan Bajo, Jl. Van Bekum, Labuan Bajo, Manggarai Barat, Flores, NTT # Seminari San Dominggo Hokeng Hokeng, Larantuka, Flores, NTT # Seminari Roh Kudus Bali, Jl. Raya Tuka No.54, Tuka Dalung, Kuta Utara Badung, Bali === Regio MAMPU === # Seminari St Petrus Claver Makassar, Jl. Gagak 19, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan # Seminari Agustinianum Manado, Jl. Siswa-Paslaten II, Tomohon, Manado, Sulawesi Utara # Seminari Xaverianum Ambon, Jl. Patimura 26, Ambon, Maluku Tenggara # Seminari St Fransiskus Xaverius Manado, Jl. Opo Worang 263 Kakaskasen, Tomohon, Manado, Sulawesi Utara # Seminari St Yohanes Maria Vianey Saumlaki, Jl. Misi Olilit Barat, Saumlaki, Maluku Tenggara # Seminari St Yudas Tadeus Langgur, Jl. Yakobus No.3, Langgur, Tual, Maluku Tenggara # Seminari St Yoseph Tobelo, Jl. Gonsalo Gura Belakang Tobelo, Halmahera Utara, Maluku Utara # Seminari St Petrus Dobo, Jl. Ali Moetopo, Dobo, Kepulauan Aru, Maluku Tenggara # Seminari St Fransiskus Asisi Jayapura, Komplek Taruna Bakti, Jl. Empege Waena, Distrik Abepura, Jayapura, Papua # Seminari St Petrus Van Diepen Sorong, Jl. Melati Mariat Pantai, Aimas Sorong, Papua Barat # Seminari Pastor Bonus Merauke, Jl. Angkasa Komplek SMA Yos Sudarso Kelapa Lima, Merauke, Papua == Seminari Tinggi ba Indonesia == === Regio Jawa === # Seminari Tinggi St. Yohanes Paulus II, Keuskupan Agung Jakarta # Seminari Tinggi Fermentum, St. Yohanes Pembaptis, Keuskupan Bandung # Seminari Tinggi St. Petrus dan Paulus, Keuskupan Bogor # Seminari Tinggi St. Paulus, Kentungan, Keuskupan Agung Semarang # Seminari Tinggi Providentia Dei (STPD), Keuskupan Surabaya # Seminari Tinggi Interdiosesan Giovanni XXIII, Keuskupan Malang === Regio Sumatera === # Seminari Tinggi Interdiosesan St. Petrus, Pematangsiantar, Regio Sumatera (sekola ira ba STFT St. Yohanes Pematangsiantar) === Regio Kalimantan === # Seminari Tinggi Interdiosesan, Antonio Ventimiglia, Regio Kalimantan === Regio Bali-Nusa Tenggara === # Seminari Tinggi Interdiosesan St. Petrus, Ritapiret, Keuskupan Agung Ende, Keuskupan Maumere, Keuskupan Larantuka, Keuskupan Ruteng, dan Keuskupan Denpasar === Regio MAMPU === # Seminari Tinggi Hati Kudus, Pineleng, Keuskupan Manado # Seminari Tinggi Anging Mammiri, Keuskupan Agung Makassar # Seminari Tinggi St. Fransiskus Xaverius, Keuskupan Amboina # Seminari Tinggi Interdiosesan Yerusalem Baru, Regio Papua # Seminari Tinggi Interdiosesan St. Mikhael, Keuskupan Agung Kupang, Keuskupan Atambua, Keuskupan Weetebula == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Famahaö]] [[Kategori:Gereja Katolik]] [[Kategori:Perguruan Tinggi]] [[Kategori:Universitas]] 1sux4cv88qcx1qvebj04289s39sozab 0 4308 27661 25980 2026-08-17T14:28:06Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Entire Tanakh scroll set.png|jmpl|Gölu-gölu zura nifotöi "Tanakh" ba gotalua ndra niha [[Yahudi]] ma Sura Amabu'ulali Siföföna ba gotalua ndra Niha Keriso]] Buku '''Amabu'ulali Siföföna''' no tambali [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] ndra [[Niha Keriso]], ya'ia da'ö 24 zura nihalö moroi ba [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] ndra niha [[Yahudi]], inönö mato ha'uga zura bö'ö. Ngawalö zura andre göi nibaso [[Yesu]] samösa.<ref>Duma-dumania faigi Luk 4:17-21</ref> Latötöi ia ''Tanakh'' ba gotalua ndra niha [[Yahudi]], si no adogoa moroi ba ''Tora'' (ngawalö mbuku si fakhai ba goi-goi ma huku, ya'ia zi-5 mbuku Moze), ''Nevi'im'' (buku ndra sama'ele'ö) ba ''Ketuvim'' (ngawalö zura bö'ö). Tesura oi fefu mbuku andre ba li [[Ibrani]] ba so göi ösa nisura ba li [[Aram]], li ni'oguna'ö [[Yesu]] samösa. Sanura ya'ia no oi fabö'ö-bö'ö, simanö göi ginötö wanura ya'ia, itaria so töra ngaotu fakhe ba gotaluara.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones|first= Barry A|chapter= Canon of the Old Testament|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=Old+Testament&pg=PP1 |editor-first =David Noel | editor-last = Freedman|title= Dictionary of the Bible|publisher= William B Eerdmans | year = 2000|isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2}}</ref> <ref name=" Lim 2005 41">{{cite book |title= The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction|url= https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsve0000limt|last= Lim|first= Timothy H.|year= 2005|publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford|page= [https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsve0000limt/page/41 41]}}</ref> No to'ölö ba gotalua ndra [[Niha Keriso]] wa laföfö'ö zura [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna|Gamabu'ulali Siföföna]] tobali öfa faosatö: # Buku ''Pentateuch'', ya'ia da'ö silima mbuku siföföna nifotöi ''Torah'' ba gotalua ndra niha [[Yahudi]] ba buku Moze bakha ba [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] ba li Niha; # Buku ''Hikaya'', ya'ia da'ö ngawalö zura sanutunö waö-waö soi [[Israel]], i'otarai me lahalö danö [[Kana'ana]] tobali tanöra irugi me i'alani ira razo [[Nebukanesa]] ba ifawu'a ira ba danö [[Babilonia]]; # Buku ''Fa'atua-tua'', ya'ia da'ö ngawalö zura sangerönusi sisökhi ba silösökhi ba gulidanö; ba # Buku ndra ''Sama'ele'ö'', ya'ia da'ö ngawalö zura sanandrösa khö ndra sama'ele'ö sangombakha hadia lua-luania na la'erogö [[Lowalangi]] niha. Ngawalö zura si so bakha ba [[Amabu'ulali Siföföna|Gamabu'ula-li Siföföna]] andre no oi fabö'ö wama'oli ba fanötöi ya'ia, dali ndraha [[Gereja|gereja]] [[Niha Keriso]]. Bakha ba [[Gereja Ortodoks]] ba fefu [[Gereja|gereja]] nifotöi [[Gereja Timur]] so 49 mbuku. Bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] so 46 buku ba bakha ba ato [[Gereja Protestan]] so 39 buku.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bultman|first=Christoph|chapter=Deuteronomy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=Deuteronomy |editor1-first =John | editor1-last = Barton | editor2-first = John | editor2-last = Muddiman |title=Oxford Bible Commentary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn= 978-0-19-875500-5}}</ref> == Buku Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba adogoania == Ae baso zura [[Angolifa Mbuku Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] ba wamaigi ngawalö buku Zura Ni'amoni'ö ba adogoania. == Amaehuta Zura Ni'amoni'ö Yahudi, Gereja Katolik ba Gereja Protestan == Heŵa'ae la'oguna'ö [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] si fagölö, no oi fabö'ö wa'oya ba itaria fabö'ö göi döi mbuku bakha ba agama [[Yahudi]], ba [[Gereja Katolik]] ba ba [[Gereja Protestan]]. Bokai [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] ba baso ba da'ö hadia mbörö wa oi fabö'ö-bö'ö ia. {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |''Li Ibrani''<br />[[Tanakh]]<br />(24 buku) ! rowspan="2" |''Li Yunani'' [[Septuaginta]]<br />(60 buku) ! colspan="2" |''Li Indonesia'' ! rowspan="2" |Li asli tesura ia |- ! Protestan<br />[[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]]<br />(39 buku) ! Katolik<br />[[Amabu'ulali Siföföna]]<br />(46 buku) |- style="text-align:center; background:#fff;" ! style="background:#fff;"| ! style="background:#fff;"|''Huku'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Taurat {{Nobold|ma}}'' ''Pentateukh'' ! style="background:#fff;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Beresyit | style="background:#ccf;"| Genesis | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze I | style="background:#ccf;"| Kejadian (fomböi) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Syemot | style="background:#ccf;"| Exodos | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze II | style="background:#ccf;"| Keluaran (fa'awu'a) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Vayiqra | style="background:#ccf;"| Leuitikon | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze III | style="background:#ccf;"| Imamat (fa'a'ere) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Bemidbar | style="background:#ccf;"| Arithmoi | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze IV | style="background:#ccf;"| Bilangan (fangerai) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ccf;"| Devarim | style="background:#ccf;"| Deuteronomion | style="background:#ccf;"| Moze V | style="background:#ccf;"| Ulangan (fo'amenesi) | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#fff;"| ! style="background:#fff;"|''Sejarah'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku sejarah'' ! |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Yehosyua | style="background:#fc9;"| Iesous Naue | style="background:#fc9;"| Yosua | style="background:#fc9;"| Yosua | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Syofetim | style="background:#fc9;"| Kritai | style="background:#fc9;"| Sanguhuku | style="background:#fc9;"| Hakim-Hakim | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;"| Rut | style="background:#fc9;"| Routh | style="background:#fc9;"| Ruti | style="background:#fc9;"| Rut | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fc9;"| Syemuel | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Samueli I | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Samueli | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Samueli II | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Samueli | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fc9;"| Melakhim | style="background:#fc9;"| 3 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Razo I | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Razo | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| 4 Basileion | style="background:#fc9;"| Razo II | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Razo | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#9f9;"| Divre Hayyamim | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Paraleipomenon | style="background:#fc9;"| Nga'ötö I | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Tawarikh | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Paraleipomenon | style="background:#fc9;"| Nga'ötö II | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Tawarikh | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Esdras | | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="background:#9f9;"| Ezra–Nekhemyah | rowspan="2" style="background:#fc9;" | 2 Esdras | style="background:#fc9;"| Esera | style="background:#fc9;"| Ezra | Ibrani ba Aram |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Nehemia | style="background:#fc9;"| Nehemia | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| Tobit | | style="background:#fc9;"| Tobit | Aram ba Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| Ioudith | | style="background:#fc9;"| Yudit | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;"| Ester | style="background:#fc9;"| Esther | style="background:#fc9;"| Esitera | style="background:#fc9;"| Ester | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Makkabaion | | style="background:#fc9;"| 1 Makabe | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Makkabaion | | style="background:#fc9;"| 2 Makabe | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#fc9;"| 3 Makkabaion | | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | | | | | |- style="text-align:center; background:#fff;" ! style="background:#fff;" | ! style="background:#fff;" |''Fa'atua-tua'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku puisi'' ! style="background:#fff;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Iyov | style="background:#9f9;" | Iob | style="background:#9f9;" | Yobi | style="background:#9f9;" | Ayub | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Tehillim | style="background:#9f9;" | Psalmoi | style="background:#9f9;" | Sinunö | style="background:#9f9;" | Mazmur | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#9f9;" | Proseukhe Manasse | | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Misylei | style="background:#9f9;" | Paroimiai | style="background:#9f9;" | Amaedola Zelomo | style="background:#9f9;" | Amsal | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Qohelet | style="background:#9f9;" | Ekklesiastes | style="background:#9f9;" | Sangombakha | style="background:#9f9;" | Pengkhotbah | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Syir Hasyirim | style="background:#9f9;" | Asma Asmaton | style="background:#9f9;" | Sinunö Sebua | style="background:#9f9;" | Kidung Agung | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#9f9;" | Sophia Salomontos | | style="background:#9f9;" | Kebijaksanaan Salomo | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#9f9;" | Sophia Iesou Seirakh | | style="background:#9f9;" | Yesus bin Sirakh | Ibrani |- ! ! ! ! ! |- style="text-align:center; background:#fff;" ! style="background:#fff;" | ! style="background:#fff;" |''Ira sama'ele'ö sebua'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku ndra sama'ele'ö sebua'' ! style="background:#fff;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;" | Yesyayahu | style="background:#f9f;" | Esaias | style="background:#f9f;" | Yesaya | style="background:#f9f;" | Yesaya | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;" | Yirmeyahu | style="background:#f9f;" | Hieremias | style="background:#f9f;" | Yeremia | style="background:#f9f;" | Yeremia | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;" | Eikhah | style="background:#f9f;" | Threnoi | style="background:#f9f;" | Ngenu-ngenu Yeremia | style="background:#f9f;" | Ratapan | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#f9f;" | Baroukh | | rowspan="2" style="background:#f9f;" | Barukh | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | | style="background:#f9f;"|Epistole Ieremiou | | Yunani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#fc9;"| Yekhezqel | style="background:#f9f;"| Iezekiel | style="background:#f9f;"| Hezekieli | style="background:#f9f;"| Yehezkiel | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#9f9;"| Daniyyel | style="background:#f9f;"| Daniel | style="background:#f9f;"| Danieli | style="background:#f9f;"| Daniel | Aram ba Ibrani |- ! ! ! ! ! |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#fff;" | ! style="background:#fff;" |''Ira sama'ele'ö side-ide'' ! colspan="2" style="background:#fff;" | ''Buku ndra sama'ele'ö side-ide'' ! style="background:#fff;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="12" style="background:#fc9;" | Trei Asar | style="background:#ffc;" | Hosee | style="background:#ffc;" | Hosea | style="background:#ffc;" | Hosea | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Ioel | style="background:#ffc;" | Yoeli | style="background:#ffc;" | Yoel | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Amos | style="background:#ffc;" | Amosi | style="background:#ffc;" | Amos | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Obdiou | style="background:#ffc;" | Obadia | style="background:#ffc;" | Obaja | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Ionas | style="background:#ffc;" | Yona | style="background:#ffc;" | Yunus | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Mikhaias | style="background:#ffc;" | Mikha | style="background:#ffc;" | Mikha | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Naoum | style="background:#ffc;" | Nakhumi | style="background:#ffc;" | Nahum | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Ambakoum | style="background:#ffc;" | Habakuki | style="background:#ffc;" | Habakuk | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Sophonias | style="background:#ffc;" | Sefania | style="background:#ffc;" | Zefanya | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Angaios | style="background:#ffc;" | Hagai | style="background:#ffc;" | Hagai | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Zakharias | style="background:#ffc;" | Sakharia | style="background:#ffc;" | Zakharia | Ibrani |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#ffc;" | Malakhias | style="background:#ffc;" | Maleakhi | style="background:#ffc;" | Maleakhi | Ibrani |} == Faigi göi == * [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] * [[Angolifa Mbuku Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] * [[Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] * [[Yahudi]] * [[Israel]] == Umbu == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Sura Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Teologi]] [[Kategori:Yahudi]] [[Kategori:Amabu'ulali Siföföna]] [[Kategori:Amabu'ulali Sibohou]] qku19mggl5vu5eypbgvywvaoh15xafo 0 4333 27652 27575 2026-08-17T14:19:30Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info pemegang jabatan | honorific-prefix = | name = Soekarno | image = Presiden Sukarno.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Potret resmi, {{circa|1949}} | office = Presiden Indonesia | order = ke-1 | term_start = 18 Agustus 1945 | term_end = 12 Maret 1967 | vicepresident = [[Mohammad Hatta]] (1945–1956) | primeminister = {{Collapsible list|title=''Daftar''|1= {{plainlist|1= *[[Sutan Syahrir]] *[[Amir Sjarifoeddin]] *[[Mohammad Hatta]] *[[Mohammad Natsir]] *[[Soekiman Wirjosandjojo|Soekiman W]] *[[Wilopo]] *[[Ali Sastroamidjojo]] *[[Burhanuddin Harahap]] *[[Djoeanda Kartawidjaja]] *Soekarno *[[Soeharto]] }} }} | predecessor = ''Tidak ada, jabatan baru'' | successor = [[Soeharto]] | office1 = Presiden [[Republik Indonesia Serikat]] | term_start1 = 27 Desember 1949 | term_end1 = 17 Agustus 1950 | predecessor1 = ''Tidak ada, jabatan baru'' | successor1 = ''Jabatan dihapuskan'' | office2 = Perdana Menteri Indonesia | order2 = ke-12 | term_start2 = 9 Juli 1959 | term_end2 = 25 Juli 1966 | predecessor2 = [[Djuanda Kartawidjaja]] | successor2 = [[Soeharto]]<br /><small>(Ketua Presidium Kabinet) | office3 = Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Republik Indonesia | order3 = ke-5 | term_start3 = 1959 | term_end3 = 1966 | predecessor3 = [[KPH Soetardjo Kartohadikoesoemo]] | successor3 = [[RAA Wiranatakusuma]] | birth_name = Koesno Sosrodihardjo | birth_date = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Soerabaja]], [[Jawa Timur|Oost Java]], [[Hindia Belanda]] (sekarang Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia)<ref>A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.</ref> | death_date = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}} | death_place = [[Museum Satria Mandala|Wisma Yaso]], [[Jakarta]], Indonesia | death_cause = Gangguan ginjal | resting_place = [[Bendogerit, Sananwetan, Blitar]] | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|-8.0846185|112.1761243|display=inline}} | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | party = {{Parpolicon | PNI}} (1927 - 1931)<br>{{Parpolicon | Independen}} (1931 - 1970) | spouse = {{bulleted list|[[Oetari]] (1921–1923)|[[Inggit Garnasih]] (1923–1943)|[[Fatmawati Soekarno|Fatmawati]] (1943–1970)|[[Hartini]] (1953–1970)|[[Kartini Manoppo]] (1959–1968)|[[Sakiko Kanase|Saliku Maesaroh]] (1958–1959)|[[Ratna Sari Dewi Soekarno|Ratna Sari Dewi]] (1962–1970)|[[Haryati]] (1963–1966)|[[Yurike Sanger]] (1964–1968)|[[Heldy Djafar]] (1966–1969)}} | children = {{Collapsible list|title=''Dari Inggit''|1= {{plainlist|1= *[[Ratna Juami]] (anak angkat) *[[Kartika]] (anak angkat) }} }} {{Collapsible list|title=''Dari Fatmawati''|1= {{plainlist|1= *[[Guntur Soekarnoputra]] *[[Megawati Soekarnoputri]] *[[Rachmawati Soekarnoputri]] *[[Sukmawati Soekarnoputri]] *[[Guruh Soekarnoputra]] }} }} {{Collapsible list|title=''Dari Hartini''|1= {{plainlist|1= *[[Taufan Soekarnoputra]] *[[Bayu Soekarnoputra]] }} }} {{Collapsible list|title=''Dari Ratna''|1= {{plainlist|1= *[[Kartika Sari Dewi Soekarno|Karina Kartika Sari Dewi Soekarno]] }} }} {{Collapsible list|title=''Dari Haryati''|1= {{plainlist|1= *[[Ayu Gembirowati]] }} }} {{Collapsible list|title=''Dari Kartini Manoppo''|1= {{plainlist|1= *Totok Suryawan Soekarnoputra }} }} | parents = {{ubl|[[Soekemi Sosrodihardjo]]|[[Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai]]}} | profession = [[Insinyur]]{{br}}[[Politikus]]{{br}}[[Guru]] | signature = Sukarno Signature.svg }} {{external media | topic = Arsip [[Konferensi Asia-Afrika]] di [[Bandung]] | float = right | width = 20em | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3dG7wB9WcM Konfrensi Asia Afrika oleh Humas Arsip Nasional RI.] }} '''Soekarno''' ma '''Sukarno''' (tumbu ba [[Surabaya]], 6 Juni 1901 ba mate ba [[Jakarta]], 21 Juni 1970) no presiden Indonesia siföföna sibai (1945-1967), samösa ba gotalua ndra sondrönia'ö "Revolusi Nasional Indonesia" sangodödögö ena'ö maradika Indonesia. Awö [[Mohammad Hatta]], ya'ia zame'e angombakhata wa no maradika Indonesia me 17 Agustus 1945. Sukarno andre zi'oföna sibai mamagölö dane-dane negara Indonesia bakha ba lima gehomo '''Pancasila'''. Me no töra 20 fakhe mamatörö ia, ba tebai sa'ae itenaŵa wamadaŵa ndra militer, itou'ö wamatörö si so ba dangania khö "Letnan Jenderal" Soeharto, sondrönia'ö "Markas Besar Angkatan Darat" me luo da'ö, me iteka zura "Supersemar" ma "Surat Perintah 11 Maret 1966" nisusugö Soeharto. Oya wabagosa zöndra sanandrösa zalua me luo da'ö, bahiza oroma wa silötolalö'ö iheta moroi ba danga Sukarno wamatörö negara Suharto na lö mena edöna Sukarno wangefasi halöwö wamatörö negara andrö. Mendruamanö me no so ba danga Suharto wanehegö moroi ba Amerika Serikat. Me luo da'ö mangiwa sibai dödö Amerika, na aekhu ba danga wamatörö Komunis Indonesia, me hulö abölö aolo dödö Sukarno khö ndra solohi famahaö komunis. == Fa'a'iraono == Sukarno andre tumbu ba Peneleh, Surabaya, Jawa Timur. Töinia ba wa'ide-ide ya'ia '''Kusno''' (Koesno).<ref name="kasenda" /> Hiza, börö me asese mofökhö ia, lafuli lafatörö döinia me felezara fakhe ia ba lakaoni khönia Soekarno. Lahalö döi andre moroi ba Karna, töi balugu wasuwöta bakha ba hikaya Bharata Yudha.<ref name="kasenda" /><ref name="cindy adams" /> Lafaudugö döi "Karna" andre ba li Jawa ba lanönö wehede su, eluahania sökhi, irege Karna tobali Sukarno.<ref name="cindy adams" /> Me tobali ia presiden ifaudugö wanura Soekarno tobali Sukarno molo'ö "ejaan merdeka" si bohou mufatörö me no maradika Indonesia. Lö omasi ia isura döinia faoma "ejaan lama" nifotöinia ejaan ndra Belanda sangosawuyu.<ref name="cindy adams" /> Heŵa'ae simanö, i'oguna'ö döi Soekarno ba waneka ngawalö sura, simanö göi bakha ba zura ''Teks Proklamasi'' 17 Agustus 1945.<ref name="cindy adams" /> Töi somasi-masi niha lakaoni khönia ba ya'ia Bung Karno. Möi Sukarno ba zekola ba Tulung Agung irugi findra ia ba [[Mojokerto]], me awu'a nahia wohalöŵö namania ba da'ö.<ref name="kasenda" /> Ba Mojokerto, ifasura'ö döinia amania ba zekola sotöi ''Eerste Inlandse School'', sambua sekola nahia wohalöŵö namania.<ref name="kisah" /> Aefa da'ö ba Juni 1911 awu'a zui Sukarno ba ''Europeesche Lagere School (ELS)'' sitobali lala ena'ö aoha latema ia ba ''Hogere Burger School (HBS)''.<ref name="kasenda" /> Ba 1915 i'asiwai zekolania ba ELS ba itohugö ba zekola HBS si so ba Surabaya, Jawa Timur.<ref name="kasenda" /> Börö göi wanoloni [[Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto|H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto]], tola tetema'ö ia ba HBS.<ref name="kasenda" /> Itolo nasa ena'ö tola toröi Sukarno ba asirama nifotöi ''pondokan'' heza göi toröi Tjokroaminoto samösa.<ref name="kasenda" /> Ba Surabaya, ato zifalukha khö Sukarno solohe tanga ba gangowuloa ''Sarekat Islam'', organisasi nifatörö ma nikafaloini Tjokroaminoto meluo da'ö, sifalukha khönia andrö simane [[Alimin]], [[Musso]], [[Darsono]], [[Haji Agus Salim]], faoma [[Abdul Muis]].<ref name="kasenda" /> Sukarno owölö-ölö ia fao ba organisasi pemuda simane ''Tri Koro Dharmo'' nifasindro moroi ba zifakhai ba [[Budi Utomo]].<ref name="kasenda" /> Töi organisasi da'ö ba zilö ara tefagati döi tobali ''Jong Java'' (Pemuda Jawa) ba ndröfi si 1918.<ref name="kasenda" /> Baero da'ö, Sukarno ilau manura ba "Oetoesan Hindia" nikafaloini Tjokroaminoto.<ref name="kisah" /> [[Berkas:Sukarno HBS.jpg|jmpl|200px|Gambara Sukarno metobali ono sekola ia ba HBS Soerabaja]] === Achmed Soekarno === Ba negara Barat, töi Sukarno andre itaria lasura faoma töi; ''Achmed Soekarno''. Da'a alua börö me inötö si'oföna sibai Sukarno möi ba Amerika Serikat, ira wartawa manofu-nofu ira haniha döi wogaoni wa'ide-ide Sukarno?"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/sukarno-tanpa-ahmad-PzgE6|title=Soekarno tanpa achmad|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-date=2019-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228061803/https://historia.id/politik/articles/sukarno-tanpa-ahmad-PzgE6|dead-url=no}}</ref> sanofu ma ira wartawan lö la'ila hewisa wamatörö töi ba Indonesia, simane töi niha Jawa, sangoguna'ö ha sambua döi ma si no mu'ila sasese laŵa'ö ''mononim'' ma ''satu nama saja'' ma löhadöi mado, mazui mangoguna'ö döi moroi ba ngambatö nga'ötö. Sukarno andre ifaehagö wa töi '''Achmed''' i söndra me möi ia ba danö Mekkah ma Naik Haji.<ref name=adamtold>{{en}} {{cite book|first = Cindy|last = Adams|year = 1965|title = Sukarno, an autobiography as told to Cindy Adams|publisher = The Bobs Merryl Company Inc.|location = New York|asin =B0007DFFFK}}</ref> So göi zamahaega töi da'a molo'ö si no mufazaewe, wa famatörö töi Sukarno fogaoni Achmed nisura föna döi Sukarno, nibe'e ndra diplomat muslim moroi ba Indonesia samalua misi luar negeri sitobali sambua lala ena'ö so ''pengakuan kedaulatan negara Indonesia'' ba negara-negara [[Arab]]. Molo'ö ba mbuku ''Bung Karno: Penyambung Lidah Rakyat Indonesia''<ref>(Cindy Adams, terjemahan Syamsu Hadi. Ed. Rev. 2011. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo, dan Yayasan Bung Karno, ISBN 979-911-032-7-9) halaman 32</ref> tefaehagö ba da'ö töinia ha "Sukarno" lö onönöta, me ba mbanua ba Indonesia meluo da'ö lö oya döi si töra moroi ba dua ngawua li. == Karier == === Ni'ohalöŵögöigönia ba mböröta wa a merdeka === Sukarno andre, sioföna sibai tefakhili'ö khönia ngawalö zöndra ''nasionalis'' ba ginötö fao ia barö wamatörö [[Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto]]. Aefa da'ö, me so ia ba nahia wamahaö ma me tobali ia samösa ''mahasiswa'' ba [[Bandung]], no fao ia ba wa'atedou wangi'ila sifakhai ba ''filosofia politik'' [[Eropa]], [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika]], nasionalis, [[komunis]], faoma sifakhai ba agama, irege mofozu zöndrania ya'ia sa'ae si no oi la'ila niha ''ideologi politik swasembada ala sosialis'' Indonesia. Ibörötaigö ifa'anö ia ba itötö lala tobali ''Marhaenisme'', nihalönia moroi ba döi Marhaen, samösa zohalöŵö ba danö niha Indonesia sifalukha ia ba wetaro tanö raya ba danö [[Bandung]], sokhö bolo danö side-ide sibai nibabayania samösa, ba hiza tola möi fangorifi nösi nomonia. Ba naha wamahaö ma ba universitas, Sukarno ihaogö gangowuloa ndraono sekola nibe'enia töi ''Algemeene Studieclub'', sifaehu ma'ifu moroi ba gangowuloa soya ndra mahasiswa Belanda. === Fefaonia ba Partai Nasional Indonesia === Me tanggal 4 Juli 1927, Sukarno andre faoma ira awönia si so ba gangowuloa ''Algemeene Studieclub'' lafasindro partai pro-kemerdekaan, ya'ia da'ö ''Partai Nasional Indonesia'' ma na la'odogo'ö ia faoma PNI, ba hiza Sukarno tefili sitobali solohe tanga ma Ketua. Partai andre lafaehagö ena'ö Indonesia alio merdeka, ba la falalaŵa zifakhai ba ''imperialisme'' faoma ''kapitalisme'' me molo'ö Sukarno si dombua sistem da'a ha samakao faoma simöi dela wa'atosasa ba niha Indonesia. Hiza, partai andre la farou ''sekularisme'' faoma fahasaradödö bangawalö soi ba [[Hindia Belanda]], ba wangahaogö [[Indonesia]] sihasaratödö. Sukarno manötöna dödö na [[Jepang]] fasuwö ba wolaŵa ''Blok Sekutu'' ba Perang Dunia II ma sitobali fa'abölö ''Barat'' ba hiza moroi ba nifalua Sukarno andre, ba tanö [[Jawa]] tola aefa moroi ba wasuwöta börö wanolo moroi ba [[Jepang]]. Hiza ba ginötö da'ö Partai Nasional Indonesia idugu monönö zifao, moroi ba ndraono sawena tama moroi ba universitas sifao ba wangera-ngera Sukarno ba wangefa'ö moroi ba wamatörö Belanda. Da'a ba zi lö ara sibai aefa disintegrasi ma ''Sarekat Islam'' ba mbaŵa sisara döfi si 1920 ba ba ginötö sifagölö andrö ''Partai Komunis Indonesia'' aboto gangowuloa nia me alua wamalalaŵa ''komunis Sumatra 1927'' si lö a'ozu me döfi si 1926]].<ref name="Adams 1965">{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/n96 79]–80}}</ref> == Tendroma gera-era == ''Pandangan politik orang tsb. (ideologi), aliran (keilmuan, akademis, seniman, dlsb)'' == Ondröita == ''Dampak sepak terjang orang tsb., pengaruhnya di dunia politik/keilmuan/seni. Apakah dia memiliki citra publik tertentu yang berdampak luas seperti presiden pertama berkulit hitam (Barack Obama) atau efek Jokowi (Joko Widodo)?'' == Fa'auri == ''Hal relevan (hanya yang relevan, bukan gosip!) tentang hidup pribadi ybs. misalnya keluarga dan hal lain yang patut direkam sebagai catatan sejarah.'' == Töi nibe'e == ''Penghargaan yang diterima ybs (nasional, dari negara lain, penghargaan lainnya)'' == Publikasi == ''Buku atau artikel menonjol yang ditulis dan dipublikasikan oleh ybs. (akademisi, ilmuan, politikus, dlsb.); karya menonjol baik lukisan (perupa), album (musikus), film (sutradara)'' == Onönöta == ''Hal lain yang merupakan informasi berharga, namun belum disebut di atas; Catatan khusus kalau ada.'' == Basoŵa == ''Di sini ditulis daftar buku relevan tambahan tentang orang tsb. yang belum disebut dalam tulisan.'' == Khai-khai baero == ''Di sini ditulis situs web utama yang membahas orang tsb. kalau ada'' == Umbu == <references /> {{Börö zura}} [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] ejr36j6zvb19z2engjjiv93lmg4aee5 0 4388 27644 27544 2026-08-17T13:55:45Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Christian leader | type = Paus | honorific-prefix = [[Angolifa ndra Paus|Paus]] | name = Fransiskus | title = [[Uskup Roma]] | image =EU @ G7 Summit 2024 - Family photo (06) (cropped).jpg | alt = | caption = Paus Fransiskus me 2014 | church = [[Gereja Katolik]] | term_start = 13 Maret 2013 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Paus Benediktus XVI]] | successor = | ordination = 13 Desember 1969 | ordained_by = Ramón José Castellano | consecration = 27 Juni 1992 | consecrated_by = Antonio Quarracino | cardinal = 21 Februari 2001 | created_cardinal_by = [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] | birth_name = Jorge Mario Bergoglio | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|12|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] | nationality = Argentina (onombanua ba Vatikan) | religion = Katolik | residence = Domus Sanctae Marthae | previous_post = {{indented plainlist| * Provinsial [[Ordo Yesuit]] ba [[Argentina]] (1973–1979) * Uskup Fangali Buenos Aires (1992–1997) * Uskup Tituler Auca (1992–1997) * [[Uskup Agung]] Buenos Aires (1998–2013) * Imam Kardinal Gereja San Roberto Bellarmino (2001–2013) * Ordinary for the Faithful of the Eastern Rites in Argentina (1998–2013) * Presiden Konferensi Waligereja Argentina (2005–2011) }} | signature = FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg | coat_of_arms = File:Coat of arms of Franciscus.svg | motto = {{lang|la|Miserando atque eligendo}}<ref>So mato ha'uga wangali motto andre. Molo'ö Radio Vatikan: "No ifili motto ''Miserando atque eligendo'' Paus Fransiskus, eluahania ide-ide bahiza nifili; eluahnia ba li Latin no isöndra wa'ahakhö dödö, me tefili ia. No i'oguna'ö motto andre Fransiskus me uskup ia nasa. Ihalö ia moroi ba huhuo sebua Bede Nifolakhömi sanandrösa ba wogaoni [[Mataio]] bakha Injil: I'ila zanema beo andrö Yesu ba me ahakhö dödönia ia, ikaoni ia tobali nifahaönia, imane: O'ö ndra'o."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/03/18/pope_francis_:_miserando_atque_eligendo.../en1-674605 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705010045/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/03/18/pope_francis_%3A_miserando_atque_eligendo.../en1-674605 |archive-date= 5 July 2013 |title=Pope Francis: "Miserando atque eligendo"... |first=Veronica |last=Scarisbrick |date=18 March 2013 |publisher=[[Vatican Radio]] |access-date=19 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | module = | education = {{indented plainlist| * Colegio Máximo de San José * Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel * Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy * Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology }} | honorific_suffix = }} '''Paus Fransiskus''' (li [[Latin]]: {{li|la|Franciscus}}; li [[Italia]]: {{li|it|Francesco}}; li [[Spanyol]] {{li|es|Francisco}}; töi ba wa'atumbu '''Jorge Mario Bergoglio''',<ref>Famoligö ya'ia ba li Spanyol [xoɾxe ˈmaɾjo βeɾˈɣoɣljo] ba ba li Italia [berˈɡɔʎʎo].</ref>, tumbu me 17 Desember 1936, mate me 21 April 2025) no kubalo töra 1,2 miliar [[Niha Keriso]] ba zi sagörö ulidanö si tefaböbö bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]], uskup [[Roma]] ba högö negara [[Vatikan]]. Ya'ia no samösa [[Ordo Yesuit|Yesuit]] siföföna sibai tobali [[Paus]], [[Paus]] siföföna sibai moroi ba [[Amerika Latin]], ba [[Paus]] siföföna sibai situmbu baero danö [[Eropa]] i'otarai Paus Gregorius III, situmbu ba [[Suriah]] me ngaotu ndröfia si-8. Me awuyu-wuyu ia nasa, mohalöŵö Bergoglio tobali sanaro bawandruhö ba samözini omo fatua lö ihalö kursus sifakhai ba dalu-dalu ([[farmasi]]) awö sambua halöŵö ba [[laboratorium]] gö. Aefa döhö ia moroi ba wökhö hanu-hanu sabölö-bölö (nifotöi [[pneumonia]]), möi ia tobali sifao awö ba [[Ordo Yesuit]] me 1958. Tefahowu'ö ia tobali ere [[Gereja Katolik|Katolik]] me 1969, ba i'otarai 1973 irugi 1979 tobali ia [[Provinsial]] [[Ordo Yesuit]] ba [[Argentina]]. Me 1998 tetuyu ia tobali [[Uskup Agung]] [[Buenos Aires]] ba me 2001 ituyu ia tobali [[Kardinal]] Paus Yohanes Paulus II. Tobali ia kubalo [[Gereja]] ba [[Argentina]] götö wa'alua wamahufasa sebua ba [[Argentina]] Desember 2001. Ba wamaigi Presiden [[Argentina]] me luo da'ö, Bergolio no samösa udu politik khönia. Aefa iböhöli halöŵönia Paus Benediktus XVI me 28 Februari 2013, lafili Bergoglio tobali Paus me 13 Maret ira uskup sifao bakha ba rafe nifotöi ''konklave''<ref>Lafotöi ''konklave'' gangowuloa ndra kardinal sedöna manuyu [[Paus]] sibohou. Lafotöi ''[[kardinal]]'' samösa [[uskup]] (ba itaria göi niha bö'ö si tenga [[uskup]]) si no ifili Paus tola fao ba ''konklave''. No so datölu kardinal soroi ba Indonesia, ya'ia da'ö Kardinal Darmojuwono si no mate, Kardinal Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja ba Kardinal Ignatius Suharyo Hardjoadtmodjo.</ref>. Ihalö döi wa'a-Paus khönia töi Fransiskus, ba wamolakhömi [[Santo Fransikus Asisi]]. Götö wohalöŵönia föna zato, tehöngö ia me momöwö ia (lö fayaŵa), me lö aetu ifatörö'ö dödö niha ba wa'ahakhö dödö [[Lowalangi]], me ibe'e dödönia khö niha silumana, me lö aetu ifarou wahuhuosa ba gotalua ngawalö [[Gereja]] si fabö'ö-bö'ö (nitoföi ekumene). Khönia teböbögö wa ambö ''formal'' wa'a-Paus sa'ae, duma-dumania toröi ia ba nomo zikoli [[Domus Sanctae Marthae]] ba tenga ba gödo wa'a-[[Paus]] ni'oguna'ö ndra [[Paus]] fönania. No itehegö ndra'alawe wangai halöŵö bakha ba ''departemen'' (lafotöi ia ''dikasteria'') wamatörö [[Vatikan]] (lafotöi ia ''Kuria Roma'').<ref name="Dallas-2023">{{Cite web |last=Dallas |first=Kelsey |date=3 October 2023 |title=The pope's latest comments on same-sex marriage, explained |url=https://www.deseret.com/faith/2023/10/3/23901388/pope-comments-on-same-sex-marriage |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Faiola-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Faiola |first1=Andy |last2=Boorstein |first2=Michelle |last3=Brady |first3=Kate |date=2 October 2023 |title=Amid liberal revolt, pope signals openness to blessings for gay couples |language=en |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/02/pope-francis-gay-blessings-synod/ |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> Iforege khö [[Gereja Katolik]] ena'ö lahakhösi tödö niha si tefaböbö ba komunitas [[LGBT]] ba no göi itehegö khö ndra ere Katolik ba wamahowu'ö ngambatö [[LGBT]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Graham |first1=Ruth |last2=Harmon |first2=Amy |date=18 December 2023 |title=American Catholics Split on Pope's Blessing for Gay Couples |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/18/us/pope-francis-lgbtq-catholic.html |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> No göi itegu lala wangalui kapitalis si lö ba'a-ba'a, lala wa'auri konsumeris ba famanöi sitöra (li Inggris ''overdevelopment'');<ref>{{cite web |last=Davies |first=Lizzy |date=15 December 2013 |title=Pope says he is not a Marxist, but defends criticism of capitalism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/15/pope-francis-defends-criticism-of-capitalism-not-marxist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215222912/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/15/pope-francis-defends-criticism-of-capitalism-not-marxist |archive-date=15 December 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]] |place=[[Rome, Italy]]}}</ref> no göi tobali ohitö dödönia ba wondrou'ö halöŵö si fakhai ba wa'atebulö klima.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sherwood|first=Harriet|date=7 September 2021|title=Christian leaders unite to issue stark warning over climate crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/07/christian-leaders-unite-to-issue-stark-warning-over-climate-crisis|access-date=7 September 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}</ref> Molo'ö Paus Fransiskus, fanguhuku faoma famunu niha (li Indonesia: ''hukuman mati'') no fondrege si lö sökhi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trabbic |first=Joseph G. |date=16 August 2018 |title=Capital punishment: Intrinsically evil or morally permissible? |url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2018/08/16/capital-punishment-intrinsically-evil-or-morally-permissible/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=[[Catholic World Report]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ba ibe'e li ena'ö mohalöŵö Gereja ba wanibo'ö fanguhuku simane,<ref>{{Cite web |title=New revision of number 2267 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church on the death penalty – Rescriptum "ex Audentia SS.mi" |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/08/02/180802a.html |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref> me iŵaö wa "lö tola mangawuli furi moroi ba wetaro simane".<ref name="Pullella-2023">{{Cite news |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=9 January 2023 |title=Pope condemns Iran's use of death penalty against protesters |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-says-wars-like-that-ukraine-are-crime-against-god-humanity-2023-01-09/ |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> Ba wariawösa ba gotalua negara, no itegu nifotöi hou ''populis'' tanö ba gambölö Paus Fransiskus, i'andrö ena'ö böi tefotöi mangosiwawöi huku [[homoseksualitas]] andrö,<ref name="Staff-2023">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=The AP Interview: Pope Francis: Homosexuality not a crime |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-gay-rights-ap-interview-1359756ae22f27f87c1d4d6b9c8ce212 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[Associated Press|AP News]] |language=en}}</ref> itolo ena'ö tefazökhi mangawuli khai-khai [[Amerika Serikat]] ba [[Kuba]], ifahuhuosi khö [[Tiongkok]] zanandrösa ba wanuyu [[uskup]] ba [[Tiongkok]], iforoma'ö wa'ebua dödönia khö ndra niha soloi moroi ba negara bö'ö (li Indonesia: ''pengungsi'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rocca |first=Francis X. |date=22 September 2023 |title=Pope Francis Calls Protection of Migrants a Duty of Civilization |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/pope-faces-down-growing-backlash-against-migrants-in-europe-390ad042 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Lauter-2016">{{cite news |last1=Lauter |first1=David |last2=Bierman |first2=Noah |date=18 February 2016 |title=Trump and Pope Francis clash over immigration, another extraordinary campaign twist |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-pope-on-trump-wall-20160218-story.html |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref> Me 2022, i'andrö wa'ebolo dödö khö ndra niha [[Kanada]], börö me no fao [[Gereja Katolik]] ba wangohori budaya (li Inggris: ''cultural genocide'').<ref name="Horowitz-2022">{{Cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=30 July 2022 |title=Francis Calls Abuse of Indigenous People in Canada a 'Genocide' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/30/world/americas/pope-francis-canada-genocide.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Me 4 Oktober 2023, ibörötaigö sinode [[Gereja]] ma'asambua, sambua sinode fondrege moguna i'otarai [[Konsili Vatikan II]].<ref name="Faiola-2023" /><ref name="Horowitz-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Horowitz |first1=Jason |last2=Povoledo |first2=Elisabetta |date=2 October 2023 |title=What Is a Synod in the Catholic Church? And Why Does This One Matter? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/02/world/europe/what-is-a-synod-pope-church.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Horowitz-2023a">{{Cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=2 October 2023 |title=Vatican Assembly Puts the Church's Most Sensitive Issues on the Table |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/02/world/europe/pope-francis-synod.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Fa'a'iraono == [[Berkas:Jorge Mario Bergoglio attended a salesian school between 1948 and 1949.jpg|jmpl|Jorge Mario Bergoglio (ono matua öfa moroi ba gambera, fanete tölu moroi yaŵa) me 12 fakhe ia, Salesian College (ambö töra 1948–49)]] Tumbu Paus Fransiskus me 17 Desember 1936<ref name="directory">{{cite web|title=Direttorju Ekklezjastiku 2016|url=http://ms.maltadiocese.org/WEBSITE/2016/DIRETTORJU2016.pdf|date=30 June 2016|publisher=The Church in Malta|language=mt, en|pages=1–2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122212612/http://ms.maltadiocese.org/WEBSITE/2016/DIRETTORJU2016.pdf|archive-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> ba mbanua Flores,<ref name=Remeseira /> ba kota [[Buenos Aires]], ba labe'e töinia Jorge Mario Bergoglio.<ref name="directory" /> Ono sia'a ia<ref name=Garrido /> moroi ba gotalua zi dalima ndraono khö Mario José Bergoglio (1908–1959) ba Regina María Sívori (1911–1981). Mario Bergoglio, sohalöŵö ba perusahaan akuntansi, no samösa niha Italia sawu'a ba Argentina<ref name=biografia /> situmbu ba Portacomaro (Provinsi Asti) ba danö Piemonte ba [[Italia]]. Tumbu Regina Sívori<ref name=Sivori /> ba Buenos Aires khö sambua ngambatö sawu'a göi ba Argentina soroi ba danö Piemonte-Genoa, [[Italia]].<ref name="guardian" /><ref name=Donovan /><ref name=Henderson /> Laröi [[Italia]] ösi nomo Mario José me 1929, lalau moloi moroi ba wamatörö tanga si'öli [[Benito Mussolini]].{{sfn|Rosales|Olivera|2013|p=5}} Molo'ö María Elena Bergoglio (tumbu 1948), talifusö Paus Fransiskus sauri nasa, awu'a ira ba [[Argentina]] tenga ba wangalui fa'auri.<ref name="fascism">{{cite news|title=Jorge is against regimes. It is because of fascism that our father emigrated|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2013/03/17/esteri/vatican-insider/en/translate-to-english-jorge-e-contro-i-regimi-colpa-del-fascismo-se-nostro-padre-emigro-dsLa2d3qBmg6w2j0djj5qK/pagina.html|access-date=18 March 2013|newspaper=La Stampa|date=17 March 2013|archive-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110202838/http://www.lastampa.it/2013/03/17/esteri/vatican-insider/en/translate-to-english-jorge-e-contro-i-regimi-colpa-del-fascismo-se-nostro-padre-emigro-dsLa2d3qBmg6w2j0djj5qK/pagina.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Talifusö bö'ö Paus andre ya'ia Oscar Adrián (1938–mate), Marta Regina (1940–2007) ba Alberto Horacio (1942–2010).<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1563022-los-bergoglio-la-familia-mas-sorprendida|title= Los Bergoglio, la familia más sorprendida|trans-title= The Bergoglio, the most surprised family|language= es|date= 14 March 2013|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 22 April 2015|archive-date= 10 January 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160110202837/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1563022-los-bergoglio-la-familia-mas-sorprendida|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDekDwAAQBAJ&q=Oscar+Adrian+Bergoglio+1938&pg=PA12|title=People's Pope|last=Holanda|first=Helládio|date=24 May 2019|publisher=Clube de Autores (managed)|language=pt-PT}}</ref> Darua ndraono dalifusönia, Antonio ba Yosefo, mate börö me fatandru motora.<ref name=Tribune /><ref name=nephews /> Ono dalifusönia sotöi Kristina Bergoglio no samösa samazökhi gambara ba [[Madrid]], [[Spanyol]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/loc/2015/03/29/55159452e2704e25158b457b.html|title=La sobrina 'artista' del Papa presenta su obra en Madrid|work=El Mundo|date=3 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antena3.com/se-estrena/noticias/escribir-pincel-documental-obra-pictorica-cristina-bergoglio-sobrina-papa-francisco_201906245d14ce060cf2ee729a41cf22.html|title='Escribir con el pincel', el documental sobre la obra pictórica de Cristina Bergoglio, la sobrina del Papa Francisco|publisher=Se Estrena, [[Antena 3 (Spanish TV channel)|Antena 3]]|date=27 June 2019}}</ref> Aefa [[SD]], itohugö zekolania Bergoglio ba zekola sotöi Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles, sambua sekola khö ndra [[Ordo]] Salesian ba in Ramos Mejia, Provinsi [[Buenos Aires]]. Aefa da'ö itohugö ba Escuela Técnica Industrial N° 27 Hipólito Yrigoyen,<ref name="techniciandegree" /> sambua sekola nibe'e töinia töi Presiden [[Argentina]] Hipolito Yrigoyen, ba i'awalisi faoma [[diploma]] bakha ba [[kimia]].<ref name="directory" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/does-pope-francis-have-masters-degree-chemistry|title=Does Pope Francis have a master's degree in chemistry?|date=3 June 2015|newspaper=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-holy-ce/|title=Fact Check: False: Pope Francis Has a Master's Degree in Chemistry|website=[[Snopes.com]]|date=4 June 2015 |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Aefa da'ö mohalöŵö ia mato ha'uga fakhe ba laboratorium Hickethier-Bachmann Laboratory,<ref name=Clarin /> heza mohalöŵö ia barö Esther Ballestrino. Föna da'ö no göi mohalöŵö ia tobali sozago bawandruhö ba samözini omo.<ref name=burke /><ref name=Chua /> Me 21 fakhe ia, itörö sambua [[operasi]], heza lataba mbalö mbonia, me no döhö ia moroi ba wökhö hanu-hanu (''pneumonia'') sabölö-bölö ba fökhö tanöbö'ö nifotöi ''kista''.<ref name=techniciandegree /><ref name="reuters" /> Sura andre awena mubörögö. Tolo Wikipedia ba wanohugö wo'ali ya'ia moroi ba li Inggris. So ba da'a tou teks moroi ba Wikipedia Inggris (edöna oroma ia na öhöndrögö '''Bulö'ö kode''' This page is being translated from English. There could be error in the references at the bottom, because some of the named references already appear in the text, and some are still in the untranslated part. <!-- == Yesuit (1958–2013) == Tumbu ba dödö Bergoglio we'amöi tobali ere, me möi ia ba gowasa nifotöi Owasa Musim Semi, ni'owasaini ero röfi ba Argentina. Me itörö sambua Gereja, me möi ia mangaku horö khö gere ba da'ö, irasoi göi wa omasi ia tobali ere..<ref>Sergio Rubin; Francesca Ambrogetti, Pope Francis – Conversations with Jorge Bergoglio. nga'örö 45–46</ref> Itörö wamahaö ba [[seminari]] Inmaculada Concepción si so ba Villa Devoto, Buenos Aires, ba me no tölu fakhe, latema'ö ia tobali si fao awö bakha ba [[Serikat Yesus]], ba ibörötaigö novisiat<ref>Lafotöi novisiat ndröfi si föföna sibai nitörö samösa niha sedöna tobali sifao awö ba wa'awösa fa'alowalangi. Ba ginötö andre no tola lakaoni ira bruder ma frater (na iramatua) ma zui suster (na ira'alawe)</ref> me 11 Maret 1958.<ref name=aicabio /> Bergoglio has said that, as a young seminarian, he had a crush on a girl he met and briefly doubted about continuing the religious career.<ref name="celibacy">{{cite news|date=20 March 2013|title=Pope Francis Spoke of Being 'Dazzled' by Girl, Possible Change of Celibacy Rule|work=Balitang America|publisher=[[NBC News]]|url=https://balitangamerica.tv/pope-francis-spoke-of-being-dazzled-by-girl-possible-change-of-celibacy-rule/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308004414/https://balitangamerica.tv/pope-francis-spoke-of-being-dazzled-by-girl-possible-change-of-celibacy-rule/|archive-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> As a Jesuit novice he studied humanities in [[Santiago]], Chile.<ref>{{cite news|title=En 1958, Bergoglio hizo su noviciado en Chile |language=es |url=http://www.lasegunda.com/Noticias/Nacional/2013/03/829934/En-1958-Bergoglio-hizo-su-noviciado-en-Chile|access-date=19 March 2013|newspaper=La Segunda|date=13 March 2013}}</ref> After his novitiate in the Society of Jesus, Bergoglio officially became a Jesuit on 12 March 1960, when he made the religious profession of the initial, perpetual vows of [[poverty, chastity and obedience]] of a member of the order.<ref>Lanser, p. 96</ref><ref name="RO42">Rosales & Olivera, p. 42</ref> In 1960, Bergoglio obtained a [[Licentiate (degree)|licentiate]] in philosophy from the [[Colegio Máximo de San José]] in [[San Miguel, Buenos Aires|San Miguel]], Buenos Aires Province. He taught literature and [[psychology]] at the Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepción, a high school in [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], from 1964 to 1965. In 1966, he taught the same courses at the [[Colegio del Salvador (Argentina)|Colegio del Salvador]] in Buenos Aires.<ref name="directory" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/biography/documents/papa-francesco-biografia-bergoglio.html|title=Biography of the Holy Father Francis|publisher= The Holy See|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> === Presbyterate (1969–1992) === In 1967 Bergoglio began his theological studies at [[Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel]] and on 13 December 1969 was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] to the priesthood by Archbishop [[Ramón José Castellano]]. He served as the [[master of novices]] for the province there and became a professor of theology.<ref>{{cite news|title=Biografía: ¿Quién es Jorge Bergoglio?|url=http://www.news.va/es/news/biografia-quien-es-jorge-mario-bergoglio|access-date=8 May 2015|publisher=Vatican|date=13 March 2013|archive-date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314204037/http://www.news.va/es/news/biografia-quien-es-jorge-mario-bergoglio|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bergoglio completed his final stage of spiritual training as a Jesuit, [[tertianship]], at [[Alcalá de Henares]], Spain, and took final, solemn vows as a Jesuit, including the [[fourth vow]] of obedience to missioning by the pope, on 22 April 1973.<ref name="RO42" /> He was named [[provincial superior]] of the Society of Jesus in Argentina that July, for a six-year term which ended in 1979.<ref name="directory" /><ref name="sjvows">{{cite web|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-b.htm#Bergoglio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318051517/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-b.htm |archive-date=18 March 2014 |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church&nbsp;– Biographies&nbsp;– A |publisher=Florida International University |access-date=19 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1973, shortly after being named provincial superior, he had made a [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimage]] to Jerusalem but his stay was shortened by the outbreak of the [[Yom Kippur War]].<ref name="travel">{{cite web|url= http://www.lastampa.it/2014/03/29/esteri/vatican-insider/en/why-bergoglio-travels-so-little-NbBzQ8c3DvALud1JCTH5HP/pagina.html|title= Why Bergoglio travels so little|date= 29 March 2014|publisher= Vatican Insider|access-date= 6 May 2014|archive-date= 6 October 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082919/http://www.lastampa.it/2014/03/29/esteri/vatican-insider/en/why-bergoglio-travels-so-little-NbBzQ8c3DvALud1JCTH5HP/pagina.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> After the completion of his term of office, in 1980 he was named the [[Rector (academic)|rector]] of the Philosophical and Theological Faculty of San Miguel where he had studied.<ref>The Vatican Today, 13 March 2013, [http://www.news.va/en/news/biography-who-is-jorge-mario-bergoglio Biography: who is Jorge Mario Bergoglio?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018141414/http://www.news.va/en/news/biography-who-is-jorge-mario-bergoglio |date=18 October 2017 }}. Retrieved 6 April 2013</ref> Before taking up this new appointment, he spent the first three months of 1980 in Ireland to learn English, staying at the Jesuit Centre at the [[Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy]], Dublin.<ref>''The Irish Independent'', 30 March 2013, [http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/the-year-pope-francis-came-to-live-in-dublin-29163804.html]. Retrieved 10 November 2013</ref> He served at San Miguel for six years until 1986<ref name="directory" /> when, at the discretion of Jesuit superior-general [[Peter Hans Kolvenbach]], he was replaced by someone more in tune with the worldwide trend in the Society of Jesus toward emphasizing social justice, rather than his emphasis on popular religiosity and direct pastoral work.<ref name="ReferenceA">Austen Ivereigh, The Great Reformer: Francis and the Making of a Radical Pope, Henry Holt 2014</ref> He spent several months at the [[Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology]] in Frankfurt, Germany, considering possible [[dissertation]] topics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neuigkeiten 14.03|url=http://www.sankt-georgen.de/|work=Hochschule|publisher=Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Sankt Georgen|access-date=14 March 2013|quote=...einige Monate in Sankt Georgen verbrachte, um sich mit einzelnen Professoren über ein Dissertationsprojekt zu beraten. Zu einem Abschluss in Sankt Georgen ist es nicht gekommen.}}</ref> He settled on exploring the work of the German / Italian theologian [[Romano Guardini]], particularly his study of 'Contrast' published in his 1925 work ''Der Gegensatz''. He returned to Argentina earlier than expected to serve as a [[confessor]] and [[spiritual director]] to the Jesuit community in [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]].<ref name="litoral">{{cite news|title=Biografía de Jorge Bergoglio|language=es|url=http://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/id_um/86958|access-date=14 March 2013|publisher=El Litoral|date=14 March 2013|archive-date=15 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315233601/http://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/id_um/86958|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was believed that while in Germany, he saw the painting of [[Mary, Untier of Knots]] in [[Augsburg]] and brought a copy of the painting to Argentina, but in an interview for the German newsweekly ''Die Zeit'' in 2017, Pope Francis stated that he had never been to Augsburg.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ich kenne auch die leeren Momente" Was bedeutet Glaube? Ein ZEIT-Gespräch mit Papst Franziskus. |url=https://www.zeit.de/2017/11/papst-franziskus-vatikan-katholische-kirche-interview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726123339/https://www.zeit.de/2017/11/papst-franziskus-vatikan-katholische-kirche-interview |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2017 |accessdate=25 April 2020|newspaper=die Zeit|date=6 April 2017}}</ref>{{efn|This devotion has since spread to Brazil; it "attracts people with small problems".<ref>{{cite news |last=Bellos|first=Alex|title=Virgin painting ties Brazilians in knots |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/24/alexbellos|access-date=14 March 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 December 2001 |location=London}}</ref> Bergoglio had an image of Mary Untier of Knots inscribed on a chalice he presented to Pope Benedict XVI in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jiménez |first=Pablo |title=The Pope's chalice: silver-made, austere and featuring Our Lady of Luján |url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/126383/the-popes-chalice-silvermade-austere-and-featuring-our-lady-of-luj%C3%A1n |access-date=14 March 2013 |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=14 March 2013 |archive-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317114309/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/126383/the-popes-chalice-silvermade-austere-and-featuring-our-lady-of-luj%C3%A1n |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} As a student at the Salesian school, Bergoglio was mentored by [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic]] priest [[Stefan Czmil]]. Bergoglio often rose hours before his classmates to serve [[Divine Liturgy]] for Czmil.<ref>Paul Vallely, Pope Francis: Untying the Knots, Bloomsbury, 2013</ref><ref name="greek">{{cite news|last=Shkodziska|first=Oksana|title=Patriarch Sviatoslav: Newly Elected Pope Knows Ukrainian Catholic Church, its Liturgy and Spirituality|url=http://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/catholics/ugcc/51592|publisher=Religious Information Service of Ukraine|date=13 March 2013 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Bergoglio was asked in 1992 by Jesuit authorities not to reside in Jesuit houses, because of continued tensions with Jesuit leaders and scholars, a sense of Bergoglio's "dissent", views of his Catholic orthodoxy and his opposition to [[Liberation theology|theology of liberation]], and his work as auxiliary bishop of Buenos Aires.<ref name="ncronline.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/understand-pope-francis-look-jesuits|title=To understand Pope Francis, look to the Jesuits|date=12 March 2014|work=ncronline.org|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2015/01/07/4158763.htm|title=Setting the Record Straight on Pope Francis: A Reply to Frank Brennan|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vallely |first1=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQQoAAAAQBAJ&q=pope+francis+hans+kolvenbach&pg=PA60 |title=Pope Francis: Untying the knots |publisher=C Black |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4729-0372-3 |language=en}}</ref> As a bishop he was no longer subject to his Jesuit superior.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 March 2013|title=Is Pope Francis still a Jesuit?|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-francis-still-jesuit|access-date=6 September 2020|website=National Catholic Reporter|language=en}}</ref> From then on, he did not visit Jesuit houses and was in "virtual estrangement from the Jesuits" until after his election as pope.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="ncronline.org" /> === Pre-papal episcopate (1992–2013) === Bergoglio was named Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires in 1992 and [[Episcopal ordination|consecrated]] on 27 June 1992 as [[Auca (titular diocese)|titular bishop of Auca]],<ref name="directory" /><ref>The [[titular see]] of Auca, established in 1969, is seated at [[Villafranca Montes de Oca]], Spain: [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0229.htm Titular See of Auca, Spain].</ref> with Cardinal [[Antonio Quarracino]], archbishop of Buenos Aires, serving as principal consecrator.<ref name="aica">{{cite web|title=Bergoglio, Jorge Mario|url=http://www.aica.org/guia-s-T2Jpc3Bvcw==-91|language=es|work=Breve biografía de obispos|publisher=La Agencia Informativa Católica Argentina|access-date=15 March 2013|archive-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312140844/http://aica.org/guia-s-t2jpc3bvcw==-91|url-status=dead}}</ref> He chose as his episcopal motto ''Miserando atque eligendo''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-14/francis-toughened-by-argentine-politics-ready-for-papal-test.html|title=Francis Toughened by Argentine Politics Ready for Papal Test|publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> It is drawn from [[Saint Bede]]'s homily on Matthew 9:9–13: "because he saw him through the eyes of mercy and chose him".<ref name="Catholic News Service">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301207.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317181215/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301207.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2013 |title=Pope's episcopal motto comes from homily by English doctor of church |last1=Glatz |first1=Carol |date=15 March 2013 |publisher=Catholic News Service |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> On 3 June 1997, Bergoglio was appointed [[coadjutor archbishop]] of Buenos Aires with right of succession. Upon Quarracino's death on 28 February 1998, Bergoglio became metropolitan archbishop of Buenos Aires. In that role, Bergoglio created new parishes and restructured the archdiocese administrative offices, led pro-life initiatives, and created a commission on divorces.<ref name="directory" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Jesuit Argentine Cardinal Bergoglio elected pope, takes name Francis|url=http://www.jesuit.org/2013/03/13/jesuit-argentine-cardinal-jesuit-bergoglio-elected-pope-takes-name-francis-i|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316025854/http://www.jesuit.org/2013/03/13/jesuit-argentine-cardinal-jesuit-bergoglio-elected-pope-takes-name-francis-i|archive-date=16 March 2013|publisher=jesuit.org|access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> One of Bergoglio's major initiatives as archbishop was to increase the church's presence in the slums of Buenos Aires. Under his leadership, the number of priests assigned to work in the slums doubled.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/03/slum-priests-pope-franciss-early-years/274201/ |title=Haley Cohen, "Slum Priest: Pope Francis' Early Year", ''The Atlantic'', 20 March 2013 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|date=20 March 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref> This work led to him being called the "Slum Bishop".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-05-09/features/sns-rt-us-pope-un-20140509_1_pope-francis-first-non-european-pope-united-nations | title=U.N. should encourage redistribution of wealth, pope says | agency=[[Reuters]]| date=9 May 2014 | access-date=8 November 2014 | author=Puella, Phillip}}</ref> Early in his time as archbishop of Buenos Aires, Bergoglio sold off the archdiocese's shares in multiple banks and turned its accounts into those of a normal customer in international banks. The shares in banks had led the local church to a propensity toward high spending and the archdiocese was consequently nearly bankrupt. As a normal customer of the bank, the church was forced into a higher fiscal discipline.<ref>{{cite news|last=Coday |first=Dennis |url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/former-aide-says-francis-may-close-vatican-bank |title=John Allen, "Former aide says Francis may close Vatican Bank"|newspaper= National Catholic Reporter |date=4 April 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref> On 6 November 1998, while remaining archbishop of Buenos Aires, he was named [[Ordinary (Catholic Church)|ordinary]] for those [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholics]] in Argentina who lacked a [[prelate]] of their own church.<ref name=aica /> Major Archbishop [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] said that Bergoglio understands the liturgy, rites, and spirituality of Shevchuk's [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] and always "took care of our Church in Argentina" as ordinary for Eastern Catholics during his time as archbishop of Buenos Aires.<ref name="greek" /> In 2000, Bergoglio was the only church official to reconcile with [[Jerónimo Podestá]], a former bishop who had been suspended as a priest after opposing the [[Argentine Revolution]] military dictatorship in 1972. He defended Podestá's wife from Vatican attacks on their marriage.<ref>{{cite news |last=Magister |first=Sandro |title=Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Profession: Servant of the Servants of God |url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1335696?eng=y|access-date=16 March 2013|magazine=[[L'espresso]]|publisher=Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso|location=Rome, Italy|date=2 December 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Margaret|last=Hebblethwaite|title=The Pope Francis I know|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/14/the-pope-francis-i-know|access-date=16 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 March 2013|location=London, England|quote=Luro talked to me at length about her friend, of whom she has the highest opinion, and told me how she would write to him almost weekly, and he would always reply by ringing her up and having a short chat. When Podesta was dying, Bergoglio was the only Catholic cleric who went to visit him in hospital, and, when he died, the only one who showed public recognition of his great contribution to the Argentinian church.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Stella |last=Calloni |title=Acusado de tener vínculos con la dictadura; la derecha lo defiende |language=es|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/03/14/politica/004n1pol|newspaper=[[La Jornada]]|publisher=Desarrollo de Medios S.A. de C.V|location=Mexico City, Mexico|date=13 March 2013|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref> That same year, Bergoglio said the Argentine Catholic Church needed "to put on garments of public penance for the sins committed during the years of the dictatorship" in the 1970s, during the [[Dirty War]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Magister|first=Sandro|title=Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Profession: Servant of the Servants of God|url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1335696?eng=y |magazine=[[L'espresso]] |publisher=Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso|location=Rome, Italy|date=2 December 2002|access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> Bergoglio made it his custom to celebrate the [[Holy Thursday]] ritual [[Maundy (foot washing)#Catholic practice|washing of feet]] in places such as jails, hospitals, retirement homes or slums.<ref>{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Pullella|title=Pope to hold major Holy Week service in youth jail |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-jail-idUSBRE92K0CF20130321|work=[[Reuters]]|location=London|date=21 March 2013|access-date=22 March 2013}}</ref> In 2007, just two days after Benedict XVI issued new rules for using the liturgical forms that preceded the Second Vatican Council, Cardinal Bergoglio established a fixed place for a weekly Mass in this [[Tridentine Mass|extraordinary form]] of the [[Roman Rite]].<ref>Sergio Rubin, "Regresó la misa en latín, con mujeres cubiertas por mantillas". ''Clarin''.(17 September 2007). [https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/regreso-misa-latin-mujeres-cubiertas-mantillas_0_rJHgqqkkAFg.html Archived.].</ref> It was celebrated weekly.<ref>{{cite news|title=El latín volvió a las misas|url=http://www.lineacapital.com.ar/?noticia=31360|publisher=Línea Capital|access-date=14 March 2013|date=17 September 2007|language=es|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190531/http://www.lineacapital.com.ar/?noticia=31360|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 November 2005, Bergoglio was elected president of the [[Argentine Episcopal Conference]] for a three-year term (2005–08).<ref>{{cite news|title=Elige Sus Nuevas Autoridades La Conferencia Episcopal|url=http://www.mercedesya.com.ar/noticias/30008397-elige-sus-nuevas-autoridades-la-conferencia-episcopal.htm|access-date=21 March 2013|publisher=Mercedes Ya|date=7 November 2005}}</ref> He was reelected to another three-year term on 11 November 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=El cardenal Bergoglio fue reelegido frente a la Conferencia Episcopal|url=http://www.derf.com.ar/noticias.asp?cod_des=232534&ID_Seccion=33&fecemi=11/11/2008&|access-date=21 March 2013|publisher=DERF|date=11 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522051308/http://www.derf.com.ar/noticias.asp?cod_des=232534&ID_Seccion=33&fecemi=11%2F11%2F2008&|archive-date=22 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He remained a member of that commission's permanent governing body, president of its committee for the [[Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina]], and a member of its liturgy committee for the care of shrines.<ref name=aica /> While head of the Argentine Catholic bishops' conference, Bergoglio issued a collective apology for his church's failure to protect people from the Junta during the Dirty War.<ref>{{cite news|last=Speciale|first=Alessandro|title=Vatican defends Pope Francis' actions during Argentina's 'Dirty War'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/vatican-defends-pope-francis-actions-during-argentinasdirty-war/2013/03/15/070f5324-8db5-11e2-adca-74ab31da3399_story.html |access-date=16 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=15 March 2013}}</ref> When he turned 75 in December 2011, Bergoglio submitted his resignation as archbishop of Buenos Aires to Pope Benedict XVI as required by [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]].<ref name="travel" /> Still, as he had no coadjutor archbishop, he stayed in office, waiting for an eventual replacement appointed by the Vatican.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bergoglio presenta su renuncia como arzobispo de Buenos Aires, aunque seguirá en el cargo|url=http://noticias.terra.com.ar/politica/bergoglio-presenta-su-renuncia-como-arzobispo-de-buenos-aires-aunque-seguira-en-el-cargo,148ef548c2444310VgnVCM20000099f154d0RCRD.html|access-date=22 March 2013|publisher=Terra Noticias|date=15 December 2011|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701073209/http://noticias.terra.com.ar/politica/bergoglio-presenta-su-renuncia-como-arzobispo-de-buenos-aires-aunque-seguira-en-el-cargo,148ef548c2444310VgnVCM20000099f154d0RCRD.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Cardinalate (2001–2013) === [[File:Catéchèse 18 juin 2008 par le cardinal Bergoglio -2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|Bergoglio on 18 June 2008 giving a [[catechesis]]]] At the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of 21 February 2001, Archbishop Bergoglio was created a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] with the [[titular church|title]] of [[cardinal priest]] of [[San Roberto Bellarmino (church)|San Roberto Bellarmino]], a church served by Jesuits and named for one; he was formally installed in that church the following 14 October. When he traveled to Rome for the ceremony, he and his sister María Elena visited the village in northern Italy where their father was born.<ref name="fascism" /> As cardinal, Bergoglio was appointed to five administrative positions in the [[Roman Curia]]. He was a member of the [[Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]], the [[Congregation for the Clergy]], the [[Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life]], the [[Pontifical Council for the Family]] and the [[Pontifical Commission for Latin America|Commission for Latin America]]. Later that year, when Cardinal [[Edward Egan]] returned to New York following the [[September 11 attacks]], Bergoglio replaced him as relator (recording secretary) in the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]],<ref>{{cite web|title=X Ordinary General Assembly (30 September&nbsp;– 27 October 2001)|url=http://press.catholica.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sinodo_indice_en.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219231945/http://press.catholica.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sinodo_indice_en.html|archive-date=19 February 2011|work=Synod of Bishops|publisher=Holy See|access-date=14 April 2013}}</ref> and, according to the ''[[Catholic Herald]]'', created "a favourable impression as a man open to communion and dialogue".<ref name="thunder">{{cite news|last=Poirier|first=José Maria|title=Features Quiet thunder in Argentina|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/features/2013/03/13/quiet-thunder-in-argentina/|access-date=18 March 2013|newspaper=Catholic Herald|date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319001817/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/features/2013/03/13/quiet-thunder-in-argentina/|archive-date=19 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Synodus Episcoporum Bulletin 30 September&nbsp;– 27 October 2001|date=27 October 2001 |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/sinodo/documents/bollettino_20_x-ordinaria-2001/02_inglese/b33_02.html|access-date=14 March 2013|publisher=Holy See Press Office}}</ref> [[File:Card. Jorge Bergoglio SJ, 2008.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio in 2008]] Cardinal Bergoglio became known for personal humility, doctrinal conservatism, and a commitment to [[social justice]].<ref name="Allen" /> A [[simple living|simple lifestyle]] contributed to his reputation for humility. He lived in a small apartment, rather than in the elegant bishop's residence in the suburb of [[Olivos, Buenos Aires|Olivos]]. He took public transportation and cooked his own meals.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rubin|first=Sergio|title='El Jesuita,' biography of Jorge Bergoglio, tells of Pope Francis' humble beginnings in the church that he maintained throughout his cardinalship|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/pope-francis-humble-affable-servant-article-1.1288163|access-date=18 March 2013|newspaper=Daily News|location=New York |date=14 March 2013}}</ref> He limited his time in Rome to "lightning visits".<ref name="falasca">{{cite news|url=http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_16457_l3.htm|title=What I would have said at the Consistory|last=Falasca|first=Sefania|date=November 2007|publisher=30 Giorni|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> He was devoted to [[Thérèse of Lisieux|St. Thérèse of Lisieux]] and enclosed a small picture of her in the letters he wrote, calling her "a great missionary saint".<ref>{{cite web|author=Maureen O'Riordan |url=http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/my-blog-about-st-therese/2013/5/3/pope-francis-and-saint-therese-of-lisieux-to-depend-solely-o.html |title=Saint Therese of Lisieux – "Saint Therese of Lisieux: A Gateway" Blog – Pope Francis and Saint Thérèse of Lisieux: "To depend solely on the tenderness of God" |publisher=Thérèse of Lisieux|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> After Pope John Paul II died on 2 April 2005, Bergoglio attended [[funeral of Pope John Paul II|his funeral]] and was considered one of the ''[[papabile]]'' for succession to the papacy.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/17/world/fg-cardinal17|date=17 April 2005|access-date=14 March 2013 |title=Argentine Cardinal Named in Kidnap Lawsuit|journal=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> He participated as a [[Cardinal electors for the 2005 papal conclave|cardinal elector]] in the [[2005 papal conclave]] that elected Pope Benedict XVI. In the ''[[National Catholic Reporter]]'', [[John L. Allen Jr.]] reported that Bergoglio was a frontrunner in the 2005 conclave.<ref name="Allen">{{cite news|last=Allen|first=John L. Jr.|title=Profile: New pope, Jesuit Bergoglio, was runner-up in 2005 conclave|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/papabile-day-men-who-could-be-pope-13|access-date=15 March 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|date=3 March 2013|archive-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603205738/https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/papabile-day-men-who-could-be-pope-13|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Allen|first=John L. Jr.|title=Handicapping the conclave|url=http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/update/conclave/pt041405a.htm|access-date=15 March 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|date=14 April 2005}}</ref> In September 2005, the Italian magazine ''[[Limes (magazine)|Limes]]'' published claims that Bergoglio had been the runner-up and main challenger to Cardinal Ratzinger at that conclave and that he had received 40 votes in the third ballot, but fell back to 26 at the fourth and decisive ballot.<ref name="CNN05">{{cite news|title=Cardinal breaks conclave vow of secrecy|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/09/23/conclave.diary.ap/index.html|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001062114/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/09/23/conclave.diary.ap/index.html|archive-date=1 October 2005|date=23 September 2005}}</ref><ref name="votes2005">{{cite journal|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0505401.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050928201437/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0505401.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2005 |journal=Catholic News |date=23 September 2005 |title=Article based on diary says German cardinal became pope with 84 votes |first=Cindy |last=Wooden }} Article gives numbers for the four votes; Ratzinger had most votes, followed by Bergoglio.</ref> The claims were based on a diary purportedly belonging to an anonymous cardinal who had been present at the conclave.<ref name= CNN05 /><ref name="Rubin13">Rubin, p. 13</ref> According to the Italian journalist [[Andrea Tornielli]], this number of votes had no precedent for a Latin American ''papabile''.<ref name="Rubin13" /> ''[[La Stampa]]'' reported that Bergoglio was in close contention with Ratzinger during the election, until he made an emotional plea that the cardinals should not vote for him.<ref name="tears">{{cite news |url=http://www.lastampa.it/2013/03/10/vaticaninsider/ita/inchieste-e-interviste/ecco-come-and-davvero-il-conclave-del-PpFofMHBKez0AvYBLzCgBN/pagina.html |title=Ecco come andò davvero il Conclave del 2005 |language=it |work=[[La Stampa]] |first=Marco |last=Tosatti|access-date=30 January 2017}} According to the source, Cardinal Bergoglio begged "almost in tears" ("quasi in lacrime" in Italian)</ref> According to Tornielli, Bergoglio made this request to prevent the conclave from delaying too much in the election of a pope.<ref>Rubin, p. 15</ref> As a cardinal, Bergoglio was associated with [[Communion and Liberation]], a Catholic evangelical lay movement of the type known as [[associations of the faithful]].<ref name="Allen" /><ref>{{cite web |title=One of Pope Francis' allegiances might tell us something about the church's future |last=Manson |first=Jamie |url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/grace-margins/one-pope-francis-allegiances-might-tell-us-something-about-churchs-future |work=National Catholic Reporter |date=15 March 2013 |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> He sometimes made appearances at the annual gathering known as the [[Meeting for friendship among peoples|Rimini Meeting]] held during the late summer months in Italy.<ref name=Allen /> In 2005, Cardinal Bergoglio authorized the request for [[beatification]]—the third step toward [[saint]]hood—for six members of the [[Pallottines|Pallottine]] community murdered in the [[San Patricio Church massacre]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sánchez Alvarado |first=Gretta |title=Francisco: 'El verdadero poder es el servicio' |url=http://www.el-nacional.com/mundo/Francisco-verdadero-poder-servicio_0_156584605.html |access-date=22 March 2013 |publisher=El Nacional |date=20 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321065400/http://el-nacional.com/mundo/Francisco-verdadero-poder-servicio_0_156584605.html |archive-date=21 March 2013 }}</ref><ref name="CT2005">{{cite news |title=Sainthood effort for 5 slain recalls Argentine 'dirty war' |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-08-12/news/0508120166_1_beatification-buenos-aires-argentine-dirty |newspaper= Chicago Tribune |date=12 August 2005|access-date=23 March 2013 |first=Colin |last=McMahon}}</ref> At the same time, Bergoglio ordered an investigation into the murders themselves, which had been widely blamed on the [[National Reorganization Process]], the military junta that ruled Argentina at the time.<ref name= CT2005 /> == Argentine government relations == === Dirty War === {{See also|Dirty War}} Bergoglio was the subject of allegations regarding the [[Argentine Navy]]'s kidnapping of two [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] priests, Orlando Yorio and [[Franz Jalics]], in May 1976, during Argentina's [[Dirty War]].<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/new-pope-theologically-conservative-but-with-a-common-touch.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314170716/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/new-pope-theologically-conservative-but-with-a-common-touch.html |archive-date=14 March 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=A Conservative With a Common Touch|date=13 March 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|last2=Rother|first2=Larry|last1=Schmall|first1=Emily|access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref> He feared for the priests' safety and had tried to change their work prior to their arrest; contrary to reports, he did not try to throw them out of the Jesuit order.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/francis-jesuits-and-dirty-war|title=Thomas Reese, "Francis, the Jesuits and the Dirty War", ''National Catholic Reporter'', 17 March 2013|last=Coday|first=Dennis|date=17 March 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref> In 2005, [[Myriam Bregman]], a human rights lawyer, filed a criminal complaint against Bergoglio, as superior in the Society of Jesus of Argentina, accusing him of involvement in the kidnapping.<ref name="latimes1">{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/17/world/fg-cardinal17|title=Argentine Cardinal Named in Kidnap Lawsuit|date=17 April 2005|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> Her complaint did not specify how Bergoglio was involved; Bergoglio's spokesman flatly denied the allegations. The complaint was ultimately dismissed.<ref name="nytimes1" /> The priests were tortured,<ref name="rubin">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=174220195|title=Pope Francis Is Known For Simplicity And Humility|date=13 March 2013|agency=[[Associated Press]]|quote=Bergoglio—who ran Argentina's Jesuit order during the dictatorship—told Rubin that he regularly hid people on church property during the dictatorship, and once gave his identity papers to a man with similar features, enabling him to escape across the border.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316234307/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=174220195|archive-date=16 March 2013|author=|access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> but were found alive five months later, drugged and semi-naked. Yorio accused Bergoglio of effectively handing them over to the death squads by declining to tell the authorities that he endorsed their work. Yorio, who died in 2000, said in a 1999 interview that he believed that Bergoglio did nothing "to free us, in fact just the opposite".<ref name="WAPO">{{cite news|title=Pope's activity in Dirty War Draws Scrutiny|date=17 March 2013|work=Chicago Tribune|page=27|author=Miroff, Nick}}</ref> Jalics initially refused to discuss the complaint after moving into seclusion in a German monastery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/03/pope_francis_a_look_at_the_lif.html|title=Pope Francis: A look at the life of the first South American pontiff|date=13 March 2013|work=The Star-Ledger|access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> Two days after the election of Francis, Jalics issued a statement confirming the kidnapping and attributing the cause to a former lay colleague who became a guerrilla, was captured, then named Yorio and Jalics when interrogated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jesuiten.org/aktuelles/details/article/erklarung-von-pater-franz-jalics-sj.html|title=Declaration of Father Franz Jalics SJ|date=15 March 2013|publisher=German Jesuit Web site|language=de|access-date=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316013724/http://www.jesuiten.org/aktuelles/details/article/erklarung-von-pater-franz-jalics-sj.html|archive-date=16 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following week, Jalics issued a second, clarifying statement: "It is wrong to assert that our capture took place at the initiative of Father Bergoglio (…) the fact is, Orlando Yorio and I were not denounced by Father Bergoglio."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/21/pope-francis-argentinian-junta-priest|title=Pope Francis did not denounce me to Argentinian junta, says priest|last=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=21 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jesuiten.org/aktuelles/details/article/erganzende-erklarung-von-pater-franz-jalics-sj.html|title=Second Declaration of Father Franz Jalics SJ|date=20 March 2013|publisher=German Jesuit Web site|language=de|access-date=21 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328015725/http://www.jesuiten.org/aktuelles/details/article/erganzende-erklarung-von-pater-franz-jalics-sj.html|archive-date=28 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bergoglio told his authorized biographer, [[Sergio Rubin]], that after the priests' imprisonment, he worked behind the scenes for their release; Bergoglio's intercession with dictator [[Jorge Rafael Videla]] on their behalf may have saved their lives.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=174220195|title=Pope Francis Is Known For Simplicity And Humility|date=13 March 2013|agency=[[Associated Press]]|quote=both men were freed after Bergoglio took extraordinary, behind-the-scenes action to save them—including persuading dictator Jorge Videla's family priest to call in sick so that he could say Mass in the junta leader's home, where he privately appealed for mercy.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316234307/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=174220195|archive-date=16 March 2013|author=|access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> Bergoglio also told Rubin that he had often sheltered people from the dictatorship on church property, and once gave his own identity papers to a man who looked like him, so he could flee Argentina.<ref name="rubin" /> The interview with Rubin, reflected in the biography ''[[El jesuita]]'', is the only time Bergoglio has spoken to the press about those events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://contenidos2.clarin.com/edicion-electronica/20130317/index.html|title=Dias inolvidables para su biógrafo|date=17 March 2013|work=El Papa del fin del mundo|publisher=Clarín|language=es|trans-title=Unforgettable days for his biographer|author=Pablo Javier Blanco|access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> [[Alicia Oliveira]], a former Argentine judge, has also reported that Bergoglio helped people flee Argentina during the rule of the junta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perfil.com/politica/Alicia-Oliveira-Garre-sabe-todo-lo-que-hizo-Bergoglio-20130315-0019.html|title=Alicia Oliveira: "Garré sabe todo lo que hizo Bergoglio"|last=Indart|first=Ramón|date=15 March 2013|language=es|work=Perfil|access-date=22 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518130955/http://www.perfil.com/politica/Alicia-Oliveira-Garre-sabe-todo-lo-que-hizo-Bergoglio-20130315-0019.html|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> Since Francis became pope, Gonzalo Mosca<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1566175-yo-pensaba-si-el-padre-este-era-consciente-de-lo-que-se-estaba-jugando|title=Yo pensaba si el padre éste era consciente de lo que se estaba jugando|date=23 March 2013|newspaper=La Nacion|access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref> and José Caravias<ref>{{cite news|url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/03/24/actualidad/1364087082_791943.html|title=Un cura español dice que el Papa evitó que lo mataran durante la dictadura argentina|date=24 March 2013|newspaper=El País|access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref> have related to journalists accounts of how Bergoglio helped them flee the Argentine dictatorship. Oliveira described the future pope as "anguished" and "very critical of the dictatorship" during the Dirty War.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21794798|title=Argentina 'Dirty War' accusations haunt Pope Francis|date=15 March 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|last1=Hernandez|first1=Vladimir|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> Oliveira met with him at the time and urged Bergoglio to speak out—he told her that "he couldn't. That it wasn't an easy thing to do."<ref name="WAPO" /> Artist and human rights activist [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]], the 1980 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate, said: "Perhaps he didn't have the courage of other priests, but he never collaborated with the dictatorship. … Bergoglio was no accomplice of the dictatorship."<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Goni|first2=Uki|date=15 March 2013|title=Pope Francis: role during Argentina's military era disputed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/15/pope-francis-argentina-military-era|journal=The Guardian|first1=Jonathan|last1=Watts}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=14 March 2013|title='Bergoglio had no links with the dictatorship,' Peace Nobel Prize winner|url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/126367/%E2%80%98bergoglio-had-no-links-with-the-dictatorship%E2%80%99-peace-nobel-prize-winner|journal=Buenos Aires Herald|access-date=15 March 2013|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724233031/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/126367/%E2%80%98bergoglio-had-no-links-with-the-dictatorship%E2%80%99-peace-nobel-prize-winner|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Graciela Fernández Meijide]], member of the [[Permanent Assembly for Human Rights]], also said that there was no proof linking Bergoglio with the dictatorship. She told the ''[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]'' newspaper: "There is no information and Justice couldn't prove it. I was in the [[Permanent Assembly for Human Rights|APDH]] during all the dictatorship years and I received hundreds of testimonies. Bergoglio was never mentioned. It was the same in the [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons|CONADEP]]. Nobody mentioned him as instigator or as anything."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fioriti|first=Santiago|title=Atacan a Bergoglio porque Cristina no quería que fuera Papa|url=http://www.clarin.com/mundo/Atacan-Bergoglio-Cristina-queria-Papa_CLAFIL20130315_0002.pdf|journal=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|language=es|access-date=15 March 2013|archive-date=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319054439/http://www.clarin.com/mundo/Atacan-Bergoglio-Cristina-queria-Papa_CLAFIL20130315_0002.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ricardo Lorenzetti]], President of the Argentine Supreme Court, also has said that Bergoglio is "completely innocent" of the accusations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/news/detail/articolo/francedco-francis-francisco-23329/|title="Bergoglio is completely innocent," says Argentina's Supreme Court|date=18 March 2013|publisher=Vatican Insider|access-date=23 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526015515/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/news/detail/articolo/francedco-francis-francisco-23329/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> Historian [[Uki Goñi]] pointed that, during early 1976, the military junta still had a good image among society, and that the [[Detention Centers in the Dirty War|scale of the political repression]] was not known until much later; Bergoglio would have had little reason to suspect that the detention of Yorio and Jalics could end up in their deaths.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/19/pope-francis-argentina-1970s|title=Pope Francis: what did he really do in Argentina in the 1970s?|last=Goñi|first=Uki|date=19 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref> When Bergoglio became pope, an alleged photo of him giving the [[sacramental bread]] to dictator Jorge Rafael Videla became popular in social networks. It has also been used by the newspaper ''[[Página/12]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zoomnews.es/34129/actualidad/mundo/bergoglio-historia-papa-francisco-dictadura-argentina-videla|title=Bergoglio: la verdadera historia del Papa Francisco y la dictadura de Videla|last=Cifuentes|first=Pedro|date=15 March 2013|publisher=Zoom News|language=es|trans-title=Bergoglio: the true story of Pope Francis and Videla's dictatorship|access-date=28 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701131917/http://www.zoomnews.es/34129/actualidad/mundo/bergoglio-historia-papa-francisco-dictadura-argentina-videla|archive-date=1 July 2013}}</ref> The photo was soon proved to be false. It was revealed that the priest, whose face is not visible in the photo, was Carlos Berón de Astrada. The photo was taken at the church "Pequeña Obra de la Divina Providencia Don Orione" in 1990, not during the Dirty War, and after Videla's presidential pardon. The photo was produced by the agency AFP and it was initially published by the ''[[Crónica (newspaper)|Crónica]]'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infotechnology.com/internet/The-fake-viral-photo-of-pope-Francis-who-is-the-priest-that-gives-the-communion-to-Videla-20130319-0002.html|title=The fake viral photo of pope Francis: who is the priest that gives the communion to Videla|date=19 March 2013|publisher=Info Technology|name-list-style=amp|author1=Joaquín Garau|author2=Pablo Martín Fernández|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref> === Fernando de la Rúa === [[Fernando de la Rúa]] replaced [[Carlos Menem]] as president of Argentina in 1999. As an archbishop, Bergoglio celebrated the annual Mass at the [[Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral]] on the ''[[First National Government]]'' holiday, 25 May. In 2000, Bergoglio criticized the perceived apathy of society.<ref>Rubin, p. 19</ref> Argentina faced an [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|economic depression]] at the time, and the Catholic Church criticized the fiscal austerity of the government, which increased poverty. De la Rúa asked the church to promote a dialogue between the leaders of economic and political sectors to find a solution for the crisis. He claims that he talked with Bergoglio and proposed to take part in the meeting, but Bergoglio would have told him that the meeting was canceled because of a misunderstanding by De la Rúa's assistant, who may have declined the president's assistance. Bishop Jorge Casaretto considers it unlikely, as De la Rúa only made the request in newspaper interviews, but never made a formal request to the church.<ref>Reato, p. 160</ref> The [[Justicialist Party]] won the [[Argentine legislative election, 2001|2001 elections]] and got the majority in the Congress, and appointed [[Ramón Puerta]] as president of the Senate. As vice president [[Carlos Álvarez (Argentine politician)|Carlos Álvarez]] resigned shortly before, this left an opposing party second in the [[Argentine order of precedence|order of precedence]]. Bergoglio asked for an interview with Puerta, and had a positive impression of him. Puerta told him that the Justicialist party was not plotting to oust De la Rúa, and promised to help the president promote the laws that may be required.<ref>Reato, pp. 222–223</ref> During police repression of the [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|riots of December 2001]], he contacted the Ministry of the Interior and asked that the police distinguish rioters and vandals from peaceful protesters.<ref>Rubin, pp. 18–19</ref> === Néstor and Cristina Kirchner === [[File:Pope Francis with Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner 4.jpg|thumb|Francis with Argentine president [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], holding traditional Argentine [[mate (beverage)|mate]] drinkware]] When Bergoglio celebrated Mass at the cathedral for the 2004 ''First National Government'' holiday, President [[Néstor Kirchner]] attended and heard Bergoglio request more political dialogue, reject intolerance, and criticize exhibitionism and strident announcements.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/604859-el-mensaje-de-la-iglesia-era-para-kirchner|title=El mensaje de la Iglesia era para Kirchner|last=Obarrio|first=Mariano|date=27 May 2004|newspaper=La Nación|language=es|trans-title=The message of the church was for Kirchner|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-date=29 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329094231/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/604859-el-mensaje-de-la-iglesia-era-para-kirchner|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kirchner celebrated the national day elsewhere the following year and the Mass in the cathedral was suspended.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/706830-suspendio|title=Suspendió la Iglesia el tedeum en la Capital|last=Colonna|first=Lucas|date=24 May 2005|newspaper=La Nación|language=es|trans-title=The church suspended the tedeum in the capital|access-date=13 March 2013}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2006, Bergoglio helped the fellow Jesuit [[Joaquín Piña]] to win the elections in the [[Misiones Province]] and prevent an amendment of the local constitution that would allow indefinite re-elections. Kirchner intended to use that project to start similar amendments at other provinces, and eventually to the national constitution.<ref>Reato, pp. 224–225</ref> Kirchner considered Bergoglio as a political rival to the day he died in October 2010.<ref name="anios">{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1562777-jorge-bergoglio-y-los-kirchner-anos-de-una-relacion-tensa|title=Jorge Bergoglio y los Kirchner: años de una relación tensa|date=14 March 2013|newspaper=La Nación|language=es|trans-title=Jorge Bergoglio and the Kirchners: years of a tense relation|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-date=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319041650/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1562777-jorge-bergoglio-y-los-kirchner-anos-de-una-relacion-tensa|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bergoglio's relations with Kirchner's widow and successor, [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], have been similarly tense. In 2008, Bergoglio called for national reconciliation during [[2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector|disturbances]] in the country's agricultural regions, which the government interpreted as a support for anti-government demonstrators.<ref name="anios" /> The campaign to enact [[Same-sex marriage in Argentina|same-sex marriage legislation]] was a particularly tense period in their relations.<ref name="anios" /> When Bergoglio was elected pope, the initial reactions were mixed. Most of the Argentine society cheered it, but the pro-government newspaper ''[[Página/12]]'' published renewed allegations about the Dirty War, and the president of the [[National Library of the Argentine Republic|National Library]] described a global conspiracy theory. The president took more than an hour before congratulating the new pope, and only did so in a passing reference within a routine speech. Due to the pope's popularity in Argentina, Cristina Kirchner made what the political analyst Claudio Fantini called a "[[Copernican Revolution (metaphor)|Copernican shift]]" in her relations with him and fully embraced the Francis phenomenon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/27/christina-fernandez-de-kirchner-pope-francis|title=Cristina Fernández de Kirchner turns Pope Francis from foe to friend|date=27 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=15 March 2014}}</ref> On the day before his inauguration as pope, Bergoglio, now Francis, had a private meeting with Kirchner. They exchanged gifts and lunched together. This was the new pope's first meeting with a head of state, and there was speculation that the two were mending their relations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cp24.com/world/pope-s-diplomacy-put-to-test-as-leaders-flock-to-rome-1.1200040|title=Pope's diplomacy put to test as leaders flock to Rome|date=18 March 2013|publisher=CP24|agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2013/0318/Making-nice-Argentina-s-Kirchner-and-Pope-Francis-meet-in-Rome-video|title=Making nice? Argentina's Kirchner and Pope Francis meet in Rome|last=Gilbert|first=Jonathan|date=18 March 2013|work=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref> ''Página/12'' [[Self-censorship|removed]] their controversial articles about Bergoglio, written by [[Horacio Verbitsky]], from their web page, as a result of this change.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perfil.com/politica/Pagina12-saco-notas-de-Verbitsky-sobre-Bergoglio-y-la-dictadura-20141118-0024.html|title=Página 12 sacó notas de Verbitsky sobre Bergoglio y la dictadura|date=18 November 2014|publisher=Perfil|language=es|trans-title=Página 12 removed Verbitsky's articles about Bergoglio and the dictatorship|access-date=28 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620125109/http://www.perfil.com/politica/Pagina12-saco-notas-de-Verbitsky-sobre-Bergoglio-y-la-dictadura-20141118-0024.html|archive-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> === Javier Milei === [[File:Milei Vaticano, 2024 02.jpg|thumb|Francis with [[Javier Milei]] in February 2024]] Before Javier Milei's election to the Argentine presidency, he was very critical of Francis, describing him as "imbecile" and a "communist turd". His disparaging comments sparked controversy among Catholics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goñi |first=Uki |date=2023-08-27 |title=The 'false prophet' v the pope: Argentina faces clash of ideologies in election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/27/the-false-prophet-v-the-pope-argentina-faces-clash-of-ideologies-in-election |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> However, following his inauguration, Milei softened his position and formally invited Francis to Argentina. Milei visited the Vatican on 11 February 2024, the day Francis canonized [[María Antonia de Paz y Figueroa]], the first female Argentine saint.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2024/02/12/pope-francis-argentina-president-javier-milei-vatican-247286 | title=Pope Francis and Argentina's President Milei hit it off | date=12 February 2024 }}</ref> == Papacy (2013–present) == {{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Vatican II revisited|Theology of Pope Francis#Church leadership}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | width = | caption_align = center | header_align = center | header = [[Coat of arms of Pope Francis]] | image1 = Coat of arms of Jorge Mario Bergoglio.svg | width1 = 150 | alt1 = | caption1 = As cardinal | image2 = Coat of arms of Franciscus.svg | width2 = 113 | alt2 = | caption2 = As pope | footer = The gold star represents the [[Virgin Mary]], the grape-like plant—the [[spikenard]]—is associated with [[Saint Joseph]] and the [[Holy Name of Jesus|IHS]] is the symbol of the Jesuits.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vatican releases Pope Francis' coat of arms, motto and ring |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9937813/Vatican-releases-Pope-Francis-coat-of-arms-motto-and-ring.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130321131012/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9937813/Vatican-releases-Pope-Francis-coat-of-arms-motto-and-ring.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 21 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=18 March 2013 |access-date=18 March 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/elezione/stemma-papa-francesco_it.html |title=Lo Stemma di Papa Francesco |publisher=L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican website) |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="NCR" /> }} Elected at 76 years old, Francis was reported to be healthy and his doctors have said his missing lung tissue, removed in his youth, does not significantly affect his health.<ref name="The Guardian-2013b" /> The only concern would be decreased respiratory reserve if he had a respiratory infection.<ref name="Park-2013" /> In the past, one attack of [[sciatica]] in 2007 prevented him from attending a consistory and delayed his return to Argentina for several days.<ref name="falasca" /> Francis is the first [[Jesuit]] pope. This was a significant appointment, because of the sometimes tense relations between the [[Society of Jesus]] and the [[Holy See]].<ref>Caleb K. Bell (14 March 2013). "Why the first Jesuit pope is a big deal". Religion News Service. Retrieved 8 June 2015.</ref> He came in second to Cardinal Ratzinger on all the ballots in the 2005 conclave and at the time appeared as the only other viable candidate.<ref>"Cardinal Spills Secrets from Conclave". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 23 September 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2013.</ref> He is also the first from the Americas,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://world.time.com/2013/03/13/pope-of-the-americas/|title=Pope of the Americas|date=13 March 2013|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|author=Howard Chua-Eoan|access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref> and the first from the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Fordham Experts Weigh in on Pope Francis' First Decade |url=https://news.fordham.edu/living-the-mission/fordham-experts-weigh-in-on-pope-francis-first-decade/ |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=Fordham Newsroom |date=8 March 2023}}</ref> Many media reported him as being the first non-European pope, but he is actually the 11th; the previous was [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]] from Syria, who died in 741. Moreover, although Francis was not born in Europe, he is [[Ethnic groups in Europe|ethnically European]]; his father and maternal grandparents are from northern Italy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/03/13/sorry-jorge-mario-bergoglio-is-not-the-first-non-european-pope/|title=Sorry, Jorge Mario Bergoglio is not the first non-European pope|last=Fisher|first=Max|date=13 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref> As pope, his manner is less formal than that of his immediate predecessors: a style that news coverage has referred to as "no frills", noting that it is "his common touch and accessibility that is proving the greatest inspiration".<ref name="nofrills">[https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57576725/pope-francis-brings-no-frills-style-to-papacy/ "Pope Francis brings no-frills style to papacy"], CBS News, 28 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013</ref> On the night of his election, he took a bus back to his hotel with the cardinals, rather than be driven in the papal car.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-poor-idUSBRE92F05P20130316|title=Pope Francis wants a 'poor Church for the poor'|date=16 March 2013|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> The next day, he visited Cardinal [[Jorge María Mejía]] in the hospital and chatted with patients and staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/retired-argentine-cardinal-heart-attack/comments?type=story&id=18736841|title=Pope visits ailing Argentine cardinal in hospital|publisher=[[ABC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316062247/http://abcnews.go.com/International/retired-argentine-cardinal-heart-attack/comments?type=story&id=18736841|archive-date=16 March 2013|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> At his first media audience, the Saturday after his election, the pope explained his papal name choice, citing Saint Francis of Assisi as "the man who gives us this spirit of peace, the poor man", and he added "[h]ow I would like a poor Church, and for the poor".<ref name=PapalName /> In addition to his [[Native language|native]] Spanish, he speaks fluent Italian (the official language of Vatican City and the "everyday language" of the Holy See) and German. He is also conversant in Latin (the [[official language]] of the Holy See),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/13/new-pope-thirteen-key-facts|title=Pope Francis: 13 key facts about the new pontiff|date=13 March 2013|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> French,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.va/it/news/briefing-di-padre-lombardi|title=Briefing di padre Lombardi|date=14 March 2013|publisher=The Vatican Today|access-date=14 March 2013|archive-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018142947/http://www.news.va/it/news/briefing-di-padre-lombardi|url-status=dead}}</ref> Portuguese,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.corriere.it/cronache/13_marzo_14/papa-francesco-primo-giorno_9d687672-8c78-11e2-ab2c-711cc67f5f67.shtml|title=Francis and those humble gestures by the Pope, he does not sit on a throne, paying the bill at the hotel|date=14 March 2013|publisher=Corriere Della Sera|language=it|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> and English,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/14/pope-francis-first-day|title=Pope Francis, first day after election|date=14 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|author1=Peter Walker |author2=Paul Owen|author3=David Batty|name-list-style=amp|access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="languages">Willey, David, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21986185 News analysis sidebar to "Pope Francis delivers Easter plea for peace"], BBC News, 31 March 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013</ref> and he understands the [[Piedmontese language]] and some [[Genoese dialect|Genoese]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301486.htm|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130402184851/http%3A//www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301486.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2013|title=Can't chant, can't speak English? Pope says it's because he's tone-deaf|last=Glatz|first=Carol|date=2 April 2013|publisher=Catholic News Service|access-date=15 September 2013}}</ref> Francis chose not to live in the official [[papal apartments|papal residence]] in the [[Apostolic Palace]], but to remain in the [[Domus Sanctae Marthae|Vatican guest house]], in a suite in which he can receive visitors and hold meetings. He is the first pope since [[Pope Pius X]] to live outside the papal apartments.<ref name="Vatican guesthouse">{{cite web|url=http://ncronline.org/news/vatican/pope-francis-live-vatican-guesthouse-not-papal-apartments|title=Pope Francis to live in Vatican guesthouse, not papal apartments|last=Wooden|first=Cindy|date=26 March 2013|access-date=26 March 2013|work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]}}</ref> Francis still appears at the window of the Apostolic Palace for the Sunday [[Angelus]].<ref name="guesthouse">Speciale, Alessandro, [http://www.religionnews.com/2013/03/26/pope-francis-opts-for-vatican-guesthouse-instead-of-papal-apartment/ "Pope Francis opts for Vatican guesthouse instead of spacious papal apartment"], Religion News Service, 26 March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013</ref> As a Jesuit pope, he has been "making clear that a fundamental task of the faithful is not so much to follow rules but to discern what God is calling them to do. He is altering the culture of the clergy, steering away from what he has named as "clericalism" (which dwells on priestly status and authority) and toward an ethic of service (Francis says the church's shepherds must have the "smell of the sheep", always staying close to the People of God)."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jesuits.org/stories/five-years-later-changes-under-pope-francis-are-revealing-his-jesuit-dna/ |title=Five Years Later Changes under Pope Francis are Revealing his Jesuit DNA |first=William |last=Bole |date=5 March 2018 |website=jesuits.org}}</ref> On 13 December 2023, in an interview with Mexican broadcaster [[Televisa]], Francis said that his "[[Catholic devotions|great devotion]]" was to the [[Salus Populi Romani|Salus populi Romani]] icon at the [[Santa Maria Maggiore]] in Rome. Francis also told the news outlet that [[List of extant papal tombs|his tomb]] was already prepared at the basilica near the icon. Francis will be the first pope since [[Pope Leo XIII]] to be buried outside the Vatican.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2023 |title=The pope says he wants to be buried in the Rome basilica, not in the Vatican |url=https://apnews.com/article/vatican-pope-basilica-burial-argentina-ba9dc3ccbf4210df16e64d4032451671 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> === Election === {{Main|2013 papal conclave|Papal inauguration of Pope Francis}} [[File:Papa Francisco recién elegido 2.jpg|thumb|left|Francis appears in public for the first time as pope, at St. Peter's Basilica balcony, 13 March 2013.]] Bergoglio was elected pope on 13 March 2013,<ref name="directory" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/elezione/index_sp.htm |title=FRANCISCUS |date=13 March 2013 |publisher=Holy See |quote=Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Georgium MariumSanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem Bergoglio qui sibi nomen imposuit Franciscum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315203915/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/elezione/index_sp.htm |archive-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/habemus-papam-cardinal-bergolio-elected-pope|title=Habemus Papam! Cardinal Bergoglio Elected Pope Francis|publisher=Official Vatican Network|access-date=14 March 2013|archive-date=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316043440/http://www.news.va/en/news/habemus-papam-cardinal-bergolio-elected-pope|url-status=dead}}</ref> the second day of the [[2013 papal conclave]], taking the [[papal name]] Francis.<ref name="directory" /><ref name="cnbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100538976|title=Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina Named as New Pope of the Roman Catholic Church|date=13 March 2013|publisher=[[CNBC]]|access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> Francis was elected on the fifth ballot of the conclave.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicsun.org/2013/03/13/white-smoke-cardinals-elect-new-pope-on-fifth-ballot/|title=White smoke: Cardinals elect new pope on fifth ballot|date=13 March 2013|publisher=The Catholic Sun|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> The ''[[Habemus papam]]'' announcement was delivered by the [[cardinal protodeacon]], [[Jean-Louis Tauran]].<ref name="SuarezPBS">{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/03/a-new-pope-and-maybe-a-new-era.html|title=A New Pope, and Maybe a New Era|last=Suarez|first=Ray|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|access-date=15 March 2013|archive-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121190305/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/03/a-new-pope-and-maybe-a-new-era.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cardinal [[Christoph Schönborn]] later said that Bergoglio was elected following two supernatural signs, one in the conclave - and hence confidential - and a Latin-American couple, friends of Schönborn at Vatican City, who whispered Bergoglio's name in the elector's ear; Schönborn commented "if these people say Bergoglio, that's an indication of the Holy Spirit".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/10056994/Pope-Francis-elected-after-supernatural-signs-in-the-Conclave-Cardinal.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A329762600/STND|archive-date=31 August 2023|url-access=subscription|via=Gale OneFile: News|access-date=17 October 2023|title=Pope Francis elected after supernatural 'signs' in the Conclave, says Cardinal|last=Bingham|first=John|date=14 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|location=London}}</ref> Instead of accepting his cardinals' congratulations while seated on the [[papal throne]], Francis received them standing, reportedly an immediate sign of a changing approach to formalities at the Vatican.<ref name="NewEuropeHabemus">{{cite news|url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/habemus-papam-new-pope-new-lifestyle-vatican|title=Habemus Papam: New Pope, new lifestyle in the Vatican|date=15 March 2013|work=New Europe|access-date=15 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317034759/http://www.neurope.eu/article/habemus-papam-new-pope-new-lifestyle-vatican|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> During his first appearance as pontiff on the balcony of [[Saint Peter's Basilica]], he wore a white [[cassock]], not the red, ermine-trimmed [[mozzetta]]<ref name=NewEuropeHabemus /><ref name="Uebbing">{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-personality-begins-to-change-routines/|title=Pope Francis' personality begins to change routines|last=Uebbing|first=David|agency=Catholic News Agency|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> used by previous popes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dieter-philippi.de/en/ecclesiastical-fineries/the-mozzetta-of-the-pope|title=The Mozzetta of the Pope|last=Philippi|first=Dieter|publisher=Philippi Collection|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> He also wore the same iron [[pectoral cross]] that he had worn as archbishop of Buenos Aires, rather than the gold one worn by his predecessors.<ref name=Uebbing /> After being elected and choosing his name, his first act was bestowing the ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]'' blessing on thousands of pilgrims gathered in [[St. Peter's Square]]. Before blessing the crowd, he asked those in St. Peter's Square to pray for his predecessor, "the bishop emeritus of Rome" Pope Benedict XVI, and for himself as the new "bishop of Rome".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pope-francis-blessing-idINDEE92C0FE20130313|title=Pope Francis delivers first blessing, asks world for prayers &#124; Reuters|date=14 March 2013|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> Francis held his [[papal inauguration]] on 19 March 2013 in [[St. Peter's Square]] in the Vatican.<ref name="directory" /> He celebrated Mass in the presence of various political and religious leaders from around the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21839069|title=Pope Francis in plea for poor as inauguration Mass held|date=19 March 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> In his homily Francis focused on the [[Solemnity of Saint Joseph]], the liturgical day on which the Mass was celebrated.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pope Francis|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/homilies/2013/documents/papa-francesco_20130319_omelia-inizio-pontificato_en.html|title=Homily of Pope Francis|date=19 March 2013|publisher=Holy See|access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref> === Name === [[File:Pope Francis among the people at St. Peter's Square - 12 May 2013.jpg|thumb|Francis in [[St. Peter's Square]], two months after his election]] At his first audience on 16 March 2013, Francis told journalists that he had chosen the name in honor of [[Francis of Assisi|Saint Francis of Assisi]], and had done so because he was especially concerned for the well-being of the poor.<ref name="The Guardian-2013a" /><ref name="Vatican Today-2013" /><ref>Michael Martinez, [http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/13/world/pope-name/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 CNN Vatican analyst: Pope Francis' name choice 'precedent shattering'], [[CNN]] (13 March 2013). Retrieved 13 March 2013.</ref> He explained that, as it was becoming clear during the conclave voting that he would be elected the new bishop of Rome, the Brazilian Cardinal [[Cláudio Hummes]] had embraced him and whispered, "Don't forget the poor", which had made Bergoglio think of the saint.<ref>{{cite news | first1 = Laura |last1 = Smith-Spark | first2= Hada | last2= Messia | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/16/world/europe/vatican-new-pope/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 | url-status = live | archive-date= 17 March 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130317035923/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/16/world/europe/vatican-new-pope/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 | title = Pope Francis explains name, calls for church 'for the poor' | publisher = CNN | date= 16 March 2013 | access-date = 7 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21812545|title=Pope Francis wants 'poor Church for the poor'|date=16 March 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> Bergoglio had previously expressed his admiration for St. Francis, explaining that: "He brought to Christianity an idea of poverty against the luxury, pride, vanity of the civil and ecclesiastical powers of the time. He changed history."<ref name="bethune">Bethune, Brian, [http://www.macleans.ca/2013/03/26/man-of-the-people-2/ "Pope Francis: How the first New World pontiff could save the church"], ''Maclean's'', 26 March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013</ref> This is the first time that a pope has been named ''Francis''. On the day of his election, the Vatican clarified that his official papal name was "Francis", not "Francis I", i.e. no [[regnal number]] is used for him. A Vatican spokesman said that the name would become Francis I if and when there is a Francis II.<ref name="Vatican Today-2013" /><ref name="Vatican: It's Pope Francis, not Pope Francis I" /> It is the first time since [[Pope Lando|Lando]]'s 913–914 pontificate that a serving pope holds a name not used by a predecessor.{{efn|[[John Paul I]], elected in 1978, took a new combination of already used names, in honor of his two immediate predecessors, [[John XXIII]] and [[Paul VI]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Knowles|first=Leo|title=Modern Heroes of the Church|year=2003|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing|location=Huntington, IN|isbn=978-1-931709-46-0|page=115|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lP3Iw8WV_MoC&pg=PA115}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> }} Francis also said that some cardinal electors had jokingly suggested to him that he should choose either "Adrian", since [[Adrian VI]] had been a reformer of the church, or "Clement" to settle the score with [[Clement XIV]], who had [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|suppressed the Jesuit order]].<ref name="PapalName">[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/speeches/2013/march/documents/papa-francesco_20130316_rappresentanti-media_en.html Audience to Representatives of the Communications Media&nbsp;– Address of the Holy Father Pope Francis]&nbsp;– [[vatican.va]]&nbsp;– [[Paul VI Audience Hall]] Saturday, 16 March 2013</ref><ref>Marco R. della Cava, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/16/pope-francis-press-conference/1992355/ Pope Francis charms media in first press address], ''USA Today'' (16 March 2013). Retrieved 16 March 2013.</ref> In February 2014, it was reported that Bergoglio, had he been elected in 2005, would have chosen the pontifical name of "John XXIV" in honor of [[John XXIII]]. It was said that he told Cardinal [[Francesco Marchisano]]: "John, I would have called myself John, like the Good Pope; I would have been completely inspired by him".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/francis-once-thought-taking-name-john-after-pope-john-xxiii|title=Francis once thought of taking the name John, after Pope John XXIII|date=11 February 2014|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070944/http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/francis-once-thought-taking-name-john-after-pope-john-xxiii|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Curia === [[File:Francis Inauguration fc10.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of Francis, 19 March 2013]] On 16 March 2013, Francis asked all those in senior positions of the [[Roman Curia]] to provisionally continue in office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/francis-drops-first-hint-reform-may-be-real|title=Francis drops first hint that reform may be real|last=Allen|first=John L. Jr.|date=16 March 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref> He named [[Alfred Xuereb]] as his personal secretary.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/en/newsdetails/news/world/Gozitan-Mons-Alfred-Xuereb-appointed-Pope-Francis-secretary-20130318|title=Gozitan Mgr Alfred Xuereb appointed Pope's official secretary|last=Stagno-Navarra|first=Karl|date=18 March 2013|publisher=Malta Today|access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> On 6 April he named [[José Rodríguez Carballo]] as secretary for the [[Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life]], a position that had been vacant for several months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-appoints-franciscan-religious-congregation|title=Pope appoints Franciscan to religious congregation|last=McElwee|first=Joshua J.|date=6 April 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=7 April 2013|archive-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007163804/http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-appoints-franciscan-religious-congregation|url-status=dead}}</ref> Francis abolished the bonuses paid to Vatican employees upon the election of a new pope, amounting to several million Euros, opting instead to donate the money to charity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/04/19/Pope-scraps-Vatican-staff-bonuses-directs-money-to-charity/UPI-14541366354800/|title=Pope scraps Vatican staff bonuses, directs money to charity|date=19 April 2013|work=United Press International|access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref> He also abolished the €25,000 annual bonus paid to the cardinals serving on the Board of Supervisors for the [[Institute for the Works of Religion|Vatican bank]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2013/04/15/news/pope-francis-sets-up-a-group-of-eight-cardinals-to-advise-him-1.36103794|title=Ior: Cuts to the cardinals' "earnings"|last=Galeazi|first=Giacomo|date=19 April 2013|publisher=Las Stampa: Vatican Insider|access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref> On 13 April 2013, he named eight cardinals to a new [[Council of Cardinal Advisers]] to advise him on revising the organizational structure of the Roman Curia. The group included several known as critics of Vatican operations and only one member of the Curia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-taps-eight-cardinals-lead-reform|title=Pope taps eight cardinals to lead reform|last=Allen|first=John L. Jr.|date=13 April 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=14 April 2013|archive-date=2 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902010024/http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-taps-eight-cardinals-lead-reform|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are [[Giuseppe Bertello]], president of the [[President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State|Vatican City State governorate]]; [[Francisco Javier Errazuriz Ossa]] from Chile; [[Oswald Gracias]] from India; [[Reinhard Marx]] from Germany; [[Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya]] from the Democratic Republic of the Congo; [[George Pell]] from Australia; [[Seán Patrick O'Malley|Seán O'Malley]] from the United States; and [[Óscar Rodríguez Maradiaga|Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga]] from Honduras. He appointed Bishop [[Marcello Semeraro]] secretary for the group and scheduled its first meeting for 1–3 October.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/francesco-francis-francisco-24044/|title=Pope Francis sets up a group of eight cardinals to advise him|last=O'Connell|first=Gerard|date=13 April 2013|publisher=La Stampa: Vatican Insider|access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref> === Early issues === In March 2013, 21 British Catholic [[House of Lords|peers]] and [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|members of Parliament]] from all [[Political parties in the United Kingdom|parties]] asked Francis to allow married men in Great Britain to be ordained as priests, keeping celibacy as the rule for bishops. They asked it on the grounds that it would be anomalous that married Anglican priests can be received into the Catholic Church and ordained as priests, by means of either the [[Pastoral Provision]] of 20 June 1980 or the 2009 [[Anglican ordinariate]], but married Catholic men cannot do the same.<ref name="teahan">Teahan, Madeleine, [http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2013/03/27/catholic-mps-urge-pope-francis-to-allow-ordination-of-married-men/ "Catholic MPs urge Pope Francis to allow ordination of married men"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402203035/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2013/03/27/catholic-mps-urge-pope-francis-to-allow-ordination-of-married-men/ |date=2 April 2013 }}, The Catholic Herald, 27 March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013</ref> [[Fouad Twal]], the [[Latin patriarch of Jerusalem]], included a call in his 2013 Easter homily for the pope to visit [[Jerusalem]].<ref>[http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130331/jerusalem-prelate-urges-pope-visit-the-holy-city "Jerusalem prelate urges pope to visit holy city"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402152354/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130331/jerusalem-prelate-urges-pope-visit-the-holy-city |date=2 April 2016 }}, GlobalPost (from Agence France-Presse), 31 March 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013</ref> [[Louis Raphaël I Sako|Louis Raphael I]], the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Catholic Patriarch]], asked the pope to visit the "embattled Christian community" in Iraq.<ref name="iraq">[http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=17405 "Chaldean prelate invites pope to visit Iraq"], catholicculture.org, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013</ref> In March 2021, Pope Francis went to Iraq on a first-ever papal visit to the diminishing Christian communities of Mesopotamia fallen apart after years of conflict.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bibbo|first=Barbara|title=Pope arrives in Baghdad for the first ever papal visit to Iraq|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/4/pope-francis-embarks-on-historic-visit-to-iraq|access-date=5 March 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> On the first [[Maundy Thursday|Holy Thursday]] following his election, Francis washed and kissed the feet of ten male and two female juvenile offenders, not all Catholic, aged from 14 to 21, imprisoned at Rome's Casal del Marmo detention facility, telling them [[Maundy (foot washing)|the ritual of foot washing]] is a sign that he is at their service.<ref name="muslimfeetwashing">Speciale, Alessandro, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/pope-washes-feet-of-two-girls-two-muslims-at-youth-prison/2013/03/28/0a7c573e-97e5-11e2-b5b4-b63027b499de_story.html "Pope washes feet of two girls, two Muslims at youth prison"], ''The Washington Post'' (''On Faith''), 29 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013</ref> This was the first time that a pope had included women in this ritual; although he had already done so when he was archbishop.<ref name="muslimfeetwashing" /> One of the male and one of the female prisoners were [[Muslim]].<ref name="muslimfeetwashing" /> On 31 March 2013, Francis used his first [[Urbi et Orbi|Easter homily]] to make a plea for peace throughout the world, specifically mentioning the Middle East, Africa, and North and South Korea.<ref name="eastersermon">Lymon, Eric J., [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/31/easter-vatican-pope/2039617/ "Pope Francis makes pleas for peace on Easter Sunday"], ''USA Today'', 31 March 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013</ref> He also spoke out against those who give in to "easy gain" in a world filled with greed, and made a plea for humanity to become a better guardian of creation by protecting the environment.<ref name="eastersermon" /> He said that "[w]e ask the risen Jesus, who turns death into life, to change hatred into love, vengeance into forgiveness, war into peace."<ref name="risenjesus">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21986185 "Pope Francis delivers Easter plea for peace"], BBC News, 31 March 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013</ref> In 2019 he stated that [[ecocide]] was a sin and should be made "a fifth category of crimes against peace, which should be recognised as such by the international community".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=Pope Supports Classifying 'Ecocide' as an International Crime |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/pope-supports-classifying-ecocide-as-an-international-crime/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=National Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2020 |title=This movement wants to make harming the planet an international crime |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/climate-academy/2020/sep/16/ecocide-environment-destruction-international-crime |access-date=16 June 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=Pope Francis: Catechism will be updated to define ecological sins |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2019/11/15/pope-francis-catechism-will-be-updated-define-ecological-sins |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=America Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Although the Vatican had prepared greetings in 65 languages, Francis chose not to read them.<ref name="languages" /> According to the Vatican, the pope "at least for now, feels at ease using Italian, the everyday language of the Holy See".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151028/http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-pope-francis-easter-mass-20130331%2C0%2C1763686.story "Pope Francis makes an Easter plea for peace"], Los Angeles Times (from AP), 31 March 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013</ref> [[File:VISITA PAPA FRANCISCO I (19473235041).jpg|thumb|Thousands welcomed Francis in [[Guayaquil]], Ecuador, 6 July 2015.]] In 2013, Francis initially reaffirmed the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]'s program to [[Leadership Conference of Women Religious#Doctrinal issues|reform the U.S. Leadership Conference of Women Religious]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-backs-reform-of-us-sisters-leadership-conference/|title=Pope backs reform of US sisters' leadership conference|last=Uebbing|first=David|date=15 April 2013|agency=Catholic News Agency|access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref> initiated under his predecessor, Pope Benedict XVI. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that the Vatican had formed the opinion in 2012 that the [[Religious sister (Catholic)|sisters]]' group was tinged with feminist influences, focused too much on ending social and economic injustice and not enough on stopping abortion, and permitted speakers at its meetings who questioned church doctrine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/us/pope-upholds-reprimand-of-nuns-group.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419022016/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/us/pope-upholds-reprimand-of-nuns-group.html |archive-date=19 April 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Pope Upholds Reprimand of American Nuns' Group|last=Goodstein|first=Laurie|date=15 April 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-backs-reform-of-us-sisters-leadership-conference/|title=David Uebbing, "Pope backs reform of US sisters' leadership conference", Catholic News Agency, 15 April 2013|agency=Catholic News Agency|access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref> In April 2015 the investigation was brought to a close. While the timing of the closure may have anticipated [[Pope Francis's visit to the United States|a visit by Francis to the U.S.]] in September 2015, it was noted that the sisters' emphasis is close to that of Francis.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/us/catholic-church-ends-takeover-of-leadership-conference-of-women-religious.html Vatican Ends Battle With U.S. Catholic Nuns' Group] ''The New York Times'', 16 April 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015</ref> On 12 May, Francis carried out his first [[canonization]]s of candidates approved for sainthood during the reign of Benedict XVI: the first Colombian saint, [[Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena]], the second female Mexican saint, [[María Guadalupe García Zavala]], both of the 20th century, and the 813 15th-century [[Martyrs of Otranto]]. He said: "While we venerate the martyrs of Otranto, ask God to support the many Christians who still suffer from violence and give them the courage and fate and respond to evil with goodness."<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/europe/2013/05/201351212314711566.html|title=Francis canonises first saints of his papacy|date=12 May 2013|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> === Synodal church === {{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Decentralization}} Francis has overseen synods on [[Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops|the family]] (2014), on [[Fifteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops|youth]] (2018), and on the church in the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon region]] (2019). In 2019 Francis's apostolic constitution ''Episcopalis communio'' allowed that the final document of a synod may become magisterial teaching simply with papal approval. The constitution also allowed for laity to contribute input directly to the synod's secretary general.<ref name="sept18">{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-approves-new-constitution-for-synod-of-bishops-79689|title=Pope Francis approves new constitution for Synod of Bishops|last=Brockhaus|first=Hannah|date=18 September 2018|access-date=21 May 2019|agency=Catholic News Agency}}</ref> Some analysts see the creation of a truly synodal church as likely to become the greatest contribution of Francis's papacy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Charlotte |date=2 February 2020 |title=Pope Francis, everyman pontiff: Profile |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/pope-francis-everyman-pontiff-profile-200101104012522.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003053120/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/2/2/pope-francis-everyman-pontiff-profile |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=5 February 2020 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> === Consultation with Catholic laity === [[File:FrancisQuitoR.png|thumb|Francis in [[Quito]], Ecuador, 2015|left]] A February 2014 survey by the [[World Values Survey]] cited in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' shows how the unity Francis had created could be challenged. Although views about Francis personally were favorable, many Catholics disagreed with at least some of his teachings. The survey found that members of the Catholic Church are deeply divided over abortion, artificial contraception, divorce, the ordination of women, and married priests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/pope-francis-faces-church-divided-over-doctrine-global-poll-of-catholics-finds/2014/02/08/e90ecef4-8f89-11e3-b227-12a45d109e03_story.html|title=Pope Francis faces church divided over doctrine, global poll of Catholics finds|last=Boorstein|first=Michelle|date=9 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://world.time.com/2014/02/09/poll-catholic-beliefs-at-odds-with-vatican-doctrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209223758/http://world.time.com/2014/02/09/poll-catholic-beliefs-at-odds-with-vatican-doctrine/|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 February 2014|title=Poll: Catholic Beliefs at Odds With Vatican Doctrine|last=Frizell|first=Sam|date=9 February 2014|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> In the same month Francis asked parishes to provide answers to an official questionnaire<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141027095239/http://press.vatican.va/content/dam/salastampa/it/bollettino/documentazione-linkata/Documento-preparatorio-IIIAssGenStraod_ENG.pdf Vatican: Synod of Bishops – Extraordinary General Assembly – Pastoral Challenges to the Family in the Context of Evangelization – Preparatory Document, Vatican City 2013]. Includes questionnaire to be circulated to Churches.</ref> described as a "much broader consultation than just a survey"<ref name="bbc27060172">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27060172|title=Roman Catholic Church refuses survey request|date=17 April 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> regarding opinions among the laity. He continued to assert [[Catholic theology|Catholic doctrine]], in less dramatic tone than his recent predecessors, who maintained that the Catholic Church is not a democracy of popular opinion.<ref name="Clement">{{cite web|url=http://news.gnom.es/news/pope-francis-faces-church-divided-over-doctrine-global-poll-of-catholics-finds|title=Pope Francis faces church divided over doctrine, global poll of Catholics finds|last=Clement|first=Scott|date=23 February 2014|publisher=National News Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223020300/http://news.gnom.es/news/pope-francis-faces-church-divided-over-doctrine-global-poll-of-catholics-finds|archive-date=23 February 2014|access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref> [[Linda Woodhead]] of [[Lancaster University]] wrote of the survey Francis initiated, "it's not a survey in any sense that a social scientist would recognize". Woodhead said that many ordinary Catholics would have difficulty understanding theological [[jargon]] there. Nonetheless, she suspected the survey might be influential.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/culture/7408/new_poll___faithful_catholics__an_endangered_species|title=New Poll: 'Faithful Catholics' an Endangered Species|date=12 December 2013|publisher=University of Southern California|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> The [[Catholic Church in England and Wales]] {{As of|2014|4|lc=y}} had refused to publish results of this survey; a church spokesman said a senior Vatican official had expressly asked for summaries to remain confidential, and that orders had come from the pope that the information should not be made public until after October. This disappointed many reformers who hoped the laity would be more involved in decision-making. Some other Catholic churches, for example in [[Catholic Church in Germany|Germany]] and [[Catholic Church in Austria|Austria]], published summaries of the responses to the survey, which showed a wide gap between church teaching and the behavior of ordinary Catholics.<ref name="bbc27060172" /> In a column he wrote for the Vatican's semi-official newspaper ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'', the then-Prefect of the [[Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura]], American cardinal [[Raymond Leo Burke]], who has a long-standing reputation as one of the church's most vocal conservative hard-liners, said that Francis opposed both abortion and [[gay marriage]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/us-cardinal-raymond-burke-pope-francis-opposes-abortion-and-gay-marriage/2014/02/21/de5dbf52-9b36-11e3-975d-107dfef7b668_story.html|title=U.S. Cardinal Raymond Burke: Pope Francis opposes abortion and gay marriage|last=Gibson|first=David|date=21 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> The Vatican's chief spokesman, Father [[Federico Lombardi]], also noted in the Vatican press office during the 2014 consistory meetings that Francis and Cardinal [[Walter Kasper]] would not change or redefine any dogmas pertaining to church theology on doctrinal matters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romereports.com/pg155838-lombardi-no-cardinal-believes-in-changing-church-doctrine-en|title=Lombardi: No cardinal believes in changing Church doctrine|publisher=Rome Reports|access-date=24 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301012319/http://www.romereports.com/pg155838-lombardi-no-cardinal-believes-in-changing-church-doctrine-en|archive-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> === Institute for the Works of Religion === In the first months of Francis's papacy, the [[Institute for the Works of Religion]], informally known as the Vatican Bank, said that it would become more transparent in its financial dealings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/05/201351616303447140.html|title=Pope Francis condemns global 'cult of money'|date=16 May 2013|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> There had long been allegations of corruption and [[money laundering]] connected with the bank.<ref name="bank1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/26/vatican-bank-pope-francis-commission|title=Vatican bank faces review by Pope Francis commission|last=Davies|first=Lizzy|date=26 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="bank2">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23094320|title=Monsignor Nunzio Scarano held in Vatican bank inquiry|last=Willey|first=David|date=28 June 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> Francis appointed a commission to advise him about reform of the Bank,<ref name=bank1 /><ref name=bank2 /> and the finance consulting firm [[Promontory Financial Group]] was assigned to carry out a comprehensive investigation of all customer contacts of the bank on these facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/update-on-the-case-of-mons-nunzio-scarano|title=Update on the case of Mons. Nunzio Scarano|date=12 July 2013|series=Justice and Peace|publisher=Vatican Radio|access-date=6 August 2013}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Because of this affair the [[Devil's advocate#Origin and history|Promoter of Justice]] at the [[Law of Vatican City|Vatican Tribunal]] applied a [[letter rogatory]] for the first time in the history of the Republic of Italy at the beginning of August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/08/03/monsignor_scarano:_vatican_forwards_request_to_italy/in2-716914|title=Monsignor Scarano: Vatican forwards request to Italy|date=3 August 2013|series=Justice and Peace|publisher=Vatican Radio|access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref> In January 2014, Francis replaced four of the five cardinal overseers of the Vatican Bank, who had been confirmed in their positions in the final days of Benedict XVI's papacy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/news/vatican/pope-replaces-cardinals-serving-vatican-bank-oversight-commission|title=Pope replaces cardinals serving on Vatican bank oversight commission|last=Glatz|first=Carol|date=15 January 2014|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref> Lay experts and clerics were looking into how the bank was run. [[Ernst von Freyberg]] was put in charge. [[Moneyval]] feels more reform is needed, and Francis may be willing to close the bank if the reforms prove too difficult.<ref name="Jones">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/13/pope-francis-report-card|title=12 months a pope: Francis's report card after a year at the top|last=Davies|first=Lizzy|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 March 2014|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> There is uncertainty how far reforms can succeed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/13/can-pope-francis-clean-up-gods-bank|title=Can Pope Francis clean up God's bank?|last=Vallely|first=Paul|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 August 2015}}</ref> === Papal documents === On 29 June 2013, Francis published the [[encyclical]] ''[[Lumen fidei]]'', which was largely the work of Benedict XVI but awaiting a final draft at his retirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20130629_enciclica-lumen-fidei.html|title=Lumen Fidei (29 June 2013) |author=Francis|website=w2.vatican.va|access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> On 24 November 2013, Francis published his first major letter as pope, the [[apostolic exhortation]] ''[[Evangelii gaudium]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20131124_evangelii-gaudium.html |title=Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Gaudium of the Holy Father Francis to the Bishops, Clergy, Consecrated Persons and the Lay Faithful on the Proclamation of the Gospel in Today's World |work=[[Holy See]] |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> which he described as the programmatic of his papacy.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/theology/evangelii-gaudium-amounts-francis-i-have-dream-speech|title='Evangelii Gaudium' amounts to Francis' 'I Have a Dream' speech|date=26 November 2013|website=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> On 18 June 2015, he published his first own, original encyclical ''[[Laudato si']]'' concerning care for the planet.<ref>Jim Yardley & Laurie Goodstein (18 June 2015). "Pope Francis, in Sweeping Encyclical, Calls for Swift Action on Climate Change". ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 18 June 2015.</ref> On 8 April 2016, Francis published his second apostolic exhortation, ''[[Amoris laetitia]]'',<ref name="Amoris laetitia">Pope Francis (8 April 2016), [https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20160319_amoris-laetitia.html Amoris laetitia]. The Holy See. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</ref> remarking on love within the family. Controversy arose at the end of 2016 when four cardinals formally asked Francis for clarifications, particularly on the issue of giving communion to divorced and civilly remarried Catholics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2016/11/14/vaticaninsider/eng/the-vatican/four-cardinals-openly-challenge-francis-over-amoris-laetitia-62np8ZYXQkeXyBamk0M0jP/pagina.html|title=Four cardinals openly challenge Francis over 'Amoris Laetitia'|last=McElwee|first=Josh|date=14 November 2016|work=Vatican Insider}}</ref> His [[Motu proprio|''motu proprios'']] include ''Ai nostri tempi'' and ''De concordia inter codices''. Francis issued another titled ''[[Maiorem hac dilectionem]]'' which created a new path toward canonization for certain causes. Francis established two new Secretariats (top-level departments) in the Roman Curia: the [[Secretariat for the Economy]], and the [[Secretariat for Communications]]. He [[Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis|simplified]] the process for declaring [[Declaration of nullity|matrimonial nullity]].<ref name=trials /> On 8 December 2017, Francis signed a new apostolic constitution on ecclesiastical universities and faculties ''[[Veritatis gaudium]]'', published 29 January 2018.<ref>[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-revamps-ecclesiastical-universities-in-new-apostolic-constitution-77172 Pope revamps ecclesiastical universities in new apostolic constitution], Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 29 January 2018.</ref> A further Apostolic Exhortation, ''[[Gaudete et exsultate]]'' (''Rejoice and be glad''), was published on 19 March 2018, dealing with "the [[Universal call to holiness|call to holiness]] in today's world" for all persons. He counters contemporary versions of the [[Gnosticism|gnostic]] and [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] [[Heresy in Christianity|heresies]] and describes how Jesus's beatitudes call people to "go against the flow".<ref>Pope Francis, [https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20180319_gaudete-et-exsultate.html ''Gaudete et exsultate''], 19 March 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018</ref> In February 2019, Francis acknowledged that priests and bishops were sexually abusing [[Religious sister (Catholic)|religious sisters]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/world/europe/pope-nuns-sexual-abuse.html] ''The New York Times'', "Pope Acknowledges Nuns Were Sexually Abused by Priests and Bishops", 5 February 2019</ref> He addressed this and the [[clergy sex abuse scandal]] by convening a summit on clergy sexual abuse in Rome 21–24 February 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title='A Life Destroyed': Survivors And Pope Address Clergy Sex Abuse at Vatican Summit|website=[[NPR]]|date=21 February 2019|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/02/21/696723194/a-life-destroyed-survivors-and-pope-at-vatican-summit-address-clergy-sex-abuse|access-date=25 September 2019|last1=Held|first1=Amy|last2=Poggioli|first2=Sylvia}}</ref> As a follow-up to that summit, on 9 May 2019 Francis [[promulgated]] the ''[[motu proprio]]'' ''[[Vos estis lux mundi]]'' which specified responsibilities, including reporting directly to the [[Holy See]] on bishops and on one's superior, while simultaneously involving another bishop in the [[archdiocese]] of the accused bishop.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pope Francis Signs Motu Proprio to Prevent and Denounce Abuses in the Catholic Church|url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/pope-francis-signs-motu-proprio-to-prevent-and-denounce-abuses-in-the-catholic-church|access-date=3 October 2020|website=NCR|date=9 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> On 30 September 2020, he published the apostolic letter ''[[Scripturae sacrae affectus]]'' to celebrate the 16th centenary of the death of [[Jerome]].<ref>{{cite web|date=30 September 2020|title=New Apostolic Letter highlights St Jerome's love of Scripture|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-09/new-apostolic-letter-highlights-st-jerome-s-love-of-scripture.html|access-date=30 September 2020|website=Vatican News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Esteves|first=Junno Arocho|date=30 September 2020|title=Pope releases apostolic letter on Sacred Scripture|url=https://www.catholicnews.com/pope-releases-apostolic-letter-on-sacred-scripture/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001234533/https://www.catholicnews.com/pope-releases-apostolic-letter-on-sacred-scripture/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2020|access-date=30 September 2020|website=Catholic News Service|language=en-US}}</ref> On 4 October 2020 on the feast of St. Francis of Assisi, Francis published the encyclical ''[[Fratelli tutti]]'' on fraternity and social friendship, using St. Francis's own words to describe our universal brotherhood and sisterhood.<ref name="Pentin-2020">{{cite web|last=Pentin|first=Edward|date=4 October 2020|title=Pope's New Encyclical 'Fratelli Tutti' Outlines Vision for a Better World|url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/pope-s-new-encyclical-fratelli-tutti-outlines-vision-for-a-better-world|access-date=6 October 2020|website=[[National Catholic Register]]|language=en}}</ref> On 8 December 2020 on the Feast of the [[Immaculate Conception]], Pope Francis published the [[Ecclesiastical letter#Letters of the popes in modern times|apostolic letter]] ''Patris corde'' ("With a Father's Heart").<ref>{{cite web|title=Apostolic Letter Patris Corde of the Holy Father Francis on the 150th Anniversary of the proclamation of Saint Joseph as Patron of the Universal Church (8 December 2020) |author=Francis|url=http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/papa-francesco-lettera-ap_20201208_patris-corde.html|access-date=14 March 2021|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> To mark the occasion, the Pope proclaimed a "Year of Saint Joseph" from 8 December 2020, to 8 December 2021 on the 150th Anniversary of the Proclamation of [[Saint Joseph]] as [[Patron]] of the [[Catholic Church|Universal Church]].<ref>{{cite web|date=8 December 2020|title=Pope Francis proclaims "Year of St Joseph" – Vatican News|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-12/pope-francis-proclaims-year-of-st-joseph.html|access-date=14 March 2021|website=www.vaticannews.va|language=en}}</ref> On 1 June 2021, Francis published the apostolic constitution ''[[Pascite gregem Dei]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/pope-francis-issues-long-awaited-reform-of-vatican-penal-law/2021/06/01/fb957d84-c320-11eb-89a4-b7ae22aa193e_story.html |title=Pope Francis issues long-awaited reform of Vatican penal law - the Washington Post |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604194621/https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/pope-francis-issues-long-awaited-reform-of-vatican-penal-law/2021/06/01/fb957d84-c320-11eb-89a4-b7ae22aa193e_story.html |archive-date=4 June 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pope Francis issued the ''motu proprio'' ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'' on 16 July 2021. The document abrogated the permissions for the celebration of the [[Tridentine Mass]] previously established by Benedict XVI in the 2007 ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'', with ''Traditionis custodes'' instituting increased restrictions on the use of the 1962 [[Roman Missal]]. Pope Francis stated in a letter accompanying the ''motu proprio'' that emphasizing the [[Mass of Paul VI]] would bring "unity I intend to re-establish throughout the Church of the Roman Rite".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2021/07/16/0469/01015.html#ingL|title=Lettera del Santo Padre Francesco ai Vescovi di tutto il mondo per presentare il Motu Proprio «Traditionis Custodes» sull'uso della Liturgia Romana anteriore alla Riforma del 1970, 16.07.2021|author=Pope Francis|date=16 July 2021|access-date=17 July 2021|location=[[Rome]]}}</ref> On 11 February, Pope Francis met with two priests from the [[Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter]] (FSSP) and reassured them that ''Traditionis Custodes'' did not affect their community and gave them permission, in writing, to use all the liturgical books of 1962. He also implied that ''Traditionis Custodes'' did not apply to all traditional Catholic communities, not just the FSSP.<ref>{{cite web |title=FSSP says Pope Francis has issued decree confirming its use of 1962 liturgical books |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/250438/fssp-says-pope-francis-has-issued-decree-confirming-its-use-of-1962-liturgical-books |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}</ref> === Ecumenism and interreligious dialogue === {{Main|Pope Francis: ecumenism and interreligious dialogue}} [[File:Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2016-1283s.jpg|thumb|The stamp is dedicated to the pastoral visit of Francis to Azerbaijan on 2 October 2016.]] Pope Francis continued in the tradition of the [[Second Vatican Council]] and of the papacies since the Council in promoting [[ecumenism]] with other [[Christian denominations]], as well as encouraging dialogue with leaders of other religions; he has also supported peace with those claiming no religious belief. === Clerical titles === {{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Clericalism}} In January 2014, Francis said that he would appoint fewer [[monsignor]]s and only assign those honored to the lowest of the three surviving ranks of monsignor, [[chaplain of His Holiness]]. It would be awarded only to [[diocesan priest]]s at least 65 years old. During his 15 years as archbishop of Buenos Aires, Francis never sought the title for any of his priests. It is believed he associates it with clerical careerism and hierarchy, though he did not apply this restriction to clergy working in the Roman Curia or diplomatic corps, where careerism is an even greater concern.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/31027/|title=Pope abolishes honorary title of monsignor for diocesan priests under the age of 65|last=O'Connell|first=Gerard|date=4 January 2014|publisher=Vatican Insider|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212828/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/31027/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Canonizations and beatifications === {{Main|List of saints canonized by Pope Francis|List of people beatified by Pope Francis|List of people declared venerable by Pope Francis}} Francis presided over the first canonizations of his pontificate on 12 May 2013 in which he canonized the [[Martyrs of Otranto]]. Antonio Primaldo and his 812 companions who had been [[Ottoman invasion of Otranto|executed by the Ottomans]] in 1480,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2013-02-11/papa-lascia-pontificato-febbraiio-114943.shtml?uuid=Abm8RITH|title=L'addio di papa Ratzinger: "Lascio per il bene della Chiesa". Il fratello Georg: "Lo sapevo da mesi"|website=Il Sole 24 ORE}}</ref> as well as the [[Religious sister (Catholic)|religious sisters]] [[Laura Montoya|Laura of St. Catherine of Siena]] and [[María Guadalupe García Zavala]] – in this first canonization he surpassed the record of Pope John Paul II in canonizing the most saints in a pontificate.<ref name="auto1"/> Francis approved the [[equipollent canonization]] of [[Angela of Foligno]] the following 9 October and then the Jesuit [[Peter Faber]] the following 17 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=20123|title=Vatican cardinal explains why Pope Francis canonized St. Angela of Foligno|publisher=Catholic Culture|date=7 January 2014|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-declares-sainthood-of-early-jesuit-peter-faber|title=Pope Francis declares sainthood of early Jesuit, Peter Faber|agency=Catholic News Agency|date=17 December 2013|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref> The pope approved further equipollent canonizations on 3 April 2014 for the Jesuit [[José de Anchieta]] as well as the [[Ursulines|Ursuline]] nun [[Marie of the Incarnation (Ursuline)|Marie of the Incarnation]] and bishop [[François de Laval]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicworldreport.com/2014/04/07/pope-francis-canonizes-three-new-saints-of-the-americas/|title=Pope Francis canonizes three new saints of the Americas|publisher=Catholic World Report|date=7 April 2014|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref> Francis canonized his two predecessors John XXIII and John Paul II on 27 April 2014 and canonized six additional saints the following 23 November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/27/world/pope-canonization/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|title=Sainthood for John Paul II, John XXIII in canonization ceremony|date=27 April 2014|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-saints/pope-declares-sainthood-of-two-indians-four-italians-idUSKCN0J70KT20141124|title=Pope declares sainthood of two Indians, four Italians|date=24 November 2014|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref> The pope canonized [[Joseph Vaz]] on his visit to Sri Lanka on 14 January 2015 and canonized a further four saints on the following 17 May; he canonized Junípero Serra on 23 September while visiting the United States and then canonized four saints on 18 October including the [[Louis Martin and Marie-Azélie Guérin|first married couple]] to be named as saints.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.lk/fetures/item/5711-canonization-of-saint-joseph-vaz-the-first-sri-lankan-saint|title=Canonization of Saint Joseph Vaz, the first Sri Lankan Saint|publisher=News.lk|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-palestinians-saints/pope-francis-canonizes-two-Palestinian-nuns-idUSKBN0O208420150517|title=Pope Francis canonizes two Palestinian nuns|date=17 May 2015|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/23/us/pope-junipero-serra-canonization/index.html|title=Pope Francis canonizes controversial saint|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=23 September 2017|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2015/10/19/pope-francis-canonises-the-martins/|title=Pope Francis canonises Louis and Zélie Martin|newspaper=Catholic Herald|date=19 October 2015|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014233703/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2015/10/19/pope-francis-canonises-the-martins/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Francis canonized [[Elisabeth Hesselblad|Maria Elisabeth Hesselblad]] and [[Stanislaus Papczyński]] on 5 June 2016 and then canonized [[Teresa of Calcutta]] on 4 September; he canonized seven additional saints on 16 October.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=VOA News|date=5 June 2016|access-date=14 October 2017|title=Pope Proclaims 2 New Saints in Canonization Mass|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pope-new-saints/3362508.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mother Teresa officially becomes a saint at canonization ceremony in Vatican City|date=5 September 2016|publisher=[[ABC News]] Australia|access-date=14 October 2017|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-04/mother-teresa-canonised-at-ceremony-in-st-peters-cathedral/7813048}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pope-francis-jose-gabriel-del-rosario-brochero-argentina-gaucho-priest-sainthood/|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=16 October 2016|title=Pope Francis makes Argentina's "gaucho priest" and 6 others saints}}</ref> The pope canonized the two child visionaries [[Francisco and Jacinta Marto]] during his visit to Fátima in mid-2017 and canonized 35 additional saints on 15 October.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2017/05/13/pope-francis-makes-history-and-canonizes-jacinta-and-francisco-two-child-saints |work=America Magazine |date=13 May 2017 |author=Gerard O'Connell |title=Pope Francis makes history and canonizes Jacinta and Francisco, two child saints |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/10/16/pope-canonizes-35-new-saints-including-feminist-priest/|title=Pope canonizes 35 new saints including a 'feminist' priest|access-date=27 October 2017|date=16 October 2017|publisher=Crux|author=Inés San Martín|archive-date=27 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131024/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/10/16/pope-canonizes-35-new-saints-including-feminist-priest/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Francis recognized seven saints on 14 October 2018, chief among them, his predecessor Pope Paul VI and [[Óscar Romero]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-saints/slain-salvadorian-bishop-romero-and-pope-paul-vi-become-saints-idUSKCN1MO098|title=Slain Salvadoran bishop Romero and Pope Paul VI become saints|work=[[Reuters]]|author=Philip Pullella|date=14 October 2018|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref> Francis later confirmed the equipollent canonization for [[Bartholomew of Braga]] in mid-2019.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 July 2019|title=A new saint for the Church and Fulton Sheen soon to be Blessed|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-07/pope-francis-sainthood-beatification-decree-sheen.html|access-date=5 December 2021|website=Vatican News|language=en}}</ref> On 13 October 2019, Francis canonized five new saints, including Cardinal [[John Henry Newman]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://catholicnewsagency.com/news/lead-kindly-light---pope-francis-names-newman-a-saint-78656|title='Lead, kindly light' – Pope Francis names Newman a saint|date=13 October 2019|access-date=13 October 2019|agency=[[Catholic News Agency]]|author=Courtney Mares}}</ref> The pope confirmed the equipollent canonization for [[Margaret of Castello|Margherita della Metola]] on 24 April 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/247399/pope-francis-declares-blind-14th-century-lay-dominican-a-saint|title=Pope Francis declares blind 14th-century lay Dominican a saint|publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]|date=24 April 2021|accessdate=24 April 2021}}</ref> The pope has also continued the practice of having beatifications celebrated in the place of the individual's origin though has presided over beatifications himself on three occasions: for [[Korean Martyrs|Paul Yun Ji-Chung and 123 companions]] on 16 August 2014, his predecessor Pope Paul VI on 19 October 2014, and two Colombian martyrs on 8 September 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28814553|title=Pope beatifies 124 South Korean Catholic martyrs|work=[[BBC News]]|date=16 August 2014|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 October 2014|access-date=14 October 2017|title=Pope Francis Beatifies an Earlier Reformer, Paul VI|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/world/europe/pope-francis-beatifies-pope-paul-vi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019221734/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/world/europe/pope-francis-beatifies-pope-paul-vi.html |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|author=Elisabetta Povoledo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Vatican Radio|access-date=14 October 2017|date=8 September 2017|title=Pope in Colombia at Beatification Mass: 'Reconciliation is not an abstract word'|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2017/09/08/pope_in_colombia_at_beatification_mass_reconciliation_is_n/1335599}}</ref> The pope has approved beatifications for a range of men and women including the likes of [[Álvaro del Portillo]] of [[Opus Dei]] (27 September 2014), the martyred archbishop Óscar Romero (23 May 2015), the prominent Polish cardinal [[Stefan Wyszyński]] (12 September 2021), and several large groups of [[Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War|Spanish martyrs]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Oscar Romero beatification draws huge El Salvador crowds|work=[[BBC News]]|date=23 May 2015|access-date=14 October 2017|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-32859627}}</ref> Francis also confirmed his predecessor [[Pope John Paul I|John Paul I]] to be [[Venerable]] on 8 November 2017.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Catholic Herald|date=9 November 2017|access-date=10 November 2017|author=Junno Arocho Esteves|title=Pope Francis officially declares John Paul I 'venerable'|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/11/09/pope-francis-officially-declares-john-paul-i-venerable/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110091738/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/11/09/pope-francis-officially-declares-john-paul-i-venerable/|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Doctors of the Church === On 21 February 2015, Francis signed a decree naming [[Gregory of Narek|Saint Gregory of Narek]] as the 36th [[Doctor of the Church]]; he formally conferred the title upon the saint at a ceremony held in Saint Peter's Basilica on 12 April 2015 with delegations from the [[Armenian Catholic Church]] and the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/04/13/newest_doctor_of_the_church_st_gregory_of_narek/1136368|title=Newest Doctor of the Church: St. Gregory of Narek|date=13 April 2015|publisher=[[Vatican Radio]]|access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref> On 20 January 2022, Francis provided his approval to the suggestion to name [[Irenaeus|Saint Irenaeus of Lyon]] as the 37th Doctor of the Church, formally conferring the title upon him, along with the supplementary title ''Doctor unitatis'' ("Doctor of Unity") in a decree issued on 21 January.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/theology/pope-receives-proposal-declare-st-irenaeus-doctor-church|title=Pope declares St. Irenaeus a doctor of the church|publisher=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|author=Junno Arocho Esteves|date=21 January 2022|accessdate=7 February 2022}}</ref> === Consistories === {{Main|Cardinals created by Francis}} At the first [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of his papacy, held on 22 February 2014, Francis created 19 new cardinals. At the time of their elevation to that rank, 16 of these new cardinals were under eighty years of age and thus eligible to vote in a [[papal conclave]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26301947 Pope Francis appoints 19 new cardinals in Rome ceremony], BBC News, 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014</ref> The new appointees included prelates from South America, Africa, and Asia, including appointees in some of the world's poorest countries, such as [[Chibly Langlois]] from Haiti and [[Philippe Ouédraogo (bishop)|Philippe Nakellentuba Ouedraogo]] from Burkina Faso.<ref name="Reuters">[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-consistory-benedict-idUSBREA1L07X20140222 Pope Francis inducts new cardinals as predecessor Benedict looks on], Reuters, 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014</ref> The consistory was a rare occasion in which Francis and his predecessor, [[Benedict XVI]], appeared together in public.<ref name="Reuters" /> Benedict XVI also attended the second consistory on 14 February 2015, at which Francis elevated 20 new cardinals, with 15 under the age of eighty and five over the age of eighty. The pope continued his practice of appointing cardinals from the peripheries, such as [[Charles Maung Bo]] of Myanmar and [[Soane Patita Paini Mafi]] of Tonga.<ref>"[http://www.news.va/en/news/230499 Annuncio di Concistoro per la creazione di nuovi Cardinali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113112834/http://www.news.va/en/news/230499 |date=13 November 2017 }}" NEWS.VA Official Vatican Network. 4 January 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2018.</ref> Francis presided over the third consistory of his papacy on 19 November 2016, elevating 17 new cardinals. Of that total number at the time of their elevation, 13 were under the age of eighty and four were over the age of eighty. Francis continued his previous practice of elevating cardinals from the peripheries with an emphasis again on Asia and Africa, such as [[Patrick D'Rozario]] from Bangladesh and [[Dieudonné Nzapalainga]] from the Central African Republic, while also naming the first three American cardinals of his papacy and only one Curial appointment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2017/06/28/pope_francis_allocution_at_cardinals_creation_consistory/1321890|title=Pope Francis: Allocution at Consistory for Creation of Cardinals|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> The pope presided over a fourth consistory for the elevation of five new cardinals on the afternoon of 28 June 2017. Each of the five were under the age of eighty and were thus eligible to vote in a papal conclave. This consistory was noteworthy for the fact that, with the pope continuing the trend of elevating cardinals from a diverse range of areas, no cardinals elevated are of the Roman Curia, and one was a mere auxiliary bishop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ncregister.com/daily-news/francis-fifth-a-synod-humanae-vitae-milestone-and-more-decentralized-church|title=Francis' Fifth: A Synod, Humanae Vitae Milestone and More Decentralized Church|website=m.ncregister.com|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> Francis presided over his fifth consistory for the elevation of 14 new cardinals on 28 June 2018. The first eleven were under the age of eighty, and therefore, were eligible to vote in a future papal conclave while the last three were over the age of eighty, and thus, ineligible to vote in a papal conclave.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-cardinals/pope-francis-names-14-new-cardinals-from-five-continents-idUSKCN1lL0CH|title=Pope Francis names 14 new cardinals from five continents|work=[[Reuters]]|author=Crispian Balmer|date=20 May 2018|access-date=23 December 2018}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The pope continued the practice of naming the [[Vicar of Rome]] and a curial prefect as cardinals, while naming his substitute for the Secretariat of State in anticipation of his transferral to a curial department. The pope also continued his practice of bestowing the red hat on those from peripheries such as Madagascar, Pakistan, and Iraq, and like in 2016, created a priest as a cardinal. The consistory was also noteworthy for the fact that Francis named the papal almoner [[Konrad Krajewski]] as a cardinal, marking the consistory the first occasion where the almoner was made a cardinal. Francis himself later said that he wanted the office of almoner to receive the red hat going forward as it was an important arm of the Vatican.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-interview-changes/pope-to-make-vatican-changes-in-push-for-reform-transparency-idUSKBN1Jl1T8|date=22 June 2018|access-date=23 December 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|author=Philip Pullella|title=Pope to make Vatican changes in push for reform, transparency}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> On 1 September 2019, following his weekly Sunday Angelus address, Francis unexpectedly announced the appointment of 13 new cardinals. Of these, 10 appointees were under the age of 80 and would therefore become [[cardinal electors]], besides three over 80. The new cardinals were formally installed at the consistory celebrated on 5 October 2019.<ref name="R0901">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/pope-picks-cardinals-putting-stamp-104820408.html|title=Pope picks new cardinals, putting his stamp on Church's future|work=[[Reuters]], via [[Yahoo.com]]|first=Philip|last=Pullella|date=1 September 2019|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref> Most of the new cardinals come from the peripheries of the church and developing countries. Two new appointees were from Muslim majority countries (Morocco and Indonesia), while two others were known for their work on refugee and migration issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/freed-from-elevator-pope-names-new-cardinals-from-muslim-developing-countries/a-50249080|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|title=Freed from elevator, pope names new cardinals from Muslim, developing countries|date=1 September 2019|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref> This action took the number of [[cardinal electors]] appointed by Francis to the [[College of Cardinals]] to about 70 out of nearly 130.<ref name="R0901" /> Francis created thirteen new cardinals on 28 November 2020; nine appointees were under the age of 80, therefore, could vote in a future papal conclave.<ref name="25October2020">{{cite news |title=Pope announces a consistory for the creation of 13 new cardinals|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-10/pope-consistory-creation-13-new-cardinals-thirteen.html|access-date=25 October 2020|publisher=Vatican News|date=25 October 2020}}</ref> The pope also nominated four cardinals over the age of 80. Most of these new appointees continued the trend that Francis adhered to, appointing the first cardinals to represent Brunei and Rwanda. Francis also nominated the first African American cardinal ([[Wilton Daniel Gregory|Gregory]]), while naming the first [[Conventual Franciscan]] ([[Mauro Gambetti|Gambetti]]) in almost 160 years, and the first from Siena ([[Augusto Paolo Lojudice|Lojudice]]) since 1801.<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 7 November 2020 | url = https://international.la-croix.com/news/letter-from-rome/the-popes-13-new-cardinals-and-the-next-conclave/13266 | work = La Croix | title = The pope's 13 new cardinals and the next conclave | date = 31 October 2020 | first = Robert | last = Mickens}}</ref> Three of his appointees were only priests upon their nomination, therefore, two (Gambetti and [[Enrico Feroci|Feroci]]) received their [[episcopal consecration]], while one ([[Raniero Cantalamessa|Cantalamessa]]) was granted a papal dispensation from it. === Year of Mercy === [[File:A Szentév kapujának megnyitása 2015 - Opening of the Holy Door 2015 4.jpeg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Francis opens the [[Holy door|Holy Door]], marking the beginning of the [[Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy]].]] {{Main|Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy}} With his April 2015 [[papal bull]] of indiction, ''Misericordiae Vultus'' ([[Latin]]: "The Face of [[Mercy]]"), Francis inaugurated a Special [[Jubilee (Christianity)|Jubilee Year]] of Mercy, to run from 8 December 2015, [[Solemnity]] of the [[Immaculate Conception]] of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]], to the last Sunday before [[Advent]] and the Solemnity of the [[Feast of Christ the King]] of the Universe on 20 November 2016. The [[Holy Door]]s of the major basilicas of Rome (including the Great Door of St. Peter's) were opened, and special "Doors of Mercy" were opened at cathedrals and other major churches around the world, where the faithful can earn indulgences by fulfilling the usual conditions of prayer for the pope's intentions, confession, and detachment from sin, and communion.<ref name="opening" /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Gift Of The Indulgence (29 January 2000)|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/tribunals/apost_penit/documents/rc_trib_appen_pro_20000129_indulgence_en.html|access-date=6 September 2020|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> During Lent of that year, special 24-hour penance services will be celebrated, and during the year, special qualified and experienced priests called "Missionaries of Mercy" will be available in every diocese to forgive even severe, special-case sins normally reserved to the Holy See's [[Apostolic Penitentiary]].<ref name="Misericordiae" /><ref name="time" /> Francis established the [[World Day of the Poor]] in his Apostolic Letter, ''Misericordia et Misera'', issued on 20 November 2016 to celebrate the end of the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Day of the Poor|url=http://justiceandpeace.org.au/world-day-of-the-poor/|website=Justice and Peace Office|access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/card-ranjith-calls-for-prayers-and-practical-action-on-world-day-of-the-poor/39361/1|title=Card Ranjith calls for prayers and practical action on World Day of the Poor|date=30 November 2017|website=Herald Malaysia Online|access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> === COVID-19 pandemic === {{see also|COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City}} During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Francis canceled his regular [[Papal audience|general audiences]] at [[St. Peter's Square]] to prevent crowds from gathering and spreading the virus, which [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|seriously affected Italy]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Philip Pullella|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-pope/pope-cancels-main-public-appearances-to-stop-crowds-gathering-amid-coronavirus-idUSKBN20U0JH|work=[[Reuters]]|date=7 March 2020|title=Pope cancels main public appearances to stop crowds gathering amid coronavirus}}</ref> He encouraged priests to visit patients and health workers;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/pope-tells-priests-to-go-out-and-meet-the-coronavirus-sick|title=Pope tells priests to go out and meet the coronavirus sick|date=10 March 2020|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> urged the faithful not to forget the poor during the time of crisis;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/pope-francis-do-not-forget-the-poor-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic|title=Pope Francis: Do Not Forget the Poor During the Coronavirus Pandemic|website=National Catholic Register|date=12 March 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> offered prayers for people with the virus in China;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/pope-francis-prays-for-coronavirus-victims-in-china|title=Pope Francis Prays for Coronavirus Victims in China|website=National Catholic Register|date=26 January 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> and invoked the Blessed Virgin Mary under her title [[Salus Populi Romani]], as the [[Diocese of Rome]] observed a period of prayer and fasting in recognition of the victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/pope-francis-asks-for-marys-protection-of-rome-against-coronavirus|title=Pope Francis Asks for Mary's Protection of Rome Against Coronavirus|website=National Catholic Register|date=12 March 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The pontiff reacted with displeasure on 13 March 2020, at the news that the Vicar General had closed all churches in the Diocese of Rome. Despite [[2020 Italy coronavirus lockdown|Italy being under a quarantine lockdown]], Francis pleaded "not to leave the ... people alone" and worked to partially reverse the closures. On 20 March 2020, Francis asked the [[Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development|Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development (DPIHD)]] to create a [[Vatican COVID-19 Commission]] to express the church's concern for the crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic and propose responses to the potential socio-economic challenges deriving from it.<ref>{{Cite news|title=We must think of the aftermath of COVID-19 so we are not unprepared|work=[[Vatican News]]|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2020-04/turkson-think-covid19-aftermath-to-not-be-unprepared.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.humandevelopment.va/en/vatican-covid-19.html|title=Vatican Covid-19 Commission – Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development|website=www.humandevelopment.va}}</ref> On 27 March, Francis gave an extraordinary benediction ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pope Francis to give extraordinary benediction urbi et orbi|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/199149-2/|access-date=7 September 2020|website=Catholic Herald|date=27 March 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> In his homily on [[calming the storm]] in the [[Gospel of Mark]], Francis described the setting: "Dense darkness has thickened on our squares, streets and cities; it looks over our lives filling everything with a deafening silence and a desolate void that paralyzes everything in its passage: you can feel it in the air, you can feel it in your gestures. ...In the face of suffering, where the true development of our peoples is measured, we discover and experience the priestly prayer of Jesus: 'may all be one'."<ref>{{cite web|date=27 March 2020|title=Papa Francesco prega nella piazza San Pietro vuota: "Fitte tenebre si sono addensate, scenda la benedizione di Dio"|url=https://www.repubblica.it/vaticano/2020/03/27/news/_fitte_tenebre_si_sono_addensate_sulle_nostre_piazze_ma_scenda_su_tutti_la_benedizione_di_dio_-252483705/|access-date=7 September 2020|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}</ref> Francis maintains getting [[COVID vaccination]] is a moral obligation. Francis stated that people had a responsibility to look after themselves, "and this translates into respect for the health of those around us. Health care is a moral obligation."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/jan/10/covid-live-news-40-of-israel-could-be-infected-in-current-wave-germany-to-study-rapid-antigen-test-reliability-for-omicron?page=with:block-61dc232b8f08ad63cf6746c2 Pope Francis has said getting vaccinated against coronavirus is a "moral obligation" and denounced how naysayers had been swayed by "baseless information".] ''[[The Guardian]]'';;</ref> In response to the [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|economic harm]] created by the COVID-19 pandemic, Francis stated that now is the time to consider implementing a [[Universal basic income|universal basic wage]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2020 |title=Pope calls for consideration of 'universal basic wage' for unprotected workers - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-04/pope-letter-popular-movements-universal-basic-wage.html |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=en}}</ref> === Russo-Ukrainian War === Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and escalation of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], Francis visited the Russian embassy in Rome in what was described as an "unprecedented move".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-unprecedented-move-pope-makes-personal-appeal-in-remarkable-russia-embassy-visit/|title=In unprecedented move, Pope makes personal appeal in remarkable Russia embassy visit|work=[[Times of Israel]]|access-date=26 February 2022|date=26 February 2022|last=Winfield|first=Nicole}}</ref> Francis called Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]], stating his "sorrow" as the Vatican worked to find "room for negotiation".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/ukraines-president-zelensky-tweets-thanks-popes-call-support|title=Ukraine's President Zelensky tweets thanks for pope's call of support|last=White|first=Christopher|date=26 February 2022|access-date=26 February 2022|work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227001711/https://www.ncronline.org/news/ukraines-president-zelensky-tweets-thanks-popes-call-support|url-status=dead}}</ref> As the invasion began, the [[major archbishop]] of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] cancelled a trip to visit Francis in Florence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/250477/ukrainian-archbishop-shevchuk-florence-kyiv|title=Ukraine archbishop skipping papal trip to remain in homeland|date=24 February 2022|access-date=26 February 2022|last=Yoder|first=Katie|work=[[Catholic News Agency]]|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> On 25 February, the day after the invasion began, Francis would assure Shevchuk via a phone call that "he would do everything he can to help end the Ukraine conflict".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/250497/ukraine-conflict-pope-francis-to-ukrainian-catholic-leader-i-will-do-everything-i-can-to-help-end-war|title=Pope Francis to Ukrainian Catholic leader: 'I will do everything I can' to help end conflict|location=[[Rome]]|date=25 February 2022|access-date=26 February 2022|work=[[Catholic News Agency]]|author=CNA Staff}}</ref> During the 27 February Angelus address, Francis called for peace, saying, "Silence the weapons!"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catholicphilly.com/2022/02/news/world-news/with-a-heart-broken-pope-prays-for-peace-in-ukraine/|title='With a heart broken,' pope prays for peace in Ukraine|work=CatholicPhilly|date=27 February 2022|access-date=22 February 2022|last=Wooden|first=Cindy}}</ref> Francis also sent two high-ranking cardinals with aid to Ukraine at the beginning of March.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |last2=Balmer |first2=Crispian |date=6 March 2022 |title=Pope Francis says 'rivers of blood' flowing in Ukraine war |language=en |work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-francis-says-ukraine-conflict-is-not-military-operation-war-2022-03-06/ |access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref> These special envoys were the papal almsgiver, Cardinal [[Konrad Krajewski]], and Cardinal [[Michael Czerny]], who is head of the papal office that deals with migration, charity, justice and peace. This mission, which involved several trips,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=Pope sends cardinal to Ukraine to show solidarity with refugees |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-14-22/h_8cc95cbbd57270b46535d4948ec18d88 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=[[CNN]]|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Pope Francis blessed an ambulance that the Vatican sent to Ukraine |url=https://www.infobae.com/en/2022/03/26/pope-francis-blessed-an-ambulance-that-the-vatican-sent-to-ukraine/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=infobae |language=}}</ref> was considered a highly unusual move of Vatican diplomacy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope Francis dispatches 2 cardinals to Ukraine |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/06/pope-francis-dispatches-2-cardinals-to-ukraine-00014429 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=[[Politico]]|date=6 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Pope Francis consecrated both Russia and Ukraine on 25 March 2022 (see [[consecration of Russia]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2022-03/pope-francis-to-consecrate-russia-and-ukraine-to-the-immaculate.html |title=Pope to consecrate Russia and Ukraine to Immaculate Heart of Mary |work=[[Vatican News]] |date=15 March 2022 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> In mid-May 2022, Francis described Russia's invasion of Ukraine as "perhaps somehow either provoked or not prevented[.]"<ref name="politico.eu">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2022 |title=Pope Francis: Russian war in Ukraine was 'perhaps provoked' |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/pope-francis-says-war-in-ukraine-perhaps-provoked-or-unprevented/ |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Francis explained that this observation did not mean he was "pro-Putin": "It would be simplistic and wrong to say such a thing. I am simply against reducing complexity to the distinction between good guys and bad guys, without reasoning about roots and interests, which are very complex."<ref name="politico.eu"/> On 24 August 2022, Pope Francis described the killing of [[Darya Dugina]] as a case of innocents paying for the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]. On the same day, the Ukraine's envoy to the [[Holy See]] protested against such a description of the killing, saying that Dugina was "one of ideologists of (Russian) imperialism" and therefore not an innocent victim.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |title=Ukraine envoy criticises pope over comments on Russian killed by car bomb |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-warns-potential-nuclear-disaster-ukraines-zaporizhzhia-plant-2022-08-24/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]|date=24 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2022, Francis pointed out that Ukraine has a lawful right to defend itself, and that dialogue with the aggressor is necessary even when "it stinks" and later said that Ukrainians were noble people who were victims of savageness, monstrosities and torture.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope Francis: 'The West has taken the wrong paths'|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/252304/pope-francis-the-west-has-taken-the-wrong-paths |access-date=21 September 2022 |publisher=Catholic News Agency |date=15 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pope Says Ukraine Subjected to Monstrosities |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-09-21/pope-says-ukraine-subjected-to-savageness-monstrosities-torture |access-date=21 September 2022 |publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=21 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:21.06.2023 - Franciscus and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (shaking hands).jpg|thumb|Francis and Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] both tried to find a [[Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|peaceful solution]] to the war between Russia and Ukraine]] On 2 October 2022, Francis directly addressed Putin and Zelenskyy, making an impassioned appeal to Putin to halt the "spiral of violence and death", saying that [[Nuclear threats during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|a nuclear escalation]] would bring "uncontrollable global consequences". Addressing Ukrainian president Zelenskyy, Pope Francis asked him to be open about "serious peace proposals" at the same time that Francis recognized that Ukraine had suffered an "aggression" and that he "pained about the suffering of the Ukrainian people".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |title=Pope begs Putin to end 'spiral of violence and death', cites nuclear threat |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-begs-putin-end-spiral-violence-death-cites-nuclear-threat-2022-10-02/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]|date=2 October 2022}}</ref> In November 2022, Francis granted an interview to Christian magazine [[America (magazine)|''America'']]. During the interview, in response to a question asking him about his "seeming unwillingness to directly criticize Russia" and why he was "preferring instead to speak more generally of the need for an end to war, an end to mercenary activity rather than Russian attacks, and to the traffic in arms", Francis notably stated: "[...] When I speak about Ukraine, I speak about the cruelty because I have much information about the cruelty of the troops that come in. Generally, the cruelest are perhaps those who are of Russia but are not of the Russian tradition, such as the [[Chechens]] and [[Buryats]] and so on [...]".<ref name="America Magazine">{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Pope Francis discusses Ukraine, U.S. bishops and more |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2022/11/28/pope-francis-interview-america-244225 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[America Magazine]]|date=28 November 2022}}</ref> These remarks were strongly condemned by Russia's foreign ministry spokesperson [[Maria Zakharova]], who expressed that the comments were "no longer [[Russophobia]], [they] are a perversion on a level I can't even name". Others remarked that his statement was "racist" and that there was no data supporting this claim concerning Russian soldiers who are non-ethnic Russians.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sauer |first1=Pjotr |title='Racist' interview with Pope Francis causes fury in Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/29/interview-pope-francis-fury-russia |access-date=29 November 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=29 November 2022}}</ref> Francis also stated during the interview: "Certainly, the one who invades is the Russian state. This is very clear."<ref name="America Magazine"/> On 30 April 2023, Francis announced that the Vatican is taking part in a [[Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|secret "peace mission"]] to try to end the war between Russia and Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope says Vatican involved in secret Ukraine peace mission |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-says-vatican-involved-ukraine-peace-mission-2023-04-30/ |work=[[Reuters]]|date=30 April 2023}}</ref> === Death penalty === Francis has [[Catholic Church and capital punishment|committed the Catholic Church]] to the worldwide abolition of the death penalty in any circumstance.<ref name="Brockhaus-2018">{{Cite web |last=Brockhaus |first=Hannah |date=2 August 2018 |title=Vatican changes Catechism teaching on death penalty, calls it 'inadmissible' |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican-changes-catechism-teaching-on-death-penalty-calls-it-inadmissible-28541 |access-date=2 August 2018 |website=[[Catholic News Agency]]}}</ref> In 2018, Francis revised the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' to read that "in the light of the [[Gospel]]" the death penalty is "inadmissible because it is an attack on the inviolability and [[Human dignity|dignity of the person]]" and that the Catholic Church "works with determination for its abolition worldwide".<ref name="Brockhaus-2018" /><ref name="Harlan-2018">{{Cite news |last=Harlan |first=Chico |date=2 August 2018 |title=Pope Francis changes Catholic Church teaching to say death penalty is 'inadmissible' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pope-francis-changes-catholic-church-teaching-to-say-death-penalty-is-inadmissible/2018/08/02/0d69ef5e-9647-11e8-80e1-00e80e1fdf43_story.html |access-date=2 August 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In his 2020 encyclical ''[[Fratelli tutti]]'', Francis repeated that the death penalty is "inadmissible" and that "there can be no stepping back from this position".<ref name="Pentin-2020a">{{Cite web |last=Pentin |first=Edward |date=4 October 2020 |title=Pope's New Encyclical 'Fratelli Tutti' Outlines Vision for a Better World |url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/pope-s-new-encyclical-fratelli-tutti-outlines-vision-for-a-better-world |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=[[National Catholic Register]] |language=en}}</ref> On 9 January 2022, Pope Francis stated in his annual speech to Vatican ambassadors: "The death penalty cannot be employed for a purported state justice, since it does not constitute a deterrent nor render justice to victims, but only fuels the thirst for vengeance".<ref name="Pullella-2023">{{Cite news |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=9 January 2023 |title=Pope condemns Iran's use of death penalty against protesters |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-says-wars-like-that-ukraine-are-crime-against-god-humanity-2023-01-09/ |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> === Role of women === {{See also|Women in the Catholic Church}} On 11 January 2021, Francis [[Spiritus Domini (Pope Francis)|allowed]] bishops to institute women to the ministries of [[acolyte]] and [[Reader (liturgy)|lector]]. While these instituted ministries were previously reserved to men, Catholic women already carry out these duties without institution in most of the world. Francis wrote that these [[Christian ministry|ministries]] are fundamentally distinct from those reserved to [[Holy orders in the Catholic Church|ordained clergy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lettera Apostolica in forma di Motu proprio, sulla modifica del can. 230 § 1 del Codice di Diritto Canonico circa l'accesso delle persone di sesso femminile al ministero istituito del Lettorato e dell'Accolitato (10 gennaio 2021) |author=Francesco|url=http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/motu_proprio/documents/papa-francesco-motu-proprio-20210110_spiritus-domini.html|access-date=11 January 2021|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref><ref name="Mares-2021">{{cite web|last=Mares|first=Courtney|date=11 January 2021|title=Pope Francis admits women to ministries of lector and acolyte in new motu proprio|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-admits-women-to-ministries-of-lector-and-acolyte-in-new-motu-proprio-41309|access-date=11 January 2021|website=Catholic News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=11 January 2021|title=Pope Francis: Ministries of lector and acolyte to be open to women|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-01/pope-francis-opens-ministries-lector-acolyte-women.html|access-date=11 January 2021|website=Vatican News|language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Francis initiated dialogue on the possibility of [[Ordination of women|female priests]] and [[deaconess]]es.<ref name="Faiola-2023" /><ref name="Horowitz-2023" /><ref name="Horowitz-2023a" /> In an interview for a book released in Italy the same year, Francis stated that "holy orders is reserved for men" but that "the fact that the woman does not access ministerial life is not a deprivation, because her place is much more important".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/255804/pope-francis-on-women-deacons-holy-orders-is-reserved-for-men|title=Pope Francis on women deacons: 'Holy orders is reserved for men'|work=[[Catholic News Agency]]|date=25 October 2023|access-date=25 October 2023|first=Hannah|last=Brockhaus|location=Rome}}</ref> In February 2021, Francis announced back-to-back appointments of women to take positions that were only held by men in the past. He appointed France's member of the [[Congregation of Xavières|Xaviere Missionary Sisters]], [[Nathalie Becquart]] as the first co-undersecretary of the [[Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church|Synod of Bishops]]. Besides, an Italian magistrate, [[Catia Summaria]] also became the first woman Promoter of Justice in the Vatican's Court of Appeals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pope-francis-appoints-more-women-vatican-posts-previously-held-only-n1256959|title=Pope Francis appoints more women to Vatican posts previously held only by men|access-date=7 February 2021|website=[[NBC News]]|date=7 February 2021 }}</ref> On 26 April 2023, Francis announced that 35 women would be allowed to vote at the [[Sixteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops]] (making up "just over 10 percent" of all voters),<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 26 April 2023 | work = New York Times | date = 26 April 2023 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/26/world/europe/pope-women-vote-bishops-meeting.html | title = Pope Will Allow Women to Vote at Meeting of Bishops | first = Elisabetta | last = Povoledo }}</ref> marking the first time women are allowed to vote at any Catholic Synod of Bishops.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-allows-women-vote-bishops-meeting-first-time-2023-04-26/|title=Pope allows women to vote at bishops meeting for first time|first=Philip|last=Pullella|work=Reuters |date=26 April 2023|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> === Financial corruption === Francis was mandated by electing cardinals to sort out Vatican finances following scandals during the papacies of Pope Benedict and Pope John Paul II. He stated he is determined to end corruption in the Catholic Church but is not very optimistic due to it being a human problem dating back centuries.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2020|title=Pope shakes up running of Vatican funds after London property scandal|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-vatican-finances-idUKKBN27L1MO|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> === Canadian indigenous residential schools === On 24 July 2022, Francis began [[Visit by Pope Francis to Canada|an apostolic journey]] to [[Catholic Church in Canada|Canada]], expressing his sorrow, indignation, and shame over the church's abuse of [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Canadian indigenous]] children in [[Canadian Indian residential school system|residential schools]].<ref name="CNN-2022">{{Cite web |date=25 July 2022 |title=Pope apologizes for 'deplorable evil' of Indigenous abuse in Canadian Catholic residential schools |website=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/25/americas/pope-francis-canada-speech-intl/index.html |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725213142/https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/25/americas/pope-francis-canada-speech-intl/index.html |archive-date=25 July 2022 }}</ref> Francis described the [[Catholic Church in Canada|Canadian Catholic Church]]'s role as compromising a "[[cultural genocide]]".<ref name="Horowitz-2022" /> He apologized for the church's role in "projects of cultural destruction" and forced [[Cultural assimilation of indigenous peoples|assimilation]].<ref name="CNN-2022" /> Francis promised a serious investigation into the history of abuse.<ref name="CNN-2022" /> === Synod on synodality === {{Main|Sixteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops}} On 4 October 2023, Francis convened the beginnings of the [[Synod on synodality]]. This synod is described as the culmination of his papacy and the most important event in the Church since the [[Second Vatican Council]].<ref name="Horowitz-2023" /><ref name="Horowitz-2023a" /> === COP28 === {{Further|2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference}} In advance to the [[2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28)]] Pope [[Francis (Pope)|Francis]] issued an [[apostolic exhortation]] called ''[[Laudate Deum]]'' in which he calls for brisk action against the [[climate crisis]] and condemns [[climate change denial]].<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |title=Franziskus ruft zu raschen Maßnahmen gegen Erderwärmung auf "Laudate Deum" veröffentlicht: Papst kritisiert Klimaleugner |url=https://www.katholisch.de/artikel/47424-laudate-deum-veroeffentlicht-papst-kritisiert-klimaleugner |website=katholisch.de |access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news |author-last1=Horowitz |author-last2=Povoledo |title=Francis Issues Urgent Call to Save a Planet Near 'the Breaking Point' |work=The New York Times |date=4 October 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/04/world/europe/pope-francis-letter-climate-change.html |access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref> In the beginning of November 2023 the Pope announced he will attend the conference and will stay there for three days. It would have been the first time for a Pope to personally visit the [[United Nations Climate Change conference]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pope says to attend COP28 climate conference in Dubai |url=https://www.zawya.com/en/special-coverage/cop-28-talking-climate-in-uae/pope-says-to-attend-cop28-climate-conference-in-dubai-hxz06i7c |website=ZAWYA |publisher=Agence France-Presse (AFP) |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> Having developed flu-like symptoms in late November, he cancelled his trip on his doctor's orders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/29/pope-francis-cancels-cop28-meeting-visit-climate-crisis-why-flu-illness|title=Pope Francis 'still unwell' after cancelling trip to Cop28|first=Lorenzo|last=Tondo|date=29 November 2023|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> == Theological emphases == {{Main|Theology of Pope Francis}} In ''Evangelii gaudium'' Francis revealed what would be the emphases of his pontificate: a missionary impulse among all Catholics, sharing the faith more actively, avoiding worldliness and more visibly living the gospel of God's mercy, and helping the poor and working for [[Catholic social teaching|social justice]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wooden |first=Cindy |date=26 November 2013 |title=A summary of the key issues raised by Pope in Evangelii Gaudium |url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/evangelii-gaudium-a-summary-of-the-key-issues-raised-by-pope/ |access-date=7 March 2023 |website=Catholic Herald |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Evangelization === {{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#The Church's mission|}} From his first major letter ''[[Evangelii gaudium]]'' (''Joy to the World''), Francis called for "a missionary and pastoral conversion" whereby the laity would fully share in the missionary task of the church.<ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Pope:-A-missionary-and-pastoral-conversion-for-a-Church-open-to-changing-its-structures-29645.html|title=Pope: A missionary and pastoral conversion for a Church open to changing its structures|work=AsiaNews.it |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> Then in his letter on the call of all to the same holiness, ''[[Gaudete et exsultate]]'', Francis describes holiness as "an impulse to evangelize and to leave a mark in this world".<ref>{{cite web|work=Aleteia |title=The pope's new doc on holiness: Gaudete et Exultate in 15 key words|date=9 April 2018|url=https://aleteia.org/2018/04/09/the-popes-new-doc-on-holiness-gaudete-et-exultate-in-15-key-words/|access-date=1 October 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> === {{Anchor|Ordination of women|Clergy}}Church governance === {{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Church governance|}} [[File:Düsseldorf Rosenmontag 2014 IMG 1350 (12915484354).jpg|thumb|A Carnival float of Francis and Germany's prelate [[Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst]], Düsseldorf, 2014|259x259px]]Francis called for decentralization of governance away from Rome, and for a synodal manner of decision making in dialogue with the people.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 February 2016|title=Church reform requires decentralization, synodality|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/faith-and-justice/church-reform-requires-decentralization-synodality|access-date=3 October 2020|website=National Catholic Reporter|language=en}}</ref> He strongly opposed [[Theology of Pope Francis#Clericalism|clericalism]]<ref>{{cite web|date=4 January 2014|title=Pope: Warns that Poorly Trained Priests Can Become 'Little Monsters'|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/pope-warns-poorly-trained-priests-can-become-little-monsters|access-date=3 October 2020|website=America Magazine|language=en}}</ref> and made [[Theology of Pope Francis#Important role of women|women]] full members of the church's dicasteries in Rome.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 July 2019|title=Theologians praise pope's historic appointment of women as members of Vatican congregation|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/theologians-praise-popes-historic-appointment-women-members-vatican-congregation|access-date=25 September 2019|website=National Catholic Reporter}}</ref> === Environment === {{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Environmentalism}}Francis's naming of himself after [[Francis of Assisi]] was an early indication of how he shared Francis's care for all of creation. This was followed in May 2015 with his major [[encyclical]] on the environment, ''[[Laudato si']]'' (''Praise be to you'')<ref>{{cite web|last=Burton|first=Tara Isabella|date=11 July 2014|title=Pope Francis's Radical Environmentalism|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/pope-franciss-radical-rethinking-of-environmentalism/374300/|access-date=1 October 2020|website=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en-US}}</ref> and in October 2023 by an [[apostolic exhortation]] named ''[[Laudate Deum]]'' in which he calls for decisive action to stop [[climate change]] and condemns [[climate change denial]].<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2"/> === {{Anchor|Poverty|Liberation theology}}Option for the poor === [[File:Pope Francis at Vargihna.jpg|thumb|Francis visits a [[favela]] in Brazil during [[World Youth Day 2013]].]] {{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Option for the poor|Theology of Pope Francis#Capitalism|Theology of Pope Francis#Liberation Theology}} Francis has highly extolled "popular movements", which demonstrate the "strength of us", serve as a remedy to the "culture of the self", and are based on solidarity with the poor and the common good.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/08/20/pope-says-popular-movements-are-antidote-to-populism/|title=Pope says popular movements are antidote to populism|website=cruxnow.com|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915093351/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/08/20/pope-says-popular-movements-are-antidote-to-populism/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === {{Anchor|Abortion|Contraception and family planning|Capital punishment and life imprisonment}}Morality === {{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Morality as a vehicle of God's mercy|Theology of Pope Francis#Sexual morality as Good News|Pope Francis and LGBT topics}}Cardinal [[Walter Kasper]] has called mercy "the key word of his pontificate".<ref name="Austen-2015">{{Cite book|last=Austen|first=Ivereigh|title=The great reformer : Francis and the making of a radical pope|year=2015|isbn=978-1-250-07499-7|edition=First|location=New York|oclc=889324005}}</ref>{{rp|31–32}} His papal motto ''Miserando atque eligendo'' ("by having mercy and by choosing") contains a central theme of his papacy, God's mercy,<ref name="web.archive.org2">{{cite web|date=17 March 2013|title=Pope Francis explains name, calls for church 'for the poor' – CNN.com|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/16/world/europe/vatican-new-pope/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317035923/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/16/world/europe/vatican-new-pope/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|archive-date=17 March 2013|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Coat of Arms of Pope Francis|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/elezione/stemma-papa-francesco.html|access-date=1 October 2019|website=The Holy See}}</ref> While maintaining the Catholic Church's traditional teaching against abortion, Francis, has referred to the "obsession" of some Catholics with a few issues like "abortion, gay marriage and the use of contraceptive methods" which "do not show the heart of the message of Jesus Christ".<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2013|title=A Big Heart Open to God: An interview with Pope Francis|work=America Magazine|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2013/09/30/big-heart-open-god-interview-pope-francis|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref> === Sex === {{See also|Theology of Pope Francis#Sexual morality as Good News||}} Pope Francis has described sexual pleasure as "a gift from God" that should be "disciplined with patience".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-18 |title=Pope Francis says sexual pleasure is 'a gift from God' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68016311 |access-date=2024-02-07 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> On January 17 2024 he discussed sex at his weekly general audience saying that it was undermined by pornography and that it provides "satisfaction without relationship that can generate forms of addiction".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lust, pornography poison God's gifts of sexuality, love, pope says {{!}} USCCB |url=https://www.usccb.org/news/2024/lust-pornography-poison-gods-gifts-sexuality-love-pope-says |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.usccb.org |language=en}}</ref> He added that "in Christianity, there is no condemnation of the sexual instinct" and that the human experience of falling in love is "one of the purest feelings."<ref name=":0" /> === LGBT === {{Main|Pope Francis and LGBT topics}} Francis has marked a significantly more accommodative tone on [[Outline of LGBT topics|LGBT topics]] than his predecessors.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Molloy |first=Parker Marie |date=19 December 2013 |title=Op-ed: Pope Francis Has Not Made Good on Transgender Rights |url=https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2013/12/19/op-ed-pope-francis-has-not-made-good-transgender-rights |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]] |language=en}}</ref> In July 2013, his televised "Who am I to judge?" statement was widely reported in the international press, becoming one of his most famous statements on [[LGBT]] people.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=3 October 2016 |title=Pope says respect gays and transsexuals, questions gender theory |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-gender-idUSKCN1220WK/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=6 February 2023 |title=Pope Francis says laws criminalising LGBT people are a 'sin' and an injustice |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-francis-says-laws-criminalising-lgbt-people-are-sin-an-injustice-2023-02-05/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2018 |title=Pope Francis reportedly tells gay man: "God made you like this and he loves you" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pope-francis-tells-gay-man-god-made-you-like-this/ |access-date=15 January 2014 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In other public statements, Francis has emphasised the need to accept, welcome, and accompany LGBT people,<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=Spadaro SJ |first=Antonio |author-link=Antonio Spadaro |date=30 September 2013 |title=A Big Heart Open to God: An interview with Pope Francis |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2013/09/30/big-heart-open-god-interview-pope-francis |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[America (magazine)|America]] |language=en |quote=In Buenos Aires I used to receive letters from homosexual persons who are ‘socially wounded’ because they tell me that they feel like the church has always condemned them. But the church does not want to do this.}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2016 |title=In-flight press conference of His Holiness Pope Francis from Azerbaijan to Rome |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2016/october/documents/papa-francesco_20161002_georgia-azerbaijan-conferenza-stampa.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[Holy See]]}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Bordoni |first=Linda |date=9 May 2022 |title=Pope to LGBT Catholics: 'God is Father who does not disown any of his children' |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2022-05/pope-letter-fr-martin-lgtb-outreach-questions.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Vatican News]] |language=en}}</ref> including LGBT children,<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=26 August 2018 |title=Apostolic Visit to Ireland: Press Conference on the return flight from Dublin to Rome (Papal flight, 26 August 2018) |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2018/august/documents/papa-francesco_20180826_irlanda-voloritorno.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Holy See]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2020 |title=Pope Francis calls for civil union law for same-sex couples, in shift from Vatican stance |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/46295/pope-francis-calls-for-civil-union-law-for-same-sex-couples-in-shift-from-vatican-stance |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=[[Catholic News Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> and has denounced laws [[Criminalization of homosexuality|criminalising homosexuality]].<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=The AP Interview: Pope says homosexuality not a crime |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-gay-rights-ap-interview-1359756ae22f27f87c1d4d6b9c8ce212 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":34">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Pope Francis clarifies comments on homosexuality: "One must consider the circumstances." |url=https://outreach.faith/2023/01/pope-francis-clarifies-comments-on-homosexuality-one-must-consider-the-circumstances/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Outreach Catholic|Outreach]] |language=en-US}}</ref> While he has reiterated traditional Catholic teaching that [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|marriage]] is between a man and a woman,<ref name=":35">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2014 |title=Transcript: Pope Francis' March 5 interview with Corriere della Sera |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/29153/transcript-pope-francis-march-5-interview-with-corriere-della-sera |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Catholic News Agency]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite web |author=Pope Francis |author-link=Pope Francis |date=19 March 2016 |title=Amoris laetitia |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20160319_amoris-laetitia.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[Holy See]] |pages=190–191}}</ref> he has supported same-sex [[Civil union|civil unions]] as legal protections for [[Same-sex relationship|same-sex couples]].<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":37">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=Same-sex civil unions 'good and helpful to many', says Pope Francis |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/16/same-sex-civil-unions-good-and-helpful-to-many-says-pope-francis |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=[[Euronews]] |language=en}}</ref> Under his pontificate, the [[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith]] has confirmed that transgender people can be baptised,<ref name=":38">{{Cite web |last1=Fernández |first1=Víctor Manuel |author-link=Víctor Manuel Fernández |last2=Francis |author-link2=Pope Francis |date=31 October 2023 |title=Answers to Several Questions from His Excellency, the Most Reverend José Negri, Bishop of Santo Amaro, Brazil, Regarding Participation in the Sacraments of Baptism and Matrimony by Transgender Persons and Homosexual Persons |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_ddf_20231031-documento-mons-negri_en.html |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=[[Holy See]]}}</ref><ref name=":39">{{Cite news |date=9 November 2023 |title=Transgender people can be baptised and be godparents, Vatican says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67366198 |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> and allowed the blessing of same-sex couples in the document {{Lang|la|[[Fiducia supplicans]]}}.<ref name=":53">{{cite web |title=Fiducia supplicans |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_ddf_doc_20231218_fiducia-supplicans_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220220316/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_ddf_doc_20231218_fiducia-supplicans_en.html |archive-date=20 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=[[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith]] |ref=Paragraph 31}}</ref> Francis has privately met many LGBT people and activists. In 2013, Francis was named as Person of the Year by ''[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]]'', an American [[List of LGBT periodicals|LGBT magazine]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Grindley |first=Lucas |date=16 December 2013 |title=The Advocate's Person of the Year: Pope Francis |url=https://www.advocate.com/year-review/2013/12/16/advocates-person-year-pope-francis |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]] |language=en}}</ref> Relative to LGB topics, Francis has been less accomodative on [[Outline of transgender topics|transgender topics]],<ref name=":32" /> describing [[Gender studies|gender theory]] and children's education on [[gender-affirming surgery]] as "ideological colonisation".<ref name=":40">{{Cite web |author=Pope Francis |author-link=Pope Francis |date=27 July 2016 |title=Apostolic Journey to Poland: Meeting with the Polish Bishops in the Cathedral of Kraków |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2016/july/documents/papa-francesco_20160727_polonia-vescovi.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Holy See]]}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> In September 2015, Francis came under media scrutiny for meeting [[Kim Davis]], a [[Municipal clerk|county clerk]] who was imprisoned for refusing to issue [[Marriage license|marriage licences]] for same-sex couples,<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last1=Bacon |first1=John |last2=Eversley |first2=Melanie |date=30 September 2015 |title=Vatican confirms pope met with Kim Davis |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/09/30/vatican-quiet-claim-pope-met-kim-davis/73078774/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[USA Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":30">{{Cite web |last1=Payne |first1=Ed |last2=Burke |first2=Daniel |date=2 October 2015 |title=Pope's meeting with Kim Davis not an endorsement, Vatican says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/02/us/kim-davis-pope/index.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> and in August 2018, Francis was criticised for suggesting that gay children seek [[Psychiatry|psychiatric treatment]].<ref name=":41">{{Cite news |date=28 August 2018 |title=Katholische Kirche: Vatikan ändert Papst-Zitate zur psychiatrischen Behandlung homosexueller Kinder |trans-title=Catholic Church: Vatican changes Pope's quotes on psychiatric treatment of homosexual children |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/queerspiegel/vatikan-andert-papst-zitate-zur-psychiatrischen-behandlung-homosexueller-kinder-3982726.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de-DE |issn=1865-2263}}</ref> As [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop of Buenos Aires]], Bergoglio led public opposition to the parliamentary bill on legalising [[same-sex marriage in Argentina]], which was approved by the [[Argentine Senate]] on 15 July 2010.<ref name=":42">{{Cite news |date=15 July 2010 |title=Argentina legalises gay marriage |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/15/argentina-gay-lesbian-marriage-legalisation |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A letter he wrote in that campaign was criticised for using "medieval" and "obscurantist" language,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Romo |first1=Rafael |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Jose Manuel |last3=Shoichet |first3=Catherine E. |date=20 March 2013 |title=Behind closed doors, pope supported civil unions in Argentina, activist says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/20/world/americas/argentina-pope-civil-unions/index.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":43">{{Cite web |last=Abrevaya |first=Sebastian |date=27 August 2012 |title="Se abroquelan para defender privilegios" |trans-title="They buckle up to defend privileges" |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-201958-2012-08-27.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[Página 12]] |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":44">{{Cite web |date=25 March 2013 |title="El pastor no puede ser un privilegiado, no me imagino a Jesús en el Vaticano" |trans-title="The pastor cannot be privileged: I cannot imagine Jesus in the Vatican" |url=https://www.lacapital.com.ar/edicion-impresa/el-pastor-no-puede-ser-un-privilegiado-no-me-imagino-jesus-el-vaticano-n549566.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[La Capital]]}}</ref> and was later admitted by an episcopal source to be a strategic error that contributed to the bill's success.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=De Vedia |first=Mariano |date=16 July 2010 |title=La carta de Bergoglio, un error estratégico |trans-title=Bergoglio's letter: A strategic error |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/la-carta-de-bergoglio-un-error-estrategico-nid1285258/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[La Nación]] |language=es}}</ref> === Religious persecution === {{Further|Persecution of Christians by ISIL}} Francis supported the use of force to stop Islamic militants from attacking religious minorities in Iraq.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.businessinsider.com/pope-francis-endorses-use-of-force-against-isis-in-iraq-2014-8?IR=T|title= Pope Francis Endorses Use Of Force Against ISIS In Iraq|first= Nicole|last= Winfield|date= 18 August 2014|website= [[Business Insider]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140822013237/http://www.businessinsider.com/pope-francis-endorses-use-of-force-against-isis-in-iraq-2014-8?IR=T|archive-date= 22 August 2014|url-status=live|access-date= 3 June 2015}}</ref> In January 2018, Francis met with a group of [[Yazidi people|Yazidi]] refugees in Europe and expressed his support for their right to freely profess their own faith without limitations. In the meeting, he also urged the international community "not to remain a silent and unresponsive spectator in the face of [your] tragedy".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bordoni |first1=Linda |title=Pope Francis calls for respect for the rights of the Yazidis |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2018-01/pope-francis-yazidi-persecuted.html |work=[[Vatican News]] |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> == Controversies == Since 2016, criticism against Francis by theological conservatives has intensified.<ref name="Pepinster-2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/04/vatican-civil-war-conservatives-battle-francis-lent|title=Civil war in the Vatican as conservatives battle Francis for the soul of Catholicism|last=Pepinster|first=Catherine |author-link=Catherine Pepinster|date=4 March 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=5 March 2017|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Winfield-2017">{{cite news|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_REL_VATICAN_KNIGHTS_OF_MALTA?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT|title=Conservative criticism intensifies against Pope Francis|last=Winfield|first=Nicole|date=4 February 2017|access-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204115127/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_REL_VATICAN_KNIGHTS_OF_MALTA?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=dead|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name="Schneider-2017">{{Cite news|url=https://cruxnow.com/commentary/2017/03/05/pope-francis-conservative-critics-may-right/|title=How Pope Francis and his conservative critics may both be right|last=Schneider|first=Matthew|date=5 March 2017|work=Crux|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426133043/https://cruxnow.com/commentary/2017/03/05/pope-francis-conservative-critics-may-right/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Brown-2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/oct/27/the-war-against-pope-francis|title=The war against Pope Francis|last=Brown|first=Andrew|date=27 October 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=1 November 2017|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Willan-2017">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anti-reform-cardinals-want-the-pope-to-quit-z3h75h22v|title=Anti-reform cardinals 'want the Pope to quit'|last=Willan|first=Philip|date=2 March 2017|access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> One commentator has described the conservative resistance against Francis as "unique in its visibility" in recent church history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/13/world/pope-francis-at-five-years-bill-weir/index.html|title=Why Pope Francis scares some conservatives|first=Bill |last=Weir|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> Some have explained the level of disagreement as due to his going beyond theoretical principles to pastoral discernment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Codina|first=Victor|date=12 September 2019|title=Why do some Catholics oppose Pope Francis?|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2019/09/12/why-do-some-catholics-oppose-pope-francis|access-date=22 July 2020|website=America Magazine|language=en}}</ref> === Sexual abuse response === {{See also|Catholic Church sexual abuse cases}} As cardinal, in 2010 Bergoglio commissioned a study which concluded that Father [[Julio César Grassi]], a priest convicted of child sexual abuse, was innocent, that his victims were lying, and that the case against him never should have gone to trial.<ref name="study"/> Despite the study, the [[Supreme Court of Argentina]] upheld the conviction and 15-year prison sentence against Grassi in March 2017.<ref name="study">{{Cite news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2018/09/18/popes-role-in-study-of-argentine-sex-abuse-case-draws-fire/|title=Pope's role in study of Argentine sex abuse case draws fire|website=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux Now]]|publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC|location=Boston, Massachusetts|date=18 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427190340/https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2018/09/18/popes-role-in-study-of-argentine-sex-abuse-case-draws-fire/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Francis has admitted that the church "arrived late" in dealing with sexual abuse cases.<ref>{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Pullella|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-abuse/pope-candidly-admits-church-arrived-late-in-confronting-abuse-idUSKCN1BW22D|title=Pope candidly admits Church 'arrived late' in confronting abuse|work=[[Reuters]]|date=21 September 2017|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> During his papacy, a number of abuse survivors have expressed disappointment in Francis's response to sex abuse in the church,<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Ciara|last=Nugent|url=http://time.com/5540867/pope-francis-sex-abuse-summit-2/|title=Why the Pope's Summit on Abuse Disappointed Some Survivors|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=28 February 2019|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> while others have praised him for his actions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/pope-francis-pontifical-secret-clergy-sex-abuse.amp|title=Pope Francis lifts 'pontifical secret' in clergy sex abuse cases used to protect pedophiles, silence victims |publisher=[[Fox News]]|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> In 2015, Francis was criticized for supporting Chilean bishop [[Juan Barros]], who was accused of covering up sex crimes committed against minors.<ref>{{cite news|first=Stephanie|last=Kirchgaessner|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/31/vatican-juan-barros-chile-bishop-appointment-sex-abuse|title=Vatican supports Chilean bishop despite allegations of sex abuse cover-up|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|date=31 March 2015|access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> In 2018, Francis acknowledged he had made "grave errors" in judgment about Barros, apologized to the victims and launched a Vatican investigation that resulted in the resignation of Barros and two other Chilean bishops.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/11/618825779/pope-francis-accepts-resignations-of-3-bishops-over-chilean-abuse-scandal|title=Pope acknowledges 'grave errors' in Chilean sex abuse scandal|first=Bill|last=Chappell|website=[[NPR]]|date=11 June 2018|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> In 2018, Archbishop [[Carlo Maria Viganò]] published an open letter denouncing Francis's handling of sexual abuse allegations against [[Theodore McCarrick]], accusing him of knowing about allegations that McCarrick had committed sexual abuse and failing to take action. Viganò called on the Pope to resign.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 August 2018|title=Viganò's accusations: What we know and what questions they raise|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2018/08/26/viganos-accusations-what-we-know-and-what-questions-they-raise|website=America}}</ref> In November 2021, Francis thanked journalists for their work uncovering child sexual abuse scandals in the church, thanking journalists also for "helping us not to sweep it under the carpet, and for the voice you have given to the abuse victims".<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope thanks journalists for helping expose Church sex scandals |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-thanks-journalists-helping-expose-church-sex-scandals-2021-11-13/ |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=[[Reuters]]|date=13 November 2021}}</ref> In November 2022, French Cardinal [[Jean-Pierre Ricard]] admitted to having sexually abused a 14-year-old girl in the 1980s in [[Marseille]]. Ricard (who was named as Cardinal by Benedict XVI in 2006<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=11 November 2022 |title=Vatican to investigate French cardinal who abused 14-year-old girl |language=en |work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/vatican-investigate-french-cardinal-who-abused-14-year-old-girl-2022-11-11/ |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>), said that he committed "reprehensible" acts with the girl while he was a priest. French authorities opened an investigation into the case while Francis commented that now that "everything is clearer [...] more cases like this shouldn't surprise [anyone]", and added condemnation for sexual abuse as "against priestly nature, and also against social nature".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wimmer |first=AC |date=7 November 2022 |title=French cardinal confesses to sexual abuse |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/252746/french-cardinal-confesses-to-sexual-abuse |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miguel |first1=Aura |title=Papa Francisco. Enfrentar abusos na Igreja "implica coragem e nem todos a têm" |trans-title=Pope Francis: Facing abuses in the Church "implies courage and not everybody has it"|url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/religiao/2022/11/08/papa-francisco-enfrentar-abusos-na-igreja-implica-coragem-e-nem-todos-a-tem/307165/ |access-date=9 November 2022 |work=Sapo.pt |date=8 November 2022|language=pt}}</ref> === Theological disagreements === ==== ''Amoris laetitia'' and the communion to the divorced and civilly remarried ==== {{Main|Amoris laetitia}} On a theological level, controversy arose after the publication of the apostolic exhortation ''[[Amoris laetitia]]'', especially regarding whether the exhortation had changed the [[Catholic Church]]'s sacramental discipline concerning access to the [[Sacrament of Penance|sacraments of Penance]] and the [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|Eucharist]] for divorced couples who have [[Civil marriage|civilly remarried]].<ref name="Oullet">Oullet, Marc (21 November 2017), [http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/accompanying-discerning-integrating-weakness "Accompanying, Discerning, Integrating Weakness"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105200946/http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/accompanying-discerning-integrating-weakness |date=5 January 2019 }}, ''L'Osservatore Romano''<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2017</span></ref> Francis had written: "It is important that the divorced who have entered a new union should be made to feel part of the Church." He called not for "a new set of general rules, canonical in nature and applicable to all cases", but "a responsible personal and pastoral discernment of particular cases". He went on to say: "It is true that general rules set forth a good which can never be disregarded or neglected, but in their formulation they cannot provide absolutely for all particular situations."<ref name="Carroll">{{Cite news|last=Carroll|first=James|date=8 April 2016|title=The New Morality of Pope Francis|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/new-morality-of-pope-francis-joy-of-love|access-date=28 September 2019|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Four cardinals ([[Raymond Leo Burke]], [[Carlo Caffarra]], [[Walter Brandmüller]], and [[Joachim Meisner]]) formally asked Francis for clarifications, particularly on the issue of giving communion to divorced and civilly remarried Catholics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/four-cardinals-formally-ask-pope-for-clarity-on-amoris-laetitia|title=Four Cardinals Formally Ask Pope for Clarity on 'Amoris Laetitia'|newspaper=[[National Catholic Register]]|access-date=4 February 2018}}</ref> They submitted five "dubia" (doubts), and requested a yes or no answer. Francis has not publicly replied.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2017/01/05/pope-francis-still-hasnt-responded-dubia-he-has-good-reason-not|title=Pope Francis still hasn't responded to the dubia. He has good reason not to.|newspaper=[[America (magazine)|America]]|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> The exhortation has been implemented in different ways by various bishops around the world.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Receiving 'Amoris Laetitia' | date=1 March 2017 | first=James | last=Keenan | journal=Theological Studies | volume=78 | pages=193–212 | doi=10.1177/0040563916681995 | s2cid=171761624 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Cardinal [[Gerhard Ludwig Müller|Gerhard Müller]], former prefect of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]], maintained that ''Amoris Laetitia'' should only be interpreted in line with previous doctrine. Therefore, according to Cardinal Müller, divorced and civilly remarried can have access to the Sacraments of Reconciliation and the Eucharist only if they take on the duty of living in complete continence.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/cardinal-mueller-on-communion-for-divorced-and-remarried-teaching-of-jesus |title= Cardinal Müller on Communion for Divorced & Remarried: Can't Change Church Teaching |newspaper=[[National Catholic Register]] |publisher=[[EWTN]] |location= Irondale, Alabama |date= 4 March 2016 |access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/02/01/cardinal-muller-communion-for-the-remarried-is-against-gods-law |title= Cardinal Müller: Communion for the remarried is against God's law |newspaper= [[Catholic Herald]] |publisher= [[Sir Rocco Forte]], [[Lord Black of Crossharbour]] |location= London, England |date= 1 February 2017 |access-date= 8 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233123/http://catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/02/01/cardinal-muller-communion-for-the-remarried-is-against-gods-law/ |archive-date= 5 July 2018 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Francis subsequently announced that [[dicastery]] prefects would be appointed for a single five-year term, and replaced Müller at the end of his term in 2017 with [[Luis Ladaria Ferrer]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Edward|last=Pentin|url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/cardinal-mueller-to-be-dismissed |title=Pope Francis Appoints Spanish Jesuit Ladaria to Succeed Cardinal Müller |newspaper=[[National Catholic Register]] |publisher=[[EWTN]] |location= Irondale, AL |date=3 June 2017 |access-date= 8 July 2018}}</ref> Cardinal [[Carlo Caffarra]], one of the authors of the dubia, maintains that after ''Amoris laetitia'' "only a blind man could deny there's great confusion, uncertainty and insecurity in the Church".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/01/14/cardinal-says-blind-man-deny-confusion-caused-pope |title=Cardinal says 'only blind man' could deny confusion caused by Pope |newspaper=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux Now]] |publisher=Boston Globe Partners LLC |location=Boston, MA |date=14 January 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426145904/https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/01/14/cardinal-says-blind-man-deny-confusion-caused-pope/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In July 2017 a group of conservative clergy, academics and laymen signed a document labeled as a "[[Correctio filialis de haeresibus propagatis|Filial Correction]]" of Francis.<ref name="cnn" /> The 25-page document, which was made public in September after it received no reply, criticized the pope for promoting what it described as seven heretical propositions through various words, actions and omissions during his pontificate.<ref name="Correctio filialis de haeresibus propagatis">{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5FGuFFkfrDvME5seVJ3TkhrRkU/view?usp=embed_facebook|title="Filial Correction" of Pope Francis, 24 September 2017|website=Google Docs}}</ref> Capuchin Father [[Thomas Weinandy]], ex-doctrine chief of US Bishops, wrote a letter to Francis on 31 July 2017, which he subsequently made public, in which he charged that Francis is fostering "chronic confusion", "demeaning" the importance of doctrine, appointing bishops who "scandalize" believers with dubious "teaching and pastoral practice", giving prelates who object the impression they will be "marginalized or worse" if they speak out, and causing faithful Catholics to "lose confidence in their supreme shepherd".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/11/01/ex-bishops-doctrine-chief-says-darkness-coming-light-francis/|title=Ex-bishops' doctrine chief says darkness coming to light under Francis|newspaper=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux Now]]|publisher=Boston Globe Partners LLC|location=Boston, Massachusetts|date=1 November 2017|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522133907/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/11/01/ex-bishops-doctrine-chief-says-darkness-coming-light-francis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A defense of ''Amoris Laetitia'' came from philosopher [[Rocco Buttiglione]] who accused its critics of "ethical objectivism". He said that the critics cannot deny that "there are mitigating circumstances in which a mortal sin (a sin that would otherwise be mortal) becomes a lighter sin, a venial sin. There are therefore some cases in which remarried divorcees can (through their confessor and after an adequate spiritual discernment) be considered in God's grace and therefore deserving of receiving the sacraments".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2017/11/20/news/here-is-the-deviation-in-which-amoris-laetitia-s-critics-fall-1.34388313|title="Here is the deviation in which Amoris Laetitia's critics fall"|work=Vatican Insider|publisher=La Stampa|location=Italy|date=20 November 2017|access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> ==== Document on Human Fraternity ==== {{Main|Document on Human Fraternity}} The ''[[Document on Human Fraternity]] for World Peace and Living Together'' is a joint statement signed by Francis and [[Sheikh]] [[Ahmed el-Tayeb]], [[Grand Imam of Al-Azhar]], on 4 February 2019 in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates. This joint statement is concerned with how different faiths can live peaceably in the same world and areas and later inspired the [[International Day of Human Fraternity]], as acknowledged by the UN Secretary-General, [[António Guterres]], in different occasions.<ref name="first-ever">{{cite web|title=First-ever International Day of Human Fraternity focuses on tolerance |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1083832|access-date=3 February 2022|website=United Nations|date=4 February 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Secretary-General's message for 2022: International Day of Human Fraternity |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/human-fraternity/messages|access-date=3 February 2022|website=United Nations|language=en-US}}</ref> Criticisms focused particularly on the passage about God's will with regard to the diversity of religions, claiming that the "pluralism and the diversity of religions, colour, sex, race and language are willed by God in His wisdom, through which He created human beings".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pope Francis|last2=Al-Tayyeb|first2=Ahmad|date=4 February 2019|title=Document on "Human Fraternity for World Peace and Living Together" signed by His Holiness Pope Francis and the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Ahamad al-Tayyib (Abu Dhabi, 4 February 2019)|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/travels/2019/outside/documents/papa-francesco_20190204_documento-fratellanza-umana.html|access-date=13 June 2020|website=w2.vatican.va}}</ref><ref name="Reynolds-2019">{{cite web|last=Reynolds|first=Gabriel|date=12 April 2019|title=After Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/after-abu-dhabi|access-date=13 June 2020|website=Commonweal Magazine}}</ref> Catholic theologian Chad Pecknold wrote that this sentence was "puzzling, and potentially problematic".<ref name="Farrow-2019">{{cite web|last=Farrow|first=Mary|date=4 February 2019|title=Pope Francis signs peace declaration on 'Human Fraternity' with Grand Imam|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-signs-peace-declaration-on-human-fraternity-with-grand-imam-98253|access-date=13 June 2020|website=Catholic News Agency|language=en}}</ref> Some Catholic observers tried to understand it as an allusion to the "permissive will" of God, allowing evil on earth.<ref name="Reynolds-2019" /> Pecknold wrote that the diversity of religions might also be "evidence of our natural desire to know God".<ref name="Farrow-2019" /> Bishop [[Athanasius Schneider]] claims that Pope Francis clarified to him that he was referring to "the permissive will of God".<ref>{{cite web |last=Gabriel |first=Pedro |url=https://wherepeteris.com/pluralism-and-the-will-of-god-is-there-another-way-to-look-at-it/ |title=Pluralism and the will of God... is there another way to look at it? |publisher=Where Peter Is |date=12 March 2019 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> ==== ''Traditionis custodes'' and the restriction of the Tridentine Mass ==== {{Main|Traditionis custodes}} In July 2021, Francis issued, ''[[motu proprio]]'', the [[Ecclesiastical letter#Letters of the popes in modern times|apostolic letter]] titled ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'', which reversed the decision of his immediate predecessor Benedict XVI in ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' and imposed new restrictions on the use of the [[Tridentine Mass|Traditional Latin Mass]]. The letter returned to the bishops the power to grant or suppress the Latin Mass in their particular dioceses, and requires newly ordained priests to first request permission before performing the old rite, among other changes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pope Francis renews restrictions on old Latin Mass, reversing Benedict XVI|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pope-francis-latin-mass/2021/07/16/5fe7238e-e638-11eb-88c5-4fd6382c47cb_story.html|access-date=19 July 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Horowitz|first=Jason|date=16 July 2021|title=Pope Francis Restricts Use of Old Latin Mass, in a Blow to Conservatives|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/16/world/europe/pope-francis-old-latin-mass.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/16/world/europe/pope-francis-old-latin-mass.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited|access-date=19 July 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''Traditionis custodes'', which Pope Francis published and [[Entry into force|came into immediate effect]] on 16 July, has been criticized by prelates such as Cardinals [[Raymond Leo Burke|Raymond Burke]], [[Gerhard Ludwig Müller|Gerhard Müller]] and [[Joseph Zen]], as well as many lay faithful who attend the traditional Latin Mass. The most general criticism is that the restrictions are unnecessary, needlessly harsh, and implemented in an unjustifiably swift fashion."<ref>{{cite web|last=Pentin|first=Edward|title=Latin Mass Society: 'Traditionis Custodes' Regulates Not Abrogrates Older Liturgy|url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/latin-mass-society-traditionis-custodes-regulates-not-abrogrates-older-liturgy|access-date=23 July 2021|website=NCR|date=22 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The ''motu proprio'' was later confirmed by Francis through the [[Ecclesiastical letter#Letters of the popes in modern times|apostolic letter]] ''Desiderio desideravi''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostolic Letter "Desiderio desideravi" |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2022/06/29/0501/01027.html#ing |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref> ==== ''Fiducia supplicans'' and the blessing of couples in irregular situations. ==== {{Main|Fiducia supplicans}} In December 2023, the [[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith]] issued a declaration, ''Fiducia supplicans'', approved by Francis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration Fiducia Supplicans On the Pastoral Meaning of Blessings (18 December 2023) |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_ddf_doc_20231218_fiducia-supplicans_en.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> ''Fiducia supplicans'' intends to provide clarification and reforms on the Catholic Church's treatment of "irregular relationships", that is, those who establish a [[Monogamy|monogamous]] and emotional bond that lasts over time and have not contracted a Catholic marriage. Notably, it allows [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Catholic priests]] to perform "spontaneous blessings" of same-sex couples, as well as opposite-sex couples who are not married, and civilly married couples at least one party of which was previously divorced but has not received an [[Annulment (Catholic Church)|annulment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Doctrinal declaration opens possibility of blessing couples in irregular situations |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2023-12/fiducia-supplicans-doctrine-faith-blessing-irregular-couples.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Vatican News |language=en}}</ref> ''Fiducia supplicans'' sparked considerable controversy and criticism among Catholics, including from several conservative commentators, clerical congregations, and high-profile cardinals, bishops, priests, and lay people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pentin |first=Edward |date=2024-01-18 |title=Marking One Month of 'Fiducia Supplicans': Opposition Shows No Signs of Abating |url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/marking-one-month-of-fiducia-supplicans-opposition-shows-no-signs-of-abating |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=National Catholic Register |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=2024-01-04 |title=Vatican Defends Gay Blessings, but Offers Critics Some Leeway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/04/world/europe/vatican-pope-lgbtq-blessings.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coppen |first=Luke |date=2023-12-19 |title='Fiducia supplicans': Who's saying what? |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/fiducia-supplicans-whos-saying-what |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=The Pillar |language=en}}</ref> Cardinal [[Gerhard Ludwig Müller|Gerhard Müller]] called it "sacrilegious and blasphemous" and "self-contradictory".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Müller |first=Gerhard |title=Müller: Blessings for gay couples are blasphemous |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/mueller-blessings-for-gay-couples-are-blasphemous |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> Cardinal [[Robert Sarah]] described the blessing of couples in irregular situations as "a heresy that seriously undermines the Church".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quiñones |first=Kate |title=Cardinal Sarah speaks out against clergy blessing same-sex unions |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/256481/cardinal-sarah-speaks-out-against-clergy-blessing-same-sex-unions |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}</ref> On 11 January 2024, Cardinal [[Fridolin Ambongo Besungu]] announced that all episcopal conferences in Africa, represented in [[Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar|SECAM]], would reject blessings for same-sex couples, stating that "the extra-liturgical blessings proposed in the declaration...cannot be carried out in Africa without exposing themselves to scandals".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=African bishops reject same-sex blessings en masse |url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/schism-looms-as-african-bishops-reject-same-sex-blessings-document-en-masse/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Catholic Herald |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-11 |title=Africa's Catholic hierarchy refuses same-sex blessings, says such unions are contrary to God's will |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/11/vatican-lgbtq-blessing-africa-france/9a428208-b09d-11ee-9a32-5c9e6aa28b3b_story.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> === International policy === [[File:Raul-castro-papa-francisco.jpg|thumb|upright|Francis with Cuban leader [[Raúl Castro]] in September 2015]] Francis has regularly been accused by conservatives of having a "soft spot" for leftist populist movements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2020/02/24/pope-francis-wayward-shepherd/|title=Pope Francis, Wayward Shepherd|last=Mahoney|first=Daniel|date=6 February 2020|website=National Review|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> After Francis's visit to Cuba in 2015, Catholic Yale historian [[Carlos Eire]] said Francis had a "[[Option for the poor|preferential option]] for the oppressors" in Cuba.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2015/09/when-francis-came-to-cuba|title=When Francis Came to Cuba |last=Eire|first=Carlos|date=24 September 2015|website=First Things|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> Francis is hostile to [[right-wing populism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/the-vaticans-authoritarian-friend/|title=Why did Evo Morales find such favour at the Vatican?|last=De Souza|first=Raymond|date=28 November 2019|website=Catholic Herald|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> Since 2016, Francis has been contrasted with US President [[Donald Trump]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ivereigh |first=Austen |date=4 March 2017 |title=Is the Pope the Anti-Trump? |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/04/opinion/sunday/is-the-pope-the-anti-trump.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304213826/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/04/opinion/sunday/is-the-pope-the-anti-trump.html |archive-date=4 March 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> elected that year, with some conservative critics drawing comparisons between the two.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schmitz |first=Matthew |date=19 February 2016 |title=What Donald Trump and Pope Francis actually have in common |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=Nash Holdings LLC |location=Washington, DC |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/02/19/what-donald-trump-and-pope-francis-actually-have-in-common |access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Douthat |first=Ross |date=15 February 2017 |title=The Trump Era's Catholic Mirror |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/opinion/the-trump-eras-catholic-mirror.html |access-date=16 February 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> During the [[2016 United States presidential election]], Francis said of Trump, "A person who only thinks about building walls, wherever they may be, and not building bridges, is not Christian. That is not the gospel." Trump responded, "For a religious leader to question a person's faith is disgraceful."<ref name="Lauter-2016" /> [[Federico Lombardi]] said that Francis's comments were not "a personal attack, nor an indication of who to vote for".<ref>{{cite web |last=Vale |first=Paul |date=19 February 2016 |title=Donald Trump Stares Down The Pope As Vatican Back Peddles On 'Not A Christian' Attack |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2016/02/19/donald-trump-stares-down-pope-_n_9276220.html |access-date=3 January 2019 |publisher=[[Huffington Post Media Group]] |newspaper=[[Huffington Post|The Huffington Post UK]] |location=London}}</ref> Francis has supported the [[China–Holy See relations#2018 Holy See–China agreement|Vatican-China agreement]], intended to normalize the situation of [[Catholic Church in China|China's Catholics]],<ref>{{cite news |title=China Is Already Breaking Its Vatican Deal |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/17/china-francis-vatican/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=17 September 2020}}</ref> which was criticized by Cardinal [[Joseph Zen]] as a step toward the "annihilation" of the Catholic Church in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia-oceania/2018/10/cardinal-zen-the-vatican-is-badly-mishandling-china-situation/|title=cardinal-zen-the-vatican-is-badly-mishandling-china-situation|date=26 October 2018|website=cruxnow.com|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://international.la-croix.com/news/cardinal-zen-targets-vatican-silence-on-china-hong-kong/11447|title=Cardinal Zen targets Vatican silence on China, Hong Kong – La Croix International|last=Sainsbury|first=Michael|date=9 December 2019|website=La Croix|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] said cooperating with the [[Chinese Communist Party]] puts the pope's moral authority at risk.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pompeo Calls On Pope Francis to Defend Religious Freedom in China |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/pompeo-calls-on-pope-francis-to-defend-religious-freedom-in-china-11601474849 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=30 September 2020}}</ref> In September 2020, Pompeo urged Francis to stand against [[Human rights in China|China's human rights violations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rebuffed by Vatican, Pompeo Assails China and Aligns With Pope's Critics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/30/world/europe/pompeo-pope-francis-china.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234028/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/30/world/europe/pompeo-pope-francis-china.html |archive-date=30 September 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=30 September 2020}}</ref> In November, Francis named China's [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] minority among a list of the world's persecuted peoples. He wrote: "I think often of persecuted peoples: the [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] [Muslims in Myanmar], the poor Uighurs, the [[Yazidi]]—what [[Islamic State|ISIS]] did to them was truly cruel—or Christians in Egypt and Pakistan killed by bombs that went off while they prayed in church." [[Zhao Lijian]], the spokesman of the Foreign Ministry of China, said Francis's remarks had "no factual basis at all".<ref>{{cite news |title=China dismisses Pope Francis's comments about persecution of Uighurs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/25/china-dismisses-pope-franciss-comments-about-persecution-of-uighurs |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=25 November 2020}}</ref> [[File:Donald Trump Pope Francis Melania Trump in 2017.jpg|left|thumb|Francis with U.S. President Donald Trump and First Lady [[Melania Trump|Melania]] in 2017]]In response to criticism from [[Episcopal Conference of Venezuela|Venezuela's bishops]], President [[Nicolás Maduro]] said in 2017 that he had the support of Francis.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Ines|last1=San Martin|url=https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/05/15/venezuelan-president-accuses-bishops-ignoring-pope-francis/|title=Venezuelan president accuses bishops of ignoring Pope Francis|publisher=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux]]|date=15 May 2017|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043959/https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/05/15/venezuelan-president-accuses-bishops-ignoring-pope-francis/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=John Jr.|last1=Allen|url=https://cruxnow.com/commentary/2017/05/19/pope-francis-plan-venezuela-give-time-work/|title=Pope Francis has a plan for Venezuela: Give it time to work|publisher=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux]]|date=19 May 2017|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044644/https://cruxnow.com/commentary/2017/05/19/pope-francis-plan-venezuela-give-time-work/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Francis met with the country's bishops in June 2017, and the Venezuelan bishops' conference president stated, "There is no distance between the episcopal conference and the Holy See."<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Cindy|last1=Wooden|url=https://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2017/amid-nations-crisis-venezuelan-bishops-meet-pope.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608161205/http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2017/amid-nations-crisis-venezuelan-bishops-meet-pope.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2017|title=Amid nation's crisis, Venezuelan bishops meet pope|publisher=Catholic News Service|date=8 June 2017|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> In January 2019, 20 former presidents in Latin America wrote a letter to Francis criticizing his Christmas address regarding the ongoing [[Crisis in Venezuela|Venezuelan crisis]] for being too simplistic and for not acknowledging what they believed to be the causes of the suffering of the victims of the crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Frances|last1=Jenner|url=https://andestimes.com/latin-american-former-leaders-criticise-popes-christmas-message/2101/|title=Latin American former leaders criticise Pope's Christmas message|work=Andes Times|date=10 January 2019|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> Francis has sought peace in the crisis without picking a side.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Nicole|last1=Winfield|first2=Juan|last2=Zamorano|url=https://apnews.com/4d5745dcd9114f78b5a6000e1dc1efde|title=Pope seeks peace in Venezuela crisis but doesn't pick sides|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=27 January 2019|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> In 2019, during the [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests|Hong Kong protests]], Francis was criticized by Catholic clergy in Hong Kong, with Cardinal [[Joseph Zen]] criticizing him for not taking a stand against China and instead being quoted as saying "I would like to go to China. I love China". Francis compared the protests in Hong Kong to those seen [[2019–2021 Chilean protests|in Chile]] and in France.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Riordan |first1=Primrose |title=Hong Kong's Catholics defy Vatican over protests |url=https://www.ft.com/content/360bc752-f6ea-11e9-a79c-bc9acae3b654 |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=5 December 2019}}</ref> == International diplomatic role == [[File:Pope Francis Travels.svg|thumb| Map indicating [[List of pastoral visits of Pope Francis outside Italy|countries visited by Francis as pope]]]] Francis played a key role in the talks toward restoring [[Cuban Thaw|full diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Cuba]]. The restoration was jointly announced by U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] and Cuban President [[Raúl Castro]] on 17 December 2014. The headline in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' on 19 December was "Bridge to Cuba via Vatican", with the further lead "In a rare and crucial role, Francis helped keep U.S. talks with Havana on track and guided final deal."<ref name="Bridge to Cuba">{{cite news|first1=Paul|last1=Richter|first2=Tom|last2=Kington|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-todays-paper-20141219-htmlstory.html|title=Bridge to Cuba Via Vatican|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=19 December 2014|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref> The pope, along with the [[Government of Canada]], was a behind-the-scenes broker of the agreement, taking the role following President Obama's request during his visit to the pope in March 2014.<ref>{{cite news |first= Barbie Latza |last= Nadeau |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/17/the-pope-s-diplomatic-miracle-ending-the-u-s-cuba-cold-war.html |title= The Pope's Diplomatic Miracle: Ending the U.S.–Cuba Cold War |website= [[The Daily Beast]] |publisher=[[IAC (company)|IAC]]|location=New York City|date= 17 December 2014 |access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref> The success of the negotiations was credited to Francis because "as a religious leader with the confidence of both sides, he was able to convince the Obama and Castro administrations that the other side would live up to the deal".<ref name="Bridge to Cuba" /> En route to the United States for a visit in September 2015, the pope stopped in Cuba. "The plan comes amid a breakthrough for which Francis has received much credit."<ref name="Wilkinson, Pope will visit Cuba">{{cite news|first=Tracy|last = Wilkinson|url = https://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-pope-cuba-20150422-story.html|title = Pope Francis to stop in Cuba en route to U.S., Vatican announces|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|location=Los Angeles, California|date = 22 April 2015|access-date = 29 July 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150730034810/http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-pope-cuba-20150422-story.html|archive-date=30 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Cuba visit "seals that accomplishment, in which he served as a bridge between two erstwhile enemies".<ref name="Wilkinson, Pope will visit Cuba" /> According to one expert on religion in Latin America, Mario Paredes, the pope's visit to Cuba was consistent with his aim to promote an understanding of the role of the Cuban Revolution and that of the Catholic Church. When Francis was archbishop of Buenos Aires, he authored a text entitled "Dialogues Between John Paul II and Fidel Castro".<ref name="Wilkinson, Pope will visit Cuba" /> John Paul was the first pope to visit Cuba. In May 2015, Francis met with Cuban leader Raúl Castro. After the meeting in Vatican City on 10 May 2015, Castro said that he was considering returning to the [[Catholic Church]].<ref name="Catholic Cuba">{{cite web |first=Eliott C.|last=McLaughlin|url= http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/10/europe/italy-raul-castro-pope-francis-meeting/|title= Raul Castro may join Catholic Church, he says after Pope Francis meeting|publisher=[[CNN]]|location=Atlanta, Georgia|date=14 May 2015|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> He said in a televised news conference, "I read all the speeches of the pope, his commentaries, and if the pope continues this way, I will go back to praying and go back to the [Catholic] church. I am not joking."<ref name="Yardley-2015">{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Yardley|title=Praising Pope, Cuban President Says He might return to church|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/11/world/europe/raul-castro-meets-with-pope-francis-at-vatican.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510224154/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/11/world/europe/raul-castro-meets-with-pope-francis-at-vatican.html |archive-date=10 May 2015 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|location=New York City|date=10 May 2015|access-date=27 October 2018|page=A4}}</ref> Castro said that, when the pope came, "I promise to go to all his Masses and with satisfaction".<ref name="Yardley-2015" /> [[File:Korea Pope Francis Arrive Seoul Airport 03.jpg|thumb|Francis with South Korean President [[Park Geun-hye]], 14 August 2014]] In May 2014, his visit to the [[State of Israel]], where he delivered 13 speeches, was heavily publicized.<ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Willey|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27469349|title=Pope Francis to tread careful path on Mid-East visit|website=[[BBC News]]|location=London, England|date=23 May 2014|access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> [[Protests Against Pope Francis Visit to Israel 2014|Protests against his visit]] resulted in an alleged arson attempt at the [[Dormition Abbey]].<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 11 December 2016 | title=Holy Land: Vandal tries to set fire to Dormition Abbey | url = http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/holy-land-vandal-tries-to-set-fire-to-dormition-abbey/ | agency = Catholic News Agency }}</ref> The cave under the [[Church of the Nativity]] caught fire the night after his visit.<ref>{{cite news | publisher = Novus Ordo Watch | title = Fire breaks out at Nativity Church shortly after Francis visits Bethlehem |year = 2014}}</ref> In May 2015, Francis welcomed Palestinian president [[Mahmoud Abbas]] to the Vatican. Several media outlets reported that Francis praised Abbas as "an angel of peace", though his actual words were the following: "The angel of peace destroys the evil spirit of war. I thought about you: may you be an angel of peace."<ref>{{cite news |first=Edward |last=Pentin |url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/the-pope-mahmoud-abbas-and-the-angel-of-peace |title=The Pope, Mahmoud Abbas, and the 'Angel of Peace' |newspaper=[[National Catholic Register]]|publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners LLC|location=Boston, Massachusetts|date=18 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> The Vatican signed a treaty recognizing the [[state of Palestine]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.timesofisrael.com/vatican-signs-treaty-recognizing-state-of-palestine/|title= Vatican signs treaty recognizing State of Palestine|date= 26 June 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> The Vatican issued statements concerning the hope that the peace talks could resume between Israel and Palestine. Abbas's visit was on the occasion of the canonization of two Palestinian nuns.<ref>{{cite news |first= Elisabetta |last=Povoledo |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/world/europe/in-vatican-abbas-is-praised-as-angel-of-peace.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517035411/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/world/europe/in-vatican-abbas-is-praised-as-angel-of-peace.html |archive-date=17 May 2015 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title= At Vatican, Abbas is Praised as 'Angel of Peace' |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date= 17 May 2015}}</ref> [[File:Pope Francis in Sarajevo 06 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Crowd at the [[Koševo City Stadium]] in [[Sarajevo]], celebrating a mass with Francis, June 2015]] On 6 June 2015, Francis visited [[Sarajevo]], the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He urged peace during his time in the religiously diverse city, known as the "Jerusalem of Europe".<ref>{{cite news |first1= Nic |last1=Robertson |first2=Laura |last2=Smith-Spark |first3=Faith |last3=Karimi | url= http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/06/europe/bosnia-pope-francis-visit/index.html |title= Pope Francis urges peace on visit to Sarajevo, 'Jerusalem of Europe' |publisher=[[CNN]]|location= Atlanta, Georgia |date=6 June 2015 |access-date= 6 June 2015 }}</ref> On 25 September 2015, Francis addressed the United Nations in New York City.<ref name="Times 2015">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/live/pope-visit-2015 |title=Pope Francis Addresses the U.N.: Live Updates |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date= 25 September 2015 |access-date= 25 September 2015}}</ref> On 16 April 2016, he visited, together with [[Bartholomew I of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew]] and [[Ieronymos II of Athens|Archbishop Ieronimos II of Athens]], the [[Moria Refugee Camp]] on the Greek island of [[Lesbos]], to call the attention of the world to the refugee issue. There the three Christian leaders signed a joint declaration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2016/apr/16/pope-francis-europe-visits-lesbos-in-pictures|title=Pope Francis visits Lesbos|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|date=16 April 2016|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref> In January 2017, Francis demanded the resignation of [[Matthew Festing]], the 79th [[List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Prince and Grand Master]] of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]. The Pope's demand came as a response to Festing and Cardinal [[Raymond Leo Burke]] firing Baron [[Albrecht von Boeselager]] from his position in the Order of Malta. The Order, in May 2017, appointed a new leader in the person of Fra' Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/ancient-order-malta-faces-era-change-interim-leader-elected|title=Ancient Order of Malta faces era of change as interim leader is elected|author=Josephine McKenna|date=1 May 2017|newspaper=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|access-date=2 February 2019}}</ref> [[File:Vladimir Putin with Franciscus (2015-06-10) 1.jpg|thumb|left|Francis shaking hands with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]], in front of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], 10 June 2015]] On 24 May 2017, Francis met with U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] in Vatican City, where they discussed the contributions of [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholics]] to the United States and to the world. They discussed issues of mutual concern, including how religious communities can combat human suffering in crisis regions, such as Syria, Libya, and [[ISIS]]-controlled territory. They also discussed [[terrorism]] and the radicalization of young people. The [[Cardinal Secretary of State|Vatican's secretary of state]], [[Pietro Parolin]], raised the issue of [[climate change]] and encouraged Trump to remain in the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump: Meeting Pope Francis 'the honor of a lifetime' |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/05/24/trump-meeting-pope-francis-honor-lifetime.html |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]]|location=New York City|date=24 May 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> At the 2017 [[World Food Day]] ceremony, Francis reiterated that "we see the consequences [of climate change] every day" and that we "know how the problems are to be faced ... [t]hanks to scientific knowledge." He said that "the international community has drawn up the necessary legal instruments, such as the Paris Agreement, from which however some are withdrawing. There is a re-emergence of the nonchalance towards the delicate balances of ecosystems, the presumption of being able to manipulate and control the planet's limited resources, and greed for profit."<ref name="Vatican_FAO_20171016">{{cite web|title=Visit of the Holy Father Francis to the headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in Rome for World Food Day|url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2017/10/16/171016a.html|access-date=16 June 2019}}</ref> Francis [[Pope Francis's visit to Ireland|visited Ireland in 2018]], in what was the first papal tour of the country since John Paul II's historic trip in 1979.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Henry|last=McDonald |issn=0261-3077 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/28/pope-francis-to-visit-ireland-in-2018|date=28 November 2016 |title=Pope Francis to visit Ireland in 2018|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|access-date=28 November 2016}}</ref> While in Ireland he apologized for abuses by clergy in the United States and Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ortiz|first=Erik|date=20 August 2018|title=Pope apologizes for priest sex abuse scandal with 'sorrow and shame'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/pope-francis/pope-francis-apologizes-catholic-priest-sex-abuse-scandal-sorrow-shame-n902121|access-date=27 August 2018|publisher=[[NBC News]]|location=New York City}}</ref> [[File:Pope Francis visit Bethlehem.jpg|thumb|Francis in [[Bethlehem]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], 25 May 2014]] In February 2019, Francis visited [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates, on the invitation of [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]. Francis became the first pope to hold a papal Mass on the Arabian Peninsula, with more than 120,000 attendees in the [[Zayed Sports City Stadium]] on 5 February.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]]|date=5 February 2019 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-emirates/tens-of-thousands-pack-stadium-for-first-papal-mass-on-arabian-peninsula-idUSKCN1PU0H9?il=0|title=Tens of thousands pack stadium for first papal mass on Arabian Peninsula}}</ref> Francis made the plight of refugees and migrants "a core component of his pastoral work", and has defended their rights in [[Theology of Pope Francis#Refugees and migrants|dialogue both with Europe and with the United States]]. He went on to place a statue in [[St. Peter's Square]] to bring attention to the Christian imperative involved in their situation (Hebrews 13:2).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-wall-idUSKBN15N1ZW|title=Don't build walls, Pope Francis says|date=8 February 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Friedman|first=Uri|date=16 April 2016|website=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/04/refugees-pope-francis-lesbos/477870/|title='The Globalization of Indifference': How Pope Francis Sees the Refugee Crisis|access-date=2 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Vatican Statue Proclaims Pope Francis' Concern For Refugees |date=1 October 2019 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/angels-unaware-statue-pope-francis_n_5d93bf92e4b0ac3cddb05a56|first=Carol |last=Kuruvilla|website=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=2 October 2019}}</ref> In line with this policy, Francis has criticised [[neo-nationalism|neo-nationalists]] and [[populism|populists]] who reject the acceptance of refugees.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 August 2019|title=Pope says popular movements are 'antidote' to populism |url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/08/pope-says-popular-movements-are-antidote-to-populism/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=Crux|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Momigliano|first=Anna|date=23 May 2017 |title=Catholic Populists Have to Respect the Pope, but They Love Trump |website=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/05/catholic-populists-trump-pope-francis-vatican/527766/ |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> In March 2021, Pope Francis held a [[Pope Francis's visit to Iraq|historic meeting]] with Iraq's top [[Shi'ite]] cleric, [[Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani]], and visited the birthplace of the [[Abraham in Islam|Prophet Abraham]], Ur. Giving a message of peaceful coexistence, he and the Iraqi cleric urged the [[Muslim]] and Christian communities to work together in unity for peace.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-iraq/pope-francis-holds-historic-meeting-with-iraqs-top-shiite-cleric-idUSKBN2AY07Y|title=Pope Francis meets Iraq's top Shi'ite cleric, visits birthplace of Prophet Abraham|access-date=6 March 2021|website=[[Reuters]]|date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=[[ABC News]]|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/pope-francis-meets-top-shiite-cleric-iraq-76292195 |title=Pope, top Iraq Shiite cleric hold historic, symbolic meeting|access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> [[File:Wizyta w Watykanie (42556254741).jpg|thumb|Francis with Polish Prime Minister [[Mateusz Morawiecki]] and his family, Vatican City, June 2018|left]] On 9 May 2021, Francis called for peace between Israel and Palestinians and an end to [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|clashes in Jerusalem]] during his [[Regina caeli]] address.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mares |first=Courtney|date=11 May 2021|title=Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem says violence requires 'an urgent intervention'|work=[[Catholic News Agency]]|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/247617/latin-patriarchate-of-jerusalem-says-violence-requires-an-urgent-intervention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=O'Connell |first=Gerard|date=9 May 2021|title=Pope Francis calls for an end to clashes in Jerusalem|work=[[America Magazine]]|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2021/05/09/pope-francis-clashes-jerusalem-violence-holy-land-peace-israel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509144945/https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2021/05/09/pope-francis-clashes-jerusalem-violence-holy-land-peace-israel|archive-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> Following the [[2021 Taliban offensive|Taliban takeover of Afghanistan and withdrawal of U.S. forces from the country]], Francis said that the withdrawal of troops was "legitimate" but said that the process of evacuations was "not thought through" and criticized the war for having failed at nation-building. He also stated that the Vatican is in talks with the Taliban through Cardinal [[Pietro Parolin]] to discourage the Taliban on taking reprisal measures against civilians.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glatz |first1=Carol |title=Pope Francis: Afghanistan withdrawal was not completely thought through |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2021/08/31/pope-francis-afghanistan-withdrawal-241313 |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=America Magazine |date=31 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Matranga |first1=Anna |title=Pope Francis takes a jab at America's policy in Afghanistan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pope-francis-news-us-afghanistan-policy-health-after-surgery/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |agency=[[CBS News]] |date=1 September 2021}}</ref> On 1 September 2021, Francis publicly defended the dialogue with China on the appointment of new bishops. Francis stated that uneasy dialogue was better than no dialogue at all, and emphasized in improving strained ties with the Chinese government.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |title=Pope defends deal with China, says dialogue necessary |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/pope-defends-deal-with-china-says-dialogue-necessary-2021-09-01/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=1 September 2021}}</ref> On [[All Souls' Day]], on 1 November 2021, Francis visited a war cemetery in Rome and paid tribute to fallen soldiers during the [[Battle of Anzio]] in World War II as well as at the [[Piave River]], in Italy, during World War I. Francis also praised military casualties for "fighting for their homeland and values" and called for global peace.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mares |first1=Courtney |title=Pope Francis celebrates All Souls' Day Mass at military cemetery in Rome |url=https://angelusnews.com/news/vatican/pope-francis-celebrates-all-souls-day-mass-at-military-cemetery-in-rome/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |work=[[Angelus News]] |date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Glatz |first1=Carol |title=Pope Francis on All Souls Day: The tombs of fallen soldiers cry out for peace |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2021/11/02/pope-francis-all-souls-war-241762 |access-date=3 November 2021 |work=[[America (magazine)|America]] |date=2 November 2021}}</ref> [[File:Pope Francis and Sergio Mattarella 2022.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Pope Francis with Italian President [[Sergio Mattarella]] in 2022]] On 16 April 2022, Melitopol mayor [[Ivan Fedorov (politician)|Ivan Fedorov]] attended Easter services in the Vatican with the Pope. Ukrainian politicians [[Maria Mezentseva]], Olena Khomenko, and Rusem Umerov were also in attendance. Pope Francis said: "In this darkness of war, in the cruelty, we are all praying for you and with you this night. We are praying for all the suffering. We can only give you our company, our prayer", further stating "the biggest thing you can receive: Christ is risen", speaking the last three words in Ukrainian.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Ukrainian politicians, including Melitopol mayor, attend Vatican Easter vigil |url= https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-17/melitopol-mayor-and-ukrainian-politicians-attend-vatican-easter-/100995968 |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=[[ABC News]]|date= 17 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> On 25 July 2022, at the Powwow ceremonial grounds on the Cree Nation reservation in Edmonton, Canada, the Pope expressed "deep sorrow" at the Cemetery. "I humbly beg forgiveness for the evil committed by so many Christians against the Indigenous peoples", Francis said.<ref>Pope apologizes for 'catastrophic' school policy in Canada (msn.com)</ref> Four chiefs escorted the pontiff to the site near the former Ermineskin Indian Residential School, and presented him with a feathered headdress after he spoke, making him an honorary leader of the community.<ref>Pope Francis Visits Indigenous Residential School Survivors | Time</ref> In January 2023, in an interview with the [[Associated Press]], Francis called the [[Criminalization of homosexuality|criminalisation of homosexuality]] "unjust", calling on the Catholic Church to work towards its abolition by "distinguish[ing] between a sin and crime". He called on bishops supporting such laws to "have a process of conversion".<ref name=":33" /> Francis repeated his condemnation the following month, saying that "criminalising people with homosexual tendencies is an injustice".<ref name=":11" /> Francis condemned [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel|Hamas's October 2023 attack on Israel]]. He also criticized Israel's actions in the [[Gaza Strip]] during the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|Israel–Hamas war]], saying that "terror should not justify terror".<ref>{{cite news |title=Dispute erupts over whether pope called Gaza situation a 'genocide' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-says-conflict-between-israel-hamas-has-gone-beyond-war-terrorism-2023-11-22/ |work=Reuters |date=22 November 2023}}</ref> He condemned the killing of two [[Palestinian Christians|Palestinian Christian]] women by an [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] sniper in Gaza, calling it "terrorism".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=17 December 2023 |title="It is Terrorism": Pope Francis Denounces Killing of Two Christian Women in Gaza |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/pope-francis-israel-gaza-deaths |access-date=19 December 2023 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US}}</ref> == Public image == {{See also|List of places and things named after Pope Francis}} {{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage = [[File:Pope Francis (27056871831) (cropped).jpg|210px]] | video1 = [https://www.ted.com/talks/pope_francis_why_the_only_future_worth_building_includes_everyone?language=en#t-62701 Why the only future worth building includes everyone], [[TED (conference)|TED talks]], April 2017, 17:51, in Italian with subtitles in 22 languages }} Popular [[mainstream media]] frequently portray Francis either as a [[Progressivism|progressive]] papal reformer or with [[Social liberalism|liberal]], moderate values.<ref>{{cite news |last=Waters |first=John |date=20 July 2014 |title=Does Pope Francis have a cunning plan? |work=Irish Independent |url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/does-pope-francis-have-a-cunning-plan-30444898.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720053304/http://www.independent.ie/opinion/does-pope-francis-have-a-cunning-plan-30444898.html |archive-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> The Vatican has claimed that Western news outlets often seek to portray his message with a less-doctrinal tone of papacy, in hopes of extrapolating his words to convey a more merciful and tolerant message.<ref name="Achanging">{{cite magazine|first=Mark|last=Binelli |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/pope-francis-the-times-they-are-a-changin-20140128 |title=Pope Francis Cover Story: The Times They Are A-Changin' |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican-spokesman-media-manipulated-popes-comments-on-families/|title=Vatican spokesman: media manipulated Pope's family comments |date=7 January 2014|agency=Catholic News Agency|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> In the news media, both faithful and non-believers often refer to a "honeymoon" phase in which the pope has changed the tone on Catholic doctrines and supposedly initiated [[ecclesiastical]] reform in the Vatican.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/frame_game/2013/09/pope_francis_interview_forget_homosexuality_and_birth_control_he_s_a_flaming.html |title=Pope Francis Is a Liberal |last=Saletan |first=William |author-link=William Saletan|date=19 September 2013 |journal=Slate |access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Luke|last=Coppen |url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/9112081/the-fantasy-francis/ |title=Sorry – but Pope Francis is no liberal |work=The Spectator |date=11 January 2014 |access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=O'Loughlin |first=Michael |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/religion/2014/01/28/catholics-urge-pope-francis-speak-out-lgbt-rights |title=Catholics Urge Pope Francis to Speak Out for LGBT Rights |work=Advocate |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref> Media systems differ, too, not only in their coverage of Francis's stances but also in how individual events are portrayed. His 2015 trip to Cuba is a prime example. During this trip, American-based AP and British-based Reuters highlighted the religious aspect of the pope's journey while Prensa Latina, the official state media agency, depicted it as a diplomatic visit. American and British media were also more likely during this trip to show Francis interacting with regular Cubans compared to the official Cuban media, which showed Francis interacting with elites most often.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thomson|first1=T. J.|last2=Perreault|first2=Gregory|last3=Duffy|first3=Margaret|date=17 January 2017|title=Politicians, Photographers, and a Pope|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=19|issue=9|pages=1313–1330|doi=10.1080/1461670X.2016.1268929|s2cid=152110990|issn=1461-670X|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/119023/7/119023.pdf}}</ref> In December 2013, both ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'' and ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]'' magazines named the Pontiff as their "Person of the Year" in praise and hopes of reforming the [[Roman Curia]] while hoping to change the Catholic Church's doctrine on various controversial issues. In addition, ''Esquire'' magazine named him as the "Best-dressed man" for 2013 for his simpler vestments often in tune with a modern simplistic design on sartorial fashion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/pope-francis-named-esquires-best-dressed-man-of-2013--but-why-20140101-hv7ab.html |title=Pope Francis named Esquire's 'Best Dressed Man of 2013' – but why?|first=Michael|last=McGough|date=1 January 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine followed in January 2014 by making the Pontiff their featured front cover.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/pope-francis-gentle-revolution-inside-rolling-stones-new-issue-49840/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |title=Pope Francis' Gentle Revolution: Inside Rolling Stone's New Issue |date=28 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://poy.time.com/2013/12/11/person-of-the-year-pope-francis-the-peoples-pope |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|title=Person of the Year 2013 |date=11 December 2013}}</ref> ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine also ranked Francis as number one in their list of 50 greatest leaders.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/gallery/leadership/2014/03/20/worlds-best-leaders.fortune/ |publisher=[[CNN]]|first=Geoff |last=Colvin |title=Fortune ranks the World's 50 Greatest Leaders |date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331010527/http://money.cnn.com/gallery/leadership/2014/03/20/worlds-best-leaders.fortune |archive-date=31 March 2014}}</ref> On 5 November 2014, he was ranked by ''[[Forbes]]'' as the fourth [[Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People|most powerful person in the world]] and was the only non-political figure in the top ranking.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/11/05/2014-ranking-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-people/|title=2014 Ranking of the World's Most Powerful People|date=11 May 2014|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> In December 2016, Francis again made ''Forbes''{{'}}s list of "The World's Most Powerful People", ranking fifth.<ref>{{cite news|last1=M. Ewalt|first1=David|title=The World's Most Powerful People 2016|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2016/12/14/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2016/|access-date=3 March 2017|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> In March 2013, a new song was dedicated to Francis and released in Brazilian Portuguese, European Portuguese, and Italian, titled ''Come Puoi'' ("How You Can").<ref name="nofrills" /> Also in March, Pablo Buera, the mayor of [[La Plata]], Argentina, announced that the city had renamed a section of a street leading up to a local cathedral ''Papa Francisco''.<ref name="street">Ho, Erica, [http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/03/28/argentinatown-renames-street-after-pope-francis/ "Argentina: Town renames street after Pope Francis"], ''Time'', 28 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013</ref> There are already efforts to name other streets after him, as well as a school where he studied as a child.<ref name="street" /> A proposal to create a commemorative coin as a tribute to Francis was made in Argentina's lower house on 28 November 2013. On the coins it would read, "Tribute from the Argentine People to Pope Francis" beneath his face.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/27/world/americas/argentina-pope-francis-coin/index.html |title=Argentina weighs putting Pope Francis' face on a coin |publisher=[[CNN]]|author=Catherine E. Shoichet|date=28 November 2013|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> As of May 2013, sales of papal souvenirs, a sign of popularity, were up.<ref name="NYT52513">{{cite news|title=Francis' Humility and Emphasis on the Poor Strike a New Tone at the Vatican|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/world/europe/pope-francis-changes-tone-at-the-vatican.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526035144/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/world/europe/pope-francis-changes-tone-at-the-vatican.html |archive-date=26 May 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=26 May 2013|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 May 2013|first=Rachel|last=Donadio|quote=It was so hard to sell anything under Benedict. This pope attracts huge crowds, and they all want to bring back home something with his smiling face on it.}}</ref> Francis presided over his first joint public wedding ceremony in a Nuptial Mass for 20 couples from the Archdiocese of Rome on 14 September 2014, just a few weeks before the start of the 5–19 October Extraordinary [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] on the Family.<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 7 November 2015 | work = BBC News| date= 14 September 2014 | title= Pope marries 20 cohabiting couples in sign of papacy shift | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29198491}}</ref>{{efn|[[Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI]] did not do this during his eight-year reign from 2005 to 2013; his predecessor, [[Pope John Paul II]], married a group of couples from all over the world in 2000, as part of the Jubilee for Families, and before that in 1994 during the church's Year of the Family, as well as presiding over a number of private marriages as pope.<ref>{{cite web |last=Glatz |first=Carol |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2014/pope-francis-to-preside-over-joint-september-wedding-at-vatican.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524004506/http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2014/pope-francis-to-preside-over-joint-september-wedding-at-vatican.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2018 |title=Pope Francis to preside over joint September wedding at Vatican |date=29 August 2014 |publisher=Catholic News Service |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>}} On 19 March 2016, Francis became the first pope to create an [[Instagram]] account.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/19/world/europe/pope-francis-instagram-franciscus.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319121740/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/19/world/europe/pope-francis-instagram-franciscus.html |archive-date=19 March 2016 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Get Ready, Internet. The Pope Has Joined Instagram. |first=Liam |last=Stack |date=19 March 2016 |access-date=5 March 2021 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He broke records after having gained over one million followers in under twelve hours of the account being up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/03/19/technology/instagram-pope-francis-account/|title=Pope Francis gains 1 million Instagram followers in under 12 hours|author=Ahiza Garcia|date=19 March 2016|work=[[CNN Business]]|access-date=20 May 2016}}</ref> In 2019 Francis held a conference on the World Day of Social Communications highlighting the pros and cons of social media and urging users to use it as a source that liberates rather than enslaves.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 January 2019|title=Pope highlights pros and cons of internet and social media use – Vatican News|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-01/pope-highlights-pros-and-cons-of-internet-and-social-media-use.html|access-date=17 February 2021|website=www.vaticannews.va|language=en}}</ref> On 26 November 2020 Francis became the first pope to write an op-ed for ''The New York Times'', addressing issues such as the coronavirus and the need for global solidarity.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Pope Francis|date=26 November 2020|title=Pope Francis: A Crisis Reveals What Is in Our Hearts|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/26/opinion/pope-francis-covid.html|access-date=17 February 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Pontiff also used his op-ed to strongly critique those protesting COVID-19 restrictions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Choi|first=Joseph|date=26 November 2020|title=Pope Francis swipes at groups protesting COVID-19 restrictions in NYT op-ed|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/527707-pope-francis-swipes-at-groups-protesting-covid-19-restrictions-in-nyt-op-ed|access-date=17 February 2021|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en}}</ref> In August 2021, rumors of a possible resignation arose due to health issues,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gagliarducci |first1=Andrea |title=Analysis: What's behind rumors that Pope Francis will resign? |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/248814/will-pope-francis-resign |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=Catholic News Agency |date=31 August 2021}}</ref> but he dismissed those rumors in early September 2021, saying that he is "living a normal life".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |title=Pope denies resignation report, says leads normal life after surgery |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/pope-denies-resignation-report-says-093137157.html |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=Yahoo! |agency=[[Reuters]]|date=2 September 2021}}</ref> In June 2022, the Pope's health was an issue again when he had to cancel his trips to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan. The Vatican said that the decision was at the request of the doctors treating his knee, in order to not jeopardize the results of the therapy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope Francis cancels trip to Congo and South Sudan over health issues |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220610-pope-francis-cancels-trip-to-congo-and-south-sudan-over-health-issues |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=France24 |date=11 June 2022}}</ref> In an interview with [[Reuters]] in July 2022, Francis denied rumours about his resignation, saying "[it] never entered my mind. For the moment no, for the moment, no. Really!", but said that he would resign if his health made it impossible for him to run the church.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |date=4 July 2022 |title=EXCLUSIVE Pope Francis denies he is planning to resign soon |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/exclusive-pope-francis-denies-he-is-planning-resign-soon-2022-07-04/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704083806/https://www.reuters.com/world/exclusive-pope-francis-denies-he-is-planning-resign-soon-2022-07-04/ |archive-date=4 July 2022}}</ref> During his trip to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in February 2023, Francis shifted away from rumors of an imminent resignation. In a conversation with African Jesuits, Francis said that for pontiffs to resign should not become a "fashion" and that his own resignation was "not in his agenda at the moment".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |title=Popes are for life, resignations should not become a fashion, Francis says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/popes-are-life-resignations-should-not-become-fashion-francis-says-2023-02-16/ |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=[[Reuters]]|date=16 February 2023}}</ref> Nearly one million people came for Pope Francis's mass in Kinshasa in the DRC. He addressed people to be in peace and leave weapons. He told people to "put down your arms and embrace mercy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/01/africa/pope-francis-drc-kinshasa-mass-intl/index.html|title=Pope Francis attracts more than one million worshippers to DRC Mass|accessdate=1 February 2023|website=[[CNN]]|date=February 2023 }}</ref> [[File:Holy Mass - Elevating the consecrated Host.jpg|thumb|Pope Francis celebrating Holy Mass in Kossuth tér, Budapest]] In March 2023, Pope Francis was hospitalized in Rome with a respiratory infection.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghiglione |first1=Davide |last2=Davies |first2=Alys |title=Pope Francis in hospital with respiratory infection |work=[[BBC News]] |date=29 March 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65117270 |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> The Pope returned to celebrate public mass at the [[Easter Vigil]] Mass on [[Holy Saturday]], for the first time since recovering from bronchitis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Emilio |first1=Frances |date=8 April 2023 |title=Pope Francis returns to public eye for Easter vigil Mass |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-vatican-easter-vigil-basilica-b521343b26ea2d74bb135a0b9aeaebf6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408184929/https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-vatican-easter-vigil-basilica-b521343b26ea2d74bb135a0b9aeaebf6 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=[[Associated Press|AP News]]}}</ref> While visiting Hungary for three days, on 30 April 2023, Pope Francis celebrated Holy Mass in [[Kossuth Square|Kossuth square]], Budapest, Hungary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostolic Journey of His Holiness Pope Francis to Hungary (28 - 30 April 2023) |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/travels/2023/outside/documents/ungheria-2023.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302085228/https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/travels/2023/outside/documents/ungheria-2023.html |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=vatican.va}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=López Campos |first=Paloma |date=30 April 2023 |title=Pope bids farewell to Hungary with a call for hope |url=https://omnesmag.com/en/newsroom/hungria-pope-hope/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510054355/https://omnesmag.com/en/newsroom/hungria-pope-hope/ |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=Omnes |language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2023, Pope Francis underwent abdominal surgery after suffering from a [[hernia]]. The Pope received the surgery at Gemelli Hospital, and spent several days in the hospital while recovering.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Sofia |last1=Betiza |first2=Nicholas |last2=Yong |date=7 June 2023 |title=Pope Francis, 86, to have abdominal surgery |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65821047 |access-date=7 June 2023 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Distinctions == === Titles and styles === The official form of address of the pope in English is ''His Holiness Pope Francis''; in Latin, ''Franciscus, Episcopus Romae''. ''Holy Father'' is among the other [[His holiness#Catholic church|honorifics]] used for popes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/894991536|title=Annuario pontificio|publisher=Libr. Ed. Vaticana|oclc=894991536}}</ref> === Foreign orders === * {{flagu|Bolivia}}: [[File:BOL Order of Condor of the Andes - Grand Cross BAR.png|85px]]: Grand Collar of the [[Order of the Condor of the Andes]] (9 July 2015)<ref name="CondorDeLosAndes">{{cite news |url=http://www.presidencia.gob.bo/fuente/noticia.php?cod=3363#contenido |title=Presidente Evo Morales distingue con el Cóndor de Los Andes al Papa Francisco |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709162549/http://www.presidencia.gob.bo/fuente/noticia.php?cod=3363#contenido |archive-date=9 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CrucifixThis">{{cite web |url=http://d2jkk5z9de9jwi.cloudfront.net/content/uploads/2015/07/crucifix_this.jpg |format=JPG |title=Photographic image |website=D2jkk5z9de9jwi.cloudfront.net |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008051929/http://d2jkk5z9de9jwi.cloudfront.net/content/uploads/2015/07/crucifix_this.jpg |archive-date=8 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagu|Bolivia}}: Order of Merit "Father Luis Espinal Camps" (9 July 2015)<ref name="CondorDeLosAndes" /><ref name="CrucifixThis" /> * {{flagu|Poland}}: [[File:POL Order Uśmiechu BAR.svg|85px]]: [[Order of the Smile]] (26 April 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pope2016.com/en/faith/catholic-church/francis/news,466184,pope-francis-receives-order-of-the-smile.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160910222831/http://www.pope2016.com/en/faith/catholic-church/francis/news,466184,pope-francis-receives-order-of-the-smile.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2016|title=Pope Francis receives Order of the Smile – Francis – Catholic Church – Faith – Pope in Poland 2016 – press center |work=pope2016.com|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> === Awards === * {{flagu|Germany}}: [[Charlemagne Prize|International Charlemagne Prize]] of [[Aachen]] 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope Francis to be awarded Charlemagne Prize on 6 May |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/es/press-room/20160502IPR25453/pope-francis-to-be-awarded-charlemagne-prize-on-6-may |work=[[European Parliament]] |date=2 May 2016|via=www.europarl.europa.eu}}</ref> * "Person of the Year" by [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (2015) for his request that all Catholics be kind to animals.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=White |first1=Daniel |title=Pope Francis Is PETA's Person of the Year |url=https://time.com/4130961/peta-pope-francis/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=1 December 2015}}</ref> *Was made an honorary [[Harlem Globetrotters|Harlem Globetrotter]] on 7 May 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/pope-francis-has-joined-the-harlem-globetrotters-10233040.html|title=Pope Francis got a new gig this week...as a basketball player|date=7 May 2015|website=[[The Independent]]|access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref> *Zayed Award for Human Fraternity in October 2020 for significant contributions to the service of humanity from around the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope meets with Zayed Award judging panel |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/world/news/2020-10/zayed-award-higher-committee-human-fraternity-award-2021-panel.html |work=[[Vatican News]] |date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations open for 2021 Zayed Award for Human Fraternity |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/world/news/2020-10/nominations-zayed-award-human-fraternity-document.html |work=[[Vatican News]] |date=20 October 2020}}</ref> *{{flagu|Brazil}}: Francis was awarded the Medalha Mérito Legislativo by the [[Congress of Brazil]] in November 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Câmara condecora 32 personalidades com o Mérito Legislativo, entre elas Bolsonaro e papa Francisco Fonte: Agência Câmara de Notícias |url=https://www.camara.leg.br/noticias/830707-camara-condecora-32-personalidades-com-o-merito-legislativo-entre-elas-bolsonaro-e-papa-francisco/ |work=[[Congress of Brazil]] |date=24 November 2021 |language=pt}}</ref> *Grand Chief [[Willie Littlechild]] gifted Pope Francis with the Indigenous Name Wapikihew (White Eagle) on behalf of the [[Ermineskin Cree Nation]] and presented him with a tradition Cree [[War bonnet]] following the Pope's apology to the [[Indigenous peoples in Canada]] at [[Maskwacis]], Alberta on 25 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Wilton Littlechild greets Pope Francis in Maskwacis, Alberta |url=https://slmedia.org/blog/chief-wilton-littlechild-greets-pope-francis-in-maskwacis-alberta |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=slmedia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=David Staples: What to make of outcry over Indigenous leader bestowing headdress on Pope Francis? |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/david-staples-what-to-make-of-outcry-over-indigenous-leader-bestowing-headdress-on-pope-francis |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=edmontonjournal |language=en-CA}}</ref> === Honorific eponyms and dedications === [[File:Pope Francis Malacanang 45.jpg|thumb| Francis and Philippine President [[Benigno Aquino III]] in [[Manila]], [[Pope Francis's visit to the Philippines|16 January 2015]]]] * {{flagu|Philippines}}: The Pope Francis Center for the Poor – [[Palo, Leyte]] (12 July 2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbcpnews.com/cbcpnews/?p=59702|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713221857/http://www.cbcpnews.com/cbcpnews/?p=59702|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 July 2015|title=Palo's Pope Francis Center now houses abandoned elderly, orphans|publisher=Catholic's Bishop Conference of the Philippines}}</ref> * [[Ennio Morricone]] composed a Mass setting (''Missa Papae Francisci'') named after the pope, for the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the restoration of the Jesuit order. The performance aired on [[Rai 5]] and was attended by former Italian President [[Giorgio Napolitano]] and other dignitaries.<ref>"[http://www.ewtnnews.com/catholic-news/World.php?id=12223 Oscar-winning composer pens Mass for the Pope] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604092628/http://www.ewtnnews.com/catholic-news/World.php?id=12223 |date=4 June 2016 }}". EWTN. Published: 12 June 2015.</ref><ref>"[http://www.romereports.com/2015/06/12/oscar-award-winner-ennio-morricone-composes-mass-for-pope Oscar award winner, Ennio Morricone composes 'Mass' for Pope]". Rome Reports. Published: 12 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.rai5.rai.it/articoli/missa-papae-francisci-morricone/30466/default.aspx Missa Papae Francisci (Morricone)]. RAI 5. (Napolitano appears at 32:41 and greets Morricone at 33:07) {{in lang|it}}</ref> * The composer [[Ludger Stühlmeyer]] dedicated his work ''Klangrede – Sonnengesang des [[Francis of Assisi|Franziskus]]'', for choir (SATB) and instruments – to Pope Francis (''Suae Sanctitati Papae Francisci dedicat.''). First performance: Capella Mariana 4 October 2015.<ref>In: ''Offenbarungen – Tage Neuer Kirchenmusik.'' Begleitheft, München 2015, S. 15.</ref> === Appreciation === In the [[oratorio]] [[Laudato si' (oratorio)|Laudato si']] by [[Peter Reulein]] (music) written on a [[libretto]] by [[Helmut Schlegel]] [[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]], the figure of Francis appears next to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], [[Francis of Assisi]], and [[Clare of Assisi]]. In the oratorio, Pope Franziskus suggests a bridge from the crucifixion scene on [[Calvary|Golgotha]] to the suffering of the present. He emphasizes the female talent and the importance of the charism of women for church and society. The texts of the [[encyclical]]s ''[[Laudato si']]'' and ''[[Evangelii gaudium]]'' were used. The motto of the [[Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy]] also plays a central role.<ref name="Laudato si-score">{{cite book | last1 = Reulein | first1 = Peter | author-link = Peter Reulein | last2 = Schlegel | first2 = Helmut | author-link2 = Helmut Schlegel | title = Laudato si' / Ein franziskanisches Magnificat | publisher = [[Patrick Dehm|Dehm Verlag]] | location = [[Limburg an der Lahn]] | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-3-943302-34-9 | page = 230 | ismn = 979-0-50226-047-7}}</ref> The oratorio was premiered on 6 November 2016 in the [[Limburg Cathedral]].<ref name="Laudato si-Liebfrauen">{{cite web | url = http://www.liebfrauen.net/meldung_volltext.php?si=5807238ed0bee&id=57f955bfc9ddd&view=&lang=&akt=musikkunstkultur_musikmeldungen&k1=main&k2=musikkunstkultur&k3=musikmeldungen&k4= | title = Festkonzert zum Jubiläum des Referates Kirchenmusik / Laudato si' – Oratorium von Peter Reulein (Uraufführung) | publisher = [[Liebfrauen, Frankfurt]] | year = 2016 | language = de | access-date = 25 December 2016 | archive-date = 19 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161019155601/http://www.liebfrauen.net/meldung_volltext.php?si=5807238ed0bee&id=57f955bfc9ddd&view=&lang=&akt=musikkunstkultur_musikmeldungen&k1=main&k2=musikkunstkultur&k3=musikmeldungen&k4= | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Coat of arms == {{Main|Coat of arms of Pope Francis}} {{Further|Papal coats of arms}} {{Infobox COA wide | image = Coat of arms of Franciscus.svg | bannerimage = | badgeimage = | notes = Pope Francis's initial [[grant of arms]] by the [[Holy See]] was as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archbishop of Buenos Aires]], when he was Cardinal Bergoglio,<ref name= NCR>{{cite news |title=Pope stresses simplicity, ecumenism in inaugural Mass plans |url= http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-stresses-simplicity-ecumenism-inaugural-mass-plans|newspaper= [[National Catholic Reporter]] |date=18 March 2013 |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> in which the depiction of the Star and Spikenard were [[tincture (heraldry)|tinctured]] [[Argent]].<br />Following his election as [[Pontiff]] these are now tinctured [[Or (heraldry)|Or]]. The first version of [[His Holiness]]'s arms released by the [[Vatican Press Office]] depicted a five-pointed Star from Bergoglio's archiepiscopal version, but upon election as Pope his [[coat of arms]] assumed an eight-pointed star with the representation of the spikenard also being suitably differenced. | adopted = 18 March 2013 | crest = ''Not applicable to [[prelate]]s'' | torse = | helm = [[File:MitreBenedetto.svg|35px]] [[Mitre|Bishop's mitre]] | escutcheon = ''Azure on a Sun in Splendour Or the [[Holy Name of Jesus|IHS Christogram]] ensigned with a [[Cross pattée|Cross Paté]] fiché piercing the [[Holy Name of Jesus|H]] Gules all above three Nails fanwise points to centre Sable, and in dexter base a Mullet of eight points and in sinister base a [[Lavandula|Spikenard flower]] Or''<ref>{{cite web|title=Wedvick of Jarlsby&nbsp;– Religious/Francis, H. H. Pope 3 |url=http://wedvickofjarlsby.org/webvick-gallery/displayimage.php?album=7&pos=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206134335/http://wedvickofjarlsby.org/webvick-gallery/displayimage.php?album=7&pos=24 |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> | supporters = | compartment = | motto = '''''MISERANDO ATQUE ELIGENDO'''''<br /> ([[Latin]] for "''BY GIVING MERCY AND BY CHOOSING''") | orders = | other_elements = [[Keys of Peter]] behind [[His Holiness|HH]]'s [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]] and [[mantling|Papal mantling]] | banner = [[Flag of Vatican City]] | badge = | symbolism = (On the shield) ''Jesuit emblem'': In reference to Francis being a [[Jesuit]], the uppermost charge on the shield is the emblem of the [[Society of Jesus]].<ref name="OR">{{cite web | url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/elezione/stemma-papa-francesco_it.html | title=Lo Stemma di Papa Francesco | publisher=[[L'Osservatore Romano]] | date=18 March 2013 | access-date=18 March 2013 | language=it}}</ref> This [[Charge (heraldry)|charge]] displays a radiating sun within which is the [[monogram]] of the [[Holy Name of Jesus]] in red, with a red cross surmounting the [[Christogram|H]] and three black nails below the [[H]].<ref name="OR" /> ''Eight-pointed star'': a long-standing symbol of the [[Virgin Mary]]. ''[[Spikenard]]'' alias nard: this flower represents [[Saint Joseph]]; in [[Hispanic]] iconographic tradition St Joseph is often depicted holding a branch of spikenard.<ref name="VIS">{{cite web | url=http://www.news.va/en/news/pope-francis-miserando-atque-eligendo | title=Pope Francis: "Miserando atque eligendo"... | publisher=[[Vatican Information Service]] | date=18 March 2013 | access-date=18 March 2013 | archive-date=18 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018143713/http://www.news.va/en/news/pope-francis-miserando-atque-eligendo | url-status=dead }}</ref> | previous_versions = }} == Writings == {{Main|Pope Francis bibliography}} {{Library resources box|by=yes|viaf=68559410}} Pope Francis has written a variety of books, encyclicals, and other writings. == Music album == {{Main|Wake Up! (Pope Francis album)}} ''[[Wake Up! (Pope Francis album)|Wake Up!]]'' was released on 27 November 2015 by the label Believe Digital and contains speeches by Francis and accompanying music, including rock music.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pope Francis: "Wake Up!"|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/wake-up%21-mr0004476247|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=2 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pope Francis has released a rock album|work=[[BBC News]]|date=20 November 2015|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/34863904/pope-francis-has-released-a-rock-album|access-date=2 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://popefranciswakeup.believedigital.com/|title=Pope Francis Wake Up! Music Album with His Words and Prayers|website=Popefranciswakeup.believedigital.com|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> == Films == === Documentary film === By 2015, there were two biographical films about Francis: ''[[Call Me Francesco]]'' (Italy, 2015), starring [[Rodrigo de la Serna]], and ''[[Francis: Pray for me]]'' (Argentina, 2015), starring [[Darío Grandinetti]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Vivarelli|first=Nick|date=13 January 2015|title=Battle of the Pope Francis Biopics Begins With Two Films Shooting in Buenos Aires|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/global/battle-of-the-pope-francis-biopics-begins-with-two-films-shooting-in-buenos-aires-1201403994/|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> ''[[Pope Francis: A Man of His Word]]'' is a documentary film with Swiss-Italian-French-German co-production, co-written and directed by [[Wim Wenders]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/05/pope-francis-a-man-of-his-word-cannes-wim-wenders-documentary-pontiff-1201966111/ |title='Pope Francis: A Man of His Word': Wim Wenders Grilled the Pontiff and Left Amazed |first=Anne |last=Thompson |date=18 May 2018 |access-date=9 February 2020 |work=[[Indie Wire]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media, LLC.]]}}</ref> It premiered at the [[2018 Cannes Film Festival]] and was released in the United States on 18 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/cannes-film-review-pope-francis-a-man-of-his-word-1202809055/ |title=Film Review: 'Pope Francis: A Man of His Word' |first=Andrew |last=Barker |date=13 May 2018 |access-date=9 February 2020 |magazine=[[Variety.com]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media, LLC.]]}}</ref> It includes extensive sections of interviews as well as stock footage from archives.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-spiritual-nearness-of-wim-wenderss-pope-francis-a-man-of-his-word |title=The Spiritual Nearness of Wim Wenders's "Pope Francis: Man of His Word" |first=Paul |last=Elie |date=21 May 2018 |access-date=9 February 2020 |magazine=[[New Yorker (magazine)|New Yorker]] }}</ref> On 21 October 2020, the documentary ''[[Francesco (2020 film)|Francesco]]'' directed by film producer [[Evgeny Afineevsky]] premiered.<ref name="Vatican News-2020">{{cite web|date=21 October 2020|title="Francesco": new documentary on the life and teaching of Pope Francis|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-10/new-film-documentary-francesco-pope-francis-rome-film-fesival.html|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Vatican News|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Winfield-2020">{{cite web|last=Winfield|first=Nicole|date=21 October 2020|title=Francis becomes 1st pope to endorse same-sex civil unions|url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-endorse-same-sex-civil-unions-eb3509b30ebac35e91aa7cbda2013de2|access-date=22 October 2020|website=[[Associated Press|AP News]]}}</ref> On 4 October 2022, the documentary ''[[The Letter: A Message for our Earth]]'' premiered on YouTube Originals, directed by Nicolas Brown and produced by Off The Fence in partnership with [[Laudato Si' Movement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/global/youtube-doc-the-letter-a-message-for-our-earth-featuring-pope-francis-1235392482/ |title=Pope Francis YouTube Doc 'The Letter: A Message For Our Earth' Launches From Vatican City – Trailer |work=Variety |last=Vivarelli |first=Nick |date=4 October 2022 |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref> === Portrayal in film === Francis is played by [[Jonathan Pryce]] in the [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film ''[[The Two Popes]]'' (2019), costarring with [[Anthony Hopkins]] who plays [[Pope Benedict XVI]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/you-couldnt-help-but-be-moved-spiritually-anthony-hopkins-and-jonathan-pryce-interviewed/ |title='You couldn't help but be moved spiritually': Anthony Hopkins and Jonathan Pryce interviewed |first=Gabrielle |last=Donnlly |date=19 December 2019 |access-date=9 February 2020 |newspaper=[[Catholic Herald]]}}</ref> == See also == * [[List of current Christian leaders]] * [[List of current heads of state and government]] * [[List of people beatified by Pope Francis]] * [[List of popes]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} --> == References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="opening">{{cite news | url = http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2015/12/08/opening-the-holy-year-francis-says-mercy-always-trumps-judgment/ | title = Opening the Holy Year, Francis says mercy always trumps judgment | first = Inés | last = San Martín | date = 8 December 2015 | access-date = 8 December 2015 | work = Crux | archive-date = 5 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160105174730/http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2015/12/08/opening-the-holy-year-francis-says-mercy-always-trumps-judgment/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="Misericordiae">[https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/papa-francesco_bolla_20150411_misericordiae-vultus.html Misericordiae Vultus – Bull of indiction of the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy (11 April 2015)]. ''The Holy See''. Retrieved 8 May 2015.</ref> <ref name="trials">[http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/09/08/pope_francis_reforms_church_law_in_marital_nullity_trials/1170336 Pope Francis reforms Church law in marital nullity trials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312163521/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/09/08/pope_francis_reforms_church_law_in_marital_nullity_trials/1170336 |date=2016-03-12 }}, Vatican Radio. Retrieved 8 September 2015</ref> <ref name="burke">{{cite news |url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/12/03/pope-i-was-once-a-bar-bouncer/ |title=Pope: I was once a bar bouncer |last=Burke |first=Daniel |publisher=CNN |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=3 December 2013 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223100810/https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/12/03/pope-i-was-once-a-bar-bouncer/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Vatican Today-2013">{{cite web |title=New Pope Francis visits St. Mary Major, collects suitcases and pays bill at hotel |publisher=The Vatican Today |date=14 March 2013 |url=http://www.news.va/en/news/new-pope-francis-visits-st-mary-major-collects-sui |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317025225/http://www.news.va/en/news/new-pope-francis-visits-st-mary-major-collects-sui |archive-date=17 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="The Guardian-2013a">{{cite news |title=Pope Francis explains decision to take St Francis of Assisi's name |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 March 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/16/pope-francis-st-francis-assisi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317092441/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/16/pope-francis-st-francis-assisi |archive-date=17 March 2013 |location=London |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="The Guardian-2013b">{{cite news |title=Pope Francis's missing lung should not be a problem, say doctors |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 March 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/14/pope-francis-missing-lung-doctors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314201720/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/14/pope-francis-missing-lung-doctors |archive-date=14 March 2013 |location=London |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Vatican: It's Pope Francis, not Pope Francis I">{{cite news |title= Vatican: It's Pope Francis, not Pope Francis I |first=Emily |last=Alpert |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=13 March 2013 |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-vatican-pope-francis-name-20130313,0,1309501.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315094438/http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-vatican-pope-francis-name-20130313,0,1309501.story |archive-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Park-2013">{{cite magazine |title=Why Pope Francis Only Has One Lung |first=Alice |last=Park |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=13 March 2013 |url=http://healthland.time.com/2013/03/13/why-pope-francis-only-has-one-lung/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314175755/http://healthland.time.com/2013/03/13/why-pope-francis-only-has-one-lung/ |archive-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Chua">{{cite magazine|last=Chua|first=Howard|url=http://poy.time.com/2013/12/11/person-of-the-year-pope-francis-the-peoples-pope/print/|title=TIME's Person of the Year 2013 Pope Francis, The People's Pope|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=11 December 2013|access-date=27 December 2013|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215175016/http://poy.time.com/2013/12/11/person-of-the-year-pope-francis-the-peoples-pope/print/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name="Remeseira">Claudio Iván Remeseira: [http://nbclatino.com/2013/03/14/pope-francis-a-humble-and-outspoken-man-and-technically-also-italian/ Pope Francis: A humble and outspoken man, and technically also Italian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027154107/http://nbclatino.com/2013/03/14/pope-francis-a-humble-and-outspoken-man-and-technically-also-italian/ |date=27 October 2014 }} [[National Broadcasting Company|NBCLatino]], 14 March 2013</ref><ref name="Garrido">{{cite news|last=Garrido|first=J.|title=Vida y trayectoria de Bergoglio en seis capítulos|url=http://diario.latercera.com/2013/03/16/01/contenido/reportajes/25-132222-9-vida-y-trayectoria-de-bergoglio-en-seis-capitulos.shtml|access-date=24 March 2013|publisher=La Tercera|date=16 March 2013|archive-date=20 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320040835/http://diario.latercera.com/2013/03/16/01/contenido/reportajes/25-132222-9-vida-y-trayectoria-de-bergoglio-en-seis-capitulos.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="biografia">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/biography/documents/papa-francesco-biografia-bergoglio_en.html|title=Vatican Web site, from L'Osservatore Romano, Year LXIII, number 12: biography of the Holy Father Francis|publisher= Holy See|access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Sivori">{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1564076-el-extasis-familiar-por-el-loco-de-la-guerra|title= Regina María Sívori, su mamá|newspaper= La Nación|date= 17 March 2013|access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> <ref name="guardian">{{cite news|last=Rice-Oxley|first=Mark|title=Pope Francis: the humble pontiff with practical approach to poverty|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/13/jorge-mario-bergoglio-pope-poverty|access-date=13 March 2013|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 March 2013|location=London}}</ref> <ref name="Donovan">{{cite news|last=Donovan|first= Jeffrey|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-13/argentina-s-cardinal-jorge-bergoglio-is-elected-pope-francis-i.html |title=Argentina's Cardinal Bergoglio Is Elected Pope Francis|publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=13 March 2013|access-date=13 March 2013|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="Henderson">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9928921/Pope-Francis-elected-leader-of-Catholic-Church-live.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314193835/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/9928921/Pope-Francis-elected-leader-of-Catholic-Church-live.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2013|title=Pope Francis elected leader of Catholic Church: latest|first=Barney|last=Henderson|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=14 March 2013|access-date=14 March 2013|location=London}}</ref> <ref name="time">[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-now-is-the-time-for-mercy-98103/ Pope Francis: Now is the time for mercy :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225032652/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-now-is-the-time-for-mercy-98103 |date=2021-02-25 }}. (11 April 2015). Retrieved 8 May 2015.</ref> <ref name="Tribune">{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-pope-family-members-killed-20140819-story.html|title=3 relatives of pope killed in crash in Argentina|date=19 August 2014|work= Chicago Tribune|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> <ref name="nephews">{{cite web |url = http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1403476.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140819160527/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1403476.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date = 19 August 2014|title = CNS STORY: Pope asks prayers after great nephews, their mother die in car crash |access-date = 4 October 2014}}</ref> <ref name="aicabio">{{cite news|title=Bergoglio, sobre todo 'pastor', tanguero y simpatizante de San Lorenzo|language=es|url=http://www.aica.org/5517-bergoglio-sobre-todo-pastor-tanguero-simpatizante-de-san-lorenzo.html|access-date=19 March 2013|publisher=Agencia Informativa Católica Argentina|date=13 March 2013}}</ref> <ref name="techniciandegree">{{cite journal|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1562738-bergoglio-un-sacerdote-jesuita-de-carrera|journal=La Nación|title=Jorge Bergoglio, un sacerdote jesuita de carrera|trans-title=Jorge Bergoglio, a career Jesuit priest|date=13 March 2013|language=es|access-date=14 March 2013|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216141857/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1562738-bergoglio-un-sacerdote-jesuita-de-carrera|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Clarin">{{cite news|title=Su etapa de laboratorista|url=http://contenidos2.clarin.com/edicion-electronica/20130317/index.html#/8/|access-date=17 March 2013|newspaper=Clarín|date=17 March 2013}}</ref> <ref name="reuters">{{cite news|last=Lifschitz|first=Alejandro|title=Argentina's pope a modest man focused on the poor|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-succession-bergoglio-idUSBRE92C15X20130313|access-date=14 March 2013|work=[[Reuters]]|date=13 March 2013}}</ref> <ref name="cnn">{{cite news|last1=Gallagher|first1=Delia|last2=Burke|first2=Daniel|title=Conservatives accuse the Pope of spreading heresy|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/25/world/pope-heresy/index.html|access-date=2 December 2017|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=26 September 2017}}</ref> }} == Further reading == * {{cite book |last= Allen|first=John L.|title=The Francis Miracle: Inside the Transformation of the Pope and the Church|url= https://archive.org/details/francismiraclein0000alle_j2d9|year= 2015|publisher= [[Time (magazine)|Time]]|location= New York|isbn= 978-1-61893-131-3}} * {{cite book | last = Borghesi | first = Massimo | translator-last = Hudock | translator-first = Barry | date = 2018 | orig-year = Italian original, 2017 | title = The Mind of Pope Francis: Jorge Mario Bergoglio's Intellectual Journey | url = https://archive.org/details/mindofpopefranci0000borg | publisher = Liturgical Press | place = Collegeville, Minnesota | isbn = 978-0-8146-8790-1 }} * {{Cite book|title=Il Dissenso Soffocato: un'agenda per Papa Francesco|trans-title=Dissent Stifled: an agenda for Pope Francis|last1=Castagnaro|first1=Mauro|last2=Eugenio|first2=Ludovica|publisher=La Meridiana|year=2013|isbn=978-8861533240|location=Molfetta|author-link=Mauro Castagnaro}} * {{Cite book|title=The Dictator Pope: The Inside Story of the Francis Papacy|last=Colonna|first=Marcantonio|publisher=Regnery Publishing|year=2018|isbn=978-1-62157-832-1|location=Washington, DC|author-link=Henry Sire|title-link=The Dictator Pope}} * {{Cite book|title=To Change the Church: Pope Francis and the Future of Catholicism|url=https://archive.org/details/tochangechurchpo0000dout|last=Douthat|first=Ross|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2018|isbn=978-1-5011-4692-3|location=New York|author-link=Ross Douthat}} * {{cite book |last= Ivereigh|first=Austen|title= The Great Reformer: Francis and the Making of a Radical Pope|url= https://archive.org/details/greatreformerfra0000iver|year= 2014|publisher= Henry Holt|location= New York|isbn= 978-1-62779-157-1}} * {{Cite book|title=Lost Shepherd: How Pope Francis is Misleading His Flock|last=Lawler|first=Philip F.|publisher=Regnery Gateway|year=2018|isbn=978-1-62157-722-5|location=Washington DC}} * {{cite book |last= Reato|first= Ceferino|date= 2015|title= Doce noches|trans-title= Twelve nights|language= es|location= Argentina|publisher= Sudamericana|isbn= 978-950-07-5203-9}} * {{cite book |last1= Rosales|first1= Luis|last2=Olivera|first2=Daniel|date= 2013|title= Francis: A pope for our time|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7fX-AAAAQBAJ|location= United States|publisher= Umanix Books|isbn= 978-1-63006-002-2|access-date= 6 May 2014}} * {{cite book |last1= Rubin|first1= Sergio|last2= Ambrogetti|first2= Francesca|title= El Jesuita|trans-title=The jesuit|year= 2010|edition= 1|language=es|publisher= Vergara Editor|location= Argentina|isbn= 978-950-15-2450-5|title-link= El Jesuita}} * {{cite book |last= Vallely|first=Paul|title=Pope Francis: Untying the Knots: The Struggle for the Soul of Catholicism. |url= https://archive.org/details/popefrancisuntyi0000vall|year= 2015 |edition= Revised and expanded|publisher= Bloomsbury|location= London |isbn= 978-1-4729-0370-9}} * {{cite book |last= Willey|first=David|title=The Promise of Francis: The Man, the Pope, and the Challenge of Change|year= 2015|publisher= Simon & Schuster|location= New York|isbn= 978-1-4767-8905-7}} * {{Cite web |last=Liedl |first=Jonathan |title=Francis' Pontificate Turns 10: Outward-Facing Emphasis Has Shaken Up Church's Inner Equilibrium |url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/francis-pontificate-turns-10-uil8q6nh|access-date=7 March 2023 |website=[[National Catholic Register]] |date=6 March 2023 |language=en}} == External links == {{external media | float = | topic = | image1 = [http://img.irtve.es/imagenes/primeros-instantes-fumata-blanca/1363201699933.jpg Sau safusi niforoma'ö aefa wamili] | image2 = | image3 = }} * [https://www.vatican.va/ Vatican: the Holy See]&nbsp;– Vatican web site ** [http://www.news.va/en/news/biography-who-is-jorge-mario-bergoglio Vatican Web site: Official biography of Jorge Mario Bergoglio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018141414/http://www.news.va/en/news/biography-who-is-jorge-mario-bergoglio |date=18 October 2017 }} (published on the occasion of the Conclave by the Holy See Press Office, with the information provided by the cardinals themselves) * [https://twitter.com/Pontifex Paus Fransiskus] ba [[Twitter]] (Akun [[Twitter]] resmi) * [https://www.instagram.com/franciscus Paus Fransiskus] ba [[Instagram]] (Akun [[Instagram]] resmi) * [https://www.youtube.com/user/vatican Vatikan] ba [[YouTube]] (Akun [[YouTube]] resmi) * [https://curlie.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Denominations/Catholicism/Popes/F/Francis/ Paus Fransiskus] (Curlie) * [https://www.c-span.org/person/?69980/Francis Paus Fransiskus] (C-SPAN) {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Paus]] [[Kategori:Uskup]] [[Kategori:Fangali Wetero ba Gulidanö]] [[Kategori:Gereja Katolik]] [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Agama]] jsf4nn831r7nd9pze0091tjuqfj4f5u 0 4684 27650 27207 2026-08-17T14:17:27Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = Migu Bulu Nohi | type = Niha Keriso | image = Assisi-frescoes-entry-into-jerusalem-pietro lorenzetti.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Irugi Yerusalema Yesu nigambaraini Pietro Lorenzetti (1320): itörö galide eluahania tohare ia ba wa'ide-ide dödö ba tenga ba wananadraŵa fasuwöta.<ref name=Allison120 >''Matthew 19–28'' nisura William David Davies, Dale C. Allison 2004 {{ISBN|0-567-08375-6}} nga'örö 120</ref><ref name=MacArthur17 >''John 12–21'' nisura John MacArthur 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-8024-0824-2}} nga'örö 17–18</ref> | official_name = | nickname = Migu Prapaska Si'önö , Migu Famakao Zo'aya | observedby = Niha Keriso | litcolor = | longtype = | significance = fanörötödö me irugi Yerusalema Yesu, nihugö-hugö niha sato; luo siföföna Migu Ni'amoni'ö | begins = | ends = | date = fabö'ö-bö'ö ginötönia ero röfi, Luo Migu fatua lö Paska | date{{LASTYEAR}} = {{Unbulleted list | {{Moveable date |holiday=PALM SUNDAY |format=infobox |year={{LASTYEAR}}}} (Barat) | {{Moveable date |holiday=PALM SUNDAY (EASTERN) |format=infobox |year={{LASTYEAR}}}} (Timur) }} | date{{CURRENTYEAR}} = {{Unbulleted list | {{Moveable date |holiday=PALM SUNDAY |format=infobox |year={{CURRENTYEAR}} |cite=y}} (Barat) | {{Moveable date |holiday=PALM SUNDAY (EASTERN) |format=infobox |year={{CURRENTYEAR}}}} (Timur) }} | date{{NEXTYEAR}} = {{Unbulleted list | {{Moveable date |holiday=PALM SUNDAY |format=infobox |year={{NEXTYEAR}}}} (Barat) | {{Moveable date |holiday=PALM SUNDAY (EASTERN) |format=infobox |year={{NEXTYEAR}}}} (Timur) }} | date{{NEXTYEAR|2}} = {{Unbulleted list | {{Moveable date |holiday=PALM SUNDAY |format=infobox |year={{NEXTYEAR|2}}}} (Barat) | {{Moveable date |holiday=PALM SUNDAY (EASTERN) |format=infobox |year={{NEXTYEAR|2}}}} (Timur) }} | scheduling = | duration = | frequency = | celebrations = | observances = Möi ba gereja, famahowu'ö ba fombagi bulu nohi, fofanö zato, mamazökhi röfa moroi ba mbulu nohi, manaetagö yaŵa ba nomo mbulu nohi nisöndra moroi ba liturgi Gereja | relatedto = }} '''Migu Bulu Nohi''' (li Indonesia; ''{{li|id|Minggu Palma}}'') no sambua gowasa Niha Keriso nifalua ba luo migu föna gowasa [[Paska]]. Mutörötödö ba Migu andre luo me irugi Yerusalema Yesu faoma hugö-hugö niha sato, sambua zalua nitutunö bakha ba zi öfa mbuku Duria Somuso Dödö nifotöi Injil kanonik.<ref>{{SN|Mar|11|1|11}}, {{SN|Mat|21|1|11}}, {{SN|Luk|19|28|44}}, ba {{SN|Yoh|12|12|19}}.</ref> Lahalö döi Migu andre moroi ba döi mbulu zinumbua si hulö mbulu nohi ni'oguna'ö niha sato ba wangowai [[Yesu Keriso]] me irugi [[Yerusalema]]. Ba luo Migu Bulu Nohi tebörögö [[Migu Ni'amoni'ö]] ba gotalua ndra [[Niha Keriso]]; nifotöi Migu Ni'amoni'ö andre no migu safuria ba ginötö [[Prapaska]], heza mutörötödö me tohare [[Yesu]] ba [[Yerusalema]], me manga safuria ia ba luo [[Kami Safusi]], me lafakao, laforöfa ba lako'o ia ba luo [[Zumaha Ni'amoni'ö]], ba me maoso ia moroi ba gotalua zimate ba zi bongi [[Sabtu Ni'amoni'ö]],<ref name="Cooper2013">{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=J.C.|title=Dictionary of Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZC3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124|access-date=25 April 2014|date=23 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134265466|page=124|quote=Holy Week. The last week in LENT. It begins on PALM SUNDAY; the fourth day is called SPY WEDNESDAY; the fifth is MAUNDY THURSDAY; the sixth is GOOD FRIDAY; and the last 'Holy Saturday', or the 'Great Sabbath'.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705063330/http://books.google.com/books?id=6ZC3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124|archive-date=5 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Brewer1896">{{cite book|last=Brewer|first=Ebenezer Cobham|title=The Historic Notebook: With an Appendix of Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YphAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA669|access-date=25 April 2014|year=1896|publisher=J. B. Lippincott|page=669|quote=The last seven days of this period constitute Holy Week. The first day of Holy Week is Palm Sunday, the fourth day is Spy Wednesday, the fifth Maundy Thursday, the sixth Good Friday, and the last Holy Saturday or the Great Sabbath.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705063402/http://books.google.com/books?id=YphAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA669|archive-date=5 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Blackwell2009">{{cite book |last1=Blackwell |first1=Amy Hackney |title=Lent, Yom Kippur, and Other Atonement Days |url=https://archive.org/details/lentyomkippuroth0000hack |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2796-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lentyomkippuroth0000hack/page/n26 15]–16 |language=en |quote=The last week of Lent is called ''Holy Week'' in the Western Churches, and ''Great and Holy Week'' in the Eastern. During this week, believers remember the events in the last week of Jesus' life. These include Jesus' entrance into Jerusalem and his suffering on the way to crucifixion, which are sometimes called the "Passion of Jesus Christ," or "Passion of Christ."}}</ref><ref name="Melton2011">{{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]|date=13 September 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-206-7 |page=527 |language=en |quote=''Lent (Ash Wednesday through Holy Saturday)'': The season of Lent begins with Ash Wednesday and lasts until the final Saturday before Easter, Holy Saturday. It includes "Holy Week," the week before Easter. For six weeks preceding Easter, it is a time of penitential prayer, fasting, and almsgiving to prepare for the celebration of the resurrection of Jesus on Easter Sunday. This season of Lent originally was also a time of preparation for baptismal candidates and those separated from the Church who were rejoining the community. Holy Week, the last week of Lent, commemorates the last week of the earthly life of Jesus Christ. It covers the events of his triumphal entry into Jerusalem, the last supper, the arrest, and his death by crucifixion. Beginning with the sixth Sunday of Lent, Holy Week includes Palm Sunday, Spy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday.}}</ref> heŵa'ae tebörögö ia faoma fangawalisi ginötö [[Fuasö ba Famoni]] ba gotalua [[Gereja]] si tefaböbö ba [[Gereja Timur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview of Holy Week in the Orthodox Church |url=https://www.greekboston.com/religion/orthodox-holy-week/ |publisher=Greek Boston |access-date=2 April 2023 |language=English |date=24 March 2010 |quote=Holy Week in the Orthodox Church (for Greeks, Russians and any other nationalities that are Orthodox Christian) takes place in the week after Great Lent and just before Pascha, or Orthodox Easter. The last day of lent is the Saturday of Lazarus, which celebrates when Jesus raised Lazarus from the dead. Holy Week officially begins with Palm Sunday and follows the last week of Christ’s life before His death and resurrection.}}</ref> [[Berkas:Arecales - Phoenix dactylifera - 11.jpg|jmpl|center|Töla zinumbua soroma hulö ohi, soya tumbu ba Israel ba ba danö si fasui ya'ia]] Ba gotalua arakhagö fefu hada ndra Niha Keriso, ba ba luo Migu Bulu Nohi andre lafahowu'ö ba labagi mbulu nohi (ma zui bulu tanöbö'ö si fakhili si so ba danö andrö, itaria göi fao awö ndrahania) si tobali fangali mbulu nohi ni'oguna'ö niha sato meföna me tohare Yesu ba Yerusalema. Itaria göi lafalali mbulu nohi andre faoma röfa. Ba nahia si lö ohi ma eu si fakhili, ba la'oguna'ö niha mbulu geu tanöbö'ö. Ba gereja segebua simane Ortodoks, Katolik, Lutheran, Methodis, Anglikan, btn. lafahowu'ö ba lababagi mbulu nohi andre khö ndra niha samati ba ginötö gowasa liturgi Migu Bulu Nohi. La'ohe mbulu nohi andre dania ira niha samati ba nomora zamösana, heza lataŵi ia ba mbagolö fao awö gambara ba röfa si no so khöra. So göi zo lazi'ö ya'ia bakha ba [[Sura Ni'amoni'ö|Zura Ni'amoni'ö]] ma buku fa'alowalangi tanöbö'ö khöra.<ref name="Kirk2018">{{cite web |last1=Kirk |first1=Lisa |title=Ideas for Displaying Palm Sunday Palms Around Your Home |url=https://blessedisshe.net/blog/palm-sunday-palms/ |publisher=Blessed Is She |access-date=4 April 2020 |language=en |date=25 March 2018}}</ref> Döfi fönania la'owuloi zui mbulu nohi andre, latunu, ba awunia la'oguna'ö tobali fanandrai awu ba luo [[Rabu Awu]], ngaluo si föföna ginötö föna Paska.<ref name="GEC2018">{{cite web |title=This Sunday at Grace: February 4, 2018 |work=Grace Episcopal Church |url=https://www.gracealex.org/news/sunday-grace-february-4-2018/ |access-date=4 April 2020 |language=en |date=3 February 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806042859/https://www.gracealex.org/news/sunday-grace-february-4-2018/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shrove Tuesday |url=https://www.timesreporter.com/news/20200218/good-day |publisher=[[The Times-Reporter]] |access-date=4 April 2020 |language=en |date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074002/https://www.timesreporter.com/news/20200218/good-day |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- Nitöngöni: Awena irugi da'a zi no mu'ali ba li Niha. Tolo Wikipedia ba wanohugö ya'ia. So ba da'e tou gamatohula teks moroi ba li Inggris sedöna mu'ali ba li Niha. ==Biblical basis and symbolism== {{Gospel Jesus}} {{Main|Triumphal entry into Jerusalem}} [[File:Entry into Jerusalem (Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow).jpg|left|thumb|upright|''[[Triumphal entry into Jerusalem]]'', Russian icon ([[Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow]])]] In the accounts of the four [[canonical Gospel]]s, Christ's [[triumphal entry into Jerusalem]] takes place a week before his [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]].<ref name=Boring256 >''The people's New Testament commentary'' by M. Eugene Boring, Fred B. Craddock 2004 {{ISBN|0-664-22754-6}} pp. 256–258</ref><ref name=CEvans381>''The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew–Luke, Volume 1'' by Craig A. Evans 2003 {{ISBN|0-7814-3868-3}} pp. 381–395</ref><ref name=M133 >''The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke'' by Ján Majerník, Joseph Ponessa, Laurie Watson Manhardt 2005 {{ISBN|1-931018-31-6}} pp. 133–134</ref><ref name=CAEvans114 >''The Bible knowledge background commentary: John's Gospel, Hebrews–Revelation'' by Craig A. Evans {{ISBN|0-7814-4228-1}} pp. 114–118</ref> Only the Gospel<ref>[[s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#21:1|Matthew 21:1–11]], [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#11:1|Mark 11:1–11]], [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#19:28|Luke 19:28–44]], [[s:Bible (American Standard)/John#12:1|John 12:1–19]]</ref> of John shows a timeline of the event, dated six days before the [[Passover]].<ref>{{bibleverse||John|12:1|KJV}}</ref> The [[raising of Lazarus]] is mentioned only by the Gospel of John, in the previous chapter. The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] which follows the [[Byzantine Rite]], commemorate it on [[Lazarus Saturday]], following the text of the Gospel. In fact, the Jewish calendar dates begin at [[sunset|sundown]] of the night beforehand, and conclude at [[dusk|nightfall]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.chabad.org/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/671901/jewish/When-Is-Passover-in-2018-2019-2020-and-2021.htm|language = en|title= When Is Passover in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021?|access-date= 2 April 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180318234847/https://www.chabad.org/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/671901/jewish/When-Is-Passover-in-2018-2019-2020-and-2021.htm|archive-date= 18 March 2018}}</ref> The [[Gospel of Matthew]] states that this happened that the prophecy might be fulfilled of: Zechariah 9:9<ref>[[s:Bible (American Standard)/Zechariah#9:9|Zechariah 9:9]]</ref> "The Coming of Zion's King – See, your king comes to you, righteous and victorious, lowly and riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey".<ref>[[Gospel of Matthew]] 21:4-5</ref> It suggests that Jesus was declaring he was the [[Jesus, King of the Jews|King of Israel]]. According to the Gospels, Jesus Christ rode on a donkey into Jerusalem, and the celebrating people there laid down their cloaks and small branches of trees in front of him, singing part of Psalm 118: 25–26<ref>[[s:Bible (American Standard)/Psalm#118:25|Psalm 118: 25–26]]</ref> – Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord. We bless you from the house of the Lord.<ref name="MacArthur17"/><ref name=Boring256 /><ref name=CEvans381 /><ref name=M133 /> The symbolism of the donkey may refer to the Eastern tradition that it is an animal of peace, unlike the horse which is the animal of war.<ref name="Allison120"/> A king would have ridden a horse when he was bent on war and ridden a donkey to symbolize his arrival in peace. Christ's entry to Jerusalem would have thus symbolized his entry as the [[Jesus|Prince of Peace]], not as a war-waging king.<ref name=Allison120 /><ref name=MacArthur17 /> Thus there have been two different meanings (or more levels of [[biblical hermeneutics]]): an historical meaning, truly happening according to the Gospels, and a secondary meaning in the symbolism. [[File:Enrique Simonet - Flevit super illam 1892.jpg|thumb|upright|left|"Flevit super illam" (He wept over it); by [[Enrique Simonet]], 1892]] In Luke 19:41 as Jesus approaches Jerusalem, he looks at the city and weeps over it (an event known as ''Flevit super illam'' in [[Latin language|Latin]]), foretelling his coming Passion and the suffering that awaits the city in the events of the destruction of the [[Second Temple]].<ref>[[s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#19:41|Luke 19:41]]</ref> In many lands in the ancient [[Near East]], it was customary to cover in some way the path of someone thought worthy of the highest honour. The [[Hebrew Bible]]<ref>{{bibleverse||2 Kings|9:13|KJV}}</ref> reports that [[Jehu]], son of [[Jehoshaphat]], was treated this way. Both the [[Synoptic Gospels]] and the [[Gospel of John]] report that people gave Jesus this form of honour. In the synoptics the people are described as laying their garments and cut [[Juncus|rushes]] on the street, whereas John specifies fronds of palm (Greek ''phoinix)''. In Jewish tradition, the palm is one of the [[Four Species]] carried for [[Sukkot]], as prescribed for rejoicing in Leviticus 23:40.<ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|23:40}}</ref> In the [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman culture]] of the [[Roman Empire]], which strongly influenced Christian tradition, the [[palm branch (symbol)|palm branch was a symbol]] of triumph and victory. It became the most common attribute of the [[Nike (mythology)|goddess Nike]] or [[Victoria (mythology)|Victoria]].<ref>Reidar Hvalvik, "Christ Proclaiming His Law to the Apostles: The ''Traditio Legis''-Motif in Early Christian Art and Literature," in ''The New Testament and Early Christian Literature in Greco-Roman Context: Studies in Honor of David E. Aune'' (Brill, 2006), p. 432</ref><ref name="Vioque">{{cite book| first = Guillermo Galán | last = Vioque | title = Martial, Book VII: A Commentary | translator = J.J. Zoltowski | publisher = Brill | year = 2002 | pages = 61, 206, 411 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first = Anna | last = Clark | title = Divine Qualities: Cult and Community in Republican Rome | url = https://archive.org/details/divinequalitiesc00clar | url-access = limited | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2007 | page = [https://archive.org/details/divinequalitiesc00clar/page/n176 162] | isbn = 978-0199226825}}</ref> For contemporary Roman observers, the procession would have evoked the [[Roman triumph]],<ref>Warren W. Wiersbe, ''The Wiersbe Bible Commentary'' (David C. Cook, 2007), p. 272.</ref> when the ''triumphator'' laid down his arms and wore the [[toga]], the civilian garment of peace that might be ornamented with emblems of the palm.{{sfn|Vioque|2002|p=61 }} Although the [[Epistles of Paul]] refer to Jesus as "triumphing", the entry into Jerusalem may not have been regularly pictured as a triumphal procession in this sense before the 13th century.<ref>John Pairman Brown, ''Israel and Hellas'' (De Gruyter, 2000), vol. 2, pp.&nbsp;254ff.</ref> In [[ancient Egyptian religion]], the palm was carried in funeral processions and represented eternal life. The [[martyr's palm]] was later used as a symbol of Christian martyrs and their spiritual victory or triumph over death.<ref>{{cite book | first1 = Fernando | last1 = Lanzi | first2 = Gioia | last2 = Lanzi | translator = Matthew J. O'Connell| title = Saints and Their Symbols: Recognizing Saints in Art and in Popular Images | url = https://archive.org/details/saintstheirsymbo0000lanz | publisher = Liturgical Press | year = 2004 | isbn =978-0814629703 | page = [https://archive.org/details/saintstheirsymbo0000lanz/page/25 25]}}</ref> In Revelation 7:9, the white-clad multitude stand before the throne and [[Lamb of God|Lamb]] holding palm branches.<ref>{{bibleverse||Revelation|7:9}}</ref> ==Observance in the liturgy== {{Dates for Palm Sunday}} ===Eastern and Oriental Christianity=== [[File:Palm-sunday.jpg|thumb|upright|Small crosses woven from blessed palms are often distributed at churches on Palm Sunday.]] Palm Sunday, or the ''Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem'' as it may be called in [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Churches]], is one of the [[Twelve Great Feasts]] of the [[liturgical year]]. The day before Palm Sunday, [[Lazarus Saturday]], believers often prepare palm fronds by knotting them into crosses in preparation for the procession on Sunday. The [[antependia|hangings]] and [[vestments]] in the church are changed to a festive color – most commonly green. The [[Troparion]] of the Feast (a short hymn) indicates that the resurrection of [[Lazarus of Bethany|Lazarus]] is a prefiguration of Christ's Resurrection: {{Blockquote|<poem>O Christ our God When Thou didst raise Lazarus from the dead before Thy Passion, Thou didst confirm the resurrection of the universe. Wherefore, we, like children, carry the banner of triumph and victory, and we cry to Thee, O Conqueror of death, Hosanna in the highest! Blessed is He that cometh in the Name of the Lord.</poem>}} In the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]], [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Catholic Church]], [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church|Ruthenian Catholic Church]], [[Poland|Polish]], [[Bavaria]]n and [[Austria]]n [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]], and various other [[Eastern Europe]]an peoples, the custom developed of using [[pussy willow]] and other twigs like box tree instead of palm fronds because the latter are not readily available that far north. There is no canonical requirement as to what kind of branches must be used, so some Orthodox believers use [[olive]] branches. Whatever the kind, these branches are [[blessing|blessed]] and distributed together with candles either during the [[All-Night Vigil]] on the Eve of the Feast (Saturday night), or before the [[Divine Liturgy]] on Sunday morning. The [[Great Entrance]] of the Divine Liturgy commemorates the "Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem", so the meaningfulness of this moment is punctuated on Palm Sunday as everyone stands, holding their branches and lit candles. The faithful take these branches and candles home with them after the liturgy, and keep them in their [[icon corner]] as an ''evloghia'' (blessing). In Russia, [[donkey walk]] processions took place in different cities, but most importantly in [[Novgorod]] and, from 1558 until 1693, in Moscow. These were prominently featured in testimonies by foreign witnesses and mentioned in contemporary Western maps of the city. The [[Patriarch of Moscow]], representing Christ, rode on a "donkey", actually a horse draped in white cloth. The [[Tsar of Russia]] humbly led the procession on foot. Originally, Moscow processions began inside the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] and terminated at Trinity Church, now known as [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]]. In 1658 [[Patriarch Nikon]] reversed the order of procession. [[Peter I of Russia|Peter I]] in the 1720s, as a part of his [[Church reform of Peter I|nationalisation of the church]], terminated the custom. It has been occasionally recreated in the 21st century. In [[Oriental Orthodox]] churches, palm fronds are distributed at the front of the church at the sanctuary steps. In India the sanctuary itself is strewn with marigolds, and the congregation proceeds through and outside the church. <gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="5" caption="Palm Sunday in Eastern and Oriental Christianity"> File:Wjatscheslaw Grigorjewitsch Schwarz 002.jpg|Palm Sunday procession, Moscow, with Tsar [[Alexis of Russia|Alexei Michaelovich]] (painting by [[Vyacheslav Schwarz]], 1865) File:Engraving of Red Square & Kremlin (Moscow, 1654).jpg|The Palm procession in Moscow, 1654, showing the original rite of the Russian church with a [[donkey walk]] File:Palm sunday.JPG|[[Oriental Orthodox|Orthodox]] congregation in India collects palm fronds for [[procession]]: men on left of sanctuary in the photo; women collecting fronds on right of sanctuary, outside photo. File:Цвети, улазак Христа у Јерусалим (Church fresco - Triumphal entry into Jerusalem, Bitola).jpg|[[Eastern Orthodox]] fresco in Nativity of the Theotokos Church, [[Bitola]], [[Republic of North Macedonia]] </gallery> ===Western Christianity=== [[File:Procesión de las Palmas - Toledo, España - 2010.jpg|thumb|Palm sunday procession in Toledo, Spain]] [[File:Palmsonntag in Osttimor 2019.jpg|thumb|Palm Sunday in [[East Timor]]]] [[File:Le palme.jpg|thumb|Palm Sunday in [[Avetrana]], Italy]] In ancient times, palm branches symbolized goodness and victory. They were often depicted on coins and important buildings. Solomon had palm branches carved into the walls and doors of the temple.<ref>{{bibleverse||1 Kings|6:29|KJV}}</ref> Again at the end of the Bible, people from every nation raise palm branches to honor Jesus.<ref>{{bibleverse||Revelation|7:9|KJV}}</ref> Palm Sunday commemorates the entrance of Christ into Jerusalem,<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|21:1-9|KJV}}</ref> during which palm branches were placed in his path, before his arrest on Holy Thursday and his crucifixion on [[Good Friday]]. It thus marks the beginning of [[Holy Week]], the final week of Lent. In churches of many [[Christian denomination]]s, members of the congregation, oftentimes children, are given palms that they carry as they walk in a procession around the inside of the church.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/palm-sunday-marks-start-of-holy-week.html|title=Palm Sunday Marks Start of Holy Week|first1=Eric|last1=Young|website=The Christian Post|date=28 March 2010|language=en|access-date=2019-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030152519/https://www.christianpost.com/news/palm-sunday-marks-start-of-holy-week.html|archive-date=30 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womansday.com/life/a26557005/when-is-palm-sunday/|title=When Is Palm Sunday? Here's Everything You Need to Know|last=Ballard|first=Jamie|date=2019-03-04|website=Woman's Day|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030152520/https://www.womansday.com/life/a26557005/when-is-palm-sunday/|archive-date=30 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Church of Pakistan]], a [[United and uniting churches|united Protestant Church]], the faithful on Palm Sunday carry palm branches into the church as they sing Psalm 24.<ref>{{bibleverse||Psalms|24|KJV}}</ref> A robust hymnody has developed for Palm Sunday, including "[[Jeanette Threlfall|Hosanna, Loud Hosanna]]", "[[Ride On, Ride On in Majesty!]]", "[[All Glory, Laud and Honour]]", "[[Palms of Victory]]", and "[[Thomas Ravenscroft|Hark the glad sound! the Saviour comes]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=10 Palm Sunday Hymns to Start Holy Week |url=https://www.christianity.com/wiki/holidays/palm-sunday-hymns-worship-songs-holy-week.html |publisher=[[Christianity.com]] |access-date=6 January 2025 |language=en |date=19 March 2024}}</ref> In the [[Roman Catholic Church]], as well as among many [[Lutheran]] and [[Anglican]] congregations, palm fronds (or in colder climates some kind of substitutes) are [[Blessing|blessed]] with [[holy water]] outside the church building (or in cold climates in the [[narthex]] when Easter falls early in the year) in an event called the Blessing of the Palms. A solemn procession of the entire congregation takes place immediately after the blessing of the palms, called the Palm procession. In the Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican traditions, this feast now coincides with that of [[Passion Sunday]], which is the focus of the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] which follows the procession. The Catholic Church considers the blessed palms to be [[sacramentals]]. The vestments for the day are deep scarlet red, the colour of blood, indicating the supreme redemptive sacrifice Christ was entering the city to make, to fulfill his passion and resurrection in Jerusalem. [[File:PalmSunday.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Blessing palms outside an [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church in the United States]]]] {{Lent_calendar.svg}} In the Lutheran Churches, as well as in the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]]/Anglican churches, the day is officially called ''The Sunday of the Passion: Palm Sunday''; in practice, though, it is usually termed ''Palm Sunday'' as in the 1928 American [[Book of Common Prayer]] and in earlier Lutheran liturgies and calendars, to avoid undue confusion with the penultimate Sunday of Lent in the traditional calendar, which was ''Passion Sunday''. In traditional usage of the [[Methodist Church (USA)|Methodist Church]], ''[[Book of Worship for Church and Home (1965)|The Book of Worship for Church and Home]]'' (1965) provides the following [[Collect]] for Palm Sunday:<ref name="BOW1964">{{cite book|title=The Book of Worship for Church and Home: With Orders of Worship, Services for the Administration of the Sacraments and Other Aids to Worship According to the Usages of the Methodist Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ckw6vgAACAAJ|access-date=25 March 2017|year=1964|publisher=Methodist Publishing House|language=en|page=101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612125930/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ckw6vgAACAAJ|archive-date=12 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> {{blockquote|Almighty and everlasting God, who, of thy tender love toward mankind hast sent thy Son our Savior Jesus Christ to take upon him our flesh, and to suffer death upon the cross, that all mankind should follow the example of his great humility: Mercifully grant that we may both follow the example of his patience and also be made partakers of his resurrection; through the same Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.<ref name="BOW1964"/>}} ==Customs== {{Death of Jesus}} It is customary in many churches for worshippers to receive fresh palm leaves on Palm Sunday. In parts of the world where this has historically been impractical, substitute traditions have arisen. ===Belgium=== In [[Hoegaarden]], one of the last remaining Palm Sunday processions takes place every year. A fellowship of Twelve Apostles carries a wooden statue of Christ around the town, while children go door to door offering the palms ([[Buxus|box]]) for coins.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Festivals of Europe|last=Towers)|first=Cooper, Gordon (Charles Gordon|date=1994|publisher=Omnigraphics|isbn=9780780800052|location=Detroit|oclc=28422673}}</ref> ===Bulgaria=== In [[Bulgaria]], Palm Sunday is known as ''Tsvetnitsa'' ({{lang|bg|tsvete|italic=yes}}, "flower") or ''Vrabnitsa'' (''varba'', "willow"), or [[Flower's Day]]. People with flower-related names (e.g., {{not a typo|Bilyan(a), Liliya, Margarita, Nevena, Ralitsa, Rosa, Temenuzhka, Tsvetan(a), Tsvetelin(a), Tsvetin(a), Tsvetko, Violeta, Yavor, Zdravko, Zjumbjul}}, etc.) celebrate this day as their [[name day]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.plovdivguide.com/_m1703/Traditions-Namedays/TSVETNITSA---VRUBNITSA-Palm-Sunday----no-fixed-date-518 |title=Palm Sunday |access-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406160902/http://www.plovdivguide.com/_m1703/Traditions-Namedays/TSVETNITSA---VRUBNITSA-Palm-Sunday----no-fixed-date-518 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===England=== In the 15th through the 17th centuries in England, Palm Sunday was frequently marked by the burning of [[Jack o' Lent]] figures. This was a straw effigy which would be stoned and abused on Ash Wednesday, and kept in the parish for burning on Palm Sunday. The symbolism was believed to be a kind of revenge on [[Judas Iscariot]], who had betrayed Christ. The effigy could also have represented the hated figure of Winter, whose destruction prepares the way for Spring.<ref>Frood & Graves p.&nbsp;10</ref> ===Egypt and Ethiopia=== In the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] and [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Orthodox]] [[Ethiopia]], this holiday is referred to as Hosanna. Palm leaves will be blessed and distributed, they are used to create crucifixes, rings and other ornaments. ===Finland=== [[File:Easter witches in Nissilä IM5293 C.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Easter witches in Finland]] In [[Finland]], it is popular for children to dress up as Easter witches and go door to door in neighborhoods and trade decorated [[pussy willow]] branches for coins and candy. This is an old [[Karelia]]n custom called ''[[virpominen]]''. It is customary for the children to chant, with some variation, "Virvon varvon tuoreeks, terveeks, tulevaks vuodeks, vitsa sulle, palkka mulle!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vartsi.net/2016/03/21/virvon-varvon-tuoreeks-terveeks-2/ |title=Virvon varvon tuoreeks terveeks… |last=Väänänen |first=Vuokko |date=21 March 2016 |website=Värtsilän verkkolehti |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926143600/http://www.vartsi.net/2016/03/21/virvon-varvon-tuoreeks-terveeks-2/ |archive-date=26 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> which very roughly translates as "I'm wishing you a fresh, healthy upcoming year, a branch for you, a prize for me!" The chant has been translated in [[Juha Vuorinen]]'s novel ''Totally Smashed!'' as "Willow switch, I'm the Easter witch! I wish you health and a love that's rich! From me I bring some luck today, for this branch what will you pay?"<ref>{{Cite book |last= Vuorinen|first= Juha |translator= Leonard Pearl|year= 2017|title= Totally Smashed!|publisher= Diktaatori|page= 165|isbn= 978-9525474756}}</ref> ===Germany=== [[File:Palmesel MNMA Cl23799.jpg|thumb|upright|Wooden Palmesel]] In some regions of Germany, long stakes with pussy willow, box and other twigs are taken for the Palm procession rather than [[nosegays]]. In some Southern regions either the priest leads the palm procession, riding on a donkey, or a wooden donkey (called ''Palmesel'') with a figure of Christ is traditionally trundled with the procession of the faithful. ===India=== In most of the Catholic churches in India the palms are blessed by the priest on Palm Sunday and then distributed among the people after the holy mass. There is a tradition of folding palm [[fronds]] into palm crosses, which are kept at the altar till the next [[Ash Wednesday]]. [[File:Marigolds in the sanctuary.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Flowers (in this instance [[Tagetes|marigolds]]) strewn about the sanctuary in an [[Oriental Orthodox]] church in [[Mumbai]], India, on Palm Sunday]] In the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]] (and in [[Indian Orthodox]], [[Church of South India]] (CSI), [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]], and [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] (Jacobite) congregations elsewhere in India and throughout the world), flowers are strewn about the sanctuary on Palm Sunday during the reading of the Gospel, at the words uttered by the crowd welcoming Jesus, "Hosanna! Blessed is he who is come and is to come in the name of the Lord God". These words are read to the congregation thrice. The congregation then repeats, "Hosanna!", and the flowers are scattered, a common custom in Indian celebrations. This symbolizes Jesus' triumphant entry into Jerusalem. [[File:Palm sunday in Malankara ( 861 X 1080 ).jpg|thumb|upright=1|Palm Sunday in [[Malankara Orthodox Church|Malankara Church]] ([[Oriental Orthodox]]) of [[Kerala]] – People holding tender leaves of coconut palms (kuruthola) and flowers are thrown upwards during Gospel reading]] Indian Orthodoxy traces its roots to the arrival in India of Saint [[Thomas the Apostle]] (traditionally dated to AD 52) and his evangelism among both the Brahmans of the [[Malabar Coast]] and the ancient Jewish community there. Its rites and ceremonies are Jewish, Indian and Levantine Christian, in origin. In [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]'s palm leaves are blessed during Palm Sunday ceremony and a [[Procession]] takes place holding the palms.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1705828.ece |title=National / Kerala : Traditional services mark Palm Sunday |newspaper=The Hindu|date=2011-04-18 |access-date=2012-06-10}}</ref> ===Ireland=== In [[Ireland]]'s cold climate, real palm leaves are generally not available, so [[Taxus baccata|yew]], [[Abies alba|silver fir]], [[Picea abies|spruce]] or [[Cupressus sempervirens|cypress]] are used instead; it is known in [[Irish language|Irish]] as ''Domhnach an Iúir'', "Yew Sunday."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxzDDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22palm+sunday%22+ireland&pg=PT166|title=English As We Speak It in Ireland|first=P. W.|last=Joyce|date=26 November 2019|publisher=Good Press|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ACalend/PalmSunday.html|title=Palm Sunday in old Ireland - World Cultures European|website=www.irishcultureandcustoms.com}}</ref> The historian [[Patrick Weston Joyce]] noted that yew was always called "palm" in his 1830s childhood, and he only later learned the tree's correct name. "Palm" branches were often worn in the [[buttonhole]] or hung on the wall; the second practise is still common, and palm branches are blessed with [[holy water]] at [[Catholic Mass]]es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefadingyear.wordpress.com/2021/03/28/irish-folklore-for-palm-sunday-domhnach-an-iuir/|title=Irish Folklore for Palm Sunday – Domhnach an Iúir|first=the Fading|last=Year|date=28 March 2021}}</ref> In the past in some areas, a palm stem was charred and a cross was marked on eggs set for hatching, while in parts of Counties Galway and Mayo, shredded palm was mixed through the seed grain. The coincidence of Palm Sunday and [[Saint Patrick's Day]] (March 17), "when the [[shamrock]] and the palm are worn together," was said to presage a great event; this last happened in 1940, at the beginning of the [[Second World War]], and will not reoccur until 2391.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aleteia.org/2022/04/09/5-fascinating-irish-palm-sunday-traditions-you-might-not-know-about/|title=5 Fascinating Irish Palm Sunday traditions you might not know about|date=9 April 2022|website=Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture}}</ref> ===Italy=== [[File:Sturno Domenica delle Palme.jpg|thumb|Palm Sunday in [[Sturno]], Italy]] In [[Italy]], palm leaves are used along with small olive branches, readily available in the Mediterranean climate. These are placed at house entrances (for instance, hanging above the door) to last until the following year's Palm Sunday. For this reason, usually palm leaves are not used whole, due to their size; instead, leaf strips are braided into smaller shapes. Small olive branches are also often used to decorate traditional Easter cakes, along with other symbols of birth, like eggs. ===Latvia=== In Latvia, Palm Sunday is called "Pussy Willow Sunday", and pussy willows – symbolizing new life – are blessed and distributed to the faithful.<ref>{{cite web|website=Mirabilis.ca|url=http://www.mirabilis.ca/archives/002788.html|title=Archives|date=June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027083246/http://www.mirabilis.ca/archives/002788.html|archive-date=27 October 2007}}</ref> Children are often awakened that morning with ritualistic swats of a willow branch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latvia {{!}} Baltic Tenacity |url=https://u.osu.edu/baltictenacity/latvia/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=u.osu.edu}}</ref> ===Lithuania=== When Christianity came to Lithuania, the plants which sprouted earliest were honored during spring feasts. The name "Palm Sunday" is a misnomer; the "verba" or "dwarfed spruce" is used instead. According to tradition, on the Saturday before Palm Sunday the Lithuanians take special care in choosing and cutting well-formed branches, which the women-folk decorate with flowers. The flowers are meticulously tied onto the branches, making the "Verba".{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} ===The Levant=== In [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Palestine]], and [[Syria]], Palm Sunday (''Shaa'nineh'' in Arabic) Is perhaps the best-attended liturgy in the Christian Calendar, among the [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox]], Catholic ([[Latin Church|Latin]] and [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern]]), and [[Anglican]] Churches, perhaps because it is notably a family occasion.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Life Worth Living: The Story of a Palestinian Catholic|first=Bernard|last= Sabella|year= 2017| isbn=9781532615306|page =178|publisher=Resource Publications}}</ref> On this day, children attend church with branches from [[olive]] and palm trees. Also, there will be carefully woven [[cross]]es and other symbols made from palm fronds and [[rose]]s and a procession at the beginning of the liturgy, during which at some point, the priest will take an [[olive branch]] and splash [[holy water]] on the faithful.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} ===Malta=== All the parishes of [[Malta]] and [[Gozo]] on Palm Sunday ([[Maltese language|Maltese]]: ''Ħadd il-Palm'') bless the palm leaves and the olive leaves. Those parishes that have the statues of [[Good Friday]] bless the olive tree they put on the statues of "Jesus prays in the Olive Garden" (''Ġesù fl-Ort'') and the "Betrayal of Judas" (''il-Bewsa ta' Ġuda''). Also, many people take a small olive branch to their homes because it is a [[Sacramentals|sacramental]].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} ===Netherlands=== In the [[Dutch Low Saxon|Saxon]] regions of the Netherlands, crosses are decorated with candy and bread, made in the form of a [[rooster]]. In the [[Diocese of Groningen-Leeuwarden]], a great [[procession]] with oil lamps is held the night before Palm Sunday in honour of the [[Sorrowful Mother of Warfhuizen]]. ===Philippines=== {{See also|Holy Week in the Philippines}} [[File:San Carlos Pangasinan Palm Sunday Procession 2024-03-24.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Palm fronds being blessed in [[San Carlos, Pangasinan|San Carlos]], [[Pangasinan]], Philippines.]] In the [[Philippines]], a statue of Christ riding a donkey (the ''Humenta''), or the presiding priest on horseback, is brought to the local church in a morning procession. Congregants line the route, waving ''palaspás'' (ornately woven palm branches) and spreading ''tapis'' (heirloom "aprons" made for this ritual) in imitation of the excited Jerusalemites. At the church parvise, a house, or the town plaza, children dressed as angels scatter flowers as they sing the day's [[antiphon]] ''[[Hosanna filio David]]'' in the vernacular and to traditional tunes. The first Mass of the day then follows. Once blessed, the ''palaspás'' are brought home and placed on altars, doorways, and windows. The Church teaches that this is a sign of welcoming Christ into the home, but folk belief holds that the blessed ''palaspás'' are [[apotropaic]], deterring evil spirits, lightning, and fires. Another folk custom is to feed pieces of blessed ''palaspás'' to [[rooster]]s used in [[Cockfight#Philippines|''sabong'']] (cockfighting); this was strongly discouraged by the [[Archbishop of Manila]], Cardinal [[Luis Antonio Tagle]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2017 |title=Ilocoslovakia and the youth in me - HERALD EXPRESS {{!}} News in Cordillera and Northern Luzon |url=https://www.baguioheraldexpressonline.com/ilocoslovakia-and-the-youth-in-me/ |access-date=May 2, 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> In other provinces, the flowers strewn by the angels during the procession are added to the rice seeds being planted, in the belief that these will ensure a bountiful harvest. ===Poland=== [[File:87365 Palm Sunday.jpg|thumb|upright|A palm in [[Łyse, Masovian Voivodeship|Łyse]], [[Poland]]]] Many [[Poland|Polish]] towns and villages (the best known are [[Lipnica Murowana]] in [[Lesser Poland]] and [[Łyse, Masovian Voivodeship|Łyse]] in [[Mazovia]]) organize artificial palm competitions. The biggest of those reach above {{convert|30|m|sp=us}} in length; for example, the highest palm in 2008 was {{convert|33.39|m|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.realpoland.eu/the-easter-palm-sunday/ |title=The Easter Palm Sunday |publisher=Realpoland.eu |access-date=2018-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410214825/https://www.realpoland.eu/the-easter-palm-sunday/ |archive-date=10 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Romania and Moldova=== In [[Romania]] and [[Moldova]], Palm Sunday is known as ''Duminica Floriilor'' or simply ''Florii'', translating ''Flowers' Sunday''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tourinromania.com/reasons-to-visit-romania/easter-traditions-in-romania/ | title=You want to know more about Easter Traditions in Romania? | date=5 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moldova.org/en/moldovan-christians-celebrate-palm-sunday-229645-eng/ | title=Moldovan Christians celebrate Palm Sunday | date=8 April 2012 }}</ref> This name has its roots in a pre-Christian fertility festival, where flowers played a prominent role.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.studyromanian.com/post/2017/04/06/duminica-floriilor-the-palm-sunday | title=Duminica Floriilor – the Palm Sunday | date=13 April 2017 }}</ref> ===Spain=== {{See also|Holy Week in Spain}} In Spain, there is a tradition at the Palmeral of Elche (Europe's largest palm grove) in which local people cover palm leaves from the sun to allow them to whiten, and then they tie and braid them into intricate shapes. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spainisculture.com/en/propuestas_culturales/elche_la_artesania_de_la_palma_blanca_y_el_calzado.html |title=The city of Elche, known for its arts and crafts tradition, in Spain is Culture |publisher=Spainisculture.com |access-date=2018-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015044246/http://www.spainisculture.com/en/propuestas_culturales/elche_la_artesania_de_la_palma_blanca_y_el_calzado.html |archive-date=15 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Spanish proverbs|Spanish rhyming proverb]] states: ''Domingo de Ramos, quien no estrena algo, se le caen las manos'' ("On Palm Sunday, the hands drop off of those who fail to wear something new"). On Palm Sunday, it is customary to don new clothing or shoes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Need Some Easter Sunday Outfit Ideas? Here Are A Few Fashionable (and Affordable) Looks|url=https://www.womansday.com/style/fashion/a19375288/what-to-wear-easter-sunday/|last1=Murtaugh|first1=Taysha|last2=Hanrahan|first2=Laura|date=2020-03-09|website=Woman's Day|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> ===Syria=== In [[Syria]], it is popular for children to go door to door in neighborhoods, chanting about Lazarus' rising from the dead, for which they are given coins or eggs.<ref>Before the Syrian civil war (2011–present), authors documented the traditions e.g. in Tanya Gulevich, ''Encyclopedia of Easter, Carnival, and Lent'' (Bloomington: Indiana University: 2009), 345. {{ISBN|978-0780804326}}; and Patricia Lysaght, ''Food and Celebration: From Fasting to Feasting. Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the International Commission for Ethnological Food Research, Ljubljana, Preddvor, and Piran, Slovenia, June 5–11, 2000'' (Ljubljana: Založba, 2002), 155. {{ISBN|978-9616358545}}</ref> ===Wales=== {{Main|Flowering Sunday}} [[File:Flowering Sunday grave decorations in South Wales circa 1907 (first postcard).jpg|thumb|upright=1|These Flowering Sunday grave decorations were photographed in South Wales {{Circa|1907}}]] In southern [[Wales]] and nearby portions of England, 'Sul y Blodau' or 'Flowering Sunday' is a grave decoration tradition commonly observed on Palm Sunday, although historically Flowering Sunday grave decoration was also observed on other days as well. Today, the names Palm Sunday and Flowering Sunday are used interchangeably in those regions. In 1829, Thomas Wallace of [[Llanbadoc]], [[Monmouthshire]] published a poem which contains the first known reference to the custom being practiced only on Palm Sunday. Welsh cemetery cleaning and decoration traditions may have begun as an Easter celebration before becoming more commonly associated with Palm Sunday. As early as 1786, cleaning and flower decorations were attested by William Matthews during a tour of South Wales.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=William |title=The miscellaneous companions, Vol. I Being a short tour of observation and sentiment, through a part of South Wales |date=1786 |pages=50–51}}</ref> Richard Warner attested in 1797 "the ornamenting of the graves of the deceased with various plants and flowers, at certain seasons, by the surviving relatives" and noted that Easter was the most popular time for this tradition. By 1803, Malkin's observations in "The Scenery, Antiquities, and Biography of South Wales from materials collected during two excursions in the year 1803" reflect the shift away predominantly associating the custom with Easter.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malkin |title=The Scenery, Antiquities, and Biography of South Wales from materials collected during two excursions in the year 1803. Embellished with views drawn on the spot and engraved by Laporte and a map of the county |date=1904 |pages=67–69}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Christianity|Holidays}} * [[Crucifixion eclipse]] * [[Divine Mercy Sunday]] * [[Palm branch (symbol)]] * [[Lent#Holy days within the season of Lent|Holy days within the season of Lent]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{cite book|last1=Frood |first1=J. D. |last2=Graves |first2=M. A. R. |title=Seasons and Ceremonies: Tudor-Stuart England|publisher= Elizabethan Promotions|date= 1992}} * [https://books.apple.com/us/book/vhod-gospoden-v-ierusalim/id642832216 Вход Господень в Иерусалим. Богослужебные указания для священнослужителей.] (Составитель протоиерей Виталий Грищук) – СПб.: Санкт-Петербургская православная духовная академия, 2013г. (в формате iBooks) {{in lang|ru}}. == External links == {{Commons category|Palm Sunday}} * [http://www.liturgies.net/Lent/PalmSunday.htm An Order of Service for Palm Sunday] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410115942/http://www.zrism.com/comments/easter/palm-crosses/ Learn how to make a cross out of palms] * {{CathEncy|wstitle=Palm Sunday |volume=11 |first=Francis |last=Mershman |short=1}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080322045539/http://www.greekorthodox.org.au/general/livinganorthodoxlife/liturgicalmeaningofholyweek/palmsunday Palm Sunday (Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311201642/http://www.byzantines.net/feasts/lent/palmsunday.htm Palm Sunday according to the Byzantine Rite Tradition] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150331014427/http://www.newstimes360.com/palm-sunday-images-quotes-pictures-2015 Palm Sunday 2015] * {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Palm Sunday |volume=20 |pages=650–651 |short=1}} * [https://ctdtimers.com/countdowns/holidays/palm-sunday/ Palm Sunday Countdown Timer] {{s-start}} {{s-other|Sundays of the [[Easter cycle]]|#c00}} {{s-bef|before=[[Fifth Sunday of Lent]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Palm Sunday|years={{#invoke:Easter|Calculate|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|day=Palm Sunday|format=F j, Y}}}} {{s-aft|after=[[Easter]]}} {{end}} {{Döfi Liturgi Gereja Katolik}} {{Paska}} {{Authority control}} --> == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Owasa Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Luo Sebua Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Migu Ni'amoni'ö]] [[Kategori:Owasa Yesu Keriso]] [[Kategori:Agama]] diivei1g7gj5neqcjpwl7gvn5qphpf7 0 4714 27653 25601 2026-08-17T14:20:27Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 27653 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Tabernakel in het koor van de Onze-Lieve-Vrouw van Fatimakerk (Gijmel).jpg|mini|Fandru ni'amoni'ö sihola, tandra wa so mboto Keriso bakha ba tabernakel andre]] '''Fandru ni'amoni'ö''' no fandru si lö mamalö muhola nifataro ba [[tabernakel]] si so bakha boto Keriso.<ref>{{cite book |first=William Warde |last=Fowler |author-link=William Warde Fowler |title=The Religious Experience of the Roman People |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousexperie0000fowl_q3a3 |location=London |date=1922 |page=[https://archive.org/details/religiousexperie0000fowl_q3a3/page/209 209]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Scheid |author-link=John Scheid |title=An Introduction to Roman Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00sche/page/113 113–114]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Linderski |first=Jerzy|title=The Augural Law |work=Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt |volume=II |number=16 |date=1986 |pages=2164–2288}}</ref> Boto [[Keriso]] ba da'e no [[roti]] si no mufahowu'ö tobali boto Keriso bakha ba [[Misa]] ([[Fangowasaini Ekaristi|Ekaristi]]) ba börö da'ö tenga sa'ae roti si to'ölö ia. Tandra wa so mboto [[Keriso]] bakha ba sambua [[tabernakel]] ya'ia na muhola wandru ni'amoni'ö, si tobali tandra ba niha wa nahia andre sinangea mu'amoni'ö, me ba da'ö so [[Keriso]] samösa. To'ölö möi ndra niha samati ba wangandrö föna [[tabernakel]] si so boto [[Keriso]]. Bakha ba [[liturgi]] gereja so sambua wangandrö ni'oniagö ba wamolakhömi we'aso [[Keriso]] andre ya'ia '''Fangalulu Föna [[Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö]]''', sambua hada ndra Niha Keriso nitohugö mufalua irugi ma'ökhö bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]], [[Gereja Ortodoks]], [[Gereja Anglikan]], [[Gereja Lutheran]], btn. == Ngawalö döi == No fabö'ö-bö'ö döi Wandru ni'amoni'ö he ba negara bö'ö ba he ba li bö'ö. Lafotöi ia "{{li|id|lampu tabernakel}}" ba [[li Indonesia]]. Ba [[li Inggris]] oya döinia ndrege gereja ma tanö. So zanötöi ya'ia "{{li|en|sanctuary lamp}}", "{{li|en|chancel lamp}}" awö "{{li|en|altar lamp}}" ba so göi zanötöi ya'ia "{{li|en|eternal light}}" ma zui "{{li|en|everlasting light}}". Töi si faudu ya'ia '''fandru ni'amoni'ö''' börö me tenga fandru si to'ölö ma zui ha fandru altar ia, bahiza no fandru sangoroma'ö wa so mboto Keriso bakha ba tabernakel nihagaininia. == Faigi göi == * [[Sakramen Fondrege Ni'amoni'ö]] * [[Fangowasaini Ekaristi]] * [[Tabernakel]] == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Liturgi]] [[Kategori:Teologia]] [[Kategori:No mufareso]] 4wkv4oj7vnrox3jvf5x2puygqcwtjql 10 4782 27630 2026-08-17T13:19:17Z Slaia 39 /* */ Templat fonga'eu (ciri-ciri fisik, karakteristik, deskripsi tanaman dan binatang) 27630 wikitext text/x-wiki == <span title="Hewisa oroma ia ba höröda (li Indonesia, ciri-ciri)">Fonga'eu</span> ==<noinclude> [[Kategori:Templat wanura]]</noinclude> k46khti93jqg3a32c4lkw4ipcr2qbog