Wikipedia nsowiki https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letlakala_la_pele MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Media Special Bolediša Mošomi Boledišana le Mošomi Wikipedia Dipolelo tša Wikipedia Seswantšho Poledišano ya Seswantšho MediaWiki Poledišano ya MediaWiki Template Poledišano ya Template Thušo Poledišano ya Thušo Setensele Poledišano ya Setensele TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 301 54877 54853 2026-05-15T09:20:21Z Dumbassman 4353 54877 wikitext text/x-wiki : ''Must not be confused with [[Republic ya Congo]], with capital as [[Brazzaville]].'' {{Infobox Country |conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic of the Congo |common_name = Democratic Repabliki ya Congo |image_flag = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg |image_coat = Armoiries de la République démocratique du Congo - 2006.png |image_map = LocationCongoDemocraticRepublicofthe.svg |capital = [[Kinshasa]] |government_type = Semi-Presidential Repabliki |leader_name1 = Félix Thisekedi |area_km2 = 2345409 |area_rank = 11th |population_estimate = 100,000,000 <small>(2021)</small> |demonym = Congolese |official_languages = [[Sefora]] |currency = Congolese franc |currency_code = CDF |time_zone = Cental Africa Time |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = ''not observed'' |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = .cd |calling_code = +243 |drives_on = la go ja }} '''Democratic Repabliki ya Congo''' goba '''DR Congo''', '''DRC''', ke [[naga]] [[lefasana|lefasaneng]] la [[Afrika]]. DRC e bogare bodikela bja Afrika, e wela seleteng sa [[Bogare bja Afrika]]. DRC e agišane le : * [[Central African Republic]] (leboa), * [[South Sudan]] (leboa), * [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Zambia]] le [[Angola]] (borwa), * [[Republic ya Congo]] (bodikela), * [[Tanzania]] (bohlabela). [[Setensele:Dinaga tša Afrika]] == History == Mobutu sese seko o be a thekgilwe kudu ka maatla ka Amerika ka lebaka la kganetšo ya gagwe ya bokomonisi Amerika e be e tshepa gore taolo ya gagwe e be e tla šoma bjalo ka sebaledi se se šomago gabotse go mekgatlo ya bokomonisi ka Afrika. Tshepedišo ya mokgatlo o tee e ile ya hlongwa, gomme Mobutu a ipolela gore ke hlogo ya mmušo. Nako le nako o be a swara dikgetho tšeo go tšona e bego e le yena a nnoši a kgethilwego. Le ge go fihleletšwe khutšo le go tsepama mo go lekanyeditšwego, mmušo wa Mobutu o be o na le molato wa go gatakelwa mo gogolo ga ditokelo tša batho, kgatelelo ya dipolitiki, borapedi bja semelo le bomenetša. qb952ctp1jf9ymk3oh5cce9jdopoqo1 0 13818 54872 54840 2026-05-14T12:57:35Z MABAREBARE 8442 54872 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Seswantšho:Kwame Nkrumah on a Soviet stamp (80th anniversary of his birth) 1989 CPA 6101.jpg|thumb]] Afrika Afrika ke lefase la bobedi ka bogolo mo lefaseng. Gape ke kontinete ya bobedi ya go ba le batho bantši mo lefaseng. E na le dinaga tše masomehlanonne (54)[1] Nako ya Bokolone Dinaga tša Afrika di ile tša swara boima ka nako ya bokolone. Mo di be di palelwa ke go ipuša mobung wa tšona. Bantši bo ile bja fetoga makgoba ka nako ya bokolone. [2] Bošoro bja Bokolone Ka nako ya bokolone bophelo bo be bo le boima kudu ka mo Afrika. Batho ba be ba phela go baba. Mola ba bangwe ba tlogedišwa ditšo tša bo bona. E be e le nako ya gaphamadi. Batho ba be ba bolawa boka ditšie. Bophelo bo be bo se le botse ka nako ya bokolone. Dinaga ka moka di be di goga boima ntle le Egepeta, gobane yona e be e ikeme ka boyona. Boikemelo bja Afrika Naga ya pele ya go thoma go ikemela ke naga ya Liberia ka ngwaga wa 1847 ka tlase a baetapele bja morena Roberts. Le ge o le bjalo boikemelo bo bonwe gabotse ka naga ya Ghana ka ngwaga wa 1957- 1960. Ke mo dinaga tša Afrika di ilego tša thoma go ikemela, efela tše dingwe di tšeele nako ye telele go ikemela. [3] References: Here are solid references for the history of Africa, covering different eras and angles: 1. *General Academic Histories* - *"General History of Africa" – UNESCO, 8 volumes*     The most comprehensive academic series, written by African and international historians. Covers from prehistory to 1990s. Free PDF versions exist online. Good if you want depth and African perspectives. - *"Africa: A Biography of the Continent" by John Reader, 1997*     Written for general readers. Mixes archaeology, geography, and history from human origins to modern times. Very readable. - *"Africa: A History" by J.D. Fage & William Tordoff, 5th ed. 2001*     Standard university textbook. Clear, concise, covers from early societies to post-colonial states. 2. *Focused on Specific Eras* - *Ancient Africa*: "Ancient Egypt" by Barry Kemp, and "Kingdoms of the Nile" by Kathryn Bard - *Pre-colonial Kingdoms*: "African Kingdoms" by Saheed Adejumobi – covers Mali, Songhai, Great Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, etc. - *Colonial & Independence Era*: "The Scramble for Africa" by Thomas Pakenham; "Decolonization and African Society" by Frederick Cooper 3. *Online & Free Resources* - *BBC History – Africa*     http://bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/africa     Short articles on major topics, good starting point. - *Encyclopedia Britannica – History of Africa*     Well-sourced overview with timelines. - *African History Network – YouTube*     Lectures and documentaries by African historians. Good if you prefer video. 4. *Primary Sources & Archives* - *Digital Innovation South Africa (DISA)* – http://disa.ukzn.ac.za     Archives of anti-colonial movements, speeches, newspapers. - *UNESCO Slave Route Project* – documents on trans-Atlantic and Indian Ocean slave trade. If you tell me what part of African history you’re interested in - ancient Egypt, Mali Empire, colonialism, apartheid, post-1960 independence - I’ll narrow it to th 3n5zrd6kugf39a7fo5ivdkfhhuhs1pg 0 13830 54873 54867 2026-05-14T20:42:12Z ~2026-28974-51 8522 54873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox number | number = 410 | dikarodi =[[1 (nomoro)|1]], [[2 (nomoro)|2]], [[4 (nomoro)|4]], [[5 (nomoro)|5]], [[10 (nomoro)|10]], [[41 (nomoro)|41]], [[82 (nomoro)|82]], [[205 (nomoro)|205]], 410 }} '''410''' ('''Makgolonne Lesome''') ke [[nomoro]] yeo e elego margaret ga [[409 (nomoro)|makgolonne senyane]] le [[411 (nomoro)|makgolonne lesome tee]]. [[Setensele:Dinomoro]] nh2ojkhmajdpj6rbfydh0x3ud5wx1hr 54874 54873 2026-05-15T02:04:50Z ~2026-28974-51 8522 54874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox number | number = 410 | dikarodi =[[1 (nomoro)|1]], [[2 (nomoro)|2]], [[5 (nomoro)|5]], [[10 (nomoro)|10]], [[41 (nomoro)|41]], [[82 (nomoro)|82]], [[205 (nomoro)|205]], 410 }} '''410''' ('''Makgolonne Lesome''') ke [[nomoro]] yeo e elego margaret ga [[409 (nomoro)|makgolonne senyane]] le [[411 (nomoro)|makgolonne lesome tee]]. [[Setensele:Dinomoro]] b5gej1xkkj4ajfie2z136p2qj924oq3 0 13831 54876 54865 2026-05-15T09:20:01Z Dumbassman 4353 54876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox number | number = 1449 | dikarodi =[[1 (nomoro)|1]], [[3 (nomoro)|3]], [[7 (nomoro)|7]], [[9 (nomoro)|9]], [[21 (nomoro)|21]], [[23 (nomoro)|23]], [[63 (nomoro)|63]], [[69 (nomoro)|69]], [[161 (nomoro)|161]], [[207 (nomoro)|207]], [[483 (nomoro)|483]], 1449 }} '''1449''' ('''Sekete Makgolonne Masomenne Senyane''') ke [[nomoro]] yeo e elego margaret ga [[1448 (nomoro)|sekete makgolonne masomenne seswai]] le [[1450 (nomoro)|sekete makgolonne masomehlano]]. [[Setensele:Dinomoro]] 1k7hsi2pyv1acbkv8mf8uvdpbrts05q 0 13832 54875 54868 2026-05-15T09:19:50Z Dumbassman 4353 54875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox number | number = 409 | dikarodi =[[1 (nomoro)|1]], 409 }} '''409''' ('''Makgolonne senyane''') ke [[nomoro]] yeo e elego margaret ga [[408 (nomoro)|masomenne seswai]] le [[410 (nomoro)|makgolonne lesome]]. [[Setensele:Dinomoro]] 2oxjo0ct3clngsj32c7ag2qcpr9yg5n 0 13833 54869 2026-05-14T12:49:14Z MABAREBARE 8442 Tlhodile letlakala ka '=== Lešoboro ke eng? === [[Seswantšho:Initiation school graduating ceremony(boys).jpg|thumb]] Leina le la gore lešoboro ke leina la setšo sa Bapadi le Balobedu. Botsebotse lešoboro ke monna yo a sa bonago koma ya bodika. Ke monna yo a sa tsebego koma. Ka setšo sa Bapedi le Balobedu ba re ga se monna wa selo. ==== Maiswara a Lešoboro ==== lešoboro le iswara bjalo ka banna ba bangwe. Lešoboro le a nyala mosadi go swana le banna ba bangwe. Lešoboro le a ba le...' 54869 wikitext text/x-wiki === Lešoboro ke eng? === [[Seswantšho:Initiation school graduating ceremony(boys).jpg|thumb]] Leina le la gore lešoboro ke leina la setšo sa Bapadi le Balobedu. Botsebotse lešoboro ke monna yo a sa bonago koma ya bodika. Ke monna yo a sa tsebego koma. Ka setšo sa Bapedi le Balobedu ba re ga se monna wa selo. ==== Maiswara a Lešoboro ==== lešoboro le iswara bjalo ka banna ba bangwe. Lešoboro le a nyala mosadi go swana le banna ba bangwe. Lešoboro le a ba le bana, ebile e ka ba moetapele. Lešoboro le bolela ditaba tša go kwala. Lešoboro le a kgona go hlompha. Lešoboro ke monna re sa lebelela taba ya setšo. Botsebotse lentšu le la gore lešoboro ke la nyefolo. Ka ge re kgona go bona bangwe ba mašoboro ba pala bao re rego ke banna ba tšwa komeng. Taba ya bošoboro e ro ba leina fela. ===== Dišitišo tša Lešoboro ===== Ka Sepedi le Sebobedu monna wa lešoboro go a nyatšega kukudukdu re lebeletše taba ya setšo. Lešoboro a le dule le banna korong. Lešoboro ka nako ya dikoma le phela boima. Dileteng tše dingwe le dikolong a ba nyake bana ba bo bona ba rutwa ke lešoboro. Ba re: 'O tla botša bana ba rena eng?" Basadi ba bangwe a ba dumelwe go nyalwa ke mašoboro. Lešoboro a le tsene ka komeng. ====== Bophelo bja Lešoboro ====== Bophelo bja lešoboro bo ba boima ge o dula metseng ya gae. Lešoboro le phela ka lebadi pelong. Lešoboro ke monna Wa nnete. Lešoboro e no ba leina fela. Reference: Pedi Law and Castom. Author: N.J. Van Warmelo's. mb0l4ezay56yo01lvn3ve7ppf7sg73f 54870 54869 2026-05-14T12:54:15Z MABAREBARE 8442 Liena la gore "Lešoboro " 54870 wikitext text/x-wiki === Lešoboro ke eng? === [[Seswantšho:Initiation school graduating ceremony(boys).jpg|thumb]] Leina le la gore lešoboro ke leina la setšo sa Bapadi le Balobedu. Botsebotse lešoboro ke monna yo a sa bonago koma ya bodika. Ke monna yo a sa tsebego koma. Ka setšo sa Bapedi le Balobedu ba re ga se monna wa selo. ==== Maiswara a Lešoboro ==== lešoboro le iswara bjalo ka banna ba bangwe. Lešoboro le a nyala mosadi go swana le banna ba bangwe. Lešoboro le a ba le bana, ebile e ka ba moetapele. Lešoboro le bolela ditaba tša go kwala. Lešoboro le a kgona go hlompha. Lešoboro ke monna re sa lebelela taba ya setšo. Botsebotse lentšu le la gore lešoboro ke la nyefolo. Ka ge re kgona go bona bangwe ba mašoboro ba pala bao re rego ke banna ba tšwa komeng. Taba ya bošoboro e ro ba leina fela. ===== Dišitišo tša Lešoboro ===== Ka Sepedi le Sebobedu monna wa lešoboro go a nyatšega kukudukdu re lebeletše taba ya setšo. Lešoboro a le dule le banna korong. Lešoboro ka nako ya dikoma le phela boima. Dileteng tše dingwe le dikolong a ba nyake bana ba bo bona ba rutwa ke lešoboro. Ba re: 'O tla botša bana ba rena eng?" Basadi ba bangwe a ba dumelwe go nyalwa ke mašoboro. Lešoboro a le tsene ka komeng. ====== Bophelo bja Lešoboro ====== Bophelo bja lešoboro bo ba boima ge o dula metseng ya gae. Lešoboro le phela ka lebadi pelong. Lešoboro ke monna Wa nnete. Lešoboro e no ba leina fela. References: Here are books and academic works that cover Bapedi/Northern Sotho initiation school _koma_: <nowiki>*</nowiki>1. _Pedi Law and Custom_ by N.J. van Warmelo* - The standard ethnographic/legal reference on Bapedi customs. - Has a detailed section on initiation, regiments, and the role of _koma_ in social structure. - Published by Government Printer, Pretoria, 1937. Still cited in most academic work on Bapedi. <nowiki>*</nowiki>2. _Monuments and Maize: The Archaeology of an African Society_ by Tom Huffman* - Covers Northern Sotho/Bapedi history and initiation symbolism. - Discusses how _koma_ is represented in archaeology and oral tradition. <nowiki>*</nowiki>3. _The Northern Sotho_ by J.D. Krige & E.J. Krige* - In _The Bantu-Speaking Tribes of South Africa_, edited by I. Schapera, 1937. - Chapter gives a detailed account of initiation rites, regiments, and social function of _koma_. <nowiki>*</nowiki>4. _Culture and Customs of South Africa_ by Toyin Falola* - Has a section on Northern Sotho/Bapedi initiation and its role in transition to adulthood. - More accessible if you want an overview rather than heavy ethnography. <nowiki>*</nowiki>5. _Soldiers of the Koma_ – article by Shiona Moodley in _National Museum Publications*_ - Not a book, but it’s the most cited work on _koma_ symbolism in Northern Sotho rock art and identity. - Good if you want the cultural meaning behind the rite. --- If you need a starting point, go with *van Warmelo’s _Pedi Law and Custom*_. It’s the go-to reference for _koma_, _mašoboro/lešoboro_, and how initiation fits into Bapedi law and social status. Want me to find if any of these are available online as PDF? 92zmg0pzbj5jehluc4m1gn8vq1gqtol 54871 54870 2026-05-14T12:54:31Z MABAREBARE 8442 54871 wikitext text/x-wiki === Lešoboro ke eng? === [[Seswantšho:Initiation school graduating ceremony(boys).jpg|thumb]] Leina le la gore lešoboro ke leina la setšo sa Bapadi le Balobedu. Botsebotse lešoboro ke monna yo a sa bonago koma ya bodika. Ke monna yo a sa tsebego koma. Ka setšo sa Bapedi le Balobedu ba re ga se monna wa selo. ==== Maiswara a Lešoboro ==== lešoboro le iswara bjalo ka banna ba bangwe. Lešoboro le a nyala mosadi go swana le banna ba bangwe. Lešoboro le a ba le bana, ebile e ka ba moetapele. Lešoboro le bolela ditaba tša go kwala. Lešoboro le a kgona go hlompha. Lešoboro ke monna re sa lebelela taba ya setšo. Botsebotse lentšu le la gore lešoboro ke la nyefolo. Ka ge re kgona go bona bangwe ba mašoboro ba pala bao re rego ke banna ba tšwa komeng. Taba ya bošoboro e ro ba leina fela. ===== Dišitišo tša Lešoboro ===== Ka Sepedi le Sebobedu monna wa lešoboro go a nyatšega kukudukdu re lebeletše taba ya setšo. Lešoboro a le dule le banna korong. Lešoboro ka nako ya dikoma le phela boima. Dileteng tše dingwe le dikolong a ba nyake bana ba bo bona ba rutwa ke lešoboro. Ba re: 'O tla botša bana ba rena eng?" Basadi ba bangwe a ba dumelwe go nyalwa ke mašoboro. Lešoboro a le tsene ka komeng. ====== Bophelo bja Lešoboro ====== Bophelo bja lešoboro bo ba boima ge o dula metseng ya gae. Lešoboro le phela ka lebadi pelong. Lešoboro ke monna Wa nnete. Lešoboro e no ba leina fela. Reference: Pedi Law and Castom. Author: N.J. Van Warmelo's. mb0l4ezay56yo01lvn3ve7ppf7sg73f