Wikipedia nywiki https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsamba_Lalikulu MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 7948 59746 59740 2025-06-15T22:23:50Z 200.24.154.85 59746 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chitumbuka''' ndi [[Chinenero cha Bantu|Chiyankhulo chachi Bantu]] chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]], ndi [[Tanzania]].<ref name="Michigan" >[https://web.archive.org/web/20151123103050/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html Michigan State University African Studies Center information page].</ref> Chimadziwikanso kuti {{lang|tum|Chitumbuka}} kapena {{ lang|tum|Citumbuka}} — mawu akuti ''chi-'' kutsogolo kwa ''Tumbuka'' amatanthauza "m'njira ya", ndipo pankhaniyi amatanthauza "chilankhulo cha [[anthu a Tumbuka]]". Chitumbuka chili m’gulu la chinenero chimodzi ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone N|Guthrie Zone N]]) monga [[Chiyankhulo cha Chewa|Chewa]] ndi [[chinenero cha Sena|Sena]].<ref>Kiso (2012), pp.21ff.</ref> Bungwe la World Almanac (1998) likuyerekeza kuti pali anthu pafupifupi 2,000,000 (mu chaka cha 1998) olankhula Chitumbuka, ngakhale magwero ena amati ndi ochepa kwambiri. Anthu ambiri olankhula Chitumbuka amati amakhala ku Malawi.<ref name=Michigan /> Chitumbuka ndi zinenero zomwe zimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Northern Malawi, makamaka ku [[Rumphi]], [[Mzuzu]], ndi [[Maboma a Mzimba]]. Panopa ChiTumbuka chili ndi anthu oposa 8 miliyoni.<ref>University of Malawi (2006) Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi.</ref> Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Chitumbuka chomwe chimalankhulidwa m'matauni a Malawi (omwe amabwereka mawu kuchokera ku [[Swahili language|Swahili]] ndi [[Chiyankhulo cha Chewa|Chewa]]) ndi "mudzi" kapena "zakuya" Tumbuka m’midzi. Mtundu wa [[Rumphi]] nthawi zambiri umadziwika kuti ndi "chilankhulo choyera", ndipo nthawi zina amatchedwa "Tumbuka weniweni".<ref>Kamwendo (2004), p.282.</ref> Chiyankhulo cha [[Mzimba]] wakhala akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi [[Zulu language|Zulu]] (chiNgoni),<ref>University of Malawi (2006), p.27.</ref> even so far as to have [[click consonant|clicks]] mawu ngati {{lang|tum|chitha}} {{IPA-xx|ʇʰitʰa|}} "kodza", omwe samapezeka m'zilankhulo zina. M'mbiri yonse ya dziko la Malawi Chitumbuka ndi Achewa nthawi zina zakhala zilankhulo zomwe akuluakulu aboma amagwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, chilankhulo cha Chitumbuka chinavutika kwambiri muulamuliro wa Pulezidenti [[Hastings Banda|Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], chifukwa mu 1968 chifukwa cha mfundo ya dziko limodzi lokhala ndi chinenero chimodzi chinasiya kukhala chinenero chovomerezeka m’Malawi. Izi zinachititsa kuti a Tumbuka achotsedwe pa maphunziro a sukulu, wailesi ya dziko lonse, ndi ma print media. zinayambikanso pawailesi, koma chiwerengero cha mabuku ndi zofalitsa zina m’Chitumbuka chidakali chochepa.<ref>Onani Kafukufuku wa Mapu a Zinenero ku Northern Malawi (2006), tsamba 38-40 kuti mupeze mndandanda wa zofalitsa.</ref> ==Malemba== [[File:WIKITONGUES-Temwa Speaking Tumbuka - free to use file under Wikipedia policies.webm|left|thumb|342x342px|Temwa kuyankhula Chitumbuka]] Njira ziwiri zolembera Chitumbuka zikugwiritsidwa ntchito: kalembedwe kakale (kagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachitsanzo mu Wikipedia ya Chitumbuka ndi m’nyuzipepala ya {{lang|tum|Fuko}}), mmene mawu monga {{lang|tum|banthu}} 'people' ndi {{lang|tum|chaka}} 'year' alembedwa ndi 'b' ndi 'ch', komanso kalembedwe katsopano ka boma (kogwiritsidwa ntchito mwachitsanzo mu mtanthauzira mawu wa Citumbuka wofalitsidwa pa intaneti ndi Center for Language Studies ndi m’Baibulo la pa intaneti), m’mene mawu ofananawo amalembedwa ndi ‘mira’ ndi ‘c’, mwachitsanzo. ''ŵanthu'' and ''caka''. (Phokoso la ndi lozungulira kwambiri [w] limatchulidwa ndi lilime moyandikira-i.)<ref>Atkins, Guy (1950) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156786 "Maganizo for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja"] ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute'', Vol. 20, No. 3, p.205.</ref> Pali kusatsimikizika kwina komwe mungalembe 'r' ndi kuti 'l', mwachitsanzo. {{lang|tum|cakulya}} (Dictionary) or {{lang|tum|cakurya}} (Bible) 'food'. (Kwenikweni [l] ndi [r] ali [[maalofoni]] ofanana [[phoneme]].) Pali kukayikiranso pakati pa kalembedwe 'sk' ndi 'sy' (onse {{lang|tum|miskombe}}) ndi </nowiki>{{lang|tum|misyombe}} ('nsungwi') akupezeka mu dikishonale ya Citumbuka).<ref>Onani zolembedwa {{lang|tum|citatanga}}, {{lang|tum|cidunga}}, {{lang|tum|cihengo}}.</ref> ==Malembo ake== ===Mavawelo=== Mavawelo omwewo {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} ndi syllabic {{IPA|/m̩/}} amapezeka m'Chitumbuka monga m'chinenero choyandikana nawo [[Chiyankhulo cha Chewa|Chewa]].<ref>Vail (1972), p. 1.</ref> [[File:Monile.ogg|thumb|Tumbuka moni "Monile" kutanthauza "Moni".]] ===Makonsonati=== Makonsonanti a Chitumbuka amafanananso ndi a [[Chichewa|Chewa]] oyandikana nawo, koma amasiyana. Mawu osalekeza akuti {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, {{IPA|/β/}} ndi {{IPA|/h/}}, omwe palibe kapena m'mphepete mwa Chewa, amapezeka m'Chitumbuka. Zinanso zodziwika bwino ndi mawu omveka {{IPA|/vʲ/}}, {{IPA|/fʲ/}}, {{IPA|/bʲ/}}, {{IPA|/pʲ/}}, {{IPA| /skʲ/}}, {{IPA|/zgʲ/}}, ndi {{IPA|/ɽʲ/}}. M’Chitumbuka mulibe ma affricates monga Chichewa {{IPA|/psʲ/}}, {{IPA|/bzʲ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡s/}}, {{IPA|/d͡z/}}. Maphokoso a {{IPA|/s/}} ndi {{IPA|/z/}} samachotsedwa m'mphuno m'Chitumbuka, kotero kuti Chewa rds a Tumbuka; mwachitsanzo Low ({{lang|tum|yoyoyo}} 'disintegrating into small pieces'), High ({{lang|tum|fyá:}} 'swooping low (of birds)'), High-Low ({{lang |tum|phúli}} 'kuphulika kwa chinthu'), ndi Kutsika Kwambiri ({{lang|tum|yií}} 'kutayika mwadzidzidzi'), etc.<ref>Moto (1999), pp.112-120. </ref> Ku Tumbuka kumagwiritsanso ntchito malankhulidwe amitundumitundu; mwachitsanzo, mu mafunso inde-ayi nthawi zambiri pamakhala kugwa Kwapamwamba-Kutsika pa syllable yomaliza ya funso:<ref>Downing (2008), p.55.</ref> *{{lang|tum|ku-limirâ-so ngô:mâ?}} 'kodi inunso mukupalira chimanga?' Zikuoneka kuti palibe kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa kamvekedwe ka mawu mu Chitumbuka ndi [[Focus (linguistics)|focus]].<ref>Downing (2012), p.129.</ref> ==Maina== ===Maphunziro a mayina=== Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zilankhulo za Chibantu, mayina a Chitumbuka amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a mayina malinga ndi mawu amodzi komanso ambiri. Gulu lirilonse la nauni liri ndi adjective, pronoun, ndi ma verb mapangano, omwe amadziwika kuti 'concords'. Kumene mapanganowo sakugwirizana ndi mawu oyamba, mapanganowo amakhala patsogolo posankha gulu la nauni. Mwachitsanzo, dzina lakuti {{lang|tum|katundu}} 'possessions', ngakhale lili ndi mawu oyamba ''ka-'', limayikidwa m'kalasi 1, popeza wina amati {{lang|tum|katundu uyu}} 'awa katundu' pogwiritsa ntchito chiwonetsero cha kalasi 1 {{lang|tum|uyu}}. Amalawi eni ake (monga mu dikishonale ya Citumbuka ya University of Malawi) amatchula mayina a mayina ndi mayina achikhalidwe monga "Mu-lina-"; Akatswiri a Bantu, komabe, amatchula makalasi ndi manambala (1/2 etc.) zogwirizana ndi mayina a zilankhulo zina za Bantu. Nthawi zina manauni sagwirizana ndi makalasi pansipa, mwachitsanzo. {{lang|tum|fumu}} 'chief' (class 9) mosakhazikika amakhala ndi mawu ambiri ''mafumu'' m'kalasi 6. '''Class 1/2 (Mu-lina-)''' Maina ena m'kalasi ili alibe chiyambi Mu-: *{{lang|tum|Munthu}} pl. {{lang|tum|banthu (banthu)}} = munthu *{{lang|tum|Muzungu}} pl. {{lang|tum|bazungu (bazungu)}} = mlendo, mzungu *{{lang|tum|Mwana}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵana (bana)}} = mwana *{{lang|tum|Bulu}} pl. {{lang|tum|babulu}} = bulu *{{lang|tum|Sibweni}} pl. {{lang|tum|basibweni}} = amalume a amayi *{{lang|tum|Katundu}} (no pl.) = katundu, katundu ''Class 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)'' *{{lang|tum|Mutu}} pl. {{lang|tum|mitu}} = mutu *{{lang|tum|Mkuyu}} pl. {{lang|tum|mikuyu}} = mkuyu *{{lang|tum|Moyo}} pl. {{lang|tum|miyoyo}} = moyo *{{lang|tum|Mtima}} pl. {{lang|tum|mitima}} = mtima '''Class 5/6 (Li-Ma-)''' *{{lang|tum|Bele (bhele}} pl. {{lang|tum|mabele (mabhele)}} = bere *{{lang|tum|Boma (bhoma)}} pl. {{lang|tum|maboma (mabhoma)}} = boma, boma *{{lang|tum|Botolo (bhotolo)}} pl. {{lang|tum|mabotolo (mabhotolo)}} = botolo *{{lang|tum|Fuko}} pl. {{lang|tum|mafuko}} = fuko, fuko *{{lang|tum|Jiso}} pl. {{lang|tum|maso}} = diso *{{lang|tum|Maji}} (palibe umodzi) = madzi *{{lang|tum|Phiri}} pl. {{lang|tum|mapiri}} = phiri *{{lang|tum|Suzgo}} pl. {{lang|tum|masuzgo}} = vuto, vuto *{{lang|tum|Woko}} pl. {{lang|tum|mawoko}} = dzanja '''Class 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)''' *{{lang|tum|Caka (chaka)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vyaka}} = chaka *{{lang|tum|Caro (charo)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vyaro}} = dziko, dziko *{{lang|tum|Cigawoto (chibeto)}} pl. {{lang|tum|viseto (vibeto)}} = farm animal *{{lang|tum|Cidakwa (chidakwa)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vidakwa}} = woledzera *{{lang|tum|Cikoti (chikoti)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vikoti}} = chikwapu '''Class 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)''' *{{lang|tum|Mbale}} pl. {{lang|tum|mbale (mambale)}} = plate *{{lang|tum|Ndalama}} pl. {{lang|tum|ndalama}} = ndalama *{{lang|tum|Njelwa}} pl. {{lang|tum|njelwa}} = njerwa *{{lang|tum|Nkhuku}} pl. {{lang|tum|nkuku}} = nkhuku *{{lang|tum|Somba}} pl. {{lang|tum|somba}} = nsomba ''Class 11 (Lu-)'' Okamba ena amaona mawu m’kalasili ngati kuti ali m’kalasi 5/6.<ref>Shiozaki (2004).</ref> *{{lang|tum|Lwande}} = mbali *{{lang|tum|Lumbiri}} = kutchuka *{{lang|tum|Lulimi}} = lilime ''Class 12/13 (Ka-Tu-)'' *{{lang|tum|Kanthu (kantu)}} pl. {{lang|tum|tunthu (tuntu)}} = chinthu chaching'ono *{{lang|tum|Kamwana}} pl. {{lang|tum|tubalana (tubana)}} = mwana *{{lang|tum|Kayuni}} pl. {{lang|tum|tuyuni}} = mbalame *{{lang|tum|Tulo}} (no singular) = kugona ''Class 14/6 (U-Ma-)'' Mainawa nthawi zambiri amakhala osamveka ndipo alibe zambiri. *{{lang|tum|Usiku}} = usiku *{{lang|tum|Ulimi}} = ulimi *{{lang|tum|Ulalo}} pl. {{lang|tum|maulalo}} = bridge *{{lang|tum|Uta}} pl. {{lang|tum|mauta}} = uta ''Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive'' *{{lang|tum|Kugula}} = kugula, kugula *{{lang|tum|Kwiba (kwibha)}} = kuba, kuba ''Makalasi 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Locative'' *{{lang|tum|Pasi}} = underneath *{{lang|tum|Kunthazi (kuntazi)}} = in front, before *{{lang|tum|Mukati}} = inside ===Concords=== Maverebu, ma adjectives, manambala, ziyeneretso, ndi matchulidwe mu Chitumbuka ayenera kugwirizana ndi dzina lomwe likutchulidwa. Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma prefixes, infixes, kapena suffixes zotchedwa 'concords' zomwe zimasiyana malinga ndi gulu la nauni. Kalasi 1 ili ndi ma concords osiyanasiyana, osiyana pa matchulidwe, mawu oyamba, chinthu, manambala, adjectives, ndi zotengera:<ref>Chase (2004).</ref><ref>Shiozaki (2004)</ref><ref>Vail (1971)</ref> *{{lang|tum|Mwana u'''yu'''}} = mwana uyu *{{lang|tum|Mwana '''yu'''moza}} = one child *{{lang|tum|Mwana u'''yo'''}} = that child *{{lang|tum|Mwana '''yo'''se}} = the whole child *{{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''li'''yo''''se}} = every child *{{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''ka'''mu'''wona}} = the child saw him *{{lang|tum|Mwana '''mu'''choko (coko)}} = the small child *{{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa''' Khumbo}} = mwana wa Khumbo *{{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''ne}} = my child *{{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''wona}} = the child has seen Magulu ena a mayina ali ndi ma concords ang'onoang'ono, monga momwe tawonera patebulo ili pansipa: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;" |+ Table of Tumbuka concords |- ! ! dzina ! Chingerezi ! izi ! num ! kuti ! zonse ! gawo ! chinthu ! adj ! za ! perf |- ! 1 | | {{lang|tum|mwana}}||child||{{lang|tum|uyu}}||''yu-''||{{lang|tum|uyo}}||{{lang|tum| yose}}||''wa-''||''-mu-''||''mu-''||{{lang|tum|wa}}||''wa-'' |- ! 2 | | {{lang|tum|ŵana}}||ana wose||''ŵakambe-''||''-bb-''|| |- ! 3 | | {{lang|tum|mutu}}||head||{{lang|tum|uwu}}||''wu-''||{{lang|tum|uwo}}||{{lang|tum| wose}}||''wu-''||-''wu-''||''wu-''||{{lang|tum|wa}}||''wa-'' |- ! 4 | | {{lang|tum|mitu}}||heads||{{lang|tum|iyi}}||''yi-''||{{lang|tum|iyo}}||{{lang|tum| yose}}||''yi-''||''-yi-''||''yi-''||{{lang|tum|ya}}||''ya-'' |- ! 5 | | {{lang|tum|jiso}}||eye||{{lang|tum|ili}}||''li-''||{{lang|tum|ilo}}||{{lang|tum| lose}}||''li-''||''-li-''||''li-''||{{lang|tum|la}}||''la-'' |- ! 6 | | {{lang|tum|maso}}||eyes||{{lang|tum|agha}}||''gha-''||{{lang|tum|agho}}||{{lang|tum| ghose}}||''gha-''||''-gha-''||''gha-''||{{lang|tum|gha}}||''gha-'' |- ! 7 | | {{lang|tum|caka}}||year||{{lang|tum|ici}}||''ci-''||{{lang|tum|ico}}||{{lang|tum| cose}}||''ci-''||''-ci-''||''ci-''||{{lang|tum|ca}}||''ca-'' |- ! 8 | | {{lang|tum|vyaka}}||years||{{lang|tum|ivi}}||''vi-''||{{lang|tum|vyo}}||{{lang|tum| zonse}}||''vi-''||''-vi-''||''vi-''||{{lang|tum|vya}}||''vya-'' |- ! 9 | | {{lang|tum|nyumba}}||house||{{lang|tum|iyi}}||''yi-''||{{lang|tum|iyo}}||{{lang|tum| yose}}||''yi-''||''-yi-''||''yi-''||{{lang|tum|ya}}||''ya-'' |- ! 10 | | {{lang|tum|nyumba}}||houses||{{lang|tum|izi}}||''zi-''||{{lang|tum|izo}}||{{lang|tum| zose}}||''zi-''||''-zi-''||''zi-''||{{lang|tum|za}}||''za-'' |- ! 11 | | {{lang|tum|lwande}}||side||{{lang|tum|ulu}}||''lu-''||{{lang|tum|ulo}}||{{lang|tum| lose}}||''lu-''||''-lu-''||''lu-''||{{lang|tum|lwa}}||''lwa-'' |- ! | | ||(or: ||{{lang|tum|ili}}||''li-''||{{lang|tum|ilo}}||{{lang|tum|lose}}||'' li-''||''-li-''||''li-''||{{lang|tum|la}}||''la-'') |- ! 12 | | {{lang|tum|kayuni}}||bird||{{lang|tum|aka}}||''ka-''||{{lang|tum|ako}}||{{lang|tum| kose}}||''ka-''||''-ka-''||''ka-''||{{lang|tum|ka}}||''ka-'' |- ! 13 | | {{lang|tum|tuyuni}}||birds||{{lang|tum|utu}}||''tu-''||{{lang|tum|uto}}||{{lang|tum| tose}}||''tu-''||''-tu-''||''tu-''||{{lang|tum|twa}}||''twa-'' |- ! 14 | | {{lang|tum|uta}}||bow||{{lang|tum|uwu}}||''wu''-||{{lang|tum|uwo}}||{{lang|tum| wose}}||''wu-''||''-wu-''||''wu-''||{{lang|tum|wa}}||''wa-'' |- ! 15 | | {{lang|tum|kugula}}||buying||{{lang|tum|uku}}||''ku-''||{{lang|tum|uko}}||{{lang|tum| kose}}||''ku-''||''-ku-''||''ku-''||{{lang|tum|kwa}}||''kwa-'' |- ! 16 | | {{lang|tum|pasi}}||underneath||{{lang|tum|apa}}||''pa-''||{{lang|tum|apo}}||{{lang|tum| pose}}||''pa-''||''-pa-''||''pa-''||{{lang|tum|pa}}||''pa-'' |- ! 17 | | {{lang|tum|kunthazi}}||in front||{{lang|tum|uku}}||''ku-''||{{lang|tum|uko}}||{{lang|tum| kose}}||''ku-''||''-ku-''||''ku-''||{{lang|tum|kwa}}||''kwa-'' |- ! 18 | | {{lang|tum|mukati}}||inside||{{lang|tum|umu}}||''mu-''||{{lang|tum|umo}}||{{lang|tum| mose}}||''mu-''||''-mu-''||''mu-''||{{lang|tum|mwa}}||''mwa-'' |- |} == Zitsanzo za mawu ndi zolemba == Mawu otsatirawa ndi awa omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito munthu akapita kudera limene chinenero chawo chachikulu ndi Chitumbuka: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tumbuka !Chichewa |- |Moni |Moni |- |Moni | moni, kwa gulu la anthu |- |Muli makola? Mwaŵa uli? |bwanji? |- |Muli makola? Mwaŵa uli? |Muli bwanji?, kwa gulu la anthu |- |Nili makola |Ndili bwino |- |Tili makola | Tili bwino |- |Naonga (chomene) | Zikomo (zambiri) |- |Yewo (chomene) | Zikomo (zambiri) |- |Ndiwe bwanji? Dzina lako ndani? |- | Zina lane ndine.... | Dzina langa ndine.... |- |Nyengo ili uli? |Nthawi yanji? |- |Ningakuvwila? |Kodi ndingakuthandizeni? |- |Uyende makola |Tendani bwino/maulendo otetezeka |- |Mwende makola |Tendani bwino/maulendo otetezeka (anati kwa gulu la anthu) |- |Enya |Inde |- |Yayi/Chala | Ayi |- |Kwali |Sindikudziwa |- |Mukumanya mawu Chizungu? |Kodi mumatha kulankhula Chingerezi? |- |Nayambapo kutsata Chitumbuka |Ndangoyamba kumene kuphunzira Chitumbuka |- |Mukung'anamula vichi? |Mukutanthauza chiyani? |- |Chonde, ningaluta kubafa? |Kodi ndingapite kuchimbudzi? |- |Namtumiki/Nkhudzedwa |"Ndimakukondani" |- |Pepa |Pepani |- | Phepani |Pepani (kwa gulu la anthu) |- |Banja | Banja |- |Yowoya | Lankhulani/lankhulani |} ==Mavesi == ===Chiyambi chamutu=== Maverebu onse ayenera kukhala ndi chiyambi cha mutu, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi dzina la mutu.<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 22.</ref> Mwachitsanzo, liwu lakuti {{lang|tum|ciŵinda}} 'hunter' ndi kalasi 7, choncho ngati liri lotsogolera, mneniyo amakhala ndi chiyambi ''ci-'': :{{lang|tum|ciŵinda '''ci'''-ka-koma nkhalamu}} = 'mlenje anapha mkango'<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 42.</ref> N'zothekanso kuti mutuwo ukhale dzina lamalo (makalasi 16, 17, 18), pamene mneniyo ali ndi chiyambi cha malo:<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 23.</ref> :{{lang|tum|pamphasa '''pa'''-ka-khala mwana}} = 'pa mphasa panakhala mwana' Mawu akuti "ku-'' (kalasi 17) amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati munthu pokambirana za nyengo:<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 24.</ref> :{{lang|tum|'''ku'''kuzizima madazi ghano}} = 'kuzizira masiku ano' Pamene mutuwo uli mloŵana waumwini, ma prefixes a mutu ali motere (mloŵa m'malo mwake akhoza kuchotsedwa, koma osati mutu wa mutu): :{{lang|tum|(ine) '''n'''-kha-gula}} = 'I bought' (''nkha-'' stands for ''ni-ka-'') :{{lang|tum|(iwe) '''u'''-ka-gula}} = 'you bought' (informal, singular) :{{lang|tum|(iyo)<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 23. Koma Kishindo et al. (2018), s.v. {{lang|tum|iye}}, have {{lang|tum|iye}}.</ref> '''wa'''-ka-gula}} = 'he, she bought' :{{lang|tum|(ise) '''ti'''-ka-gula}} = 'tinagula' :{{lang|tum|(imwe) '''mu'''-ka-gula}} = 'unagula' (zambiri kapena ulemu) :{{lang|tum|(iwo) '''ŵab'''-ka-gula}} = 'anagula', 'anagula' (ochuluka kapena mwaulemu) M’chinenedwe changwiro, awa amafupikitsidwa ku {{lang|tum|n-a-, w-a-, w-a-, t-a-, mw-a-, ŵ-a-}}, mwachitsanzo. {{lang|tum|t-a-gula}} 'tagula'. M’chiyankhulo cha [[Karonga]], pa munthu wachitatu mmodzi ''a-'' amapezeka m'malo mwa ''wa-'', ndipo chachitatu ndi ''wa-'' m'malo mwa ''wa-'', kupatula mu nthawi yangwiro, pamene ''wa-'' ndi ''ba-'' agwiritsidwa ntchito.<ref>McNicholl (2010), pp. 7–8.</ref> ===Chikhomo-chinthu=== Kuti muwonetse chinthu, mawu owonjezera atha kuwonjezeredwa ku mneni nthawi yomweyo muzu wa mneni usanachitike. Nthawi zambiri, chizindikiro cha chinthu ndichosankha:<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 51–64.</ref> :{{lang|tum|Pokani wa('''yi''')gula galimoto}} = 'Pokani has bought a car' (class 9) :{{lang|tum|Changa waka('''mu'')nyamula katundu}} = 'Changa ananyamula katundu' (class 1) Chizindikiro cha chinthu chimagwirizana ndi gulu la chinthucho, monga momwe tawonetsera pa tebulo la concords pamwambapa. Chizindikiro cha chinthu chingakhalenso malo (makalasi 16, 17, kapena 18):<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 56.</ref> :{{lang|tum|Kondwani wa('''pa''')kwera pa nyumba}} = 'Kondwani has climbed on top of the house' Zolembera za malo oimira munthu ndi izi:<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 53–4.</ref> :{{lang|tum|wa'''ni'''ona (ine)}} = 'wandiwona' :{{lang|tum|wa'''ku'''ona (iwe)}} = 'wakuwona' :{{lang|tum|wa'''mu'''ona}} = 'wamuona' :{{lang|tum|wa'''ti''''ona}} = 'watiwona' :{{lang|tum|wa'''mu'''ona'''ni'''}} = 'wakuwonani' (ochuluka kapena mwaulemu) :{{lang|tum|wa'''ba'''ona}} = 'wawaona' ===Nyengo=== Nthawi m'Chitumbuka imapangidwa pang'onopang'ono powonjezera ma infixes, ndipo pang'ono ndi ma suffixes. Mosiyana ndi Chichewa, mamvekedwe sapanga mbali iriyonse ya kusiyanitsa pakati pa nthawi imodzi ndi inzake. M'mbuyomu kusiyana kumapangidwa pakati pa nthawi ya hodiernal (kutanthauza zochitika zamasiku ano) ndi nthawi zakutali (kutanthauza zochitika dzulo kapena nthawi ina yapitayo). Komabe, malire pakati pa posachedwapa ndi akutali si enieni.<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 176.</ref> Kusiyana kwina kumapangidwa pakati pa nthawi zakale ndi zangwiro. Nthawi yabwino ikagwiritsiridwa ntchito imakhala ndi tanthawuzo loti zotsatira zake zikadalipo panthawi yolankhula, mwachitsanzo: 'maungu afalikira ({{lang|tum|zathambala}}) pamunda'.<ref>Kiso. (2012), p. 171, mogwira mawu Vail (1972).</ref> Ungwiro wapano utha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito m'maverebu osonyeza momwe zinthu zilili masiku ano monga {{lang|tum|ndakhala}} 'I am sitting' kapena {{lang|tum|ndakondwa}} 'Ndine wokondwa'. Remote perfect is used for events that happened some back but the impact is still not today, such as {{lang|tum|libwe made}} 'the rock has fallen' or {{lang|tum|walikutayika}} ' iye (wamwalira) '.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 171, 178.</ref> Nthawi zamtsogolo zimasiyanitsanso pafupi ndi zochitika zakutali. Nthawi zina zimatanthawuza kuti chochitikacho chidzachitika kwina, mwachitsanzo {{lang|tum|ndamukuchezga}} 'Ndipita ndikacheze'.<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 184, mogwira mawu Vail (1972).</ref> Ma Compound tenses amapezekanso mu Chitumbuka, monga {{lang|tum|wati wagona}} 'he had slept', {{lang|tum|wa sauti kuti wafumapo}} 'he had just left' ndi {{lang|tum| wazamukuŵaŵa waguliska}} 'azamuguliska'.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 172, 182, 184, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |+ Nthawi zina za Chitumbuka<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 163–192.</ref> |- !Nkhani !Chokhomera nthawi !Chitsanzo !Kumasulira |- !Pakali pano zopanda malire | | ku- ||{{lang|tum|'''ku'''-luta}} ||‘to go' |- ! |- !Present simple | | -ku- ||{{lang|tum|wa-'''ku'''-luta}} ||‘he/she goes/is going’ |- !Chizoloŵezi chopezekapo | | -ku-...-anga ||{{lang|tum|wa-'''ku'''-lut-'''anga'''}} ||‘he/she goes’ (olankhula ena okha) |- ! |- ! Perekani mwangwiro | | -a- ||{{lang|tum|w-'''a'''-luta}} ||‘wapita’ |- ! Perekani wangwiro mosalekeza | | -a-...-anga ||{{lang|tum|w-'''a''-lut-'''anga'''}} ||‘he/she has been going' |- !Kutali kwangwiro | | -liku- ||{{lang|tum|wa-'''liku'''-luta}} ||‘he/she has gone’ |- ! |- !Zosavuta zaposachedwa | | -angu- ||{{lang|tum|w-'''angu'''-luta}} ||‘he/she went’ (today) |- !Posachedwapa mosalekeza | | -angu-...-anga ||{{lang|tum|w-'''angu'''-lut-'''anga'''}} ||‘he/she was going' (today) |- !Zosavuta zakutali | | -ka- ||{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-luta}} ||‘he/she went’ |- !Kutali kupitirira mosalekeza | | -ka-...-anga ||{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-lut-'''anga'''}} ||‘he/she was going/used to go' |- ! |- ![[Posachedwapa (galamala)|Posachedwapa]] |...-enge||{{lang|tum|wa-lut-'''enge'''}}||'he will go' (now or today) |- !Emphatic future<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 183, mogwira mawu Vail (1972).</ref> | | -ti-...-enge||{{lang|tum|wa-'''ti'''-lut-'''enge'''}}||'adzapita ndithu' |- !Distal future<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 184, 185, akunena Vail (1972). Kwa mawu akuti 'distal', onani Botne (1999) </ref> | | -amu-(ku)-|| {{lang|tum|w-'''amuku'''-gula}} ||‘he/she will buy’ (where else) |- !Zamtsogolo zakutali | | -zamu-(ku)-|| {{lang|tum|wa-'''zamu''-luta}} ||‘he/she will go’ (tomorrow or later) |- !Kutsogolo kwakutali mosalekeza | | -zamu-...-anga|| {{lang|tum|wa-'''zamu''-lut-'''anga'''}} ||‘he/she will be going' (tomorrow or later) |- ! |- !Present subjunctive | | -e ||{{lang|tum|ti-lut-'''e'''}} ||‘tiyeni tipite' |- ! Distal subjunctive | | -ka-...-e ||{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-gul-'''e'''}} ||‘kuti agule (kwina)' |- ! Zotheka | | -nga- ||{{lang|tum|wa-'''nga'''-luta}} ||'he can go'<ref>McNicholl (2010), p. 8.</ref> |} Nthawi zina zamtsogolo zimaperekedwa ndi Vail (1972) ndi ena.<ref>Onani Kiso (2012) pp. 182–188.</ref> Mu munthu 1 mmodzi, ''ni-ku-'' ndi ''ni-ka-'' afupikitsidwa kukhala ''nkhu-'' ndi ''nkha-'': {{lang|tum|nkhuluta}} ' I am going', 'I go', {{lang|tum|nkhalutanga}} 'I used to go'.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 163, 173.</ref> ===Manenedwe oipa=== Popanga mneni m'Chitumbuka, mawu akuti {{lang|tum|yayi}} kapena {{lang|tum|cha(ra)}} amawonjezedwa kumapeto kapena kumapeto kwa ndimeyi. Zikuwoneka kuti {{lang|tum|yayi}} amakondedwa ndi olankhula achichepere:<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 190.</ref> :{{lang|tum|wakulemba kalata '''yayi'''}} :'sakulemba kalata' :{{lang|tum|tizamugwira ntchito '''cha''' machero}} :'sitigwira ntchito mawa' Komabe, ndi nthawi yangwiro, pali mawonekedwe osiyana, kuwonjezera '' -nda-'' ndi kutha '' -e'':<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 191.</ref> :{{lang|tum|enya, n'''a''kumana nawo}} : "yes ndakumana naye" :{{lang|tum|yayi, ni'''nda'''kuman'''e''' nawo}} : "ayi, sindinakumane naye" ==Chikoka cha Ngoni pa Tumbuka== ''Mawu achiNgoni (Chizulu/Ndwandwe) opezeka m'Chitumbuka:'' Zinenero zonse za Chitumbuka zakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi chilankhulo cha Chingoni, makamaka m'boma la Mzimba m'dziko la Malawi. Ngoni ndi chilankhulo chomwe chinachokera kwa anthu a Ndwandwe omwe anali oyandikana ndi a Zulu asanagonjetsedwe ndi Azulu ndipo adatengedwa kukhala Zulu. Choncho chinenero chimene a Ndwandwe ankalankhula chinali chofanana ndi Chizulu. M'munsimu muli zitsanzo za mawu opezeka mu chitumbuka omwe ndi ochokera ku Chizulu/Ndwandwe, ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa mawuwa ali ndi mawu achitumbuka omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito posinthana ndi olankhula, (kupatulapo 'munwe/minwe' kutanthauza 'chala/zala' Mwachitsanzo, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zinalibe mnzake woyamba kapena mawu oyamba atayika). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Chichewa!! Tumbuka!! Tumbuka-Ngoni dialect |- | | Onani | Wona || Onani |- | | Utsi | Khweŵa || Bhema |- | | Munthu | Mwanalume || Doda |- | | Namwali || Mwali || Nthombi |} ==Chitsanzo cha Tumbuka== '''Miyezi ku Tumbuka:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! English!! Tumbuka |- | | Januwale | | Matipa |- | | February | | Muswela |- | | March | | Nyakanyaka |- | | April | | Masika |- | | Mayi | Vuna |- | | Juni | Zizima |- | | July | | Mphepo |- | | Ogasiti | | Mpulumutsi |- | | September | | Lupya |- | | October | | Zimya |- | | November | | Thukila |- | | December | | Vula |} Chitsanzo cha nthano zomasuliridwa m'Chitumbuka ndi zilankhulo zina za Kumpoto kwa Malawi chaperekedwa mu kafukufuku wa zilankhulo za ku Northern Malawi wochitidwa ndi bungwe la Center for Language Studies la University of Malawi.<ref>[http://unima-cls. org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Kafukufuku wa Mapu a Zinenero], p. 60-64.</ref> Nthano zachitumbuka zimapita motere: :{{lang|tum|KALULU NA FULU (Citumbuka)|italics=no}} :{{lang|tum|Fulu wakaluta kukapemphiska vyakulya kukulya. Pakuyeya thumba lake wakacita kukaka ku cingwe citali na kuvwara mu singo, ndipo pakwenda thumba lake likizanga kunyuma kwake.|italics=no}} :{{lang|tum|Wali mu nthowa, kalulu wakiza kunyuma ndipo wakati “bowo, thumba lane!” Fulu wakati, "Thumba ndane iwe, wona cingwe ici ndaka sono nkhuguza pakwenda." Kalulu wakakana nipera, ndipo anati|italics=no}} == Maumboni == <references /> [[Category:Chilankhulo]] [[Category:Nyasa zinenero]] [[Category:Zinenero za Malawi]] [[Category:Zinenero za Tanzania]] [[Category:Zinenero za Zambia]] [[Category:Zinenero za Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Chitumbuka| ]] [[Category:Zambia]] n6yk12ds61ucu4ms0eo1j7x2dqmlbnx 3 8891 59747 2025-06-16T10:12:57Z KiranBOT 11990 soft redirect to [[:en:user talk:sernamekiran]] 59747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{soft redirect|en:User talk:Usernamekiran}} qr0mf2vw16c27hfhur0f0o18ckxriwd 3 8892 59748 2025-06-16T10:13:01Z KiranBOT 11990 soft redirect to [[:en:user talk:sernamekiran]] 59748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{soft redirect|en:User talk:Usernamekiran}} qr0mf2vw16c27hfhur0f0o18ckxriwd