Wikipedia pamwiki https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun_Bulung MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2209 312936 312775 2026-06-14T02:34:26Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 312936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dablink|Tungkul ya king ebolusyon king larangan ning ciencia ning bye ing artikulung iti. Para kareng aliwang kabaldugan, lon ya ing [[Evolution (disambiguation)]].}} [[Image:Charles Darwin.jpg|thumb|150px|I [[Charles Darwin]], ing igpa ning teorya ning ebolusyon kapamilata’ning [[natural selection]].]] King biologia, ing '''ebolusyon''' ing prosesu nung nukarin manikwa lang kauryan (trait) deng populasyon da reng mabibye at pámana do reti kareng tutuking henerasyun o dai. I [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] ing migmunikala (proposed) king metung kareng mumunang teorya ning ebolusyon anyang umpisa ning [[:en:19th century|kalabingsyam a siglu]] (19th century). Inukul (speculate) nang deng tunggal-tunggal a organismu o lelangan (individual organisms) manikwa lang kauryan kabang mabye la, at pamana do reti kareng supling da. Agyang mipatunayan neng e tutu ing teoryang iti, miyapag ing pekamaulagang dake ning makabayung teorya ketang artikulung dang adwang [[:en:Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin]] ampong [[:en:Alfred Russell Wallace|Alfred Russell Wallace]] ([[:en:1858|1858]]), ampo ketang libru nang Darwin a ''[[:en:The Origin of Species]]'' ([[1859]]). Agpang king teorya ning evolution kapamilatan ning [[:en:natural selection|natural selection]] a pepamunikala da ri Darwin at Wallace, malilyari ing evolution uling lalaganap ya ing metung a kauryan a makaragdag king pamikatagun (chance) a magparakal ya ing metung a mabibye, kapamilata’ning pamagmana, kareng tutuking dai o henerasyun. Makanyan murin, lumagad ya ing metung a kauryan a makabawas king pamikatagun a magparakal ya ing metung a mabibye. Kanitang dekadang [[:en:1930s|1930], menigobra la reng siyentipiku ba reng piyabe ing metuklas pasibayung teorya ning [[:en:heredity|puli]] &ndash; a pepamunikala nang [[:en:Gregor Mendel|Mendel]] &ndash; ampo ing natural selection nang Darwin, at milalang ya ing [[:en:modern evolutionary synthesis|makabayung pamisanib ning teoryang ebolusyon]] , a metung kareng pekamaulagang (fundamental) [[:en:scientific theories|teorya ning ciencia]] ning makabayung biologia. King makabayung pamisanib a iti, ing “ebolusyon” mangabaldugan yang pamanaliwa king pangalaganap (frequency) ning metung a [[:en:allele|allele]] kilub ning metung a [[:en:gene pool|gene pool]] kareng tuki-tuking henerasyun o dai. Myayaliwa la reng kaparalanan a lunto ing pamanaliwang iti: [[:en:natural selection|natural selection]], [[:en:genetic drift|genetic drift]] o pamanaliwa king ([[gene flow]]) ning balangkas ning populasyun (population structure gene flow). ==Teorya king ciencia== Atlu la reng manimuna nang aspetu ning teoryang nung nu ya makabasi ing makabayung pamisanib” # Menibat la king metung mung pipumpunan deng eganaganang [[:en:organism|mabibye]]. # The manifestation of novel [[trait]]s in a lineage. # The mechanisms that cause some traits to persist while others perish. Metung yang teorya ning ciencia ing makabayung pamisanib, kalupa da retang penibatan nang teoryang ibat kang Mendel ampong Darwin. Ing metung a [[:en:theory|teorya ning ciencia]], anti neng salamin ning yatu (o metung a dake na niti). Manibat kaniti, malyaring gawang [[:en:hypothesis|hypothesis]] a [[:en:falsifiability|malyaring pabulanan]] o patutwan kapamilatan ning [[:en:empiricism|empirical observation]]. Nung paglalaweng anti kaniti, e la misasalungat ding katayang “teorya” (theory) ampong “katutwan” (fact), nun e anti mong mipaglibe o mipanablas (reciprocal) ing pamiugnayan da reti &mdash; alimbawa, metung a “katutwan” a matulid yang mabaldug papunta king libutad ning yatu ing metung a [[:en:apple|mansanas]] a nikbag ra king gabun, at ing “teorya” a mag-isplika kaniti, yapin ing salukuyan a teorya ning [[:en:gravitation|gravitation]]. Ing bayung pamisanib ing peka[[predictive power|masikan]] a teoryang mag-isplika king pamiyaliwa-liwa da reng mabibye ampong pamanalto da reng bayung uri da reng mabibye, at kilub ning ciencia ning biologia, lubusan na nong ayalilan deng minunang pamag-isplika king penibatan da reng uri da reng mabibye. ===Ing penibatan (ancestry) da reng mabibye=== {|align=right |[[Image:Stromatolites.jpg|right|thumbnail|250px|[[Pre-Cambrian]] Deng [[stromatolite]] king Siyeh Formation, [[Glacier National Park (US)|Glacier National Park]]. Kanitang 2002, milimbag yang kontrobersyal a artikulu i William Schopf ning [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] king peryodikung ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' nung nu na sasabyang maki idad nong 3.5 bilyung banwa katwa deng formations a anti kaniti Deng [[:en:fossil|fossil]] a mikrobyung [[:en:alga|lumut]]. [http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/space/SpaceRepublish_497964.htm] Nung tutu iti, ila ing mumunang diling balu tamung lelangan king yatu.]] |- |[[Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg|thumb|250px|Metung a [[:en:phylogenetic tree|phylogenetic tree]] da reng [[evolutionary tree|eganaganang mabibye]], a basi kareng datos a ibat king pamanyuri king [[rRNA]] [[gene]]. Papakit na ing pamikawani da reng atlung domains, deng [[bacterium|bacteria]], [[archaea]], ampong [[eukaryote]]s agpang king pamaglarawan nang [[Carl Woese]]. Keraklan, kawangis no murin deng phylogenetic tree a migulis kapamilatan da reng aliwang genes, oneng malyaring aliwa lang lunto deng minunang grupung minyanga, mapalyaring uli king malagwang pamanaliwa (rapid evolution) ning tRNA. Ala pang pamikasundu nung nanu ing eksaktung rang relasyun o pamisuglungan.]] |- |[[Image:South Djoum Chimp.jpg|right|250px|thumbnail|Pepakit ning genetic testing a milulupa ing keraklan king [[:en:DNA]] da reng tau ampong [[chimpanzee]]. King metung a pamanigaral kareng syam a pulung libung (90,000) [[base pair]], abalu nang Morris Goodman ning [[:en:Wayne State University| Wayne State University]] a pareu ing 99.4% ning DNA da reng tau ampo reng chimpanzee.[http://www.freep.com/news/nw/chimp20_20030520.htm] {{Wayback|url=http://www.freep.com/news/nw/chimp20_20030520.htm |date=20051204210137 }} [http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/humans_chimps_same_genus.shtml].]] |- | ning [[NASA]] ketang kilalang [[:en:Miller-Urey experiment|eksperimentung Miller-Urey]]. Kanitang [[1953]], piyaben-abayan do ri [[Stanley Miller]] ampong [[Harold Urey]] deng sangkap a panibatan ning bye (chemical precursors to life) king metung a lulanan a selyadu, at kine ro king kabilyan a kalupa ning anti king yatu kanitang minuna.]] |} {{details|Common descent}} Malyaring masabing [[:en:common descent|metung ya penibatan]] ing metung a grupu da reng mabibye nung para-pareu la pipumpunan. Sasabyan ning theory of universal common descent ning [[:en:biology|biologia]] a ibat la king metung a pipumpunan o metung a gene pool kanitang minuna deng eganaganang mabibye king yatu. Patune lang metung la mu penibatan deng eganaganang mabibye detang kauryan (traits) a atyu kareng eganagana kareti. Kanitang panaun nang Darwin, makabasi mu king pamagumasid kareng pamilupa ning [[:en:morphology (biology)|pangabalangkas]] da reng mabibye, antimo itang deng ayup &mdash; agyang e la makasulapo &mdash; atin lang pakpak. Ngeni, mika masikan a pamipatune para king ebolusyon ibat king ciencia ning [[DNA]] genetics. Alimbawa, gagamit yang [[:en:nucleic acid|nucelic acid]] antimong genetic material (itang sangkap a magdala kareng kauryan anti ing itsura o kule tamu kareng tutuking henerasyun o dai). Deta muring adwang pulung [[:en:amino acid|amino acid]] ing gagamitan dang building block da reng [[protina]]. Metung ya mung genetic code ing [[:en:genetic code|genetic code]] a gagamitan da reng eganaganang mabibye (bukud mu kareng mangalagad a alimbawa) ba rong [[translation (genetics)|ilikas]] deng pamituki-tuki da reng nucleic acid papunta kareng protina. Uling antimong mikatagun ing pamamili kareng kauryan a reti, mapalyaring tanda ne ning metung la mu penibatan deng eganaganang mabibye itang pangkabilugan lang mayayakit deti. [[:en:abiogenesis|abiogenesis]] &mdash; ing pamaglalang king bye manibat king sangkap a e mabye &mdash; a mangabaldugang misnang lagad ing pamaglalang ning bye ibat king kayalang-bye, o malilyari mu iti lalam da reng kabilyan a aliwang- aliwang kareng atyu king yatu tamu ngeni. Anti na mong sasabyan ning [[:en:Miller-Urey experiment|eksperimentung Miller-Urey]] a malilyari ing abiogenesis lalam ning kabilyan kanitang minunang panaun king yatu. Uling misna yang lambat ing prosesu ning ebolusyun, kaylangan a matwa neng tutu ing yatu bang lunto ing e mu nanung pamiyaliwa-liwa at panga-komplikadu ning bye ngening panaun tamu; mapalyaring bilyun-bilyun neng banwa katwa. Makabage iti king katibayan ibat king [[:en:geology|geologia]] a migit-kumulang [[:en:Age of the earth|4.6 neng bilyung banwa]]. Lon ya ing [[:en:Timeline of evolution|Timeline of evolution]].) Kayabe king balu tamu tungkul king ebolusyun itang datos ibat kareng larangan ning geologia ampong [[:en:planetary science|planetary science]]. Babye lang impormasyun tungkul king kasalesayan ning Yatu ampo reng pamanaliwang bunga ning bye. Dakal king impormasyun tungkul king Yatu kanitang minuna ing mewala uling kareng geological processes king pangalabas ning panaun. ====Deng katibayan para king ebolusyon==== {{main|Evidence of evolution}} =====Ing katibayan ibat king pangabalangkas da reng mabibye===== Maulaga la reng [[:en:Fossil|fossil]] neng tatantyan tamu nung kapilan la linto reng myayaliwang lahi. Uling e karaniwang malilyari ing fossilization, a mangaylangang mangasyás a parti (antimo ing butul) at ing pangamate lele ning metung a lugal nung nukarin mititipun ing [[:en:sediment|banlik]], e kumpletu at malagad ing impormasyun a bibye na niti tungkul king ebolusyun ning bye. Malagad mu ing katibayan para kareng sadyang mabibyeng alang mangasyas a dake antimo reng kapsa, talukab, butul ampong ipan, pero ating ditak kaniti, alimbawa itang kareng microfossil o mangalatiktik a fossil ibat kanitang minuna pang panaun, ampo ing pamagi rang fossil deng kilkulan da reng minunang animal (ancient burrows) ampo reng ditak a mabibye kanitang mangalambut katawan. {{main|Evidence of evolution}} Nanupata, ating katibayan tungkul kareng mabibye kanitang minunang panaun kareng fossil a mayayakit king mabilug a Yatu. Keraklan, malyari yang ulan ing katwa da reng fossil king kabilyan da at kauryan deng batu (geologic context) nung nu la meyakit; at ita mismung idad da malyari yang makwa kapamilata’ning [[:en:radiometric dating|radiometric dating]]. Kawangis do reng aliwang fossil deng mabibye ngeni, samantalang atin namang aliwang-aliwa. Gagamitan do reng fossil ba rang abalu nung kapilan ya linto ing metung a lahi, at gagamitan do reng ''[[:en:transitional fossil|transitional fossil]]'' ba rang ipakit ing pamisuglung o pamiugnayan da reng adwang lahi. Panigaralan da reng [[:en:Paleontology|paleontologist]] ing ebolusyun, keraklan king kapamilatan ning pamanyuri kareng fossil. Agpang king [[:en:Phylogeny|phylogeny]] o pamanigaral kareng species (uri da reng mabibye), malyari lang mika myayaliwang gamit deng dake ning katawan a milulupa pangabalangkas (similar internal organization). Malyaring mika [[:en:vestigial organ|vestigial organ]] a ditak o alang silbi king metung a mabibye, agyang malino ing kayang gamit kareng aliwa. Alimbawa la kareti deng [[:en:wisdom teeth|wisdom teeth]] ampong [[Vermiform appendix|appendix]] da reng tau. =====Katibayan ibat king genetic sequence===== Papakit ning metung a pamiyanti da reng genetic sequence da reng mabibye a mas milulupa la sequence deng mabibyeng mikanlapit basi king [[phylogeny|phylogeny]] kesa karetang mikandayu. Alimbawa, manga 1.2% ing pamiyaliwa (basi king substitution) ning neutral DNA sequence da reng tau kareng pekamalapit dang kamaganak, deng [[:en:chimpanzee|chimpanzee]], 1.6% kareng [[:en:gorilla|gorilla]] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstr act&list_uids=11170892], at 6.6% kareng [[baboon]][http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/13/5/813] {{Wayback|url=http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/13/5/813 |date=20051028011803 }}. Mituturing yang masikan (robust enough) a panyukad ing sequence comparison a malyari yang gamitan ba lang samasan deng pamagkamali king phylogenetic tree nung kulang la reng aliwang katibayan. Atin pang karagdagang katibayan para king metung mung penibatan da reng mabibye ibat kareng genetic detritus (detang “basurang” gene) atni reng [[:en:pseudogene|pseudogene]], o rehiyon ning DNA a [[ortholog]]ous king metung a gene king aliwang klasing mabibye, dapot e no magagamit at anti lang taglus- taglus a mimina at mababawas (degeneration) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstr act&list_uids=10833048]. Uling e la maglakwan fossil deng prosesung [[metabolism|metaboliku]], mararapat ing pamanyaliksik kareng pekamaulagang kaparalanan da reng cell kapamilatan ning pamiyanti (comparison) kareng lelangan a mabibye ngeni. Uling myayaliwa lang panaun mikawa-kawani deng lahi, malyari tamung abalu nung kapilan ya linto ing metung a prosesung metaboliku nung piyanti (o ikumpara) ta la reng kauryan da reng paliping (descendant) ibat king metung a pipumpunan (common ancestor). ====Ing penibatan ning bye==== {{main|Origin of life}} Ditak mu ing balu tamu tungkul king pamagumpisa ning bye. Nanupata, atin lang pamilupa king kauryan deng eganaganang mabibye ngeni, kayabe no reng pamibalangkas ning cell (cellular structure) ampo ing [[:en:genetic code|genetic code]]. Para kareng keraklan kareng siyentipiko, mangabaldugan iting metung la mu pipumpunan deng eganaganang mabibye ngeni, at atyu no king pipumpunan a ita deng pekamaulagang prosesu ning cell. Nanupata, ala lang pamikasundu deng siyentipiku king pamisuglung-suglung da reng atlung domain ning bye, deng ([[:en:Archea|Archea]], [[:en:Bacterium|Bacteria]], at [[:en:Eukaryota|Eukaryota]]), o ing [[:en:origin of life|penibatan ning bye]]. Keraklan, makatutuk king pamangimut (behavior) da reng [[:en:macromolecule|macromolecule]], lalu na ing [[:en:RNA|RNA]], ampo kareng [[:en:complex system|komplikadung sistema]], deng tangkang manigaral king mumuna nang kasalesayan ning bye. ====Ing kasalesayan ning bye==== {{main|Timeline of evolution}} Agyang e malino ing penibatan ning bye, balu ta lang mayap deng aliwang maulagang milyari king kasalesayan ning bye. Malyari ta yang tukyan ing pamanalto ning [[:en:photosynthesis|photosynthesis]] a gagamit king oxygen (manga atlung bilyung banwa na ing milabas) ampo ing pamaniral ning atmosperang dakal oxygen (lipat ning “reducing” a atmospera) kapamilatan ning pamanalkus (formation) da reng depositu ning [[Banded iron formation|banded iron]], at kaybat deng [[:en:red beds|mangalutung sapin]] a gawa king iron oxide. Kaylangang dumalan king anti kaniti bayu mika [[:en:aerobic respiration|aerobic]] [[:en:cellular respiration]], a paniwalan dang linto adwang bilyung banwa na ing milabas. Ketang milabasan a metung a bilyung banwa, linto la kareng kadayatan deng simpling tanaman at animal a multicellular (gawa king dakal a cell). E miglwat kaybat ning pamanalto da reng minunang animal, milyari ing [[:en:Cambrian explosion|Cambrian explosion]] (metung a panaun ning alang kapante at makapagmulala, dapot saguli mung, pamanalto da reng asnang karakal a uri da reng mabibye a mitatak kareng fossil ning [[:en:Burgess shale|Burgess shale]]), nung kapilan la milalang deng eganaganang balangkas ning katawan, o [[:en:phylum|phylum]], da reng mabibye ngeni; paniwalan dang ing pamanalto ning [[:en:Box gene|Box gene]] ing megi nang sangkan ning pamikatagung iti. Manga limang dalan a milyun (500 million) a banwa ing milabas, sekupan de reng [[:en:plant|tanaman]] ampong [[:en:fungi|fungi]] ing gabun, at e miglwat, tikyan do reng [[:en:arthropod]] ampo reng aliwang aniamal. Ini ing pigmulan ning pamanalkus (development) ning [[:en:ecosystem|ecosystem]] king gabun a balu tamu ngeni. ===Ing pamanalto da reng bayung kauryan=== ====Ing mutation==== {{main|Mutation}} E na balung Darwin ing panibatan da ning pamanaliwa (variations) kareng indibidwal a mabibye, pero apansinan nang balamu mikatagun mu iti. Kalabas ning panaun, ing mutation ing tiru rang sangkan king keraklan kareti. Deng mutation, permanenti lang pamanaliwa king [[:en:genetic material|genetic material]] (keraklan ing [[:en:DNA|DNA]] o [[:en:RNA|RNA]] ning metung a [[:en:cell (biology)|cell]]. Malyari lang manibat king pamagkamali king pamangopya (copying error) king genetic material neng mararapat ing [[:en:cell division|cell division]], ampo king “pangabilad” king [[:en:radiation|radiation]], at kareng chemical, kareng [[:en:virus (biology)|virus]], o malyaring sasaryan a lunto lalam ning pamanibala ning cell neng [[meiosis]] o [[hypermutation]]. Kareng lelangan a multicellular, malyari lang uryan deng mutation kareng ''germline mutation,'' a malyaring mipamana kareng supling, ampo reng ''somatic mutation'', a (nung e la sasaryan) keraklan mumuli king pangasira na palakad o pangamate ning cell, at malyari nang panibatan ning kanser. Mágsilbi lang magdalang pamanaliwa kareng gene (genetic variation) deng mutation, a malyari nang impluwensyan ning natural selection (o mapalyaring ali; lon ya ing [[:en:Neutral theory of molecular evolution|Neutral mutations]]). Ala lang epektu king tsansa o pamikatagun nang kumabye ning lelangan king kayang paligid deng [[Neutral theory of molecular evolution|neutral mutations]], at malyari lang mitipun deti king pangalabas ning panaun. ===Ing pamanatili da reng kauryan (traits)=== ====Deng kaparalanan ning pamagmana (Mechanisms of inheritance)==== Kanitang panaun nang Darwin, e la mikakasundu reng siyentipiku nung makananu lang amamana deng [[:en:traits|kauryan]]. Ngeni, yugne ta la reng kauryan a amamana (inherited traits) kareng makakawani (discrete) at lulwat (persistent) a bageng awsan dang ''[[:en:gene|gene]],'' tuglung-tuglung kareng tela-gulis (linear) a molecule a awsan dang ''[[DNA]]''. Lipat ning keraklan eksaktu ing pamamgopya kaniti, atin yang pamiyaliwa ing DNA ning balang metung a mabibye, at dadalan ya king prosesu ning pamanaliwa o [[:en:mutation|mutation]] a ma-isplika king lalam. Nanupata, atin muring paralan ning pamagmana ning pamiyaliwang e makabasi king DNA. E miyayapektwan ing impormasyun kareng gene kareting prosesung deti, at keraklan, malyari lang ibalik king sadya (reversible). [[:en:epigenetic inheritance|Epigenetic inheritance]] ing aus kareti, nung nu la kayabe deng alimbawang anti ing DNA methylation, [[:en:prion|prion]], ampong [[structural inheritance| structural inheritance]]. Taglus-taglus pa murin ing pamanyaliksik nung malyari kareti ing “specific heritable variation” antimong ablas kareng sinyal ibat king paligid. Nung ini pin ing mararapat, mapalyaring ating mapilang alimbawa ning ebolusyon a e na sakup ning karaniwan a balu tamung balangkas ning teorya nang Darwin, a lilisya king pamiugne kareng sinyal ibat king paligid ketang pamipalyari ning pamiyaliwang amamana (production of heritable variation). Ating mapilan a sangkan a mamapektu king frequency da reng allele a atyu na. Uli da reng sangkan a reti, malyari lang mas marlas lunto deng mapilan a kauryan, kabang mabawas no man o taglus-taglus nong mawala detang aliwa. Atlu la reng balu tamung prosesung mamapektu king pamanatili ning metung a kauryan; o, bang lalung partikular, ing frequency na ning allele: * [[:en:Natural selection|Natural selection]] * [[:en:Gene flow|Gene flow]] * [[:en:Genetic drift|Genetic drift]] ====Ing natural selection==== {{main|Natural selection}} Ing natural selection ing pangabye (survive) pamiparakal uling king kapaligiran. Ing differential mortality ing kaugnayan ning dalas ning pangabye da reng lelangan king karelang idad a malyari nong mikasupling (reproductive age) Ing differential fertility ing pangkabilugan a ambag a amamana (total genetic contribution) king tutuking dai o henerasyun. Uli ning pekamaulaga nang papil (central role) ning natural selection king teorya ning ebolusyon, mika maragul a pamisuglung king larangan a ita ampo ing pamanigaral king [[:en:ecologia|ecologia]]. Malyari yang pitnan ing natural selection kareng adwang kategorya: * Malilyari ing [[:en:Ecological selection|ecological selection]] neng miraragdagan la reng gene da reng lelangan a mabibye at darakal kumpara karetang e ra ikwang kinabye . * Malilyari naman ing [[:en:Sexual selection|sexual selection]] neng mas daragul la ambag king gene pool deng lelangan a mas abuburi da reng kasumangid a kasarian (opposite sex) uling king karelang itsura o kauryan, at uli na niti, mas masikan lang dakal. Kikimut ya murin ing natural selection king myayaliwang paralan: * Ing [[:en:Purifying selection|pamaglinis]] (purifying) o [[:en:background selection|background selection]] lalako no reng mutation a makasira king populasyon. * Ing [[:en:Positive selection|positive selection]] dadagdagan ne ing dalas o frequency ning metung a mutation a makasaup. * Ing [[:en:Balancing selection|balancing selection]] panatilyan na ing pamiyaliwa (variation) kilub ning metung a populasyon, kapamilatan ning mapilan a kaparalanan (mechanism), alimbawa: ** Ing [[:en:Overdominance|overdominance]] o [[:en:heterozygote advantage|heterozygote advantage]], nung nu ing [[:en:heterozygote|heterozygote]] mas masikan ya o bage (fit) kesa king sanuman kareng anyung puru (homozygous forms) (alimbawa king [[:en:sickle cell anemia|sickle cell anemia]] kareng tau a babye resistensya king [[:en:malaria|malaria]]) ** Ing [[:en:Frequency-dependent selection|frequency-dependent selection]], nung nu mas matas la “fitness” o pangabage deng uring malagad mu (rare variants). * Ing [[:en:Stabilizing selection|stabilizing selection]], a papabor kareng uryan a karaniwan king populasyun, anya mibabawasan ing pamiyaliwa at manatili ya ing mean o kasantingan * Ing [[:en:Directional selection|directional mutation]], a papabor ketang metung a sepu o sikoti ning metung a uryan; uli na niti, dudusug ya ing mean o kasantingan papunta ketang sepung ita. * Ing [[:en:Disruptive selection|disruptive selection]], papabor kareng misusumangid o mingatbang sikoti, at magbunga king bimodal distribution ning gene frequency. Malyari yang malis o malyari yang ali ing mean o kasantingan. [[:en:Neutral theory of molecular evolution|neutral mutations]] ing aus da kareng mutation a e na tatalaban ning natural selection. Bukud mung ing genetic drift ampong gene flow ing mamapektu king karelang dalas o frequency king populasyun. Paniwalan dang nung alang selection, ala lang patugut miraragdagan deng neutral mutation. Agpang king [[probable mutation effect]], siran de reng mitipun-tipun a mutation ing gene a e miyayapektwan king selection o pamamili. Aspetu ne ning [[genome degradation]] iti. * Ing [[Baldwinian evolution]] yapin ing paralan nung makananung deng tau, antimong animal a maki [[culture|kalinangan o kultura]], agyu rang mabyasa [symbolic (extrasomatic) learning], at uli na niti, agyu reng alilan ing karelang paligid, o ing paligid ning sanumang aliwang uri ning lelangan, at iti panibatan da reng bayung selective forces o sangkan a mamapektu king pamamili. ====Ing gene flow==== Ing [[:en:Gene flow|gene flow]] (o gene admixture o pamisamut da reng gene) ing bukud o magdilidiling kaparalanan o mechanism nung nukarin malyari lang mikanlapit (king aspetung genetic o king puli/pamamuli) deng populasyun kabang daragul ya la reng gene pool. Ing gene flow ing magbunga nung malis ya ing metung a populasyun da reng lelangan king lugal nung nukarin atin nang sadyang makatuknang a aliwang populasyun. Malilyari ing gene flow operates nung e la sumbagal deng geografia (lugal) o kalinangan/kultura. ====Ing genetic drift==== {{main|Genetic drift}} Lalarawa’na ning genetic drift ing pamanaliwa king dalas o frequency ning metung a allele manibat king metung a henerasyun o dai papunta king tutuki uli ning sampling variance. Manaliwa ya ing dalas ning metung a allele kareng supling agpang king probability distribution ning frequency ning allele king dai da reng pengari. Magdependi la deng dakal a aspetu ning genetic drift king sukad (size) ning populasyun (a keraklan papakuyad da king N). Lalu maulaga iti kareng mangalating mating population (grupu da reng malyaring magparakal o mamalipi), nung nu maragul ing chance fluctuation (o mikatagun a pamanaliwa manibat king metng a henerasyun/dai papunta king tutuki). Malyaring magbunga king pangawala ning allele king populasyun ining pamanaliwa king dalas ning allele king pangalabas da reng tuki-tuking henerasyun. Ing ulaga da ring natural selection ampong genetic drift kumpara king pangkabilugan magdependi mu naman king sukad ning populasyun ampo king sikan ning selection: alimbawa, nung malati ya ing N times s (population size times strength of selection), ing genetic drift ing mimiral (predominates). Nu namang maragul ya ing N times s, ing selection ing mimiral. Uli na niti, ‘mas matalab’ ya ing natural selection kareng mangaragul a populasyun, samantalang ing genetic drift ing mas masikan kareng mangalating populasyun. Katatawlyan, magdependi king sukad ning metung a populasyun ing kaba ning panaun bayu ya manatili kaniti ing metung a allele (fixation) kapamilata’ning genetic drift (ing buri nang sabyan, bayu la magdala king allele deng balang metung a kayanib ketang populasyun); mas malagwa ing fixation nung malati ya mu ing populasyun. ===Pamakibage=== Lalu lang mibabage king karelang paligid deng species o uri da reng lelangan kapamilatan ning prosesu ning natural selection. [[Adaptation (biology)|Adaptation]] ing aus king sanumang prosesu ning ebolusyun a makaragdag king [[fitness (biology)|pangabage]] ning balang metung (individual), o neng kayi, ing kauryan (trait) a babye karagdagang pamibage (fitness), alimbawa ing mas masikan a iking agagamit king pamanalan (prehensile tail), o mas malinong panakit (greater visual acuity). Dapat linawan a magdependi ya ing pamibage king kontekstu o paligid (context-sensitive); mapalyaring ing metung a kauryan a makaragdag king pamibage king metung a lugal, makabawas ne man king aliwa. Maniwala la reng keraklan kareng biologist a malilyari ing adaptation o pamakibage kapamilatan’ning pamitipun kareng dakal a mutation a balang metung kareti malati mu epektu. Nanupata, metung yang prosesung kaliwas o alternatibu king adaptation ing [[:en:macromutation|macromutation]], nung nukarin metung ya mu dapot maragul yang maragul ing metung a mutation. ===Ing pamanalto da reng bayung uri ampo ing pangawala da reti=== Ing [[:en:Speciation|speciation]] ing pamaglalang kareng adwa o migit pang uri o species manibat king metung. Myayaliwa la reng kaparalanan nung makananun malyari iti. Malilyari ing place ing [[:en:Allopatric speciation|allopatric speciation]] neng mikakawani la lugal deng subpopulation (dake ning pangkabilugan a populasyun) king metung at metung, alimbawa uli ning [[:en:habitat fragmentation|habitat fragmentation]] o pamipitna-pitna ning karelang tutuknangan o pamanalis king aliwang lugal (migration). Malilyari naman ing [[:en:Sympatric speciation|sympatric speciation]] neng ating laltong bayung uri king pareung lugal. Atyu king pilatan da reng misusumangid a allopatry ampong sympatry ing awsan nang [[:en:peripatric speciation|peripatric speciation]] [[:en:Ernst Mayz|Ernst Mayr]]. Ing peripatric speciation ing maulagang (critical) pun o batayan ning teorya ning [[:en:punctuated equilibrium|punctuated equilibrium]]. Ing [[:en:Extinction|extinction]] o pangawala malilyari neng magisan ne ing metung a uri o species (alimbawa, [[:en:gene pool|gene pool]]). Keraklan, tuturing deng pinandit ning pangawala (moment of extinction) itang pangamate ning tawling kayanib o indibidwal ning species. E malagad o katakatakang pamikatagun king [[:en:geological time|geological time]] &mdash; lalto la reng species uli ning speciation, at mawawala la uli ning extinction. ==Ing evolutionary biology== Ing [[:en:Evolutionary biology|evolutionary biology]] dake ne ning [[:en:biology|biologia]] a tungkul king penibatan da at kasalesayan deng [[:en:species|species]], ampo ing karelang pamanaliwa king pangalabas ning panaun. Anti ya mong meta field ing evolutionary biology uling kayabe la keti deng siyentipiku ibat kareng myayaliwang tradisyunal a dake ning ciencia a maki kaugnayan king [[:en:taxonomy|taxonomy]]. Alimbawa, kayabe la keti deng siyentipikung espesyalista kareng partikular a mabibye antimo reng manigaral [[mammalogy]], [[ornithology]], o [[herpetology]], pero gagamitan no reng mabibyeng deti antimong sistema ba lang pakibatan deng pangkabilugan a kutang (general questions) tungkul king evolution. Mekilala yang [[:en:academic discipline|pormal a paksa ning pamanigaral]] ing evolutionary biology kaybat ning [[:en: modern evolutionary synthesis| makabayung pamisanib king teorya ning evoluton]] (modern evolutionary synthesis) kanitang dekadang [[:en:1930s|1930]] ampong [[:en:1940s|1940]]. Nanupata, e la míka departamentung talagang maki lagyung ''evolutionary biology'' deng dakal kareng unibersidad angga kanitang dekadang [[:en:1970s|1970]] ampong [[:en:1980s|1980]]. ===Ing evolutionary developmental biology=== Metung yang bayung dake (subfield) ning evolutionary biology ing [[:en:Evolutionary developmental biology|evolutionary development biology]]. Tungkul ya iti kareng [[:en:gene|gene]] da reng mabibyeng mikamaganak ampo retang ali. Malyaring yang abalu at tukyan kapanaunan (trace timelines) ing pamanalkus ning metung a uri (species development) kapamilata’ning pamag- eksperimentu nung ikumpara la o piyanti deng pamitukituki da reng [[:en:nucleotide|nucleotide]] (nucleotide sequence) ning [[:en:Deoxyribonucleic_acid|DNA]]/[[RNA]]. Alimbawa, mamayun o susuporta la reng gene sequence king konklusyon a a deng chimpanzee ing pekamalapit a kamaganak da reng tau, at saka deng [[:en:arthropod|arthropod]] (alimbawa, deng insektu) ampo reng [[:en:vertebrate|vertebrate]] (deng maki galugud, alimbawa deng tau) metung la mu pipumpunan. == Ing kasalesayan ning evolutionary thought == {|align=right |[[Image:Origin of Species.jpg|right|thumbnail|160px|Ing 1859 edition ning ''On the Origin of Species'']] |- | |} {{main|History of evolutionary thought}} Kanita pang minuna (ancient times), ati’nang mekaisip king ideya ning biological evolution o evolution da reng mabibye. Kayabe ya kareti i [[:en:Epicurus|Epicurus]], metung a philosopher a Hellenist. Nanupata, e linto ing makabayung teorya angga kanitang kalabingwalu at kalabingsyam a siglu (18th and 19th centuries), kapamilatan da reng siyentipikung kalupa da ri [[Jean- Baptiste Lamarck]] ampo i [[Charles Darwin]]. Agyang tatanggapan da ne reng marakal-dakal a siyentipiku ing pamanaliwa da reng species bayu ing [[:en:1859|1859]], yapin itang pamilimbag ning ''[[The Origin of Species]]'' ing minyeng masikan at kapani-paniwalang kaparalanan (cogent mechanism) tungkul king pangapalyari ning pamanaliwang bunga ning evolution: ing kayang teorya ning natural selection. Meyagyag yang maglimbag i Darwin king sinulat na anyang kaybat nang tinanggap sulat kang [[:en:Alfred Russel Wallace|Alfred Russell Wallace]], nung nu ne pepabalu ing sarili nang pamanuklas king natural selection. Uli na niti, neng kayi kikilalanan da murin ing inambag nang Wallace king teorya ning evolution. Agyang ikwa ning teorya nang Darwin a ugunan ing palage da reng siyentipiku tungkul king pamanalkus ning bye (development of life), e na agyung isplika ing panibatan ning pamiyaliwa-liwa kilub ning metung a species, at e makaing makakumbinsi itang pepamunikala nang Darwin a kaparalanan a [[:en:heredity|hereditary]], itang [[pangenesis]]. Anyang “metuklas yang pasibayu” ing obra nang [[:en:Gregor Mendel|Gregor Mendel]] tungkul king pamagmana kanitang [[:en:19th century|kalabingsyan a siglu]], ya ing penibatan ning gulu pilatan da reng Mendelian (I [[Charles Benedict Davenport]]) ampo reng biometrician (di [[Walter Frank Raphael Weldon]] ampo i [[Karl Pearson]]), a mamilit a e la tutuki king sistema nang Mendel deng keraklan kareng kauryan (trait), at magpalto la reting continuous variation. E miglwat, pikasundu da la at pisanib deting adwang teorya, at utak ing keraklan kaniti king obra ning biologist at statistician a i [[:en:R.A. Fisher|R.A. Fisher]]. Meyaus yang [[:en:modern evolutonary synthesis|makabayung pamisanib ning teorya ning evoluton]] (modern evolutionary synthesis) kanitang dekada [[:en:1930s|1930]] ampong [[:en:1940|1940]] ining pamisanib a iti, nung nu gemitanan deng rigorous a statistical model kareng teorya nang Mendel tungkul king pamagmana, king kapamilatan da reng gene. Kaybat ning [[:en:Griffith’s experiment|eksperimentu nang Griffith]] kanitang [[:en:1940s|1940]], pepatunayan de ri [[Griffith's experiment]], [[:en:Oswald Avery|Avery]], [[:en:Colin McCleod|McCleod]] at [[:en:Maclyn McCarty|McCarty]] a ing [[:en:DNA|deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)]] ing “transforming principle” a magdala king genetic information (impormasyon tungkul king magi rang itsura deng supling). Ketang [[:en:1953]], pepalimbag de ri [[:en:Francis Crick|Francis Crick]] ampo i [[:en:James Watson|James Watson]] ing sikat dang artikulu tungkul king pangabalangkas ning DNA, a makabasi king pamanyaliksik nang [[:en:Rosalind Franklin|Rosalind Franklin]] ampo I [[:en:Maurice Wilkins|Maurice Wilkins]]. Dening pamikatagun a reti ing migumpisa king panaun ning [[:en:molecular biology|molecular biology]], at pepabayu de ing panintindi tamu king evolution antimong prosesung molecular: ing [[:en:mutation|mutation]] da rang dake ning DNA (lon ya ing [[:en:molecular evolution|molecular evolution]]. Tanda ne ning pamidayu king teorya ning group selection papunta ketang makabayung paglalawe king gene antimong unit of selection ing sinulat nang [[George C. Williams]] a ''Adaptation and natural selection: A Critique of some Current Evolutionary Thought'' kanitang [[:en:1966|1966]]. Kanitang kalibudtan ning dekada [[:en:1970s|1970]], pepamunikala neng [[:en:Motoo Kimura|Motoo Kimura]] ing [[:en:neutral theory of molecular evolution|neutral theory of molecular evolution]], at Taglus-taglus pa murin ing dibati king pamanigaral a iti. Metung ya kareng pekamaulagang publikung dibati itang tungkul king teorya ning [[:en:punctuated equilibrium|punctuated equilibrium]], a pepamunikala da reng [[:en:paleontology|paleontologist]] a i [[:en:Niles Eldredge|Niles Eldredge]] ampo i [[:en:Stephen Jay Gould|Stephen Jay Gould]] kanitang [[:en:1972|1972]] ba yang isplika o ustan ing kakulangan da reng fossil a transitional o atyu king pilatan da reng myayaliwang phylum. ==Deng pikwanan== *Darwin, Charles [[November 24]] [[1859]]. ''On the [[Origin of Species]] by means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 502 pages. Reprinted: Gramercy (May 22, 1995). ISBN 0517123207 *Zimmer, Carl. ''Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea''. Perennial (October 1, 2002). ISBN 0060958502 *Larson, Edward J. ''Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory'' (Modern Library Chronicles). Modern Library (May 4, 2004). ISBN 0679642889 *Mayr, Ernst. ''What Evolution Is''. Basic Books (October, 2002). ISBN 0465044263 *Gigerenzer, Gerd, et al., ''The empire of chance: how probability changed science and everyday life'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). *Williams, G.C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. *[[Sean B. Carroll]], 2005, ''Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo and the Making of the Animal Kingdom'', W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393060160 ==Lon la murin deti== {| border=0 cellpadding=0 |- valign=top | *[[anagenesis]] *[[argument from evolution]] *[[atavism]] *[[behavioral ecology]] *[[catagenesis]] *[[cladogenesis]] *[[Convergent evolution]] *[[evolutionary medicine]] *[[endosymbiont]] *[[evolutionary algorithm]] *[[Evolutionary art]] *[[evolution of sex]] *[[evolutionary tree]] *[[experimental evolution]] | &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; | *[[fitness landscape]] *[[genetic algorithm]] *[[gradualism]] *[[modern evolutionary synthesis]] *[[natural science]] *[[neutral theory of molecular evolution]] *[[niche construction]] *[[Nonhuman animals ethics]] *[[parallel evolution]] *[[quantum evolution]] *[[quasispecies model]] *[[scientific method]] *[[sexual selection]] *[[teratogenesis]] |} [[Social implications of the theory of evolution]] [[Creation-evolution controversy]] ==Suglung a palwal== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Evolution.ogg|2005-04-18}} <!-- updated changed sections 2005-04-18 --> * [http://www.talkorigins.org Talk.Origins Archive] — see also [[talk.origins]] * [http://nationalacademies.org/evolution/ National Academies Evolution Resources] * [http://www.evowiki.org/index.php/Main_Page EvoWiki] {{Wayback|url=http://www.evowiki.org/index.php/Main_Page |date=20051124071433 }} — A wiki whose goal is to promote general evolution education, and provide mainstream scientific responses to the arguments of antievolutionists. * [http://www.chains-of-reason.org/chains/evolution-by-natural- selection/introduction.htm Evolution by Natural Selection]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} — An introduction to the logic of the theory of evolution by natural selection * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/index.html Evolution] — Provided by ''[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]''. *[http://evol.allenpress.com/evolonline/?request=index-html International Journal of Organic Evolution] {{Wayback|url=http://evol.allenpress.com/evolonline/?request=index-html |date=20060425205845 }} * [http://science.howstuffworks.com/evolution.htm/printable Howstuffworks.com — How Evolution Works] * [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin/ Charles Darwin's writings] * [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/categories/index/genome/evolution.php Evolution News from Genome News Network (GNN)] * [http://www.nap.edu/books/0309063647/html/ National Academy Press: Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science] * [http://www.evolution.mbdojo.com/evolution-for-beginners.html Evolution for beginners] {{Wayback|url=http://www.evolution.mbdojo.com/evolution-for-beginners.html |date=20090611042555 }} {{evolution}} <!-- Categorization --> [[Category:Evolutionary biology]] [[Category:Evolution| ]] [[Category:Theories]] <!-- Localization --> aeiupioei9espo9n4ykkttogzteskcy 0 2290 312937 312778 2026-06-14T02:47:44Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 312937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dablink|Tungkul ya king ebolusyon king larangan ning ciencia ning bye ing artikulung iti. Para kareng aliwang kabaldugan, lon ya ing [[Evolution (disambiguation)]].}} [[Image:Charles Darwin.jpg|thumb|150px|I [[Charles Darwin]], ing igpa ning teorya ning ebolusyon kapamilata’ning [[natural selection]].]] King biologia, ing '''ebolusyon''' ing prosesu nung nukarin manikwa lang kauryan (trait) deng populasyon da reng mabibye at pámana do reti kareng tutuking henerasyun o dai. I [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] ing migmunikala (proposed) king metung kareng mumunang teorya ning ebolusyon anyang umpisa ning [[:en:19th century|kalabingsyam a siglu]] (19th century). Inukul (speculate) nang deng tunggal-tunggal a organismu o lelangan (individual organisms) manikwa lang kauryan kabang mabye la, at pamana do reti kareng supling da. Agyang mipatunayan neng e tutu ing teoryang iti, miyapag ing pekamaulagang dake ning makabayung teorya ketang artikulung dang adwang [[:en:Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin]] ampong [[:en:Alfred Russell Wallace|Alfred Russell Wallace]] ([[:en:1858|1858]]), ampo ketang libru nang Darwin a ''[[:en:The Origin of Species|The Origin of the Species]]'' ([[1859]]). Agpang king teorya ning evolution kapamilatan ning [[:en:natural selection|natural selection]] a pepamunikala da ri Darwin at Wallace, malilyari ing evolution uling lalaganap ya ing metung a kauryan a makaragdag king pamikatagun (chance) a magparakal ya ing metung a mabibye, kapamilata’ning pamagmana, kareng tutuking dai o henerasyun. Makanyan murin, lumagad ya ing metung a kauryan a makabawas king pamikatagun a magparakal ya ing metung a mabibye. Kanitang dekadang [[:en:1930s|1930], menigobra la reng siyentipiku ba reng piyabe ing metuklas pasibayung teorya ning [[:en:heredity|puli]] &ndash; a pepamunikala nang [[:en:Gregor Mendel|Mendel]] &ndash; ampo ing natural selection nang Darwin, at milalang ya ing [[:en:modern evolutionary synthesis|makabayung pamisanib ning teoryang ebolusyon]] , a metung kareng pekamaulagang (fundamental) [[:en:scientific theories|teorya ning ciencia]] ning makabayung biologia. King makabayung pamisanib a iti, ing “ebolusyon” mangabaldugan yang pamanaliwa king pangalaganap (frequency) ning metung a [[:en:allele|allele]] kilub ning metung a [[:en:gene pool|gene pool]] kareng tuki-tuking henerasyun o dai. Myayaliwa la reng kaparalanan a lunto ing pamanaliwang iti: [[:en:natural selection|natural selection]], [[:en:genetic drift|genetic drift]] o pamanaliwa king ([[gene flow]]) ning balangkas ning populasyun (population structure gene flow). ==Teorya king ciencia== Atlu la reng manimuna nang aspetu ning teoryang nung nu ya makabasi ing makabayung pamisanib # Menibat la king metung mung pipumpunan deng eganaganang [[:en:organism|mabibye]]. # Ing pamanalto da reng bayung kauryan (trait) king metung a lineage o lahi. # Ing kaparalanan (mechanism) nung bakit manatili la reng aliwang kauryan kabang mawawala no man detang aliwa. Metung yang teorya ning ciencia ing makabayung pamisanib, kalupa da retang penibatan nang teoryang ibat kang Mendel ampong Darwin. Ing metung a [[:en:theory|teorya ning ciencia]], anti neng salamin ning yatu (o metung a dake na niti). Manibat kaniti, malyaring gawang [[:en:hypothesis|hypothesis]] a [[:en:falsifiability|malyaring pabulanan]] o patutwan kapamilatan ning [[:en:empiricism|empirical observation]]. Nung paglalaweng anti kaniti, e la misasalungat ding katayang “teorya” (theory) ampong “katutwan” (fact), nun e anti mong mipaglibe o mipanablas (reciprocal) ing pamiugnayan da reti &mdash; alimbawa, metung a “katutwan” a matulid yang mabaldug papunta king libutad ning yatu ing metung a [[:en:apple|mansanas]] a nikbag ra king gabun, at ing “teorya” a mag-isplika kaniti, yapin ing salukuyan a teorya ning [[:en:gravitation|gravitation]]. Ing bayung pamisanib ing peka[[predictive power|masikan]] a teoryang mag-isplika king pamiyaliwa-liwa da reng mabibye ampong pamanalto da reng bayung uri da reng mabibye, at kilub ning ciencia ning biologia, lubusan na nong ayalilan deng minunang pamag-isplika king penibatan da reng uri da reng mabibye. ===Ing penibatan (ancestry) da reng mabibye=== {|align=right |[[Image:Stromatolites.jpg|right|thumbnail|250px|[[Pre-Cambrian]] Deng [[stromatolite]] king Siyeh Formation, [[Glacier National Park (US)|Glacier National Park]]. Kanitang 2002, milimbag yang kontrobersyal a artikulu i William Schopf ning [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] king peryodikung ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' nung nu na sasabyang maki idad nong 3.5 bilyung banwa katwa deng formations a anti kaniti Deng [[:en:fossil|fossil]] a mikrobyung [[:en:alga|lumut]]. [http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/space/SpaceRepublish_497964.htm] Nung tutu iti, ila ing mumunang diling balu tamung lelangan king yatu.]] |- |[[Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg|thumb|250px|Metung a [[:en:phylogenetic tree|Phylogenetic tree]] da reng [[evolutionary tree|eganaganang mabibye]], a basi kareng datos a ibat king pamanyuri king [[rRNA]] [[gene]]. Papakit na ing pamikawani da reng atlung domains, deng [[bacterium|bacteria]], [[archaea]], ampong [[eukaryote]]s agpang king pamaglarawan nang [[Carl Woese]]. Keraklan, kawangis no murin deng phylogenetic tree a migulis kapamilatan da reng aliwang genes, oneng malyaring aliwa lang lunto deng minunang grupung minyanga, mapalyaring uli king malagwang pamanaliwa (rapid evolution) ning tRNA. Ala pang pamikasundu nung nanu ing eksaktung rang relasyun o pamisuglungan.]] |- |[[Image:South Djoum Chimp.jpg|right|250px|thumbnail|Pepakit ning genetic testing a milulupa ing keraklan king [[DNA]] da reng tau ampong [[chimpanzee]]. King metung a pamanigaral kareng syam a pulung libung (90,000) [[base pair]], abalu nang Morris Goodman ning [[:en:Wayne State University| Wayne State University]] a pareu ing 99.4% ning DNA da reng tau ampo reng chimpanzee.[http://www.freep.com/news/nw/chimp20_20030520.htm] {{Wayback|url=http://www.freep.com/news/nw/chimp20_20030520.htm |date=20051204210137 }} [http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/humans_chimps_same_genus.shtml].]] |- | ning [[NASA]] ketang kilalang [[:en:Miller-Urey experiment|eksperimentung Miller-Urey]]. Kanitang [[1953]], piyaben-abayan do ri [[Stanley Miller]] ampong [[Harold Urey]] deng sangkap a panibatan ning bye (chemical precursors to life) king metung a lulanan a selyadu, at kine ro king kabilyan a kalupa ning anti king yatu kanitang minuna.]] |} {{details|Common descent}} Malyaring masabing [[common descent|metung ya penibatan]] ing metung a grupu da reng mabibye nung para-pareu la pipumpunan. Sasabyan ning theory of universal common descent ning [[:en:biology|biologia]] a ibat la king metung a pipumpunan o metung a gene pool kanitang minuna deng eganaganang mabibye king yatu. Patune lang metung la mu penibatan deng eganaganang mabibye detang kauryan (traits) a atyu kareng eganagana kareti. Kanitang panaun nang Darwin, makabasi mu king pamagumasid kareng pamilupa ning [[:en:morphology (biology)|pangabalangkas]] da reng mabibye, antimo itang deng ayup &mdash; agyang e la makasulapo &mdash; atin lang pakpak. Ngeni, mika masikan a pamipatune para king ebolusyon ibat king ciencia ning [[DNA]] genetics. Alimbawa, gagamit yang [[:en:nucleic acid|nucelic acid]] antimong genetic material (itang sangkap a magdala kareng kauryan anti ing itsura o kule tamu kareng tutuking henerasyun o dai). Deta muring adwang pulung [[:en:amino acid|amino acid]] ing gagamitan dang building block da reng [[protina]]. Metung ya mung genetic code ing [[:en:genetic code|genetic code]] a gagamitan da reng eganaganang mabibye (bukud mu kareng mangalagad a alimbawa) ba rong [[translation (genetics)|ilikas]] deng pamituki-tuki da reng nucleic acid papunta kareng protina. Uling antimong mikatagun ing pamamili kareng kauryan a reti, mapalyaring tanda ne ning metung la mu penibatan deng eganaganang mabibye itang pangkabilugan lang mayayakit deti. [[:en:abiogenesis|abiogenesis]] &mdash; ing pamaglalang king bye manibat king sangkap a e mabye &mdash; a mangabaldugang misnang lagad ing pamaglalang ning bye ibat king kayalang-bye, o malilyari mu iti lalam da reng kabilyan a aliwang- aliwang kareng atyu king yatu tamu ngeni. Anti na mong sasabyan ning [[:en:Miller-Urey experiment|eksperimentung Miller-Urey]] a malilyari ing abiogenesis lalam ning kabilyan kanitang minunang panaun king yatu. Uling misna yang lambat ing prosesu ning ebolusyun, kaylangan a matwa neng tutu ing yatu bang lunto ing e mu nanung pamiyaliwa-liwa at panga-komplikadu ning bye ngening panaun tamu; mapalyaring bilyun-bilyun neng banwa katwa. Makabage iti king katibayan ibat king [[:en:geology|geologia]] a migit-kumulang [[:en:Age of the earth|4.6 neng bilyung banwa]]. Lon ya ing [[:en:Timeline of evolution|Timeline of evolution]].) Kayabe king balu tamu tungkul king ebolusyun itang datos ibat kareng larangan ning geologia ampong [[:en:planetary science|planetary science]]. Babye lang impormasyun tungkul king kasalesayan ning Yatu ampo reng pamanaliwang bunga ning bye. Dakal king impormasyun tungkul king Yatu kanitang minuna ing mewala uling kareng geological processes king pangalabas ning panaun. ====Deng katibayan para king ebolusyun==== {{main|Evidence of evolution}} =====Ing katibayan ibat king pangabalangkas da reng mabibye===== Maulaga la reng [[:en:Fossil|fossil]] neng tatantyan tamu nung kapilan la linto reng myayaliwang lahi. Uling e karaniwang malilyari ing fossilization, a mangaylangang mangasyás a parti (antimo ing butul) at ing pangamate lele ning metung a lugal nung nukarin mititipun ing [[:en:sediment|banlik]], e kumpletu at malagad ing impormasyun a bibye na niti tungkul king ebolusyun ning bye. Malagad mu ing katibayan para kareng sadyang mabibyeng alang mangasyas a dake antimo reng kapsa, talukab, butul ampong ipan, pero ating ditak kaniti, alimbawa itang kareng microfossil o mangalatiktik a fossil ibat kanitang minuna pang panaun, ampo ing pamagi rang fossil deng kilkulan da reng minunang animal (ancient burrows) ampo reng ditak a mabibye kanitang mangalambut katawan. {{main|Evidence of evolution}} Nanupata, ating katibayan tungkul kareng mabibye kanitang minunang panaun kareng fossil a mayayakit king mabilug a Yatu. Keraklan, malyari yang ulan ing katwa da reng fossil king kabilyan da at kauryan deng batu (geologic context) nung nu la meyakit; at ita mismung idad da malyari yang makwa kapamilata’ning [[:en:radiometric dating|radiometric dating]]. Kawangis do reng aliwang fossil deng mabibye ngeni, samantalang atin namang aliwang-aliwa. Gagamitan do reng fossil ba rang abalu nung kapilan ya linto ing metung a lahi, at gagamitan do reng ''[[:en:transitional fossil|transitional fossil]]'' ba rang ipakit ing pamisuglung o pamiugnayan da reng adwang lahi. Panigaralan da reng [[:en:Paleontology|paleontologist]] ing ebolusyun, keraklan king kapamilatan ning pamanyuri kareng fossil. Agpang king [[:en:Phylogeny|phylogeny]] o pamanigaral kareng species (uri da reng mabibye), malyari lang mika myayaliwang gamit deng dake ning katawan a milulupa pangabalangkas (similar internal organization). Malyaring mika [[:en:vestigial organ|vestigial organ]] a ditak o alang silbi king metung a mabibye, agyang malino ing kayang gamit kareng aliwa. Alimbawa la kareti deng [[:en:wisdom teeth|wisdom teeth]] ampong [[Vermiform appendix|appendix]] da reng tau. =====Katibayan ibat king genetic sequence===== Papakit ning metung a pamiyanti da reng genetic sequence da reng mabibye a mas milulupa la sequence deng mabibyeng mikanlapit basi king [[phylogeny|phylogeny]] kesa karetang mikandayu. Alimbawa, manga 1.2% ing pamiyaliwa (basi king substitution) ning neutral DNA sequence da reng tau kareng pekamalapit dang kamaganak, deng [[:en:chimpanzee|chimpanzee]], 1.6% kareng [[:en:gorilla|gorilla]] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstr act&list_uids=11170892], at 6.6% kareng [[baboon]][http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/13/5/813] {{Wayback|url=http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/13/5/813 |date=20051028011803 }}. Mituturing yang masikan (robust enough) a panyukad ing sequence comparison a malyari yang gamitan ba lang samasan deng pamagkamali king phylogenetic tree nung kulang la reng aliwang katibayan. Atin pang karagdagang katibayan para king metung mung penibatan da reng mabibye ibat kareng genetic detritus (detang “basurang” gene) atni reng [[:en:pseudogene|pseudogene]], o rehiyon ning DNA a [[ortholog]]ous king metung a gene king aliwang klasing mabibye, dapot e no magagamit at anti lang taglus- taglus a mimina at mababawas (degeneration) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstr act&list_uids=10833048]. Uling e la maglakwan fossil deng prosesung [[metabolism|metaboliku]], mararapat ing pamanyaliksik kareng pekamaulagang kaparalanan da reng cell kapamilatan ning pamiyanti (comparison) kareng lelangan a mabibye ngeni. Uling myayaliwa lang panaun mikawa-kawani deng lahi, malyari tamung abalu nung kapilan ya linto ing metung a prosesung metaboliku nung piyanti (o ikumpara) ta la reng kauryan da reng paliping (descendant) ibat king metung a pipumpunan (common ancestor). ====Ing penibatan ning bye==== {{main|Origin of life}} Ditak mu ing balu tamu tungkul king pamagumpisa ning bye. Nanupata, atin lang pamilupa king kauryan deng eganaganang mabibye ngeni, kayabe no reng pamibalangkas ning cell (cellular structure) ampo ing [[:en:genetic code|genetic code]]. Para kareng keraklan kareng siyentipiko, mangabaldugan iting metung la mu pipumpunan deng eganaganang mabibye ngeni, at atyu no king pipumpunan a ita deng pekamaulagang prosesu ning cell. Nanupata, ala lang pamikasundu deng siyentipiku king pamisuglung-suglung da reng atlung domain ning bye, deng ([[:en:Archea|Archea]], [[:en:Bacterium|Bacteria]], at [[:en:Eukaryota|Eukaryota]]), o ing [[:en:origin of life|penibatan ning bye]]. Keraklan, makatutuk king pamangimut (behavior) da reng [[:en:macromolecule|macromolecule]], lalu na ing [[:en:RNA|RNA]], ampo kareng [[:en:complex system|komplikadung sistema]], deng tangkang manigaral king mumuna nang kasalesayan ning bye. ====Ing kasalesayan ning bye==== {{main|Timeline of evolution}} Agyang e malino ing penibatan ning bye, balu ta lang mayap deng aliwang maulagang milyari king kasalesayan ning bye. Malyari ta yang tukyan ing pamanalto ning [[:en:photosynthesis|photosynthesis]] a gagamit king oxygen (manga atlung bilyung banwa na ing milabas) ampo ing pamaniral ning atmosperang dakal oxygen (lipat ning “reducing” a atmospera) kapamilatan ning pamanalkus (formation) da reng depositu ning [[Banded iron formation|banded iron]], at kaybat deng [[:en:red beds|mangalutung sapin]] a gawa king iron oxide. Kaylangang dumalan king anti kaniti bayu mika [[:en:aerobic respiration|aerobic]] [[:en:cellular respiration]], a paniwalan dang linto adwang bilyung banwa na ing milabas. Ketang milabasan a metung a bilyung banwa, linto la kareng kadayatan deng simpling tanaman at animal a multicellular (gawa king dakal a cell). E miglwat kaybat ning pamanalto da reng minunang animal, milyari ing [[:en:Cambrian explosion|Cambrian explosion]] (metung a panaun ning alang kapante at makapagmulala, dapot saguli mung, pamanalto da reng asnang karakal a uri da reng mabibye a mitatak kareng fossil ning [[:en:Burgess shale|Burgess shale]]), nung kapilan la milalang deng eganaganang balangkas ning katawan, o [[:en:phylum|phylum]], da reng mabibye ngeni; paniwalan dang ing pamanalto ning [[:en:Box gene|Box gene]] ing megi nang sangkan ning pamikatagung iti. Manga limang dalan a milyun (500 million) a banwa ing milabas, sekupan de reng [[:en:plant|tanaman]] ampong [[:en:fungi|fungi]] ing gabun, at e miglwat, tikyan do reng [[:en:arthropod]] ampo reng aliwang aniamal. Ini ing pigmulan ning pamanalkus (development) ning [[:en:ecosystem|ecosystem]] king gabun a balu tamu ngeni. ===Ing pamanalto da reng bayung kauryan=== ====Ing mutation==== {{main|Mutation}} E na balung Darwin ing panibatan da ning pamanaliwa (variations) kareng indibidwal a mabibye, pero apansinan nang balamu mikatagun mu iti. Kalabas ning panaun, ing mutation ing tiru rang sangkan king keraklan kareti. Deng mutation, permanenti lang pamanaliwa king [[:en:genetic material|genetic material]] (keraklan ing [[:en:DNA|DNA]] o [[:en:RNA|RNA]] ning metung a [[:en:cell (biology)|cell]]. Malyari lang manibat king pamagkamali king pamangopya (copying error) king genetic material neng mararapat ing [[:en:cell division|cell division]], ampo king “pangabilad” king [[:en:radiation|radiation]], at kareng chemical, kareng [[:en:virus (biology)|virus]], o malyaring sasaryan a lunto lalam ning pamanibala ning cell neng [[meiosis]] o [[hypermutation]]. Kareng lelangan a multicellular, malyari lang uryan deng mutation kareng ''germline mutation,'' a malyaring mipamana kareng supling, ampo reng ''somatic mutation'', a (nung e la sasaryan) keraklan mumuli king pangasira na palakad o pangamate ning cell, at malyari nang panibatan ning kanser. Mágsilbi lang magdalang pamanaliwa kareng gene (genetic variation) deng mutation, a malyari nang impluwensyan ning natural selection (o mapalyaring ali; lon ya ing [[:en:Neutral theory of molecular evolution|Neutral mutations]]). Ala lang epektu king tsansa o pamikatagun nang kumabye ning lelangan king kayang paligid deng [[Neutral theory of molecular evolution|neutral mutations]], at malyari lang mitipun deti king pangalabas ning panaun. ===Ing pamanatili da reng kauryan (traits)=== ====Deng kaparalanan ning pamagmana (Mechanisms of inheritance)==== Kanitang panaun nang Darwin, e la mikakasundu reng siyentipiku nung makananu lang amamana deng [[:en:traits|kauryan]]. Ngeni, yugne ta la reng kauryan a amamana (inherited traits) kareng makakawani (discrete) at lulwat (persistent) a bageng awsan dang ''[[:en:gene|gene]],'' tuglung-tuglung kareng tela-gulis (linear) a molecule a awsan dang ''[[DNA]]''. Lipat ning keraklan eksaktu ing pamamgopya kaniti, atin yang pamiyaliwa ing DNA ning balang metung a mabibye, at dadalan ya king prosesu ning pamanaliwa o [[:en:mutation|mutation]] a ma-isplika king lalam. Nanupata, atin muring paralan ning pamagmana ning pamiyaliwang e makabasi king DNA. E miyayapektwan ing impormasyun kareng gene kareting prosesung deti, at keraklan, malyari lang ibalik king sadya (reversible). [[:en:epigenetic inheritance|Epigenetic inheritance]] ing aus kareti, nung nu la kayabe deng alimbawang anti ing DNA methylation, [[:en:prion|prion]], ampong [[structural inheritance| structural inheritance]]. Taglus-taglus pa murin ing pamanyaliksik nung malyari kareti ing “specific heritable variation” antimong ablas kareng sinyal ibat king paligid. Nung ini pin ing mararapat, mapalyaring ating mapilang alimbawa ning ebolusyon a e na sakup ning karaniwan a balu tamung balangkas ning teorya nang Darwin, a lilisya king pamiugne kareng sinyal ibat king paligid ketang pamipalyari ning pamiyaliwang amamana (production of heritable variation). Ating mapilan a sangkan a mamapektu king frequency da reng allele a atyu na. Uli da reng sangkan a reti, malyari lang mas marlas lunto deng mapilan a kauryan, kabang mabawas no man o taglus-taglus nong mawala detang aliwa. Atlu la reng balu tamung prosesung mamapektu king pamanatili ning metung a kauryan; o, bang lalung partikular, ing frequency na ning allele: * [[:en:Natural selection|Natural selection]] * [[:en:Gene flow|Gene flow]] * [[:en:Genetic drift|Genetic drift]] ====Ing natural selection==== {{main|Natural selection}} Ing natural selection ing pangabye (survive) pamiparakal uling king kapaligiran. Ing differential mortality ing kaugnayan ning dalas ning pangabye da reng lelangan king karelang idad a malyari nong mikasupling (reproductive age) Ing differential fertility ing pangkabilugan a ambag a amamana (total genetic contribution) king tutuking dai o henerasyun. Uli ning pekamaulaga nang papil (central role) ning natural selection king teorya ning ebolusyon, mika maragul a pamisuglung king larangan a ita ampo ing pamanigaral king [[:en:ecologia|ecologia]]. Malyari yang pitnan ing natural selection kareng adwang kategorya: * Malilyari ing [[:en:Ecological selection|ecological selection]] neng miraragdagan la reng gene da reng lelangan a mabibye at darakal kumpara karetang e ra ikwang kinabye . * Malilyari naman ing [[:en:Sexual selection|sexual selection]] neng mas daragul la ambag king gene pool deng lelangan a mas abuburi da reng kasumangid a kasarian (opposite sex) uling king karelang itsura o kauryan, at uli na niti, mas masikan lang dakal. Kikimut ya murin ing natural selection king myayaliwang paralan: * Ing [[:en:Purifying selection|pamaglinis]] (purifying) o [[:en:background selection|background selection]] lalako no reng mutation a makasira king populasyon. * Ing [[:en:Positive selection|positive selection]] dadagdagan ne ing dalas o frequency ning metung a mutation a makasaup. * Ing [[:en:Balancing selection|balancing selection]] panatilyan na ing pamiyaliwa (variation) kilub ning metung a populasyon, kapamilatan ning mapilan a kaparalanan (mechanism), alimbawa: ** Ing [[:en:Overdominance|overdominance]] o [[:en:heterozygote advantage|heterozygote advantage]], nung nu ing [[:en:heterozygote|heterozygote]] mas masikan ya o bage (fit) kesa king sanuman kareng anyung puru (homozygous forms) (alimbawa king [[:en:sickle cell anemia|sickle cell anemia]] kareng tau a babye resistensya king [[:en:malaria|malaria]]) ** Ing [[:en:Frequency-dependent selection|frequency-dependent selection]], nung nu mas matas la “fitness” o pangabage deng uring malagad mu (rare variants). * Ing [[:en:Stabilizing selection|stabilizing selection]], a papabor kareng uryan a karaniwan king populasyun, anya mibabawasan ing pamiyaliwa at manatili ya ing mean o kasantingan * Ing [[:en:Directional selection|directional mutation]], a papabor ketang metung a sepu o sikoti ning metung a uryan; uli na niti, dudusug ya ing mean o kasantingan papunta ketang sepung ita. * Ing [[:en:Disruptive selection|disruptive selection]], papabor kareng misusumangid o mingatbang sikoti, at magbunga king bimodal distribution ning gene frequency. Malyari yang malis o malyari yang ali ing mean o kasantingan. [[:en:Neutral theory of molecular evolution|neutral mutations]] ing aus da kareng mutation a e na tatalaban ning natural selection. Bukud mung ing genetic drift ampong gene flow ing mamapektu king karelang dalas o frequency king populasyun. Paniwalan dang nung alang selection, ala lang patugut miraragdagan deng neutral mutation. Agpang king [[probable mutation effect]], siran de reng mitipun-tipun a mutation ing gene a e miyayapektwan king selection o pamamili. Aspetu ne ning [[genome degradation]] iti. * Ing [[Baldwinian evolution]] yapin ing paralan nung makananung deng tau, antimong animal a maki [[culture|kalinangan o kultura]], agyu rang mabyasa [symbolic (extrasomatic) learning], at uli na niti, agyu reng alilan ing karelang paligid, o ing paligid ning sanumang aliwang uri ning lelangan, at iti panibatan da reng bayung selective forces o sangkan a mamapektu king pamamili. ====Ing gene flow==== Ing [[:en:Gene flow|gene flow]] (o gene admixture o pamisamut da reng gene) ing bukud o magdilidiling kaparalanan o mechanism nung nukarin malyari lang mikanlapit (king aspetung genetic o king puli/pamamuli) deng populasyun kabang daragul ya la reng gene pool. Ing gene flow ing magbunga nung malis ya ing metung a populasyun da reng lelangan king lugal nung nukarin atin nang sadyang makatuknang a aliwang populasyun. Malilyari ing gene flow operates nung e la sumbagal deng geografia (lugal) o kalinangan/kultura. ====Ing genetic drift==== {{main|Genetic drift}} {{evolution}} <!-- Categorization --> [[Category:Evolutionary biology]] [[Category:Evolution| ]] [[Category:Theories]] 105ulh64ddxuxv7mt5w11lr4f204tkc 0 3149 312944 300188 2026-06-14T08:26:35Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 312944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{US state | Name = Tennessee | Fullname = State ning Tennessee | Flag = Flag of Tennessee.svg | Flaglink = [[Bandera ning Tennessee]] | Seal = Tennessee-StateSeal.svg | Map = Map_of_USA_highlighting_Tennessee.png | Nickname = Volunteer State | Capital = [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] | OfficialLang = [[English language|English]] | LargestCity = [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] | Governor = [[Bill Haslam]] (R)| Senators = [[Bill Frist]] (R)<br />[[Lamar Alexander]] (R) | PostalAbbreviation = TN | AreaRank = 36^th | TotalAreaUS = 42,169| TotalArea = 109,247 | LandAreaUS = 41,243 | LandArea = 106,846 | WaterAreaUS = 926 | WaterArea = 2,400 | PCWater = 2.2 | PopRank = 16^th | 2000Pop = 5,689,283 | DensityRank = 19^th | 2000DensityUS = 138.0 <!-- quickfacts.census.gov --> | 2000Density = 53.29 | AdmittanceOrder = 16^th | AdmittanceDate = [[June 1]], [[1796]] | TimeZone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]: [[UTC]]-5/[[Daylight saving time|-4]] <small>(eastern)</small><br />[[Central Standard Time Zone|Central]]: [[UTC]]-6/[[Daylight saving time|-5]] <small>(central<br /> and western)</small> | Latitude = 35°N to 36°41'N | Longitude = 81°37'W to 90°28'W | WidthUS = 120 | Width = 195 | LengthUS = 440 | Length = 710 | HighestPoint = [[Clingmans Dome]] | HighestElevUS = 6,643 | HighestElev = 2,026 | MeanElevUS = 900 | MeanElev = 280 | LowestElevUS = 178 | LowestElev = 54 | ISOCode = US-TN | Website = www.tennessee.gov}} Ing '''Tennessee''' ({{Audio-IPA|en-us-Tennessee.ogg|/tɛnɨˈsiː/}}) metung yang [[U.S. state|state]] atiu king [[Southern United States|Mauli]] [[United States]]. Inyang [[1976]], meging yang pang16 a state a miyabe keng [[United States|Aniban]]. Ing kayang tungku (kabisera) lakanbalen iyapin ing [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], ampo ing kayang pekamaragul diling lakanbalenh iyapin ing [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]. == Suglung Palwal == {{sisterlinks|Tennessee}} * [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/ Tennessee Encyclopedia Online] * [http://www.tennessee.gov State Government Website] * [http://www.southernlitreview.com/states/tennessee.htm Tennessee Literary Figures] from the [http://www.southernlitreview.com Southern Literary Review] * [http://www.ornl.gov Oak Ridge National Laboratory] * [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47000.html U.S. Census Bureau] {{Wayback|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47000.html |date=20150207081642 }} * [http://www.genealogybuff.com/tn/ GenealogyBuff.com - Tennessee Library of Files] * [http://www.tennessee.gov/sos/bluebook/online/bbonline.htm Tennessee Blue Book] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tennessee.gov/sos/bluebook/online/bbonline.htm |date=20070926233823 }} - All things Tennessee * [http://www.hermitage.com/tennpol.htm Timeline of Modern Tennessee Politics] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hermitage.com/tennpol.htm |date=20070205053542 }} <gallery perrow="5"> Image:Tennessee State Capitol March 2009.jpg Image:Harrisburg Covered Bridge.jpg Image:Newfound Gap Road, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN.jpg </gallery> {{Tennessee}} {{Dake Politiku ning United States}} {{State Stub}} [[Category:1796 establishments]] [[Category:States of the United States]] [[Category:Confederate states (1861-1865)]] [[Category:Tennessee|*]] 0wxg4nfwt48nn0874pknhqg5zborvxg 0 4009 312932 312553 2026-06-13T19:08:23Z Barras 2495 Miurung la reng in-edit nang [[Special:Contributions/~2026-19892-04|~2026-19892-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-19892-04|Pamisabi-sabi]]); binalik neng [[User:Exec8|Exec8]] king tauling bersion 295978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lokasyon}} Ing '''Lakanbalen ning San Fernando ''' pangalawa yang klasing [[Lalawigan Filipinas|lakanbalen]] ning [[Ding Lalawigan ning Filipinas|lalawigan]] [[Pampanga]], [[Filipinas]]. Iti ing Kapitolyo ning [[Pampanga]] at ning [[Ding Labuad ning Filipinas|labuad]] [[Kalibudtarang Luzon]]. Agpang keng {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}} ning sensus, atin yang populasyun a {{PH wikidata|population_total}} a katau kareng {{PH wikidata|household}} a pamimalemale. == Deng Barangay == Ing San Fernando Lakanbalen atin yang 35ng barangay. {{Columns-list|2| * Alasas * Baliti * Bulaon * Calulut * Dela Paz Norte * Dela Paz Sur * Del Carmen * Del Pilar * Del Rosario * Dolores * Juliana * Lara * Lourdes * Magliman * Maimpis * Malino * Malpitic * Pandaras * Panipuan * Pulung Bulo * Santo Rosario (Pob.) * Quebiauan * Saguin * San Agustin * San Felipe * San Isidro * San Jose * San Juan * San Nicolas * San Pedro * Santa Lucia * Santa Teresita * Santo Niño * Sindalan * Telabastagan }} == Demograpiku == {{Populasyon}} == Amlat o Kasalesayan == === Ding Dating Mayor === <table border=0><tr> <td valign=top> CAPITANES MUNICIPALES<ref>Henares, Ivan Anthony S. "A Brief History of San Fernando, Pampanga 1754-2004"</ref> * 1755 Vidal de Arrozal * 1756 Tiburcio Cunanan * 1757 Vidal de Arrozal * 1758 Luis Catacutan * 1759 Juan David * 1760 Juan Yutuc * 1761 Domingo de Vera * 1762 Nicolas Capati * 1763 Tomas Aquino * 1764 Miguel de los Angeles * 1765 Agustin Dizon * 1766 Manuel Manaloto * 1767 Francisco Bautista * 1768 Miguel David * 1769 Nicolas Dizon * 1770 Mariano Singian de Miranda * 1771 Mateo David * 1772 Bernardo de Anunciacion * 1773 Francisco David * 1774 Agapito Singian * 1775 Vicente Concepcion * 1776 Eugenio Yutuc * 1777 Juan Lingat * 1778 Juan Lacson * 1779 Vicente Concepcion * 1780 Jose de Arrozal * 1781 Nicolas Tuason * 1782 Carlos Catacutan * 1783 Vicente David * 1784 Lucas David * 1785 Antonio Alonso del Rosario * 1786 Regino de Castro * 1787 Sebastian Manarang * 1788 Bernabe Pamintuan * 1789 Juan Dizon * 1790 Manuel Miranda * 1791 Vicente Dayrit * 1792 Nicolas Tuason * 1793 Jose de los Angeles * 1794 Vicente Quizon * 1795 Angel Pantaleon de Miranda * 1796 Vicente Dayrit * 1797 Jose Cunanan * 1798 Juan Lacson * 1799 Carlos Catacutan </td><td valign=top> * 1800 Vicente Dizon * 1801 Jose Ocson * 1802 Agustin David Lising * 1803 Jose Concepcion * 1804 Raymundo David * 1805 Ignacio David de Miranda * 1806 Severino Henson * 1807 Juan Crisostomo Paras * 1808 Domingo Henson * 1809 Leon de Vera * 1810 Vicente de Castro * 1811 Gregorio Singian * 1812 Ignacio de Miranda * 1813 Miguel Catacutan * 1814 Francisco Pamintuan * 1815 Severino Henson * 1816 Agustin David Lising * 1817 Bernardo David * 1818 Bernardo Tinio * 1819 Eriberto Yutuc * 1820 Vicente de Castro <br /> ALCALDES MUNICIPALES * 1821 Vicente Dizon * 1822 Pablo de Ocampo * 1823 Maximo Dizon * 1824 Ciriaco Dizon <br /> GOBERNADORCILLOS * 1825 Vicente Dizon * 1826 Manuel Pasion Henson * 1827 Anacleto del Rosario * 1828 Vicente David Lising * 1829 Vicente Dizon * 1830 Pablo Ocampo * 1831 Doroteo Dizon * 1832 Mariano Yutuc * 1833 Manuel Pasion Henson * 1834 Gregorio Tuason * 1835 Blas Borja * 1836 Doroteo Dizon * 1837 Agustin Pamintuan * 1838 Agustin Cuyugan * 1839 Juan Dayrit * 1840 Raymundo David * 1841 Macario Yutuc </td><td valign=top> * 1842 Matias Quiason * 1843 Pedro Lacsamana * 1844 Bernardino Singian de Miranda * 1845 Serapio Singian de Miranda * 1846 Mariano Arceo * 1847 Agustin Cuyugan * 1848 Guillermo Henson * 1849 Bernardino Singian de Miranda * 1850 Agustin Pamintuan * 1851 Gregorio David * 1852 Maximo Feliciano * 1853-1854 Paulino Paras * 1854-1855 Agustin Lacson * 1855-1856 Simon Henson * 1856-1857 Cosme Lacson * 1857-1858 Candido Froilan Dizon * 1858-1859 Florentino Dayrit * 1859 Manuel Pasion Henson * 1859 Jose Navarro (accidental) * 1860 Victor David * 1860-1861 Manuel de Ocampo * 1861-1862 Bernardino Singian de Miranda * 1862-1863 Guillermo Henson * 1863-1864 Aniceto Yusi * 1864-1865 Simon Henson * 1865-1866 Juan Quiason * 1867-1868 Julian Buison * 1868-1869 Benigno de Ocampo * 1869-1870 Isidro Teopaco * 1870-1871 Domiciano Tison * 1871-1872 Florentino Dayrit * 1872-1873 Eustaquio Ricafort * 1873-1874 Pedro Paras y Castro * 1874-1875 Bernardino Singian de Miranda * 1875-1876 Julian Buison * 1877-1879 Anacleto Hizon * 1879-1880 Catalino Henson * 1880-1881 Mariano Custodio * 1881-1882 Saturnino Henson * 1882-1883 Florentino Dayrit * 1883 Pedro Paras * 1884-1885 Domiciano Tison * 1885 Francisco X. Panlilio * 1886-1887 Anacleto Hizon * 1887-1889 Teodoro Limjuco * 1889-1890 Gregorio Tioleco <br /> </td><td valign=top> PRESIDENTES MUNICIPALES * 1891-1892 Antonio E. Consunji * 1893-1894 Juan Sengson * 1895 Teodoro Limjuco * 1896 Saturnino Henson * 1897 Celso Dayrit (accidental <br /> REPUBLIKA FILIPINA <br />''Pamuntuk ning Balen'' * 1898 Antonio E. Consunji <br /> ''Gubyernu Militar'' <br />ALCALDES * 1899 Enrique Kerr * 1900 Carlos Kerr * 1900 Teodoro Limjuco * 1900-1901 Francisco S. Hizon <br /> 'Gubyernu Civil'' <br />''Pamuntuk ning Balen'' * 1901 Francisco S. Hizon * 1902-1903 Mariano J. Leon Santos * 1904 Juan Sengson * 1905-1906 Eulalio Castro * 1906-1907 Vicente Tiomico * 1908-1909 Pedro Teopaco * 1910-1912 Clemente Ocampo * 1913-1915 ? * 1916-1921 Antonio B. Abad Santos * 1922-1927 Jose M. Valencia * 1928-1931 Antonio B. Abad Santos * 1932-1934 Jose M. Valencia <br /> PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH <br />''Mayor ning Balen'' * 1934-1937 Urbano D. Dizon * 1938-1942 Vivencio B. Cuyugan * 1945 Vivencio B. Cuyugan <br /> ''Panaun Japon'' * 1942-1945 Rodolfo P. Hizon </td><td valign=top> ''Republika ning Filipinas'' <br />''Mayor ning Balen'' * 1946-1955 Rodolfo P. Hizon * 1955 Mariano P. Castro, Sr. * 1956-1959 Dr. Miguel G. Baluyut * 1960-1967 Dr. Jose C. Quiwa * 1967-1969 Levi Panlilio * 1969-1971 Atty. Virgilio L. Sanchez * 1971 Luis Gopiao * 1972-1980 Armando P. Biliwang * 1980-1982 Col. Amante S. Bueno (OIC) * 1982-1983 Atty. Vicente A. Macalino (OIC) * 1983-1986 Atty. Virgilio L. Sanchez * 1986-1987 Atty. Paterno S. Guevara(Appointed) * 1987-1988 Dr. Rodolfo P. Canlas (Appointed) * 1988-1995 Atty. Paterno S. Guevara * 1995-2001 Dr. Jesus Reynaldo B. Aquino <br /> ''Lakanbalen Mayor'' * 2001-2004 Dr. Jesus Reynaldo B. Aquino * 2004-Present Atty. Oscar S. Rodriguez </td></tr></table> == Edukasyon == === Colegio ampong Universidad === * [[University of the Assumption]] * Data College * San Lorenzo Center for Studies and Schools * City College of San Fernando * Dakal pang aliwa === Secundaria === * Information and Communication Technology High School * Pampanga High School === Elementaria === * St. Scholastica's Academy ==== Mangawang Parul ==== Deng mangawang dakal a parul malyari lang ayan o akit king Unisite Subdivision, Barangay Del Pilar, at king Barangay San Jose at Dolores. ==== Pampanga's Best Meat Processing Plant ==== Ing Pampanga's Best metung yang masanting a lagiu keng pamangawang [[Kapampangan]] tocino at longganiza king [[Filipinas]]. Ining mangawang kakanan karne atiu king Barangay Dela Paz Norte. === Mangaragul a Pipanyalwan === * SM City Pampanga * Robinsons Starmills Pampanga ==Imnu Fernandínu== Ing "Imnu Fernandino" sinulat neng Félix Mauricio Garcia ning Sto. Niño, San Simón, Pampanga. anyang Mayo 29, 1990 Iti pu Metung yang Poesia. Fernandino ing tutu ng Pamagat! adwa la pung Version deni ing Metung pu Kanta ya. Mesulat neman pu ing mesabing Kanta anyang Enero 16, 1996. Elapu mitala kang Felix M. Garcia. Deng mesabing Poesia at Kanta uling iti pu eya Taga San Fernando. I Geronimo "Norming" F. del Rosario ing Megpakilalang Sinulat uling iti pu taga San Fernando ya. I Meynardo Lansangan naman pu ing ginawa keng Tonu ning Kanta. == Panibatan == {{reflist}} == Suglung Palwal == * [https://www.philatlas.com/ PhilAtlas.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161010201809/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23 Local Governance Performance Management System] {{Pampanga}} [[Category:Ding Lakanbalen ning Filipinas]] earw53gtqf67w433ptxdlzumxc71hdf 0 4628 312939 300724 2026-06-14T03:48:48Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 312939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Country | native_name = Jamaica| common_name = Jamaica | image_flag = Flag of Jamaica.svg | image_coat = Jamaica coa.png | image_map = LocationJamaica.png | national_motto = Out of many, one people | national_anthem =''[[Jamaica, Land We Love]]''<br />[[Royal anthem]]: ''[[God Save the King]]'' | official_languages = [[English language|English]] | capital =[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] | latd=17 |latm=59 |latNS=N |longd=76 |longm=48 |longEW=W | largest_city =[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] | government_type =[[Dynastie]] | leader_title1 =[[Prinz von Jamaica]] | leader_title2 = [[Governer von Jamaica]] | leader_title3 = [[Lieutnant 1. der jamaicanischen Army]] | leader_name1 =[[Tom Gehle]] | leader_name2 = [[Usain Bolt]] | leader_name3 = [[Snoop Dogg]] | area_rank =166th | area_magnitude =1 E10 | area=10,991 | areami²= 4,244 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water =1.5 | population_estimate = 2,651,000 | population_estimate_rank = 138th | population_estimate_year = July 2005 | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density =252 | population_densitymi² = 653 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 49th | GDP_PPP = $11.69 billion | GDP_PPP_rank = 131st | GDP_PPP_year= 2005 | GDP_PPP_per_capita =$4,300 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 114th | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | established_event1 =From the [[Würdinghausen]] | established_date1 = [[Frebruar 13.]], [[2017] | HDI =0.738 | HDI_rank = 98th | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI_category =<font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> | currency = [[Jamaican dollar|Dollar]] | currency_code = JMD | country_code = | time_zone = | utc_offset = -5 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | cctld = [[.jm]] | calling_code = [[Area code 876|1-876]] | footnotes = }} == Kasusug Kilwal == * [http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4923.asp Official website of Queen Elizabeth as Queen of Jamaica] * [http://jis.gov.jm/ The Jamaica Information Service (JIS)] * [http://nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/jamaica/ Conservation in Jamaica] {{Wayback|url=http://nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/jamaica/ |date=20061109141728 }}, including ** [http://nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/jamaica/features/ Photos of coral reefs] {{Wayback|url=http://nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/jamaica/features/ |date=20061109085632 }} taken during a rapid ecological assessment * [http://www.liaja.org.jm/ Library and Information Association of Jamaica Website] * [http://www.cabinet.gov.jm/ Cabinet Official Website] * [http://www.jamaicandiaspora.org The Jamaica Diaspora Organization Website] * [http://fiwi.alteroo.com The Jamaican Wiki]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.jamaicanaffairs.com Jamaican Affairs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jamaicanaffairs.com/ |date=20061111143025 }} * [http://www.jamaicancaves.org/ The Jamaican Caves Organisation (JCO)] * [http://www.sos-wildlifejamaica.org.jm/ Seven Oaks Sanctuary for Wildlife, Jamaica (SOS-Jamaica)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sos-wildlifejamaica.org.jm/ |date=20070101134118 }} * [http://pem.org/island/ ''Island Thresholds''] {{Wayback|url=http://pem.org/island/ |date=20060624114357 }}, Peabody Essex Museum’s interactive feature, showcases the work of contemporary Caribbean artists and their exploration of identity, culture, and social justice. {{sisterlinks|Jamaica}} {{Spoken Wikipedia-2|2005-08-23|en-Jamaica-Part-1.ogg|en-Jamaica-Part-2.ogg}} * [http://news.google.com/news?hl=en&ned=us&q=jamaica/ Google News about Jamaica] * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Jamaica Encyclopaedia Britannica - Jamaica Country Page] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html CIA World Fact Book entry on Jamaica] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html |date=20181224150649 }} * [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=18.033360,-76.804379&spn=1.696014,3.689484&t=k&hl=en|detailed Satellite maps on Google] * [http://www.rentarasta.com/ Controversial Jamaica Rastafari documentary] {{West_Indies}} {{Caricom}} {{Commonwealth Realms}} {{G15}} [[Category:1962 establishments]] [[Category:Caribbean countries]] [[Category:Greater Antilles]] [[Category:CARICOM member states]] [[Category:English-speaking countries]] [[Category:Former British colonies]] [[Category:Island countries]] [[Category:Jamaica| ]] [[Category:Constitutional monarchies]] [[Category:G15 nations]] 4exku2u3mlehkwof2nkbnsww8uztl9l 0 6326 312938 312728 2026-06-14T03:48:27Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 312938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses2|Jacksonville}} {{Infobox City |official_name = Jacksonville, Florida |motto = Where Florida Begins |image_skyline = JacksonvilleSkyline.jpg |image_flag Flag_of_Jacksonville,_Florida.png |image_seal = JaxSeal.gif |image_map = Duval County Florida.png |map_caption = Location in the state of [[Florida]] |subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Florida|County]] |subdivision_name = [[United States]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Florida]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Duval County, Florida|Duval]] |leader_title = [[List of mayors of Jacksonville, Florida|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Alvin Brown (US politician)|Alvin Brown]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) |area_magnitude = |area_total = 2264.5 |TotalArea_sq_mi = 885 |area_land = 1962.4 |LandArea_sq_mi = 767 |area_water = 302.1 |population_as_of = 2006 |population_metro = 1348381 |population_total = 834,789 |population_density = 441.58 |timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] |utc_offset_DST = -4 |latd = 30 |latm = 19 |lats = 10 |latNS = N |longd = 81 |longm = 39 |longs = 36 |longEW = W |elevation = 6 |website = http://www.coj.net |footnotes = }} == Lawen ya rin == * [[Duval County, Florida]] * [[Orange Park, Florida]] * [[St. Augustine, Florida]] * [[St. Johns County]] == Notes == <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> == Dakal pang pamamasa == * James B. Cooks, ''Jacksonville: The Consolidation Story, from Civil Rights to the Jaguars,'' University Press of Florida, 2004. * Greg Jenkins, ''Florida's Ghostly Legends And Haunted Folklore: North Florida And St. Augustine,'' Pineapple Press, 2005. * Buddy Martin, ''The Boys from Old Florida: Inside Gator Nation,'' Sports Publishing, 2006 * Herman Mason, Jr., ''African-American Life in Jacksonville,'' Arcadia Publishing, 1997. * Joanelle Mulrain, ''Re-Rooting Life's Journeys'' * ''Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics, and Social Development in Jacksonville, Florida, 1940-1970,'' Greenwood Publishing, 2000. * John Oehser, ''Jags to Riches: The Cinderella Season of the Jacksonville Jaguars,'' St. Martins Press, 1997. * Daniel Schaefer, ''From scratch pads and dreams: A ten year history of the University of North Florida,'' University of North Florida, 1982. * Jules Wagman, ''Jacksonville and Florida's First Coast,'' Windsor Publishing, 1989. * Dr. Caroyln Williams, ''Historic Photos of Jacksonville,'' Turner Publishing Company, 2006. == Dalerayan == * Jacksonville is a dirty, dirty place that smells like underwear. * [http://www.jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/082500/met_axhandle.html 40 years ago this weekend, Jacksonville gave itself a national reputation for violence] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/082500/met_axhandle.html |date=20120606184333 }}. ''The Florida Times-Union''. * DeCamp, David (May 3, 2003). [http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/050303/met_glover.shtml Racial graffiti found at Glover's headquarters] {{Wayback|url=http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/050303/met_glover.shtml |date=20070929100128 }}. ''The Florida Times-Union''. * Foley, Bill; Wood, Wayne (2001). ''The great fire of 1901'' (1st ed.). Jacksonville, Florida: The Jacksonville Historical Society. ISBN 0-9710261-0-6 == Suglung Palwal == {{sisterlinks|Jacksonville, Florida}} === Government resources === * [http://www.coj.net City of Jacksonville Official Website] * [http://www.jsca.org/ Jacksonville Sister Cities Association, Inc] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jsca.org/ |date=20150610083536 }} * [http://www.educationcentral.org/ Duval County Public Schools] {{Wayback|url=http://www.educationcentral.org/ |date=20060926201002 }} * [http://www.myjaxchamber.com/ Jacksonville Chamber of Commerce] * [http://jpl.coj.net/ Jacksonville Public Library] === Non-profits and social services === * [http://www.freshministries.org Fresh Ministries] * [http://www.clarawhitemission.org Clara White Mission] * [http://www.dignityuwear.com Dignity U Wear] * [http://www.jcci.org Jacksonville Community Council, Inc.] * [http://www.habijax.com Habijax] {{Wayback|url=http://www.habijax.com/ |date=20070220034423 }} * [http://www.builderscare.org Builders Care] * [http://www.empowermentfirst.org Empowerment First] {{Wayback|url=http://www.empowermentfirst.org/ |date=20070813010059 }} * [http://www.lssjax.org Lutheran Social Services of Jacksonville] === Matas a Pamagaral === * [http://www.ewc.edu Edward Waters College] * [http://www.jacksonville.edu Jacksonville University] * [http://www.unf.edu University of North Florida] * [http://www.fccj.edu Florida Community College at Jacksonville] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fccj.edu/ |date=20100611165003 }} * [http://www.tbc.edu Trinity Baptist College] * [http://www.artinstitutes.edu/jacksonville/ Art Institute of Jacksonville] {{Wayback|url=http://www.artinstitutes.edu/jacksonville/ |date=20070427091518 }} * [http://www.fcsl.edu Florida Coastal School of Law] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fcsl.edu/ |date=20050924183652 }} * [http://www.jones.edu Jones College] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jones.edu/ |date=20051227034246 }} * [http://www.logos.edu Logos Christian College] === Kalinangan === '''Performing Arts''' * [http://alhambradinnertheatre.com Alhambra Dinner Theatre] {{Wayback|url=http://alhambradinnertheatre.com/ |date=20070404173117 }} * [http://www.floridatheatre.com/ The Florida Theatre] * [http://www.jaxevents.com/jacksonvillearena/ Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jaxevents.com/jacksonvillearena/ |date=20070412050747 }} * [http://www.playersbythesea.org Players by the Sea] * [http://www.ritzlavilla.org Ritz Theatre and LaVilla Museum] * [http://www.rivercityplayhouse.com River City Playhouse] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rivercityplayhouse.com/ |date=20070217202239 }} * [http://www.theatrejax.com Theatre Jacksonville] * [http://www.tealsound.org "The Teal Sound Drum & Bugle Corps] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tealsound.org/ |date=20070504045545 }} '''Art Museums at Galleries''' * [http://www.cummer.org Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens] * [http://www.karpeles.com Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum] * [http://www.lightnermuseum.org Lightner Museum] * [http://www.mocajacksonville.org/ Museum of Contemporary Art Jacksonville] * [http://www.mosh.org Museum of Science and History] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mosh.org/ |date=20110919054850 }} * [http://www.reddiarts.com Reddi Arts Gallery] {{Wayback|url=http://www.reddiarts.com/ |date=20070216091323 }} * [http://www.stellarsgallery.com Stellars Gallery] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stellarsgallery.com/ |date=20070706074315 }} {{Mapit-US-cityscale|30.319406|-81.659999}} {{Duval County, Florida}} {{Florida}} <br /> {{USLargestCities}} [[Category:1791 establishments]] [[Category:1832 establishments]] [[Category:Cities in Duval County, Florida]] [[Category:Coastal cities in the United States]] [[Category:County seats in Florida]] [[Category:Duval County, Florida| ]] [[Category:Jacksonville, Florida| ]] [[Category:Port cities in the United States]] anyqaosf6mwibdc7azz5hm8k6uv5gyc 0 10797 312942 305645 2026-06-14T07:45:52Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 312942 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:sasarul01.jpg|thumb|Metung a ortelanung sasarul king [[Pampanga]] kanitang manga dekadang 1900.]] [[File:Plough.JPG|thumb|Ing pamangamit king sarul a de makina king Mauling (South) Africa. Kapansin-pansin ing gabun a magagambul.]] Ing '''sarul''' (''plough'' king British English, ''plow'' king American English, at ''arado'' king Castila) metung yang [[kasangkapan]] a magagamit king [[pamanasik]] para king mumunang pamangambul king gabun bayu ing pamanialbag kareng bini o pamananam. Metung ya kareng pekamaulagang kasangkapan king keraklan king kasalesayan, at metung ya kareng manimunang panyulung king [[agrikultura]]. Ing mumunang sangkan king pamanyarul yapin pamamaligtad king dake nang makababo ning gabun, ba lang idala king babo deng bayung sustansia, kabang kukutkut la reng e mayap a dikut ampo reng tagan ibat kareng minunang mitanam, ba lang malaso deti. Payanginan ne murin ing gabun, at sasaup ya ba yang lumbat a mabasâ ing gabun. Ngening panaun a iti, paburen deng langi ing asikan a mesarul, at kaibat [[asue (kasangkapan)|asuen]] ya bayu ya tamnan. Aniang mumuna, igutan dong [[baka]] o [[damulag]] deng sarul, at kaibat, [[kabayu]]. Kareng bangsang industrialisadu, ing enerhia ibat king singo (''steam'') ing minunang de makinang paralan, kapamilatan da reng ''[[ploughing engine]]'' o ''[[steam tractor]]'', dapot bagia-bagia lang mialilan deti kareng [[traktora]]. Kareng mengalabasan a aduang dekada, mababawasan na ing pamangamit kareng traktora kareng aliwang lugal, at miayalilan iti king mas mababong pamaniarul at aliwa pang paralan ning pamangambul. Gagamitan da la reng sarul angga king lalam dayatmalat, para king pamamili kareng [[w:submarine cable|kabli]], ampo king pamagsadia king gabun para king [[side-scan sonar]]{{Fact|date=November 2007}} ketang metung a prosesu king [[w:oil exploration|pamanintun laru]]. [[File:sarul.jpg |thumb|350px|left|Deng dake ning metung a sarul]] == Lon la murin deti == * [[w:Ard (plough)]] (Scratch plough) * [[w:Aratrum]] (Ancient Greek and Roman plough) * [[w:Sokha]] (Old Russian scratch-plough) * [[w:Snowplow]] * [[w:Ridge and furrow]] * [[w:Railroad plough]] * [[w:Foot plough]] * [[w:Museum of Scottish Country Life]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == Pikuanan == *The Genius of China", Robert Temple, Prion Books Limited, ISBN 1-85375-292-4 == Suglung palual == {{commons|Plough|Plough}} *[http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/h/plough.htm The Rotherham Plough] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/h/plough.htm |date=20150924092217 }} – ''the first commercially successful iron plough'' *[http://www.deere.com/en_US/compinfo/history/index.html History of the steel plough] – ''as developed by John Deere in the US'' * [http://www.antiquefarmtools.info/ Breast Ploughs and other antique hand farm tools] {{Wayback|url=http://www.antiquefarmtools.info/ |date=20100324200911 }} *[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ploughs Various types of plough: photos] {{Types of tools}} [[Category:Farming tools]] f1eqvksxi3idaneckda0azp1zonbqmx 0 14175 312935 311822 2026-06-14T01:50:42Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 312935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spanish city | image_skyline = | image_skyline_size = | image_skyline_caption = | native_name = Colindres| spanish_name = Colindres| nickname = | city_motto = | city_motto_means = | image_flag = Banderacolindres.png| image_flag_size = 115px| image_coat_of_arms = Escudo_colindres.PNG| image_coat_of_arms_size = 90px| image_city_map = Colindres (Cantabria) Mapa.svg | image_city_map_size = 240px| image_city_map_caption = Karinan ning Colindres| lat_long = | time_zone = | time_zone_summer = | founded = | native_language = Spanish| community = Cantabria| community_link = Cantabria| province = Cantabria| province_link = Cantabria| comarca = Eastern coast| comarca_link = Eastern coast of Cantabria| divisions = | neighborhoods = | mayor = José Ángel Hierro| political_party = PSOE| political_party_link = Spanish Socialist Workers' Party| area = 6,6| altitude = 10 | population = 7.235| date-population = 2007| population-ranking = | density = 1.096,2| date-density = 2007| website = http://www.colindres.com/| postal_code = 39750| area_code = | }} Ing '''Colindres''' metung yang balen atiu king pangulung [[Provinces of Spain|lalwigan ning Espanya]] ampong [[autonomous communidad ning [[Cantabria]]. Agpang keng [[2007]] [[sensus]], ing lakanbalen atin yang populasiun a 7200 a pakatuknang. ==Kapataad a Lakanablen== *'''[[Le haillan]]''', [[France]] == Suglung Palual == *[http://www.colindres.com/ Ayuntamiento de Colindres] *[http://www.sauga.es/index.htm/ SAUGA Folk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sauga.es/index.htm/ |date=20060430001810 }} *[http://www.cantabriajoven.com/colindres/index.html ''Bienvenidos a Colindres''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cantabriajoven.com/colindres/index.html |date=20070210110835 }} – Pictures of Colindres (Spanish) *[http://www.cantabria102municipios.com/oriente/colindres/descripcion_general.htm Colindres] - Cantabria 102 Municipios {{coord|43.395833|-3.448611|type:city|display=title}} *[http://www.grupoincera.com/jms/wwwcolindres/colindres.htm ''Paseando por Colindres''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.grupoincera.com/jms/wwwcolindres/colindres.htm |date=20070516002826 }} {{Cantabria-stub}} {{Cantabria}} [[Category:Balen king Cantabria]] 99ttapaboxekeyt7obaxoyj5jjab3ew 0 14234 312934 311058 2026-06-14T00:23:33Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 312934 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Llegada a la Villa de Azuébar (Castellón).jpg|thumb|Azuébar]] [[File:Centro de Salud de Azuébar.jpg|thumb|Azuébar]] Ing '''Azuébar''' metung yang [[municipalities of Spain|balen]] king''[[comarca]]'' ning [[Alto Palancia]], [[Castellón (lalawigan)|Castellón]], [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], [[Espania]]. {{Valencia-geo-stub}} {{Alt Palancia}} The official web page of Azuébar: http://www.azuebar.es {{Wayback|url=http://www.azuebar.es/ |date=20200708174941 }} {{coord|39|50|N|0|22|W|display=title|region:ES_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Balen king Castellón]] [[Category:Alto Palancia]] nwsd9hjp77wbc6uluwcp1uwojznnpbw 0 17924 312933 310870 2026-06-13T23:18:14Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 312933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty |name = Abdullah II |image = Abdullah II Cropped.jpg |caption = I Abdullah II bin Al-Husseinaniang 2001 |succession = [[Listahan da reng ari ning Jordan|Ari ning Jordan]] |reign = 7 Febrero 1999 – king kasalukuyan |cor-type = Coronation |coronation = 9 Junio 1999 |predecessor = [[Hussein ning Jordan|Hussein]] |suc-type = Heir apparent |successor = [[Hussein bin Abdullah, Crown Prince of Jordan|Crown Prince Hussein]] |reg-type = {{nowrap|[[List of Prime Ministers of Jordan|Prime Ministers]]}} |regent = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1=[[Fayez al-Tarawneh]]<br>[[Abdelraouf al-Rawabdeh]]<br>[[Ali Abu al-Ragheb]]<br>[[Faisal al-Fayez]]<br>[[Adnan Badran]]<br>[[Marouf al-Bakhit]]<br>[[Nader al-Dahabi]]<br>[[Samir Rifai]]<br>[[Marouf al-Bakhit]]<br>[[Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh]]<br>[[Fayez al-Tarawneh]]}} |full name = Abdullah bin Hussein bin Talal bin Abdullah bin Hussein bin Ali |spouse = [[Queen Rania of Jordan|Rania Al-Yassin]] |issue-link = #Marriage and children |issue = [[Hussein bin Abdullah, Crown Prince of Jordan|Crown Prince Hussein]]<br>[[Princess Iman bint Al Abdullah|Princess Iman]]<br>[[Princess Salma bint Al Abdullah|Princess Salma]]<br>[[Prince Hashem bin Al Abdullah|Prince Hashem]] |house = [[Hashemite|House of Hashim]] |father = [[Hussein ning Jordan]] |mother = [[Prinsesa Muna al-Hussein]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|1|30|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Amman]], [[Jordan]] |death_date = |death_place = |religion = [[Sunni Islam]] }} I '''Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein''' ({{lang-ar| الملك عبد الله الثاني بن الحسين}}, ''al-Malik ʿAbdullāh aṯ-ṯānī bin al-Ḥusayn''; mibait 30 Enero 1962) ing makalukluk a [[Listahan da reng Ari ning Jordan|Ari]] ning [[Hashemite]] a [[Jordan|Kayarian ning Jordan]]. Megi yang ari anyang 7 Febrero 1999 kamate nang tata na, i [[Hussein of Jordan|Aring Hussein]]. Kayabe ya i Aring Abdullah, a anak nang [[Prinsesa Muna al-Hussein]], king pamilyang [[Hashemite]].<ref name=kingabdulla.jo>Kingabdullah.jo (2006), [http://www.kingabdullah.jo/main.php?main_page=0&lang_hmka1=1 His Majesty King Abdullah II: King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]. Royal Hashemite Court. Retrieved on 14 December 2007</ref> Manibat kanitang 1993, asawa neng Abdullah i [[Reyna Rania ning Jordan]]. == Pipumpunan == {{ahnentafel top|width=100%}} <center>{{ahnentafel-compact5 |style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; |border=1 |boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. '''Abdullah II ning Jordan''' |2= 2. [[Hussein ning Jordan]] |3= 3. [[Prinsesa Muna al-Hussein|Antoinette Avril Gardiner]] |4= 4. [[Talal ning Jordan]] |5= 5. [[Zein al-Sharaf Talal|Zein al-Sharaf]] |6= 6. Walter Percy Gardiner |7= 7. Doris Elizabeth Sutton |8= 8. [[Abdullah I ning Jordan]] |9= 9. [[Musbah bint Nasser]] |10= 10. Jamal 'Ali bin Nasser, [[Sharif ning Mecca]], Gobernador ning [[Hauran]] |11= 11. Wijdan Shakir Pasha |12= 12. Arthur Gardiner |13= 13. Mabel Jane Tovell |14= 14. Arthur Sutton |15= 15. Dora Elizabeth Alderton |16= 16. [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif ning Mecca]] |17= 17. Abdiya bint Abdullah |18= 18. Amir Nasser [[Pasha]], [[Sharif ning Mecca]] |19= 19. Dilber Khanum |20= 20. Amir Nasser [[Pasha]], [[Sharif ning Mecca]] (= 18) |21= 21. Dilber Khanum (= 19) |22= 22. Shakir [[Pasha]], Gobernador ning [[Cyprus]] |23= 23. |24= 24. John Gardiner |25= 25. Esther Scarph |26= 26. Daniel Tovell |27= 27. Ada Alberta King |28= 28. Josiah Sutton |29= 29. Elizabeth Able |30= 30. Augustus Alderton |31= 31. Gertrude Ruth Green }}</center> {{ahnentafel bottom}} == Milimbag a Obra == * al-Hussein, Abdullah II bin. ''[[Our Last Best Chance|Our Last Best Chance: The Pursuit of Peace in a Time of Peril]]'', New York City: Viking Adult, 2011. ISBN 978-0-670-02171-0 == Lon la murin == * [[Hashemite]] * [[Aring Hussein]] == Dalerayan == {{Reflist|2}} == Karagdagang babasan == ** Robins, Philip. ''A History of Jordan'', Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-59895-8 == Suglung palwal == {{wikisource author|Abdullah II}} {{commons|Abdullah II}} {{wikinews|Jordanian king dissolves parliament, calls for general election two years ahead of schedule}} * [http://www.kingabdullah.jo/ Official website of his majesty King Abdullah II] * [http://www.kingabdullah.jo/main.php?main_page=0&lang_hmka1=1 The Family Line of HIH King Abdullah] * {{C-SPAN|abdullahii}} * {{Charlie Rose view|1803}} * {{IMDb name|2291323}} * {{Guardiantopic|world/king-abdullah}} * {{NYTtopic|people/a/_abdullah_ii}} * {{Worldcat id|lccn-nr00-10766}} * {{Nndb|343/000028259}} * [http://www.kingsacademy.edu.jo King's Academy] * [http://www.wargs.com/royal/muna.html Ancestry of Antoinette Avril Gardiner (born 1941)] * [http://www.youtube.com/user/KingAbdullahII His Majesties official channel] * [http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/Abdullah_ibn_Hussein.htm King Abdullah II of Jordan coins] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/Abdullah_ibn_Hussein.htm |date=20120811133350 }} ;Artikulu * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/norfolk/3528613.stm King of Jordan meets troops in UK] * [http://www.meforum.org/article/688 ''Middle East Quarterly'' interview with King Abdullah II: "Iraq is the Battleground – the West against Iran"] * [http://www.freearabvoice.org/cpjOpenLetter.htm A letter from the Committee to Protect Journalists directed to King Abdullah] {{Wayback|url=http://www.freearabvoice.org/cpjOpenLetter.htm |date=20120224193910 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030710072123/http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engmde160012002 Amnesty International report on alleged violations of human rights in Jordan under King Abdullah] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/723520.stm King sees shared Jerusalem] * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/13/AR2005091301810.html Jordan's King Abdullah Pushes for Moderation] {{Memoryalpha}} {{2010–2011 Middle East and North Africa protests}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[Hashemite|House of Hashim]]|4 February|1962}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Hussein of Jordan|Hussein]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Listahan da reng ari ning Jordan|Ari ning Jordan]]|years=1999–kasalukuyan}} {{s-inc|heir={{nowrap|[[Hussein bin Al Abdullah, Crown Prince of Jordan|Hussein bin Al Abdullah]]}}|heir-type=Heir apparent}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abdullah II ning Jordan}} [[Category:1962 kebaitan]] [[Category:13th/18th Royal Hussars officers]] [[Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford]] [[Category:Chevaliers of the Order of Merit]] [[Category:Collars of the Order of the Chrysanthemum‎]] [[Category:Current national leaders]] [[Category:Deerfield Academy alumni]] [[Category:Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni]] [[Category:Field Marshals]] [[Category:House of Hashim]] [[Category:Jordanian Muslims]] [[Category:Jordanian people of English descent]] [[Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]] [[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Category:Kings of Jordan]] [[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav]] [[Category:Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] [[Category:Mabieng tau]] [[Category:Marshals of the air force]] [[Category:People educated at St Edmund's School, Hindhead]] [[Category:People from Amman]] [[Category:Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Seraphim]] [[Category:Reigning monarchs]] [[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] [[Category:Sashes of the Order of the Star of Romania]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise]] ircjxpjceo6gmheccrgox5jzmmvw5tw 0 18041 312943 311724 2026-06-14T07:47:32Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 312943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |common_name = Scotland |image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg |flag_width = 127px |image_coat = Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg |symbol_width = 118px |symbol_type = Coat of Arms |national_motto = <small>''[[In My Defens God Me Defend]]'' ([[Scots language|Scots]])<br />(often shown abbreviated as '''''In Defens''''')</SMALL> |national_anthem = None (''[[de jure]]'')<br />Various ''de facto'' – see [[National anthem of Scotland]] and note ¹ |image_map = Scotland in the UK and Europe.svg |map_caption = |capital = [[Edinburgh]] |latd=55| latm=57 |latNS=N |longd=3 |longm=10 |largest_city = [[Glasgow]] |latd=55| latm=57 |latNS=N |longd=3 |longm=12 |longEW=W |official_languages = [[Scottish English|English]] |regional_languages = [[Scottish Gaelic]], [[Scots language|Scots]]² |ethnic_groups = 89% Scottish, 7% English, Irish, [[Welsh people|Welsh]], 4% other |ethnic_groups_year = |demonym = [[Scottish people|Scottish or Scots]]³ |government_type = [[Scottish devolution|Devolved government]] within a [[constitutional monarchy]]⁴ |leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch]] |leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]]<!--The name of the current monarch is always "Elizabeth II" a consensus on this has been reached NUMEROUS times on the discussion page; please bring up any disagreements there. DO NOT EDITWAR--> |leader_title2 = [[First Minister of Scotland|First Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Alex Salmond]] [[Members of the 4th Scottish Parliament|MSP]] |legislature = [[Scottish Parliament]] |legislature2 = [[UK Parliament]] |leader_title4 = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] |leader_name4 = [[David Cameron]], [[MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2010|MP]] |sovereignty_type = Establishment |sovereignty_note = [[Scotland in the Early Middle Ages|Early Middle Ages]]; exact date of establishment [[Origins of the Kingdom of Alba|unclear or disputed]]; [[national myth|traditional]] 843, by [[King Kenneth MacAlpin]] |area_rank = |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 78,387 |area_sq_mi = 30,414 |percent_water = 1.9 |population_estimate = 5,404,700 |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = mid-2016 |population_census = 5,062,011 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density_km2 = 65.9 |population_density_sq_mi = 170.8 |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = [[GBP]] 139.774 billion |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2010 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = 26,766 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |HDI = |HDI_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_category = |currency = [[Pound sterling]] |currency_code = GBP |time_zone = GMT |utc_offset = 0 |time_zone_DST = BST |DST_note = |utc_offset_DST = +1 |date_format =dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]] or [[Common Era|CE]]) |drives_on =left |cctld = [[.uk]]⁵ |calling_code = 44 |patron_saint = [[Saint Andrew|St Andrew]] |footnote1 = ''[[Flower of Scotland]]'', ''[[Scotland the Brave]]'' and ''[[Scots Wha Hae]]'' have been used in lieu of an official anthem. |footnote2 = English is the official language of the United Kingdom. }} ==Suglung Palual== {{Sister project links|Scotland}} *[http://www.visitscotland.com/ Visit Scotland] – official site of Scotland's national tourist board *[http://www.scotreferendum.com/ Your Scotland, Your Referendum] – official website on independence referendum consultation *[http://maps.nls.uk/ Maps] {{Wayback|url=http://maps.nls.uk/ |date=20201030051111 }} and [http://www.nls.uk/digitallibrary/index.html digital collections] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nls.uk/digitallibrary/index.html |date=20060206175033 }} at the [[National Library of Scotland]] *[http://www.nas.gov.uk/ National Archives of Scotland] – official site of the [[National Archives of Scotland]] *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Scotland}} *[http://www.scrol.gov.uk/ Scottish Census Results On Line] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/ |date=20080704124556 }} – official government site for Scotland's census results *[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/resource/doc/76169/0019773.pdf Scottish economic statistics 2005] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/resource/doc/76169/0019773.pdf |date=20061107194044 }} (pdf) – from the Scottish Executive *[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/ Scottish Government] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/ |date=20080516045815 }} – official site of the [[Scottish Government]] *[http://www.scotland.org/ Scotland.org] – the official online gateway to Scotland, managed by the Scottish Government *[http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/ Scottish Parliament] – official site of the [[Scottish Parliament]] *[http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/ ScotlandsPeople] – official government resource for Scottish genealogy *[http://www.sns.gov.uk/ Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sns.gov.uk/ |date=20031130075512 }} – Scottish Government's programme of small area statistics in Scotland *{{Wikivoyage}} *[http://www.scottish-places.info/ Gazetteer for Scotland] – Extensive guide to the places and people of Scotland, by the [[Royal Scottish Geographical Society]] and [[University of Edinburgh]] {{Scotland topics}} {{United Kingdom topics}} {{United Kingdom constituents and affiliations}} {{British Isles}} {{British peoples}} {{Celtic nations}} {{Scotland subdivisions}} {{English official language clickable map}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} {{Use British English|date=May 2012}} [[Category:Scotland| ]] [[Category:Pisanmetung a Ka-arian]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Scots-speaking countries]] [[Category:Celtic nations]] [[Category:Autonomous regions]] ez1pbzgy2hq9o9bdvyxgi08uae0iz46 0 23396 312941 312014 2026-06-14T04:26:00Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 312941 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Karen Black (1973).jpg|thumb|right|I Karen Black (1973)]] I '''Karen Blanche Black''' (née Ziegler; Hulyo 1, 1939 – Agosto 8, 2013) metung yang Amerikanang aktres, awtor, kompositor at singer. == Pelikula == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Taon ! width="25%" |Titulo ! width="17%" |Papel ! width="20%" |Direktor !Mga Nota ! class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |1960 |''The Prime Time'' |Betty - Painted Woman |{{sortname|Gordon|Weisenborn}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2">{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Person/91906-Karen-Black?sid=4ff52de9-284c-40b2-a6ba-862a4708becb&sr=11.050974&cp=1&pos=0&cxt=Cast1|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|title=Karen Black filmography|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190821095500/https://catalog.afi.com/Person/91906-Karen-Black?sid=4ff52de9-284c-40b2-a6ba-862a4708becb&sr=11.050974&cp=1&pos=0&cxt=Cast1|archive-date=August 21, 2019|access-date=August 21, 2019|url-status=live|accessdate=April 7, 2020|archivedate=August 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190821095500/https://catalog.afi.com/Person/91906-Karen-Black?sid=4ff52de9-284c-40b2-a6ba-862a4708becb&sr=11.050974&cp=1&pos=0&cxt=Cast1}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1966 |''[[You're a Big Boy Now]]'' |Amy Partlett |{{sortname|Francis Ford|Coppola}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1969 |''[[Hard Contract]]'' |Ellen |{{sortname|S. Lee|Pogostin|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1969 |''[[Easy Rider]]'' |Karen |{{sortname|Dennis|Hopper}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1970 |''[[Five Easy Pieces]]'' |Rayette Dipesto |{{sortname|Bob|Rafelson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1971 |''[[Drive, He Said]]'' |Olive |{{sortname|Jack|Nicholson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1971 |''[[A Gunfight]]'' |Jenny Simms |{{sortname|Lamont|Johnson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1971 |''[[Born to Win]]'' |Parm |{{sortname|Ivan|Passer}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1972 |''[[Cisco Pike]]'' |Sue |{{sortname|Bill L.|Norton}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1972 |''[[Portnoy's Complaint (film)|Portnoy's Complaint]]'' |Mary Jane Reid |{{sortname|Ernest|Lehman}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1973 |''[[Little Laura and Big John]]'' |Laura |{{hlist|{{sortname|Luke|Moberly|nolink=yes}}|{{sortname|Bob|Woodburn|nolink=yes}}}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1973 |''[[The Pyx]]'' |Elizabeth Lucy |{{sortname|Harvey|Hart}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Segrave|Martin|1990|p=89}} |- ! scope="row" |1973 |''[[The Outfit (1973 film)|The Outfit]]'' |Bett Harrow |{{sortname|John|Flynn|John Flynn (director)}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1974 |''[[Rhinoceros (film)|Rhinoceros]]'' |Daisy |{{sortname|Tom|O'Horgan}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1974 |''[[The Great Gatsby (1974 film)|The Great Gatsby]]'' |Myrtle Wilson |{{sortname|Jack|Clayton}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1974 |''[[Law and Disorder (1974 film)|Law and Disorder]]'' |Gloria |{{sortname|Ivan|Passer|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1974 |''[[Airport 1975]]'' |Nancy Pryor |{{sortname|Jack|Smight}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1975 |''[[Trilogy of Terror]]'' |Julie / Millicent Larimore/ Therese Larimore / Amelia |{{sortname|Dan|Curtis}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|date=January 4, 1975|title=Terror film for Karen Black|p=15|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24409036/calgary_herald/|work=[[Calgary Herald]]|location=Calgary, Alberta|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1975 |''[[The Day of the Locust (film)|The Day of the Locust]]'' |Faye Greener |{{sortname|John|Schlesinger}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1975 |''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]'' |Connie White |{{sortname|Robert|Altman}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1976 |''[[Crime and Passion]]'' |Susan Winters |{{sortname|Ivan|Passer|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1976 |''[[Family Plot]]'' |Fran |{{sortname|Alfred|Hitchcock}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1976 |''[[Burnt Offerings (film)|Burnt Offerings]]'' |Marian Rolf |{{sortname|Dan|Curtis|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1977 |''[[Capricorn One]]'' |Judy Drinkwater |{{sortname|Peter|Hyams}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1977 |''[[The Strange Possession of Mrs. Oliver]]'' |Miriam Oliver |{{sortname|Gordon|Hessler}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2">{{cite web|work=[[British Film Institute]]|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f5bd290|title=Karen Black Filmography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408041308/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f5bd290|archive-date=April 8, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1977 |''Because He's My Friend'' |Anne |{{sortname|Ralph|Nelson}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1978 |''[[The Rip-Off]]'' |Clarisse Saunders |{{sortname|Antonio|Margheriti}} |Also known as: ''The Squeeze'' | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Curti|2013|p=253}} |- ! scope="row" |1978 |''[[In Praise of Older Women (1978 film)|In Praise of Older Women]]'' |Maya |{{sortname|George|Kaczender}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Segrave|Martin|1990|p=90}} |- ! scope="row" |1979 |''[[Killer Fish]]'' |Kate Neville |{{sortname|Antonio|Margheriti|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Segrave|Martin|1990|p=90}} |- ! scope="row" |1979 |''[[The Last Word (1979 film)|The Last Word]]'' |Paula Herbert |{{sortname|Roy|Boulting}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1979 |''Mr. Horn'' |Ernestina Crawford |{{sortname|Jack|Starrett}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=370}} |- ! scope="row" |1980 |''[[Police Story: Confessions of a Lady Cop]]'' |Officer Evelyn Carter |{{sortname|Lee H.|Katzin}} |Television film Also known as: ''The Other Side of Fear'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1980 |''Power'' |Rose Vanda-Buchanan |{{hlist|{{sortname|Barry|Shear}}|{{sortname|Virgil W.|Vogel}}}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1980 |''Where the Ladies Go'' |Helen |{{sortname|Theodore J.|Flicker}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1981 |''Separate Ways'' |Valentine Colby |{{sortname|Howard|Avedis}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Segrave|Martin|1990|p=91}} |- ! scope="row" |1981 |''[[Killing Heat]]'' |Mary Turner |{{sortname|Michael|Raeburn|nolink=yes}} |Also known as: ''The Grass is Singing'' | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=314}} |- ! scope="row" |1981 |''[[Chanel Solitaire]]'' |[[Émilienne d’Alençon]] |{{sortname|George|Kaczender|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1982 |''[[The Last Horror Film]]'' |Herself |{{sortname|David|Winters|David Winters (choreographer)}} |Uncredited | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailydead.com/drive-dust-offs-last-horror-film-1982/|work=Daily Dead|title=Drive-In Dust Offs: The Last Horror Film|last=Drebit|first=Scott|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822072842/https://dailydead.com/drive-dust-offs-last-horror-film-1982/|archive-date=August 22, 2019|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1982 |''[[Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (film)|Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean]]'' |Joanne |{{sortname|Robert|Altman|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1982 |''Miss Right'' |Amy |{{sortname|Paul|Williams|Paul Williams (director)}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=370}} |- ! scope="row" |1983 |''[[Can She Bake a Cherry Pie?]]'' |Zee |{{sortname|Henry|Jaglom}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1984 |''[[Bad Manners (1984 film)|Bad Manners]]'' |Gladys Fitzpatrick |{{sortname|Robert|Houston|Robert Houston (actor)}} |Also known as: ''Growing Pains'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1984 |''A Stroke of Genius'' | |{{sortname|Jyll|Rosenfeld|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Riggs|2000|p=42}} |- ! scope="row" |1984 |''There's Something Wrong in Paradise'' |Gina Gina | |Television musical film with [[Kid Creole]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1984 |''Full Circle Again'' |{{Unknown|align=left}} |{{sortname|William|Fruet}} |Television film; co-starring with [[Robert Vaughn]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35181828/st_louis_postdispatch/|work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|location=St. Louis, Missouri|title=Cable TV Listings: Full Circle Again|date=August 19, 1987|p=6SC|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1985 |''[[Martin's Day]]'' |Karen |{{sortname|Alan|Gibson|Alan Gibson (director)}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1985 |''[[Cut and Run (film)|Cut and Run]]'' |Karin |{{sortname|Ruggero|Deodato}} |Italian title: ''Inferno in diretta'' | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=131}} |- ! scope="row" |1985 |''[[The Blue Man (film)|The Blue Man]]'' |Janus |{{sortname|George|Mihalka}} |Also known as: ''Eternal Evil'' | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=189}} |- ! scope="row" |1985 |''[[Savage Dawn]]'' |Rachel |{{sortname|Simon|Nuchtern}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=482}} |- ! scope="row" |1986 |''The Flight of the Spruce Goose'' |Gloria |{{sortname|Lech|Majewski}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1986 |''[[Invaders from Mars (1986 film)|Invaders from Mars]]'' |Linda Magnusson |{{sortname|Tobe|Hooper}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1986 |''Hostage'' |Laura Lawrence |{{hlist|{{sortname|Hanro|Möhr|nolink=yes}}|{{sortname|Percival|Rubens|nolink=yes}}}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1987 |''[[It's Alive III: Island of the Alive]]'' |Ellen Jarvis |{{sortname|Larry|Cohen}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1988 |''[[The Invisible Kid]]'' |Deborah Dunn |{{sortname|Avery|Krounse|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1988 |''Dixie Lanes'' |Zelma Putnam |{{sortname|Don|Cato|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1988 |''[[Out of the Dark (1989 film)|Out of the Dark]]'' |Ruth Wilson |{{sortname|Michael|Schroeder|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1989 |''[[Homer and Eddie]]'' |Belle |{{sortname|Andrei|Konchalovsky}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1989 |''The Legendary Life of Ernest Hemingway'' |[[Martha Gelhorn]] |{{sortname|José María|Sánchez|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1989 |''Trust Me'' |Jilter woman |{{sortname|Robert|Houston|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Overexposed'' |Mrs. Trowbridge |{{sortname|Larry|Brand|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Twisted Justice'' |Mrs. Granger |{{sortname|David|Heavener}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''[[Zapped Again!]]'' |Substitute Teacher |{{sortname|Doug|Campbell|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Night Angel'' |Rita |{{sortname|Dominique|Othenin-Girard}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''[[Club Fed (film)|Club Fed]]'' |Sally Rich |{{sortname|Nat|Christian}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''[[Mirror, Mirror (1990 film)|Mirror, Mirror]]'' |Susan Gordon |{{sortname|Marina|Sargenti}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Pretty Hattie's Baby'' | |{{sortname|Ivan|Passer|nolink=yes}} |Unreleased | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''[[The Children (1990 film)|The Children]]'' |Sybil Lullmer |{{sortname|Tony|Palmer}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''The Covenant'' | |{{sortname|Chris|Peschken|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Haunting Fear'' |Dr. Julia Harcourt |{{sortname|Fred Olen|Ray|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Fatal Encounter'' |Joan Caldwell |{{sortname|Henri|Charr}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Evil Spirits'' |Ella Purdy |{{sortname|Gary|Graver}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''Quiet Fire'' |Kim Martino |{{sortname|Lawrence|Hilton-Jacobs}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''The Killer's Edge'' |Barrett |{{sortname|Joseph|Merhi}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''Dead Girls Don't Tango'' |Inspector Wilson |{{sortname|John|Carr|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''Caged Fear'' |Blanche |{{sortname|Robert|Houston|nolink=yes}} |Also known as: ''Hotel Oklahoma'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''[[Rubin and Ed]]'' |Rula |{{sortname|Trent|Harris}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''[[Children of the Night (1991 film)|Children of the Night]]'' |Karen Thompson |{{sortname|Tony|Randel}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''[[The Roller Blade Seven]]'' |Tarot |{{sortname|Donald G.|Jackson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1992 |''[[The Player (1992 film)|The Player]]'' |Herself |{{sortname|Robert|Altman|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1992 |''Tuesday Never Comes'' |Michelle |{{sortname|Jason|Holt|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Heavy.com]]|title=Worst Of Netflix: Tuesday Never Comes|last=Sims|first=Chris|date=March 8, 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823004241/https://heavy.com/entertainment/2010/03/worst-of-netflix-tuesday-never-comes/|archive-date=August 23, 2019|url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/2010/03/worst-of-netflix-tuesday-never-comes/|access-date=August 23, 2019|url-status=live|accessdate=April 7, 2020|archivedate=August 23, 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190823004241/https://heavy.com/entertainment/2010/03/worst-of-netflix-tuesday-never-comes/}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1992 |''[[Judgement (1992 film)|Judgement]]'' |Tiffany Powers |{{sortname|William|Sachs}} |Also known as: ''Hitz'' | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=267}} |- ! scope="row" |1992 |''Auntie Lee's Meat Pies'' |Auntie Lee |{{sortname|Joseph F.|Robertson|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=31}} |- ! scope="row" |1992 |''[[The Legend of the Roller Blade Seven]]'' |Tarot |{{sortname|Donald G.|Jackson|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Armstrong|Armstrong|2015|pages=172–173}} |- ! scope="row" |1992 |''[[The Double 0 Kid]]'' |Mrs. Elliot |{{sortname|Dee|McLachlan}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1993 |''Bound and Gagged: A Love Story'' |Carla |{{sortname|Daniel B.|Appleby|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1993 |''[[The Trust (1993 film)|The Trust]]'' |Maria Vandermeer |{{hlist|{{sortname|Neil|Havens|nolink=yes}}|{{sortname|Douglas|Killgore|nolink=yes}}}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1993 |''[[Return of the Roller Blade Seven]]'' |Tarot |{{sortname|Donald G.|Jackson|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Armstrong|Armstrong|2015|pages=172–173}} |- ! scope="row" |1993 |''Movies Money Murder'' |Bettie |{{hlist|{{sortname|Stephen|Eckelberry|nolink=yes}}|{{sortname|Arthur|Webb|nolink=yes}}}} |Also producer Also known as: ''Breaking Up with Paul'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1994 |''Too Bad About Jack'' |Inspector Wilson |{{sortname|John|Carr|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1995 |''[[Plan 10 from Outer Space]]'' |Nehor |{{sortname|Trent|Harris|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1995 |''The Wacky Adventures of Dr. Boris and Nurse Shirley'' |Evelyn |{{sortname|Paul|Leder}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1995 |''Dream Catcher'' | |{{sortname|John|Piedlow|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1995 |''Starstruck'' |Bertha |{{sortname|David|Steiner|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/starstruck-v486062/cast-crew|work=[[AllMovie]]|title=Starstruck: Cast and Crew|archive-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823005905/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/starstruck-v486062/cast-crew|url-status=live|access-date=August 23, 2019|accessdate=April 7, 2020|archivedate=August 23, 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190823005905/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/starstruck-v486062/cast-crew}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1996 |''Sister Island'' |Rose Walsh |{{sortname|Avery|Crounse|nolink=yes}} |Also known as: ''Cries Of Silence'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1996 |''[[Crimetime (film)|Crimetime]]'' |Millicent Hargrave |{{sortname|George|Sluizer}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1996 |''[[Children of the Corn IV: The Gathering]]'' |June Rhodes |{{sortname|Greg|Spence|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1996 |''Every Minute is Goodbye'' |Schubert |{{sortname|Ulli|Lommel}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine|work=[[Video Watchdog]]|issue=43–48|p=47|last1=Lucas|first1=Tim|last2=Lucas|first2=Donna|publisher=Tim and Donna Lucas|title=Reviews: ''Every Minute Is Goodbye''|location=Cincinnati, Ohio|issn=1070-9991}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1996 |''Dinosaur Valley Girls'' |Ro-Kell |{{sortname|Donald F.|Glut}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite book|title=Prehistoric Humans in Film and Television: 581 Dramas, Comedies and Documentaries, 1905-2004|last=Klossner|first=Michael|publisher=McFarland|year=2005|isbn=978-0-786-42215-9|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|p=49}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1996 |''New York Crossing'' |Mrs. Tender |{{sortname|Vinicius|Mainardi|nolink=yes}} |Television film Spanish title: ''Un angelo a New York'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''Greater Than a Tiger'' |Paige |{{sortname|Keith|Odett|nolink=yes}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|work=[[AlloCiné]]|title=Greater Than a Tiger|language=fr|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823010052/http://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=213339.html|archive-date=August 23, 2019|url=http://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=213339.html|access-date=August 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''Stir'' |Dr. Gabrielle Kessler |{{sortname|Rodion|Nakhapetov}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''[[Conceiving Ada]]'' |Lady Byron Mother Coer |{{sortname|Lynn Hershman|Leeson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''[[Men (1997 film)|Men]]'' |Alex |{{sortname|Zoe|Clarke-Williams|nolink=yes}} |Also screenwriter | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''[[Dogtown (film)|Dogtown]]'' |Rose Van Horn |{{sortname|George|Hickenlooper}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''Modern Rhapsody'' |Consuelo |{{hlist|{{sortname|Andrea|Alvarez|nolink=yes}}|{{sortname|Elly|Friedman|nolink=yes}}}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35192499/the_tampa_tribune/|p=1|work=[[The Tampa Tribune]]|location=Tampa, Florida|title=Film festival to screen unfinished dreams|last=Persall|first=Steve|date=June 9, 1997|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Invisible Dad'' |Courtney Whitmer |{{sortname|Fred Olen|Ray}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''[[I Woke Up Early The Day I Died]]'' |Whip Lady |{{sortname|Aris|Iliopolous|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Sugar: The Fall of the West'' | |{{sortname|James|Frey}} | | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''My Neighbor's Daughter'' |Social Worker |{{sortname|Steven|Kovacs|nolink=yes}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/1998/tv/reviews/my-neighbor-s-daughter-1200455953/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=My Neighbor's Daughter|date=November 12, 1998|last=Lovell|first=Glenn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802070359/https://variety.com/1998/tv/reviews/my-neighbor-s-daughter-1200455953/|archive-date=August 2, 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Bury the Evidence'' |The Mother |{{sortname|J. Greg|De Felice|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Malaika'' |Jessica Martin |{{sortname|Marina|Martins|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''[[Charades (film)|Charades]]'' |Jude |{{sortname|Stephen|Eckelberry|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/karen-black-five-easy-pieces-nashville-dies-431637|title='Five Easy Pieces' Actress Karen Black Dies at 74|newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226233250/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/karen-black-five-easy-pieces-nashville-dies-431637|archive-date=December 26, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Waiting for Dr. MacGuffin'' |Dental Assistant |{{sortname|David|Ondaatje|nolink=yes}} |[[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|work=[[British Film Institute]]|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b81ab54b6|title=Waiting for Dr. MacGuffin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202156/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b81ab54b6|archive-date=December 3, 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Lightspeed'' |High Priestess |{{sortname|Roger|Mende|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1999 |''[[The Underground Comedy Movie]]'' |Mother |{{sortname|Vince|Offer}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1999 |''Mascara'' |Aunt Eloise |{{sortname|Linda|Kandel|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1999 |''Paradise Cove'' |Ma |{{sortname|Robert|Clapsadle|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2000 |''[[Fallen Arches (film)|Fallen Arches]]'' |Lucy Romano |{{sortname|Ron|Cosentino|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2000 |''[[Red Dirt (film)|Red Dirt]]'' |Aunt Summer |{{sortname|Tag|Purvis|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2000 |''Oliver Twisted'' |Mrs. Mary Happ |{{sortname|Dean|Gates|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Riggs|2000|p=42}} |- ! scope="row" |2000 |''Inviati speciali'' | |{{sortname|Fred Olen|Ray}} | | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2000 |''[[The Independent (2000 film)|The Independent]]'' |Herself |{{sortname|Stephen|Kessler|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2001 |''The Donor'' |Mrs. Springle |{{sortname|Jean-Marie|Pallardy}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Gale|2007|p=1930}} |- ! scope="row" |2001 |''[[Gypsy 83]]'' |Bambi LeBleau |{{sortname|Todd|Stephens}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2001 |''Hard Luck'' |Aunt Judy |{{sortname|Jack|Rubio|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2001 |''[[Soulkeeper]]'' |Magnificent Martha |{{sortname|Darin|Ferriola|nolink=yes}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Film Threat]]|url=https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/soulkeeper-dvd/|title=Soulkeeper (DVD)|date=February 10, 2002|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823004523/https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/soulkeeper-dvd/|archive-date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2002 |''[[Teknolust]]'' |Dirty Dick |{{sortname|Lynn Hersman|Leeson|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2002 |''[[Curse of the Forty-Niner]]'' |Aunt Nelly |{{sortname|John Carl|Buechler}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2002 |''All Hallow's Eve'' | | | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''[[House of 1000 Corpses]]'' |Mother Firefly |{{sortname|Rob|Zombie}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''[[Paris (2003 film)|Paris]]'' |Chantrelle |{{sortname|Ramin|Niami}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''[[Harold Buttleman, Daredevil Stuntman|Buttleman]]'' |Mrs. Buttleman |{{sortname|Francis|Stokes}} |Also known as: ''Don't Try This at Home'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''[[Summer Solstice (2003 film)|Summer Solstice]]'' |Dr. Sally McDermott |{{sortname|George|Fivas}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Magic City Morning Star]]|url=http://www.magic-city-news.com/Entertainment_8/Waldo_Theatre_Announces_Maine_Premiere_of_Summer_S_39603960.shtml|location=Katadhin, Maine|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823010534/http://www.magic-city-news.com/Entertainment_8/Waldo_Theatre_Announces_Maine_Premiere_of_Summer_S_39603960.shtml|archive-date=August 23, 2019|title=Waldo Theatre Announces Maine Premiere of "Summer Solstice"|date=May 31, 2005|access-date=August 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2004 |''America Brown'' |Marianne Brown |{{sortname|Paul|Black|Paul Black (director)}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2004 |''Birth of Industry'' |Sara |{{sortname|Gabriela|Tollman|nolink=yes}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clevelandfilm.org/films/2005/birth-of-industry|work=[[Cleveland International Film Festival]]|title=Birth of Industry|access-date=August 23, 2019|accessdate=April 7, 2020|archivedate=August 23, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823013256/https://www.clevelandfilm.org/films/2005/birth-of-industry}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''Love Wine'' |Aunt Anita |{{sortname|Mark|McNabb|nolink=yes}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''Carma'' |Kate Burns |{{sortname|Ray Arthur|Wang}} |Voice | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/carma/|work=[[Film Threat]]|title=Carma|date=April 11, 2006|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823010644/https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/carma/|archive-date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''[[My Suicidal Sweetheart]]'' |Grace's Mom |{{sortname|Michael|Parness|nolink=yes}} |Also known as: ''Crazy for Love''; ''Max & Grace'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''Trailer for a Remake of Gore Vidal's Caligula'' |[[Vipsania Agrippina|Agrippina]] |{{sortname|Francesco|Vezzoli}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''[[Firecracker (film)|Firecracker]]'' |Sandra Eleanor |{{sortname|Steve|Balderson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''The Straun House'' |Molly |{{sortname|Jeff|Broadstreet}} |Also known as: ''Dr. Rage'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Dread Central]]|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/4117/dr-rage-2005/|title=Dr. Rage (2005)|author=Condit, Jon|date=March 9, 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823011724/https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/4117/dr-rage-2005/|archive-date=August 23, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2006 |''[[Hollywood Dreams]]'' |Luna |{{sortname|Henry|Jaglom}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2006 |''Read You Like a Book'' |Kate |{{sortname|Robert N.|Zagone}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/read_you_like_a_book|title=Read You Like a Book|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822070136/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/read_you_like_a_book|archive-date=August 22, 2019|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2006 |''Whitepaddy'' |Mrs. Leider |{{sortname|Geretta|Geretta}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineartistes.com/fiche-Karen+Black.html?PHPSESSID=|work=CinéArtistes|title=Karen Black|language=fr|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822070411/http://www.cineartistes.com/fiche-Karen+Black.html?PHPSESSID=|archive-date=August 22, 2019|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live|accessdate=April 7, 2020|archivedate=August 22, 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190822070411/http://www.cineartistes.com/fiche-Karen+Black.html?PHPSESSID=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2007 |''[[Suffering Man's Charity]]'' |Renee |{{sortname|Alan|Cumming}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/suffering-mans-charity-159505|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|title=Review: 'Suffering Man's Charity'|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822070734/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/suffering-mans-charity-159505|archive-date=August 22, 2019|last=DeFore|first=John|date=June 14, 2007|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2007 |''One Long Night'' |Barbara |{{sortname|David|Siqueiros}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/one_long_night|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|title=One Long Night|archive-date=August 22, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822070715/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/one_long_night|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''Contamination'' |Mavis |{{sortname|Rodion|Nakhapetov|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/contamination_2015|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|title=Contamination|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823011608/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/contamination_2015|archive-date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''[[Watercolors (film)|Watercolors]]'' |Mrs. Martin |{{sortname|David|Oliveras}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''The Blue Tooth Virgin'' |Zena |{{sortname|Russell|Brown|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''[[A Single Woman (film)|A Single Woman]]'' |Storyteller |{{sortname|Kamala|Lopez}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_single_woman|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|title=A Single Woman|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823004025/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_single_woman|archive-date=August 23, 2019|access-date=August 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''Meet the Eye'' | |{{sortname|Aïda|Ruilova}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''[[Irene in Time]]'' |Sheila Shivvers |{{sortname|Henry|Jaglom|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''[[Repo Chick]]'' |Aunt de la Chasse |{{sortname|Alex|Cox}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''[[Stuck!]]'' |Next Door Neighbor Lady |{{sortname|Steve|Balderson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Stuck!|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Koehler|first=Robert|date=August 4, 2010|url=https://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/stuck-2-1117943293/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822071937/https://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/stuck-2-1117943293/|archive-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''Double Duty'' |Annabelle |{{sortname|Stephen|Eckelberry|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywood.com/general/los-angeles-screening-of-double-duty-59929287/|work=[[Hollywood.com]]|archive-date=August 22, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822065756/http://www.hollywood.com/general/los-angeles-screening-of-double-duty-59929287/%23/ms-5380/1|title=Los Angeles screening of Double Duty|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''First Time Long Time'' |Dr. Shneidel |{{sortname|James|Demo|nolink=yes}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Tribeca Film Festival]]|url=https://www.tfiny.org/filmmakers/detail/james_demo|title=Filmmakers: James Demo|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822065756/https://www.tfiny.org/filmmakers/detail/james_demo|archive-date=August 22, 2019|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2010 |''Better People'' |Marci |{{sortname|Dorsay|Alavi|nolink=yes}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2010 |''Nothing Special'' |May |{{sortname|Angela Garcia|Combs}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2011 |''[[Some Guy Who Kills People]]'' |Ruth Boyd |{{sortname|Jack|Perez}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2011 |''Letters from the Big Man'' |Sean's Colleague |{{sortname|Christopher|Münch}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|author=Ebert, Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/letters-from-the-big-man-2011|title=Letters from the Big Man|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822070059/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/letters-from-the-big-man-2011|date=November 30, 2011|archive-date=August 22, 2019|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2011 |''Maria My Love'' |Maria |{{sortname|Jasmine|McGlade|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2011/04/meet-the-2011-tribeca-filmmakers-maria-my-love-director-jasmine-mcglade-chazelle-242978/|work=[[Indiewire]]|title=Meet the 2011 Tribeca Filmmakers: "Maria My Love" Director Jasmine McGlade Chazelle|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822065126/https://www.indiewire.com/2011/04/meet-the-2011-tribeca-filmmakers-maria-my-love-director-jasmine-mcglade-chazelle-242978/|archive-date=August 22, 2019|author=Indiewire Staff|date=April 13, 2011|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2012 |''Mommy's Little Monster'' |Mrs. Melnick |{{sortname|Marshall E.|Uzzle|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mommys_little_monster|title=Mommy's Little Monster|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822065152/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mommys_little_monster|archive-date=August 22, 2019|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2012 |''Warnings from the Bathtub'' |Mother |{{hlist|{{sortname|Elizabeth|Appell|nolink=yes}}|{{sortname|Mickey|Freeman|nolink=yes}}}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warningsfromthebathtub.com/cast.html|work=Warnings from the Bathtub Official Site|title=Cast|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822065229/http://www.warningsfromthebathtub.com/cast.html|archive-date=August 22, 2019|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live|accessdate=April 7, 2020|archivedate=August 22, 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190822065229/http://www.warningsfromthebathtub.com/cast.html}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2012 |''Vacationland'' |Louise Bergen |{{sortname|Jaime|Hook|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2013/08/09/five-easy-pieces-star-karen-black-dead-at-74/|work=[[Portland Press Herald|Press Herald]]|location=Portland, Maine|date=August 9, 2013|last=Italie|first=Hillel|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822065427/https://www.pressherald.com/2013/08/09/five-easy-pieces-star-karen-black-dead-at-74/|archive-date=August 22, 2019|title='Five Easy Pieces' Star Karen Black Dead at 74|url-status=live|agency=Associated Press|access-date=August 22, 2019}}{{subscription}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2012 |''[[Dark Blood]]'' |Motel Woman |{{sortname|George|Sluizer|nolink=yes}} |Filmed in 1993 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/river-phoenixs-last-film-dark-blood-finished-357228|title=River Phoenix's Last Film 'Dark Blood' to Debut at Film Festival in September|last=Roxborough|first=Scott|date=August 1, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125205627/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/river-phoenixs-last-film-dark-blood-finished-357228|archive-date=January 25, 2013|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2013 |''OowieWanna'' |The Donna |{{sortname|Bridget|Palardy|nolink=yes}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2013 |''Ooga Booga'' |Mrs. Allardyce |{{sortname|Charles|Band}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Dread Central]]|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/42108/ooga-booga-2013/|access-date=August 22, 2019|title=Ooga Booga (2013)|date=March 7, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2013 |''She Loves Me Not'' |Karla |{{hlist|{{sortname|Brian|Jun}}|{{sortname|Jack|Sanderson|nolink=yes}}}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Film Threat]]|url=https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/she-loves-me-not/|title=She Loves Me Not|archive-date=August 22, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822071240/https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/she-loves-me-not/|date=July 4, 2013|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2013 |''Bottomless Pit'' |Herself |{{sortname|Zach|Hill}} |Unfinished film, shot for musical group [[Death Grips]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spin.com/2015/10/death-grips-bottomless-pit-karen-black-video/|work=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=October 21, 2015|last=Joyce|first=Colin|title=Death Grips Announce ‘Bottomless Pit’ LP|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822071410/https://www.spin.com/2015/10/death-grips-bottomless-pit-karen-black-video/|archive-date=August 22, 2019|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2014 |''Wild in Blue'' |Justine |{{sortname|Matthew|Berkowitz}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wild_in_blue|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|title=Wild in Blue|archive-date=August 22, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822071650/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wild_in_blue|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2014 |''A Walk Into a Split Mind'' |Karen | |Installment in multi-film series ''The Being Experience'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebeingexperience.com/cast|work=The Being Experience|title=Cast|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822071747/http://thebeingexperience.com/cast|archive-date=August 22, 2019|access-date=August 22, 2019|url-status=live|accessdate=April 7, 2020|archivedate=August 22, 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20190822071747/http://thebeingexperience.com/cast}}</ref> |- |} == Telebisyon == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Taon !Titulo !Role !Mga Nota ! class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''[[The F.B.I. (TV series)|The F.B.I.]]'' |Lorraine Chapman |Episode: "The Satellite" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''[[Run for Your Life (TV series)|Run for Your Life]]'' |Jennifer Palmer |Episode: "Tell It to the Dead" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''[[The Big Valley]]'' |Carla |Episode: "Days of Grace" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2">{{cite web|title=Karen Black Credits|work=[[TV Guide]]|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/karen-black/credits/159689/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133632/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/karen-black/credits/159689/|archive-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''[[The Second Hundred Years (TV series)|The Second Hundred Years]]'' |Marcia |2 episodes | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''The Invaders'' |Claudia Stone |Episode: "The Ransom" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''[[Iron Horse (TV series)|Iron Horse]]'' |Patricia Dunne |Episode: "The Prisoners" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1968 |''[[Mannix]]'' |Elaine Tate |Episode: "License to Kill - Limit Three People" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1968 |''[[Judd, for the Defense]]'' |Alethea Staunton |Episode: "The Devil's Surrogate" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1968 |''[[Adam-12]]'' |Susan Decker |Episode: "Log 132: Producer" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1969 |''[[The Name of the Game (TV series)|The Name of the Game]]'' |Monica Garrison |Episode: "Give Till It Hurts" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1972 |''[[Ghost Story (TV series)|Ghost Story]]'' |Barbara Sanders |Episode: "Bad Connection" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1976–1981 |''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' |Herself |4 episodes | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1984–1985 |''[[E/R]]'' |Sheila Sheinfeld |3 episodes | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1985–1987 |''[[Faerie Tale Theatre]]'' |Sea Witch / Interviewee |2 episodes | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1986 |''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' |Dr. Sylvia Dunn |Episode: "One Good Bid Deserves a Murder" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1987 |''[[Worlds Beyond (TV series)|Worlds Beyond]]'' |Lee Jeffreys |Episode: "Suffer, Little Children" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Riggs|2000|p=42}} |- ! scope="row" |1989 |''[[Miami Vice]]'' |Helen Jackson |Episode: "Victims of Circumstance" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''[[ABC Weekend Special]]'' |Miss Kuchenbacker |Episode: "Ralph S. Mouse" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Riggs|2000|p=42}} |- ! scope="row" |1993 |''[[In the Heat of the Night (TV series)|In the Heat of the Night]]'' |Carla Ray |Episode: "A Dish Best Served Cold" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1993 |''[[Moon Over Miami (TV series)|Moon Over Miami]]'' |Lorraine Pitzer |Episode: "Watching the Detectives" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Riggs|2000|p=42}} |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''[[The Hunger (TV series)|The Hunger]]'' |Miss Gati / Landlady |Episode: "Menage a Trois" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''[[Profiler (TV series)|Profiler]]'' |Evie Long |Episode: "Cycle of Violence" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''[[Party of Five]]'' |Doreen Jablonsky |Episode: "One Christmas, to Go" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1999 |''[[Rude Awakening (TV series)|Rude Awakening]]'' |Crystal Garcia |2 episodes | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''[[Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]'' |Vera Morgan |Episode: "Con-Text" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''Russians in the City of Angels'' |Patricia Sommers |Episode: "Priklyuchenie" | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2010 |''[[Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!]]'' |Jennifer |Episode: "Choices" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- |} == Entablado == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Taon !Titulo !Role !Mga nota ! class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |1961 |''Take Her, She's Mine'' |Liza Michaelson / Linda Lehman / Adele McDougall (understudy) |[[Samuel J. Friedman Theatre|Biltmore Theatre]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="pb2">{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/person/karen-black-vault-0000046849|work=[[Playbill]]|title=Karen Black|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314114845/http://www.playbill.com/person/karen-black-vault-0000046849|archive-date=March 14, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1965 |''The Playroom'' |Judy |[[Brooks Atkinson Theatre]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="pb2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1966 |''Happily Never After'' |Sarah Mills |[[Eugene O'Neill Theatre]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="pb2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''Keep It in the Family'' |Hilda Brady |[[Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre|Plymouth Theatre]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="pb2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1982 |''[[Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (play)|Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean]]'' |Joanne |[[Al Hirschfeld Theatre|Martin Beck Theater]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="pb2" /> |- |} ==Dalerayan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Dalerayan na libro== * {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Film Themes, Settings and Series|last1=Armstrong|first1=Richard B.|last2=Armstrong|first2=Mary Williams|publisher=McFarland|year=2015|isbn=978-1-476-61230-0|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Italian Crime Filmography, 1968-1980|last=Curti|first=Roberto|publisher=McFarland|year=2013|isbn=978-1-476-61208-9|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Video Sourcebook|last=Gale|first=Thomson|publisher=Gale Publishing Group|year=2007|isbn=978-1-414-40099-0|edition=39th|location=Detroit, Michigan|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/postfeministholl0000segr|title=The Post-Feminist Hollywood Actress: Biographies and Filmographies of Stars Born After 1939|last1=Segrave|first1=Kerry|last2=Martin|first2=Linda|publisher=McFarland|year=1990|isbn=978-0-899-50387-5|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|ref=harv|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|title=The Complete Actors' Television Credits, 1948-1988 – Actresses|last1=Terrace|first1=Vincent|last2=Parish|first2=James Robert|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-810-8225-80|volume=2|location=Metuchen, New Jersey|ref=harv|author2-link=James Robert Parish}} * {{cite book|title=Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television|last=Riggs|first=Thomas|publisher=Gale Publishing Group|year=2000|isbn=978-0-787-64636-3|volume=31|location=Detroit, Michigan|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=The Psychotronic Video Guide To Film|last=Weldon|first=Michael|publisher=Macmillan|year=1996|isbn=978-0-312-13149-4|location=New York|ref=harv}} 25ip36gdzscy7elr59c9mbm8j70r3ve 0 27013 312940 310831 2026-06-14T04:11:21Z InternetArchiveBot 18050 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 312940 wikitext text/x-wiki Ing '''kakéwan''' o gúbat métung yang karinan ning gabun a kakampungan da réng [[pun dutung]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/forest |title=Forest |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019171930/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/forest |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> Dakal la réng kabaldugan ning kakéwan a magagámit karéng miáyayaliwang dáké ning yátu, a máglangkap karéng bágéng anti king kapal da réng pun dútung, ka(tas) da réng pun dútung, gámit ning lóti, kábilian a pang-batas o pang-léyi, ampóng gámit king ecolohia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/ir_06.pdf |title=Compilation of Forestry Terms and Definitions |first1=Andreas |last1=Schuck |first2=Risto |last2=Päivinen |first3=Tuomo |last3=Hytönend |first4=Brita |last4=Pajari |publisher=[[European Forest Institute]] |location=Joensuu, Finland |year=2002 |access-date=16 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605064820/http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/ir_06.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2015 |accessdate=16 October 2023 |archivedate=5 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605064820/http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/ir_06.pdf }}</ref><ref name="cbd">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbd.int/forest/definitions.shtml |title=Definitions: Indicative definitions taken from the Report of the ad hoc technical expert group on forest biological diversity |date=30 November 2006 |publisher=[[Convention on Biological Diversity]] |access-date=16 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219030427/http://www.cbd.int/forest/definitions.shtml |archive-date=19 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="unep">{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/vitalforest/Report/VFG-01-Forest-definition-and-extent.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726140947/http://www.unep.org/vitalforest/Report/VFG-01-Forest-definition-and-extent.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2010 |title=Forest definition and extent |date=27 January 2010 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=16 November 2014 |accessdate=16 October 2023 |archivedate=26 July 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726140947/http://www.unep.org/vitalforest/Report/VFG-01-Forest-definition-and-extent.pdf }}</ref> Agpang king [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) ning Misásanmetung a Bangsâ (United Nations), ing kakéwan "Gabun yang maki lépáran a maygit king 0.5 hectarea a maki pun dútung a mas mátas king limang métru ampóng maki [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]] a maygit apúlung porciento, o nung núkarin miraras la king anggánan déng pun dútung ''in situ''. É kayábé kéni ing gabun a kéraklan magagámit king pámananáman o agricultura ó urban."<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/3/I8661EN/i8661en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809045851/http://www.fao.org/3/I8661EN/i8661en.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2019 |url-status=live |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Terms and definitions |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |year=2018 |location=Rome}}</ref> Nung gamítan ya ing kabaldúgan a ini, ábálu ning ''[[Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)|Global Forest Resources Assessment]] 2020'' (FRA 2020) a bibilúgan da réng kakéwan ing manga 4.06 billon a hectarea, o manga 31 porciento ning gabun king yátu anyang 2020.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en |title=The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] & UNEP |year=2020 |isbn=978-92-5-132707-4 |location=Rome |doi=10.4060/ca8985en |s2cid=241416114}}</ref> Déng kakéwan ding pékamaragul a [[ecosystem]] king Yátu king léparan, at mayayákit la king mabílug a yátu.<ref name=yude>{{cite journal |title=The Structure, Distribution, and Biomass of the World's Forests |first1=Yude |last1=Pan |first2=Richard A. |last2=Birdsey |first3=Oliver L. |last3=Phillips |first4=Robert B. |last4=Jackson |journal=Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. |year=2013 |volume=44 |pages=593–62 |url=http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2013/nrs_2013_pan_001.pdf |doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135914 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807012240/http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2013/nrs_2013_pan_001.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> 45 porcientu ning gabun a tutúring dang kakéwan ing mayayákit karéng lugal a tropical. Katukí la kaníti déng kakéwan king clímang [[subarctic]], at ing katuki da déng karéng lugal a [[Temperate rainforest|temperate]], ampóng [[subtropic]]al<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en |title=The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] & UNEP |year=2020 |isbn=978-92-5-132707-4 |location=Rome, Italy |doi=10.4060/ca8985en |s2cid=241416114}}</ref> Déng kakéwan ing bíbílug king 75 porciento ning [[gross primary production]] ning [[biosphere]] ning Yátu, at bibilúgan dé reti ing o 80 porciento ning [[biomass]] na ibat karéng tanáman. Tatantian dang ing [[Primary_production#Gross_primary_production_and_net_primary_production|Net primary production]] 21.9 [[gigaton]]s ning of biomass bálang banwa karéng [[tropical]] a kakéwan, 8.1 karéng [[temperate]] a kakéwan, at 2.6 karéng [[boreal]] a kakéwan.<ref name="yude" /> ==Daléráyan== {{Reflist}} ==Suglung palwal== {{Sister project links|auto=1|wikt=y|s=The New International Encyclopædia/Forest}} * [http://www.barrameda.com.ar/ecology/forests-in-danger.htm Forests in danger] {{Wayback|url=http://www.barrameda.com.ar/ecology/forests-in-danger.htm |date=20090304131941 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150908225225/http://intactforests.org/ Intact Forests] with maps and reports (archived 8 September 2015) * [http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0400e/a0400e00.htm Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005] by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080124171741/http://www.coolforests.org/ CoolForests.org – Conservation Cools the Planet] (archived 24 January 2008) * [http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters ''in situ'', whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems] * [http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ag_lnd_frst_k2&hl=en&dl=en Forest area (sq. km)] data from the [[World Bank]]'s [[World Development Indicators]], made available by Google * {{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/948_discovery_2008/page12.shtml|title=The first forests – Discovery 2008|last=Luck Baker|first=Andrew|date=18 November 2008|work=[[BBC Online]]}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.conservation.org/newsroom/pressreleases/Pages/The-Worlds-10-Most-Threatened-Forest-Hotspots.aspx|title=The World's 10 Most Threatened Forest Hotspots|date=2 February 2011|publisher=[[Conservation International]]|accessdate=16 October 2023|archivedate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205040801/http://www.conservation.org/newsroom/pressreleases/Pages/The-Worlds-10-Most-Threatened-Forest-Hotspots.aspx}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Forests and Forestry|first1=Wilhelm|last1=Schlich|author-link1=Wilhelm Philipp Daniel Schlich|first2=Gifford|last2=Pinchot|author-link2=Gifford Pinchot|volume=10|pages=645–660}} {{Forestry}} {{Natural resources}} {{Vegetation}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Forests| ]] [[Category:Habitats]] [[Category:Trees]] [[Category:Ecosystems]] 7rewaos6n0dfxfzar17cmpsflqo3mv0