Wikipedia pcmwiki https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pej MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Media Impotant Tok abaut am Yuza Yuza tok abaut am Wikipedia Wikipedia tok abaut am File File tok abaut am MediaWiki MediaWiki tok abaut am Templet Templet tok abaut am Hep Hep tok abaut am Katigori Katigori tok abaut am TimedText TimedText talk Modul Modul tok abaut am Event Event talk 10 29 36392 102 2026-08-18T08:35:00Z Wmbata 3734 36392 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; border-left: 8px solid #008751; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin-bottom: 15px;"> <h2 style="margin-top: 0; color: #008751; border-bottom: none; font-size: 1.3em;"> [[File:Symbol support vote.svg|25px|middle]] Welkom to '''Naija Pidgin Wikipedia'''! </h2> <p>Helo '''{{PAGENAME}}'''! Welkom to di Niaija Pidgin Wikipedia. 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Welkom to di Niaija Pidgin Wikipedia. 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Welkom to di Niaija Pidgin Wikipedia. We dey hapi say you join us!.</p> <div style="background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #eaecf0; padding: 10px; margin: 10px 0;"> ===Things wey you suppose carry for mind as you be newcomer:=== * [[Wikipedia:Jenera Hep|Jenera Hep]] – Nah for here wey you go ask questions or get help for anything wey you no sabi or e dey confuse you. * [[Wikipedia:Admin domot|Admin domot]] – Nah dis place wey you go use tell everybody about any thing or any kata-kata or wuru-wuru for dis place. * [[Wikipedia:User wahala|User wahala]] – Nah dis place wey you go use report any person wey dey do bad things wey di community no like. </div> <p><small>'''Biko:''' Abeg make sure say you dey always sign your nem for anything wey you dey type or edit for here with<code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> for di ending side.</small></p> </div> dye0cobimexu8w3qk3eoqgzk671i14i 0 77 36356 24055 2026-08-17T16:51:49Z Wmbata 3734 Fix missing end tag (i) 36356 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Professor Abubakar Sani Sambo''' OON (dem bon am for July 31, 1955) na [[Naijá]] Menkanika enjinia an di forma Dareto-General of di ''Energy Commission of Nigeria'' (ECN). Abubakar Sani Sambo bi di Chair pesin of di Naijá memba komitee of di ''World Energy Council'' (WEC), Africa Region an forma Vice-Chancellor of ''Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University,'' Nigeria. ==Tori of e life an how e tek wok== Dem bon Abubakar Sani Sambo for July 31, 1955 for Zaria, [[Kaduna State|Kaduna Stet]] in Naijá.E kolet ''Bachelor of Science'' (B.sc) digree in ''Mechanical Engineering fom ''Ahmadu Bello University'', Zaria in 1979 wit a fest klass In 1983.Sambo stil kolet doctorate digri, Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering fom di ''University of Sussex'', United Kingdom. Afta e kolet Ph.D, Sambo kom bak to Naijá kon join di ''Bayero University'', Kano where im kolet promoshon rish di posishon of a sinior leshura in 1989 an dem mek am di professor in ''Energy Study'' for di sem Univasiti. Dem mek Sambo di vice-chancellor of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University in 1995 an e du am for two terms (1995-2004).Na Sambo bi di korent Dareto-General an chief executive of di Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) an vice chairman of di World Energy Council (WEC), Africa Region, sins November 2007.</i> ==Awods== * [[Order of the Niger|Officer of the Order of the Niger, OON]] ==Fellowship and Membaship== *Fellow of the [[Nigerian Academy of Engineering]] *Fellow of the [[Nigerian Society of Engineers]] *Memba of the [[Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria]] (COREN) *[[International Solar Energy Society]] (ISES) (1986) *[[International Energy Foundation (IEF)]] (1990) *Memba of the [[World Renewable Energy Network]] (WREN) (1992). *Memba of the [[Solar Energy Society of Nigeria]] *Memba of the [[Nigerian Academy of Science]] ==Wie dem gada di tori== {{reflist}} [[Katigori:Tori abaut pipul life]] [[Katigori:Pipul wey dem bon for 1955]] [[Katigori:Naija pipul]] c00y658cy73fwley2eh86bs2iq9c76z 0 250 36354 17636 2026-08-17T16:51:44Z Wmbata 3734 Fix missing end tag (i) 36354 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (dem bon am December 19, 1940 an e kpai for May 11, 2019) na bifo bifo [[Naija]] fim dareto an produsa. Na im daret and produs fim ''The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979'', ''The Boy is Good'' an ''Apalara''. Apalara na fim wey tok abaut di life tori of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of e fim na wetin dey happun for life like ''The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi'' wey tok abaut di bad tiff, Ishola Oyenusi. ==Tori of e life an wok wey e du== Ugbomah papa kom fom Ashaka Vilej aria for Aboh in East Ndokwa lokal Govament in Delta Stet but na for Obalende an Lafiaji aria of Lagos e tey du e smol pikin.E go ''St Matthias, Lafiaji,'' Lagos an ''City College school''.Leta, Ughomah traful go London for e haya edukashion wey e go rid tins abaut Niuz, drama an fims dem. Afta e finish, Ughomah wok wit BBC an e du smol rol inside Dr.No, ''Guns at Batasi'' an ''Sharpeville Massacre''. Ughomah bi memba of one Afro-Caribbian drama grup an e daret som of di grup pla like ''This is Our Chance'' an na for ''Stoke Newington Theatre Hall dey du di pla.Ughomah kom bak to Naijá for 1975.Wen e kom bak to Naijá,E du sho promoshion bifor e stat ' Edifosa'' wey bi fim produkshon kompani.Ugbomah fim dey tok abaut tins wey dey happun for life an Politiks. For 1979, e produs Dr Oyenusi dat fim dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. Ugbomah release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim Ugbomah play di rol of Obi wey try to secretly tiff di Benin ivory mask and return am to Naija. Some pipu link di character of Obi to di MI6 agent James Bond.Ugbomah karia flourished into di early 1980s, I produce fim like Oil Doom, Bolus '80 and The Boy is Good. Dem shot Most of i fim with 16mm with di exception of The Mask. Later for i karia Ugbomah turned to Yoruba video fim. For 1988, Dem appoint am as di chairman of di Nigerian Film Corporation. Ugbomah kpai for 11 May 2019, for di age of 78. ==Fim wey i dey== * ''America or Die (1996)</i> * ''Toriade (1989)</i> * ''The Great Attempt (1988)</i> * ''Omiran (1986)</i> * ''Apalara (1986)</i> * ''Esan (1985)</i> * ''Death of a Black President (1984)</i> * ''Vengeance of the Cult (1984)</i> * ''The Boy is Good (1982)</i> * ''Bolus '80 (1982)</i> * ''Oil Doom (1980)</i> * ''The Mask (1979)</i> * ''Rise and Fall of Oyenusi (1977)</i> ==Wie dem gada di tori== <references /> [[Katigori:Tori abaut pipul life]] [[Katigori:Naija pipul]] [[Katigori:Pipul wey dem bon for 1940]] [[Katigori:Pipul wey kpai for 2019]] po56kg916t1srva86e8au6703z8y0ok 0 252 36353 17557 2026-08-17T16:51:41Z Wmbata 3734 Fix missing end tag (i) 36353 wikitext text/x-wiki Chief Dr '''Edet Amana''' (dem bon am for December 11, 1938) na [[Naijá]] enjinia. ==Tori of e laif an skul wey e go== Na December 11, 1938 dey bon Edet James Amana for Akwa Ibom Stet for Naijá. E go ''Methodist College'', Uzuakoli an ''king's College'', Lagos. E go ''Imperial College London'' (1961-1966) wey im get fest klass digree for ''Civil Engineering'' an na e bi ovarall best graduatin student. Edet wok for ''British Firm of Consulting Engineers''. Wen e kom bak to Naijá e wok as ''Service Engineer'' for Shell-BP (1968-1972). ==How e tek wok== Edet fom ''Amana Consulting Engineers'' in 1972. For Ova 15 years di kompini dey du di disign and implementation of projects of abaut $2bn. Di engineering services division held services for A.W. Chesterton of Boston, Mass and Hewlett Packard (1982). For 1981 dem kolabo with ''Earth Technology Corporation of California for geotechnical and geophysical surveying and mapping.'' Anoda venture wey involve Israeli cover architectural planning. Di kompini kolet 30 enjinias an 10 experts to wok for dem.Fom 1980, di grup bigin dey divelop robas farms and dey don establish one roba makin kompini. Di grup also dey into ''Insurance brokerage an tradin for di oil indostri. Dem stil get hand for banking, poblishin an propati. Edet Amana na di founding dareto of ''Citybank Nigeria Limited'' an im saf for di board of di Bank fom 1985-2010. Todey, Edet Amana na di Chairman of ''Amana Group of Company'' an na im </i> bi di bifor bifor Presidor of di ''Nigerian Academy of Engineering''. Im bi fellow of di ''Nigerian Society of Engineers'', na im bi di forma Presidor of di ''Association of Consulting Engineers'' Nigeria, fellow ''Nigerian Institute of Management'' an fellow ''International Institute of Director''. Im bi memba of ''American Society of Civil Engineers'' an di ''Association of African Development Experts.'' ==Pasona laif== Edet Amana fest waif na Mrs Doris Edet Amana an dem bon six pikin.Doris Edet dai for December 11,2004.E marri anoda waif wey bon two pikin for am an di waif nem na Lady Hilda Edet Amana. ==Awords== *'' Officer of the Order of the Niger 2005</i> *'' Knight of John Wesley awarded by Methodist Church Nigeria 2004</i> *'' Doctor of Science DSc (Honoris Causa) by University of Uyo 2010</i> ==Wie dem gada di tori== <references /> [[Katigori:Tori abaut pipul life]] [[Katigori:Naija pipul]] [[Katigori:Pipul wey dem bon for 1938]] buxheor4fjqco08jwjfd9z3n4b12b55 0 814 36357 17968 2026-08-17T16:51:52Z Wmbata 3734 Fix missing end tag (i) 36357 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sam Uzochukwu''' (Dem bon am for 1940) na [[Naija]] pesin wey go skul wel wel an e no plenti tins abaut ''Igbo Oral Poetry''. ==Tori of e life== Dem bon Uzochukwu for 1940 for Ebenato wey dey for Nnewi South Lokal Govament Aria for [[Anambra State|Anambra Stet]] in Naijá. Afta e get ''B.A. Degree in English Language'' fom ''Obafemi Awolowo University'', Ile Ife for 1966, e enta go ''Igbo Studies''. Uzochukwu get e PhD fom ''University of Lagos'' for 1982 for one ''thesis'' wey e rait on ''Igbo oral literature''. Uzochukwu tish for ''University of Lagos'' wie e bikom Professor an ''Head of the Department of African and Asian Studies''. E don wok to kolet and kip rekod abaut Igbo oral poetry an du wok-dem in e for buk. Uzochukwu na di fest pesin to bikom Professor for Mbanese. Mbanese na di nem wey dem dey kol five komuniti for Nnewi South Lokal Govament Aria wey dey Anambra Stet. Di komuniti na Ebenato, Ezinifite, Akwaihedi, Osumenyi an Utuh. For 2019, Prof. Uzochukwu stat one ''Tertiary Education Foundation''an e rilis di buk wey e rait abaut e land wey e kol '' A Single Palmnut''. ==Wok wey e du== *''Mbem Akwamozu'' [Funeral Dirges], 1985<ref></ref> *''Akanka, Na Nnyocha Agumagu Igbo'' [Criticism of Igbo Poetry], 1990 *''Abu Akwamozu'' [Songs of Mourning], 1992 *''Traditional funeral poetry of the Igbo'', 2001 *''Traditional birth poetry of the Igbo'', 2006 *''A Single Palmnut, The Autobiography of Prof. Samuel Udezuligbo Uzochukwu, 2019.</i> ==Wie dem gada di tori== [[Katigori:Tori About Pipu Life]] tcqifecy709a17fz13ixf3j12oq30gp 0 847 36355 29441 2026-08-17T16:51:47Z Wmbata 3734 Fix missing end tag (b) 36355 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Stephen Keshi== Dem bon Stephen Okechukwu Keshi for 23 January 1962. For 7 June 2016, im be one of di player for Naija football club and na manager too. Na defender Im be wen e be dey play ball for Naija foot ball team, and E get 60 caps for Naija national team, na im make am be di Naija second player wey get cap well well for di time wey e retire. E represent Naija for 1994 ''FIFA World Cup'' and for the 1994 ''Africa Cup of Nations'', For Dat time wey Super Eagle win, na im be captain of dem. E play for klub for country wey reach five, E play for Belgium club well well, where im win di ''Belgian league championship'' with ''R.S.C''. ''Anderlecht'' for 1991. Keshi na manager wey dey lucky to qualify for ''Togo FIFA World Cup'' wey e show face for their for im histori for 2006. But im later comot for di position for di tournament and dem com carri ''Otto Pfister'' put for e position. And E com later be coach for im contri wey be Naija, na for their e take be one for the two pesins wey be ''Mahmoud ElGohary'', wey win di''Africa Cup of Nations'' wen e bin dey as player and wen e bin coach. Afta Im playing Karia for klub where e win the ''Belgian league championship'' wit ''R.S.C. Anderlecht'' in 1991. E come go for im coach training for ''United States''. ==Im Karia wen E be Coach== *For 1996, Augustine Eguavoen wey don be coach for Naija football team before com join am. Dem play togeda for ''California'' as backbone for di ''short-lived Sacramento Scorpions''. *Keshi don be staff coach for Naija foot ball team, and na head coach Im be for di ''Junior Eagles'' for the 2001 ''African Youth Championship'' wey make dem qualify for di 2001 ''FIFA World Youth Championship'' wey dem no win am. *For 2004 go reach 2006 Keshi be coach for di Togo national team, and na surprise e be for dem for di number one time wey dem fit show face for di ''World Cup tournament, Germany 2006'' wen Im be dia coach. Togo com change am wit one coach wey com from ''Germany'' wey be ''Otto Pfister'' becos of say E no meet up wit dem want from am, before dem go di ''World Cup'' finals, wit how Togo show dia self for strong way, dem later fail for di ''knock out stage'' for di ''2006 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt''. ''Pfister'' no com teh for Togo coach wen e be say na one World Cup campaign wey nealy reach not to pay am again, im com comot, and Togo com just dey like dat reach February 2007 wen dem call Keshi back for di friendly match wit Cameroon. *E com gree to be manager for two year for Mali national team wen dem don collect am for April 2008. Dem comot Keshi as manager for Mali national team for 2010 wen Mali quick drop for di group stage for 2010''AfricaCup of Nations''. *For 2011, Keshi com be coach for Naija national team. E com make dem to fit go for di ''2013 Africa Cup of Nations'' and dem beat ''Burkina Faso'' wit 1–0 for di final. For di second day Keshi drop Im letter say Im wan resign, but e com later change e mind and e no resign again. Na dat one com make am fit carri Naija team go for di 2013 ''Confederations Cup'', dem com beat ''Tahiti'' 6-1, and ''Uruguay'' com beat dem 2-1 for di second game, and Spain com beat dem 3-0 for di World Cup winners, for dia final group game. *For 16 November 2013, Keshi make Naija qualify to fit go play di 2014 World Cup afta dem don win Ethiopia 4-1 for dia aggregate for dia play-off. *For Africa, Keshi make a record to be di first coach to qualify for two nation wey wey (Naija and Togo) wey qualify to go for di ''World Cup Finals'' for 2005 and for 2013. Im still help Naija to be di number one country for Africa to collet di ''African Cup of Nations'' Trophy and qualify for World Cup for 2013. Naija com try reach di stage of knockout for 2014 ''World Cup''. Dem start di World Cup wit 0-0 draw wit ''Iran'', And dem win ''Bosnia'' and ''Herzegovina'' 1-0. ''Argentina'' come beat dem 3-2 for di final group stage, but dem still make am to di knockout stage afta dem wit 3-1 over ''Iran''. ''France'' com win di Super Eagle for di first knockout round. Na afta di match Keshi com talk say Im don resign to be Super Eagle coach, but Im no com later resign again wen di Naija ''Football Federation'' com sign anoda new contract wit am. For di ''Morocco 2015 African Cup of Nations'' Im team no so well for dia, na e com make e talk say Im wan resign for coach work go look for anoda work to do if to say the pressure dey plenti for am more more from som bad mouth pipu wey e no mention dia name becos dem de try spoil e name. But Im com later talk say dat one no go make am stop to be di Naija coach, becos e get love for di team and e country wey be Naija. *Afta di Naija team be don come back from World Cup for July 2014, na im di contract wey Keshi get wit di Naija ''Football Federation'' finish and dem no renew am again. Di ''NFF'' Executive Committee com talk say dia decision na afta dem don check Im report and look Im matter well well for di ''NFF Disciplinary Committee'' and for di ''NFF Technical and Development Committee'' wey dem chek well for di tins dem wey Stephen Keshi don do and for e performance wen Im be dey as ''Super Eagles' Head Coach'', ''NFF'' see say Im no put bodi for di work well wey go don make e fit get wetin di ''Federation'' want wen dey be wan give am di contract of coach. ==Im Personal Life== Dem born Keshi for on di 23 January 1962 for Azare wey be one Citi for Bauchi State. Im grow for ''Illah for Oshimili North Local Government Area for Delta State'' and na Igbo pipu area. Na ''Saint Paul's Catholic Nursery and Primary School'', for ''Apapa Road, Lagos State'' e go. For 1976, E com enta ''Saint Finbarrs' College'' for ''Akoka, Lagos State''. Keshi marri Im wife wey her name na Kate (''née Aburime'') for 30 years. She com die on di 10 December 2015, on top say she get one bad sickness wey dem dey call cancer and na for three years she take fight wit di bad sickness before she com die put, Dem bon four pikin. Dia senior pikin na ''Kos Keshi'' wey dey play football. Keshi com get heart attack and e die for road wen dem be dey cari am go hospital for 7 June 2016 for ''Benin City'', na 54 years e dey wen e die. E wife die for last December. ''Google'' com give Keshi honor wit ''doodle'' as wetin e suppos collect wen e be wan do im 56 years birthday. ==Im Beta Example== ''Google'' honor Keshi wit ''doodle'' wetin sopos be for im 56 years birthday. '''Honors'''. == Wia E don play wen e be player== '''New Nigeria Bank''' West African Club Championship: 1983, 1984 Stade d'Abidjan Coupe Houphoet Boigny: 1985 '''Africa Sports''' Côte d'Ivoire Premier Division: 1986 Côte d'Ivoire Coupe:1986 West African Club Championship''':1986</b> Coupe Houphoet Boigny:1986 '''Anderlecht''' Belgian First Division: 1986–87, 1990–91 Belgian Cup: 1988–89, 1989–90 Belgian Supercup: 1987 European Cup Winners' Cup: 1989-90 (runners-up) Bruges Matins: 1988 '''Nigeria''' Africa Cup of Nations: 1994 Nigeria Africa Cup of Nations: 2013 Confederations of African Football – African Coach of the Year 2013. ==Wia we see pruf== [[Category:Pipul wey dem bon for 1962]] 1ucuo6eavrlb0jgref2ll4j0acospwj 0 1336 36358 18054 2026-08-17T16:51:55Z Wmbata 3734 Fix missing end tag (i) 36358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Igbo langwej''' na di langwej wey Igbo pipul dey spik.Igbo pipul na traib wey dey stey South-East of [[Naija]]. E get di jeneral Igbo langwej wey dey Tek dey rait an rid wey dey fom in 1972 an na Owerri (Isuama), Anambra (Akwa), Umuahia (Ohuhu) mentod of spikin Igbo dey tek fom am.Ika, Ngwa Ukwuani an Ogba langwej na stil pat of Igbo langwej. ==Tori abaut di langwej== Di fest buk wey Igbo word dey inside na ''"History of the Mission of the Evangelical Brothers in the Caribbean"'' wey dey poblish in 1777.Wen e rish 1789, Olaudah Equiano wey bi slave bifor rait one buk wey get 79 Igbo words.Na for London inside England dey tek poblish di buk wey get di nem ''"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano."''Di buk tok about how Igbo life bi as Equiano tek see am wen e dey e vilej ''Essaka''. Wen Oyinbo (White pipul) kom see how Naija Riva bi for 1854 go rish 1857, Dey kari one Yoruba pastor Ajayi Crowther kom an wit di hep of one young Igbo pesin Simon Jonas wey dey intaprit for dem, dey stat to fom how to rait Igbo langwej down in 1857. Di langwej kom dey propa to rait wel wel wit di hep of di chorch ''"Union Ibo Bible (1913).</i> Di Sentral Igbo wey of spikin Igbo na di one wey kom fom memba of Ezinifite grup of Igbo in Sentral Owerri Aria bitwin di towns of Owerri an Umuahia in Easta Naijá.Wen Dr. Ida.C. Ward mek di sorgeshion in 1939, na di Sentral Igbo misionari, poblisha an raita dey yuz rait. Anoda wet of spikin Igbo bi Standad Igbo wey bi Igbo wey kombine all di oda mentod of spikin Igbo langwej. Chinua Achebe no even like as pipul dey du dia best to get just one Standad way of spikin or raitin Igbo for one leshua wey e gif for katolik chorch in Owerri. ==Gramma wey dey inside Igbo langwej== Igbo langwej sef get ''Noun, Pronouns, Numerals, Verbs, Adjectives, conjunctions an preposition''. All dis gramma na pat of spicy as Inglish pipul dey kol am. Di onli ''Preposition'' for Igbo langwej bi ''"na"'' an e min plenti an na for di wey dem yuz am go show wetin e min. See dis ezampul wey Emenanjo (2015) yuz to sho am: {{interlinear|number=(1) |O bì '''n''''Enugwū. |3sg live '''PREP'''-Enugwū |'E dey live '''for''' Enugwū.'}} {{interlinear|number=(2) |O bì ebe à '''n''''ogè agha. |3sg live here this '''PREP'''-time war |'He live for dia '''wen''' di war stil dey.'}} {{interlinear|number=(3) |Ndị Fàda kwènyèrè '''n''''atọ̀ '''n''''ime otù. |people Catholic believe '''PREP'''-three '''PREP'''-inside one |'Katolik pipul biliv sey [[Trinity]] dey.}} ''"Adjectives"'' wey dey Igbo langwej no plenti.Infat, Emenanjo (1978, 2015) see onli 8 adjective: * ''ukwu'' wey bi 'big', * ''nta'' wey bi 'smol'; * ''oji'' wey bi 'dak', * ''ọcha'' wey bi 'light'; * ''ọhụrụ'' wey bi 'niu', *''ochie'' wey bi 'old'; * ''ọma'' wey bi 'gud'; * ''ọjọọ'' wey bi 'bad' ''"Verb"'' plenti wel wen for Igbo langwej an na verb dey tek fom meni sentens for Igbo langwej. If pesin dey spik Igbo, di sem word fit min Male, female or tins. For ezampul: '''"Ọ maka"'' fit bi man, wuman or tin is fine. ==Di Vois wey dey tek dey spik Igbo langwej== Igbo langwej na langwej wey bi sey if you no yuz di koret way tok am, e go min diffren tin. For ezampul, 'ákwá'' "krai", ''àkwà'' "bed", ''àkwá'' "egg", an ''ákwà'' "klot".</i> [[Katigori:Kolsho]] [[Katigori:Langwej]] fr5tfglgs6gso8ji211xzfn9det33z7 10 1573 36378 34250 2026-08-17T22:22:01Z Wmbata 3734 36378 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em; padding:0.5em; background:#FEE; border:1px solid #999;" |- | [[Image:Icono aviso borrar.png|200px|left]] | <span style="font-size:larger">'''Dis pej don dey nominated for fast deletion.'''</span><br />Di reason be say; "{{{1}}}". If you no want mek dem delete dis pej, you fit explain why for [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|di talk pej]]. <includeonly>{{{category|[[Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]]}}}</includeonly> ckpgzypgsb6l8e0wy6bjhrpv4s831tg 36379 36378 2026-08-17T22:24:47Z Wmbata 3734 36379 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em; padding:0.5em; background:#FEE; border:1px solid #999;" |- | [[Image:Icono aviso borrar.png|200px|left]] | <span style="font-size:larger">'''Dis pej don dey nominated for fast deletion.'''</span><br />Di reason be say; "{{{1}}}". If you no want mek dem delete dis pej, you fit explain why for [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|di talk pej]]. |}<includeonly>{{{category|[[Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]]}}}</includeonly> ao2qy0fxtgjao3u5384dze5z36kyphk 0 1708 36391 35341 2026-08-18T01:20:11Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vanetia Newall''' (dem bon am 1935 an e kpai in 2017) na Inglish-Amerika tradishonal tori raita an e na bifor bifor presidor of di Folklore Sosaheti an fello of di America Folklore Sosaheti. ==How e tek stat life an go skul== Na for London in 1935 dem bon Vanetia Newall. E papa na Amerika an e mama kom from England.Dorin di Sekod Wold War, Newall stey wit e grapapa in United States.In 1953, e go rid Inglish Langwej an Litireshon for Yunivasiti of St Andrew.Newall leta get Ph.D from di yunivasiti for e wok on traditional tori. ==How e tek wok== Newall luv for tradishonal tori kom from e travul wey e dey du as e dey waka abaut Sentra Europe wit e husband.In 1960, Newall dey luk araund as e dey si di way maket wuman dey dekoret egg for maket.Newall kom stat to dey kolet an stat to dey lisin to di kostom wey dey araund di egg koleshon. E buk wey e rait abaut di egg win Amerika Folklore sosaheti Chikago Folklore prize in 1971.Di nem of di buk na ''"An Egg at Easter''". Newall na member of British Folklore Sosaheti sins heli 1960s.E don bi dia Sekretiri from 1967 go rish 1980.Pipul no am we'll wel for di sosaheti bikos e sabi invite pipul kom di sosaheti an e no how to konvis pipul wey sabi tradishonal tori kom tok for di sosaheti. Wen e na sekretiri for British Folklore Sasaheti, e hep hoganas two big hevet: "''Di Anglo-America Folklore Conference"'' wey dey du for Ditchley Pak in 1969 an di sekod hevet ''"Di Folklore Society Centenary Conference''" wey dey du for [[Royal Holloway College|Royal Holloway Kolej]] in 1978. Nawell bi di presidor of di Folklore Sosaheti from 1985 go rish 1987. In di 1970s, Newall bikom a risasha felo at di [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] wey de London.E leta bikom visitin professor at [[University of California, Berkeley| Yunivasiti of Kalifonia, Berkeley]]. Newall dey put mouth for poblikeshon wey konsain tradishonal tori from 1973 go rish 1978.Na Newall bi di jeneral Editor of ''"The Folklore of the British Isles series''" buk wey Batsford dey poblish. For 1981, Newall form ''"The International Folklore Review"'', one jonal wey dey polish evri year for Eight years. Di jonal also hep for di divelopmet of younga tradishonal tori studet tu. ==Buk wey e don du== * {{Cite book|last=Newall|first=Venetia|title=An egg at Easter: a folklore study;|url=https://archive.org/details/eggateasterfolkl00newa|date=1971|publisher=Routledge & K. Paul|isbn=978-0-7100-6845-3|location=London|language=English|oclc=204744}} * {{Cite book|last=Newall|first=Venetia|title=Discovering the folklore of birds and beasts|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveringfolkl0000newa|date=2008|publisher=Shire Publications|isbn=978-0-85263-126-3|location=Oxford|language=English|oclc=671785005}} * {{Cite book|last=Newall|first=Venetia|title=The Witch Figure: Folklore Essays Honouring Katharine M. Briggs.|date=1973|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|location=London etc.|language=English|oclc=1205004464}} * {{Cite book|last1=Newall|first1=Venetia|title=The encyclopedia of witchcraft & magic|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwi00newa|last2=Dorson|first2=Richard M|date=1974|publisher=A & W Visual library|isbn=978-0-89104-031-6|location=New York|language=English|oclc=987274683}} * {{Cite book|last=Newall|first=Venetia J|title=Folklore studies in the twentieth century|date=1980|publisher=Brewer|location=Woodbridge|language=English|oclc=901190803}} oo6qyjyv12qnfszz28nyru51gona5zs 0 2107 36345 36336 2026-08-17T14:40:33Z Wmbata 3734 Undid 4 revisions from [[Special:Diff/36333|36333]] until [[Special:Diff/36336|36336]] 36345 wikitext text/x-wiki Ryoshi Entertainment (dey write as Ryoshi) na big film company and entertainment geng wey dey based for [[Asia]] and United Kingdom. Dem start am for 2023, and since then, Ryoshi don shine wella for the film industry and e don make impact well well. Ryoshi Films na idea wen come from the mind of one [[filmmaker]] wey sabi book, [[Danial Zakaria]]. Dem carry passion and love for storytelling for body, and dem join hand form this unique film company wey dey connect Asia and United Kingdom. Ryoshi Films dey specialize for different kinds of film, like big films, documentary, short films, and animations. Their filmography na full package of award-winning works wey dey catch eye, and everybody dey hail dem for how dem sabi do their film well well. Ryoshi Films don form strong bond with other big filmmakers, film companies, and distributors wey dey Asia and United Kingdom. Dem believe for joining power togeda, dem go fit promote cross-cultural exchange and give chance to up and coming talents. Apart from their film work, Ryoshi Films dey carry out social impact project wey dey use the power of storytelling to address serious matter wey dey ground. Dem use their film work to raise awareness on issue like environmental protection, social justice, and culture preservation. People don dey see and hail Ryoshi Films for their top-notch work. Dem don win plenty awards for big film festivals and events, and dem dey show say dem sabi their work well well. Ryoshi Films dey see big big future ahead, as dem wan continue to dey burst brain with creativity and innovation. Dem still wan dey bring up new talents, dey form collaborations, and push the boundaries of storytelling. Ryoshi Films na example of how creativity and cultural connection fit bring people together. The company na symbol of hope say filmmaking fit unite people from all over the world. As Ryoshi Films dey move forward, their love for storytelling go always dey front and center, as dem dey drive toward plenty plenty success and impact. psxj0bqxtjog2zrbabd7sang4kf4nce 36373 36345 2026-08-17T20:16:10Z Ankry 3972 36373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|not a company or another legal entity; rather a child project as the fonder & maneger was a minor while creating it}} Ryoshi Entertainment (dey write as Ryoshi) na big film company and entertainment geng wey dey based for [[Asia]] and United Kingdom. Dem start am for 2023, and since then, Ryoshi don shine wella for the film industry and e don make impact well well. Ryoshi Films na idea wen come from the mind of one [[filmmaker]] wey sabi book, [[Danial Zakaria]]. Dem carry passion and love for storytelling for body, and dem join hand form this unique film company wey dey connect Asia and United Kingdom. Ryoshi Films dey specialize for different kinds of film, like big films, documentary, short films, and animations. Their filmography na full package of award-winning works wey dey catch eye, and everybody dey hail dem for how dem sabi do their film well well. Ryoshi Films don form strong bond with other big filmmakers, film companies, and distributors wey dey Asia and United Kingdom. Dem believe for joining power togeda, dem go fit promote cross-cultural exchange and give chance to up and coming talents. Apart from their film work, Ryoshi Films dey carry out social impact project wey dey use the power of storytelling to address serious matter wey dey ground. Dem use their film work to raise awareness on issue like environmental protection, social justice, and culture preservation. People don dey see and hail Ryoshi Films for their top-notch work. Dem don win plenty awards for big film festivals and events, and dem dey show say dem sabi their work well well. Ryoshi Films dey see big big future ahead, as dem wan continue to dey burst brain with creativity and innovation. Dem still wan dey bring up new talents, dey form collaborations, and push the boundaries of storytelling. Ryoshi Films na example of how creativity and cultural connection fit bring people together. The company na symbol of hope say filmmaking fit unite people from all over the world. As Ryoshi Films dey move forward, their love for storytelling go always dey front and center, as dem dey drive toward plenty plenty success and impact. r905tt740vsg10qehmlh1wk4elcyvd6 36374 36373 2026-08-17T20:16:54Z Ankry 3972 typo 36374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|not a company or another legal entity; rather a child project as the fonder & manager was a minor while creating it}} Ryoshi Entertainment (dey write as Ryoshi) na big film company and entertainment geng wey dey based for [[Asia]] and United Kingdom. Dem start am for 2023, and since then, Ryoshi don shine wella for the film industry and e don make impact well well. Ryoshi Films na idea wen come from the mind of one [[filmmaker]] wey sabi book, [[Danial Zakaria]]. Dem carry passion and love for storytelling for body, and dem join hand form this unique film company wey dey connect Asia and United Kingdom. Ryoshi Films dey specialize for different kinds of film, like big films, documentary, short films, and animations. Their filmography na full package of award-winning works wey dey catch eye, and everybody dey hail dem for how dem sabi do their film well well. Ryoshi Films don form strong bond with other big filmmakers, film companies, and distributors wey dey Asia and United Kingdom. Dem believe for joining power togeda, dem go fit promote cross-cultural exchange and give chance to up and coming talents. Apart from their film work, Ryoshi Films dey carry out social impact project wey dey use the power of storytelling to address serious matter wey dey ground. Dem use their film work to raise awareness on issue like environmental protection, social justice, and culture preservation. People don dey see and hail Ryoshi Films for their top-notch work. Dem don win plenty awards for big film festivals and events, and dem dey show say dem sabi their work well well. Ryoshi Films dey see big big future ahead, as dem wan continue to dey burst brain with creativity and innovation. Dem still wan dey bring up new talents, dey form collaborations, and push the boundaries of storytelling. Ryoshi Films na example of how creativity and cultural connection fit bring people together. The company na symbol of hope say filmmaking fit unite people from all over the world. As Ryoshi Films dey move forward, their love for storytelling go always dey front and center, as dem dey drive toward plenty plenty success and impact. rcr3srek6uivjsqg8vjmy2yslkajmvf 36376 36374 2026-08-17T21:59:41Z Wmbata 3734 36376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|not a company or another legal entity; rather a child project as the fonder & manager was a minor while creating it}} Ryoshi Entertainment (dey write as Ryoshi) na big film company and entertainment geng wey dey based for [[Asia]] and United Kingdom. Dem start am for 2023, and since then, Ryoshi don shine wella for the film industry and e don make impact well well. Ryoshi Films na idea wen come from the mind of one [[filmmaker]] wey sabi book, [[Danial Zakaria]]. Dem carry passion and love for storytelling for body, and dem join hand form this unique film company wey dey connect Asia and United Kingdom. Ryoshi Films dey specialize for different kinds of film, like big films, documentary, short films, and animations. Their filmography na full package of award-winning works wey dey catch eye, and everybody dey hail dem for how dem sabi do their film well well. Ryoshi Films don form strong bond with other big filmmakers, film companies, and distributors wey dey Asia and United Kingdom. Dem believe for joining power togeda, dem go fit promote cross-cultural exchange and give chance to up and coming talents. Apart from their film work, Ryoshi Films dey carry out social impact project wey dey use the power of storytelling to address serious matter wey dey ground. Dem use their film work to raise awareness on issue like environmental protection, social justice, and culture preservation. People don dey see and hail Ryoshi Films for their top-notch work. Dem don win plenty awards for big film festivals and events, and dem dey show say dem sabi their work well well. Ryoshi Films dey see big big future ahead, as dem wan continue to dey burst brain with creativity and innovation. Dem still wan dey bring up new talents, dey form collaborations, and push the boundaries of storytelling. Ryoshi Films na example of how creativity and cultural connection fit bring people together. The company na symbol of hope say filmmaking fit unite people from all over the world. As Ryoshi Films dey move forward, their love for storytelling go always dey front and center, as dem dey drive toward plenty plenty success and impact. q9leqbenseedpmz6zn41whiecm01lyx 36377 36376 2026-08-17T22:00:11Z Wmbata 3734 /* */ 36377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|not a company or another legal entity; rather a child project as the fonder & manager was a minor while creating it}} <br/> Ryoshi Entertainment (dey write as Ryoshi) na big film company and entertainment geng wey dey based for [[Asia]] and United Kingdom. Dem start am for 2023, and since then, Ryoshi don shine wella for the film industry and e don make impact well well. Ryoshi Films na idea wen come from the mind of one [[filmmaker]] wey sabi book, [[Danial Zakaria]]. Dem carry passion and love for storytelling for body, and dem join hand form this unique film company wey dey connect Asia and United Kingdom. Ryoshi Films dey specialize for different kinds of film, like big films, documentary, short films, and animations. Their filmography na full package of award-winning works wey dey catch eye, and everybody dey hail dem for how dem sabi do their film well well. Ryoshi Films don form strong bond with other big filmmakers, film companies, and distributors wey dey Asia and United Kingdom. Dem believe for joining power togeda, dem go fit promote cross-cultural exchange and give chance to up and coming talents. Apart from their film work, Ryoshi Films dey carry out social impact project wey dey use the power of storytelling to address serious matter wey dey ground. Dem use their film work to raise awareness on issue like environmental protection, social justice, and culture preservation. People don dey see and hail Ryoshi Films for their top-notch work. Dem don win plenty awards for big film festivals and events, and dem dey show say dem sabi their work well well. Ryoshi Films dey see big big future ahead, as dem wan continue to dey burst brain with creativity and innovation. Dem still wan dey bring up new talents, dey form collaborations, and push the boundaries of storytelling. Ryoshi Films na example of how creativity and cultural connection fit bring people together. The company na symbol of hope say filmmaking fit unite people from all over the world. As Ryoshi Films dey move forward, their love for storytelling go always dey front and center, as dem dey drive toward plenty plenty success and impact. 5pvilie3n3xx4dd6trti8nm6ctcovah 0 2340 36388 36225 2026-08-18T01:17:06Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Form of colonialism when di seek population replacement with settlers}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} '''Settler colonialism''' refer to when colonizers invade and occupy territory to permanently replace the existing society with them own society.<ref name=Carey>{{cite journal |last1=Carey |first1=Jane |last2=Silverstein |first2=Ben |title=Thinking with and beyond settler colonial studies: new histories after the postcolonial |journal=Postcolonial Studies |date=2 January 2020 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1080/13688790.2020.1719569 |s2cid=214046615 |quote=The key phrases when Wolfe coin for here bu– that invasion bu a ‘structure no bu an event’; that settler colonial structures get a ‘logic of elimination’ of Indigenous peoples; that ‘settlers come to stay’ and that them di ‘destroy to replace’ – done di taken up as the defining precepts of the field and now di cited by countless scholars across numerous disciplines.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Cavanagh>{{cite book |last1=Cavanagh |first1=Edward |last2=Veracini |first2=Lorenzo |title=The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-134-82847-0 |page=29 |language=en |chapter=Introduction |quote=[Settler colonialism bu] a system defined by unequal relationships (like colonialism) where outsiders collective aim bu to locally and permanently replace indigenous people (unlike colonialism), settler colonialism no get geographical, cultural or chronological bounds... It fit happen at any time, and everyone bu a settler if them bu part of a collective and sovereign displacement when move to stay, when move to establish permanent homeland by way of displacement.}}</ref><ref name=McKay>{{cite journal |last1=McKay |first1=Dwanna L. |last2=Vinyeta |first2=Kirsten |last3=Norgaard |first3=Kari Marie |title=Theorizing race and settler colonialism within U.S. sociology |journal=Sociology Compass |date=September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |doi=10.1111/soc4.12821 |s2cid=225377069 |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/soc4.12821 |language=en |issn=1751-9020 |quote=Settler-colonialism di describe the logic and operation of power when colonizers arrive and settle on lands when another group done already di reside. Importantly, settler colonialism operates through logic of elimination, with intention to eradicate the original inhabitants through violence and other genocidal acts and to replace the existing spiritual, epistemological, political, social, and ecological systems with those of the settlers}}</ref> Settler colonialism bu a form of outsider domination when an [[imperialism|imperial authority]] organise and support.<ref name=oxfordbiblio>{{cite web|last1= LeFevre|first1= Tate|title= Settler Colonialism|url= http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0125.xml|website= oxfordbibliographies.com|publisher=Tate A. LeFevre|access-date= 19 October 2017 | quote = Though it often di conflated with colonialism more generally, settler colonialism bu a distinct imperial formation. Both colonialism and settler colonialism di premised on exogenous domination, but only settler colonialism '''seek to replace the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers''' (usually from the colonial metropole).}}</ref> Settler colonialism different from [[exploitation colonialism]], when entail an [[economic policy]] of conquering territory to exploit the population as cheap or free labor and the [[exploitation of natural resources|natural resources]] as raw material. In this way, settler colonialism di lasts indefinitely, except for the '''rare''' event of complete evacuation or settlers [[decolonization]].<ref name="Wolfe 2006"/> Settler colonialism been di especially prominent for the [[colonial empire]]s of the European powers between the 16th and 20th centuries. The settling of [[Boers]]<ref name=":5" /> for [[South Africa]], British,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Free |first=Melissa |date=November 2018 |title=Settler Colonialism |journal=Victorian Literature and Culture |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3–4 |pages=876–882 |doi=10.1017/S1060150318001080 |issn=1060-1503|doi-access=free }}</ref> French, Portuguese<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |title=Portuguese Empire |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Portuguese_Empire/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> and Spanish<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Lucy |last2=Lublin |first2=Geraldine |date=2021-07-03 |title=Settler colonial studies and Latin America |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2021.1999155 |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=259–270 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2021.1999155 |issn=2201-473X}}</ref> expansion in the [[Americas]] as well as the settlement of the [[Canary Islands]] by [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] bu practical examples of settler colonialism.<ref name="Adhikari2017" /><ref name="Adhikari2022" /> ==Origins as a theory== During the 1960s, settlement and colonization been di as separate phenomena from [[colonialism]]. Settlement endeavors bu like wetin di take place for empty areas, downplaying the Indigenous inhabitants. Later on in the 1970s and 1980s, settler colonialism bu like bringing high living standards in contrast to the failed political systems when di associated with classical colonialism. Starting from the mid-1990s, them establish field of settler colonial studies<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veracini |first1=Lorenzo |title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=2013 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=313–333 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|s2cid=159666130 }}</ref> distinct but connected to [[Indigenous studies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A Typology of Colonialism {{!}} Perspectives on History |url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2015/a-typology-of-colonialism |website=[[American Historical Association]]|last=Shoemaker |first=Nancy|date=1 October 2015 |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref> Although often credited with originating the field, Australian historian [[Patrick Wolfe]] been state that "I no invent Settler Colonial Studies. Natives done bu experts for the field for centuries".<ref name=Kauanui/> Additionally, Wolfe's work been di preceded by others when di influential in the field, such as Fayez Sayegh's ''[[Zionist Colonialism in Palestine]]'' and ''[[Settler Capitalism]]'' by [[Donald Denoon]].<ref name=Kauanui>{{cite journal |last1=Kauanui |first1=J. Kēhaulani |title=False dilemmas and settler colonial studies: response to Lorenzo Veracini: 'Settler Colonial Studies Even Di Useful?' |journal=Postcolonial Studies |date=3 April 2021 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=290–296 |doi=10.1080/13688790.2020.1857023 |s2cid=233986432 |language=en |issn=1368-8790}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veracini |first1=Lorenzo |title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=June 2013 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=313–333 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|s2cid=159666130 }}</ref> ==Definition and concept== Settler colonialism occur when foreign settlers arrive place where people done already di reside to permanently reside for there and start a new society. Intrinsically connected to this bu the '''displacement or elimination of existing residents and destruction of their society'''.<ref name=Carey/><ref name=Cavanagh/><ref name=McKay/> Some scholars describe the process as inherently [[genocidal]], considering settler colonialism to entail the elimination of existing peoples and cultures,<ref name=Short>{{cite book |last1=Short |first1=Damien |title=Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-84813-546-8 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywE1EAAAQBAJ&q=inherently+genocidal&pg=PP1 |language=en}}</ref> and no bu only their displacement (see [[genocide]], "the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part"). Depending on the definition, it fit di enacted by a variety of means, including mass killing of the previous inhabitants, removal of the previous inhabitants, and/or [[cultural assimilation]].<ref name="Wolfe 2006">{{cite journal|last1=Wolfe|first1=Patrick|author-link=Patrick Wolfe|date=2006|title=Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=8|issue=4|pages=387–409|doi=10.1080/14623520601056240|s2cid=143873621|doi-access=free}}</ref> Settler colonialism di distinct from migration because immigrants aim to join an existing society, no bu to replace am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mamdani |first1=Mahmood |title=[[Neither Settler nor Native]]: The Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities |date=2020 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-24997-4 |page=253 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Veracini |first1=Lorenzo |title=The Settler Colonial Present |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-37247-5 |pages=32–48 |language=en |chapter=Settlers no bu Migrants}}</ref> == Examples == Settler colonial studies often focus on former British colonies when di North America, Australia and New Zealand, when di close to the complete, prototypical form of settler colonialism.<ref name="Englert">{{cite journal |last1=Englert |first1=Sai |date=2020 |title=Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession |journal=Antipode |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1647–1666 |doi=10.1111/anti.12659 |s2cid=225643194 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1887/3220822}}</ref> However, settler colonialism no di linked to any specific culture and done di practiced by non-Europeans.<ref name=Cavanagh/> The settler colonial paradigm done di applied to wide variety of conflicts around the world, including the [[Andaman Islands]], [[Argentina]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Larson |first=Carolyne R. |title=The Conquest of the Desert: Argentina's Indigenous Peoples and the Battle for History |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78336 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |year=2020 |page= |isbn=9780826362087}}</ref> [[Australia]], [[British Kenya]], the [[Canary Islands]],<ref name="Adhikari2017">{{cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=Mohamed |date=7 September 2017 |title=Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863 |journal=African Historical Review |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863 |s2cid=165086773 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> [[Colony of Fiji|Fiji]], [[French Algeria]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barclay |first1=Fiona |last2=Chopin |first2=Charlotte Ann |last3=Evans |first3=Martin |date=12 January 2017 |title=Introduction: settler colonialism and French Algeria |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=115–130 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2016.1273862 |s2cid=151527670 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Generalplan Ost]], [[Hawaii]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Takumi |first=Roy |date=1994 |title=Challenging U.S. Militarism in Hawai'i and Okinawa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41555279 |journal=Race, Poverty & the Environment |volume=4/5 |issue=4/1 |pages=8–9 |jstor=41555279 |issn=1532-2874}}</ref> [[Hokkaido]], [[Plantations of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Zionism as settler colonialism|Israel/Palestine]], [[Italian Libya]] and [[Italian East Africa|East Africa]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ertola |first1=Emanuele |date=15 March 2016 |title='Terra promessa': migration and settler colonialism in Libya, 1911–1970 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251 |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=340–353 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251 |s2cid=164009698 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veracini |first1=Lorenzo |date=Winter 2018 |title=Italian Colonialism through a Settler Colonial Studies Lens |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/712080 |journal=Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History |volume=19 |issue=3 |doi=10.1353/cch.2018.0023 |s2cid=165512037 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> [[Kashmir]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Raman |first=Anita D. |year=2004 |title=Of Rivers and Human Rights: The Northern Areas, Pakistan's forgotten colony in Jammu and Kashmir. |journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights |volume=11 |issue=1/2 |pages=187–228 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24675261 |doi=10.1163/157181104323383929|jstor=24675261 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mushtaq |first1=Samreen |last2=Mudasir |first2=Amin |date=16 October 2021 |title='We will memorise our home': exploring settler colonialism as an interpretive framework for Kashmir |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=42 |issue=12 |pages=3012–3029 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877 |s2cid=244607271 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> [[Japanese Korea|Korea]] and [[Manchukuo]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Sidney Xu |date=June 2019 |title=Eastward Ho! Japanese Settler Colonialism for Hokkaido and the Making of Japanese Migration to the American West, 1869–1888 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/eastward-ho-japanese-settler-colonialism-in-hokkaido-and-the-making-of-japanese-migration-to-the-american-west-18691888/540D1FCAC210EBAC61BE93712B01A6AB |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=521–547 |doi=10.1017/S0021911819000147 |s2cid=197847093 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Uchida |first=Jun |date=3 March 2014 |title=Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism for Korea, 1876–1945 |volume=337 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1x07x37 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1x07x37 |jstor=j.ctt1x07x37 |isbn=978-0674492028|s2cid=259606289 }}</ref> [[Latin America]], [[Liberia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan|northern Afghanistan]],<ref name="sciencedirect1">{{cite journal|author=Christian Bleuer |title=State-building, migration and economic development on the frontiers of northern Afghanistan and southern Tajikistan |doi=10.1016/j.euras.2011.10.008 |volume=3 |journal=[[Journal of Eurasian Studies]] |pages=69–79|year=2012 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="afghanistan-analysts1">{{cite web|author=Christian Bleuer|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/from-slavers-to-warlords-descriptions-of-afghanistans-uzbeks-in-western-writing/ |title=From 'Slavers' to 'Warlords': Descriptions of Afghanistan's Uzbeks in Western Writing|publisher=[[Afghanistan Analysts Network]]|date=October 17, 2014}}</ref><ref name="brookings1">{{cite web|last1=Mundt|first1=Alex|last2=Schmeidl|first2=Susanne|last3=Ziai|first3=Shafiqullah|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2009/06/01-afghanistan-mundt |title=Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Return of Internally Displaced Persons to Northern Afghanistan|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|date=June 1, 2009}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2002">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/afghan2/afghan0402.pdf|title=Paying for the Taliban's Crimes: Abuses Against Ethnic Pashtuns for Northern Afghanistan|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=April 2002}}</ref> [[North America]], [[Germanisation of the Province of Posen|Posen]] and [[Germanisation of Prussia|West Prussia]] and [[German South West Africa]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lerp |first1=Dörte |date=11 October 2013 |title=Farmers to the Frontier: Settler Colonialism for the Eastern Prussian Provinces and German Southwest Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.836361 |journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=567–583 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.836361 |s2cid=159707103 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> [[Rhodesia]], [[Sápmi]],<ref name="Adhikari2022">{{cite book |last=Adhikari |first=Mohamed |date=25 July 2022 |title=Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht9dEAAAQBAJ |location=Indianapolis |publisher=Hackett Publishing Company |pages=1–32 |isbn=978-1647920548}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veracini |first1=Lorenzo |date=25 March 2013 |title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.768099 |journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=313–333 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099 |s2cid=159666130 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Browning |first1=Christopher R. |date=8 February 2022 |title=Yehuda Bauer, the Concepts of Holocaust and Genocide, and the Issue of Settler Colonialism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985 |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=30–38 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985 |s2cid=246652960 |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=Globalizing Political Theory|first1=Smita A.|last1=Rahman|first2=Katherine A.|last2=Gordy|first3=Shirin S. |last3=Deylami|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year= 2022|isbn =9781000788884}}</ref> [[South Africa]], [[Nam tiến|South Vietnam]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Oscar | last = Salemink|title=The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA35|year=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2579-9|pages=35–336}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=Nguyen| first=Duy Lap| title=The unimagined community: Imperialism and culture for South Vietnam| publisher=Manchester University Press| year=2019| isbn=978-1-52614-398-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gis-reseau-asie.org/en/chams-vietnam-great-unknown-civilization|website=French Academic Network of Asian Studies|year=2019|author=Anne-Valérie Schweyer|title=The Chams in Vietnam: a great unknown civilization|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702153040/http://www.gis-reseau-asie.org/en/chams-vietnam-great-unknown-civilization|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Taiwan]].<ref name=Englert/><ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Re-conceptualizing Taiwan: Settler Colonial Criticism and Cultural Production |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30h7d8r5 |publisher=UCLA |date=2019 |language=en |first=Lin-chin |last=Tsai}}</ref> === Africa === ==== Canary Islands ==== {{further|Conquest of the Canary Islands}} During the fifteenth century, the [[Kingdom of Castile]] sponsor expeditions by conquistadors to subjugate under Castilian rule the Macaronesian archipelago of the Canary Islands, when di located off the coast of Morocco and bu the residence of the Indigenous Guanche people. Beginning with the start of the conquest of the island of [[Lanzarote]] on 1 May 1402 and ending with the surrender of the last Guanche resistance on [[Tenerife]] on 29 September 1496 to the now-unified Spanish crown, the archipelago di subject to a settler colonial process when involve systematic enslavement, mass murder, and deportation of the Guanches, when Spanish settlers replace, in a process when foreshadow the Iberian colonisation of the Americas when follow shortly after. Also like in the Americas, Spanish colonialists for the Canaries quickly turn to the importation of slaves from mainland Africa as source of labour due to the decimation of the already small Guanche population by a combination of war, disease, and brutal forced labour. Historian [[Mohamed Adhikari]] done label the conquest of the Canary Islands as the first overseas European settler colonial genocide.<ref name="Adhikari2017" /><ref name="Adhikari2022" /> ==== Morocco ==== ==== South Africa ==== For 1652, the arrival of Europeans spark the beginning of settler colonialism for South Africa. Them set up the [[Dutch East India Company]] for the Cape, and import large numbers of slaves from Africa and Asia during the mid-seventeenth century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Settler colonialism and land rights for South Africa: Possession and dispossession on the Orange River|last=Cavanagh|first=E|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2013|isbn=978-1-137-30577-0|location=United Kingdom|pages=10–16}}</ref> The Dutch East India Company establish a refreshment station for ships when di sail between Europe and the east. The initial plan by the Dutch East India Company officer [[Jan van Riebeeck]] bu to maintain a small community around the new fort, but the community continue to spread and settle further than as originally planned.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Fourie|first=J|date=2014|title=Settler Skills and Colonial Development: The Huguenot Wine-Makers in Eighteenth-Century Dutch South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-history-review_2014-11_67_4/page/932|journal=Economic History Review|volume=67|issue=4|pages=932–963|doi=10.1111/1468-0289.12033|s2cid=152735090}}</ref> Historic struggle to achieve the intended British sovereignty when them achieve for other parts of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] come di. State sovereignty belong to the [[Union of South Africa]] (1910–61), followed by the [[Republic of South Africa]] (1961–1994) and finally the modern day [[South Africa|Republic of South Africa]] (1994–Present day).<ref name=":0" /> In 1948, them introduce the policy of [[Apartheid]] for South Africa in order to segregate the native African population from Boer settlers and ensure the domination of the White populace over non-whites, politically, socially and economically.<ref name="Mayne">{{cite book|last=Mayne|first=Alan|title=From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms|url=https://archive.org/details/frompoliticspast0000mayn|date=1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/frompoliticspast0000mayn/page/52 52]|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-96151-0}}</ref> ===Americas === [[File:Indian Land for Sale.jpg|thumb|"Indian Land For Sale" by the U.S. Department of the Interior (1911)]] For colonial America, colonial powers create economic dependency and imbalance of trade, incorporate Indigenous nations into spheres of influence and control them indirectly with the use of Christian missionaries and alcohol.<ref name=":1" /> With the emergence of an independent United States, desire for land and the perceived threat of permanent Indigenous political and spatial structures come lead to violent relocation of many Indigenous tribes to the American West, in wetin we come sabi as the [[Trail of tears|Trail of Tears]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Wolfe 2006</ref> Frederick Jackson Turner, the father of the "frontier thesis" of American history, note in 1901: "Our colonial system nor start with Spanish War; the U.S. been get a colonial history from the beginning... when di hidden under the phraseology of 'interstate migration' and territorial organization'".<ref name=":1" /> While the United States government and local state governments directly aid this dispossession through the use of military forces, ultimately this come about through agitation by settler society in order to gain access to Indigenous land. Especially for the US South, them use such land acquisition build plantation society and expand the practice of slavery.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Settler colonialism participate for the formation of US cultures and last for many years past the conquest, removal, or extermination of Indigenous people.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Spady.|first=James O'Neil|url=https://www.academia.edu/37602761|title=Education and the Racial Dynamics of Settler Colonialism for Early America: Georgia and South Carolina, ca. 1700 - ca. 1820|date=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0367437169}}</ref> The practice of writing the natives out of history perpetrate a forgetting of the full dimensions and significance of colonialism both for the national and local levels.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Dunbar-Ortiz |first1=Roxanne |title=An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/indigenouspeople0000dunb |date=2014 |publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-8070-0040-3}}</ref> === Eurasia === ==== China ==== Near the end of their rule the Qing try to colonize [[Xinjiang]], [[Tibet]], and other parts of the imperial frontier. To accomplish this goal them begin a policy of settler colonialism by which them resettle [[Han Chinese]] for the frontier.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ju-Han Zoe |last2=Roche |first2=Gerald |date=March 16, 2021 |title=Urbanizing Minority Minzu for the PRC: Insights from the Literature on Settler Colonialism |url= https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/14776011|journal=Modern China (journal) |language=en |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=593–616 |doi=10.1177/0097700421995135 |s2cid=233620981 |issn=0097-7004}}</ref> ==== Palestine, Zionism and Israel ==== {{main article|Zionism as settler colonialism}}[[File:West Bank Access Restrictions.pdf|thumb|200px|Map of [[Israeli settlement]]s (magenta) for the occupied [[West Bank]] in 2020. The Australian historian [[Patrick Wolfe]], when them credit with originating the field, famously define [[Israel]] as the prime example of a settler colonialist state today.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Wolfe |first=Patrick |date=December 2006 |title=Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=387–409 |doi=10.1080/14623520601056240 |issn=1462-3528|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Kauanui" /> However, this notion done also receive significant criticism.<ref name="Troen">{{cite journal |last1=Troen |first1=S. Ilan |year=2007 |title=De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=872–884 |doi=10.1080/13537120701445372 |s2cid=216148316}}</ref>]]In 1967, the French historian [[Maxime Rodinson]] write an article when them later translate and published for English as ''Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?''<ref>Rodinson, Maxime. "Israel, fait colonial?" ''Les Temps Moderne'', 1967. Republished in English as ''Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?'', New York, Monad Press, 1973.</ref> [[Lorenzo Veracini]] describe [[Israel]] as a colonial state and write say Jewish settlers fit to expel the British in 1948 only because them get their own colonial relationships inside and outside Israel new borders.<ref>"Israel fit celebrate it anticolonial/anti-British struggle exactly [https://web.archive.org/web/20200330030659/http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol6no2_2007/veracini_settler.htm because it done di able to establish a number of colonial relationships within and without the borders of 1948."] Lorenzo Veracini, Borderlands, vol 6 No 2, 2007.</ref> Veracini believe the possibility of an Israeli disengagement always di latent and this relationship fit di severed, through an accommodation of a Palestinian Israeli autonomy within the institutions of the Israeli state".<ref>Veracini, Lorenzo, "Israel and Settler Society", London: Pluto Press. 2006.</ref> When it write in the 1990s, the Australian historian [[Patrick Wolfe]] di credited with originating the field.<ref name="Kauanui" /> Him theorize settler colonialism as a structure (rather than an event) when di premised on the '''elimination rather than exploitation of the native population''', thus differentiating am from classical colonialism. Wolfe argue say settler colonialism di centered on the control of land, it continue after the closing of the frontier, and continue to exist today, ==== Russia and the Soviet Union ==== {{main|Russian conquest of Siberia|Russian conquest of the Caucasus|Circassian genocide|Russification|Population transfer in the Soviet Union}} Some scholars describe Russia as a settler colonial state, particularly due to the expansion into [[Russian conquest of Siberia|Siberia]] and the [[Russian Far East]], during which it displace and resettled Indigenous peoples, while practicing settler colonialism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sunderland |first=Willard |date=2000 |title=The 'Colonization Question': Visions of Colonization in Late Imperial Russia |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=210–232 |jstor=41050526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Forsyth |first=James |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofpeoples00fors |title=A history of the peoples of Siberia |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-521-40311-5 |pages=201–228, 241–346}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lantzeff |first1=George V. |title=Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier to 1750 |url=https://archive.org/details/eastwardtoempire0000lant |last2=Pierce |first2=Richard A. |date=1973 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1w0dbpp |jstor=j.ctt1w0dbpp}}</ref> The native people resist the annexation of [[Siberia]] and the Far East to Russia, while the [[Cossacks]] often commit atrocities against them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Nathaniel |date=25 October 2021 |title=Conquering Siberia: The Case for Genocide Recognition |url=https://www.genocidewatchblog.com/post/conquering-siberia-the-case-for-genocide-recognition |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.genocidewatchblog.com}}</ref> During the Cold War, them practice new forms of Indigenous repression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bartels |first1=Dennis |last2=Bartels |first2=Alice L. |date=2006 |title=Indigenous Peoples of the Russian North and Cold War Ideology |journal=Anthropologica |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=265–279 |doi=10.2307/25605315 |jstor=25605315}}</ref> This colonization continue even during the [[Soviet Union]] for the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Veracini |first=Lorenzo |year=2013 |title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=313–333 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099 |s2cid=159666130 |quote=The domination of Latin America, North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Asian part of the Soviet Union by European powers all involve the migration of permanent settlers from the European country to the colonies. Them colonize these places.}}</ref> The Soviet policy also sometimes include the deportation of the native population, as in the case of the Crimean Tatars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pohl |first1=Otto |date=2015 |title=The Deportation of the Crimean Tatars in the Context of Settler Colonialism |url=http://www.lituanus.org/1998/98_3_02.htm |journal=International Crimes and History |issue=16 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809105743/http://www.lituanus.org/1998/98_3_02.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2023}} ==== Taiwan ==== The ethnic makeup of [[Taiwan]] contemporary population bu largely the result of settler colonialism.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Tsai |first1=Lin-chin |degree=PhD |title=Re-conceptualizing Taiwan: Settler Colonial Criticism and Cultural Production |date=2019 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30h7d8r5 |access-date=20 May 2023 |publisher=[[University of California]] |language=en |quote=Taiwan, an island whose indigenous inhabitants bu Austronesian, done bu a de facto settler colony due to large-scale Han migration from China to Taiwan beginning in the seventeenth century.}}</ref> ===Australia{{anchor |au}}=== {{See also|Cultural assimilation|List of massacres of Indigenous Australians|Australian frontier wars}} Europeans explore and settle for Australia by displacing [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples]]. The Indigenous Australian population been di estimated at about 795,000 at the time of the European settlement.<ref>Statistics compiled by Ørsted-Jensen for Frontier History Revisited (Brisbane 2011), page 15.</ref> The population decline steeply for 150 years following the settlement from 1788, due to casualties from [[infectious disease]], the Australian frontier wars and forced re-settlement and cultural disintegration.<ref>Page, A. (2015, September). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160910082243/http://www.apsa2015.org/uploads/4/5/1/9/45190879/alexander_page_-_the_australian_settler_state_indigenous_agency_and_the_indigenous_sector_in_the_twenty_first_century.pdf The Australian Settler State, Indigenous Agency, and the Indigenous Sector in the Twenty First Century. Australian Political Studies Association Conference].</ref><ref>Page, A., & Petray, T. (2015). Agency and Structural Constraints: Indigenous Peoples and the Settler-State in North Queensland. Settler Colonial Studies, 5 (2).</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite web |last1=Cox |first1=Alicia |title=Settler Colonialism |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0029.xml |website=Oxford Bibliographies |publisher=OUP |access-date=21 January 2021}} *{{cite book |last1=Dahl |first1=Adam |title=Empire of the People: Settler Colonialism and the Foundations of Modern Democratic Thought |date=2018 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-2607-6 |language=en}} * {{cite book|last= Belich|first= James|author-link= James Belich (historian)|title=Replenishing the earth : the settler revolution and the rise of the Anglo-world, 1783–1939|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh76bzOX7XAC|year=2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|isbn= 978-0-19-929727-6|page= 573}} * [[Gerald Horne|Horne, Gerald]]. ''[[The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, and Capitalism in Seventeenth-Century North America and the Caribbean]]''. Monthly Review Press, 2018. 243p. {{ISBN|9781583676639}} * [[Gerald Horne|Horne, Gerald]]. ''The Dawning of the Apocalypse: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, Settler Colonialism, and Capitalism in the Long Sixteenth Century.'' Monthly Review Press, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-58367-875-6}}. *{{cite book |last1=Manjapra |first1=Kris |title=Colonialism in Global Perspective |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42526-1 |pages=43–70 |chapter=Settlement}} * Marx, Christoph (2017). [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/christoph-marx-settler-colonies?set_language=en&-C= ''Settler Colonies''], [http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ EGO - European History Online], Mainz: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php Institute of European History], retrieved: March 17, 2021 ([https://d-nb.info/1149293284/34 pdf]). * Mikdashi, Maya (2013). ''What is settler colonialism?'' American Indian Culture and Research Journal 37.2: 23–34. *''Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century'' (edited by [[Susan Pedersen (historian)|Susan Pedersen]] and [[Caroline Elkins]]), Routledge, 2005. * {{cite book|last=Veracini|first= Lorenzo|title=Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview|year= 2010|publisher= Palgrave MacMillan|location= Hampshire, UK|isbn= 9780230284906|pages= 182}} * Wolfe, Patrick, 'Traces of History: Elementary Structures of Race' (Verso 2016) * Wolfe, Patrick (2006). Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native. ''Journal of Genocide Research'' 8.4 (2006): 387–409. DOI: 10.1080/14623520601056240 == External links == * [https://westernamericanliterature.com/2020/06/07/settler-colonialism/ Articles on Settler Colonialism in ''Western American Literature''] {{Colonialism}} {{Colonization}} {{White people}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Settler Colonialism}} [[Category:Settler colonialism| ]] [[Category:Cultural geography]] [[Category:Settlement schemes|Colonialism]] qgspitgl89qlqbp2ywr6ixhd2cbexzm 0 2346 36387 36230 2026-08-18T01:16:22Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Person when done migrate enter area and establish permanent residence for there}} {{redirect2|Settlers|Colonist|other uses|Settler (disambiguation)|and|Colonist (disambiguation)}} [[File:Ingolf by Raadsig.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A (1850) depiction of the first medieval settlers arriving in [[Iceland]]]] A '''settler''' bu a person when done migrate enter area and establish a permanent residence for there. A settler when migrate enter area where nobody di reside before or area where people sparsely di reside fit di described as a '''pioneer'''. Settlers generally di thought of as people when travel to discover new land. Many times for history, it no di like that. Most of the time for history, settlers bu people when travel to a land when already belong to someone else, force them out, and claim the land as them own. Settlers generally bu from sedentary culture, as opposed to nomadic peoples when fit change settlements seasonally, within traditional territories. Settlement sometimes di rely on dispossession of already established populations within the contested area, and fit bu a very violent process.<ref name=Wolfe2006>{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Patrick |title=Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=December 2006 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=387–409 |doi=10.1080/14623520601056240 |s2cid=143873621 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Sometimes settlers di backed by governments or large countries. Settlement fit prevent native people from continuing their work.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Olson|first=Pamela|title=Fast Times in Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/fasttimesinpales0000olso|publisher=Seal Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-580-05483-6|location=Berkeley, California|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fasttimesinpales0000olso/page/35 35]}}</ref> == Historical usage == [[File:Colonos-del-rio-Baker-Aysen.jpg|right|thumb|Chilean settlers for the Baker River, Patagonia, 1935.]] Person fit witness how settlers most often occupy land when previously bu residences to long-established peoples, when them designate as Indigenous (also called "natives", "Aborigines" or, for the Americas, "Indians"). The process by which Indigenous territories di settled by foreign peoples bu [[settler colonialism]].<ref>LeFevre, ''Tate Etc.''. "Settler Colonialism". www.oxfordbibliographies.com. Tate A. LeFevre. Retrieved 19 October 2017.</ref> It rely upon a process of often violent dispossession.<ref name=Wolfe2006/> In figurative usage, a "person when ga first or do something first" refer to a settler; a person when done migrate enter a less occupied area and establish permanent residence there, often to [[colonize]] the area; as first recorded in English in 1605.<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pioneer] Online Etymological Dictionary</ref> For this usage, pioneers usually bu among the first to reach an area, whereas settlers fit arrive after the first settlement and join others in the process of [[human settlement]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} This correlates with the work of military pioneers when di tasked with construction of camps before the main body of troops ga arrive at the designated campsite. [[File:Russian settlers, possibly Molokans, in the Mugan steppe of Azerbaijan. Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii.jpg|thumb|A family of Russian settlers in the [[Caucasus]] region, circa 1910]] For [[Imperial Russia]], the government invite Russians or foreign nationals to settle in for lands when di sparsely populated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenall |first1=Robert |title=Russians when them leave behind for Central Asia |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm |work=BBC News |date=23 November 2005 }}</ref> Them been call these settlers "colonists". === Anthropological usage === Anthropologists record tribal displacement of native settlers who drive another tribe from the lands when belong to their ancestors, such as the settlement of lands in the area when them now di call [[Carmel-by-the-Sea]], California where Ohlone peoples settle in areas previously when the [[Esselen]] tribe been di reside(Bainbridge, 1977).<ref>''Prehistoric Sources Technical Study'', when them been prepare for the city of Monterey by Bainbridge Behrens Moore Inc., 23 May 1977{{vs|date=April 2021}}</ref> === Modern usage === [[File:Conner-prairie-log-cabin-interior.jpg|thumb|[[History of North America|Early North American]] settlers from Europe often build crude houses in the form of [[log cabin]]s]] For Canada, the term <i>settler</i> currently di used to describe "the non-Indigenous peoples when di live for Canada who form the European-descended sociopolitical majority," asserting say settler colonialism bu an ongoing phenomenon. The usage di controversial.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Denis |first1=Jeffrey S. |title=Contact Theory in a Small-Town Settler-Colonial Context: The Reproduction of Laissez-Faire Racism for Indigenous-White Canadian Relations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-sociological-review_2015-02_80_1/page/218 |journal=American Sociological Review |date=February 2015 |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=218–242 |doi=10.1177/0003122414564998 |s2cid=145609890 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robson |first1=John |title=The 'Settler' Nonsense |url=https://www.dorchesterreview.ca/blogs/news/the-settler-nonsense |journal=The Dorchester Review |date=Spring–Summer 2018 |volume=7 |number=2 |pages=1–2 }}</ref> For the Middle East, it get a number of references to various squatter and specific policies when them refer to as "settler". * Israel – Israelis when move enter areas when them capture during the Six-Day War in 1967 (such as the [[Gaza Strip]] and [[West Bank]]) in the absence of a final peace agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beauchamp|first=Zack|date=20 November 2018|title=Wetin 3 settlements, and why them bu such a big deal?|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080052/israel-settlements-west-bank|access-date=13 April 2021|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Israeli Settlements|language=en|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/israeli-settlements|access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref> * [[Syria]] – In recent times, Arab settlers done also move in large numbers to ethnic minority areas, such as northeast Syria. * [[Cyprus]] – In the aftermath of the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]], the Turkish government start to settle farmers from the mainland in the newly declared [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]]. Today it di estimated that these settlers constitute around half the population of Northern Cyprus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stefanini |first1=Sara |title=Best chance Cyprus done get for peace |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/cyprus-reunification-peace-nicos-anastasiades-mustafa-akinci/ |work=Politico |date=31 March 2016 }}</ref> == Causes of emigration == The reasons for the emigration of settlers di different, but often they include the following factors and incentives: the desire to start a new and better life for a foreign land, personal financial hardship, social, cultural, ethnic, or religious persecution (e.g., the Pilgrims and Mormons), penal deportation (e.g. of convicted criminals from England to Australia), political oppression, and government incentive policies when di aimed at encouraging foreign settlement.<ref>Olsen, Daniel H., and BRIAN J. Hill. "Pilgrimage and identity along the mormon trail." Religious pilgrimage routes and trails: sustainable development and management. Wallingford UK: CAB International, 2018. 234-246. </ref><ref>Lambright, Bri. "The Ainu, Meiji Era Politics, and It Lasting Impacts: A Historical Analysis of Racialization, Colonization, and the Creation of State and Identity in Relation to Ainu-Japanese History." (2022). </ref><ref>King, Russell. Atlas of Human Migration</ref> == See also == {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[Chinese settlements in Tibet]] * [[Green March]] * [[High Arctic relocation]]s * [[Indigenous people]] * [[Israeli Settlers]] * [[Lebensraum]] * [[Naturalized TRNC citizens]] * [[Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme]] * [[Patriot (American Revolution)]] * [[Population transfer]] * [[Settler colonialism]] * [[Sooners]] * [[Squatter]] * [[Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes]] * [[Transmigration program]] * [[Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus]] * [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] * [[Colonialism]] * [[Gentrification]] * [[Imperialism]] * [[Forced displacement|Displacement]] * [[Oregon Trail]] }} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Settlers| ]] [[Category:Human migration]] [[Category:Anthropological categories of peoples]] [[Category:Cultural anthropology]] [[Category:Settler colonialism]] r1ixcgo3znrk5g9thlk6uhm7eai4h3e 0 2390 36385 27486 2026-08-18T01:15:28Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36385 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hubble ultra deep field.jpg|300px]] Di '''univas''' bi all of [[spais]] and [[taim]]. Akording to [[modern fysiks]], partikularly di [[theory of relativity]], spais and time dé intrinsikally linkd as [[spaistaim]].}} and their kontents.<ref name="Zeilik1998">{{cite book |title=Introduktory Astronomy & Astrofysiks |url=https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil |last1=Zeilik |first1=Michael |last2=Gregory |first2=Stephen A. |date=1998 |edition=4th |publisher=Saunders College Publishing |quote=Di totality of all spais and taim; all dat is, don bi, and ga bi. |isbn=978-0-03-006228-5}}</ref> E kompraizis all of [[existens]], any [[fundamental interakshion]], [[fysijal process]] and [[fysikal konstant]], and diafoh all forms of [[enerjy]] and [[mata]], and di strukturs dey form, from [[sub-atomik partikuls]] to entaia [[galaxis]]. == Referens == lf0z4tav8vcqtlyw2kio608zxyx1iob 0 2395 36389 27493 2026-08-18T01:17:24Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36389 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Modernphysicsfields.svg|thumb|350px|Di foh major domains of modern fysiks]] '''Klassikal fysiks''' bi a grup of [[fysiks]] theoris wey predayt modern, moh komplit, or moh waidly applikabul theoris. If a korrently asepted theori dé konsidad to bi modern, and e introdukshion reprisent a major [[paradaim shift]], then di previous theoris, or niu theoris bayzd on di olda paradaim, ga often dé referd to as belongin to di area of "klassikal fysiks". As such, di definishion of a klassikal theori depends on kontex. Klassikal fysikal konsepts often dé yuzd wen modern theoris unnecessarily de komplex for a partikula situashion. Most often, ''klassikal fysiks'' refers to pre-1900 fysiks, while ''[[modern fysiks]]'' refers to post-1900 fysiks, which inkorporayts elements of [[quantum mekaniks]] and [[theori of relativity|relativity]].<ref>Weidner and Sells, ''Elementary Modern Fysiks'' Prefais p.iii, 1968</ref> == Ovaview == Klassikal theori get at least tuw distinkt meanings for fysiks. For di kontex of [[quantum mekaniks]], klassikal theori refer to [[theori|theoris]] of fysiks wey no dé yuz di [[Quantizashion (fysiks)|quantizashion]] [[paradaim]], which inklud [[klassikal mekaniks]] and [[Theori of relativity|relativity]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Morin |first=David |title=Introdukshion to Klassikal Mekaniks |year=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780521876223 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontocl00mori }}</ref> Laikwaiz, [[klassikal field theoris]], such as [[jeneral relativity]] and [[klassikal elektromagnetisim]], bi those wey no dé yuz quantum mekaniks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barut |first=Asim O. |title=Elektrodynamiks and Klassikal Theori of Fields & Partikuls |url=https://archive.org/details/electrodynamicsc0000baru_v8o2 |chapter=Introdukshion to Klassikal Mekaniks |year=1980| orig-year=1964 |publisher=Dova Poblikashions |location=New York |isbn= 9780486640389}}</ref> For di kontex of jeneral and special relativity, klassikal theoris bi those wey dé obey [[prinsipul of relativity|Galilean relativity]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Einstein|first=Albert|author-link=Albert Einstein|others= Robert W. Lawson |title=Relativity|url=https://archive.org/details/relativityspecia0000eins_w5h1|year=2004|orig-year=1920|publisher=Barnes & Noble|location=New York|isbn=9780760759219}}</ref> Dependin on point of view, among di branches of theori wey dé somtaims inkluded for klassikal fysiks variably bi: * [[Klassical mekaniks]] ** [[Newton's laws of moshion]] ** Klassikal [[Lagrangian mekaniks|Lagrangian]] and [[Hamiltonian mekaniks|Hamiltonian]] formalisims * [[Klassikal elektrodynamiks]] ([[Maxwell Equashions]]) * Klassikal [[thermodynamiks]] * * Klassikal [[kaios theori]] and [[nonlinia dynamiks]] == Also see == == Referens == 1r9eztz6vefjhxv9xfm93rhhose2mo2 0 2403 36383 27511 2026-08-18T01:14:34Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36383 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Biology-0001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Baioloji bi di saiens of laif. E dey span multipul levuls from baiomolekuls and cells to oganisims and populashions.]] '''Baioloji''' bi di [[saiens|saientifik]] stodi of [[laif]].<ref name="urry2017a">{{cite book |last1=Urry |first1=Lisa |last2=Cain |first2=Michael |last3=Wasserman |first3= Steven |last4=Minorsky |first4=Peter | last5=Reece |first5=Jane |chapter=Evolushion, di themes of baioloji, and saientifik inquaiari |title=Kampbell Baioloji |url=https://archive.org/details/campbellbiology0000urry |publisher=Pearson |edition=11th |date=2017 |location=Niu Yok |pages=[https://archive.org/details/campbellbiology0000urry/page/2 2]–26 |isbn=978-0134093413}}</ref><ref name="hillis2020">{{cite book |last1=Hillis |first1=David M. |last2=Heller |first2= H. Craig |last3=Hacker |first3=Sally D. |last4=Laskowski |first4=Marta J. |last5=Sadava |first5=David E. |chapter=Stodiyin laif |title=Laif: Di Saiens of Baioloji |publisher=W. H. Freeman |edition=12th |date=2020 |isbn=978-1319017644}}</ref><ref name="freeman2017a">{{cite book |last1=Freeman|first1=Scott |last2=Quillin |first2=Kim |last3=Allison |first3=Lizabeth |last4=Blak |first4=Maikel | last5=Podgorski |first5=Greg |last6=Taylor |first6=Emily |last7=Karmikael |first7=Jeff |chapter=Baioloji and di tri of laif |title=Baiolojikal Saiens |publisher=Pearson |edition=6th |date=2017 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |pages=1–18 |isbn=978-0321976499}}</ref> E bi a [[natural saiens]] with a brod skop but get several unifaiyin themes wey tai am togeda as a singul, coherent fild.<ref name="urry2017a"/><ref name="hillis2020"/><ref name="freeman2017a"/> For instans, all [[oganisim]]s dey made up of [[Cell (baioloji)|cell]]s wey dey proces hereditari infomashon wey dey enkoded for [[jeen]]s, wey fit dey transmited to fucho jenerashions. Anoda major theme bi [[evolushion]], wey dey explain di uniti and daivasiti of laif.<ref name="urry2017a"/><ref name="hillis2020"/><ref name="freeman2017a"/> [[Metabolism|Eneji procesin]] also dey impotant to laif as e dey allow oganisims to [[Animal lokomoshon|muv]], grow, and [[riprodius]].<ref name="urry2017a"/><ref name="hillis2020"/><ref name="freeman2017a"/> Fainali, all oganisims dey abul to regulaet their own [[intanal envaironment]]s.<ref name="urry2017a"/><ref name="hillis2020"/><ref name="freeman2017a"/><ref name="modell2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Modell |first1=Harold |last2=Kliff |first2=William |last3=Maikel |first3=Joel |last4=McFarland |first4=Jenny |last5=Wenderoth |first5=Mary Pat |last6=Wright |first6=Ann |date=December 2015 |title=A fisiolojist's viu of homostasis |journal=Advansis for Fisioloji Edukayshon |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=259–266 |doi=10.1152/advan.00107.2015 |pmc=4669363 |pmid=26628646}}</ref><ref name="davies2013">{{cite journal |author1=Davies, PC |author2=Rieper, E |author3=Tuszynski, JA |title=Self-oganaizashon and entropi redukshon for a livin cell |journal=Bio Systems |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |date=January 2013 |pmid=23159919 |pmc=3712629 |doi=10.1016/j.biosystems.2012.10.005 }}</ref> [[Baiolojist]]s dey abul to stodi laif at multipul [[Baiolojikal oganaizashon|levuls of oganaizashon]],<ref name="urry2017a"/> from di [[molekula baioloji]] of a cell to di [[anatomi]] and [[fisioloji]] of [[plants]] and [[animals]], and evolushon of [[populashion]]s.<ref name="urry2017a"/><ref name=aquarenagloss> Bayzd on definishon from: {{cite web |url=http://www.bio.txstate.edu/~wetlands/Glossary/glossary.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040608113114/http://www.bio.txstate.edu/~wetlands/Glossary/glossary.html |archive-date=2004-06-08 |title=Aquarena Wetlands Projekt glossari of tems |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=Texas State University at San Marcos}}</ref> Hence, multipul [[Autline of baioloji|subdisiplins within baioloji]], each defaind bai di nacho of their [[risearch question]]s and di [[List of risearch methods for baioloji|tul]]z wey dey involvd.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Molekula Baioloji, Prinsipuls of Genome Funkshon|last=Craig|first=Nancy|year=2014|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-965857-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mosconi|first1=Francesco |last2=Julou|first2=Thomas|last3=Desprat|first3=Nicolas |last4=Sinha|first4=Deepak Kumar|last5=Allemand|first5=Jean-François|last6=Vincent Croquette |last7=Bensimon|first7=David |date=2008 |title=Som nonlinia chalenjis for baioloji |journal=Nonliniariti |volume=21 |issue=8 |page=T131|doi=10.1088/0951-7715/21/8/T03 |bibcode=2008Nonli..21..131M |s2cid=119808230 }}</ref><ref name="AB-20141208">{{cite web|url=https://www.astrobio.net/origin-and-evolution-of-life/life-become-complex-happen-beyond-earth/|title=Haw Laif tek Bekom Komplex, And E Fit Happun Beyond Earth?|last=Howell|first=Elizabeth|date|date=8 December 2014|work=Astrobaioloji Magazin]]|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817193332/https://www.astrobio.net/origin-and-evolution-of-life/life-become-complex-happen-beyond-earth/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Laik oda [[saientist]]s, baiolojists dey yuz di [[saientifik method]] to mek [[obsavashon]]s, poz questions, jeneraet [[hypothesis|hypotheses]], perform [[experiment]]s, and fom konklushons abaut di wold araund dem.<ref name="urry2017a"/> Laif for [[Earth]], wey emej moh than 3.7 billion years ago,<ref name="Pearce 343–364">{{cite journal |last1=Pearce |first1=Ben K.D. |last2=Tupper |first2=Andrew S. |last3=Pudritz |first3=Ralph E. |author3-link=Ralph Pudritz |last4=Higgs |first4=Paul G. |display-authors=3 |date=March 1, 2018 |title=Konstrainin di Taim Intaval for di Orijin of Laif on Earth |journal=[[Astrobaioloji (journal)|Astrobaioloji]] |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=343–364 |arxiv=1808.09460 |s2cid=4419671 |bibcode=2018AsBio..18..343P |doi=10.1089/ast.2017.1674 |pmid=29570409}}</ref> dey immensli daivas. Baiolojists don seek to stodi and klasifai di various foms of laif, from [[prokaryotik]] oganisims such as [[achaea]] and [[bakteria]] to [[Eukaryot|eukaryotik]] oganisims such as [[protist]]s, [[fungai]], [[plant]]s, and [[animal]]s. These various oganisims kontriboot to di [[baiodaivasiti]] of [[ekosystem]]s, whe dem dey play speshialaizd rols for di [[Baiojeokemikal caikul|caikulin]] of [[nutrient]]s and [[eneji]] thru their [[baiofysikal envaironment]]. == Also si == == Referens == 1aghyrhaulwl82bxpgtw1tqpl8fhk96 0 2405 36384 27516 2026-08-18T01:15:04Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36384 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matimatiks''' bi wan eria of [[sabilej]] wey inklud di topiks of nombas, fomulas and related strukchos, shayps and di spaisis for whe dem dey kontaind inside, and quantitis and their chenjis. These topiks dey reprisented for moden matematiks with di major subdisiplins of [[nomba theori]],<ref name="OED">{{cite web |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/mathematics_n?tab=meaning_and_use&tl=true |title=Matematiks (naun) |website=Oxford English Dikshionari |publisher=Oxford Yunivasiti Pres]] |access-date=Januari 17, 2024 |quote=Di saiens of spais, nomba, quantiti, and arainjment, wey di metods involv lojikal risonin and yuzuali di yuz of simbolik notashon, and wey inklud jeometri, aritmetik, aljebra, and analisis.}}</ref> [[aljebra]],<ref name="Kneebone">{{cite book |last=Kneebone |first=G. T. |year=1963 |chapter=Tradishonal Lojik |page=4 |title=Matematikal Lojik and di Faundashions of Matematiks: An Introdoktori Sorvey |publisher=D. Van Nostard Kompani |lccn=62019535 |oclc=792731 |quote=Matematiks&nbsp;... simpli bi di stodi of abstrakt strukchos, or fomal patans of konektedness.}}</ref> [[jeometri]],<ref name=OED /> and [[matematikal analisis|analisis]],<ref name="LaTorre">{{cite book |last1=LaTorre |first1=Donald R. |last2=Kenelly |first2=John W. |last3=Reed |first3=Iris B. |last4=Carpenter |first4=Laurel R. |last5=Harris |first5=Cynthia R. |last6=Biggers |first6=Sherry |year=2008 |chapter=Models and Funkshons |page=[https://archive.org/details/calculusconcepts04edunse/page/n17 2] |title=Kalkulos Koncepts: An Applaid Aproach to di Matematiks of Chenj |url=https://archive.org/details/calculusconcepts04edunse |edition=4th |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Kompani]] |isbn=978-0-618-78983-2 |lccn=2006935429 |oclc=125397884 |quote=Kalkulos bi di stodi of chenj—haw tins chenj and haw quikli dem dey chenj.}}</ref> respectively. No jeneral konsensus dey among matematishians abaut a kommon definishon for their [[akademik disiplin]]. Most matematikal aktiviti involv di diskovari of propatis of [[matematikal objekt|abstrakt objekts]] and di yuz of pio [[rison]] to [[proof (matematiks)|pruv]] dem. These objekts konsis of eida [[abstrakshon (matematiks)|abstrakshon]]s from naesho or for moden matematiks entitis wey dey stipulated to get cetain propatis, wey wi fit kol [[axiom]]s. A ''pruf'' konsis of a sukseshon of aplikashons of [[inferens rul|deduktiv ruls]] to aulredi establishd risults. These risults inklud priviousli pruvd [[theorem]]s, axioms, and in kays of abstrakshon from naesho som baezik propatis wey dey konsidad tru starting points of di theori unda konsiderashon. == Also si == [[Baioloji]] [[Fysiks]] == Referens == 1lxz0lkmz8wuu25a2ua9wemw22bf629 0 2426 36380 36227 2026-08-18T01:12:54Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 18 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36380 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stöwer Titanic.jpg|300px| Pentin of a sinkin ship, wit pipo wey dey row laifboat for di fograund and oda pipo for di wota. Icebegs dey visibul for di bakgraund]] [[Royal Mail Ship|RMS]] ''[[Taitanik]]'' sink for di eli monin hauas of 15 April 1912 for di Nort Atlantik Ocean, on di foht day of ha maiden voyaij from [[Sauthampton]] to [[Niu Yok Citi]]. As di lajes [[ocean laina]] wey dey in savis at dat taim, ''Taitanik'' been get an estimated 2,224 pipo on bod [[Icebeg wey straik di Taitanik|wen an Icebeg straik am]] for araund 23:40 ([[ship's taim]])[Nout: At di taim of di kolishon, Di kluok-dem for di ''Taitanik'' been dey set to 2 hauas 2 minits ahead of di [[Eastan Taim Zoun]], and 2 hauas 58 minits behaind [[Greenwich Mean Taim]]. Di taim for di ship been dey set to midnait, 13–14 April 1912, and dey bayzd on di expeted posishon of ''Taitanik'' at lokal aparent noon on 14 April, wey in turn dey bayzd on di [[Celestial navigashon|sta saihts]] of di evenin of 13 April, adjusted bai [[dead rekonin]]. Due to di unfoldin disasta, ''Taitanik'' kluok-dem no dey adjusted at midnight of 14–15 April.]] on Sunday, 14 April 1912. Ha sinkin tuw hauas and fohti minits afta at 02:20 ship taim (05:18 [[Greenwich Mean Taim|GMT]]) on Monday, 15 April, risolt for di kpaiyin of moh than 1,500 pipo, mekin am wan of di [[List of maritaim disastas for di 20th centuri#Peacetaim|dedlies peastaim maritaim disastas for histori]]. ''Taitanik'' been riceiv six warnin of sea ice on 14 April but been dey travul for a speed of rofli 22kn|km/h wen ha lukauts saiht di icebeg. Unable to turn quikli enouf, di ship suffa a glancin blow wey bokul ha [[stabod]] side and opun six of ha sixteen [[Kompatment (ship)|kompatments]] to di sea. ''Taitanik'' been dey desaind to stay afloat wit flood for up to foh of ha forwod kompatments, and di kreu yuz distres [[flare]]s and radio ([[waiales telegrafi|waiales]]) mesaij-dem to atrat hep as di pasenja-dem enta [[Laifboat (shipbod)|laifboats]]. In akodans wit existin praktis, di ''Taitanik'' laifboat system dey desaind to feri pasenjas to niabai reskeu vesuls, no bi to hold evribodi wey dey on bod simultaneousli; diafoh, wit di ship sinkin rapidli and hep stil hauas ewei, sayf refeuj no dey for plenti of di pasenjas and kreu wit onli twenti laifboats, inkludin foh kolapsibul laifboats. Poor prepareshon for and manejment of di evakuashon mean say dem launch plenti boats bifoh dem dey fuli komplit. Di ''Taitanik'' sink wit ova a tausand pasenjas and kreu stil on bod. Almos aul of those wey jump or fall enta di sea drawn or kpai widin minits due to di efekt of [[kold chok]] and [[Kold incapacitashon|incapacitashon]]. RMS Kapatia araiv abaut an haua and a haf afta di sinkin and reskeu aul of di 710 sovaivos bai 09:15 on 15 April, som nain and a haf hauas afta di kolishon. Di disasta chok di wold and kaus waidspred autraij ova di lak of enouf laifboats, lax reguleshons, and di unequal treatment of third-klas pasenjas durin di evakueshon. Subsequent inquaiaris rekomend sweepin chenjis to maritaim reguleshons, wey lead to di establishment for 1914 of di [[SOLAS Konvenshon|Intaneshonal Konvenshon for di Saifti of Laif for Sea]] (SOLAS) wey stil dey govan maritaim saifti today. == Background == [[File:RMS Titanic sea trials April 2, 1912 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|''Taitanik'' for [[sea traial]]s, 2 April 1912]] At di taim of ha entri into savis on 2 April 1912, di ''Taitanik'' been bi di sekond of tri, and been bi di lajes ship for di wold. Shi and di elia RMS Olympic been almost bi wan and a haf taims di [[gros rejista tonaij]] of Kunard own RMS Lusitania and RMS Mauretania, di previous rekod holdas, and been niali dey 100ft longa. Di ''Taitanik'' fit kari 3,547 pipo for speed and komfot, and been dey built for an unprecedented skayl. Ha [[reciprokaetin enjin]]s been bi di lajes wey don eva dey biult, standin 40ft hai and wit cylindas 9ft in diameta requaiarin di burnin of 600LT of koul pa day. Di akomodaeshon for pasenjas, espeshali di fes klas seshon, akodin to wetin pipo tok bi "of unraivald extent and magnificens", wey evun di fees wey [[Fes klas facilitis of di RMS Taitanik|fes klas akomodaeshon]] pruv to bi so. Di Paloh Siuits (di mos expensiv and mos luxurious siuits for di ship) wit praivaet [[promenaed dek|promenade]] kost ova $4,350 as at di taim for a singul-wei transatlantik pasaij. [[File:Titanic-and-Newyork.JPG|thumb|SS ''Niu Yok'' for ha nia kolishon wit di ''Taitanik'']] Di ''Taitanik'' meiden voyaij begin shotli afta noon on 10 April 1912 wen shi leav Sauthampton on di fes leg of ha journey to Niu Yok. An acident almos hapun onli a fiu minits afta, as di ''Taitanik'' pas di moord lainas SS Citi of Niu Yok of di [[Amerikan Lain]] and ''Oceanik'' of di White Sta Lain, di last of which for bi ha runin mate for di savis from Sauthampton. Ha hiuj [[Displaesment (ship)|displaesment]] kaus di tuw smola ships to dey lifted by a bulj of wota and then drop into a trough. Di moorins of ''Niu Yok'' kaebuls no fit tek di soden strain and so snap up, wey kom swing ha araund stern-fes towods di ''Taitanik''. A niabai tugboat, ''Vulkan'', kom to di reskeu bai tekin ''Niu Yok'' unda tow, and ''Taitanik'' kaptain orda say mek dem put ha enjins to "ful stern". Di tuw ships avoid kolishon bai a distans. Di incident, as wel as a subsequent stop to offload a fiu straglas bai tug, delay di depacho of di ''Taitanik'' bai at mos tri-quatas of an haua, while efots dey on to bring di driftin ''Niu Yok'' unda kontrol. Bai di taim di ''Taitanik'' depat weswods akros di Atlantik, shi dey kari 892 kreu membas and 1,320 pasenjas. Dis bi onli abaut haf of ha ful pasenja kapaciti of 2,435, as na for durin di low season and shipin from di UK been dey disrupted by a koul miners' straik. Ha pasenjas been bi a kros-seshon of [[Edwodian era|Edwodian]] sosaieti, from milionairas such as [[John Jekob Astor IV|John Jekob Astor]] and [[Benjamin Guggenheim]], to poor emigrants from kontris such as Armenia, Ayriland, Itali, Sweden, Syria and Rossia wey dey seek for a niu laif for di United States. [[File:1912 Titanic itinerary atlantic EN.svg|thumb|Di Atlantik pat of di ''Taitanik'' itinerari, from Fasnet Lait (Ayriland) to Ambros Lait for di viciniti of Niu Yok]] 62-year-old Kaptain [[Edwod Smith (sea kaptain)|Edwod Smith]] bi di kaptain of di ship, di mos senio of di [[White Sta Lain]] kaptains. Him been get foh dekaeds of seafarin experiens and been sav as kaptain of RMS Olympik, from whe dem transfa am to komand di ''Taitanik''. Di vast majoriti of di kreu wey sav am no bi traind sailors, but bi eida enjineers, faiamen, or stokas, wey dey responsibul for lukin afta di enjins; or stewods and galey staf, wey dey responsibul for di pasenjas. Di six wotch oficas and 39&nbsp;abul seamen konstitiut onli araund faiv pa cent of di kreu, wit di majoriti joinin di ship wen e dey Sauthampton, and as a risolt lak di taim to familiaraiz demselvs wit di ship. Di ice kondishons dey atributed to a mild winta wey kaus laj nombas of icebegs to shift off di wes koast of Greenland. Faia been start for wan of di ''Taitanik'' [[koul bin]]s aproximaetli 10 days prior to wen di ship depat, and kontinu to burn for several days into di voyaij, but dey ova on 14 April.<ref>[http://www.titanicology.com/Titanica/FireDownBelow.pdf Fire Down Below] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209234718/http://www.titanicology.com/Titanica/FireDownBelow.pdf |date=9 December 2019 |author=Samuel Halpern}}. Retrieved 7 January 2017.</ref> == 14 April 1912 == === Icebeg warnins === [[File:Titanic iceberg.jpg|thumb|Di icebeg wey plenti pipo don think say na am hit di ''Taitanik'', as fotografd di monin of 15 April 1912 bai di chief stewod of SS Prinz Adalbert. Di icebeg dey repoted to get a streak of red paint from a ship's hull along e wotalain for wan side.|alt=Black and white fotograf of a laj Icebeg wit tri "peaks".]] On 14 April 1912, ''Taitanik'' radio operators receiv six mesaijis from oda ships wey dey warn abaut driftin ice, wey pasenjas for di ''Taitanik'' been don dey notis durin di aftanoon. Di ice kondishons for di Nort Atlantik been bi di wors for eni April for di previous 50&nbsp;years (wey bi di reason whai di lukauts dey unaware say dem don dey steam enta a lain of driftin ice several miles wide and plenti miles long). No bi aul of diz mesaijis dey relayd bai di radio operators. At dat taim, aul waiales operators for ocean lainas bi emploiees of di Makoni's Waiales Telegraf Kompani and no bi membas of kreu of di ship; dia praimari responsibiliti bi send mesaijis for di pasenjas, wit weather repots as a sekondari konsain. Di fes warnin kom bai 09:00 from RMS Karonia wey repot "begs, growlas: &nbsp;"A smol icebeg or ice floe wey dey beli visibul ova di surfais of wota." and field ice". Kaptain Smith aknowlej receipt of di mesaij. For 13:42, RMS Baltik relay a repot from di Greek ship ''Athenia'' say "icebegs and laj quantitis of field ice" shi dey strogul pass since. Smith, wey shou di repot to [[J. Bruce Ismay]], di chiaman of di White Sta Lain, wey also dey travul for di ''Taitanik'' for ha meiden voyaij, also aknowlej receipt of dis mesaij. Smith orda say mek dem chenj kours, to tek di ship fada saut. For 13:45, di Jerman ship SS Amerika, wey dey a short distans to the saut, repot say shi don "pas tuw laj icebegs". Dis mesaij no reach Kaptain Smith or di oda oficas for di ''Taitanik'' [[Bridj (nautikal)|bridj]]. Di reason no dey kle, but e fit bi say bekaus di radio operators dey bizi dey fix faulti equipment, Dem forget to relay di mesaij. SS Kalifonian repot "tri laj begs" for 19:30, and for 21:40, di steama ''Mesaba'' repot: "Si much heavi [[Sea ice|pak ice]] and great nomba laj icebegs. Also field ice." Dis mesaij, too, no komot from di ''Taitanik'' radio room. E fit bi say di radio operator, [[Jak Filips (waiales ofica)|Jak Filips]], feil to grasp e signifikans bekaus him dey preokupaid wit transmitin mesaijis for pasenjas via di relay steshon for [[Kaep Raes]], Niufaundland; di radio set been break dawn di previous day, wey resolt for a baklog of mesaijis wey di tuw operators dey trai to kle. Dem receiv a fainal warnin for 22:30 from operator Cyril Evans of ''Kalifornian'', wey been dey halted during di nait for wan ice field som miles ewei, but Filips kut am off and signal bak: "Shut up! Shut up! I dey wok Kaep Raes." Although di kreu dey aware of ice for di viciniti, dem no redius di speed of di ship, and kontinu to steam at 22 knots, onli 2 knots short of ha maximum speed. ''Taitanik'' hai speed for wotas whe ice don dey repoted dey kritisaizd afta as rekles, but e reflekt standad maritaim praktis at dat taim. Akodin to Fift Ofica [[Harold Lowe]], di kustom bi "to ga ahead and depend upon di lukauts for di [[krou's nest]] and di wotch for di bridj to pik up di ice in taim to avoid hitin am". === "Iceberg, raiht ahead!" === ==== ''Taitanik'' enta Icebeg Aley ==== [[File:1912 Titanic at night EN.png|thumb|Di icebeg and di ''Taitanik'' for nait. Approximaet representashon wit saiz komparison.]] As ''Taitanik'' aproach ha fatal kolishon, mos pasenjas been don alreadi dey dia bed, and komand of di bridj don pas from Sekond Ofica [[Charls Laitola]] to Fes Ofica [[Wiliam McMasta Murdoch|Wiliam Murdoch]]. Lukauts [[Frederik Fleet]] and [[Reginald Lee]] dey di krou's nest, 29m abov di dek. Di air temperecho don fall to nia freezin, and di ocean dey komplitli kalm. Afta, Kolonel [[Archibald Gracie IV|Archibald Gracie]], wan of di sovaivors of di disasta, rait say "di sea bi laik glas, so smooth sotey di stas det reflekt kleli." Wi don sabi nau say such excepshonali kalm wota bi a sign of niabai [[pak ice]]. Although di air dey kle, [[niu moon|moon no dey]], and wit di sea so kalm, notin dry to giv ewei di posishon of di niabai icebegs; if to say di sea dey rofa, waves wey dey break against di icebegs for mek dem dey moh visibul. Bekaus of a mix-up for Sauthampton, di lukauts no get bainokulas; haueva, binokulas repotedli for no fit dey efetiv for di daknes, wey dey total except for stalait and di ship own laits. Nondiles, di lukauts dey wel aware of di ice hazad, as Laitola been orda dem and oda kreu membas to "keep a shap luk-aut for ice, patikulali smol ice and growlas". For 23:30, Fleet and Lee notis a slaiht haze for di horaizon ahead of dem, but no mek enitin of am. Som expats nau biliv say dis haze achuali bi a miraj wey kold wota wey meet warm air kaus{{snd}}simila to wota miraj for desert{{snd}}wen ''Taitanik'' enta [[Atlantik Marin Ekozoun (CEC)|Icebeg Aley]]. Dis ga risolt for a raizd horaizon, blaind di lukauts from spotin enitin wey dey fa ewei.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/science/a-new-look-at-natures-role-in-the-titanics-sinking.html |title=A Niu Luk at Necho's Rol in di sinkin of di Taitanik |first=Wiliam J. |last=Brod |date=9 April 2012 |work=Di Niu Yok Taims |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615163335/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/science/a-new-look-at-natures-role-in-the-titanics-sinking.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center">{{cite web |title=Whe Icebeg Aley dey |website=U.S. Koast Guard Navigeshon Centa |url=https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=iipWhereIsIcebergAlley |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190613/https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=iipWhereIsIcebergAlley |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Kolishon==== [[File:Titanic porting around English.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|''Taitanik'' kours durin ha atempted "port araund"]] [[File:Walker - An Unsinkable Titanic (1912) page 125.jpg|thumb|Drauin of di Icebeg kolishon]] Nain minits afta, for 23:39, Fleet spot an Icebeg for ''Taitanik'' pat. Him ring di lukauts bel tri taims and telefon di bridj to infom Sixt Ofica [[Jems Paul Moodi|Jems Moodi]]. Fleet ask say, "E get eniwan wey dey dia?" Moodi replai tok say, "Yes, wetin you dey si?" Fleet replai tok say, "Icebeg, raiht ahead!" Afta thankin Fleet, Moodi relay di mesaij giv Murdoch, wey kom orda Quatamasta [[Robet Hichens (sailor)|Robet Hichens]] to chenj di ship kours. Murdoch dey jenerali bilivd to giv di orda "hard a-stabod", wey ga risolt for di ship [[tila]] to dey muvd aul di wei to [[stabod]] for an atempt to turn di ship to [[port (nautikal)|port]]. Dis revasal of dairekshons, wen wi trai to kompe am to moden praktis, dey komon for British ships of dat era. Him also ring "ful astern" for di [[Enjin orda telegraf|ship telegrafs]]. Akodin to Foht Ofica [[Joseph Boxhaul]], Murdoch tel Kaptain Smith say him been wan atempt to "hard-a-port araund [di Icebeg]", wey dey sojes say him been dey atemt a "port araund" manoeuva&nbsp;– to fes swing di bow araund di obstakul, then swing di stern so dat both ends of di ship ga avoid a kolishon. Delay dey befoh eida orda enta into efet; di steam-pawad steerin mekanisim tek up to 30&nbsp;sekonds to turn di ship tila, and di komplex task of setin di enjins enta revas ga also don tek som taim to akomplish. Bekaus say di central turbine no fit enta revas, both am and di central propela, wey dey posishon dairetli for front of di ship rudda, dey stopped. Dis redius di efetivnes of di rudda, wey diafoh impe di turnin abiliti of di ship. If to say Murdoch turn di ship while maintainin ha forwod speed, maybe ''Taitanik'' for mis di Icebeg wit feet to spare. Evidens dey say Murdoch simpli signal di enjin room say mek dem stop, no bi revas. Lead Faiaman Frederik Barrett testifai say di stop lait kom on, but say evun dat orda no dey exekuted befoh di kolishon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-17|title=Dem put Taitanik enjins enta revas befoh di acident? > Tim Maltin|url=https://timmaltin.com/2019/03/17/titanics-engines-reverse/|access-date=2021-08-10|website={{Wikidata entity link|Q119846417}}|language=en-UK}}</ref> For di event, ''Taitanik'' daireshon chenj jos in taim to avoid a head-on kolishon, but di chenj in daireshon kaus di ship to straik di Icebeg wit a glancin blow. An undawota spur of ice skraip along di stabod side of di ship for abaut sevun sekonds; chunks of ice dislodj from uppa pats of di beg and fall enta di forwod deks of di ship. Abaut faiv minits afta di kolishon, aul of ''Taitanik'' enjins don dey stopped, leavin diwey dey fais nort and di ship slouli drift saut for di [[Labrador Korent]]. ==== Efets of di kolishon ==== [[File:Iceberg and titanic (en).svg|thumb|Di icebeg bukul di plaets, pop rivets and damaij a sequens of Kompatments. (Side viu.)|alt=Daiagram wey dey shou hau di Icebeg buckul di hull of di Taitanik, wey kaus di riveted plaets to kom apat.]] Di impat wit di Icebeg dey long thought to prodius a hiuj opunin for di hull of di ''Taitanik'', "wey no dey les than 300ft for lengt, 10ft abov di levul of di keel", as wan raita put am afta. Abov di wotalain, na litul evidens of di kolishon dey at aul. Di stiwods for di fes klas dainin room notis a shudda, wey dem tink say na bekaus didon shed a propela blaid. Plenti of di pasenjas feel a bump or shudda&nbsp;– "jos as though wi went ova abaut a thousand mabuls",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq12White01.php|title=Testimoni of Mrs J Stuart White for di US Inquaiari|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024133550/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq12White01.php|url-status=live}}</ref> as wan sovaivor put am&nbsp;– but no dey aware of wetin hapun. Those for di lowes deks, wey dey niara di sait of di kolishon, feel am much moh dairetli. Enjin Oila Walta Hurst rimemba say him and odas dey "awakend bai a grindin krash along di stabod side. No wan dey veri much alarmd but wi sabi say wi don straik somtin." [[Faiaman (steam enjin)|Faiaman]] Jeorj Kemish hear wan "heavi thud and grinding tearin saund" from di stabod hull. [[File:Titanic sinking gif.gif|alt=|thumb|''Taitanik'' sink for tuw hauas and 40 minits.]] Kaptain Smith feel di kolishon for him kabin and imediaetli kom di bridj. Wen dem infom am abaut di situashon, him somon [[Thomas Andrius (shipbuilda)|Thomas Andrius]], the biulda of di ''Taitanik'', wey dey among a set of enjineers from Haland and Wolf wey dey obsav di ship fes pasenja voyaij. From di taim of di kolishon to di moment of ha sinkin, at least 35000LT of wota flood enta ''Taitanik'', and kaus ha [[displaesment (ship)|displaesment]] <!-- This term has been established as correct. Please discuss on Talk Page before changing. -->to niali doubul from 48300LT to ova 83000LT. == 15 April 1912 == === Preparin to abandon ship === [[File:EJ Smith2.jpg|thumb|alt=Fotograf of a bearded man wey dey wea a white kaptain unifom wit krosd arms|Kaptain [[Edwod Smith (sea captain)|Edwod Smith]] in 1911]] For 00:05 on 15 April, Kaptain Smith orda say mek di ship's laifboats dey unkovad and di pasenjas mustad. Bai nau, plenti pasenjas dey weik, havin notis say di enjins and dia akompaniyin vaibrashons don sodenli stop. Him also orda say mek di radio operators begin send distres kols, wey wrongli plaes di ship for di the wes side of di ice belt and dairet reskeuas to posishon wey dey inakuraet bai abaut 13.5nmi|mi km. [[File:The Sad Parting - no caption.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Di Sad Patin'', ilustreshon of 1912|alt=Ilustreshon wuman wey dey krai evun as wan man dey trai to komfot am for di slopin dek of a ship.]] === Last minits of sinkin === [[File:Titanic the sinking.jpg|thumb|Ilustreshon of di sinkin of di ''Taitanik'']] For abaut 02:15, ''Taitanik'' angul for di wota begin inkreas rapidli as wota pour enta previousli unflooded pats of di ship thru dek hatchis. Ha sodenli inkreasin angul kaus wetin wan sovaivor kol a "jaiant wave" to wash along di ship from di forwod end of di boat dek, wey sweep plenti pipo enta di sea. Afta anoda minit, di ship laits flika wans and then pamanentli ga aut, plungin ''Taitanik'' into daknes. Jak Thaya rimemba say him si "grups of di fifteen hundred pipo wey stil dey abod, dey kling for klustas or bunchis, laik swamin bees; onli to fall in masis, peirs or singuli as di great aftapat of di ship, tuw hundred fifti feet of am, raiz enta di sky." ==== ''Taitanik'' fainal moments ==== [[File:Titanic's sinking stern.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Imajind viu of ''Taitanik'' fainal plunj]] ''Taitanik'' dey subjeted to extrim oposin fosis&nbsp;– di flooded bow dey pul ha dawn while di air for di stern keep ha to di surfais&nbsp;– which dey koncentrated for wan of di weakest points for di strukcho. Di ship disapia from viu for 02:20, 2 hauas and 40 minits afta e straik di Icebeg. === Pasenjas and kreu for di wota === [[File:Titanic watch.jpg|thumb|Poket wotch wey dem retriev from di wrek sait, e stop and dey shou a taim of 2:28|alt=Fotograf of a bras poket wotch on a stand, wit a silva chain kurld araund di bayz. Di wotch hand dey read 2:28.]] For di imediaet aftamat of di sinkin, hundreds of pasenjas and kreu dey stranded dey kpai for di icy sea, soraunded bai debris from di ship. ''Taitanik'' disintegreshon durin ha descent to di seabed kaus buoyant chunks of debris&nbsp;– timba beams, wooden doors, furnicho, panelin and chunks of cork from di bulkheads&nbsp;– to roket to di surfais. Diz injo and posibli kil som of di swimas; odas yuz di debris to trai to keep demselvs afloat. Those wey dey saefli for di laifboats dey horifaid to hear di saund of wetin Lawrens Beesley kol "evri posibul emoshon of human fear, despe, agoni, fias resentment and blaind anga mingul&nbsp;– I dey cetain of those&nbsp;– wit nouts of infinit surprise, as though each wan dey tok say, 'Hau kom e dey posibul say dis awful tin dey hapun to ''mi''? Dat I ga dey kauht for dis death trap?{{'"}} [[Jak Thaya]] kompe am to di saund of "lokusts for a summa nait", while Jeorj Rheims, wey jump moments befoh ''Taitanik'' sink, deskraib am as "a dismal moanin saund wey I no ga eva forget; e kom from those poor pipo wey dey float araund, dey kol for hep. E dey horifaiyin, mysterious, supanachoral." Di nois of di pipo for di wota dey skream, yel, and krai bi a tremendous chok to di okupants of di laifboats. As Beesley rait afta, di krais "kom as a thundabolt, unexpeted, inkonsivabul, inkredibul. No wan for eni of di boats wey dey stand off a fiu hundred yards ewei fit eskayp di paralysin chok of di awarenes say so short a distans ewei a trajedi, unbilivabul for e magnitiud, dey hapun, wey wi, heples, no fit avert or diminish in eni wei." Afta abaut twenti minits, di krais begin faed as di swimas laps enta unkonsciousnes and death. [[Luci, Laedi Duff-Gordon]], rimemba say afta di disasta sey "di veri las krai bi dat of wan man wey been dey hala loudli: 'My God! My God!' Him krai monotonousli, for a dull, hoeples wei. For an entaia haua, na awful chorus of shrieks been dey, wey graduali kpai enta a hoeples moan, until dis las krai wey I tok of. Then evriwhe silent." For som sovaivors, di dead sailens wey folo dey wors than evun di krais for hep.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robbins |first1=William |title=SKREAMS, THEN SEA'S SAILENS, STIL HAUNT 5 SOVAIVORS OF TITANIC |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/18/us/screams-then-sea-s-silence-still-haunt-5-survivors-of-titanic.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=[[Di Niu Yok Taims]] |date=April 18, 1982}}</ref> Lowe and him kreu faind foh men been wey stil dey alaiv, wan of them kpai shortli aftawods. Odawaiz, aul dem fit si bi "hundreds of bodis and laifbelts"; di dead "seem as if dem perish wi di kold as dia limbs aul dey krampd up". == Nouts == {{notes}} == Referens == {{Reflist|20em}} == Bibliografi == {{refbegin|30em}} ===Buks=== * {{cite book | last = Aldridge | first = Rebecca | year = 2008 | title = The Sinking of the ''Titanic'' | url = https://archive.org/details/sinkingoftitanic0000aldr | publisher = Infobase Publishing | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7910-9643-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Ballard | first = Robert D. | year = 1987 | title = The Discovery of the ''Titanic'' | url = https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftitan0000unse | publisher = Warner Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-446-51385-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Barczewski | first = Stephanie | year = 2006 | title = ''Titanic'': A Night Remembered | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | location = London | isbn = 978-1-85285-500-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/titanicnightreme0000barc }} * {{cite book | last = Barratt | first = Nick | year = 2010 | title = Lost Voices From the ''Titanic'': The Definitive Oral History | url = https://archive.org/details/lostvoicesfromti0000barr_o3c5 | publisher = Random House | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84809-151-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = W.B. | year = 2011 | title = ''Titanic'': 9 Hours to Hell, the Survivors' Story | publisher = Amberley Publishing | location = Stroud, Gloucestershire | isbn = 978-1-4456-0482-4 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/titanic9hourstoh0000bart }} * {{cite book | last = Beesley | first = Lawrence | year = 1960 | orig-year = 1912 | chapter = The Loss of the SS ''Titanic''; its Story and its Lessons | title = The Story of the Titanic as told by its Survivors | url = https://archive.org/details/storyoftitanicas0000unse_y5z4 | publisher = Dover Publications | location = London | isbn = 978-0-486-20610-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Björkfors | first = Peter | year = 2004 | chapter = The Titanic Disaster and Images of National Identity in Scandinavian Literature | title = The Titanic in myth and memory: representations in visual and literary culture | url = https://archive.org/details/titanicinmythmem0000unse | editor1-last = Bergfelder | editor1-first = Tim | editor2-last = Street | editor2-first = Sarah | publisher = I.B. Tauris | location = London | isbn = 978-1-85043-431-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Brown | first = David G. | year = 2000 | title = The Last Log of the ''Titanic'' | publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-136447-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Butler | first = Daniel Allen | year = 1998 | title = Unsinkable: The Full Story of RMS ''Titanic'' | publisher = Stackpole Books | location = Mechanicsburg, PA | isbn = 978-0-8117-1814-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/unsinkablefullst00butl }} * {{cite book | last = Chirnside | first = Mark | year = 2004 | title = The ''Olympic''-class ships : ''Olympic'', ''Titanic'', ''Britannic'' | publisher = Tempus | location = Stroud, Gloucestershire | isbn = 978-0-7524-2868-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Cox | first = Stephen | year = 1999 | title = The ''Titanic'' Story: Hard Choices, Dangerous Decisions | url = https://archive.org/details/titanicstoryhard0000coxs | url-access = registration | publisher = Open Court Publishing | location = Chicago | isbn = 978-0-8126-9396-6 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Eaton | first1 = John P. | last2 = Haas | first2 = Charles A. | year = 1987 | title = ''Titanic'': Destination Disaster: The Legends and the Reality | publisher = Patrick Stephens | location = Wellingborough, Northamptonshire | isbn = 978-0-85059-868-1 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Eaton | first1 = John P. | last2 = Haas | first2 = Charles A. | year = 1994 | title = ''Titanic'': Triumph and Tragedy | publisher = Patrick Stephens | location = Wellingborough, Northamptonshire | isbn = 978-1-85260-493-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Everett | first = Marshall | year = 1912 | title = Wreck and Sinking of the ''Titanic'' | publisher = Homewood Press | location = Chicago | oclc = 558974511 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Fitch | first1 = Tad | last2 = Layton | first2 = J. Kent | last3 =Wormstedt | first3 = Bill | year = 2012 | title = On A Sea of Glass: The Life & Loss of the R.M.S. Titanic | publisher = Amberley Books | isbn = 978-1848689275 }} * {{cite book | last = Foster | first = John Wilson | year = 1997 | title = The ''Titanic'' Complex | publisher = Belcouver Press | location = Vancouver | isbn = 978-0-9699464-1-0 }} * {{cite journal | last = Georgiou | first = Ioannis | date = <!--2 November -->2000 | journal = Atlantic Daily Bulletin | title = The Animals on board the ''Titanic'' | publisher = British Titanic Society | location = Southampton | issn = 0965-6391 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Gittins | first1 = Dave | last2 = Akers-Jordan | first2 = Cathy | last3 = Behe | first3 = George | year = 2011 | chapter = Too Few Boats, Too Many Hindrances | title = Report into the Loss of the SS ''Titanic'': A Centennial Reappraisal | url = https://archive.org/details/lossofsstitanicc0000unse | editor-last = Halpern | editor-first = Samuel | publisher = The History Press | location = Stroud, Gloucestershire | isbn = 978-0-7524-6210-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Gleicher | first = David | year = 2006 | title = The Rescue of the Third Class on the ''Titanic'': A Revisionist History | url = https://archive.org/details/rescueofthirdcla0000glei | series = Research in Maritime History, No.&nbsp;31 | publisher = International Maritime Economic History Association | location = St. John's, Newfoundland | isbn = 978-0-9738934-1-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Gracie | first = Archibald | year = 1913 | title = The Truth about the ''Titanic'' | publisher = M. Kennerley | location = New York | url = https://archive.org/details/truthabouttitani00grac }} ** Also published as: {{cite book | last = Gracie | first = Archibald | year = 2009 | title = Titanic: A Survivor's Story | url = https://archive.org/details/titanicsurvivors0000grac | publisher = The History Press | isbn = 978-0-7509-4702-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Halpern | first = Samuel | year = 2011 | chapter = Account of the Ship's Journey Across the Atlantic | title = Report into the Loss of the SS ''Titanic'': A Centennial Reappraisal | url = https://archive.org/details/lossofsstitanicc0000unse | editor-last = Halpern | editor-first = Samuel | publisher = The History Press | location = Stroud, Gloucestershire | isbn = 978-0-7524-6210-3 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Halpern | first1 = Samuel | last2 = Weeks | first2 = Charles | year = 2011 | chapter = Description of the Damage to the Ship | title = Report into the Loss of the SS ''Titanic'': A Centennial Reappraisal | url = https://archive.org/details/lossofsstitanicc0000unse | editor-last = Halpern | editor-first = Samuel | publisher = The History Press | location = Stroud, Gloucestershire | isbn = 978-0-7524-6210-3 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Hoffman | first1 = William | last2 = Grimm | first2 = Jack | year = 1982 | title = Beyond Reach: The Search For The ''Titanic'' | publisher = Beaufort Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8253-0105-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/beyondreachsearc00hoff }} * {{cite book | last = Howells | first = Richard Parton | title = The Myth of the ''Titanic'' | url = https://archive.org/details/mythoftitanic0000howe | year = 1999 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-312-22148-5 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Hutchings | first1 = David F. | last2 = de Kerbrech | first2 = Richard P. | year = 2011 | title = RMS ''Titanic'' 1909–12 (''Olympic'' Class): Owners' Workshop Manual | url = https://archive.org/details/rmstitanic1909120000hutc | location = Sparkford, Somerset | publisher = Haynes | isbn = 978-1-84425-662-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Kuntz | first = Tom | year = 1998 | title = The ''Titanic'' Disaster Hearings | url = https://archive.org/details/titanicdisasterh00kunt | url-access = registration | publisher = Pocket Book | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-56865-748-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Lord | first = Walter | title = A Night to Remember | url = https://archive.org/details/nighttoremember0000lord_j9r9 | year = 1976 | publisher = Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 978-0-14-004757-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Lord | first = Walter | year = 2005 | orig-year = 1955 | title = A Night to Remember | url = https://archive.org/details/nighttoremember0000lord_s3c4 | publisher = St. Martin's Griffin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8050-7764-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Lord | first = Walter | year = 1987 | title = The Night Lives On | publisher = Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 978-0-670-81452-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Lynch | first = Donald | year = 1998 | title = ''Titanic'': An Illustrated History | publisher = Hyperion | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-786-86401-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Marcus | first = Geoffrey | year = 1969 | title = The Maiden Voyage | publisher = Viking Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-670-45099-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/maidenvoyage00marc }} * {{cite book | last = Marshall | first = Logan | year = 1912 | title = Sinking of the ''Titanic'' and Great Sea Disasters | publisher = The John C. Winston Co | location = Philadelphia | oclc = 1328882 }} * {{cite book | last1 = McCarty | first1 = Jennifer Hooper | last2 = Foecke | first2 = Tim | year = 2012 | orig-year = 2008 | title = What Really Sank The Titanic&nbsp;– New Forensic Evidence | publisher = Citadel | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8065-2895-3 | url = https://archive.org/details/whatreallysankti0000mcca }} * {{cite book | last1 = Mills | first1 = Simon | year = 1993 | title = RMS Olympic&nbsp;– The Old Reliable | publisher = Waterfront Publications | location = Dorset | isbn = 0-946184-79-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Mowbray | first = Jay Henry | title = Sinking of the ''Titanic'' | url = https://archive.org/details/sinkingoftitanic00mowb | year = 1912 | publisher = The Minter Company | location = Harrisburg, PA | oclc = 9176732 }} * {{cite book | last = Parisi | first = Paula | year = 1998 | title = ''Titanic'' and the Making of James Cameron | publisher = Newmarket Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-55704-364-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Regal | first = Brian | year = 2005 | title = Radio: The Life Story of a Technology | url = https://archive.org/details/radiolifestoryof0000rega | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | location = Westport, CT | isbn = 978-0-313-33167-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Richards | first = Jeffrey | year = 2001 | title = Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876–1953 | url = https://archive.org/details/imperialismmusic0000rich | publisher = Manchester University Press | location = Manchester | isbn = 978-0-7190-6143-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Turner | first = Steve | year = 2011 | title = The Band that Played On | publisher = Thomas Nelson | location = Nashville, TN | isbn = 978-1-59555-219-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/bandthatplayedon0000turn }} * {{cite book | last = Verhoeven | first = John D. | year = 2007 | title = Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist | url = https://archive.org/details/steelmetallurgyf0000verh | publisher = ASM International | location = Materials Park, OH | isbn = 978-0-87170-858-8 }} * {{cite book | editor-last = Winocour | editor-first = Jack | year = 1960 | title = The Story of the ''Titanic'' as told by its Survivors | url = https://archive.org/details/truthabouttitan00gracgoog | publisher = Dover Publications | location = London | isbn = 978-0-486-20610-3 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Zumdahl | first1 = Steven S. | last2 = Zumdahl | first2 = Susan A. | year = 2008 | title = Chemistry | publisher = Cengage Learning | location = Belmont, CA | isbn = 978-0-547-12532-9 }} ===Journal articles=== * {{cite journal | title = What really sank the Titanic? | journal = Materials Today | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 48 | date = 26 September 2008 | publisher = [[Elsevier]] | url = http://www.materialstoday.com/view/1618/what-really-sank-the-titanic/ | access-date = 4 March 2012 | doi = 10.1016/s1369-7021(08)70224-4 | last1 = Foecke | first1 = Tim | doi-access = free | archive-date = 31 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200831010539/https://www.materialstoday.com/metals-alloys/news/what-really-sank-the-titanic// | url-status = live }} * {{cite journal | last = Maltin | first = Tim | date = March 2012 | title = Did the Titanic Sink Because of an Optical Illusion? | journal = [[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Did-the-Titanic-Sink-Because-of-an-Optical-Illusion.html | publisher = [[Smithsonian Institution]] | access-date = 15 April 2012 | archive-date = 31 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200831010546/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/did-the-titanic-sink-because-of-an-optical-illusion-102040309// | url-status = live }} * {{cite journal | last = Ryan | first = Paul R. | date = Winter 1985–1986 | title = The ''Titanic'' Tale | journal = Oceanus | volume = 4 | issue = 28 | publisher = Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution | location = Woods Hole, MA | url = https://archive.org/stream/oceanusv2804wood#page/n3/mode/2up | ref = {{sfnRef|Ryan|1985}} }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Uchupi | first1 = Elazar | last2 = Ballard | first2 = Robert D. | last3 = Lange | first3 = William N. | date = Fall 1986 | title = Resting in Pieces: New Evidence About ''Titanic{{'}}s'' Final Moments | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanus_fall-1986_29_3/page/53 | journal = Oceanus | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 53–60 | publisher = Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution | location = Woods Hole, MA }} ===News reports=== * {{cite news | last = Broad | first = William J. | date = 8 April 1997 | title = Toppling Theories, Scientists Find 6 Slits, Not Big Gash, Sank ''Titanic'' | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/08/science/toppling-theories-scientists-find-6-slits-not-big-gash-sank-titanic.html?pagewanted=all | access-date = 5 November 2011 | archive-date = 31 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200831010549/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/08/science/toppling-theories-scientists-find-6-slits-not-big-gash-sank-titanic.html?pagewanted=all%2F | url-status = live }} * {{cite news | last = Broad | first = William J. | date = 15 April 2008 | title = In Weak Rivets, a Possible Key to Titanic's Doom | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/15/science/15titanic.html?pagewanted=all | access-date = 13 March 2012 | archive-date = 31 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200831010558/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/15/science/15titanic.html?pagewanted=all%2F | url-status = live }} * {{cite news | last = Ewers | first = Justin | date = 25 September 2008 | title = The Secret of How the Titanic Sank | newspaper = U.S. News & World Report | url = https://www.usnews.com/news/national/articles/2008/09/25/the-secret-of-how-the-titanic-sunk? | access-date = 11 April 2012 | archive-date = 23 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200423183105/https://www.usnews.com/news/national/articles/2008/09/25/the-secret-of-how-the-titanic-sunk | url-status = live }} ===Investigations=== * {{cite web | title = Passenger List and Survivors of Steamship ''Titanic'' | date = 30 July 1912 | work = United States Senate Inquiry | url = http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/USReport/AmInqRep03.php#a7 | access-date = 5 June 2011 | archive-date = 26 April 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110426031821/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/USReport/AmInqRep03.php#a7 | url-status = live }} * {{cite book | last = Mersey | first = Lord | author-link = John Bigham, 1st Viscount Mersey | year = 1999 | orig-year = 1912 | title = The Loss of the Titanic, 1912 | url = https://archive.org/details/lossoftitanic1910000unse | publisher = The Stationery Office | isbn = 978-0-11-702403-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Mersey|1912}} }} * {{cite news | last = Portman | first = Jamie | title = U.K. Titanic exhibit an off-season draw | work = The Toronto Star | date = 12 November 1994 | ref = {{sfnRef|Portman 12 November 1994}} }} * {{cite web |title = Report on the Loss of the "Titanic." (s.s.) |date = 30 July 1912 |work = British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry |url = http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRep01.php |access-date = 12 February 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140822142553/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRep01.php |archive-date = 22 August 2014 }} * {{cite web |title = Report on the Loss of the "Titanic." (s.s.) |date = 30 July 1912 |work = British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry, Final Report (Watertight Compartments) |url = http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepWC.php |access-date = 14 April 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140103014858/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepWC.php |archive-date = 3 January 2014 }} * {{cite web |title = Report on the Loss of the "Titanic." (s.s.) |date = 30 July 1912 |work = British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry, Final Report (Description of Damage) |url = http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepObserv.php |access-date = 14 April 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140103010506/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepObserv.php |archive-date = 3 January 2014 }} {{refend}} == External links == {{Commons category|Sinking of the RMS Titanic}} {{Wikisource|Portal:RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic''}} * [http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/ Encyclopedia Titanica: facts and research about the ship and her sinking] * [http://www.titanicology.com/FloodingByCompartment.html Flooding by Compartment (Samuel W. Halpern)] * [http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/browser/1912/04/16/ TimesMachine browser] – ''[[The New York Times]]'', Tuesday, 16 April 1912 c23w1kwbk5xula5fo5gzalh1tpc21i8 0 2434 36381 34416 2026-08-18T01:13:24Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mars''' bi di foht [[planet]] from di [[Sun]]. Di [[Mars surfais kolour|surfais of Mars bi orenj-red]] bikos na [[iron(III) oxide]] dust kova am, wey giv am di niknem "'''di Red Planet'''".<ref name="Rees2012">{{cite book |title=Univas: Di Definitiv Visual Gaid |url=https://archive.org/details/universe0000unse_f2g0 |date=October 2012 |publisher=Dorlin Kindasley |isbn=978-0-7566-9841-6 |editor-last=Rees |editor-first=Martin J. |location=Niu Yok |pages=[https://archive.org/details/universe0000unse_f2g0/page/160 160]–161}}</ref> Plenti enomos extint [[volkanos]] dey for Mars (such as [[Olympus Mons]], 21.9km|mi tall) and wan of di lajes [[kanyon]]s for di Sola System ([[Valles Marineris]], 4000km|mi long). For komparisin, Mars's diameta bi 6779km. E dey klasifaid as a [[terrestrial planet]] and bi di sekond smoles of di planets of di [[Sola System]]. E get di simbol [[File:Mars symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|♂]]. Wen klosli in viu, di relaetiveli flat [[plain]]s for di nortan pats of Mars strongli diferen from di kratad terain for e sautan [[hailand]]s – dis terain obsavaeshon bi wetin wi kom to sabi as di [[Martian daikotomi]]. Jeolojikali, di planet feli dey aktiv wit [[marsquek]]s wey dey trembul undaneat for graund, [[Martian dust devils|dust devils]] wey dey swip akros di landskayp, and [[cirrus klaud]]s. [[Karbon daioxaid]] substanshali dey present for di [[pola ice kap]]s of Mars and for di [[Atmosfe of Mars|thin atmosfe]]. In tems of obital moshon, a Martian sola day ([[Mars sol|sol]]) dey equal to 24.5 hauas and a [[Taimkipin on Mars|Martian sola year]] dey equal to 1.88 Earth years (687 Earth days). During a year, laj surfais temperashor dey swing for di surfais of Mars between -78.5C|F to 5.7C|F wey simila to Earth's [[season]]s, as both planets get signifikant [[obital ecentriciti]] and [[axial tilt]]. Mars get [[Moons of Mars|tuw nachoral satelaits]] wey smol and dey iregula for shayp: [[Fobos (moon)|Fobos]] and [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]]. Mars fom for aproximaetli 4.5&nbsp;billion years ago. During di [[Noachian]] period (4.5 to 3.5&nbsp;billion years ago), Mars's surfais dey makd bai [[Impat event|meteor impats]], valley fomaeshon, eroshon, and di posibul presens of wota [[ocean]]s. Di [[Hesperian]] period (3.5 to 3.3–2.9&nbsp;billion years ago) dey dominated by waidspred [[Volkanism|volkanik ativiti]] and floodin wey kav imens [[autflou channels]]. Di [[Amazonian (Mars)|Amazonian]] period, wey kontinu to di present, dey makd bai di [[Aeolian proces-dem|wind as a dominant influens on jeolojikal proces-dem]]. Wi neva sabi wheda [[Laif for Mars|laif don eva exist for Mars]]. Mars dey among [[List of braites nachoral objets for di sky|di braites objets for Earth sky]] and e hai-kontras [[albedo feacho]]s don mek am a komon subjet for [[teleskop]] viuin. Since di leit 20th centuri, [[Exploraeshon of Mars|unkreud spaiskraft and rovas don dey explor am]], wit di fes flybai bai di ''[[Marina 4]]'' proub for 1965, the fes Mars obita bai di ''[[Mars 2]]'' proub for 1971, and di fes landin bai di ''[[Vaikin 1]]'' proub for 1976. As of 2023, na at least 11 ativ proubs dey obit Mars or di Martian surfais. Mars bi an atrativ taget for fucho [[Human mision to Mars|human exploraeshon misions]], though as at 2020s no such mision dey pland.<!-- Di layaut of di lead bi as folos: - Fes paragraf: surfais of Mars - Sekond paragraf: jeolojikal dynamiks - Thod paragraf: obital moshon - Foht paragraf: Mars histri - Fift paragraf: human exploraeshon --> == Also si == == Referens == {{Reflist}} {{Sola System}} euka3flrvjwmwye2fswwjtohesle6y6 0 2439 36361 35606 2026-08-17T18:01:56Z Wmbata 3734 I fix html tag dem 36361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nos}} {{Databox}} '''Apotropaic magic''' (from Greek αποτρέπειν "to komot somtin") or magik wey dem dey uze protet somtin, na majik wey dem dey uze poshu bad tins, abi wey dem dey uze komot bad eye for pesin bodi. Apotropaic na pipu wey dey lik tradishonal tins dey du am, abi wey lik to dey get beta tins juju. ==Objects== ===Old Egypt=== Apotropaic majik na wetin old Egypt wey nier East an old Egypt dey du. Dem dey uze am dey komot bad tins for pipu bodi bikos dem biliv say bad eye or tins dey folo pesin. Old Egypt pipu dey du di ritual for hauz ( no bi for temple), dem dey du am wit Heka. Di two as spirit wey dem dey kol for pesin bodi na hippotamus, Tawaret, an lion spirit, (Bes wey dem get fom apotropaic short god, Aha, wey plenti pipu sabi as faighta). Dem dey uze tins folo di God tok, one of dem wey pipu sabi wel na ivory apotropaic wand, dem sabi am wel for Middle Kingdom (ca. 1550 - 1069 BCE). Dem dey holways uze am dey porshu bad spirit for mama wey get belle an pikin bodi, an dey dem lik do am wit sun spirit. Som oda tins wey dem lik dey wear mek Pipu ci na gods lik Tawaret. Dem dey uze water wel wel Wen dem dey du di spirit tins, dem dey holways put am for pesin wey dem wan mek Di spirit wok on am bodi. Leta leta (wen Egypt kom onda Greek), Stele an Horus dey du tins lik Tawaret own, dem go out water for pesin bodi, kon leta tel di pesin mek e drink am. ===Old Greek=== Di old Greek get objet wey dey uze as symbols, wit difren nems, lik apotropaia, probaskania, periammata, periapta and profylaktika. Di Greek dey du sacrifice for gods, ( ἀποτρόπαιοι θεοί, apotropaioi theoi), chthonic gods, an pipu wey dey komot di spirit for dia bodi. Dem dey holways wear somtin for hand to dey uze am kova mama an pikin wey get belle. Greek pipu dey holways juju pesin for dia hauz to tek hep dem dey komot bad eyes an bad spirit komot for dia bodi. Dem dey uze grasshopper som taims Wen dem dey du di sacrifice. Anoda way dem dey uze du sacrifice na to dey fold dia cloth. Old Greek dey tel bois mek e du lik girls to tek kova dem fom bad eyes. ==Kross== Insaid Ireland, dem dey holways uze kross on At Brigid's day, dem dey hang am ontop door an windows to tek kova hauz fom fire, thunder, an evil spirits. Insaid Southern Ireland, Samhain dey holways uze kross an stick wey dem dey kol 'parshall' abi 'pashell', wey dem dey uze for dormot to komot bad luck, sicknes an witchcraft. ==Eyes== Dem dey holways paint dia eyes to komot bad evil eye for dia bodi. Dem paint apotropaic eye ontop Greek drink, dem kol am kylikes (eyes-kops) fom di 6th century BCE up til di end of klasika period. Dem paint eye on top drink, bikos dem no wan mek bad spirit enta di maut Wen dem dey drink. Dem dey paint fishing boat sef an wetin dem dey uze drive am. Turkish airlines, Fly Air, uze di symbol nazar boncugu (nazar bonjuk) on top one hand of di aeroplane. Di apotropaic Yiddish wods, קיין עין הרע, kain ein horeh, 'no evil eye' (in todey Hebrew, בלי עין הרע, bli ein ha'ra), mean sey, "knock ontop wood." ==Faces== Insaid old Greeks, pisho wey dem dey uze Pas to komot evil eye na Gorgon, wey dem fit kol di head nau Gorgonian, Wey bi big eyes and tongues. Di ful pisho dey sho two lion wey bi female. Di Gorgon head dey for aegis an pat of Athena. Pipu biliv sey dormot an window of a hauz na wia bad spirit fit Pas enta. For olden days Greek, grostegue wey dey lik cap na im dem du for door, so dat e go save dem for fire. Leta on, som chorch an big hauz dey du somtin wey go porshu bad spirit fom dia plez. jz9aytp1l0ptz0q0z5vl9jz8wi0y7ti 0 2473 36386 27810 2026-08-18T01:15:54Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mercury bi di fes planet from [[Sun]] and di smallest for di [[Sola System]]. For Inglish and Naijá, e nem kom from di nem of di Roman god Mekurius (Mekuri), god of kommers and komunikaeshon, and di mesenja to di gods. Mekuri dey klasifaid as a terrestrial planet, wit rofli du saem surfais graviti as [[Mars]]. Di surfais of Mekuri dey kraetad hevili, as a risolt of kauntles impat events wey don akumulaet ova bilions of years. E lajes kraeta, Kaloris Planitia, get a daiameta of 1,550 km (960 mi) and wan-thord di daiameta of di planet (4,880 km or 3,030 mi). Simila to di Earth Moon, Mekuri surfais dey displei expansiv rups system wey jeneraet from thrust fults and braiht ray systems wey dey fomd bai impat event remnants. == Nem == Di enshent pipo sabi Mekuri wit diferen diferen nem dependin on weda e bi evnin star or monin star. Bai abaut 350 BC, di [[Enshent Grees|enshent Greeks]] don aulredi rialaiz say di tuw stars na di saem. Dem sabi di planet as {{Lang|grc|Στίλβων|italic=no}} {{Lang|grc-latn|Stilbōn}}, wey mean "twinklin", and {{Lang|grc|Ἑρμής|italic=no}} {{Lang|grc-latn|[[Hermes|Hermēs]]}}, for e fleetin moshon,{{LSJ|sti/lbwn|Στίλβων}}, {{LSJ|*(ermh{{=}}s|Ἑρμῆς|ref}}. a nem wey di moden [[Greek langwej|Greek]] ritaen ({{Lang|el|Ερμής|italic=no}} {{Lang|el-latn|Ermis}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/ |title=Diferen Greek Nem for di Planets |access-date=February 23, 2024 |quote=''Emis'' bi di Greek nem of di planet Mekuri, wey bi di kloses planet to di Sun. E nem kom from di nem of di Greek God of kommers, Emis or Hemes, wey also bi di mesenja to di Enshent Greek gods. |date=April 25, 2010}} Also si di [[:el:Ερμής (πλανήτης)|Greek atikul abaut di planet]].</ref> Di Romans nem di planet afta di Roman mesenja god wey get swift-foot, [[Mekuri (mitoloji)|Mekuri]] (Latin {{Lang|la|Mekurius}}), wey Dem tek as equal wit di Greek Hemes, bekaus e dey muv akros for skai fasta than eni oda planet.<ref name="Dunne">{{cite book |title=Di Voyaij of Marina&nbsp;10 – Mision to Venus and Mekuri |last1=Dunne |first1=James A. |last2=Burgess |first2=Eric |chapter-url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-424/ch1.htm |publisher=NASA Histri Ofis |date=1978 |chapter=Chapter Wan |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-424/ |access-date=July 12, 2017 |archive-date=November 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117190025/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-424/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Eugène Michel |last=Antoniadi |others=Translated from French by Moore, Patrick |date=1974 |title=Di Planet Mekuri |publisher=Keith Reid Ltd |location=Shaldon, Devon |pages=9–11 |isbn=978-0-904094-02-2}}</ref> Di [[astronomikal symbol]] for Mekuri bi di stylaizd vashon of Hemes' [[caduceus]]; a Kristian kross kom dey added for di 16th centuri:[[File:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☿]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Astronomi: A Textbook |url=https://archive.org/details/astronomytextboo0000john |first=John Charles |last=Duncan |date=1946 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |page=[https://archive.org/details/astronomytextboo0000john/page/125 125] |quote=Di symbol for Mekuri dey represent di Caduceus, a wand wit tuw sapents wey dey twain araund am, wey di mesenja of di gods.dey kari.}}</ref><ref name="jones-1999"> {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MokzymQ43IC&pg=PA62 |title=Astronomikal papiri from Oxyrhynchus |date=1999 |isbn=9780871692337 |pages=62–63 |publisher=Amerikan Filosofikal Sosaiti |quote=E dey posibul nau to tres di medival symbols for at least foh of di faiv planets to foms wey dey okur for som of di laetes papirus horoskops ([ [[Oxyrhynchus Papyri|P.Oxy.]] ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). Mekuri bi a stylaizd caduceus.}}</ref> == Also si == == Referens == {{Reflist}} {{Sola System}} 4cpfh9yhv48sjb5050wb315qwe5cr5k 0 2500 36359 27875 2026-08-17T17:57:40Z Wmbata 3734 Redundant tags 36359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ghostlore''' na tradishonal bilif an kolsho wey plenti pipu get abaut ghosts an hau e dey sho. Ghostlore don dey for insaid wetin plenti pipu kolsho for di wold. Dem tok abaut am as wen pesin wey don kpai dey sho, ghostlore stan as wetin plenti pipu bilif, an e don tay for pipu histri. Di wod "ghost" get plenti meaning bikos so meni pipu don uze religion, kolsho, an histri tok di meaning. Plenti of di meaning dey konet am to spirit, an hol di tori dey bring fear fear for pipu mind. ==Histri== Di fest tori abaut ghost wey dey porshu for hauz wey dey for rekod na di one wey Mostellaria, wey no abaut kolsho rait, wey bi sey im sef look fom one ghost tori wey don los wey im nem na Phasma wey Athenian poet Philemon rait. Afta plenti century pas, fom wetin Pliny di younger rait, wey bi di sekond tin wey old pas for hau spirit dey porshu pesin. Hau ghostlore tek stat na as pipu biliv insaid spirit wey no kpai wey stil dey muv up an down. Plenti old kolsho, lik Di Egyptians an Greeks, hol bliv insaid spirit wey no kpai. Di Greeks, for ezampu bliv sey di spirit dey muv afta life an dem dey holways jorj dem leta, if e du beta di spirit go njoi life, but if e du bad e dey sarf jorjmet. For midu age, ghost tori na abaut spirit wey no rest, wey no ci peace for aftalaif. Dia bliv bi sey this spirit na pipu wey dem du bad for wen dem dey dis laif or dem kpai in a bad way. Dem dey uze dis tori tich pipu lesson, wit ghost stan as wornin for pipu wey wan du bad an di risot for sin. Ghostlore don dey popula for insaid pipu wey dem jus [[bon]] an pipu wey sabi buk an travu wel wel, na science pipu dey chalenj di bilif of aftalaif livin. In di 19th an 20th centuries, pipu lik to dey tok an hie spirit tins, wit plenti pipu wey bliv sey ghost dey lif an pesin fit tok wit pesin wey [[kpai]]. Na dis one kon mek ghost tori plenti, an meni pipu lik tok abaut ghost an hau e dey porshu pipu. Todey, ghostlore na popula tin for film, buk, an oda plenti sho tins. Wit plenti science pipu tok abaut ghost an hau e no dey posibu to dey porshu pesin, meni pipu stil lik to dey pipu wey kpai spirit stil dey an dem dey lik tok di tori for pipu. ==Difren kain of ghost== Ghost na kommon tin insaid plenti kolsho an tradishon for di world, an dey dey difren kain. Na som of di ghost wey dey for ghostlore: Vengeful ghost: Dis na ghost wey d kpai dem wit wikednez an won kon faight bak. Dem bliv sey dem pesin kil dem, soilder wey kpai Wen dey dey war, abi pipu wey dem don du bad for insaid life. Friendly ghost: Dem difren fom Vengeful ghost bikos dem dey holways hep pipu wey dey life. Dem bliv sey na dis kain ghost dey luk afta dia famili, or dey luk afta di pipu wey dem lov. Poltergeist: poltergeist na ghost wey dem bliv sey dey holways mek nois. Dem bliv sey poltergeist spirit dey muv tins for hauz. Ghost of ancestors: Insaid plenti kolsho dem bliv sey spirit dey holways dey afet dia pipu wey stil dey liv. Dis ghost dem dey holways giv dem skrifais or praya so dat dem go kontinue dey hep dia famili. Ghost of Children: Dis spirit of Ghost of Children na wetin most kolsho bliv sey na ghost wey get pawa wel wel. Som taims, dem dey ci am as ghost wey no sabi enitin wey dey kari gud luck, but dem dey run for oda spirit bikos dem bliv sey e wan kon get pipu wey du am bad. Ghostly Animal: Insaid som kolsho, dem bliv sey animal sef fit bi ghost. Dis kain animal na animal wey kommuniti sabi an wey dem dey pley wit. op41ieiu9ixb08q0m8v82kfu5qzp3gl 0 2521 36362 35378 2026-08-17T18:03:42Z Wmbata 3734 36362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Princess and dragon''' na one of di standard way of tellin tradishonal old tori, romatik tori. [[Northrop Frye]] tok sey ''"Princess and dragon''" na sentra part wey romans tori dey always folo. Di tori dey tok abaut one hi-klass wuman wey get save from dragon. Di dragon fit bi original dragon or Jos eni denja. Na one man wey bi hero go kom save di hi-klass wuman or princess for di tori. Di tori fit show sey na di princess bi di fest pesin wey wan faze dis kind of dragon or e fit show sey na di princess bi di last pesin wan dis tin wan hapun to. Di tori dey always finish wen di princess mari di man or hero wey helep kill di dragon Wen [[Aarne-Thompson]] wan rait tori abaut ''Princess and dragon''' in type 300 an Dr e patan dey always bi like this: E fit remain smol make dem yuz di princess as sakrifahi wen di hero kom save am, one fake hero wen go fest kom dey tok sey na im go do am, an di main hero wey pipo go kom see sey na im do am tru-tru. ==Histri of di tori== One of di tori of ''Princess and dragon'' wey don old pass na di one wey kom from olden days Greek tori of Perseus. Perseus save di princess Andromeda mek Cetus no chop am. Cetus na one big hanima wey de inside wota wey no risembu snake or dragon. Other tradishonal old tori of Greek folo di dem patan of ''Princess and dragon'' like di Heracles. For di tori of Heracles, e save princess Hesione of Troy mek one big hanima no chop am. In dos tori, most of dem dey tok sey di dragon kom bikos dia gods dey vex for di pipo. For ezampul, in Andromeda tori, di dragon wan kill di princess bikos di princess mama Queen Cassiopeia kompiya Andromeda beauti to one fimeli god wey de live inside wota. For di tori of Hesione, di dragon wan kill am bikos e papa no wan agree on wetin im an [[Poseidon]] don gree bifor. '''Princess and dragon''' na one of di standard way of tellin tradishonal old tori, romatik tori. [[Northrop Frye]] tok sey ''"Princess and dragon'''" na sentra part wey romans tori dey always folo. 2ag7e8ctsf2kmlpinlxuck6q31ydcay 36363 36362 2026-08-17T18:05:31Z Wmbata 3734 36363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Princess and dragon'' na one of di standard way of tellin tradishonal old tori, romatik tori. [[Northrop Frye]] tok sey ''"Princess and dragon"'' na sentra part wey romans tori dey always folo. Di tori dey tok abaut one hi-klass wuman wey get save from dragon. Di dragon fit bi original dragon or Jos eni denja. Na one man wey bi hero go kom save di hi-klass wuman or princess for di tori. Di tori fit show sey na di princess bi di fest pesin wey wan faze dis kind of dragon or e fit show sey na di princess bi di last pesin wan dis tin wan hapun to. Di tori dey always finish wen di princess mari di man or hero wey helep kill di dragon Wen [[Aarne-Thompson]] wan rait tori abaut ''Princess and dragon'' in type 300 an Dr e patan dey always bi like this: E fit remain smol make dem yuz di princess as sakrifahi wen di hero kom save am, one fake hero wen go fest kom dey tok sey na im go do am, an di main hero wey pipo go kom see sey na im do am tru-tru. ==Histri of di tori== One of di tori of ''Princess and dragon'' wey don old pass na di one wey kom from olden days Greek tori of Perseus. Perseus save di princess Andromeda mek Cetus no chop am. Cetus na one big hanima wey de inside wota wey no risembu snake or dragon. Other tradishonal old tori of Greek folo di dem patan of ''Princess and dragon'' like di Heracles. For di tori of Heracles, e save princess Hesione of Troy mek one big hanima no chop am. In dos tori, most of dem dey tok sey di dragon kom bikos dia gods dey vex for di pipo. For ezampul, in Andromeda tori, di dragon wan kill di princess bikos di princess mama Queen Cassiopeia kompiya Andromeda beauti to one fimeli god wey de live inside wota. For di tori of Hesione, di dragon wan kill am bikos e papa no wan agree on wetin im an [[Poseidon]] don gree bifor. ''Princess and dragon'' na one of di standard way of tellin tradishonal old tori, romatik tori. [[Northrop Frye]] tok sey ''"Princess and dragon"'' na sentra part wey romans tori dey always folo. piber9pmzrfaxi2bbgf30acksobztyi 0 2745 36390 34468 2026-08-18T01:19:19Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item= Q3595661}} '''Isma'il Raji al Faruqi''' (إسماعيل راجي الفاروقي; Ismāʿīl Rājī al-Fārūqī; January 1, 1921 – May 27, 1986) na Palestinian-American Muslim philosopher and scholar wey really sabi Islamic studies and how to yarn well with people from other religions. E no just sabi book — e deep for brain matter. Al-Faruqi spend serious years for Al-Azhar University for Cairo before e carry im knowledge waka go North America. For places like McGill University for Canada, e teach correct. Later, for Temple University, e no just be professor — na him start and lead di Islamic Studies program with sense and purpose. On top all that, na one of di people wey build di International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) from ground up. When e reach book and paper, di man no slack at all. E write over 100 academic articles and more than 25 books. Some of di most popular ones na Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas (1967) and Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life (1982). For all these, al-Faruqi break down serious Islamic philosophy, ethics, di meaning of Tawhid (oneness of God), and how different religions fit reason together without wahala. Di kain contribution wey e drop for religion and scholarship na something people still dey respect till today. E no just teach — e shape how people dey think. == Biography == === Early life and education === Al-Faruqi na Jaffa, for inside British-mandate Palestine dem born am.<ref name="Yusuf2021">{{cite book |year=2021 |title=Essential Writings: Ismail Al Faruqi |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=IBT Books |editor=Imtiyaz Yusuf |page=3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="OxfordIslam">{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095811314 |title=Faruqi, Ismail Raji al- (1986) |work=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford Reference |accessdate=2024-07-04 |language=en}}</ref> E papa, 'Abd al-Huda al-Faruqi, na Islamic judge (''qadi'') — na big person for Shari'ah mata. Al-Faruqi start to learn Islam from small pikin level, both for house and for mosque wey dey close by. Na e papa really shape how e take sabi Islam and build di moral foundation wey guide am later for life.<ref name="Badri2014">{{cite journal |last=Badri |first=Malik |year=2014 |title=Psychological reflections on Ismail al-Faruqi's life and contributions |journal=The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=145–152|doi=10.35632/ajis.v31i2.1052 }}</ref> For 1936, e begin go French Dominican school wey dem dey call Collège des Frères de Jaffa.<ref name="Yusuf2021" /><ref name="Esposito2001">{{cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John L. |last2=Voll |first2=John O. |title=Makers of Contemporary Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/makersofcontempo00john |chapter=Ismail al-Faruqi |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/makersofcontempo00john/page/52 52]–70 |language=en}}</ref> Later, al-Faruqi move go Beirut, Lebanon, to continue im education for American University of Beirut (AUB). For AUB, al-Faruqi jam Arab nationalist movements and Christian Arab nationalists like Constantin Zureiq, Nabih Amin Faris, and Nicola Ziadeh — na dem make am begin like Arabism well well.<ref name="Badri2014" /> That time too, AUB dey force students to attend Christian missionary lectures and courses wey dey push Western modern ideas. All these experiences help al-Faruqi begin form im own beliefs and worldview.<ref name="Badri2014" /> For 1942, dem give al-Faruqi appointment as registrar for cooperative societies under di [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]] government for [[Jerusalem]]. By 1945, e don rise to become district governor for [[Galilee]].<ref name="OxfordIslam" /> Afta di [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|1948 Arab-Israeli war]], al-Faruqi waka go [[Indiana University]] to collect im M.A. for [[philosophy]]. Im thesis that time na ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)'', wey e submit for 1949.<ref>Al-Faruqi, Isma'il Raji. ''The Ethics of Reason and the Ethics of Life (Kantian and Nietzschean Ethics)''. Master’s thesis, Indiana University, 1949.</ref> E no stop there — e go still do another M.A. for philosophy for [[Harvard University]] for 1951, then return Indiana University to complete im Ph.D. with thesis titled ''On Justifying the Good'' for 1952.<ref name="PhDThesis">Al-Faruqi, Isma'il Raji. ''On Justifying the Good.'' PhD thesis, Indiana University, 1952.</ref> Na during dis time e meet and marry [[Lois Lamya al-Faruqi]]. For im master’s thesis, al-Faruqi chook eye into di ethics of [[Immanuel Kant]] and [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]. Dis early philosophical work na wetin lay di groundwork for di kind sharp critiques wey e later give Western ethical systems, and how e begin shape Islamic ethical thinking.<ref name="Zebiri35">{{Cite book |last=Zebiri |first=Kate |title=Muslims and Christians Face to Face |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimschristian0000zebi |year=1997 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location=Oxford |isbn=1851681337 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/muslimschristian0000zebi/page/n46 35]–37 |language=en}}</ref> When e do im doctoral thesis, al-Faruqi yarn say values no be anyhow — dem get their own existence and person fit sabi dem [[a priori]] through emotional intuition. Im theory rest on [[Max Scheler]] own style of phenomenology and [[Nicolai Hartmann]] ethics work.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scheler |first=Max |title=On the Eternal Man |url=https://archive.org/details/oneternalinman0000sche |trans-title=On the Eternal Man |year=1960 |publisher=SCM Press |location=London |translator=Bernard Noble}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Scheler |first=Max |title=Man's Place in Nature |url=https://archive.org/details/mansplaceinnatur0000sche_l4g0 |trans-title=Man's Place in Nature |year=1961 |publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston}}</ref> Na from all this deep study, al-Faruqi come realise say if no dey transcendental foundation, everything go turn moral relativism — and na that wake am begin return to im Islamic roots. Within six years after al-Faruqi land for United States, e don realise say to really understand Islam proper, e need to go deeper. Na wetin push am go Egypt, to study for Al-Azhar University from 1954 reach 1958.<ref>{{cite book |year=2021 |title=Essential Writings: Ismail Al Faruqi |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=IBT Books |editor=Imtiyaz Yusuf |page=4}}</ref> By di time wey e comot from US go Egypt, al-Faruqi don begin ask new questions about moral responsibility, and e dey try find how e go balance im academic waka with im Islamic identity.<ref name="Fletcher2014">{{cite book |last=Fletcher |first=Charles |title=Muslim-Christian Engagement in the Twentieth Century: The Principles of Inter-faith Dialogue and the Work of Ismail Al-Faruqi |trans-title=Muslim-Christian Engagement in the Twentieth Century: The Principles of Inter-faith Dialogue and the Work of Ismail Al-Faruqi |date=2014 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |location=United Kingdom |page=34}}</ref> === Academic career === For 1958, dem offer al-Faruqi visiting fellowship for [[McGill University]] Faculty of Divinity. Na through invitation from di founder, [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith]], e join di [[McGill University Institute of Islamic Studies|Institute of Islamic Studies]], and e teach together with Smith from 1958 go reach 1961.<ref name="Montreal">{{cite news |title=Islamic scholar slain in U.S. was figure in Montreal |last=Balfour |first=Clair |date=July 31, 1986 |work=The Gazette |location=Montreal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19860731&id=sBUyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DaYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3896,4415821}}</ref> For this period, al-Faruqi study Christian theology and Judaism, and na so e meet Pakistani philosopher [[Fazlur Rahman Malik|Fazlur Rahman]]. Rahman later talk say di way al-Faruqi immerse himself inside these traditions under Smith mentorship help sharpen im eye for comparative religion and interfaith dialogue.<ref name="Rahman1990">{{cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Fazlur |title=Palestine and My Experiences with the Young Faruqi: 1958 to 1963 |trans-title=Palestine and My Experiences with the Young Faruqi: 1958 to 1963 |journal=Journal of Islamic Research |volume=4 |issue=4 |year=1990 |pages=295–300 |language=tr |translator=M. Hayri Kırbaşoğlu}}</ref><ref name="Zebiri42">{{Cite book |last=Zebiri |first=Kate |title=Muslims and Christians Face to Face |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimschristian0000zebi |year=1997 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location=Oxford |isbn=1851681337 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/muslimschristian0000zebi/page/n53 42]–44}}</ref> By 1961, na Fazlur Rahman still help arrange two-year teaching post for al-Faruqi for di [[Islamic Research Institute|Central Institute of Islamic Research]] for [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]. Al-Faruqi serve as visiting professor there till 1963.<ref name="Yusuf2021" /> Rahman later talk say dis experience open al-Faruqi eye to di cultural variety wey dey inside Islam itself, and na dat experience shape many of im ideas later on about comparative religion and meta-religion.<ref name="Rahman1990" /><ref name="Zebiri90">{{Cite book |last=Zebiri |first=Kate |title=Muslims and Christians Face to Face |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimschristian0000zebi |year=1997 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location=Oxford |isbn=1851681337 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/muslimschristian0000zebi/page/n101 90]}}</ref><ref name="Siddiqui73">{{Cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=Ataullah |title=Christian-Muslim Dialogue in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/christianmuslimd0000sidd |trans-title=Christian-Muslim Dialogue in the Twentieth Century |year=1997 |publisher=Macmillan Press Ltd |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and London |isbn=0333673581 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/christianmuslimd0000sidd/page/73 73]}}</ref> By 1964, al-Faruqi return back to United States. That time, e hold two roles — one as visiting professor for [[University of Chicago]] Divinity School, and another as associate professor for [[Syracuse University]]. Then for 1968, al-Faruqi join [[Temple University]] as professor of religion. Na there e start di Islamic Studies Program, and e hold that position till e die for 1986.<ref name="Yusuf2014">{{cite journal |last=Yusuf |first=Imtiyaz |title=Ismail al-Faruqi's Contribution to the Academic Study of Religion |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=53 |issue=1/2 |pages=108–110 |date=Spring–Summer 2014 |publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad |jstor=44627369 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44627369}}</ref> While e dey Temple University, al-Faruqi mentor plenty students — and among dem na im first doctoral student, [[John Esposito]].<ref name="Quraishi1986">{{cite book |last=Quraishi |first=M. Tariq |title=Ismail al-Faruqi: An Enduring Legacy |trans-title=Ismail al-Faruqi: An Enduring Legacy |date=1986 |publisher=MSA Publications |page=9}}</ref><ref name="AJISS">{{cite journal |title=Editorial |journal=The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=2011 |pages=ii–xii}}</ref> === Death and burial === [[File:Faruqi-grave-tombstone.png|thumb|Shared grave marker of the Faruqis.]] For May 1986, dem kill Ismail al-Faruqi and im wife, Lois Lamya al-Faruqi, for their house wey dey [[Wyncote, Pennsylvania]]. Di person wey do am na Joseph Louis Young, wey people also sabi as Yusuf Ali.<ref name="OxfordIslam" /> Young bin get past connection with di local Muslim community, and e later confess say na him commit di murder. Court sentence am to death, but e later die for prison from natural causes for 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/18/us/black-muslim-charges-in-slaying-of-islamic-scholar-and-his-wife.html |title=Black Muslim Charged in Slaying of Islamic Scholar and His Wife |date=January 18, 1987 |website=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mcall.com/1987/07/08/confession-details-stalking-slaying-of-islamic-scholars/ |title=Confession Details Stalking, Slaying Of Islamic Scholars |last=O'Bryan |first=Ruth |date=July 8, 1987 |website=The Morning Call |access-date=May 13, 2018 |archive-date=July 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011159/http://articles.mcall.com/1987-07-08/news/2595065_1_confession-young-knife |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pointdebasculecanada.ca/inside-the-capitol-joseph-louis-young-dies-of-natural-causes-on-death-row/ |title=Inside the Capitol (Joseph Louis Young dies of natural causes on death row) |last=Bell |first=Adam |date=March 11, 1996 |website=The Patriot News |access-date=November 14, 2024 |archive-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022182222/https://pointdebasculecanada.ca/inside-the-capitol-joseph-louis-young-dies-of-natural-causes-on-death-row/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Their daughter, Anmar el-Zein, wey dey pregnant that time, survive after she collect multiple stab wounds, and dem rush give her serious medical treatment.<ref name="PhillyInquirer">{{cite news |title=Statement Is Said to Back Religious-Attack Theory |first1=S. A. |last1=Paolantonio |first2=Paul |last2=Duggan |newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer |date=1987-01-18 |page=A.8 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1831221807 |id={{ProQuest|1831221807}} }}</ref> Almost 4,000 people, including big international dignitaries, gather for Masjid Muhammad mosque for [[West Philadelphia]] to honor al-Faruqi and im wife. For di service, many people talk fine things about al-Faruqi — dem remember am as person wey carry weight and really matter for di community.<ref name="PhiladelphiaInquirer">{{cite news |last=Eshleman Jr. |first=Russell E. |title=4,000 Mourners Pray For The Soul Of Slain Islamic Scholar And Wife |url=http://articles.philly.com/1986-05-31/news/26052072_1_islamic-spirit-mosque-islamic-society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083514/http://articles.philly.com/1986-05-31/news/26052072_1_islamic-spirit-mosque-islamic-society |archive-date=2015-12-22 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=May 31, 1986 |access-date=July 11, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After di prayer service, dem bury al-Faruqi and im wife together for Forest Hills Cemetery for [[Lower Moreland Township, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="PhiladelphiaInquirer" /> Di killing of al-Faruqi and im wife spark plenty talk about wetin really cause di attack. Some people believe say e fit be politically motivated assassination, while others think say na just ordinary burglary wey no go as plan.<ref name="Fletcher2014" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wrmea.org/1986-november/focus-on-arabs-and-islam.html |title=Focus on Arabs and Islam |last=Toth |first=Anthony B. |date=November 1986 |website=[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assassination motive behind al-Faruqi killings |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19860820&id=MNRHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vo4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5815,1095948 |work=New Straits Times |date=August 20, 1986 |location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zionist backlash against Arab intellectuals |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19860821&id=MdRHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vo4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6800,1300812 |work=New Straits Times |date=August 21, 1986 |location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref> For one conference wey happen for International Islamic University Malaysia for 2008, Anis Ahmad yarn say al-Faruqi don tell am before say im papa get two special prayers: make al-Faruqi become big scholar, and make e die as ''[[shahid]]'' (martyr). Dem talk say al-Faruqi later begin ask, “I don turn scholar now, but how I go take die as shahid for US?” Malik Badri come talk say, “Allah Ta'ala answer di two prayers.”<ref name="Badri2014" /> ==Wie dem gada di tori== {{reflist}} [[Katigori:Pipul wey dem bon for 1921]] djxbp4q97ysjfrm49g8mrokq7kmle6i 0 3173 36360 33737 2026-08-17T17:59:42Z Wmbata 3734 Fixed html tags 36360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chiamaka Cristabel Okwuchukwu''' (wey dem [[bon]] for 7 August 2005) na Naija futbola playa wey dey pley as forward for San Diego Wave FC wey dey for National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). Shi don olso represent Nigeria for youth levu intanashonal futbol. ==How ha life tek stat== Dem [[bon]] Chiamaka for 7 August 2005. Shi be nomba seven for eight chudren wey dem [[bon]] for dia famili. Shi gro up for Njaba town. ==Klub wok== ===Rivers Angels=== Bifor shi travu go abroad, shi don play for Rivers Angels, di team wey don win NWFL Premiership seven taims. ===San Diego Wave=== For 13 January 2025, San Diego Wave FC for NWSL anous say dem don saihn Chiamaka for one-year kontrat, afta dem pay transfer moni (dem no tok di amount) to Rivers Angels. Shi skore ha first NWSL goal less dan two minutes afta shi enta pitch for ha first match, evun though ha teem luz 2–1 to Orlando Pride on 29 March 2025. Shi skore ha first NWSL goal less dan two minutes afta shi enta pitch for ha first match, evun though ha teem luz 2–1 to Orlando Pride on 29 March 2025. For di next match, shi stat di game for di first taim, but San Diego Wave stil luz 2–0 to Kansas City Current. Afta dat, shi play one more match for di 2025 season bifor leg injury hold her down and mek shi miss di rest of di games. ==How shi tek play for Nigeria== Okwuchukwu play for ol di four matches (two shi stat) for Nigeria during di 2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup wen shi bi 16 years old. Shi hep di team top dia group, but dem luz to Netherlands for quarterfinals. For di nex World Cup (2024 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup), shi play again for ol four matches (three shi stat). Shi skore two goals and giv one assist for di grup stej. Shi skore one goal (anoda one referee kansu say e be offside) for 3–1 loss to Germany, and shi olso skore and assist di first two goals for 4–0 win against Venezuela. Wen shi skore against Germany, shi do Cristiano Ronaldo stai bikos na im bi ha futbol idol. Nigeria finish sekond for dia grup, but dem luz to Japan for di first knockout round (Japan leta rish final). Bikos of how wel shi pley, CAF shortlist ha as one of di three finalists for Youth Women's Player of di Year (2024), but Morocco playa, Doha El Madani, win am. ==Wia dem gada tori== [[Katigori:Tori abaut pipul life]] [[Katigori:Pipul wey dem bon for 2005]] [[Katigori:Naija pipul]] tnyocelcl60dulxhsgcokt8nxrknsdk 0 3256 36382 34523 2026-08-18T01:14:04Z InternetArchiveBot 52 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 36382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maria de Abarca''', wey pipul dey often kol Doña Maria de Abarca, na Spanish woman painter for di seventeenth century wey dey active from 1630 go rich 1656 for Madrid for Spain.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite book |last=Pilkington |first=Matthew |title=A dictionary of painters: from the revival of the art to the present period |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Sg1BAAAAcAAJ |year=1805 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Sg1BAAAAcAAJ/page/1 1]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Epstein |first=Vivian Sheldon |title=History of women artists for children |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwomenar0000epst |publisher=VSE Publisher |year=1987 |location=Denver, Colo |page=33}}</ref> Dem born am for Madrid but nobody sabi di exact dates wey dem born am an wen e die.<ref>{{cite book |last=Deschamps |first=par Ch. Gabet; orné de vignettes gravées par M. |title=Dictionnaire des artistes de l'école française, au XIXe siècle peinture, sculpture, architecture, gravure, dessin, lithographie et composition musicale |publisher=Chez Madame Vergne |year=1831 |isbn=3598350007 |location=Paris |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Pilkington">{{cite book |last=Pilkington |first=Matthew |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/80197772.html. |title=A general dictionary of painters |publisher=T. McLean |year=1824 |location=London |page=1}}</ref> No too much tori dey abaut im family, but one write-up for Dr. Coombe im Catalogue of Engravers' Specimens tok sey fit-bi-sey im papa na pesin wey dem dey kol Marius Abacus. Pipul sabi am for im work as amateur portrait painter, an dem praise am well-well bikos e sabi capture how pesin face really bi wen e dey paint dem. Maria de Abarca bi contemporary of Peter Paul Rubens an Diego Velázquez, an dem tok sey dem admire im work. == Wia dem get di tori == {{Reflist}} 78cyl199xsncbrx1hppo90mzom4ypg9 3 3526 36394 36239 2026-08-18T08:37:00Z Wmbata 3734 /* Welkom */ new section 36394 wikitext text/x-wiki == Abeg mek yu no dey put tins enihau == Tank yu for wetin yu don put for dis Wikipedia. Abeg mek yu no dey jos put tins enihau for dis Wikipedia. An mek yu dey rait for koret Naijá Wikipedia langwej. Ya wok bi laik sey yu dey "spam" dis Wikipedia an yu dey mek am had to fit wosh. Yu jos dey put enitin wey yu laik for di pej-dem. I go faind taim dey klin wetin yu put wey dey skata-skata di pej-dem. [[Yuza:Pingponging|Pingponging]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Pingponging|tok]]) 04:47, 4 August 2026 (WAT) :Tank yu for your hepfu advis. Abeg no vex if wetin i been dey put dey skata skata di pej dem. I been dey yuz one kind Wikipedia script dey add category dem and "no sors tempulat" for Atikul dem wey no get sos. Abeg if wetin i been do dey bad i go help dey remove am, but i go need your hep for something so that we fit work together remove am if e dey skata skata di Atiku dem. Tank yu @[[Yuza:Pingponging|Pingponging]] [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 08:05, 4 August 2026 (WAT) == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! As one of the active editors on this Wikipedia, you're invited by the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development Language Onboarding and Development] initiative to learn about the Starter Kit, try it out, and join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions about the tool.<br> '''What the tool does'''<br> The Starter Kit helps small or new Wikipedia contributors complete essential tasks, like importing infoboxes, tracking your wiki's growth and health metrics, and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Some features require certain user rights, but three of the six tasks are open to any autoconfirmed editor, so most active editors can get started right away. '''Here's what we would like you to do:''' * Read the manual for more detail on the tool and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit * Access the Starter Kit tool: https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ and log in with your Wikimedia account to try it out. * Sign up for one of three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours, where you can: ** Learn more about the tool. ** Ask questions and share your thoughts. Thank you so much for using the tool, and we look forward to your attending the virtual meeting. Best regards, </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 22:17, 11 August 2026 (WAT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> {{Welcome}} [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 09:37, 18 August 2026 (WAT) 5k1mcz27531g7559vbjfooow9iffhur 8 3530 36342 36338 2026-08-17T14:36:17Z Fehufanga 780 Fehufanga moved page [[Yuza:Wmbata/sandbox]] to [[MediaWiki:Recentchangestext]] without leaving a redirect: Per request (GS Action) 36338 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="mw-collapsible plainlinks" style="width:100%; font-size:90%; border: #008751 solid 2px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #ffffff;" |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#008751; color:#ffffff; padding:6px 12px; font-size:110%; text-align:left;" | Naija Pidgin Wikipedia |- ! style="background:#f8f9fa; width:20%; border-right:1px solid #eaecf0; text-align:left; padding:8px;" |[[Wikipedia:Komuniti domot|Komuniti domot]] | style="background:#ffffff; padding:8px;" | <div class="hlist"> * '''[[Main Page|Welcome!]]''' </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:4px;"> * ''Mente nas'': [[Special:NewPages|New pages]] * [[Special:RecentChanges|New changes]] * [[Special:Logs|Logs]] </div> |- ! style="background:#f8f9fa; border-right:1px solid #eaecf0; text-align:left; padding:8px;" | [[Wikipedia:Komuniti domot|Komuniti]] | style="background:#ffffff; padding:8px;" | <div class="hlist"> * [[Wikipedia:Jenera Hep|Jenera Hep]] * [[Wikipedia:User wahala|User Wahala Dem ({{#invoke:SectionCount|main|Wikipedia:User wahala}})]] * [[Wikipedia:Admin domot|Admin domot ({{#invoke:SectionCount|main|Wikipedia:Admin domot}})]] * [[:Category:Deletion Requests|Pej dem wey need deletion ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Deletion Requests|pages}})]] * [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion|Pej dem wey need fast deletion ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Candidates for speedy deletion|pages}})]] </div> |- ! style="background:#f8f9fa; border-right:1px solid #eaecf0; text-align:left; padding:8px;" | [[Special:SiteMatrix|Oda Wiki dem]] | style="background:#ffffff; padding:8px;" | <div class="hlist"> * [[Wikipedia:Users|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}} Users]] '''•''' * [[Wikipedia:Administrators| ​{{NUMBEROFADMINS}} Admins]] '''•''' * [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats| ​{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} Bureaucrats]] '''•''' * [[Wikipedia:Bots| {{NUMBERINGROUP:bots}} Bot]] </div> |- style="background:#f8f9fa; border-top:1px solid #eaecf0;" | colspan="2" style="padding:6px 12px; font-size:85%; color:#54595d;" | <div style="float:right;"> [[Wikipedia|read]] • [[RecentChanges|<span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Diskus dis place">talk</span>]] </div> &bull; [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFPAGES}}]] pages |} brz7k05e76cap6ym9ou8iwvddsqzlzp 2 3540 36347 36310 2026-08-17T14:51:01Z Fehufanga 780 Fehufanga changed the content model of the page [[Yuza:Wmbata]] from "Mass message delivery list" to "wikitext": requested by user (GS action) 36347 wikitext text/x-wiki { "description": "", "targets": [] } hazq0h8gc8ai267z5mdea9b6rullpcv 36349 36347 2026-08-17T15:01:05Z Wmbata 3734 /* */ 36349 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 36350 36349 2026-08-17T15:04:45Z Wmbata 3734 /* */ 36350 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="max-width:850px; margin:auto; font-family:sans-serif;"> <div style="background:#f8f9fa; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:8px; padding:15px; margin-bottom:15px;"> <div style="font-size:160%; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:2px solid #36c; padding-bottom:5px;">About me</div> <p>Hello! I am a contributor dedicated to documenting and sharing the beauty of '''African culture'''.</p> </div> <div style="background:#f8f9fa; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:8px; padding:15px; margin-bottom:15px;"> <div style="font-size:160%; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:2px solid #36c; padding-bottom:5px;">Languages</div> <div class="my languages"> <div class="my pidgin language" style="background:#fff; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:6px; margin:4px 0; float:left;"> {| style="background:none; border-spacing:0;" | style="width:50px; text-align:center; font-size:15pt; font-weight:bold; background:#dce8ff;" | pcm | style="padding:6px; width:220px;" | This user is a '''native''' speaker of '''[[w:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]]'''. |} </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div style="font-size:160%; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:2px solid #36c; padding-bottom:5px;">Just to let you know!</div> <div class="my pidgin Wiktionary" style="background:#fff; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:6px; margin:4px 0; float:left;"> {| style="background:none; border-spacing:0;" | style="width:50px; text-align:center; font-size:15pt; font-weight:bold; background:#dce8ff;" | [[File: Wiktionary Pidgin.png|55px]] | style="padding:6px; width:220px;" | This user is an active contributor on '''[https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/pcm/Main_Pej Naija Pidgin Wiktionary]'''. And you can help too. |} </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> </div> <div style="background:#f8f9fa; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:8px; padding:15px;"> <div style="font-size:160%; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:2px solid #36c; padding-bottom:5px;"> Contact</div> If you have questions regarding my edits or would like to collaborate on Igbo related topics, please feel free to leave a message on my '''[[User talk:Wmbata|talk page]]''' </div> <hr> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-style:italic; margin-top:15px;"> '''Lov your nebor as yu tek yuz lov yoursef''' </div> </div> <hr> 0nbmdlt4fr8r6t6fzar89vzqzkfj12n 2 3543 36352 36327 2026-08-17T16:50:26Z Wmbata 3734 Replaced content with "mw.loader.load("//test2.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Wmbata/linter.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript");" 36352 javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load("//test2.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Wmbata/linter.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"); p8vrlt6f0gvg7mezpbyv3k8nczm7d58 3 3544 36341 2026-08-17T14:33:39Z Wmbata 3734 /* Hello */ new section 36341 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hello == Thanks for your contributions on this wiki. As a global sysop, Please i would like you to move the recent changes text tools i created on [[User:Wmbata/sandbox]] to Mediawiki:Recentchangestext. Thanks in advance!@[[Yuza:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 15:33, 17 August 2026 (WAT) hjbrv82l0d4ohr2m827uvts2rq35uzb 36343 36341 2026-08-17T14:37:34Z Fehufanga 780 /* Hello */ Ansa 36343 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hello == Thanks for your contributions on this wiki. As a global sysop, Please i would like you to move the recent changes text tools i created on [[User:Wmbata/sandbox]] to Mediawiki:Recentchangestext. Thanks in advance!@[[Yuza:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 15:33, 17 August 2026 (WAT) :@[[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] Done. [[Yuza:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Fehufanga|tok]]) 15:37, 17 August 2026 (WAT) 8qcyj2blwd1dmmwaf3p3hscx0p92nyd 36344 36343 2026-08-17T14:38:18Z Wmbata 3734 /* Hello */ Ansa 36344 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hello == Thanks for your contributions on this wiki. As a global sysop, Please i would like you to move the recent changes text tools i created on [[User:Wmbata/sandbox]] to Mediawiki:Recentchangestext. Thanks in advance!@[[Yuza:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 15:33, 17 August 2026 (WAT) :@[[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] Done. [[Yuza:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Fehufanga|tok]]) 15:37, 17 August 2026 (WAT) ::Thanks! [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 15:38, 17 August 2026 (WAT) l5skxer9wtjdhy3chvr5xmul988swa7 36346 36344 2026-08-17T14:47:33Z Wmbata 3734 /* Hello */ Ansa 36346 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hello == Thanks for your contributions on this wiki. As a global sysop, Please i would like you to move the recent changes text tools i created on [[User:Wmbata/sandbox]] to Mediawiki:Recentchangestext. Thanks in advance!@[[Yuza:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 15:33, 17 August 2026 (WAT) :@[[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] Done. [[Yuza:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Fehufanga|tok]]) 15:37, 17 August 2026 (WAT) ::Thanks! [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 15:38, 17 August 2026 (WAT) :::Please can you also change my Userpage style back to its original normal wiki style. Hope I'm not disruptive. [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 15:47, 17 August 2026 (WAT) 4jjb678g7s91cxr7r4t2trv0tu1zevp 36348 36346 2026-08-17T14:51:20Z Fehufanga 780 /* Hello */ Ansa 36348 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hello == Thanks for your contributions on this wiki. As a global sysop, Please i would like you to move the recent changes text tools i created on [[User:Wmbata/sandbox]] to Mediawiki:Recentchangestext. Thanks in advance!@[[Yuza:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 15:33, 17 August 2026 (WAT) :@[[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] Done. [[Yuza:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Fehufanga|tok]]) 15:37, 17 August 2026 (WAT) ::Thanks! [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 15:38, 17 August 2026 (WAT) :::Please can you also change my Userpage style back to its original normal wiki style. Hope I'm not disruptive. [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 15:47, 17 August 2026 (WAT) ::::@[[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] No worries, done [[Yuza:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Fehufanga|tok]]) 15:51, 17 August 2026 (WAT) mugr07b5kgszlfqyab9uesf3k05m05k 14 3545 36351 2026-08-17T15:09:21Z Wmbata 3734 Created page with "{{cat}}" 36351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cat}} 4dinyf0cvoccvzdhs9kitz4nmjzfa73 3 3546 36364 2026-08-17T18:31:37Z Wmbata 3734 /* Welkom */ new section 36364 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom == {{welkom}} [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 19:31, 17 August 2026 (WAT) c8pc8r48dg9n4v64iute3gsxcphpd5n 3 3547 36365 2026-08-17T18:34:10Z Wmbata 3734 /* Welkom */ new section 36365 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom == {{welkom}} [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 19:34, 17 August 2026 (WAT) rf2inbl6o2u0mpqy83z1m0l1ktn2ws5 3 3548 36366 2026-08-17T18:38:22Z Wmbata 3734 /* Welkom */ new section 36366 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom == {{welkom}} [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 19:38, 17 August 2026 (WAT) i4ie8tornkt2uspha4sp3qy4qwtk1tj 3 3549 36367 2026-08-17T18:39:51Z Wmbata 3734 /* Welkom */ new section 36367 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom == {{welkom}} [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 19:39, 17 August 2026 (WAT) d0el526dt4sogopwukzroum217sjn50 3 3550 36368 2026-08-17T18:40:36Z Wmbata 3734 /* Welkom */ new section 36368 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom == {{welkom}} [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 19:40, 17 August 2026 (WAT) fhve6djgu3bryofp0xbg5ork4oim6xg 3 3551 36369 2026-08-17T18:42:27Z Wmbata 3734 /* Welkom */ new section 36369 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom == {{welkom}} [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 19:42, 17 August 2026 (WAT) 7ljcpcoy4k2x70mh3471r8wojuvbq9i 3 3552 36370 2026-08-17T18:46:28Z Wmbata 3734 /* Welkom */ new section 36370 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom == {{welkom}} [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 19:46, 17 August 2026 (WAT) 25h6zoake68lkugkffwawyun9bqx7nk 3 3553 36371 2026-08-17T18:50:00Z Wmbata 3734 /* Welkom */ new section 36371 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom == {{welkom}} [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 19:50, 17 August 2026 (WAT) 3wx3u7xtcapdm2mf1kkkjvapvdaax0g 36372 36371 2026-08-17T18:50:10Z Wmbata 3734 /* Welkom */ new section 36372 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom == {{welkom}} [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 19:50, 17 August 2026 (WAT) == Welkom == {{welkom}} [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 19:50, 17 August 2026 (WAT) mje9stxbmgrq29zj0uah7tco1e9811j 3 3554 36375 2026-08-17T21:58:40Z Wmbata 3734 /* Welkom */ new section 36375 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welkom == {{welkom}} *Please make to write in Naija pidgin. *Abeg mek sure say anytime wey you wan rite, you yuz Naija pidgin. [[Yuza:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Yuza tok abaut am:Wmbata|tok]]) 22:58, 17 August 2026 (WAT) jhez0n8233llt8cvhbeljz9ispfs108