Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 8380 130352 128972 2026-04-15T12:40:16Z B.Scalling 15089 kongeramo amafoto 130352 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GasaboDist.png|thumb|akarere ka Gasabo]] [[Dosiye:An aerial of Kigali Convention Center on June 19, 2019. Photo by Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|U [[Rwanda|RWANDA]] RWA GASABO]] [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|center|thumb|320x320px|rwanda]] Gasabo ni akarere kari mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], [[umurwa]] mukuru w'u [[Rwanda]]. Ibiro by' akarere ka Gasabo biherereye mu murenge wa Kimironko. Aka karere kandi karimo uduce twinshi twumujyi ubwawo, twavuga nka Kacyiru, [[Remera, Kigali|Remera]], Nyarutarama na [[Kimihurura]] n'ahandi henshi . Muraka karere niho hubatswe urwibutso rwa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside]] rwa Gisozi, ahashyinguwe inzirakarengane zigera (300000) byazize jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Hari kandi bimwe mu bimenyetso bigize amateka ya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Akarere ka Gasabo kandi, ni kamwe mu turere dutatu (3) tugize [[Kigali|umujyi wa Kigali]]. Gasabo igizwe n'imirenge cumi n'itanu (15) ariyo<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://gasabo.gov.rw/index.php?id=83 |accessdate=2020-07-15 |archive-date=2020-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715201035/https://gasabo.gov.rw/index.php?id=83 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>; '''AMWE MU MATEKA''' Mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu mwaka wa 1994, Akarere ka Gasabo kitwaga komini Gikomero. Yagabanyijwemo imirenge 10: Bumbogo, Gasabo, Gicaca, Gikomero, Gishaka, Kayanga, Nduba, Rutunga, Sha na Shango Ariko uyu munsi, akarere ka Gasabo kagabanijwemo imirenge 15 (imirenge): Bumbogo, Gatsata, Jali, Gikomero, Gisozi, Jabana, Kinyinya, Ndera, Nduba, Rusororo, Rutunga, Kacyiru, Kimihurura, Kimironko na Remera. '''IMITERERE''' [[Dosiye:Gasabo_morning_sunrise.jpg|thumb|Gasabo morning sunrise]] Aka karere karangwa no kuvanga imisozi miremire ifite uburebure bwa metero 1.800 cyane cyane iherereye mu cyaro, ibibaya bigororotse n’ibibaya. Ifite ibishanga birenga 30 n' inzuzi nto zinyura mu mibande. [[Umugezi]] munini udasanzwe ufite uburebure bwa 50Km na 1.000M z'ubugari ni wo ukomoka mu kiyaga cya Muhazi ukanyura mu mibande y'ibishanga na boggy mbere yo kwisuka mu ruzi rwa Nyabugogo hanyuma ugahuza n'umugezi wa Nyabarongo. Na none, ikiyaga cya [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|Muhanzi]] mu majyaruguru no mu burasirazuba gihana imbibi n'akarere ka Gasabo. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, andi masoko y'amazi afite akamaro ni: Umugezi wa Rusumo muri Rugende urangirira mu ruzi rwa Akagera, uruzi rwa Buliza unyura mu bigo bya Karuruma, Umulindi na Rusine mbere yo kwisuka mu ruzi rwa Nyabugogo. Ibi bishanga cyangwa ibishanga bitanga amahirwe mukarere niba bigaruwe neza bishobora kuzamura cyangwa kongera umusaruro w' ubuhinzi, guteza imbere ubukerarugendo, guteza imbere ibidukikije . Ifite ibihe bibiri byingenzi byikirere mu mwaka, aribyo ibihe byizuba nimvura. Ibihe bibiri by'ikirere bigenda bisimburana mu mwaka, bityo akarere kagira ibihe bibiri byumye n'ibihe by'imvura nkuko byasobanuwe hano habanza. '''Imbibi z' akarere ka Gasabo''' Gasabo iri mu burasirazuba bw'amajyaruguru y'Umujyi wa Kigali kandi ihana imbibi n'akarere ka [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|Kicukiro]] (Amajyepfo), Nyarugenge (Uburengerazuba bw'Amajyepfo), Rwamagana (Amajyepfo y'uburasirazuba), Rulindo (Amajyaruguru y'Uburengerazuba) na Gicumbi (Amajyaruguru y'Uburasirazuba). Ubuso bw'akarere ni 429.2 km2 muri bwo igice kinini ni icyaro (84%) mu gihe igice gito kigereranya umujyi wateye imbere (16%) Ibikorwa remezo biherereye mu Karere ka Gasabo Akarere ka Gasabo kagiye kuzamura no kuvugurura ibikorwa remezo by’akarere bijyanye n' igishushanyo mbonera cy’Umujyi wa Kigali nk’amashuri, imihanda, ibitaro, amazu, amatorero, uturere tw’ubukerarugendo, urwibutso, amasoko, [[Stade Amahoro]], etc... 1.[[Umurenge wa Bumbogo|Bumbogo]] 2.[https://web.archive.org/web/20200717043322/https://gasabo.gov.rw/index.php?id=158 Gatsata] 3.[https://web.archive.org/web/20200717044759/https://gasabo.gov.rw/index.php?id=159 Gikomero] 4.Gisozi 5.Jabana 6.Jali 7.Kimihurura [[File:Cargo_Bike_rider_in_kigali.jpg|thumb|kacyiru umwe mu mirenge ibarizwa muri Gasabo]] 8.[[Umurenge wa Kacyiru|Kacyiru]] [[Umurenge wa Mageragere|9.Kimironko]] 10.Kinyinya 11.Remera 12.Rutunga 13.Nduba 14.Ndera 15.Rusoro = Ubukerarugendo mu Karere ka Gasabo = == Amakuru y'ibanze == '''Akarere ka Gasabo''' ni kimwe mu turere 3 tugize '''Umujyi wa Kigali''', mu Rwanda. Ni akarere kagari kandi gifite abaturage benshi muri ako gahugu, gahuza imiturire y'umujyi, amateka, n'ibyiza bitandukanye. Gasabo ari ho haboneka ibigo by'ingenzi by'ubucuruzi, umuco, no [[ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]]. == Ahantu h'ubukerarugendo mu Karere ka Gasabo == [[Dosiye:Buildings in Kigali CBD, Rwanda 4.jpg|thumb|ni inyubako nshya y[[Akarere ka Gatsibo|'akarere ka Gasabo]] iherereye ku Gishushu <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=akarere++ka+gasabo&title=Special%3AMediaSearch&type=image</ref>]] === 1. Urwibutso rwa Jenoside (Gisozi) === 📍 ''Ahantu: Gisozi'' '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa kigali''' ni ahantu h'abanyarwanda benshi basura kugirango bibuke abazize yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Hari amashusho yerekana amateka y'u Rwanda, jenoside, n'ingamba zo guhuza abanyarwanda. === 2. Umusozi wa Kigali === 📍 ''Ahantu: Ndera'' '''Umusozi wa Kigali''' ni ahantu h'abantu basura kenshi bafite umwete wo gusiganwa. Abashaka gushaka ibishimishije bashobora gusiganwa, gutwara [[igare]], cyangwa gukina zip-line ku '''Kigali Heights'''. === 3. Inzu y'ubugeni ya Niyo === 📍 ''Ahantu: Kacyiru'' Iyi zu y'ubugeni ishimangira abanyamakuru b'u Rwanda n'Abanyafurika, ifite amashusho, amahugurwa, n'amakinamico y'umuco. === 4. Inzu y'amateka y'Inteko ishinga amategeko (Kanombe) === 📍 ''Ahantu: Kanombe'' Iyi zu yari inyubako y'Inteko ishinga amategeko [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], ubu ni musigo w'amateka werekana ibintu by'ingenzi byateye inkuru mu mateka y'u Rwanda n'ibyabaye mbere ya jenoside yo mu 1994. === 5. Pariki y'ibidukikije ya Nyandungu === 📍 ''Ahantu: Kinyinya'' Ni pariki yahinduwe ikaba ifite inzira zo kugendera, ibyaro by'amagare, n'ahantu ho kureba inyoni, ishimangira kubungabunga ibidukikije. === 6. Inzu y'ibiganiro ya Kigali na Radisson Blu === 📍 ''Ahantu: Kimihurura'' Iyi zu ni ikimenyetso cy'ubwubatsi bw'indege, ifite ibigo by'ibiganiro mpuzamahanga, amahoteli y'indege, n'ahantu ho kureba Kigali ku kirere. == Amahoteli n'ubwizigame == Gasabo ifite amahoteli y'indege ('''Radisson Blu, Marriott, Serena'''), amazu y'ubukerarugendo, n'amahoteli y'abakene. Akarere niho haboneka n'ibyari bya kawa, amahoteli, n'ibyokurya bitandukanye mu turere twa '''Kimihurura''' na '''Remera'''. == Uburyo bwo kugenda == * '''Akarere ka Kanombe''' gifite '''ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali (KGL)'''. * Imodoka z'abagenda mu mujyi zirimo '''moto-taxi''' na '''bisi z'umujyi'''. * Gasabo ihuza neza n'andi turere yo mu Rwanda bikoresheje imihanda mikuru * * * Gasabo, kamwe mu turere tw'ingenzi mu mujyi wa Kigali, umujyi mukuru w'u Rwanda, ni ahantu hatera imbere cyane mu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo, kubera ubuhanga bwayo bwo guhon'ubwiza bw'ibidukikije, amateka akomeye, n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Abashyitsi basura Gasabo bashobora kuryoherwa n'ubwiza bw'akarere, ahantu h'ingenzi mu mateka, ndetse n'uburyo umuco w'u Rwanda uhora ugaragazwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi. * '''<u>''<big>Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigal</big>''i</u>''' Ikintu cy'ingenzi mu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo muri Gasabo ni '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali''' ruherereye mu gace ka Gisozi. uru ni urwibutso rwa amateka mabi ya Jenoside yo mu 1994, aho abantu barenga 1,000,000 bishwe mu gihe cy'iminsi ijana gusa. Ni ahantu ho kwibuka, gusobanukirwa no kwiga amateka y'iki gice cy'ubuzima bw'u Rwanda. Urwibutso rusobanura amateka y’ubuzima bw'abanyarwanda nyuma ya Jenoside, rugaragaza ubuzima bw'abacitse ku icumu ndetse n'ababashije kwiyubaka nyuma y’ibyabaye. Ni ahantu hashimangira imbaraga z'ubumwe no kwiyubaka u Rwanda rwabashije kugeraho nyuma ya Jenoside. * '''<big><u>Ubwiza Nyaburanga n’Imisozi Isukuye</u></big>''' Gasabo izwi cyane ku bwiza bw’ibidukikije. Mu Rwanda, ruzwi nk'[[igihugu]] cy'imisozi ibihumbi, ubuzima bwiza bw'ubutaka bugaragara mu misozi, imirambi, n'ibiyaga byiza bya Gasabo. Abashyitsi bashobora kugenda mu masangano yo ku misozi bakishimira ibyiza by'ibiyaga n'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere, aho bashobora kubona ibyiza byo mu gihugu bitandukanye. Ibi bituma Gasabo iba ahantu heza ho kujya kureba ibyiza nyaburanga mu gihe umuntu ashaka kuruhuka no kwishimira ishusho nziza y’igihugu. * '''<big><u>Imyidagaduro n’Umuco</u></big>''' Abashyitsi bashaka kwinjira mu muco w'u Rwanda bashobora kugirira ibihe byiza muri Gasabo, aho usanga imiryango y'ababyinnyi gakondo, igaragariza abanyamahanga imbyino n'imyidagaduro y'abanyarwanda. Iyo myidagaduro ikorwa n’abahanga mu buhanzi, bigaragaza umuco n’imihango gakondo y’u Rwanda. Gasabo kandi ifite amasoko menshi arimo ibikoresho by'ubugeni byakozwe n’abahanzi bo mu karere, imikandara, n'ibikoresho by'ubugeni bikunze kuba impano nziza ku bashyitsi. Abashyitsi bashobora kandi gusura resitora zitandukanye, aho bashobora gusangira ibiryo by’umwimerere birimo '''Isombe''' n’'''Ibihaza''', ibyo bivanze n’ibinyomoro byaho. * '''<big><u>Ibikoresho by’Ikoranabuhanga n’Ubucuruzi</u></big>''' Muri Gasabo kandi, usanga amahoteli meza, amahoteri, n’ibigo by’ubucuruzi bya kijyambere bitanga serivisi nziza kandi zigezweho. Gasabo ifite ibikorwa byinshi by'ubucuruzi n'amaduka byorohereza abashyitsi kubona ibikenewe byose, yaba ku baherereye mu byiciro by'ubukungu butandukanye. Ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi n’amahoteli bishobora gutanga amahirwe yo kuryoherwa no gusurirwa mu buryo bworoshye. * '''<big><u>Ubukungu bw’Ubukerarugendo</u></big>''' Ubukerarugendo muri Gasabo bufite uruhare runini mu bukungu bw’igihugu. Iki gice cyubaka ubukungu butanga akazi ku baturage bo mu karere, ndetse n’ishingiro ry’ubukungu bushya, birimo ibikorwa bya serivisi z’ubukerarugendo, gutanga ibisubizo ku buryo bwiza bw’imyidagaduro no kugaragaza umuco. Gahunda yo guteza imbere ubukerarugendo burambye mu Rwanda irimo kubungabunga ibidukikije n’ubuzima bwa [[Ikinyarwanda|kinyarwanda]] mu buryo bworoshye. '''<big><u>Ubukerarugendo Burambye</u></big>''' Ubukerarugendo burambye ni icyerekezo gikomeye muri Gasabo, ahantu hifashishwa ibikorwa byinshi byiza kandi byita ku kubungabunga ibidukikije no ku musaruro w’amateka y’u Rwanda. U Rwanda rwagiye rwemerwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga kubera gahunda rufite zo kurinda ibidukikije no kubungabunga ibinyabuzima bidasanzwe, cyane cyane [[ingagi zo mu birunga]]. Nubwo Gasabo itarimo ingagi, igice cy’amajyambere giha abashyitsi amahirwe yo kugera ku bikorwa nk'ibyo no gufasha kubungabunga umutekano w’ibidukikije. * '''<big><u>Umwanzuro</u></big>''' Gasabo si ikicaro cy’ubukungu n’imiyoborere ya Kigali gusa, ahubwo ni n’ahantu hateguwe neza mu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo, hatanga imiryango myiza y'ubukerarugendo bw'amateka, imyidagaduro, ndetse n'ibyo ushobora kwishimira. Ubukerarugendo muri Gasabo bugaragaza uburyo igihugu cyiyubatse nyuma y’amateka mabi, kikaba ikitegererezo cyiza ku bindi bihugu. Abashyitsi baturutse impande zose z'isi bazagerageza kumenya byinshi byerekeye amateka, umuco, ndetse n’ubwiza nyaburanga bw’u Rwanda binyuze mu guhura n’ibyo Gasabo ifite byose. ==Imiyoboro== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Akarere ka Gasabo| ]] 6302x78voxd90i6tpf4v54rlfxkzzov 0 8723 130351 126289 2026-04-15T12:27:19Z B.Scalling 15089 130351 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of Rwanda.svg|thumb| Ubukwe bwo mu Rwanda rwo hambere]] [[Dosiye:Ubukwe.jpg|thumb|ubukwe]] [[Dosiye:Ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda.jpg|thumb|ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda]] Ubukwe ni [[itangiriro]] ryo kubaho k'umuryango, n'igihe abafashe Umwanzuro wo kubana bifatanya binyuze mu mucyo bakemera gushyigikirwa n'ababyeyi maze nabo bakajya kubaka umuryango wabo witezweho kwagura igihugu binyuze mu kubyara no kurera abana bazaba U [[Rwanda]] rwejo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.impamba.com/2020/08/18/imihango-yubukwe-bwa-kinyarwanda-ayigereranya-no-guterekera/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-02-07 |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128081307/http://www.impamba.com/2020/08/18/imihango-yubukwe-bwa-kinyarwanda-ayigereranya-no-guterekera/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ubukwe ni umuhango ubumbatiye [[Umuco nyarwanda]]. Uyu muhango w'ubukwe ukorwa hagati y'imiryango ibiri ihana abageni. Ni ukuvuga umuryango w'umusore n'umukobwa.<ref name=":2" /> == Imihango y'ubukwe bwa Kinyarwanda == Ubukwe bwa [[Kinyarwanda]] bwagiraga imihango myinshi itandukanye imwe iracyakorwa na magingo aya indi ntago igikorwa.. Imwe mu mihango yakorwaga hambere ni: === a. Kurambagiza no gufata irembo === Kurambagiza ni ukureba uburanga bw'umukobwa n'ubwiza bwe, kugenzura imico n'imyifatire ye, uko yitwara mu mibereho ye (umurimo), isuku ndetse n'umuryango akomokamo kugirango umuntu amenye niba yarahawe uburere bwiza. Mu [[Rwanda]] kurambagiza byakorwaga n'ababyeyi ariko bifashishije umuranga, habaga n'igihe umusore ari we wirambagiriza cyane cyane iyo yabaga ashaka kurambagiza umukobwa baturanye. Umuranga niwe wagombaga guhuza iyo miryango yombi kuko ariwe wasabiraga umuhungu. Gufata irembo ni igikorwa gikurikira kurambagiza, uyu muhango ubera iwabo w'umukobwa. umuryango w'umuhungu utegura inzoga maze ukazijyana iwabo w'umukobwa ubwo umuranga akababwira uburyo umuryango we washimye umukobwa wo muri urwo rugo ukaba wifuza ko yaba gahuza miryango<ref>Ubukwe bw'iwacu by Munezero Gasimba F. saveri</ref> === b.Gusaba no gukwa === == [[Umuco nyarwanda]] umuryango w'umuhungu niwe ujya gusaba umugeni kuko mu [[Rwanda]] umuryango,ubwoko n'igisekuru bishingira ku mugabo. kera umuhango wo gusaba babanzaga kuwitegura bihagije ndetse bakabanza no kuwuraguriza, inzuzi zakwera bakabona kohereza intumwa ku muryango bazajya gusabamo umugeni. Umukuru w'umuryango akenshi niwe wabaga umukwe mukuru yaba atabishoboye bagatoranya undi ubikwiriye. Gukwa mu [[Rwanda]] nugutanga ikintu kemewe nk'inkwano kugirango ubone umugeni kikaba ikimenyetso cyo kwerekana ko umugeni afite aho aturuka , ko atishyingiye, ko ashyingiwe n'umuryango. Inkwano rero yari ishimwe ry'umubyeyi w'umukobwa kubera ko yabaga yarareze neza, umwana akaba agiye gushinga urwe rugo.<ref>Bigirumwami aloys, imihango, Imigenzo n'imiziririzo, Nyundo 1964 p127</ref> == ==== i. Kuvuga amazina y'Inka ==== [[File:Kuvugira inka no kubyina gakondo mu bukwe bwa kinyarwanda.jpg|thumb|Kuvuga amazina y'inka]] Kuvuga amazina y'inka ni umuhango ukorwa n'umutahira mu bukwe bwa [[Kinyarwanda]]. Mu [[Rwanda]] rwo hambere abakwe bazaga gusaba umugeni bagatanga [[inka]] nk'inkwano izo nka bazanye rero umutahira yavugaga amazina yazo akazirata kugirango abasangwa bazishimire, no kuruhande rw'abasangwa naho nuko byagendaga umutahira wabo yavugaga amazina y'izo bari basanganywe. Uyu muhango wakorwaga n'abisi, Umwisi iyo yitaga ishyo yagarukaga amaze kwita izibyaye uburiza Nyuma akazagaruka, akitirira ishyo inka yigaragaje nk'igihangange nuko umwisi akagororerwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.impamba.com/2020/08/18/imihango-yubukwe-bwa-kinyarwanda-ayigereranya-no-guterekera/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-02-07 |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128081307/http://www.impamba.com/2020/08/18/imihango-yubukwe-bwa-kinyarwanda-ayigereranya-no-guterekera/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== ii. Umusore uraye ari bushyingirwe ==== Bamutegaga amasunzu, bakamwogosha ubwanwa, bakamuca inzara mbese agakorerwa isuku yose yo ku mubiri. Bamwambikaga uruhu rushya cyangwa indengera z'abagabo. Bamwambikaga ibitare n'inigi nshya hanyuma abagabo bamutanze kurongora bakamwigisha uko azifata mu bukwe, uko azabana n'umugore uko azarongora harimo gucira imbazi,kwambika umwishywa, gukirana n'ibindi.<ref>Byanafashe D. et Rutayisire , Histoire du Rwanda, UNR, Huye 2011</ref> ==== iii. Umukobwa uraye ari bushyingirwe ==== Bamutegaga amasunzu bakamukenura hose. Nyirasenge w'umukobwa cyangwa undi mugore wizewe wo mu muryango nka nyirakuru cyangwa nyina wabo yazaga kumuhana. Umukobwa n'umubyeyi ugiye kumuhana bajyaga ahantu hiherereye maze akamubwira uko azajya atsinda abakuru, sebukwe na nyirabukwe, uko azajya yubaha umugabo we akamurinda inzara n'inyota, akamurinda gukonoza akayoga kasigaye mu gicuma cy'umugabo. Akamubwira ukuntu azajya y'ubaha abagabo babo, akabaha agaciro nkakumugabo we kuko ari baramu be ariko bikagarukira aho.Yamuganirizaga ukuntu azajya yirinda gutesha agaciro umugabo we, yirindakumena amabanga y'urugo. Yamwigishaga kandi uko azitwara n'ahura n'umugabo we, uko azakirana akirinda kumuvuna cyangwa kumukibita ku kintu cyamukomeretsa, yamuhanaga kutagira inda nini ku biryo, ko yagombaga kurya bike ahubwo akinywera amata<ref>Bashayija stanislas, Le marriage coutumier au Rwanda, Bruxelle,Larcier 1996 p. 48</ref> === c. Gushyingira === Gushyingira ku Banyarwanda ni umuhango wo guhuza umusore n'umukobwa bakarema umuryango mushya.Ni igikorwa n'imiryango ibiri yombi ihuza abana bayo ikabaremera umuryango wayo.<ref>Kananura J.C.1980 P.53</ref> ==== i. Guhagurutsa umugeni ==== M' [[Umuco nyarwanda]] umugeni ntiyapfaga gusohoka barabanzaga bakamugoragoza, akinangira, akarira, agafata inkingi ngo batamusohora munzu kugeza ubwo bamuhaye impano runaka (ubutare,umuringa,itungo runaka n'ibindi) akabona gusohoka. Iyo yabaga agisohoka mu nzu agiye gushyingirwa, yageraga ku marembo bakamusaba kuvuna agati k'inkingi y'amarembo i buryo ni bumoso agira ati: "'''Nsenye urw'iwacu ngiye kubaka urw'ahandi'''" Utwo duti yaduherezaga ababyeyi be.Ibyo byamusuriraga kuzubaka urugo rugakomera. Nyuma y'ibyo baramuherekezaga bamugeza hafi yaho agiye gushyingirwa bakamushyira mu kirago.<ref>Nzamwita Uwanziga Joy, Manners in Rwanda, basic knowledge on Rwandan culture, customs and kinyarwanda language 2015</ref> ==== ii. Kwakira umugeni no kurongora ==== [[File:Kunya maziwa.jpg|thumb|Kunywa amata ku bageni ]] Umugeni wese yaherekezwaga kwa sebukwe i wabo bamutwaje ibirongoranywa, buri muryango wateganyaga ibirongoranywa bijyanye n'ubushobozi cg ubutunzi bwabo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://umuco.bangmedia.org/2008/03/gushyingira-no-gushyingirwa.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-02-09 |archive-date=2021-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209150457/http://umuco.bangmedia.org/2008/03/gushyingira-no-gushyingirwa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu turere dutandukanye tw'igihugu bagiraga uburyo bunyuranye bwo kwakira umugeni hari abahitaga bamuha inka yicaye ku bibero bya sebukwe ahandi umugeni yasangaga batabye ingasire y'ikinanira mu bikingi byamarembo akayihagararaho sebukwe akamutera icyuhagiro naho nyirabukwe akamukoza umwuko mu ku ruhanga, mu gatuza no ku ntugu zombi nuko umugeni akinjira munzu. Iyo igihe cyo kurongora cyabaga kigeze sebukwe w'umukobwa, umusore, umushyingira n'abakobwa bamuherekeje bamusangaga mu mbere, mushiki w'umusore niwe wabaga amutwaje umwishywa n'imbazi bagera imbere y'umugeni umusore akayimwambika mu mutwe, hanyuma mushiki akamuhereza inkongoro y'amata akayajundika akayamucira mu maso avuga aya magambo ngo "'''Ndakurongoye ndi mwene kanaka'''"<ref name=":1">Nzajyibwami Eliphaz. Ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda n'imihango yabwo. kanama 2016</ref> === d. Gutwikurura === Gutwikurura ni umuhango ukorwa m' [[Umuco nyarwanda]] hagamijwe gusohora umugeni no kumuha uburenganzira bwo kugira imirimo akora. Mu [[Rwanda]], umugeni wese yaratinyaga akihisha ntagire umurimo numwe akora atarahabwa uburenganzira.Umuhango wo gutwikurura wabaga ugizwe n'ibice bine byingenzi: Gukura abageni mu nyegamo,Kogosha amasunzu, Guha abana amata, Kwerekana imitwa.<ref name=":0" /> === e. Gutekesha === Gutekesha cyangwa gukoza ku mashyiga wari umuhango wakorwaga n'ababyeyi b'umuhungu hagamijwe guha uburenganzira umugeni bwo kuba yakwisanzura agakora imirimo yose ikenura urugo rwe.<ref name=":1" /> === F. Guca Mwirembo no Kuramukanya === Hashize iminsi mike bashyingiwe abageni bajyaga iwabo w'umukobwa gukura ubwatsi, bajyanaga na se w'umuhungu, umuranga cg undi mukuru uri bushobore kubavugira amagambo. Iyo umuhango wo guca mu irembo utarakorwa, umukobwa ntiyabaga ashobora kujya gusura iwabo ku mugaragaro yajyagayo rwihishwa kandi agaca mu cyanzu. Gusura abageni cg kuramukanya ni umuhango wakorwaga nyuma yo guca mu irembo, Icyo gihe ababyeyi b'umukobwa bariteguraga bakajya gusura urugo rw'abana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.urwego.com/2008/06/imihango-y-bwa-kinyarwanda.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-02-09 |archive-date=2021-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211204302/https://www.urwego.com/2008/06/imihango-y-bwa-kinyarwanda.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> mubukwe bwa kinyarwanda habagamo no kurongoza umwishywa.<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/umuco/article/inkomoko-y-umugenzo-wo-kurongoza-umwishywa-wakoreshwaga-mu-muhango-w</ref> == Reba == [[Umuco nyarwanda]] [[Umushanana]] [[Umwami]] [[Umuganura]] == Reba ibitabo by'ifashishijwe n'amakuru yavuye kuri murandasi == [[Category:Rwanda]] <references /> [[Category:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] [[Category:Ubukwe]] pr7uitkhm4s8aledtjw33i4fc6546a1 0 14351 130364 120612 2026-04-15T21:59:55Z Ziv 14885 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:CO2 Emissions by Source Since 1880.svg]] → [[File:CO2 Emissions by Source.svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] · corr. 130364 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg|alt=The global map shows sea temperature rises of 0.5 to 1 degree Celsius; land temperature rises of 1 to 2 degree Celsius; and Arctic temperature rises of up to 4 degrees Celsius.|thumb| Ikigereranyo cy'ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere kuva mu 2011 kugeza 2021 ugereranije na 1956–1976]] [[Dosiye:Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg|alt=The graph from 1880 to 2020 shows natural drivers exhibiting fluctuations of about 0.3 degrees Celsius. Human drivers steadily increase by 0.3 degrees over 100 years to 1980, then steeply by 0.8 degrees more over the past 40 years.|thumb| Guhindura mubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwikirere kuva Revolution Revolution yinganda, wongeyeho abashoferi kuri izo mpinduka. Ibikorwa byabantu byatumye ubushyuhe bwiyongera, hamwe nimbaraga karemano zongeramo ibintu bitandukanye. ]] Mu mikoreshereze rusange, '''imihindagurikire y’ikirere''' isobanura '''ubushyuhe bw’isi''' cyangwa kwiyongera kubushyuhe ku isi,- kwiyongera kw’ubushyuhe buringaniye ku isi - n'ingaruka zabyo ku miterere y’ikirere ku isi. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe mu buryo bwagutse ikubiyemo n’imihindagurikire yigihe kirekire y’ikirere k'isi.Ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe bwo ku isi burihuta kurusha impinduka zabanjirije iyi, kandi biterwa ahanini n'abantu batwika ibicanwa . Gukoresha lisansi y’ibinyabuzima, gutema amashyamba, hamwe n’ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe by’ubuhinzi n’inganda byongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere, cyane cyane karuboni ya dioxide na metani . Imyuka ya parike ikurura ubushyuhe isi imurika nyuma yo gushyuha izuba. Umubare munini wiyi myuka ifata ubushyuhe bwinshi mukirere cyo hasi k'isi, bigatuma ubushyuhe bu isi Kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ubutayu buragenda bwiyongera, mu gihe ubushyuhe bw’umuriro n’umuriro bigenda bigaragara. Ubushyuhe bwiyongera muri Arctique bwagize uruhare mu gushonga permafrost, umwiherero w’ibarafu no gutakaza urubura rwo mu nyanja. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru nabwo butera umuyaga mwinshi, amapfa, n'ibindi bihe bikabije . Imihindagurikire y’ibidukikije mu misozi, amabuye ya korali, na Arctique ihatira amoko menshi kwimuka cyangwa kuzimangana . <ref>{{Cite web |last=EPA |date=19 January 2017 |title=Climate Impacts on Ecosystems |url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html#Extinction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127185656/https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html#Extinction |archive-date=27 January 2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 |quote=Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change... As ocean temperatures warm and the acidity of the ocean increases, bleaching and coral die-offs are likely to become more frequent.}}</ref> Nubwo imbaraga zo kugabanya ubushyuhe buzaza zigenda neza, ingaruka zimwe zizakomeza ibinyejana byinshi. Harimo gushyushya inyanja, aside yo mu nyanja no kuzamuka ku inyanja . Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ibangamira abantu bafite ikibazo cy’ibiribwa n’amazi, kwiyongera kw’umwuzure, ubushyuhe bukabije, indwara nyinshi, ndetse n’ubukungu . Kwimuka kwabantu namakimbirane nabyo birashobora kuba ibisubizo. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryita imihindagurikire y’ikirere kibangamiye ubuzima bw’isi yose mu kinyejana cya 21. Abaturage barashobora guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere binyuze mu mbaraga nko kurinda inkombe cyangwa kwagura uburyo bwo guhumeka ikirere, ariko ingaruka zimwe ntizishobora kwirindwa. Ibihugu bikennye bifite uruhare runini ku byuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi, nyamara bifite ubushobozi buke bwo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere . Ingaruka nyinshi z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zimaze kugaragara kuri 1.2 ° C (2.2 ° F) urwego rwo gushyuha. Ubushyuhe bwiyongereye buzongera izo ngaruka kandi burashobora gukurura ingingo, nko gushonga k'urubura rwa Greenland . Mu masezerano y’i Paris 2015, ibihugu byose byemeranije gukomeza gushyuha "munsi yimyaka 2&nbsp;° C ". Ariko, hamwe n’imihigo yatanzwe mu masezerano, ubushyuhe bw’isi buzakomeza kugera kuri 2.7 ° C (4.9 ° F) mu mpera z'ikinyejana. Kugabanya ubushyuhe kuri 1.5&nbsp;° C bizasaba kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu 2030 no kugera kuri 2050 imyuka ihumanya <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:300px;max-width:300px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Bobcat_Fire,_Los_Angeles,_San_Gabriel_Mountains.jpg|alt=Bobcat Fire in Monrovia, CA, September 10, 2020|298x298px]]</img></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Bleached_colony_of_Acropora_coral.jpg|alt=Bleached colony of Acropora coral|165x165px]]</img></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden">[[File:California_Drought_Dry_Lakebed_2009.jpg|alt=A dry lakebed in California, which is experiencing its worst megadrought in 1,200 years.|129x129px]]</img></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"> Ingaruka zimwe z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, yerekeza ku isaha uhereye hejuru ibumoso: [[Wildfire|Inkongi y'umuriro]] yakajije umurego kubera ubushyuhe n’amapfa, [[Drought|ubukana bw’amapfa]] bwangiza amazi, hamwe no [[Coral bleaching|guhumanya amakorali]] yatewe n’ubushyuhe [[Marine heatwave|bwo mu nyanja]] . </div></div></div></div> [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] Kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya bisaba kubyara amashanyarazi aturuka kuri karubone nkeya aho gutwika ibicanwa. Iyi mpinduka ikubiyemo gukuraho amakara y’amashanyarazi na gaze gasanzwe, kongera cyane imikoreshereze y’umuyaga, izuba, n’ubundi bwoko bw’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu . Amashanyarazi akomoka ku masoko adatanga imyuka ya karubone azakenera gusimbuza ibicanwa biva mu kirere kugira ngo bitwarwe n’amashanyarazi, inyubako zishyushya, n’inganda zikora inganda. Carbone irashobora kandi gukurwa mu kirere, urugero nko [[Kurinda amashyamba|kongera amashyamba]] no guhinga hakoreshejwe uburyo bufata karubone mu butaka . == Amagambo akunze gukoreshwa == Mbere ya za 1980, igihe bitari byumvikana neza niba ubushyuhe bwo kongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere bwarushaga imbaraga ubukonje bw’imyuka ihumanya [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|ikirere]], abahanga mu bya siyansi bakoresheje iryo jambo ''ry’imihindagurikire y’ikirere batabishaka'' bavuga ku ngaruka z’abantu ku kirere. Mu myaka ya za 1980, ijambo ''ubushyuhe bw’isi'' n’imihindagurikire ''y’ikirere'' byabaye byinshi. Nubwo ayo magambo yombi rimwe na rimwe akoreshwa mu buryo bumwe, mu buhanga, ''ubushyuhe bw’isi'' bwerekana gusa ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, mu gihe ''imihindagurikire y’ikirere'' isobanura impinduka zose z’imiterere y’ikirere ku isi. ''Ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi'' - bwakoreshejwe mu 1975 <ref name="Science_Broeker_19750808">{{Cite journal|pages=460–463}}</ref> - bwabaye ijambo ryamamaye cyane nyuma y’uko umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’ikirere wa NASA, James Hansen abukoresheje mu buhamya yatanze mu 1988 muri Sena ya Amerika . Kuva mu myaka ya za 2000, ''imihindagurikire y’ikirere'' yiyongereye mu mikoreshereze. ''Imihindagurikire y’ibihe'' irashobora kandi kwerekeza cyane ku mpinduka zatewe n'abantu cyangwa impinduka kamere mu mateka y'isi. Abahanga mu bya siyansi, abanyapolitiki ndetse n’itangazamakuru ubu bakoresha ijambo ''ikibazo cy’ikirere'' cyangwa ''ibihe byihutirwa by’ikirere'' kugira ngo baganire ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, n’ubushyuhe ''bw’isi'' aho gukoresha ''ubushyuhe bw’isi'' . == Ubushyuhe bwerekanwe == [[Dosiye:Common_Era_Temperature.svg|thumb| Kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe ku isi mu myaka 2000 ishize ukoresheje amakuru ya porokisi kuva ku mpeta y'ibiti, korali, hamwe na ice cores mubururu. Ibyatanzwe byerekanwe neza biri mumutuku. <ref name="nasa temperatures">{{Cite web |title=Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change |url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/ |access-date=23 February 2020 |publisher=[[NASA]] |archive-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416074510/https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Imibare myinshi yigenga yibikoresho byerekana ko ikirere gishyuha. Imyaka icumi ya 2011–2020 yashyushye ku kigereranyo cya 1.09&nbsp;° C [0.95–1.20&nbsp;° C] ugereranije n’ibanze byabanjirije inganda (1850–1900). Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru buriyongera hafi 0.2&nbsp;° C ku myaka icumi, hamwe na 2020 igera ku bushyuhe bwa 1.2&nbsp;° C hejuru yigihe cyabanjirije inganda. [31] Kuva mu 1950, iminsi yubukonje nijoro nijoro byagabanutse, kandi iminsi yubushyuhe nijoro byiyongera. Habayeho ubushyuhe buke hagati yikinyejana cya 18 hagati yikinyejana cya 19. Amakuru y’ikirere muri kiriya gihe aturuka ku miterere y’ikirere, nk'ibiti hamwe n’ibarafu . Inyandiko za Thermometero zatangiye gutanga amakuru ku isi ahagana mu 1850. Uburyo bwamateka yubushyuhe no gukonja, nka Climate Animate ya Medieval hamwe nigihe gito cyibarafu, ntibyigeze bibera icyarimwe mubice bitandukanye. Ubushyuhe bushobora kuba bwarageze hejuru nko mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20 mu turere duto. Habayeho ibice byabanjirije amateka yubushyuhe bwisi, nka Paleocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum . Nyamara, ubwiyongere bugezweho bwiyongera bwubushyuhe hamwe nubushyuhe bwa CO bwihuse cyane kuburyo ibintu bitunguranye bya geofiziki mumateka yisi bitegereye igipimo kiriho. Ibimenyetso by'ubushyuhe buva mu bipimo by'ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere bishimangirwa n'ibindi byinshi byagaragaye. [39] Urugero, harahanuwe kandi harebwa impinduka z’amazi karemano y’amazi, nko kwiyongera inshuro n’ubukonje bw’imvura nyinshi, gushonga kwa shelegi n’ibarafu y’ubutaka, ndetse n’ubushyuhe bw’ikirere bwiyongera. Ibimera n'ibinyabuzima nabyo bitwara muburyo bujyanye n'ubushyuhe; kurugero, ibimera birabya kare mugihe cyizuba. Ikindi kimenyetso cyingenzi ni ugukonjesha ikirere cyo hejuru, byerekana ko imyuka ya parike irimo gufata ubushyuhe hafi yisi kandi ikayirinda gukwirakwira mu kirere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2010 |title=Global Warming |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GlobalWarming |access-date=11 September 2020 |publisher=[[NASA JPL]] |quote=Satellite measurements show warming in the troposphere but cooling in the stratosphere. This vertical pattern is consistent with global warming due to increasing greenhouse gases but inconsistent with warming from natural causes. |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814105952/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GlobalWarming |url-status=live }}</ref> Uturere twisi dushyushye kubiciro bitandukanye . Igishushanyo cyigenga aho imyuka ihumanya ikirere isohoka, kubera ko imyuka ikomeza igihe kirekire kuburyo ikwirakwira kwisi. Kuva mu bihe byabanjirije inganda, impuzandengo yubushyuhe bwo hejuru yubutaka bwiyongereye hafi inshuro ebyiri nkubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwisi. Ibi biterwa nubushyuhe bunini bwinyanja, kandi kubera ko inyanja itakaza ubushyuhe bwinshi mukumuka . Ingufu zumuriro muri gahunda y’ikirere ku isi ziyongereye hamwe n’ikiruhuko gito kuva byibuze mu 1970, kandi hejuru ya 90% y’izo mbaraga ziyongereye zabitswe mu nyanja . <ref name="ocean heat absorption">{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212110601/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content |archive-date=12 February 2019 |access-date=20 February 2019 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}}</ref> Ahasigaye hashyushye ikirere, ushonga urubura, kandi ususurutsa imigabane. <ref name="EarthSysSciData_20200907">{{Cite journal|pages=2013–2041}}</ref> Amajyaruguru y'Amajyaruguru na Pole y'Amajyaruguru byashyushye cyane kurusha Pole y'Amajyepfo n'Amajyepfo y'isi . Amajyaruguru y’Amajyaruguru ntabwo afite ubutaka bwinshi gusa, ahubwo afite ibihe byinshi byurubura hamwe nubura bwinyanja . Mugihe iyi mibumbe ihindagurika yerekana urumuri rwinshi rukaba umwijima nyuma yuko urubura rushonga, batangira gukuramo ubushyuhe bwinshi . Ububiko bwa karubone bwaho bwirabura kuri shelegi na barafu nabyo bigira uruhare mubushyuhe bwa Arctique. Ubushyuhe bwa Arctique buriyongera hejuru yikubye kabiri igipimo cyisi yose . Gushonga kw'ibarafu hamwe n'ibibarafu muri Arctique bihagarika urujya n'uruza rw'inyanja, harimo n'umugezi wa Kigobe wagabanutse, bikomeza guhindura ikirere. == Inshingano yubushyuhe bwa vuba == [[Dosiye:Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg|right|thumb| Abatwara imihindagurikire y’ikirere kuva 1850–1900 kugeza 2010–2019. Nta ntererano ihambaye yatanzwe kuva imbere imbere cyangwa abashoferi b'izuba n'ibirunga.]] Imiterere yikirere ihura ninzinguzingo zitandukanye zishobora kumara imyaka (nka El Niño - Oscillation y'Amajyepfo (ENSO)), imyaka mirongo cyangwa ibinyejana. Izindi mpinduka ziterwa nubusumbane bwingufu "ziva" mumiterere yikirere, ariko ntabwo buri gihe hanze yisi. Ingero z’agahato ko hanze zirimo impinduka ziterwa nubushyuhe bwa gaze ya parike, urumuri rwizuba, kuruka [[Ikirunga|kwikirunga]], hamwe nuburyo butandukanye mubizenguruka isi kuzenguruka izuba. Kugirango hamenyekane uruhare rwabantu mu mihindagurikire y’ikirere, hagomba kuvaho imihindagurikire y’ikirere imbere n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Uburyo bw'ingenzi ni ukumenya "igikumwe" kidasanzwe ku mpamvu zose zishobora gutera, hanyuma ugereranye ibyo bitoki hamwe nuburyo bugaragara bw’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Kurugero, guhatira izuba birashobora kuvaho nkimpamvu ikomeye. Urutoki rwarwo rwaba rushyushye mu kirere cyose. Nyamara, ikirere cyo hasi gusa cyarashyushye, kijyanye na gazi ya parike. Uruhare rw’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ruheruka kwerekana ko umushoferi nyamukuru azamuye imyuka ihumanya ikirere, hamwe na aerosole igira ingaruka mbi. === Imyuka yangiza ikirere === [[Dosiye:Carbon_Dioxide_800kyr.svg|thumb|Ubushuhe bwa CO mumyaka 800.000 iheze nkuko bipimye kurubura rwa barafu <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=379–382}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=1712–1714}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=735–738}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Etheridge |first=D. |last2=Steele |first2=L. |last3=Langenfelds |first3=R. |last4=Francey |first4=R. |last5=Barnola |first5=J.-M. |last6=Morgan |first6=V. |date=1998 |title=Historical CO2 Records from the Law Dome DE08, DE08-2, and DSS Ice Cores |url=https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/co2/lawdome.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113165236/https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/co2/lawdome.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (ubururu / icyatsi) kandi butaziguye <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keeling |first=C. |author-link=Charles David Keeling |last2=Whorf |first2=T. |date=2004 |title=Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the SIO Air Sampling Network |url=https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/co2/sio-keel.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=[[Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center]], [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] |archive-date=2017-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929234352/https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/co2/sio-keel.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (umukara)]] Imyuka ya parike ibonerana ku zuba, bityo ikayemerera kunyura mu kirere kugira ngo ishyushya isi. Isi irabagirana nkubushyuhe, kandi imyuka ya parike ikurura igice cyayo . Uku kwinjiza bidindiza umuvuduko ubushyuhe bwahungira mu kirere, ugafata ubushyuhe hafi yubuso bwisi kandi bugashyuha mugihe runaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NASA |title=The Causes of Climate Change |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508000022/https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/ |archive-date=8 May 2019 |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet}}</ref> Mbere y’Impinduramatwara mu nganda, ibisanzwe bisanzwe byuka bihumanya ikirere byatumye umwuka uri hafi yubuso ugera kuri 33&nbsp;° C hashyushye kuruta uko byari kugenda iyo badahari. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ACS |author-link=American Chemical Society |title=What Is the Greenhouse Effect? |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/climatesciencenarratives/what-is-the-greenhouse-effect.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526110653/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/climatesciencenarratives/what-is-the-greenhouse-effect.html |archive-date=26 May 2019 |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref> Mugihe imyuka y'amazi (~ 50%) n'ibicu (~ 25%) aribyo bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa bya parike, byiyongera nkibikorwa byubushyuhe bityo bikaba ibisubizo . Ku rundi ruhande, imyuka ya gaze nka CO (~ 20%), tropone ya ozone, CFCs na okiside ya nitrous ntabwo biterwa n'ubushyuhe, bityo rero ni imbaraga zo hanze. Ibikorwa byabantu kuva Revolisiyo yinganda, cyane cyane gukuramo no gutwika ibicanwa biva mu kirere ( amakara, peteroli, na gaze gasanzwe ), byongereye imyuka ya parike mu kirere, bivamo ubusumbane bukabije . Muri 2019, ingufu za CO na metani zariyongereyeho hafi 48% na 160%, kuva mu 1750. Izi nzego za CO zirarenze uko zigeze mugihe icyo aricyo cyose mumyaka miriyoni 2 ishize. Kwishyira hamwe kwa metani birarenze kure cyane uko byari bimeze mumyaka 800.000 ishize. [70] [[Dosiye:CO2 Emissions by Source.svg|right|thumb| Umushinga wa Carbone Global werekana uburyo kwiyongera kuri CO kuva 1880 byatewe ninkomoko zitandukanye zigenda ziyongera.]] Kwangiza imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku isi muri 2019 byari bihwanye na 59&nbsp;toni miliyari ya CO . Muri ibyo byuka, 75% ni CO , 18% ni metani, 4% ni okiside ya nitrous, naho 2% ni gaze ya fluor . Imyuka CO [71] ituruka ahanini ku gutwika ibicanwa kugira ngo bitange ingufu mu gutwara, gukora, gushyushya, n'amashanyarazi. Ibindi byuka bya CO biva mu gutema amashyamba no mu nganda, birimo CO yarekuwe n’imiti yo gukora sima, ibyuma, aluminium, n’ifumbire . Ibyuka bya metani biva mu bworozi, ifumbire, [[Umuceli|guhinga umuceri]], imyanda, amazi mabi, no gucukura amakara, ndetse no gucukura peteroli na gaze . Umwuka wa azote uva ahanini muri mikorobe yangirika y'ifumbire . N’ubwo uruhare rw’amashyamba rwangiza imyuka ihumanya ikirere, hejuru yubutaka bwisi, cyane cyane amashyamba yacyo, bikomeje kuba imyanda ikomeye ya CO . Uburyo bwo kurohama ku butaka, nko gutunganya karubone mu butaka na fotosintezeza, bikuraho hafi 29% by’imyuka ihumanya ikirere ya CO ku isi. Inyanja nayo ikora nka karubone ikomeye ikoresheje inzira ebyiri. Ubwa mbere, CO ishonga mumazi yo hejuru. Nyuma yaho, kuzenguruka kwinyanja gukwirakwira mu nyanja imbere, aho ikusanyiriza hamwe igihe kimwe murwego rwa karubone . Mu myaka 20 ishize, inyanja yisi yakiriye 20 kugeza 30% bya CO yasohotse. === Indege n'ibicu === Guhumanya ikirere, muburyo bwa aerosole, bigira ingaruka ku kirere ku rugero runini. Indege ikwirakwiza kandi ikurura imirasire y'izuba. Kuva mu 1961 kugeza 1990, kugabanuka gahoro gahoro k'izuba ryageze ku isi byagaragaye. Iyi phenomenon izwi cyane nka ''global dimming'', kandi iterwa na aerosole ikomoka kumukungugu, umwanda no gutwika ibicanwa na lisansi. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming |url=https://news.agu.org/press-release/aerosol-pollution-caused-decades-of-global-dimming/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327143716/https://news.agu.org/press-release/aerosol-pollution-caused-decades-of-global-dimming/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=761–769}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Global Dimming Dilemna |url=https://www.scientistswarning.org/2020/06/04/dimming-dilemma/ |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129150231/https://www.scientistswarning.org/2020/06/04/dimming-dilemma/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ku isi hose, aerosole yagabanutse kuva mu 1990 kubera kurwanya umwanda, bivuze ko batagihisha ubushyuhe bwa gaze ya parike. Aerosole nayo igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku ngengo yimirasire yisi . Sulfate aerosole ikora nka nuclei igicu kandi iganisha ku bicu bifite byinshi kandi bito bitonyanga. Ibi bicu byerekana imirasire yizuba neza kuruta ibicu bifite ibitonyanga bike kandi binini. Bigabanya kandi imikurire yimvura, ituma ibicu bigaragarira kumurasire yizuba. Ingaruka zitaziguye za aerosole nizo nini zidashidikanywaho muguhatira imirasire. Mugihe ubusanzwe aerosole igabanya ubushyuhe bwisi yerekana urumuri rwizuba, karubone yumukara muri soot igwa kumubura cyangwa urubura birashobora kugira uruhare mubushyuhe bwisi. Ntabwo ibyo byongera gusa kwinjiza izuba, byongera gushonga no kuzamuka kurwego rwinyanja. Kugabanya ububiko bushya bwa karubone muri Arctique bishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bwisi 0.2&nbsp;° C muri 2050. === Ubutaka burahinduka === [[Dosiye:20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg|left|thumb| Igipimo cyo gutakaza ibiti ku isi cyikubye hafi kabiri kuva 2001, kugeza igihombo cyumwaka cyegereye agace kangana n’Ubutaliyani. ]] Abantu bahindura isi cyane cyane kugirango bahinge [[Umurima|ubutaka bwubuhinzi]] . Muri iki gihe, ubuhinzi bufata 34% by'ubutaka bw'isi, mu gihe 26% ari amashyamba, naho 30% akaba adashobora guturwa (ibibarafu, ubutayu, n'ibindi. ). Umubare w'ubutaka bw'amashyamba ukomeje kugabanuka, akaba ari yo mpinduka nyamukuru ikoreshwa ry'ubutaka itera ubushyuhe ku isi. Gutema amashyamba birekura CO iri mu biti iyo byangiritse, byongeye kandi birinda ibyo biti kwinjiza CO nyinshi mugihe kizaza. Impamvu nyamukuru zitera amashyamba ni: guhindura imikoreshereze yubutaka buhoraho kuva mumashyamba kugera kubutaka bwubuhinzi butanga umusaruro nkinka n amavuta yintoki (27%), gutema ibiti byamashyamba / amashyamba (26%), guhinga mugihe gito (24%), n'umuriro (23%). Ubwoko bwibimera mukarere bigira ingaruka kubushyuhe bwaho. Ihindura uko urumuri rw'izuba rugaruka mu kirere ( albedo ), n'ubushyuhe butakara bitewe no guhumeka . Kurugero, impinduka ziva mumashyamba yijimye zijya mubyatsi bituma ubuso bworoha, bigatuma bugaragaza urumuri rwizuba. Gutema amashyamba birashobora kandi kugira ingaruka kubushyuhe muguhindura irekurwa ryimiti igabanya ibicu, no guhindura imiterere yumuyaga. Mu turere dushyuha kandi dushushe ingaruka nziza ni ugutanga ubushyuhe bugaragara, mugihe ku burebure bwegereye inkingi inyungu ya albedo (nkuko ishyamba risimbuzwa igifuniko cya shelegi) biganisha ku gukonja. <ref name="Seymour 2019" /> Kwisi yose, izi ngaruka zagereranijwe ko zatumye hakonja gato, byiganjemo kwiyongera kwa albedo. === Ibikorwa by'izuba n'ibirunga === Nkuko izuba ariryo soko ryambere ryingufu zisi, impinduka zumucyo wizuba zigira ingaruka muburyo bwimiterere yikirere. Imirasire y'izuba yapimwe na satelite, kandi ibipimo bitaziguye birahari guhera mu ntangiriro ya 1600. <ref name="USGCRP_2017_ch2" /> Nta cyerekezo cyigeze kigaragara mu bwinshi bw'ingufu z'izuba zigera ku isi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Is the Sun causing global warming? |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/14/is-the-sun-causing-global-warming |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505160051/https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/14/is-the-sun-causing-global-warming/ |archive-date=5 May 2019 |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet}}</ref> Ibirunga biturika biturika byerekana imbaraga nini nini mugihe cyinganda. Iyo kuruka gukomeye bihagije (hamwe na dioxyde de sulfure igera kuri stratosifera), urumuri rwizuba rushobora guhagarikwa igice mumyaka ibiri. Ikimenyetso cy'ubushyuhe kimara hafi kabiri. Mu gihe cy’inganda, ibikorwa by’ibirunga byagize ingaruka zitari nke ku bijyanye n’ubushyuhe bw’isi. Muri iki gihe imyuka y’ibirunga CO <nowiki><sub id="mwAgI">2</sub></nowiki> ihwanye na munsi ya 1% y’imyuka ya antropogene ya CO ₂ . [99] Imiterere yimiterere yimiterere yimiterere ntishobora kubyara ubushyuhe bwihuse bwagaragaye mumyaka mirongo ishize iyo urebye gusa itandukaniro ryumusaruro wizuba nibikorwa byibirunga. Ibindi bimenyetso byerekana imyuka ihumanya ikirere itera ubushyuhe bwisi biva mubipimo byerekana ubushyuhe bwikirere cyo hasi ( troposfer ), hamwe no gukonjesha ikirere cyo hejuru ( stratosifera ). Niba imirasire y'izuba ari yo nyirabayazana w'ubushyuhe bwagaragaye, troposse na stratosifike byombi byari gushyuha. === Ibitekerezo by’imihindagurikire y’ibihe === [[Dosiye:NORTH_POLE_Ice_(19626661335).jpg|thumb| Urubura rwo mu nyanja rugaragaza 50% kugeza 70% by'izuba ryinjira, mu gihe inyanja yijimye, igaragaza 6% gusa. Mugihe agace k'ibarafu yo mu nyanja gashonga kandi kakagaragaza inyanja nyinshi, ubushyuhe bwinshi bwinjizwa ninyanja, bikazamura ubushyuhe bushonga urubura rwinshi. Iyi nzira nigitekerezo cyiza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thermodynamics: Albedo |url=https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/albedo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011021602/https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/albedo.html |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=10 October 2017 |website=NSIDC}}</ref>]] Igisubizo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku gahato ka mbere cyahinduwe n’ibisubizo: byongerewe no "kwikomeza" cyangwa "ibyiza" kandi bigabanywa no "kuringaniza" cyangwa "bibi" . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=The study of Earth as an integrated system |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226190002/https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/ |archive-date=26 February 2019 |series=Vitals Signs of the Planet |publisher=Earth Science Communications Team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology}}</ref> Ibyingenzi bishimangira ibitekerezo nibitekerezo byamazi-imyuka, ibitekerezo bya ice-albedo, hamwe ningaruka nziza yibicu. [104] Uburyo bwibanze bwo kuringaniza ni ubukonje bukabije, kuko ubuso bwisi butanga ubushyuhe bwinshi mukirere bitewe nubushyuhe bwiyongera. [106] kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe, hari n'ibisubizwa mu cyerekezo cya karubone, nk'ingaruka zifumbire ya CO ku mikurire y'ibihingwa. Kutamenya neza ibyasubiwemo nimpamvu nyamukuru ituma imiterere itandukanye yikirere igaragaza ubunini butandukanye bwubushyuhe kubwinshi bw’ibyuka bihumanya. Iyo umwuka ushyushye, irashobora gufata ubuhehere bwinshi . Umwuka wamazi, nka gaze ya parike ikomeye, ifata ubushyuhe mukirere. [104] Niba igicu cyiyongereye, urumuri rwizuba ruzagaruka mumwanya, bikonje isi. Niba ibicu bibaye byinshi kandi byoroheje, bikora nka insulator, byerekana ubushyuhe buva hepfo inyuma bukamanuka no gushyushya isi. [109] Ingaruka yibicu nisoko nini yo gutanga ibitekerezo bidashidikanywaho. Ikindi gitekerezo cyingenzi nukugabanya igifuniko cyurubura hamwe nubura bwinyanja muri Arctique, bigabanya kugaragariza isi. Ingufu nyinshi zizuba ubu zinjiye muri utwo turere, bigira uruhare mu kongera ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe bwa Arctique . Arctic amplification nayo irimo gushonga permafrost, irekura metani na CO mukirere. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe irashobora kandi gutuma metani irekurwa mu bishanga, sisitemu yo mu nyanja, hamwe n’amazi meza. [114] Muri rusange, ibisubizo by’ikirere biteganijwe ko bizagenda neza. Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cy’imyuka yatewe na CO yatewe n’ibimera byubutaka ninyanja. Ku butaka, kuzamura CO hamwe nigihe kinini cyo gukura byatumye imikurire ikura. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe yongera amapfa n’ubushyuhe bukabije bibuza imikurire y’ibihingwa, bigatuma bidashidikanywaho niba iyi karuboni izakomeza kwiyongera mu bihe biri imbere. Ubutaka burimo karubone nyinshi kandi burashobora kurekura bimwe iyo bishyushye . Nkuko CO nubushyuhe bwinshi byinjizwa ninyanja, irahindura aside, ihindagurika ryayo kandi phytoplankton ifata karubone nkeya, bikagabanya umuvuduko inyanja ikuramo karubone yo mu kirere. Muri [119], hejuru ya CO hejuru yisi Isi izakuramo igice gito cyibyuka byangiza. == Icyitegererezo == [[Dosiye:Projected_Change_in_Temperatures_by_2090.svg|thumb| Biteganijwe ko ubushyuhe bwubuso bwisi buhinduka ugereranije na 1850–1900, bushingiye kuri CMIP6 -moderi nyinshi bisobanura impinduka]] Icyitegererezo cy’ikirere kigaragaza imikorere y’umubiri, imiti, n’ibinyabuzima bigira ingaruka kuri gahunda y’ikirere. Moderi ikubiyemo kandi inzira karemano nkimpinduka zuzenguruka isi, impinduka zamateka mubikorwa byizuba, hamwe no guhatira ibirunga. Icyitegererezo gikoreshwa mukugereranya urugero rwubushyuhe bwoherezwa mu kirere hazaza bizatera igihe hasuzumwe imbaraga z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, hagati yubutaka nikirere. Imyifatire ifatika yicyitegererezo igeragezwa mugusuzuma ubushobozi bwabo bwo kwigana ibihe byubu cyangwa ibyahise. Ingero zashize zasuzuguye igipimo cyo kugabanuka kwa Arctique kandi zidaha agaciro umuvuduko w’imvura. Ubwiyongere bw'inyanja kuva mu 1990 ntibwigeze busuzumwa mu buryo bwa kera, ariko imiterere ya vuba iremeranya neza n’ubushakashatsi. Isuzumabumenyi ry’ikirere ryasohowe na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika muri 2017 rivuga ko "imiterere y’ikirere ishobora kuba idaha agaciro cyangwa ikabura uburyo bwo gutanga ibitekerezo". Igice kinini cyimiterere yikirere cyongera ibintu byabaturage muburyo bworoshye bwikirere. Izi ngero zigereranya uburyo abaturage, ubwiyongere bwubukungu, nogukoresha ingufu bigira ingaruka – no gukorana na – ikirere cy'umubiri. Hamwe naya makuru, izo moderi zirashobora gutanga ibintu byerekana ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Ibi noneho bikoreshwa nkibintu byerekana imiterere yimiterere yikirere hamwe nicyitegererezo cya karubone kugirango hamenyekane uburyo ikirere cyo mu kirere cya gaze ya parike ishobora guhinduka mugihe kizaza. Ukurikije imibereho yubukungu nubukungu bworoheje, moderi zitanga ingufu za CO ₂ zo mu kirere zingana hagati ya 380 na 1400 ppm. Raporo ya gatandatu ya IPCC Raporo yerekana ko ubushyuhe bwisi bushobora kugera kuri 1.0&nbsp;° C kugeza 1.8&nbsp;° C mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 21 munsi y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere . Hagati aho ubushyuhe bwisi bwagera kuri 2.1&nbsp;° C kugeza kuri 3.5&nbsp;° C, na 3.3&nbsp;° C kugeza 5.7&nbsp;° C munsi yikirere cyinshi cyane . Ibiteganijwe bishingiye ku cyitegererezo cy’ikirere hamwe no kureba. [135] Ingengo yimari ya karubone isigaye igenwa no kwerekana icyerekezo cya karubone hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere kuri gaze ya parike. Nk’uko IPCC ibivuga, ubushyuhe bw’isi burashobora kubikwa munsi ya 1.5&nbsp;° C hamwe na bibiri bya gatatu amahirwe niba imyuka ihumanya nyuma ya 2018 itarenze 420 cyangwa 570 gigatonnes ya CO . Ibi bihuye nimyaka 10 kugeza 13 yimyuka ihumanya ikirere. Hano hari byinshi bidashidikanywaho kubyerekeye ingengo yimari. Kurugero, irashobora kuba gigatonnes 100 ya CO ntoya kubera metani irekurwa na permafrost nigishanga . Icyakora, biragaragara ko ibikomoka kuri peteroli y’ibinyabuzima ari byinshi cyane ku buryo ibura ryashingirwaho mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu kinyejana cya 21. == Ingaruka == [[Dosiye:Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg|thumb| Raporo ya gatandatu ya IPCC Isuzuma Raporo ihinduka mubushuhe bwubutaka bwubutaka bushobora guhungabanya ubuhinzi nibidukikije. Kugabanuka k'ubushuhe bwubutaka kubwo gutandukana bisanzwe bivuze ko impuzandengo yubutaka bwubutaka buzahuza numwaka wa cyenda wumye hagati ya 1850 na 1900 aho hantu.]] === Ingaruka ku bidukikije === Ingaruka z’ibidukikije z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ni nini kandi igera kure, bigira ingaruka ku nyanja, urubura, n’ikirere. Impinduka zirashobora kubaho buhoro buhoro cyangwa vuba. Ibimenyetso kuri izo ngaruka biva mu kwiga imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu bihe byashize, biturutse ku kwerekana imiterere, no mu bushakashatsi bugezweho. Kuva mu myaka ya za 1950, amapfa nubushyuhe byagaragaye icyarimwe hamwe no kongera inshuro. Ibihe bitose cyangwa byumye mugihe cyimvura cyiyongereye mubuhinde no muri [[Aziya]] yuburasirazuba. Igipimo cy’imvura n’ubukomezi bwa serwakira na serwakira birashoboka ko byiyongera, kandi imiterere y’akarere ishobora kwaguka poleward bitewe n’ubushyuhe bw’ikirere. <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=14–28}}</ref> Inshuro za serwakira zo mu turere dushyuha ntiziyongereye bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Hurricanes and Climate Change |url=https://www.c2es.org/content/hurricanes-and-climate-change/ |website=[[Center for Climate and Energy Solutions]] |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202042723/https://www.c2es.org/content/hurricanes-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Sea_level_history_and_projections.svg|thumb| Amateka y’inyanja yongeye kwiyubaka hamwe n’ibiteganijwe kugera kuri 2100 byasohowe muri 2017 na Porogaramu ishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku mpinduka z’Amerika muri Amerika ]] Urwego rw'inyanja ku isi ruzamuka bitewe n'ingaruka zo gushonga kw'ibarafu, gushonga kw'ibarafu muri Greenland na Antaragitika, no kwaguka k'ubushyuhe. Hagati ya 1993 na 2020, izamuka ryiyongereye igihe, ugereranije 3.3&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.3&nbsp;mm ku mwaka. Mu kinyejana cya 21, imishinga ya IPCC ivuga ko mu kirere cyinshi cyane ikirere gishobora kuzamuka kuri 61-110&nbsp;cm. Ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe bwo mu nyanja burimo gutesha agaciro kandi bugatera ubwoba ko hazacukurwa ahantu h'ibarafu ya Antaragitika, hashobora kubaho gushonga cyane ku rubura rwa barafu kandi bikaba bishoboka ko inyanja ya metero 2 yazamuka ikagera kuri 2100 bitewe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. [149] Imihindagurikire y’ibihe yatumye imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo igabanuka kandi igabanuka rya barafu yo mu nyanja ya Arctique . Mugihe icyi kitarimo urubura giteganijwe kuba gake kuri 1.5&nbsp;° C dogere yubushyuhe, biteganijwe kubaho rimwe mumyaka itatu cyangwa icumi kurwego rwo gushyuha rwa 2&nbsp;° C. Ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere CO bwateye impinduka muri chimie yo mu nyanja . Ubwiyongere bwa CO bwasheshwe butera inyanja aside . Byongeye kandi, umwuka wa ogisijeni uragabanuka kuko ogisijeni idashonga mu mazi ashyushye. Uturere twapfuye mu nyanja, uturere dufite ogisijeni nkeya, nazo ziraguka. === Gutanga amanota n'ingaruka z'igihe kirekire === Ubushyuhe bukabije bw’ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi byongera ibyago byo kunyura ' ahantu hahanamye ' - imbibi zirenze izo ngaruka zimwe na zimwe ntizishobora kwirindwa nubwo ubushyuhe bwagabanutse. <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=eabn7950}}</ref> Urugero ni ugusenyuka kw'ibarafu ya Antaragitika y'Iburengerazuba na Greenland, aho ubushyuhe buzamuka 1.5 kugeza 2&nbsp;° C irashobora kwiyemeza amabati gushonga, nubwo igihe cyo gushonga kitazwi kandi biterwa nubushyuhe buzaza. <ref name="NESSC2018">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2018 |title=Tipping points in Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets |url=https://www.nessc.nl/tipping-points-ice-sheets/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=NESSC |archive-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045737/https://www.nessc.nl/tipping-points-ice-sheets/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Impinduka nini nini zishobora kubaho mugihe gito, nko guhagarika imigezi imwe yinyanja nka Atlantike Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Ingingo zitanga inama zirashobora kandi kubamo kwangirika bidasubirwaho kubidukikije nkibiti byamashyamba ya Amazone hamwe namabuye ya korali. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearce |first=Rosamund |last2=Prater |first2=Tom |date=10 February 2020 |title=Nine Tipping Points That Could Be Triggered by Climate Change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-nine-tipping-points-that-could-be-triggered-by-climate-change/ |access-date=27 May 2022 |publisher=CarbonBrief |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007002119/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-nine-tipping-points-that-could-be-triggered-by-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ingaruka z'igihe kirekire z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku nyanja zirimo gushonga urubura, ubushyuhe bw’inyanja, izamuka ry’inyanja, hamwe na aside aside . Mu bihe by’ibinyejana kugeza mu binyejana byinshi, ubunini bw’imihindagurikire y’ikirere buzagenwa cyane cyane n’imyuka ihumanya ikirere CO . Ibi biterwa na CO 'ndende yubuzima bwikirere. Kwakira inyanja CO biratinda bihagije kuburyo aside yo mu nyanja izakomeza kumyaka ibihumbi kugeza ibihumbi. [163] Bivugwa ko ibyo byuka byongereye igihe cy’ibihe by’ibihe byibuze imyaka 100.000. Ubwiyongere bw'inyanja buzakomeza mu binyejana byinshi, bivugwa ko izamuka rya 2.3 metres per degree Celsius (4.2 ft / ° F) nyuma yimyaka 2000. === Kamere n'ibinyabuzima === Ubushyuhe bwa vuba bwateje amoko menshi yo ku isi n’amazi meza poleward no kugera ahirengeye . Urwego rwo hejuru rwo mu kirere CO hamwe nigihe kinini cyo gukura byatumye habaho icyatsi kibisi. Nyamara, ubushyuhe n’amapfa byagabanije umusaruro w’ibidukikije mu turere tumwe na tumwe. Impirimbanyi zizaza zizi ngaruka zinyuranye ntizisobanutse. [167] Imihindagurikire y’ibihe yagize uruhare mu kwagura ahantu humye h’ikirere, nko kwagura ubutayu muri subtropique . Ingano n'umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi birahindura impinduka zitunguranye muri urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima bishoboka. [169] Muri rusange, biteganijwe ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere izavamo amoko menshi. [170] Inyanja yashyushye gahoro gahoro kurusha ubutaka, ariko ibimera ninyamaswa zo mu nyanja bimukiye mu nkingi zikonje vuba kurusha amoko yo ku butaka. Kimwe no ku butaka, ubushyuhe bwo mu nyanja bubaho kenshi bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, bikangiza ibinyabuzima byinshi nka korali, kelp, n’inyoni zo mu nyanja . Acide acide yo mu nyanja ituma bigora ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja nka mussele, barnacle na korali kubyara ibishishwa na skeleti ; nubushyuhe bwahumuye amabuye ya korali . [173] Indabyo mbi ya algal yongerewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere hamwe na eutrophasi igabanya urugero rwa ogisijeni, bigahungabanya imiyoboro y’ibiribwa kandi bigatakaza ubuzima bw’inyanja. Ibinyabuzima byo ku nkombe birahangayitse cyane. Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibishanga ku isi byarazimye kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’izindi ngaruka z’abantu. [175] {| class="center toccolours" |+'''Imihindagurikire y’ibihe igira ingaruka ku bidukikije''' |<gallery mode="packed" heights="120" style="line-height:120%"> Dosiye:Bleachedcoral.jpg|alt = Amafoto yo mumazi ya korali ishami ryera ryera | [[Ecological collapse|Isenyuka ry’ibidukikije]] . Guhumura [[Coral bleaching|kwa korali]] biturutse [[Marine heatwave|kumyuka yubushyuhe]] byangije [[Great Barrier Reef|inyanja nini]] kandi bibangamira [[Coral reef|amabuye ya korali]] kwisi yose. Dosiye:Orroral Valley Fire viewed from Tuggeranong January 2020.jpg|alt = Ifoto ya nimugoroba mugace ka kibaya. Igishushanyo cyumusozi uri hakurya cyaka gitukura kuva mumuriro. | [[Extreme weather|Ikirere gikabije]] . Uruzuba hamwe nubushuhe bukabije bwarushijeho gukomera muri [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season#Climate change|2020 muri Ositaraliya]] . Dosiye:National Park Service Thawing permafrost (27759123542).jpg|alt = Ahantu nyaburanga harahagarikwa ninkovu nini yuzuye ibyondo aho ubutaka bwagabanutse. | [[Climate change in the Arctic|Ubushyuhe bwa Arctique]] . [[Permafrost#Climate change effects|Permafrost yonona]] ibikorwa remezo no [[Arctic methane emissions|kurekura metani]], gaze ya parike. <ref name="Turetsky 2019" /> Dosiye:Endangered arctic - starving polar bear edit.jpg|alt = Ikidubu cyacitse intege gihagaze hejuru y ibisigazwa byurubura rushonga. | [[Habitat destruction|Kurimbuka]] . Inyamaswa nyinshi zo mu majyaruguru zishingiye ku rubura rwo mu nyanja, zagiye zicika muri Arctique ishyuha. Dosiye:Mountain Pine Beetle damage in the Fraser Experimental Forest 2007.jpg|alt = Ifoto yikibanza kinini cyamashyamba. Ibiti byatsi bivanze nibiti binini byangiritse cyangwa byapfuye bihinduka ibara ry'umuyugubwe-umutuku n'umutuku. | [[Climate change and invasive species|Gukwirakwiza udukoko]] . Ubukonje bworoheje butuma [[Mountain pine beetle|inyenzi]] nyinshi zinanasi zibaho kugirango zice amashyamba manini. </gallery> |} === Abantu === [[Dosiye:20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg|thumb| Ikirere gikabije kizagenda kigaragara cyane uko isi ishyuha. ]] Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zigira ingaruka ku bantu ahantu hose ku isi. Ingaruka zirashobora kugaragara ubu kumugabane wose no mukarere kinyanja, hamwe nuburinganire buke, uduce tudateye imbere duhura ningaruka zikomeye. Ubushuhe bukomeje kugira “ingaruka zikomeye, zikwirakwira kandi zidasubirwaho” ku bantu no ku bidukikije. Ingaruka ziratangwa ku buryo butangana, ariko muri rusange ni nyinshi kubantu batishoboye mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kandi byateye imbere. ==== Ibiryo n'ubuzima ==== OMS yashyize ahagaragara imihindagurikire y’ikirere nk’ikibazo gikomeye ku buzima bw’isi yose mu kinyejana cya 21. Ikirere gikabije kiganisha ku gukomeretsa no gutakaza ubuzima, no kunanirwa kw'ibihingwa ku mirire mibi . Indwara zitandukanye zandura zandura mu buryo bworoshye mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe, nka feri ya dengue na malariya . [188] Abana bato ni bo bibasirwa cyane no kubura ibiryo. Abana ndetse n'abantu bakuru bakunze kwibasirwa n'ubushyuhe bukabije. [189] ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryagereranije ko hagati ya 2030 na 2050, imihindagurikire y’ikirere yatera impfu zigera ku 250.000 ku mwaka. Basuzumye impfu ziterwa n'ubushyuhe ku bageze mu zabukuru, kwiyongera kw'impiswi, malariya, dengue, umwuzure wo ku nkombe, n'imirire mibi y'abana. Biteganijwe ko buri mwaka hapfa abantu barenga 500.000 bapfa bakuze bitewe no kugabanuka kw'ibiribwa ndetse n'ubuziranenge. Kugeza 2100, 50% kugeza 75% byabatuye isi barashobora guhura nikirere cyangiza ubuzima bitewe ningaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe bukabije nubushuhe. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe igira ingaruka ku kwihaza mu biribwa . Byatumye igabanuka ry'umusaruro w'ibigori, ingano, na soya hagati ya 1981 na 2010. Ubushyuhe buzaza bushobora kurushaho kugabanya umusaruro wisi ku bihingwa bikomeye. Umusaruro w’ibihingwa birashoboka ko uzagira ingaruka mbi mubihugu bidafite uburinganire buke, mugihe ingaruka zamajyaruguru zishobora kuba nziza cyangwa mbi. Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 183 biyongera ku isi, cyane cyane abafite amikoro make, bafite inzara kubera izo ngaruka. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe nayo igira ingaruka ku baturage b’amafi. Kwisi yose, bike bizaboneka kuroba. [197] Uturere dushingiye ku mazi y’ibarafu, uturere tumaze gukama, n’ibirwa bito bifite ibyago byinshi byo guhangayikishwa n’amazi bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. ==== Imibereho ==== Ibyangiritse mu bukungu bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere birashobora kuba bikomeye kandi hari amahirwe y’ingaruka mbi. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ishobora kuba imaze kongera ubusumbane mu bukungu ku isi, kandi biteganijwe ko izakomeza. Ingaruka nyinshi ziteganijwe muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara, aho abaturage benshi baho batunzwe n'umutungo kamere n'ubuhinzi ''',''' na Aziya y'Amajyepfo-Uburasirazuba. Banki y'isi ivuga ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere ishobora gutuma abantu barenga miliyoni 120 mu bukene mu 2030. [203] Ubusumbane buriho bushingiye ku butunzi n'imibereho myiza bwarushijeho kwiyongera kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ingorane zikomeye mu kugabanya, guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere, no guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zihura n’abantu bahejejwe inyuma badafite ubushobozi buke ku mutungo. <ref name=":7">Grabe, Grose and Dutt, 2014; FAO, 2011; FAO, 2021a; Fisher and Carr, 2015; IPCC, 2014; Resurrección et al., 2019; UNDRR, 2019; Yeboah et al., 2019.</ref> Abasangwabutaka, batunzwe n'ubutaka bwabo ndetse n'ibidukikije, bazahura n'ingaruka z'imibereho yabo n'imibereho yabo kubera imihindagurikire y'ikirere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change {{!}} United Nations For Indigenous Peoples |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/climate-change.html |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113073917/https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/climate-change.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Impuguke zatanzwe zanzuye ko uruhare rw’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu ntambara yitwaje intwaro rwabaye ruto ugereranije n’ibintu nk’ubusumbane mu mibereho n’ubukungu ndetse n’ubushobozi bwa Leta. [207] Ibirwa biri hasi hamwe n’abaturage bo ku nkombe babangamiwe n’izamuka ry’inyanja, bigatuma imyuzure ikunze kugaragara. Rimwe na rimwe, ubutaka bwatakaye burundu ku nyanja. [208] Ibi bishobora gutera ubwenegihugu kubantu bo mu bihugu birwa, nka [[Malidivezi|Malidiya]] na [[Tuvalu]] . Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, izamuka ry’ubushyuhe n’ubushuhe birashobora kuba bibi cyane ku buryo abantu batabimenyera. [210] Hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ikabije, imishinga yerekana ko hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’ikiremwamuntu ishobora gutura mu bihe bishyushye cyane kandi bidashobora guturwa, bisa n’ikirere kiriho ubu kiboneka muri Sahara. Izi ngingo zishobora gutwara kwimuka kw ibidukikije, haba mubihugu ndetse no mubihugu. Abantu benshi biteganijwe ko bazimurwa kubera izamuka ry’inyanja, ikirere gikabije n’amakimbirane biturutse ku guhatanira kongera umutungo kamere. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe irashobora kandi kongera intege nke, biganisha ku "baturage bafashwe" badashobora kwimuka kubera kubura amikoro. {| class="center toccolours" |+'''Imihindagurikire y’ibihe igira ingaruka ku bantu''' |<gallery mode="packed" heights="120" style="line-height:120%"> Dosiye:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|[[Environmental migrant|Kwimuka kw'ibidukikije]] . Imvura idasanzwe iganisha ku [[Desertification|butayu]] bwangiza ubuhinzi kandi bushobora kwimura abaturage. Yerekanwa: Telly, Mali (2008). Dosiye:Corn shows the affect of drought.jpg|[[Effects of climate change on agriculture|Impinduka mu buhinzi]] . Amapfa, ubushyuhe bwiyongera, nikirere gikabije bigira ingaruka mbi mubuhinzi. Yerekanwa: Texas, Amerika (2013). Dosiye:Acqua alta in Piazza San Marco-original.jpg|[[Tidal flooding|Umwuzure w'amazi]] . Ubwiyongere bw'inyanja bwongera umwuzure mu turere two ku nkombe z'inyanja. Yerekanwa: [[Venice#Flooding|Venise, Ubutaliyani]] (2004). Dosiye:US Navy 071120-M-8966H-005 An aerial view over southern Bangladesh reveals extensive flooding as a result of Cyclone Sidr.jpg|[[Tropical cyclones and climate change|Kwiyongera k'umuyaga]] . Bangaladeshi nyuma ya [[Cyclone Sidr|serwakira Sidr]] (2007) ni urugero rwumwuzure w’ibiza uturutse ku mvura yiyongereye. Dosiye:The heat is on ESA19461898.jpeg|Ubushyuhe bukabije. Ibintu nka [[June 2019 European heat wave|Kamena 2019 ubushyuhe bwi Burayi]] buragenda bwiyongera. </gallery> |} == Kugabanya no gufata ibyuka bihumanya == [[Dosiye:Greenhouse_gas_emission_scenarios_01.svg|left|thumb| Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi hose, bishingiye kuri politiki n'imihigo guhera ku ya 11/21]] Imihindagurikire y’ibihe irashobora kugabanywa mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no kongera imyanda ikurura imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Kugirango ugabanye ubushyuhe bwisi kugeza munsi ya 1.5&nbsp;° C ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi bigomba kuba net-zeru muri 2050, cyangwa muri 2070 hamwe na 2&nbsp;Intego ya C. Ibi bisaba impinduka zigera kure, zitunganijwe muburyo butigeze bubaho mu mbaraga, ubutaka, imigi, ubwikorezi, inyubako, n'inganda. Gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ibidukikije ivuga ko ibihugu bigomba kwikuba gatatu ibyo byiyemeje mu masezerano y’i Paris mu myaka icumi iri imbere kugira ngo ubushyuhe bw’isi bugere kuri 2&nbsp;° C. Urwego runini rwo kugabanya rusabwa kugirango rwuzuze 1.5&nbsp;° C intego. Hamwe n'imihigo yatanzwe mu masezerano guhera mu Kwakira 2021, ubushyuhe bw’isi buracyafite amahirwe ya 66% yo kugera kuri 2.7&nbsp;° C (intera: 2.2–3.2&nbsp;° C) mu mpera z'ikinyejana. Kwisi yose, kugabanya ubushyuhe kuri 2&nbsp;° C irashobora kuvamo inyungu zirenze ibiciro. Nubwo nta nzira imwe yo kugabanya ubushyuhe bwisi kuri 1.5 cyangwa 2&nbsp; C. Kugabanya umuvuduko w’ibinyabuzima no kongera ubushobozi bwa gahunda ya karubone, impinduka nazo zaba nkenerwa mu buhinzi n’amashyamba, nko gukumira amashyamba no kugarura urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima hakoreshejwe amashyamba . Ubundi buryo bwo kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere bufite ibyago byinshi. Scenarios igabanya ubushyuhe bwisi kuri 1.5&nbsp;° C mubisanzwe umushinga munini wo gukoresha uburyo bwo gukuraho karuboni ya dioxyde mu kinyejana cya 21. Hano hari impungenge, nubwo, gushingira cyane kuri tekinoroji, n'ingaruka ku bidukikije. Imicungire y'izuba (SRM) nayo ninyongera ishoboka yo kugabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ariko, SRM yazamura ibibazo bikomeye byimyitwarire namategeko, kandi ingaruka ntizisobanutse neza. === Ingufu zisukuye === [[Dosiye:Global_Energy_Consumption.svg|thumb| Amakara, peteroli, na gaze gasanzwe bikomeza kuba isoko yambere yingufu zisi nubwo ibivugururwa byatangiye kwiyongera byihuse. ]] [[Dosiye:Lisberg_Burg_Windräder_Solar_power_PC313027.jpg|thumb| Umuyaga n'izuba, Ubudage]] Ingufu zisubirwamo ni urufunguzo rwo kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ibicanwa biva mu kirere byagize 80% by'ingufu z'isi muri 2018. Umugabane wasigaye wagabanijwe hagati y’ingufu za kirimbuzi n’ibishobora kongerwa (harimo amashanyarazi, bioenergy, umuyaga n’izuba n’ingufu za geothermal ). Urwo ruvange ruteganijwe guhinduka cyane mumyaka 30 iri imbere. Imirasire y'izuba hamwe n'umuyaga wo ku nkombe ubu biri muburyo buhendutse bwo kongerera ingufu amashanyarazi mashya ahantu henshi. Ibishobora kuvugururwa byagaragazaga 75% by'amashanyarazi mashya yose yashyizwe muri 2019, hafi izuba n'umuyaga. Ubundi buryo bwingufu zisukuye, nka kirimbuzi n’amashanyarazi, kuri ubu bifite uruhare runini mu gutanga ingufu. Ariko, iteganyagihe ryiterambere ryabo risa nkaho rigereranijwe. Kugera kuri 2050 kutabogama kwa karubone, ingufu zishobora kuba uburyo bwambere bwo kubyara amashanyarazi, bikazamuka kugera kuri 85% cyangwa birenga muri 2050 mubihe bimwe. Ishoramari mu makara ryavaho kandi ikoreshwa ry’amakara hafi ya 2050. Amashanyarazi aturuka ku masoko ashobora kuvugururwa nayo agomba kuba isoko nyamukuru yo gushyushya no gutwara. Ubwikorezi burashobora kuva mumodoka ya moteri yaka imbere no kugana ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, inzira nyabagendwa, hamwe nubwikorezi bukora (gusiganwa ku magare no kugenda). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Transport emissions |url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/transport-emissions_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010225533/https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/transport-emissions_en |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=Climate action |publisher=[[European Commission]]}}</ref> Kubyohereza no kuguruka, lisansi nkeya yagabanya ibyuka bihumanya. <ref name=":6" /> Ubushyuhe bushobora kurushaho kuba decarbonone hamwe nikoranabuhanga nka pompe yubushyuhe . Hariho inzitizi zo gukomeza kwiyongera byihuse byingufu zisukuye, harimo nibishobora kuvugururwa. Ku muyaga n'izuba, hari ibidukikije n'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka ku mishinga mishya. Umuyaga nizuba nabyo bitanga ingufu mugihe kimwe nigihe gihindagurika . Ubusanzwe, ingomero za hydro zifite ibigega hamwe ninganda zisanzwe zikoreshwa mugihe umusaruro uhindagurika ari muke. Kujya imbere, ububiko bwa batiri burashobora kwagurwa, ingufu zikenewe hamwe nibitangwa birashobora guhuzwa, kandi kohereza intera ndende birashobora guhinduka neza kubishobora kuvugururwa. Bioenergy ntabwo iba idafite karubone kandi ishobora kugira ingaruka mbi kubiribwa. Ubwiyongere bw'ingufu za kirimbuzi bugarukwaho n'impaka zishingiye ku myanda ya kirimbuzi, ikwirakwizwa ry'intwaro za kirimbuzi, n'impanuka . <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=S38–49}}</ref> Iterambere ry’amashanyarazi rigarukira ku kuba ahantu heza hateguwe, kandi imishinga mishya ikaba ihanganye n’ibibazo by’imibereho n’ibidukikije. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydropower |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/hydropower |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=iea.org |publisher=[[International Energy Agency]] |quote=Hydropower generation is estimated to have increased by over 2% in 2019 owing to continued recovery from drought in Latin America as well as strong capacity expansion and good water availability in China (...) capacity expansion has been losing speed. This downward trend is expected to continue, due mainly to less large-project development in China and Brazil, where concerns over social and environmental impacts have restricted projects. |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013011718/https://www.iea.org/reports/hydropower |url-status=live }}</ref> Ingufu nke za karubone zitezimbere ubuzima bwabantu mukugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ifite kandi inyungu mu gihe cya vuba cyo kugabanya impfu ziterwa n’ikirere, zagereranyaga miliyoni 7 buri mwaka mu 2016. Kuzuza intego zamasezerano ya Paris agabanya ubushyuhe kuri 2&nbsp;Ubwiyongere bwa C bushobora gukiza abagera kuri miliyoni muri ubwo buzima mu mwaka wa 2050, mu gihe ubushyuhe bw’isi bugera kuri 1.5&nbsp;° C irashobora kuzigama miriyoni kandi icyarimwe ikongerera umutekano ingufu no kugabanya ubukene. Kuzamura ikirere kandi bifite inyungu zubukungu zishobora kuba nini kuruta ibiciro bya mituweli. === Kubungabunga ingufu === Kugabanya ingufu zikenewe ni ikindi kintu gikomeye cyo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Niba ingufu nke zikenewe, haribindi byoroshye guhinduka byiterambere ryingufu. Bituma kandi byoroha gucunga amashanyarazi, kandi bikagabanya iterambere ryibikorwa remezo byibanda cyane. Kwiyongera kwinshi mu ishoramari ry’ingufu bizasabwa kugera ku ntego z’ikirere, ugereranije n’urwego rw’ishoramari mu mbaraga zishobora kubaho. Impinduka nyinshi za COVID-19 zijyanye no gukoresha ingufu, ishoramari rikoresha ingufu, ninkunga byatumye iteganyagihe ryiyi myaka icumi rigoye kandi ridashidikanywaho. Ingamba zo kugabanya ingufu zikenerwa ziratandukanye. Mu bwikorezi, abagenzi n’imizigo barashobora guhinduka muburyo bwiza bwo gukora ingendo, nka bisi na gari ya moshi, cyangwa gukoresha ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi. Ingamba zinganda zo kugabanya ingufu zikenewe zirimo kunoza sisitemu yo gushyushya na moteri, gukora ibicuruzwa bitita cyane ku mbaraga, no kongera ubuzima bwibicuruzwa. Mu rwego rwubwubatsi hibandwa ku gishushanyo mbonera cy’inyubako nshya, n’urwego rwo hejuru rw’ingufu zikoreshwa muri retrofiting. Gukoresha tekinoroji nka pompe yubushyuhe birashobora kandi kongera ingufu zubaka. === Ubuhinzi n'inganda === [[Dosiye:Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_by_Economic_Sector.svg|thumb| Urebye imyuka ihumanya itaziguye kandi itaziguye, inganda nizo nzego zifite uruhare runini rw’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.]] Ubuhinzi n’amashyamba bihura n’ingorabahizi eshatu zo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, birinda ko amashyamba ahinduka mu butaka bw’ubuhinzi, ndetse no kwiyongera kw’ibiribwa ku isi. Ibikorwa byinshi bishobora kugabanya ubuhinzi n’amashyamba ashingiye ku mashyamba bibiri bya gatatu kuva ku rwego rwa 2010. Muri byo harimo kugabanya ubwiyongere bukenewe ku biribwa n’ibindi bicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi, kongera umusaruro w’ubutaka, kurinda no kugarura amashyamba, no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi. Kuruhande rwibisabwa, igice cyingenzi cyo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni uguhindura abantu ibiryo bikomoka ku bimera . Kurandura umusaruro w’amatungo y’inyama n’amata byakuraho hafi 3/4 by’ibyuka bihumanya biva mu buhinzi n’ikoreshwa ry’ubutaka. Amatungo kandi afite 37% yubutaka butagira urubura kwisi kandi akoresha ibiryo biva kuri 12% yubutaka bukoreshwa mubihingwa, gutwara amashyamba no kwangirika kwubutaka. Umusaruro w'ibyuma na sima ushinzwe hafi 13% byangiza imyanda ya CO . Muri izo nganda, ibikoresho byibanda cyane kuri karubone nka kokiya na lime bigira uruhare runini mu musaruro, ku buryo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere CO bisaba ubushakashatsi mu bundi buryo bwa shimi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Low and zero emissions in the steel and cement industries |url=https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/GGSD2019_IssuePaper_CementSteel.pdf |pages=11, 19–22 |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901044811/https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/GGSD2019_IssuePaper_CementSteel.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> === Urutonde rwa karubone === [[Dosiye:Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg|thumb| Ibyuka byinshi byangiza imyuka CO byinjijwe no kurohama karubone, harimo gukura kw'ibimera, gufata ubutaka, no gufata inyanja (Ingengo y’imari ya 2020 ya Carbone ).]] Imyuka ya karubone isanzwe irashobora kongererwa imbaraga kugirango ikurikirane cyane CO irenze urwego rusanzwe rusanzwe. Gutema amashyamba no gutera ibiti ku butaka butari amashyamba biri mu buhanga bukuze bukurikirana, nubwo bwa nyuma butera impungenge ibiribwa. Abahinzi barashobora guteza imbere ikwirakwizwa rya karubone mu butaka binyuze mu bikorwa nko gukoresha ibihingwa bitwikiriye imbeho, kugabanya ubukana n’inshuro yo guhinga, no gukoresha ifumbire n’ifumbire nkivugurura ubutaka. Kugarura / kwidagadura ibishanga byo ku nkombe n’ibyatsi byo mu nyanja byongera gufata karubone mu bintu kama ( karubone yubururu ). Iyo karubone ifashwe mubutaka no mubintu kama nkibiti, harikibazo cyuko karubone yongeye kurekurwa mukirere nyuma binyuze mumihindagurikire yimikoreshereze yubutaka, umuriro, cyangwa izindi mpinduka mubidukikije. Iyo ingufu zitanga ingufu cyangwa CO - inganda zikomeye zikomeje gutanga imyanda CO , gaze irashobora gufatwa ikabikwa aho kurekurwa mukirere. Nubwo ikoreshwa ryayo rigarukira mubipimo kandi bihenze, gufata no kubika karubone (CCS) birashobora kugira uruhare runini mukugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere cya CO mu kinyejana rwagati. [270] Ubu buhanga, bufatanije na bioenergy ( BECCS ) bushobora kuvamo imyuka mibi: CO ikurwa mu kirere. Kugeza ubu ntiharamenyekana neza niba tekinike yo gukuramo karubone izashobora kugira uruhare runini mu kugabanya ubushyuhe kuri 1.5&nbsp;° C. Ibyemezo bya politiki bishingiye ku gukuraho karuboni ya dioxyde byongera ibyago byo gushyuha kwisi kuzamuka kurenza intego mpuzamahanga. == Kurwanya == [[Dosiye:FrontLines-EGAT_2011_Environment_Photo_Contest_Top_Entry_(5842818280).jpg|thumb| Gutera Mangrove hamwe no kubungabunga ibidukikije birashobora kugabanya imyuzure yo ku nkombe .]] [[Dosiye:Seawallventnor.jpg|thumb| Inyanja yo kurinda umuyaga ukabije watewe no kuzamuka kwinyanja]] [[Dosiye:20080708_Chicago_City_Hall_Green_Roof_Edit1.jpg|thumb| Igisenge kibisi kugirango gitange ubukonje mumijyi]] Kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere ni "inzira yo guhindura imihindagurikire y'ikirere cyangwa iteganijwe mu kirere n'ingaruka zayo". <ref name=":32">IPCC, 2022: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230122220619/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220318140208/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.</ref> : 5 Hatabayeho kugabanuka kworoheje, kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere ntibishobora gukumira ingaruka z’ingaruka zikomeye, zikwirakwira kandi zidasubirwaho. [274] Imihindagurikire y’ikirere ikabije isaba guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere, bishobora kuba bihenze cyane. [275] Ubushobozi nubushobozi abantu bashobora kumenyera bikwirakwizwa mu turere dutandukanye ndetse n’abaturage, kandi ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere muri rusange bifite bike. Imyaka 20 yambere yikinyejana cya 21 hagaragaye kwiyongera mubushobozi bwo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’imihindagurikire y’ibihugu byinshi bikennye kandi biciriritse hamwe n’iterambere ry’isuku n’amashanyarazi, ariko iterambere riratinda. Ibihugu byinshi byashyize mu bikorwa politiki yo kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Ariko, hariho itandukaniro rinini hagati yimari ikenewe kandi iboneka. [277] Kumenyera kuzamuka kwinyanja bigizwe no kwirinda ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’akaga, kwiga kubana n’umwuzure wiyongereye no kurindwa. Niba ibyo binaniwe, umwiherero ucungwa urashobora gukenerwa. Hano hari inzitizi zubukungu mugukemura ingaruka zubushyuhe. Kwirinda akazi gakomeye cyangwa kugira ubukonje ntibishoboka kuri bose. [279] Mu buhinzi, uburyo bwo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere burimo guhinduranya indyo irambye, gutandukana, kurwanya isuri no kunoza imiterere y’imiterere hagamijwe kwihanganira imihindagurikire y’ikirere. [280] Ubwishingizi butanga kugabana ibyago, ariko akenshi biragoye kubona kubantu binjiza amafaranga make. <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=333–334}}</ref> Uburezi, abimukira hamwe na sisitemu yo kuburira hakiri kare birashobora kugabanya ingaruka z’ikirere. [282] Gutera mangrove cyangwa gutera inkunga ibindi bimera byo ku nkombe birashobora guhagarika umuyaga. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Mangroves against the storm |url=https://social.shorthand.com/IUCN_forests/nCec1jyqvn/mangroves-against-the-storm.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Shorthand |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120195218/https://social.shorthand.com/IUCN_forests/nCec1jyqvn/mangroves-against-the-storm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=How marsh grass could help protect us from climate change |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/10/how-marsh-grass-protects-shorelines/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120195234/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/10/how-marsh-grass-protects-shorelines/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima ruhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere, inzira ishobora gushyigikirwa n'abantu. Mugukomeza guhuza urusobe rwibinyabuzima, amoko arashobora kwimuka mubihe byiza byikirere. Ubwoko burashobora kandi kwerekanwa mubice bifite ikirere cyiza . Kurinda no gusana ahantu nyaburanga nigice cya kamere bifasha kubaka imbaraga, byorohereza urusobe rwibinyabuzima guhinduka. Byinshi mubikorwa biteza imbere imihindagurikire y’ibinyabuzima, bifasha kandi abantu kumenyera binyuze mu kurwanya ibidukikije . Kurugero, kugarura gahunda yumuriro karemano bituma umuriro wibiza udashoboka, kandi bikagabanya guhura kwabantu. Guha inzuzi umwanya munini bituma habaho kubika amazi muri sisitemu karemano, kugabanya ibyago byumwuzure. Amashyamba yagaruwe akora nk'icyuzi cya karubone, ariko gutera ibiti mu turere tudakwiye birashobora kongera ingaruka z’ikirere. Hariho imikoranire hamwe nubucuruzi hagati yo kurwanya no kugabanya ibicuruzwa. Kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere akenshi bitanga inyungu z'igihe gito, mu gihe kugabanuka bifite inyungu z'igihe kirekire. <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=381–393}}</ref> Kongera imikoreshereze yumuyaga bituma abantu barushaho guhangana nubushyuhe, ariko byongera ingufu zikenewe. [[IMITURIRE|Iterambere ryimijyi]] irashobora gutuma imyuka igabanuka mu bwikorezi no kubaka. Muri icyo gihe, irashobora kongera ingaruka zo mu birwa byo mu mujyi, biganisha ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru no kwiyongera. Kongera umusaruro w'ibiribwa bifite inyungu nini haba mu kurwanya no kugabanya. == Ingamba na politiki == Ibihugu byibasirwa cyane n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ubusanzwe byashinzwe uruhare ruto rw’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Ibi bitera kwibaza kubyerekeye ubutabera nubutabera. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ifitanye isano n’iterambere rirambye. Kugabanya ubushyuhe bw’isi byoroha kugera ku ntego z’iterambere rirambye, nko kurandura ubukene no kugabanya ubusumbane. Ihuriro ryemewe mu ntego zirambye z’iterambere 13 ari "gufata ingamba zihutirwa zo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere n'ingaruka zayo". Intego ku biribwa, amazi meza no kurengera ibidukikije bifite aho bihurira no guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. [291] Geopolitike y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere iragoye. Byakunze gushyirwaho nkikibazo cyo gutwara abantu ku buntu, aho ibihugu byose byungukira mu kugabanya ibicuruzwa byakozwe n’ibindi bihugu, ariko ibihugu bitandukanye byatakaza kuva mu bukungu buke bwa karubone ubwabyo. Uku gushiraho kwamaganwe. Kurugero, inyungu zamakara ziva mubuzima rusange nibidukikije byaho birenze ibiciro hafi yakarere kose. Byongeye kandi, abatumiza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa biva mu kirere batsindira mu bukungu kuva mu guhindura ingufu zisukuye, bigatuma abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bahura n’umutungo wangiritse : ibicanwa bidashobora kugurisha. === Amahitamo ya politiki === Politiki, amabwiriza, n'amategeko menshi birakoreshwa mukugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Kugeza muri 2019, ibiciro bya karubone bikubiyemo hafi 20% byuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi. Carbone irashobora kugurwa imisoro ya karubone hamwe na sisitemu yubucuruzi bwangiza . Inkunga ya peteroli y’ibinyabuzima ku isi yageze kuri miliyari 319 z'amadolari muri 2017, na tiriyari 5.2 z'amadolari igihe ibiciro nko guhumanya ikirere biguzwe. Kurangiza ibyo birashobora gutuma igabanuka rya 28% byangiza imyuka y’ikirere no kugabanuka kwa 46% by’impfu z’ikirere. Amafaranga yazigamiwe ku nkunga y’ibinyabuzima ashobora gukoreshwa mu gushyigikira inzibacyuho y’ingufu zisukuye aho. Ubundi buryo butaziguye bwo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere harimo ibipimo ngenderwaho by’imodoka, ibipimo bya lisansi ishobora kongerwa, n’amabwiriza yangiza ikirere ku nganda zikomeye. Ibihugu byinshi bisaba ibikorwa byingirakamaro kugirango byongere umugabane wibishobora kuvugururwa mumashanyarazi . Politiki yateguwe binyuze mu butabera bw’ikirere igerageza gukemura ibibazo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubusumbane mu mibereho. Kurugero, ibihugu bikize bifite uruhare runini rwibyuka bihumanya ikirere byishyura ibihugu bikennye kugirango bihuze. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gabbatiss |first=Josh |last2=Tandon |first2=Ayesha |date=4 October 2021 |title=In-depth Q&A: What is 'climate justice'? |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-what-is-climate-justice |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015213312/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-what-is-climate-justice |url-status=live }}</ref> Mugihe ikoreshwa ryibicanwa bigabanuka, imirimo mumirenge iratakara. Kugirango bagere ku nzibacyuho iboneye, aba bantu bakeneye imyitozo kugirango bakore indi mirimo. Imiryango ifite abakozi ba peteroli benshi bakeneye ishoramari ryiyongera. === Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ikirere === [[Dosiye:Total_CO2_by_Region.svg|thumb| Kuva mu 2000, izamuka rya CO mu Bushinwa ndetse no ku isi yose ryarenze umusaruro w’Amerika n'Uburayi. ]] [[Dosiye:Per_Capita_CO2_by_Region.svg|thumb| Ku muntu, Reta zunzubumwe zamerika zitanga CO ku kigero cyihuta cyane kuruta utundi turere twibanze. ]] Ibihugu hafi ya byose ku isi bifite uruhare mu masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu 1994 (UNFCCC). Intego ya UNFCCC ni ugukumira abantu babangamira gahunda z’ikirere . Nkuko byavuzwe muri iryo koraniro, ibi bisaba ko ingufu za gaze ya parike zihagarara mu kirere ku buryo urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima rushobora guhuza n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, umusaruro w’ibiribwa ntubangamiwe, kandi iterambere ry’ubukungu rishobora gukomeza. UNFCCC ubwayo ntabwo igabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ahubwo itanga urwego rwa protocole ikora. Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byiyongereye kuva UNFCCC yashyirwaho umukono. Inama zayo ngarukamwaka nicyiciro cyibiganiro byisi. Amasezerano ya Kyoto yo mu 1997 yongereye UNFCCC kandi akubiyemo amasezerano yiyemeje kubahiriza ibihugu byinshi byateye imbere kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Muri iyo mishyikirano, G77 (ihagarariye ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ) yasabye manda isaba ibihugu byateye imbere "gufata iyambere" mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, kubera ko ibihugu byateye imbere byagize uruhare runini mu kwegeranya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu kirere. Umwuka w’umuturage nawo wari ukiri muto mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kandi ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere byakenera kohereza byinshi kugira ngo bikemure iterambere ryabyo. Amasezerano ya Copenhagen yo mu 2009 yagaragaye cyane ko atengushye kubera intego zayo nkeya, kandi yangwa n’ibihugu bikennye harimo na G77. Amashyirahamwe yunze ubumwe yari agamije kugabanya ubushyuhe bwisi ku isi munsi ya 2&nbsp;° C. Amasezerano yashyizeho intego yo kohereza miliyari 100 z'amadolari ku mwaka mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere mu rwego rwo kugabanya no kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere bitarenze 2020, anasaba ko hashyirwaho ikigega cy’ibidukikije . As of 2020 , ikigega cyananiwe kugera ku ntego cyari giteganijwe, kandi gishobora kugabanuka mu nkunga yacyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=95–108}}</ref> Muri 2015 ibihugu byose by’umuryango w’abibumbye byaganiriye n’amasezerano y'i Paris, agamije gukomeza ubushyuhe bw’isi munsi ya 2.0&nbsp;° C kandi ikubiyemo intego yo gukomeza gushyuha munsi ya 1.5 ° C. [316] Amasezerano yasimbuye Protokole ya Kyoto. Bitandukanye na Kyoto, nta ntego zoguhumanya ikirere zashyizweho mu masezerano y'i Paris. Ahubwo, urutonde rwibikorwa byakozwe bihuza. Ibihugu bigomba guhora byishyiriraho intego zikomeye kandi bigasubiramo intego buri myaka itanu. Amasezerano y'i Paris yasubiyemo ko ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere bigomba gushyigikirwa n'amafaranga. As of October 2021 , Ibihugu 194 n’umuryango [[Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi|w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi]] byashyize umukono kuri ayo masezerano naho ibihugu 191 kandi Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi byemeje cyangwa byemera ayo masezerano. Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya Montreal yo mu 1987, amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo guhagarika kohereza imyuka yangiza ozone, ashobora kuba yarabaye ingirakamaro mu gukumira ibyuka bihumanya ikirere kuruta amasezerano ya Kyoto yagenewe kubikora. Ivugurura rya Kigali ryo mu mwaka wa 2016 ry’amasezerano ya Montreal rigamije kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere cya hydrofluorocarbone, itsinda ry’imyuka ihumanya ikirere yabaye umusimbura wa gaze ya ozone yabujijwe. Ibi byatumye Protokole ya Montreal amasezerano akomeye yo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yeo |first=Sophie |date=10 October 2016 |title=Explainer: Why a UN climate deal on HFCs matters |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-why-a-un-climate-deal-on-hfcs-matters |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=Carbon Brief |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722162400/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-why-a-un-climate-deal-on-hfcs-matters/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Muri 2019, inteko ishinga amategeko y’Ubwongereza ibaye guverinoma ya mbere y’igihugu yatangaje ko ibihe byihutirwa. Ibindi bihugu nubutabera byakurikiranye. Muri uwo mwaka, Inteko ishinga amategeko y’Uburayi yatangaje "ikirere cyihutirwa n’ibidukikije". Komisiyo y’Uburayi yerekanye amasezerano y’ibihugu by’i Burayi hagamijwe guhindura Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi mu 2050. Ibihugu bikomeye muri Aziya byiyemeje imihigo nk'iyi: Koreya y'Epfo n'Ubuyapani byiyemeje kutagira aho bibogamiye muri 2050, n'Ubushinwa mu 2060. Mu 2021, Komisiyo y’Uburayi yashyize ahagaragara gahunda y’amategeko “ Fit for 55 ”, ikubiyemo amabwiriza agenga inganda z’imodoka ; imodoka zose nshya ku isoko ry’iburayi zigomba kuba imodoka zeru ziva mu 2035. Mu gihe [[Ubuhinde]] bufite imbaraga zo kongera ingufu, burateganya kandi kwagura amakara muri iki gihugu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2021 |title=India |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/india/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Climate Action Tracker |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004183827/https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kugeza mu 2021, hashingiwe ku makuru aturuka muri gahunda 48 z’ikirere z’igihugu, zihagarariye 40% by’amasezerano y’i Paris, byagereranijwe ko ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bizaba biri munsi ya 0.5% ugereranije n’urwego rwa 2010, munsi y’intego zo kugabanya 45% cyangwa 25% kugeza gabanya ubushyuhe bwisi kuri 1.5&nbsp;° C cyangwa 2&nbsp;° C. == Sosiyete == === Guhakana no gutanga amakuru atariyo === [[Dosiye:20200327_Climate_change_deniers_cherry_picking_time_periods.gif|right|thumb|Ibyatoranijwe byatoranijwe kuva mugihe gito kugirango bibeshye ko ubushyuhe bwisi butiyongera. Ibara ry'ubururu ryerekana ibihe bigufi byerekana ubushyuhe bwigihe kirekire (red redlines). Utudomo twubururu twerekana icyo bita ubushyuhe bwisi . [330]]] Impaka rusange zerekeye imihindagurikire y’ikirere zagize ingaruka zikomeye ku guhakana imihindagurikire y’ikirere no gutanga amakuru atari yo, byaturutse muri Amerika kandi kuva ubwo bikwira mu bindi bihugu, cyane cyane [[Kanada]] na Ositaraliya. Abagize uruhare mu guhakana imihindagurikire y’ikirere bagize ihuriro ryatewe inkunga kandi ihuriweho n’amasosiyete y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, amatsinda y’inganda, ibitekerezo by’ibitekerezo byita ku bidukikije, hamwe n’abahanga mu bya siyansi. Kimwe n'inganda z'itabi, ingamba nyamukuru z'aya matsinda kwari ugushidikanya ku makuru ya siyansi n'ibisubizo. Benshi bahakana, bakirukana, cyangwa bashidikanya ku buryo budashidikanywaho ku bwumvikane bwa siyansi ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bwiswe "abakekeranya n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere", abahanga benshi bavuga ko ari amakosa . Hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo guhakana ikirere: bamwe bahakana ko ubushyuhe bubaho na gato, bamwe bakemera ubushyuhe ariko bakavuga ko ari ingaruka kamere, ndetse bamwe bagabanya ingaruka mbi z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Gukora ibintu bidashidikanywaho kuri siyanse nyuma byaje kuba impaka zakozwe : bitera kwizera ko hari ugushidikanya gukomeye ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu bumenyi bwa siyansi hagamijwe gutinza impinduka za politiki. Ingamba zo guteza imbere ibyo bitekerezo zirimo kunenga ibigo bya siyansi, no kwibaza impamvu abahanga ku giti cyabo. <ref name="Björnberg 2017" /> Urugereko rwerekana imbuga nkoranyambaga n’itangazamakuru byateje ikibazo cyo kutumva neza imihindagurikire y’ikirere. === Kumenyekanisha rubanda n'ibitekerezo === [[Dosiye:20220629_Public_estimates_of_scientific_consensus_on_climate_change_-_horizontal_bar_chart.svg|thumb| Abaturage basuzugura cyane urugero rw'ubwumvikane bwa siyansi bwerekana ko abantu batera imihindagurikire y’ikirere. <ref name="KingsCollegeReport_20220629">{{Cite web |date=June 2022 |title=Public perceptions on climate change |url=https://peritia-trust.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/4-Climate-change_EU.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715062933/https://peritia-trust.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/4-Climate-change_EU.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2022 |website=PERITIA Trust EU - The Policy Institute of Kings College London |page=4}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kuva 2019 kugeza 2021 <ref name="Powell_2019">{{Cite journal|pages=183–184}}</ref> bwerekanye ko ubumenyi bwa siyanse buri hagati ya 98.7 na 100%.]] Imihindagurikire y’ibihe yaje kumenyeshwa n’amahanga mu mpera za 1980. Bitewe n’itangazamakuru mu ntangiriro ya za 90, abantu bakunze kwitiranya imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’ibindi bibazo by’ibidukikije nko kubura ozone. Mu muco uzwi cyane, filime y’impimbano y’ikirere ''Umunsi ukurikira ejo'' (2004) hamwe na documentaire ya Al Gore ''Ukuri kutorohewe'' (2006) yibanze ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere. <ref name=":3" /> Intara zikomeye z’akarere, uburinganire, imyaka n’itandukaniro rya politiki zirahari haba mu kwita ku baturage no gusobanukirwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Abantu benshi bize cyane, ndetse no mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, abagore n’urubyiruko, wasangaga babona ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere ari ikibazo gikomeye. Ikinyuranyo cy’amashyaka kibaho no mu bihugu byinshi, kandi ibihugu bifite imyuka ihumanya ikirere ya CO usanga bititaweho cyane. Ibitekerezo ku mpamvu z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere biratandukanye cyane hagati y’ibihugu. Impungenge ziyongereye igihe, <ref name="auto1" /> kugeza aho mu 2021 abaturage benshi mu bihugu byinshi bagaragaza impungenge nyinshi z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, cyangwa bakabona ko ari ibintu byihutirwa ku isi. Inzego zo hejuru zo guhangayikishwa no gushyigikira abaturage muri politiki zita ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere. ==== Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ==== Imyigaragambyo y’ibihe isaba abayobozi ba politiki gufata ingamba zo gukumira imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Bashobora gufata uburyo bwo kwerekana imyigaragambyo rusange, kugabanya ibicanwa bya fosile, kuburana nibindi bikorwa. Imyiyerekano ikomeye irimo imyigaragambyo yishuri ryikirere . Muri iki gikorwa, urubyiruko rwo ku isi rwigaragambyaga kuva mu 2018 rusiba ishuri ku wa gatanu, ruyobowe n’umwangavu wo muri Suwede Greta Thunberg . Ibikorwa rusange byo kutumvira kwabaturage byakozwe nitsinda nka Extinction Rebellion bigaragambije bahagarika imihanda no gutwara abantu. Imanza zikoreshwa cyane nk'igikoresho cyo gushimangira ibikorwa by'ikirere bituruka mu bigo bya Leta n'ibigo. Abaharanira inyungu kandi batangiza imanza zireba guverinoma kandi bagasaba ko bafata ingamba zikomeye cyangwa kubahiriza amategeko ariho yerekeye imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Imanza ziregwamo amasosiyete y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli muri rusange arasaba indishyi z’igihombo n’ibyangiritse == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0o3bxfr63t0uf4szuyhszxsqb0t0a8q 0 18878 130365 110394 2026-04-16T10:04:26Z Bagirimbabazi 17106 Impinduka ntoya 130365 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Kugaburira ingurube.jpg|thumb|348x348px|ingurube]] == Iryoheshabirayi == Inzovu y’urwijiji rukabije ubujorojoro [[Dosiye:Ingurube mu kiraro.jpg|thumb|Iryoheshabirayi|283x283px]]      Iya rujegeza-bijumba rwa semitabo,      Noneho amavubi arayarika mu bikobokobo,      Kira nyumba ya rukara rwa Majoro!      Rujugitira-bijumba rwa njunditse ibika,      Imvubu y’icyagane ya ruhungabanya-bitebo, [[Dosiye:Ikiraro cy'inkurube.jpg|thumb|282x282px|aborozi b'ingurube]]      Isigaye itengerana umuraru wose ugatigita      Ikaba iya rutare rwa SOMUKI i Rutongo!      Kivurivuri cya ruvungura-byavu,      Imbona-bake ya ruhingitirana-mubiri,      Ni ikitayega zishokanye umunihiro,      Ikaba iya Rukara rwa MINETE!      Ruhiniriza-kibero rwa sendahiriye,      Karisimbi k’amatungo ka ruhonjokerana,      Iyo basigaye bitiranya na ruva-kwaya,      Ikaba iya Rutare rwa Muganga.      Umuduga uhetse umubyibuho wa ruzimiza-mbavu,      Imponjoke yagurirwa amarembo ya ruhimbaza-barebyi      Isigaye ikinana ibicece mu icongori ry’ibifungo:      Ikaba iya rukara rwa Kurimpuzu, nzayibaga!      Gihirihiri cya ruhingika-bondo, [[Dosiye:Pig farm Vampula 9.jpg|thumb]]      Inyumba irangwa n’umubyibuho ya ruvonyeza-bijumba,      Isigaye ibunda mu byambu ikabigomera:      Iba mu ngoro mu Rukari, aho zogerezwa isahani!      Gihiringitirane cyashiriyemo umurizo,      Mavuta-mingi ya rutenga-bondo,      Iyashinganywe n’abategeka-birori ba Leta,      Ifungiye i Rwinkwavu kwa Sovanye [[Dosiye:Pig farm Vampula 1.jpg|thumb]]      Rubyagira-nzira rwa ndanze guhigama,      Intamati yamazwe ubwoya no kuneta ya rubyimbabyimba,      Iyo bakekaga umwingo ikarushya abasuzumyi, [[Dosiye:Sus scrofa domesticus, miniature pig, juvenile.jpg|thumb]]      Izigamwe na Misiyoni iruhande rw’ifumbira!      Yemwe ga bana baragiye mu bishanga,      Mureke zirenze imijumbajumba n’isayo,      Nizihaga zihundagarire mu bizenga:      Zidashongesha amavuta yo gukaranga ibirayi.      Kamena niboneka ntibahute kuzamburira,      Ahanini muri hoteri harazishaka; [[Dosiye:Sus scrofa f domesticus - Réserve africaine de Sigean 01.jpg|thumb]]      Zirahaka amanoti n’ibikoroti mu mabondo,      Nicyo abasirimu bazikundira murakenge!      Kuyavuga si ko kuyarangiza inyuma:      Uwarata intendeza-matwi yakesha amajoro!      Za runihira zishoka nk’imvura y’umuhindo      Impini igaturika zikwira ibishanga.      Nimugwire Bikoko by’imva-burayi      Nimutungwe isanzure ntimukinenwa!      Nimutebanwe akamaro n’ibinyamahembe      Mubyirukane n’amajyambere y’u Rwanda.<ref>https://rwandanet.tripod.com/indyoheshabirayi.html</ref> == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] hbeqg56uisoi20sm13d5lvfavh7vrj5 0 21739 130348 130347 2026-04-15T12:08:58Z B.Scalling 15089 130348 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gisubizo Merci ni''' Umunyarwanda ukina umukino w'amaboko uzwi nka volleyball mu [[Rwanda]]. Wavutse ku wa 23/12/2004<ref name=":0"><nowiki>https://volleybox.net/merci-gisubizo-p165458</nowiki></ref> yavukiye Kandi akurira mu rwanda.Arinaho yatangiye kugaragariza impano ye yogukina umukino wamaboko volleyball. == Amakipe yakiniye == Mu makipe yakiniye harimo APR VC kuva mu mwaka wa 2021 ubwo yayisinyiraga amasezerano y’imyaka ibiri avuye mu ikipe ya Don Bosco Gatenga aho yari amaze kuyihesha igikombe cya shampiyona yo mu cyiciro cya kabiri,kandi yakiniye amakipe atandukanye y’abato ndetse yanayoboye bagenzi be batarengeje imyaka 21 mu ikipe y’igihugu mu mikino yabereye mu gihugu cya Tuniziya muri 2022.<ref>[https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino/volleyball/article/volleyball-gisubizo-merci-yahagaritswe-umwaka-wose#:~:text=Gisubizo%20Merci%20ni%20umukinnyi%20w'umunyarwanda,gihugu%20cya%20Tuniziya%20muri%202022. https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino/volleyball/article/volleyball-gisubizo-merci-yahagaritswe-umwaka-wose#:~:text=Gisubizo%20Merci%20ni%20umukinnyi%20w'umunyarwanda,gihugu%20cya%20Tuniziya%20muri%202022.]</ref> === Ekipe akinira ubu === ubu gisubizo merci akinira ikipe ya REG VC <ref>[[REG Volleyball Club]]</ref>aka ari ikipe ya [[Umugabo|bagabo]] ishingiye ku kigo cy'igihugu cya mashanyarazi. == Amashakiro == <references /> m17gb6csluwinqjf23mz2x0rcpv7esd 130349 130348 2026-04-15T12:10:36Z B.Scalling 15089 130349 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gisubizo Merci ni''' Umunyarwanda ukina umukino w'amaboko uzwi nka volleyball mu [[Rwanda]]. Wavutse ku wa 23/12/2004<ref name=":0"><nowiki>https://volleybox.net/merci-gisubizo-p165458</nowiki></ref> yavukiye Kandi akurira mu rwanda.Arinaho yatangiye kugaragariza impano ye yogukina umukino wamaboko volleyball. == Amakipe yakiniye == Mu makipe yakiniye harimo APR VC kuva mu mwaka wa 2021 ubwo yayisinyiraga amasezerano y’imyaka ibiri avuye mu ikipe ya Don Bosco Gatenga aho yari amaze kuyihesha igikombe cya shampiyona yo mu cyiciro cya kabiri,kandi yakiniye amakipe atandukanye y’abato ndetse yanayoboye bagenzi be batarengeje imyaka 21 mu ikipe y’igihugu mu mikino yabereye mu gihugu cya Tuniziya muri 2022.<ref>[https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino/volleyball/article/volleyball-gisubizo-merci-yahagaritswe-umwaka-wose#:~:text=Gisubizo%20Merci%20ni%20umukinnyi%20w'umunyarwanda,gihugu%20cya%20Tuniziya%20muri%202022. https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino/volleyball/article/volleyball-gisubizo-merci-yahagaritswe-umwaka-wose#:~:text=Gisubizo%20Merci%20ni%20umukinnyi%20w'umunyarwanda,gihugu%20cya%20Tuniziya%20muri%202022.]</ref> === Ekipe akinira ubu === ubu gisubizo merci akinira ikipe ya [[REG Volleyball Club|REG VC]] <ref>[[REG Volleyball Club]]</ref>aka ari ikipe ya [[Umugabo|bagabo]] ishingiye ku kigo cy'igihugu cya mashanyarazi. == Amashakiro == <references /> 9z6chmmbubqjobv09nh85vac79scivn 130350 130349 2026-04-15T12:15:12Z B.Scalling 15089 gushyiramo databox 130350 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{''' {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q139368883}} '''Gisubizo Merci ni''' Umunyarwanda ukina umukino w'amaboko uzwi nka volleyball mu [[Rwanda]]. Wavutse ku wa 23/12/2004<ref name=":0"><nowiki>https://volleybox.net/merci-gisubizo-p165458</nowiki></ref> yavukiye Kandi akurira mu rwanda.Arinaho yatangiye kugaragariza impano ye yogukina umukino wamaboko volleyball. == Amakipe yakiniye == Mu makipe yakiniye harimo APR VC kuva mu mwaka wa 2021 ubwo yayisinyiraga amasezerano y’imyaka ibiri avuye mu ikipe ya Don Bosco Gatenga aho yari amaze kuyihesha igikombe cya shampiyona yo mu cyiciro cya kabiri,kandi yakiniye amakipe atandukanye y’abato ndetse yanayoboye bagenzi be batarengeje imyaka 21 mu ikipe y’igihugu mu mikino yabereye mu gihugu cya Tuniziya muri 2022.<ref>[https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino/volleyball/article/volleyball-gisubizo-merci-yahagaritswe-umwaka-wose#:~:text=Gisubizo%20Merci%20ni%20umukinnyi%20w'umunyarwanda,gihugu%20cya%20Tuniziya%20muri%202022. https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino/volleyball/article/volleyball-gisubizo-merci-yahagaritswe-umwaka-wose#:~:text=Gisubizo%20Merci%20ni%20umukinnyi%20w'umunyarwanda,gihugu%20cya%20Tuniziya%20muri%202022.]</ref> === Ekipe akinira ubu === ubu gisubizo merci akinira ikipe ya [[REG Volleyball Club|REG VC]] <ref>[[REG Volleyball Club]]</ref>aka ari ikipe ya [[Umugabo|bagabo]] ishingiye ku kigo cy'igihugu cya mashanyarazi. == Amashakiro == <references /> jenqq1t3j7g0ddd3if47rkk93a8c6gl 0 22492 130356 130317 2026-04-15T14:31:24Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 Ndahiro derrick moved page [[Lt Col Lausanne Ingabire Nsengimana]] to [[Lausanne Ingabire Nsengimana]] 130317 wikitext text/x-wiki Lt Col Lausanne Ingabire Nsengimana ni umwe mu banyarwandakazi bazwiho mugukora ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa mu gihugu kuko ni umwe mu bakiri bato mu gisirikare cy'u Rwanda bahawe ipeti rya Coloneli.<ref>[https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/menya-byinshi-ku-bategarugori-7-bazamuwe-mu-ntera-muri-rdf-bagirwa-ba-colonels#:~:text=Hari%20hashize%20igihe%20kinini%20abagore,ubu%2C%20barindwi%20bagizwe%20ba%20Colonel. https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/menya-byinshi-ku-bategarugori-7-bazamuwe-mu-ntera-muri-rdf-bagirwa-ba-colonels#:~:text=Hari%20hashize%20igihe%20kinini%20abagore,ubu%2C%20barindwi%20bagizwe%20ba%20Colonel.]</ref> == AMASHURI YIZE == Lt Col Lausanne Ingabire Nsengimana yize amashuri abanza ndetse nayisumbuye akomeza mu ishuri rya Gisirikare mu Bubiligi,Loyal Military Academy arangiza Cadet mu 2011.<ref>[https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/menya-byinshi-ku-bategarugori-7-bazamuwe-mu-ntera-muri-rdf-bagirwa-ba-colonels#:~:text=Hari%20hashize%20igihe%20kinini%20abagore,ubu%2C%20barindwi%20bagizwe%20ba%20Colonel. https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/menya-byinshi-ku-bategarugori-7-bazamuwe-mu-ntera-muri-rdf-bagirwa-ba-colonels#:~:text=Hari%20hashize%20igihe%20kinini%20abagore,ubu%2C%20barindwi%20bagizwe%20ba%20Colonel.]</ref> == IBYO AKORA == Lt Col Lusanne Ingabire Nsengimana yakoze mu myanya itandukanye ku cyicaro gikuru cya RDF n'ahandi nk'i Gako,i Musanze abona n'andi masomo ya Girikare nk'agenewe abasirikare bakuru yaherewe i Fort Leavenworth muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za America,ari kandi no mu basirikare b'u Rwanda bagiye mu butumwa bw'amahoro muri Repubulika ya Centrafrique.Muri 2019 Col Ingabire yahawe inshingano zindi mu gisirikare cy'u Rwanda agirwa Umuyobozi Mukuru ukuriye Urwego rw'Imikoranire y'Ingabo n'abasivili.Ntabwo akiri kuri izi nshingano kuko mu minsi ishize yoherejwe mu zindi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref>[https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/menya-byinshi-ku-bategarugori-7-bazamuwe-mu-ntera-muri-rdf-bagirwa-ba-colonels#:~:text=Hari%20hashize%20igihe%20kinini%20abagore,ubu%2C%20barindwi%20bagizwe%20ba%20Colonel. https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/menya-byinshi-ku-bategarugori-7-bazamuwe-mu-ntera-muri-rdf-bagirwa-ba-colonels#:~:text=Hari%20hashize%20igihe%20kinini%20abagore,ubu%2C%20barindwi%20bagizwe%20ba%20Colonel.]</ref> 70sj0koo83w8g84l58bxcggs5nd92eh 130358 130356 2026-04-15T14:31:58Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 130358 wikitext text/x-wiki Lausanne Ingabire Nsengimana ni umwe mu banyarwandakazi bazwiho mugukora ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa mu gihugu kuko ni umwe mu bakiri bato mu gisirikare cy'u Rwanda bahawe ipeti rya Coloneli.<ref>[https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/menya-byinshi-ku-bategarugori-7-bazamuwe-mu-ntera-muri-rdf-bagirwa-ba-colonels#:~:text=Hari%20hashize%20igihe%20kinini%20abagore,ubu%2C%20barindwi%20bagizwe%20ba%20Colonel. https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/menya-byinshi-ku-bategarugori-7-bazamuwe-mu-ntera-muri-rdf-bagirwa-ba-colonels#:~:text=Hari%20hashize%20igihe%20kinini%20abagore,ubu%2C%20barindwi%20bagizwe%20ba%20Colonel.]</ref> == AMASHURI YIZE == Lt Col Lausanne Ingabire Nsengimana yize amashuri abanza ndetse nayisumbuye akomeza mu ishuri rya Gisirikare mu Bubiligi,Loyal Military Academy arangiza Cadet mu 2011.<ref>[https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/menya-byinshi-ku-bategarugori-7-bazamuwe-mu-ntera-muri-rdf-bagirwa-ba-colonels#:~:text=Hari%20hashize%20igihe%20kinini%20abagore,ubu%2C%20barindwi%20bagizwe%20ba%20Colonel. https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/menya-byinshi-ku-bategarugori-7-bazamuwe-mu-ntera-muri-rdf-bagirwa-ba-colonels#:~:text=Hari%20hashize%20igihe%20kinini%20abagore,ubu%2C%20barindwi%20bagizwe%20ba%20Colonel.]</ref> == IBYO AKORA == Lt Col Lusanne Ingabire Nsengimana yakoze mu myanya itandukanye ku cyicaro gikuru cya RDF n'ahandi nk'i Gako,i Musanze abona n'andi masomo ya Girikare nk'agenewe abasirikare bakuru yaherewe i Fort Leavenworth muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za America,ari kandi no mu basirikare b'u Rwanda bagiye mu butumwa bw'amahoro muri Repubulika ya Centrafrique.Muri 2019 Col Ingabire yahawe inshingano zindi mu gisirikare cy'u Rwanda agirwa Umuyobozi Mukuru ukuriye Urwego rw'Imikoranire y'Ingabo n'abasivili.Ntabwo akiri kuri izi nshingano kuko mu minsi ishize yoherejwe mu zindi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref>[https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/menya-byinshi-ku-bategarugori-7-bazamuwe-mu-ntera-muri-rdf-bagirwa-ba-colonels#:~:text=Hari%20hashize%20igihe%20kinini%20abagore,ubu%2C%20barindwi%20bagizwe%20ba%20Colonel. https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/menya-byinshi-ku-bategarugori-7-bazamuwe-mu-ntera-muri-rdf-bagirwa-ba-colonels#:~:text=Hari%20hashize%20igihe%20kinini%20abagore,ubu%2C%20barindwi%20bagizwe%20ba%20Colonel.]</ref> imufiafuvzik1sim4uy6g3717dmicfx 0 22497 130353 2026-04-15T13:13:45Z B.Scalling 15089 gutangiza urupapuro 130353 wikitext text/x-wiki G.S kagugu ni ikigo cy'amashuri giherereye mu karere ka Gasabo,umurenge wa Kinyinya,akagali ka Kagugu.iki kigo gitanga uburezi mu mashuri abanza(primary school),ikiciro rusange cy'amashuri yisumbuye(O'level).<ref name=":0">https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/gs-kagugu-chatholique-ishuri-riri-mu-ya-mbere-mu-rwanda-mu-bucucike</ref>ikigo gifite ibyumba 53, ku buryo ku mpuzandengo nibura icyumba kimwe kibarirwa abana 80. '''amateka ya G.S Kagugu''' [[Dosiye:Kagugu Classroom (4844912130).jpg|thumb|[[Abanyeshuri baturiye Pariki ya Nyungwe bari gutozwa kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima|abanyeshuri]] muri G.S kagugu<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Kagugu&title=Special%3AMediaSearch&type=image</ref>]] Nko mu mwaka wa 2015, mu banyeshuri basaga 400 bakoze ikizamini gisoza amashuri abanza, habonetsemo 110 batsinzwe bari mu cyiciro cya U.Icyakora mu 2016, ikigo cyikubise agashyi bagera kuri 70 mu mwaka wa 2017.Habanabakize avuga ko biterwa n’ingamba bashyizeho zo kuzamura abana bari ku rwego rwo hasi, gusa bituma kuzamura abandi bari mu cyiciro cyo hagati bidindira.<ref name=":0" /> '''<u>Inkomoko</u>''' 1.https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/gs-kagugu-chatholique-ishuri-riri-mu-ya-mbere-mu-rwanda-mu-bucucike te9129q27d3tz0qgczbkovefiu1n327 130354 130353 2026-04-15T13:14:39Z B.Scalling 15089 130354 wikitext text/x-wiki G.S kagugu ni ikigo cy'amashuri giherereye mu karere ka Gasabo,umurenge wa Kinyinya,akagali ka Kagugu.iki kigo gitanga uburezi mu mashuri abanza(primary school),ikiciro rusange cy'amashuri yisumbuye(O'level).<ref name=":0">https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/gs-kagugu-chatholique-ishuri-riri-mu-ya-mbere-mu-rwanda-mu-bucucike</ref>ikigo gifite ibyumba 53, ku buryo ku mpuzandengo nibura icyumba kimwe kibarirwa abana 80. '''amateka ya G.S Kagugu''' [[Dosiye:Kagugu Classroom (4844912130).jpg|thumb|[[Abanyeshuri baturiye Pariki ya Nyungwe bari gutozwa kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima|abanyeshuri]] muri G.S kagugu<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Kagugu&title=Special%3AMediaSearch&type=image</ref>]] Nko mu mwaka wa 2015, mu banyeshuri basaga 400 bakoze ikizamini gisoza amashuri abanza, habonetsemo 110 batsinzwe bari mu cyiciro cya U.Icyakora mu 2016, ikigo cyikubise agashyi bagera kuri 70 mu mwaka wa 2017.Habanabakize avuga ko biterwa n’ingamba bashyizeho zo kuzamura abana bari ku rwego rwo hasi, gusa bituma kuzamura abandi bari mu cyiciro cyo hagati bidindira.<ref name=":0" /> '''<u>Inkomoko</u>''' 4dwkdwfr0geu1wdf9q9tq24yh7141s6 130355 130354 2026-04-15T13:38:07Z ~2026-23268-74 17911 gushyiramo databox 130355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q139373137|useImage=[[File:Kagugu Classroom (4844912130).jpg|Kagugu_Classroom_(4844912130)]]}} G.S kagugu ni ikigo cy'amashuri giherereye mu karere ka Gasabo,umurenge wa Kinyinya,akagali ka Kagugu.iki kigo gitanga uburezi mu mashuri abanza(primary school),ikiciro rusange cy'amashuri yisumbuye(O'level).<ref name=":0">https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/gs-kagugu-chatholique-ishuri-riri-mu-ya-mbere-mu-rwanda-mu-bucucike</ref>ikigo gifite ibyumba 53, ku buryo ku mpuzandengo nibura icyumba kimwe kibarirwa abana 80. '''amateka ya G.S Kagugu''' [[Dosiye:Kagugu Classroom (4844912130).jpg|thumb|[[Abanyeshuri baturiye Pariki ya Nyungwe bari gutozwa kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima|abanyeshuri]] muri G.S kagugu<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Kagugu&title=Special%3AMediaSearch&type=image</ref>]] Nko mu mwaka wa 2015, mu banyeshuri basaga 400 bakoze ikizamini gisoza amashuri abanza, habonetsemo 110 batsinzwe bari mu cyiciro cya U.Icyakora mu 2016, ikigo cyikubise agashyi bagera kuri 70 mu mwaka wa 2017.Habanabakize avuga ko biterwa n’ingamba bashyizeho zo kuzamura abana bari ku rwego rwo hasi, gusa bituma kuzamura abandi bari mu cyiciro cyo hagati bidindira.<ref name=":0" /> '''<u>Inkomoko</u>''' t1z0ql0svmzoqoz4qy7senil69k8mgu 0 22498 130357 2026-04-15T14:31:24Z Ndahiro derrick 8075 Ndahiro derrick moved page [[Lt Col Lausanne Ingabire Nsengimana]] to [[Lausanne Ingabire Nsengimana]] 130357 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lausanne Ingabire Nsengimana]] 4h7kv25xg7r1rfwchkx4narcz059ji6 10 22499 130359 2026-04-15T15:18:48Z ~2026-23242-37 17912 Created page with "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Embryophyte|Embryophytes |parent=Phragmoplastophyta |refs={{citation | date=2015| author = Ruggiero| title = Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms | volume=10 |issue=4 |journal=PLOS ONE |article-number=e0119248| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 | pmid = 25923521| pmc = 4418965| bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1019248R|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free..." 130359 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Embryophyte|Embryophytes |parent=Phragmoplastophyta |refs={{citation | date=2015| author = Ruggiero| title = Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms | volume=10 |issue=4 |journal=PLOS ONE |article-number=e0119248| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 | pmid = 25923521| pmc = 4418965| bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1019248R|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}} }} opg50r0fnj68ji8r1wzz8ki70z8w8dd 10 22500 130360 2026-04-15T15:21:47Z ~2026-23242-37 17912 Created page with "<noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=classis |link=Mammal |Mammalia |parent=Mammaliaformes/skip }}" 130360 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=classis |link=Mammal |Mammalia |parent=Mammaliaformes/skip }} 05aiahqngy4smv2kh18rvo49g2eb0bb 10 22501 130361 2026-04-15T15:23:44Z ~2026-23242-37 17912 Created page with "<noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}</noinclude><noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subclassis |link=Theria |parent=Tribosphenida }}" 130361 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}</noinclude><noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subclassis |link=Theria |parent=Tribosphenida }} ka2ruc9wxy9rdg1e251riw2fq8qfdi2 10 22502 130362 2026-04-15T16:05:46Z ~2026-23242-37 17912 Created page with "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Archosaur|Archosauria |parent=Eucrocopoda }}" 130362 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Archosaur|Archosauria |parent=Eucrocopoda }} 15qln80ajwvcspd2bnukklup9jjxq0m 10 22503 130363 2026-04-15T16:06:45Z ~2026-23242-37 17912 Created page with "<noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Ornithurae |parent=Ornithuromorpha }}" 130363 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Ornithurae |parent=Ornithuromorpha }} e9a04a1sy342csj0b9w9gpdonjc97ts