Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1784 132253 132247 2026-06-19T14:29:02Z Ikirezi Hornella 18415 132253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Germany map.gif|thumb|ikarita y'ubudage]] [[Dosiye:Reichstag pano.jpg|thumb|abadage]] '''Abadage''' ni abaturage baba mu gihugu cy'[[Ubudage]] giherereye kumugabane w'[[Uburayi]] byumwihariko muburayi bwohagati , umuturage umwe wu budage yitwa umudage naho abadage benshi bitwa abadage. == IMIKORANIRE == Abadage babashoramari bakorera mu Rwanda, babinyujije mw'ibaruwa yandikiwe ibiro by'[[Ubudage]] bishinzwe ububanyi n'amahanga (Auswärtiges Amt), bigendanye n'ikibazo cya viza cyatewe n'iyirukanwa ry'Abadipolomate<ref name=":0">https://kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/sosiyete-z-abadage-zikorera-mu-rwanda-zibangamiwe-n-uko-abanyarwanda-bazikorera-batabona-viza-z-icyo-gihugu</ref>b'Abadage birukankwe mu Rwanda, kandi aribo bari bafite munshingano ibijyanye no gusaba no gutanga visa za Schengen, bagaragaza ko abazishaka bajya kuri ambasade y'[[Ubudage]] iri i [[Nairobi]]. Abasinye kuri iyo baruwa bagaragaje ko batewe impungenge n'umubano mu bya politiki, utameze neza hagati y'u [[Rwanda]] n'[[Ubudage]], banasaba ko ibiro by'ububanye n'amahanga byakongera gukorera mu Rwanda.<ref name=":0" /> U Rwanda rufatwa nk'umufatanyabikorwa utanga icyizere mu rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga, kuko arigihugu gifite intego yo kuba ihuriro ry'ikoranabuhanga mu karere (Regional IT hub), kandi rugasabwa gukorana na sosiyete zituruka mu mahanga kugira ngo rushobore kugera ku ntego rwihaye. <ref>https://kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/sosiyete-z-abadage-zikorera-mu-rwanda-zibangamiwe-n-uko-abanyarwanda-bazikorera-batabona-viza-z-icyo-gihugu</ref> == UMUBANO WA POLITIKE == Umubano wa dipolomasi hagati y'u Rwanda n'Ubudage watangiye mu mwaka w'i 1962, aho kuva icyo gihe ibihugu byombi byemeranyije kugirana umubano ushingiye kubwizerane ubufatanye n'ubucuti. Buri myaka ibiri, ibihugu byombi bigirana ibiganiro by'ihariye biga kubutwererane mw'iterambere. Leta zombi zemeranya ko ubutwererane bw'iterambere hagati y'u Rwanda n'Ubudage bukomeza kwibanda ku iterambere ry'ubukungu burambye, amahugurwa n'ikorwa ry'imirimo, kurengera ibidukikije, guteza imbere ingufu zisukuye hamwe na gahunda ya "Just Transition" igamije impinduka ziboneye mu bukungu.<ref>https://www.rwandaingermany.gov.rw/cooperation</ref> {{stub}} [[Dosiye:Flag of Germany (2004 World Factbook).gif|center|thumb|320x320px|Flag of Germany]] == == * [[Jenoside y’Abayahudi]] [[Category:Abadage| ]] [[Category:Umuryango]] s95jkzexqnke6e4i9u81tzwjheh5829 132256 132253 2026-06-19T15:01:59Z Ikirezi Hornella 18415 132256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubudage''' ni igihugu giherereye ku mugabane w'[[Burayi|Uburayi]], kikaba ari nakimwe mu bihugu 29 bigize umuryango wa Schengen,ugamije koroshya urujya n'uruza rw'abaturage hagati y'ibihugu biwugize, binyuze mu gukuraho igenzurwa rinzwe ku mipaka yabyo.<ref>https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/schengen/visa-policy/applying-schengen-visa_en</ref>[[Dosiye:Germany map.gif|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Reichstag pano.jpg|thumb|abadage]] '''Abadage''' ni abaturage baba mu gihugu cy'[[Ubudage]], umuturage umwe wu budage yitwa umudage n'aho abadage benshi bakitwa Abadage. == IMIKORANIRE == Abadage babashoramari bakorera mu Rwanda, babinyujije mw'ibaruwa yandikiwe ibiro by'[[Ubudage]] bishinzwe ububanyi n'amahanga (Auswärtiges Amt), bigendanye n'ikibazo cya viza cyatewe n'iyirukanwa ry'Abadipolomate<ref name=":0">https://kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/sosiyete-z-abadage-zikorera-mu-rwanda-zibangamiwe-n-uko-abanyarwanda-bazikorera-batabona-viza-z-icyo-gihugu</ref>b'Abadage birukankwe mu Rwanda, kandi aribo bari bafite munshingano ibijyanye no gusaba no gutanga visa za Schengen, bagaragaza ko abazishaka bajya kuri ambasade y'[[Ubudage]] iri i [[Nairobi]]. Abasinye kuri iyo baruwa bagaragaje ko batewe impungenge n'umubano mu bya politiki, utameze neza hagati y'u [[Rwanda]] n'[[Ubudage]], banasaba ko ibiro by'ububanye n'amahanga byakongera gukorera mu Rwanda.<ref name=":0" /> U Rwanda rufatwa nk'umufatanyabikorwa utanga icyizere mu rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga, kuko arigihugu gifite intego yo kuba ihuriro ry'ikoranabuhanga mu karere (Regional IT hub), kandi rugasabwa gukorana na sosiyete zituruka mu mahanga kugira ngo rushobore kugera ku ntego rwihaye. <ref>https://kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/sosiyete-z-abadage-zikorera-mu-rwanda-zibangamiwe-n-uko-abanyarwanda-bazikorera-batabona-viza-z-icyo-gihugu</ref> == UMUBANO WA POLITIKE == Umubano wa dipolomasi hagati y'u Rwanda n'Ubudage watangiye mu mwaka w'i 1962, aho kuva icyo gihe ibihugu byombi byemeranyije kugirana umubano ushingiye kubwizerane ubufatanye n'ubucuti. Buri myaka ibiri, ibihugu byombi bigirana ibiganiro by'ihariye biga kubutwererane mw'iterambere. Leta zombi zemeranya ko ubutwererane bw'iterambere hagati y'u Rwanda n'Ubudage bukomeza kwibanda ku iterambere ry'ubukungu burambye, amahugurwa n'ikorwa ry'imirimo, kurengera ibidukikije, guteza imbere ingufu zisukuye hamwe na gahunda ya "Just Transition" igamije impinduka ziboneye mu bukungu.<ref>https://www.rwandaingermany.gov.rw/cooperation</ref> {{stub}} [[Dosiye:Flag of Germany (2004 World Factbook).gif|center|thumb|320x320px|Flag of Germany]] == == * [[Jenoside y’Abayahudi]] [[Category:Abadage| ]] [[Category:Umuryango]] 9h4hn67xkx4jaxmyw1fxd77e9xlrkfb 0 5122 132295 81708 2026-06-20T04:29:14Z CommonsDelinker 88 Removing [[:c:File:Msheireb_Doha.jpg|Msheireb_Doha.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Msheireb Doha.jpg|]]. 132295 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Doha montage.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Amafoto y’umujyi wa Doha</span>]] [[File:QA-01.svg|thumb|100px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita ya Doha</span>]] '''Doha''' (izina mu [[cyarabu]] : '''الدوحة‎''' ) n’[[umurwa]] mukuru wa [[Katari]]. [[File:View_of_the_Onaiza_area_of_Doha_at_night.jpg|thumb|View of the Onaiza area of Doha at night]] [[File:Souq_Waqif,_Doha,_Catar,_2013-08-05,_DD_107.JPG|thumb|Souq Waqif, Doha, Catar, 2013-08-05, DD 107]] [[Category:Katari]] [[Category:Imirwa]] hyy02kbv0j0nm2panrfsp5q6rj8o4ma 0 6163 132257 132113 2026-06-19T16:49:26Z Donatha Neza 18420 Gushyiramo amakuru mashya 132257 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Abdoulaye_Wade.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Abdoulaye Wade</span>]] '''Abdoulaye Wade''' yavutse ku italiki ya 29 Gicurasi (05) 1926 muri Saint- Louis muri Senegali. Yabaye umunyapolitiki, umwarimu muri kaminuza ndetse n'umwunganizi mu by'amategeko. Perezida wa gatatu wa [[Senegali]] kuva mu mwaka 2000 kugeza 2012. Azwi cyane nk'umwe mu banyapolitiki bagize uruhare mu kwimakaza demokarasi no gusimburana ku butegetsi binyuze mu matora, muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba.<ref name=":0">[https://www.rts.sn/actualite/detail/a-la-une/99-ans-et-toujours-debout-wade-lopposant-devenu-monument 99 ANS ET TOUJOURS DEBOUT : WADE, L’OPPOSANT DEVENU MONUMENT]</ref> Mu mwaka 1974, yashinze ishyaka rya politiki ryitwa Senegalese Democratic Party, ryaje kuba imwe mu nkingi ikomeye y'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwa Leopord Sedar Senghor na Abdou Diouf.<ref name=":1">[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260528-abdoulaye-wade-ancien-pr%C3%A9sident-du-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-100-ans-et-une-vie-hors-normes Les 100 ans d’Abdoulaye Wade: l’itinéraire hors normes de l’ancien président sénégalais en huit dates - RFI]</ref> Nyuma y'imyaka mankumyabiri n'itanu mu bikorwa bitavugwa rumwe n'ubutegetsi, gufungwa kenshi, yatorewe kuyobora igiihugu u mwaka 2000 atsinze Abdou Diouf, biba ikimenyetso gikomeye cyo gusimburana ku butegetsi binyuze mu matora mu bihugu bikoresha ururimi rw'igifaransa.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Ubuzima bwe bwite n'amashuri == Abdoulaye Wade yakiye i Saint-Louis mu gihe Senegali yari ikiri mu bukoroni bw'Ubufaransa. Ise yari umucuruzi w'umukire ukomoka mu gace ka Kebemer gaherereye mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, kandi yari yarabanye mu ngabo za Senegali zakoreraga Ubufaransa.<ref name=":1" /> Yize amashuri abanza muri Duval muri Saint-Louis n'ayisumbuye mu ishuri ryaa William Ponty i Dakar muri Senegali mbere yo kubona buruse yamujyanye kwiga i Paris, mu Bufaransa. Yize muri Lycee de Condorcet i Paris, nyuma akomereza amashuri makuru muri za kaminuza zitanduanye i Paris zirimo Sorbonne, Besancon, Dijon, na Grenoble, aho yize amategeko, ubukungu, ubugenge, indimi, imibare n'andi masomo atandukanye, aho yasoje icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza 1950. Nyuma yabaye umwunganizi mu by'amategeko ndetse n'umwarimu wa kaminuza. urwego rw'amategeko, yimenyereje umwuga muri Besancon, aho yakuruwe n'umugore wari wubatse witwa Vivian Vert babyaranye abana babiri, Karim Wade na Sindiely <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> == Umwuga mu by'amategeko n'ubuzima bwe bwa Politiki == Mu gihe yari akiri mu Bufaransa, Wade; wari umunyamategeko ukiri muto, yifatanyije n'imiryango w'abanyeshuri bo muri Afurika ndetse n'amatsinda yarwanyaga ubukoloni. Yagize uruhare muri federasiyo y'abanyeshuri b'abirabura bo muri Afurika biga mu Bufaransa ( FEANF); umuryango wavuyemo abayobozi benshi mu bihugu byo muri Afurika nyuma yo kubona Ubwigenge.<ref name=":1" /> [[Dosiye:Flag of Senegal.svg|center|thumb|Ibendera rya Senegal]] [[Dosiye:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting the President of the Republic of Senegal, Mr. Maitre (Adv) Abdoulaye Wade, on the sidelines of the 2nd Africa-India Forum Summit (AIFS), in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on May 24, 2011.jpg|center|thumb|President Abdoulaye Wade arikumwe na Dr Manmohan]] [[Dosiye:Abdoulaye_Wade_(1).jpg|thumb|Abdoulaye Wade ]] == Amashakiro: == {{DEFAULTSORT:Wade, Abdoulaye}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyasenegali]] [[Ikiciro:Abaperezida]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] 0xio6ar8fkx7genadnfn1kwlhmva7pc 132259 132257 2026-06-19T19:47:44Z Donatha Neza 18420 Gushyiramo amakuru mashya 132259 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Abdoulaye_Wade.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Abdoulaye Wade</span>]] '''Abdoulaye Wade''' yavutse ku italiki ya 29 Gicurasi (05) 1926 muri Saint- Louis muri Senegali. Yabaye umunyapolitiki, umwarimu muri kaminuza ndetse n'umwunganizi mu by'amategeko. Perezida wa gatatu wa [[Senegali]] kuva mu mwaka 2000 kugeza 2012. Azwi cyane nk'umwe mu banyapolitiki bagize uruhare mu kwimakaza demokarasi no gusimburana ku butegetsi binyuze mu matora, muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba.<ref name=":0">[https://www.rts.sn/actualite/detail/a-la-une/99-ans-et-toujours-debout-wade-lopposant-devenu-monument 99 ANS ET TOUJOURS DEBOUT : WADE, L’OPPOSANT DEVENU MONUMENT]</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">https://lesfaitsdici.com/abdoulaye-wade-le-monument-vivant-de-la-politique-senegalaise/</ref><ref name=":3">https://www.rts.sn/actualite/detail/a-la-une/99-ans-et-toujours-debout-wade-lopposant-devenu-monument</ref> Mu mwaka 1974, yashinze ishyaka rya politiki ryitwa Senegalese Democratic Party, ryaje kuba imwe mu nkingi ikomeye y'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwa Leopord Sedar Senghor (1960-1980) na Abdou Diouf (1981- 2000).<ref name=":1">[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260528-abdoulaye-wade-ancien-pr%C3%A9sident-du-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-100-ans-et-une-vie-hors-normes Les 100 ans d’Abdoulaye Wade: l’itinéraire hors normes de l’ancien président sénégalais en huit dates - RFI]</ref><ref name=":4">https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cp9wkz284yjo</ref> Nyuma y'imyaka mankumyabiri n'itanu mu bikorwa bitavugwa rumwe n'ubutegetsi, gufungwa kenshi, yatorewe kuyobora igiihugu u mwaka 2000 atsinze Abdou Diouf, biba ikimenyetso gikomeye cyo gusimburana ku butegetsi binyuze mu matora mu bihugu bikoresha ururimi rw'igifaransa.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Ubuzima bwe bwite n'amashuri == Abdoulaye Wade yakiye i Saint-Louis mu gihe Senegali yari ikiri mu bukoroni bw'Ubufaransa. Ise yari umucuruzi w'umukire ukomoka mu gace ka Kebemer gaherereye mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, kandi yari yarabanye mu ngabo za Senegali zakoreraga Ubufaransa.<ref name=":1" /> Yize amashuri abanza muri Duval muri Saint-Louis n'ayisumbuye mu ishuri ryaa William Ponty i Dakar muri Senegali mbere yo kubona buruse yamujyanye kwiga i Paris, mu Bufaransa. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />Yize muri Lycee de Condorcet i Paris, nyuma akomereza amashuri makuru muri za kaminuza zitanduanye i Paris zirimo Sorbonne, Besancon cyangwa Grenoble <ref name=":2" />, na Dijon, aho yize amategeko, ubukungu, ubugenge, indimi, imibare n'andi masomo atandukanye, aho yasoje icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza 1950, ndetse yakuye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga muri Sarbonne.<ref name=":3" /> Nyuma yabaye umwunganizi mu by'amategeko ndetse n'umwarimu wa kaminuza. urwego rw'amategeko, yimenyereje umwuga muri Besancon, aho yakuruwe n'umugore wari wubatse witwa Vivian Vert babyaranye abana babiri, Karim Wade na Sindiely <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Ubwo yagarukaga muri Senegali muri 1960 nyuma y'ubwigenge, yabaye umuyobozi w'ishami ry'amategeko muri kaminuza ya Dakar, aho yanigishaga.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> == Umwuga mu by'amategeko n'ubuzima bwe bwa Politiki == Mu gihe yari akiri mu Bufaransa, Wade; wari umunyamategeko ukiri muto, yifatanyije n'imiryango w'abanyeshuri bo muri Afurika ndetse n'amatsinda yarwanyaga ubukoloni. Yagize uruhare muri federasiyo y'abanyeshuri b'abirabura bo muri Afurika biga mu Bufaransa ( FEANF); umuryango wavuyemo abayobozi benshi mu bihugu byo muri Afurika nyuma yo kubona Ubwigenge.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Mu mwaka 1958, yasubiye muri Senegali atangira gukora nk'umwunganizi mu mategeko. Yamenyekanye cyane mu mwaka wa 1963 ubwo yaburaniraga Mamadou Dia, wahoze ari Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Senegali, washinjwaga gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi. <ref name=":4" />Nubwo Mamadou Dia yaje gukatirwa igifungo cya burundu, Wade akomeje kuvuga ko urwo rubanza rwari rukomeye kandi rudakwiye.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> Muri Nyakanga (07)1974, Abdoulaye Wade yashinze ishyaka rya politiki yise Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), nyuma yo kugirana ibiganiro na Perezida Leopard Sedar Senghor akamuha uburenzira. Icyo gihe, Perezida Senghor wabaye perezida wa mbere w'iki gihugu<ref name=":3" />, yatumiwe mu nama y'Afurika yunze ubumwe, aho Wade yari yatumiwe nk'impuguke yagombaga kubaganiriza ku buryo hashyirwaho ifaranga rya Afurika. Icyo gihe, aba bombi baraye muri hoteli imwe ariko ntibigeze bahura. Nyuma, Wade abifashijwemo na Moustapha Niasse wari ukuriye ibiro bya Perezida Senghor, barahuye amusaba uburenganzira bwo gushinga ishyaka ariko ritari irimurwanya, ahubwo iryo kugira uruhare mu kubaka igihugu. Nyuma ishyaka rya Wade ryabaye urubuga rw'abashakaga impinduka mu miyoborere y'igihugu.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Mu matora yabaye mu mwaka 1978, Ishyaka rya PDS ryabonye imyanya 17 mu myanya 100 yo mu nteko Ishinga Amategeko, Wade aba umudepite. Muri uwo mwaka, Wade yiyamamarije umwanya w'umukuru w'igihugu ahanganye na Senghor, ariko aatsindwa ku ajwi 18%, Senghor wafatwaga nka Se w'ubwigenge agira 82%. Nubwo Wade yagize amajwi make, ariko yari intangiriro y'urugendo. Nyuma yaho muri 1981, Senghor yasimbuwe ku butegetsi na Abdou Diouf ndetse n'ishyaka ryari ku butegetsi rirahinduka. Nyuma Wade yakomeje guhatanira ubutegetsi mu matora yo muri 1983, 1988, 1993, ahanganye na Diouf ariko agatsindwa. Muri urwo rugamba rwa politiki, Abdoulaye Wade yafunzwe inshuro nyinshi kubera ibikorwa bye byo kwamagana ubutegetsi buriho. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Wade yahishuye ko yahisemo kujya ku ruhande rutavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, kandi yanabipfira.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Mu matora yo muri 1993, Dakar habaye imyigaragamyo ikomeye. Muri Gashyantare (02) 1994, abapolisi 6 batwikiwe mu modoka mu modoka yabo barapfa bituma Wade atabwa muri yombi. Nyuma y'amezi atanu ari no myigaragambyo yo kwiyicisha inzara, Wade yarafunguwe mu gihe benshi bari bazi ko ari iherezo ry'ibikorwa bye bya politiki ku myaka 68 gusa. Mu mwaka wa 1995, Wade yabaye Minisitiri muri guverinoma yiswe iy'ubumwe ku butegetsi bwa Diouf ariko ayivamo nyuma y'imyaka ibiri (1992), ahabwa iina ry'iritazirano rya Sopi.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> == Uko yabaye Perezida wa Senegali (2000-2012) == Mu matora yabaye muri Werurwe (03) 2000, Abdoulaye Wade yatsinze Perezida Abdou Diouf ku majwi 58.5%, aba Perezida wa gatatu wa Senegali. Iyo ntsinzi yabaye amateka kuko ari bwo bwa mbere mu mateka ya Senegali ubutegetsi bwari buhindutse binyuze mu matora hagati y'amashyaka ya politiki.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Yabaye Perezida ku myaka 73 y'amavuko, nyuma y'imyaka 26 atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi.<ref name=":4" /> Ku butegetsi bwe, Wade yatangije imishinga ikomeye irimo harimo kubaka umuhanda wa Dakar -Diamniado, kwagura ibikorwaremezo byo gutwara abantu n'ibintu. Wade yateje imbere umushinga wo kubaka ikibuga mpuzamahanga cy'indege cya Diamniadio ndetse yubaka igishushanyo cyo kongera kuvuka kwa Afurika cyafashwe nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubwubatsi buhanitsi muri Afurika n'ibindi. Yanamenyekanye nk'umuyobozi washyigikiye kwishyira hamwe kwa Afurika no guteza imbere ibikorwaremezo ku mugabane.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Nubwo yageze ku bikorwa byinshi, ubutegetsi bwe bwanenzwe ku bijyanye n'imiyoborere, gukoresha nabi ububasha, ndetse no gushaka ko umuhungu we, Karim Wade, yamusimbura ku butegetsi. Ibi byateje impaka mu gihugu no mu mashyaka ataravugaga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwe.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> Mu mwaka wa 2012, Wade yongeye kwiyamamariza kuba umukuru w'igihugu ku nshuro ya gatatu, byakuruye impaka zishingiye ku Itegeko Nshinga rya Senegali ryo muri 2001, ndetse hakorwa imyigaragabyo ikomeye. Ubwo abari bahatanye bageraga mu cyiciro cya kabiri, Wade yatsinzwe na Macky Sall wahoze ari Minisitiri w'Intebe we ku majwi 65.8%. Nyuma y'itangazwa y'ibyavuye mu matora, yabyemeye atazuyaje maze ashimira Macky Sall ku ntsinzi ye, bifatwa nk'ikimenyetso cyo kwimakaza ihame rya demokarasi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> == Ubuzima bwe nyuma yo kuva ku butegetsi == Abdoulaye Wade ubu ufite imyaka 100 y'amavuko, yavuze ku butegetsi akomeza kugira uruhare mu bikorwa bya politiki muri Senegali ndetse no gushyigikira ibikorwa by'ishyaka rya DPS. Yagize uruhare mu bukangurambaga bwo gufunguza umuhungu we Karim Wade wari warakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 6 azira kunyereza umutungo wa Leta. Karim wari warafunzwe muri 2015, yarekuwe mu mwaka w'2016, nyuma yo guhabwa imbabazi na Perezida Macky Sall. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /> Mu matora aheruka yatsinzwe na Bassirou Diomaye Faye, Wade yahamagariye abanyasenegali kumutora mu matora yari ahanganyemo na Macky Sall wahoze ari Minisitiri w'Intebe ku butegetsi bwe. Ubu Wade atuye mu Bufaransa, aho afite ubwenegihugu bwaho.<ref name=":4" /> == Umusozo == Abdoulaye Wade afatwa nk'umwe mu banyapolitiki bakomeye babayeho muri Senegali ndetse no muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba. Yagize uruhare mu kwimakaza demokarasi, guhangana mu bikorwa bya politiki no kwimakaza ihererekanya butegetsi binyuze mu matora. Nubwo ibikorwa bye byagiye binengwa mu bihe bitandukanye, umurage we ukomeje gufatwa nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'amateka akomeye ya Senegali.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Taliki ya 4 n'iya 5 Kamena (06) 2026, Muri Senegali hizihijwe ubuzima bwa Wade wabayeho mu bihe bitandukanye na n'ubu ugifatwa nk'intangarugero, by'umwihariko Perezida Faye.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />[[Dosiye:Abdoulaye_Wade_(1).jpg|thumb|<ref name=":0" />Abdoulaye Wade ]] == Amashakiro: == {{DEFAULTSORT:Wade, Abdoulaye}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyasenegali]] [[Ikiciro:Abaperezida]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] o680pch8dda0lv9xy0iyf0n36jhugmf 132261 132259 2026-06-19T20:02:18Z Donatha Neza 18420 Gushyiramo amafoto 132261 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Abdoulaye_Wade.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Abdoulaye Wade</span>]] '''Abdoulaye Wade''' yavutse ku italiki ya 29 Gicurasi (05) 1926 muri Saint- Louis muri Senegali. Yabaye umunyapolitiki, umwarimu muri kaminuza ndetse n'umwunganizi mu by'amategeko. Perezida wa gatatu wa [[Senegali]] kuva mu mwaka 2000 kugeza 2012. Azwi cyane nk'umwe mu banyapolitiki bagize uruhare mu kwimakaza demokarasi no gusimburana ku butegetsi binyuze mu matora, muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba.<ref name=":0">[https://www.rts.sn/actualite/detail/a-la-une/99-ans-et-toujours-debout-wade-lopposant-devenu-monument 99 ANS ET TOUJOURS DEBOUT : WADE, L’OPPOSANT DEVENU MONUMENT]</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">https://lesfaitsdici.com/abdoulaye-wade-le-monument-vivant-de-la-politique-senegalaise/</ref><ref name=":3">https://www.rts.sn/actualite/detail/a-la-une/99-ans-et-toujours-debout-wade-lopposant-devenu-monument</ref> Mu mwaka 1974, yashinze ishyaka rya politiki ryitwa Senegalese Democratic Party, ryaje kuba imwe mu nkingi ikomeye y'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwa Leopord Sedar Senghor (1960-1980) na Abdou Diouf (1981- 2000).<ref name=":1">[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260528-abdoulaye-wade-ancien-pr%C3%A9sident-du-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-100-ans-et-une-vie-hors-normes Les 100 ans d’Abdoulaye Wade: l’itinéraire hors normes de l’ancien président sénégalais en huit dates - RFI]</ref><ref name=":4">https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cp9wkz284yjo</ref> Nyuma y'imyaka mankumyabiri n'itanu mu bikorwa bitavugwa rumwe n'ubutegetsi, gufungwa kenshi, yatorewe kuyobora igiihugu u mwaka 2000 atsinze Abdou Diouf, biba ikimenyetso gikomeye cyo gusimburana ku butegetsi binyuze mu matora mu bihugu bikoresha ururimi rw'igifaransa.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Ubuzima bwe bwite n'amashuri == Abdoulaye Wade yakiye i Saint-Louis mu gihe Senegali yari ikiri mu bukoroni bw'Ubufaransa. Ise yari umucuruzi w'umukire ukomoka mu gace ka Kebemer gaherereye mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, kandi yari yarabanye mu ngabo za Senegali zakoreraga Ubufaransa.<ref name=":1" /> [[Dosiye:Sindiély Wade-2010.jpg|thumb|Sindiely Wade , umukobwa wa Abdoulaye Wade muri 2010]] Yize amashuri abanza muri Duval muri Saint-Louis n'ayisumbuye mu ishuri ryaa William Ponty i Dakar muri Senegali mbere yo kubona buruse yamujyanye kwiga i Paris, mu Bufaransa. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />Yize muri Lycee de Condorcet i Paris, nyuma akomereza amashuri makuru muri za kaminuza zitanduanye i Paris zirimo Sorbonne, Besancon cyangwa Grenoble <ref name=":2" />, na Dijon, aho yize amategeko, ubukungu, ubugenge, indimi, imibare n'andi masomo atandukanye, aho yasoje icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza 1950, ndetse yakuye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga muri Sarbonne.<ref name=":3" /> Nyuma yabaye umwunganizi mu by'amategeko ndetse n'umwarimu wa kaminuza. urwego rw'amategeko, yimenyereje umwuga muri Besancon, aho yakuruwe n'umugore wari wubatse witwa Vivian Vert babyaranye abana babiri, Karim Wade na Sindiely Wade <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Ubwo yagarukaga muri Senegali muri 1960 nyuma y'ubwigenge, yabaye umuyobozi w'ishami ry'amategeko muri kaminuza ya Dakar, aho yanigishaga.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> == Umwuga mu by'amategeko n'ubuzima bwe bwa Politiki == Mu gihe yari akiri mu Bufaransa, Wade; wari umunyamategeko ukiri muto, yifatanyije n'imiryango w'abanyeshuri bo muri Afurika ndetse n'amatsinda yarwanyaga ubukoloni. Yagize uruhare muri federasiyo y'abanyeshuri b'abirabura bo muri Afurika biga mu Bufaransa ( FEANF); umuryango wavuyemo abayobozi benshi mu bihugu byo muri Afurika nyuma yo kubona Ubwigenge.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Mu mwaka 1958, yasubiye muri Senegali atangira gukora nk'umwunganizi mu mategeko. Yamenyekanye cyane mu mwaka wa 1963 ubwo yaburaniraga Mamadou Dia, wahoze ari Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Senegali, washinjwaga gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi. <ref name=":4" />Nubwo Mamadou Dia yaje gukatirwa igifungo cya burundu, Wade akomeje kuvuga ko urwo rubanza rwari rukomeye kandi rudakwiye.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> [[Dosiye:Ahmad tejan kabbah.png|thumb|Abdoulaye Wade muri 2003]] Muri Nyakanga (07)1974, Abdoulaye Wade yashinze ishyaka rya politiki yise Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), nyuma yo kugirana ibiganiro na Perezida Leopard Sedar Senghor akamuha uburenzira. Icyo gihe, Perezida Senghor wabaye perezida wa mbere w'iki gihugu<ref name=":3" />, yatumiwe mu nama y'Afurika yunze ubumwe, aho Wade yari yatumiwe nk'impuguke yagombaga kubaganiriza ku buryo hashyirwaho ifaranga rya Afurika. Icyo gihe, aba bombi baraye muri hoteli imwe ariko ntibigeze bahura. Nyuma, Wade abifashijwemo na Moustapha Niasse wari ukuriye ibiro bya Perezida Senghor, barahuye amusaba uburenganzira bwo gushinga ishyaka ariko ritari irimurwanya, ahubwo iryo kugira uruhare mu kubaka igihugu. Nyuma ishyaka rya Wade ryabaye urubuga rw'abashakaga impinduka mu miyoborere y'igihugu.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Mu matora yabaye mu mwaka 1978, Ishyaka rya PDS ryabonye imyanya 17 mu myanya 100 yo mu nteko Ishinga Amategeko, Wade aba umudepite. Muri uwo mwaka, Wade yiyamamarije umwanya w'umukuru w'igihugu ahanganye na Senghor, ariko aatsindwa ku ajwi 18%, Senghor wafatwaga nka Se w'ubwigenge agira 82%. Nubwo Wade yagize amajwi make, ariko yari intangiriro y'urugendo. Nyuma yaho muri 1981, Senghor yasimbuwe ku butegetsi na Abdou Diouf ndetse n'ishyaka ryari ku butegetsi rirahinduka. Nyuma Wade yakomeje guhatanira ubutegetsi mu matora yo muri 1983, 1988, 1993, ahanganye na Diouf ariko agatsindwa. Muri urwo rugamba rwa politiki, Abdoulaye Wade yafunzwe inshuro nyinshi kubera ibikorwa bye byo kwamagana ubutegetsi buriho. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Wade yahishuye ko yahisemo kujya ku ruhande rutavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, kandi yanabipfira.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Mu matora yo muri 1993, Dakar habaye imyigaragamyo ikomeye. Muri Gashyantare (02) 1994, abapolisi 6 batwikiwe mu modoka mu modoka yabo barapfa bituma Wade atabwa muri yombi. Nyuma y'amezi atanu ari no myigaragambyo yo kwiyicisha inzara, Wade yarafunguwe mu gihe benshi bari bazi ko ari iherezo ry'ibikorwa bye bya politiki ku myaka 68 gusa. Mu mwaka wa 1995, Wade yabaye Minisitiri muri guverinoma yiswe iy'ubumwe ku butegetsi bwa Diouf ariko ayivamo nyuma y'imyaka ibiri (1992), ahabwa iina ry'iritazirano rya Sopi.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> == Uko yabaye Perezida wa Senegali (2000-2012) == Mu matora yabaye muri Werurwe (03) 2000, Abdoulaye Wade yatsinze Perezida Abdou Diouf ku majwi 58.5%, aba Perezida wa gatatu wa Senegali. Iyo ntsinzi yabaye amateka kuko ari bwo bwa mbere mu mateka ya Senegali ubutegetsi bwari buhindutse binyuze mu matora hagati y'amashyaka ya politiki.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> Yabaye Perezida ku myaka 73 y'amavuko, nyuma y'imyaka 26 atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi.<ref name=":4" /> [[Dosiye:Drapeau du président de la République Sénégal (2000-2012).gif|thumb|Idarapo rya Senegali (2000-2012)]] Ku butegetsi bwe, Wade yatangije imishinga ikomeye irimo harimo kubaka umuhanda wa Dakar -Diamniado, kwagura ibikorwaremezo byo gutwara abantu n'ibintu. Wade yateje imbere umushinga wo kubaka ikibuga mpuzamahanga cy'indege cya Diamniadio ndetse yubaka igishushanyo cyo kongera kuvuka kwa Afurika cyafashwe nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubwubatsi buhanitsi muri Afurika n'ibindi. Yanamenyekanye nk'umuyobozi washyigikiye kwishyira hamwe kwa Afurika no guteza imbere ibikorwaremezo ku mugabane.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Nubwo yageze ku bikorwa byinshi, ubutegetsi bwe bwanenzwe ku bijyanye n'imiyoborere, gukoresha nabi ububasha, ndetse no gushaka ko umuhungu we, Karim Wade, yamusimbura ku butegetsi. Ibi byateje impaka mu gihugu no mu mashyaka ataravugaga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwe.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> Mu mwaka wa 2012, Wade yongeye kwiyamamariza kuba umukuru w'igihugu ku nshuro ya gatatu, byakuruye impaka zishingiye ku Itegeko Nshinga rya Senegali ryo muri 2001, ndetse hakorwa imyigaragabyo ikomeye. Ubwo abari bahatanye bageraga mu cyiciro cya kabiri, Wade yatsinzwe na Macky Sall wahoze ari Minisitiri w'Intebe we ku majwi 65.8%. Nyuma y'itangazwa y'ibyavuye mu matora, yabyemeye atazuyaje maze ashimira Macky Sall ku ntsinzi ye, bifatwa nk'ikimenyetso cyo kwimakaza ihame rya demokarasi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> == Ubuzima bwe nyuma yo kuva ku butegetsi == [[Dosiye:Karim wade diakhlé (cropped).jpg|thumb|Karim Wade, umuhungu wa Abdoulaye Wade]] Abdoulaye Wade ubu ufite imyaka 100 y'amavuko, yavuze ku butegetsi akomeza kugira uruhare mu bikorwa bya politiki muri Senegali ndetse no gushyigikira ibikorwa by'ishyaka rya DPS. Yagize uruhare mu bukangurambaga bwo gufunguza umuhungu we Karim Wade wari warakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 6 azira kunyereza umutungo wa Leta. Karim wari warafunzwe muri 2015, yarekuwe mu mwaka w'2016, nyuma yo guhabwa imbabazi na Perezida Macky Sall. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /> Mu matora aheruka yatsinzwe na Bassirou Diomaye Faye, Wade yahamagariye abanyasenegali kumutora mu matora yari ahanganyemo na Macky Sall wahoze ari Minisitiri w'Intebe ku butegetsi bwe. Ubu Wade atuye mu Bufaransa, aho afite ubwenegihugu bwaho.<ref name=":4" /> == Umusozo == Abdoulaye Wade afatwa nk'umwe mu banyapolitiki bakomeye babayeho muri Senegali ndetse no muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba. Yagize uruhare mu kwimakaza demokarasi, guhangana mu bikorwa bya politiki no kwimakaza ihererekanya butegetsi binyuze mu matora. Nubwo ibikorwa bye byagiye binengwa mu bihe bitandukanye, umurage we ukomeje gufatwa nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'amateka akomeye ya Senegali.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Taliki ya 4 n'iya 5 Kamena (06) 2026, Muri Senegali hizihijwe ubuzima bwa Wade wabayeho mu bihe bitandukanye na n'ubu ugifatwa nk'intangarugero, by'umwihariko Perezida Faye.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> [[Dosiye:Abdoulaye Wade, World Economic Forum 2009 Annual Meeting.jpg|thumb|Abdoulaye Wade muri 2009]] == Amashakiro: == {{DEFAULTSORT:Wade, Abdoulaye}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyasenegali]] [[Ikiciro:Abaperezida]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] l13l7swsrpk5rh5qtb9xatc67tikv9a 828 8628 132288 85558 2026-06-20T01:38:03Z Uzume 918 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q16914835|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 132288 Scribunto text/plain require ('strict'); local p = {} p.trim = function(frame) return mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") end p.sentence = function (frame) -- {{lc:}} is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not. frame.args[1] = frame:callParserFunction('lc', frame.args[1]) return p.ucfirst(frame) end p.ucfirst = function (frame) local s = frame.args[1]; if not s or '' == s or s:match ('^%s+$') then -- when <s> is nil, empty, or only whitespace return s; -- abandon because nothing to do end s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) local s1 = "" local prefix_patterns_t = { -- sequence of prefix patterns '^\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-%a+%-%x+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', -- stripmarker '^([%*;:#]+)', -- various list markup '^(\'\'\'*)', -- bold / italic markup '^(%b<>)', -- html-like tags because some templates render these '^(&%a+;)', -- html character entities because some templates render these '^(&#%d+;)', -- html numeric (decimal) entities because some templates render these '^(&#x%x+;)', -- html numeric (hexadecimal) entities because some templates render these '^(%s+)', -- any whitespace characters '^([%(%)%-%+%?%.%%!~!@%$%^&_={}/`,‘’„“”ʻ|\"\'\\]+)', -- miscellaneous punctuation } local prefixes_t = {}; -- list, bold/italic, and html-like markup, & whitespace saved here local function prefix_strip (s) -- local function to strip prefixes from <s> for _, pattern in ipairs (prefix_patterns_t) do -- spin through <prefix_patterns_t> if s:match (pattern) then -- when there is a match local prefix = s:match (pattern); -- get a copy of the matched prefix table.insert (prefixes_t, prefix); -- save it s = s:sub (prefix:len() + 1); -- remove the prefix from <s> return s, true; -- return <s> without prefix and flag; force restart at top of sequence because misc punct removal can break stripmarker end end return s; -- no prefix found; return <s> with nil flag end local prefix_removed; -- flag; boolean true as long as prefix_strip() finds and removes a prefix repeat -- one by one remove list, bold/italic, html-like markup, whitespace, etc from start of <s> s, prefix_removed = prefix_strip (s); until (not prefix_removed); -- until <prefix_removed> is nil s1 = table.concat (prefixes_t); -- recreate the prefix string for later reattachment local first_text = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[[^%]]+%]%]'); -- extract wikilink at start of string if present; TODO: this can be string.match()? local upcased; if first_text then if first_text:match ('^%[%[[^|]+|[^%]]+%]%]') then -- if <first_text> is a piped link upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[[^|]+|%W*(%w)'); -- get first letter character upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^(%[%[[^|]+|%W*)%w', '%1' .. upcased); -- replace else -- here when <first_text> is a wikilink but not a piped link upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[%W*%w'); -- get '[[' and first letter upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^%[%[%W*%w', upcased); -- replace; no capture needed here end elseif s:match ('^%[%S+%s+[^%]]+%]') then -- if <s> is a ext link of some sort; must have label text upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%S+%s+%W*(%w)'); -- get first letter character upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^(%[%S+%s+%W*)%w', '%1' .. upcased); -- replace elseif s:match ('^%[%S+%s*%]') then -- if <s> is a ext link without label text; nothing to do return s1 .. s; -- reattach prefix string (if present) and done else -- <s> is not a wikilink or ext link; assume plain text upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%W*%w'); -- get the first letter character upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^%W*%w', upcased); -- replace; no capture needed here end return s1 .. s; -- reattach prefix string (if present) and done end p.title = function (frame) -- http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/capitalization/rules-for-capitalization-in-titles.html -- recommended by The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual: -- "Capitalize all words in titles of publications and documents, -- except a, an, the, at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up, and, as, but, or, and nor." local alwayslower = {['a'] = 1, ['an'] = 1, ['the'] = 1, ['and'] = 1, ['but'] = 1, ['or'] = 1, ['for'] = 1, ['nor'] = 1, ['on'] = 1, ['in'] = 1, ['at'] = 1, ['to'] = 1, ['from'] = 1, ['by'] = 1, ['of'] = 1, ['up'] = 1 } local res = '' local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) local words = mw.text.split( s, " ") for i, s in ipairs(words) do -- {{lc:}} is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not. s = frame:callParserFunction('lc', s) if i == 1 or alwayslower[s] ~= 1 then s = mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(s) end words[i] = s end return table.concat(words, " ") end -- findlast finds the last item in a list -- the first unnamed parameter is the list -- the second, optional unnamed parameter is the list separator (default = comma space) -- returns the whole list if separator not found p.findlast = function(frame) local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) local sep = frame.args[2] or "" if sep == "" then sep = ", " end local pattern = ".*" .. sep .. "(.*)" local a, b, last = s:find(pattern) if a then return last else return s end end -- stripZeros finds the first number and strips leading zeros (apart from units) -- e.g "0940" -> "940"; "Year: 0023" -> "Year: 23"; "00.12" -> "0.12" p.stripZeros = function(frame) local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") local n = tonumber( string.match( s, "%d+" ) ) or "" s = string.gsub( s, "%d+", n, 1 ) return s end -- nowiki ensures that a string of text is treated by the MediaWiki software as just a string -- it takes an unnamed parameter and trims whitespace, then removes any wikicode p.nowiki = function(frame) local str = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") return mw.text.nowiki(str) end -- split splits text at boundaries specified by separator -- and returns the chunk for the index idx (starting at 1) -- #invoke:String2 |split |text |separator |index |true/false -- #invoke:String2 |split |txt=text |sep=separator |idx=index |plain=true/false -- if plain is false/no/0 then separator is treated as a Lua pattern - defaults to plain=true p.split = function(frame) local args = frame.args if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end local txt = args[1] or args.txt or "" if txt == "" then return nil end local sep = (args[2] or args.sep or ""):gsub('"', '') local idx = tonumber(args[3] or args.idx) or 1 local plain = (args[4] or args.plain or "true"):sub(1,1) plain = (plain ~= "f" and plain ~= "n" and plain ~= "0") local splittbl = mw.text.split( txt, sep, plain ) if idx < 0 then idx = #splittbl + idx + 1 end return splittbl[idx] end -- val2percent scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt= -- it converts each number it finds into a percentage and returns the resultant string. p.val2percent = function(frame) local args = frame.args if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "") if txt == "" then return nil end local function v2p (x) x = (tonumber(x) or 0) * 100 if x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end return x .. "%" end txt = txt:gsub("%d[%d%.]*", v2p) -- store just the string return txt end -- one2a scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt= -- it converts each occurrence of 'one ' into either 'a ' or 'an ' and returns the resultant string. p.one2a = function(frame) local args = frame.args if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "") if txt == "" then return nil end txt = txt:gsub(" one ", " a "):gsub("^one", "a"):gsub("One ", "A "):gsub("a ([aeiou])", "an %1"):gsub("A ([aeiou])", "An %1") return txt end -- findpagetext returns the position of a piece of text in a page -- First positional parameter or |text is the search text -- Optional parameter |title is the page title, defaults to current page -- Optional parameter |plain is either true for plain search (default) or false for Lua pattern search -- Optional parameter |nomatch is the return value when no match is found; default is nil p._findpagetext = function(args) -- process parameters local nomatch = args.nomatch or "" if nomatch == "" then nomatch = nil end -- local text = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.text or "") if text == "" then return nil end -- local title = args.title or "" local titleobj if title == "" then titleobj = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() else titleobj = mw.title.new(title) end -- local plain = args.plain or "" if plain:sub(1, 1) == "f" then plain = false else plain = true end -- get the page content and look for 'text' - return position or nomatch local content = titleobj and titleobj:getContent() return content and mw.ustring.find(content, text, 1, plain) or nomatch end p.findpagetext = function(frame) local args = frame.args local pargs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(pargs) do args[k] = v end if not (args[1] or args.text) then return nil end -- just the first value return (p._findpagetext(args)) end -- returns the decoded url. Inverse of parser function {{urlencode:val|TYPE}} -- Type is: -- QUERY decodes + to space (default) -- PATH does no extra decoding -- WIKI decodes _ to space p._urldecode = function(url, type) url = url or "" type = (type == "PATH" or type == "WIKI") and type return mw.uri.decode( url, type ) end -- {{#invoke:String2|urldecode|url=url|type=type}} p.urldecode = function(frame) return mw.uri.decode( frame.args.url, frame.args.type ) end -- what follows was merged from [[Module:StringFunc]] -- Argument list helper function, as per [[Module:String]] function p._getParameters( frame_args, arg_list ) local new_args = {}; local index = 1; local value; for i,arg in ipairs( arg_list ) do value = frame_args[arg] if value == nil then value = frame_args[index]; index = index + 1; end new_args[arg] = value; end return new_args; end -- Escape Pattern helper function so that all characters are treated as plain text, as per [[Module:String]] function p._escapePattern( pattern_str ) return mw.ustring.gsub( pattern_str, "([%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]])", "%%%1" ) end -- Helper Function to interpret boolean strings, as per [[Module:String]] function p._getBoolean( boolean_str ) local boolean_value; if type( boolean_str ) == 'string' then boolean_str = boolean_str:lower(); if boolean_str == 'false' or boolean_str == 'no' or boolean_str == '0' or boolean_str == '' then boolean_value = false; else boolean_value = true; end elseif type( boolean_str ) == 'boolean' then boolean_value = boolean_str; else error( 'No boolean value found' ); end return boolean_value end --[[ Strip This function Strips characters from string Usage: {{#invoke:String2|strip|source_string|characters_to_strip|plain_flag}} Parameters source: The string to strip chars: The pattern or list of characters to strip from string, replaced with '' plain: A flag indicating that the chars should be understood as plain text. defaults to true. Leading and trailing whitespace is also automatically stripped from the string. ]] function p.strip( frame ) local new_args = p._getParameters( frame.args, {'source', 'chars', 'plain'} ) local source_str = new_args['source'] or '' local chars = new_args['chars'] or '' or 'characters' source_str = mw.text.trim(source_str) if source_str == '' or chars == '' then return source_str end local l_plain = p._getBoolean( new_args['plain'] or true ) if l_plain then chars = p._escapePattern( chars ) end local result result = mw.ustring.gsub(source_str, "["..chars.."]", '') return result end --[[ Match any Returns the index of the first given pattern to match the input. Patterns must be consecutively numbered. Returns the empty string if nothing matches for use in {{#if:}} Usage: {{#invoke:String2|matchAll|source=123 abc|456|abc}} returns '2'. Parameters: source: the string to search plain: A flag indicating that the patterns should be understood as plain text. defaults to true. 1, 2, 3, ...: the patterns to search for ]] function p.matchAny(frame) local source_str = frame.args['source'] or error('The source parameter is mandatory.') local l_plain = p._getBoolean( frame.args['plain'] or true ) for i = 1, math.huge do local pattern = frame.args[i] if not pattern then return '' end if mw.ustring.find(source_str, pattern, 1, l_plain) then return tostring(i) end end end --[[--------------------------< H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H >-------------------------------------------------- Converts a hyphen to a dash under certain conditions. The hyphen must separate like items; unlike items are returned unmodified. These forms are modified: letter - letter (A - B) digit - digit (4-5) digit separator digit - digit separator digit (4.1-4.5 or 4-1-4-5) letterdigit - letterdigit (A1-A5) (an optional separator between letter and digit is supported – a.1-a.5 or a-1-a-5) digitletter - digitletter (5a - 5d) (an optional separator between letter and digit is supported – 5.a-5.d or 5-a-5-d) any other forms are returned unmodified. str may be a comma- or semicolon-separated list ]] function p.hyphen_to_dash( str, spacing ) if (str == nil or str == '') then return str end local accept str = mw.text.decode(str, true ) -- replace html entities with their characters; semicolon mucks up the text.split local out = {} local list = mw.text.split (str, '%s*[,;]%s*') -- split str at comma or semicolon separators if there are any for _, item in ipairs (list) do -- for each item in the list item = mw.text.trim(item) -- trim whitespace item, accept = item:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1') if accept == 0 and mw.ustring.match (item, '^%w*[%.%-]?%w+%s*[%-–—]%s*%w*[%.%-]?%w+$') then -- if a hyphenated range or has endash or emdash separators if item:match ('^%a+[%.%-]?%d+%s*%-%s*%a+[%.%-]?%d+$') or -- letterdigit hyphen letterdigit (optional separator between letter and digit) item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]?%a+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]?%a+$') or -- digitletter hyphen digitletter (optional separator between digit and letter) item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]%d+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]%d+$') or -- digit separator digit hyphen digit separator digit item:match ('^%d+%s*%-%s*%d+$') or -- digit hyphen digit item:match ('^%a+%s*%-%s*%a+$') then -- letter hyphen letter item = item:gsub ('(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)%s*%-%s*(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)', '%1–%2') -- replace hyphen, remove extraneous space characters else item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '%s*[–—]%s*', '–') -- for endash or emdash separated ranges, replace em with en, remove extraneous whitespace end end table.insert (out, item) -- add the (possibly modified) item to the output table end local temp_str = table.concat (out, ',' .. spacing) -- concatenate the output table into a comma separated string temp_str, accept = temp_str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1') -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of concatenated out if accept ~= 0 then temp_str = str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1') -- when global markup removed, return original str; do it this way to suppress boolean second return value end return temp_str end function p.hyphen2dash( frame ) local str = frame.args[1] or '' local spacing = frame.args[2] or ' ' -- space is part of the standard separator for normal spacing (but in conjunction with templates r/rp/ran we may need a narrower spacing return p.hyphen_to_dash(str, spacing) end -- Similar to [[Module:String#endswith]] function p.startswith(frame) return (frame.args[1]:sub(1, frame.args[2]:len()) == frame.args[2]) and 'yes' or '' end -- Implements [[Template:Isnumeric]] function p.isnumeric(frame) local s = frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1] local boolean = (frame.args.boolean or frame:getParent().args.boolean) == 'true' if type(s) == 'string' and mw.getContentLanguage():parseFormattedNumber( s ) then return boolean and 1 or s end return boolean and 0 or '' end -- Checks if a value in a group of numbers is not an interger. -- Allows usage of an |empty= parameter to allow empty values to be skipped. function p.isInteger(frame) local values = frame.args or frame:getParent().args local allow_empty = frame.args.empty or frame:getParent().args.empty for _, value in ipairs(values) do -- Trim spaces value = value and value:gsub("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1") if value == "" or value == nil then if not allow_empty then return false -- Empty values are not allowed end else value = tonumber(value) if not (type(value) == "number" and value == math.floor(value)) then return false end end end return true end -- Returns an error found in a string. function p.getError(frame) local text = frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1] local error_message = text:match('(<strong class="error">.-</strong>)') return error_message or nil end return p ph89g30kzy2uwl0t05s6jtpby1w86b8 0 9554 132254 116556 2026-06-19T14:31:34Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132254 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of Senegal.svg|thumb|mame bineta yavukiye muri senegal ninaho yakomereje umwuga we]] '''Mame Bineta Sane''' (yavutse 3 Gashyantare 2000), uzwi nka Mama Sané, ni fumukinnyi wa firime muri [[Senegali|Senegal]]<ref>https://www.voo.be/fr/tv/regarder/film-mame-bineta-sane</ref> . Azwi cyane ku ruhare nka 'Ada' muri filime y’ikinamico ndengakamere ya ''Atlantika'' <ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10199586/characters/nm10641641</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Yakuriye i Thiaroye, mu nkengero za Dakar, muri [[Senegali]]. Ntabwo yize amashuri asanzwe ku ishuri. Yatangiye gukora akazi ko kudoda muri Thiaroye. == Umwuga == Ntabwo yigeze akina ikinamico iyo ari yo yose mbere ubwo yatoranyirizwagamo uruhare muri firime ya ''Atlantika ya'' 2019 iyobowe na Mati Diop nka firime ye ya mbere.<ref>https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2019-12-27/atlantics-international-film-lost-youth-senegal</ref> Sane ntabwo yigeze yiga kwishuri mugihe Diop yamutumiriye gukina. Muri iyo filime, Sane yakinnye cyane 'Ada', uhigwa bukware n'umukunzi we, Souleiman, hamwe n'ubwato bw'abandi basore, yabuze mu nyanja<ref>https://www.dailysabah.com/arts/reviews/director-mati-diops-unconventional-experimental-and-haunting-atlantics</ref>. Iyi filime yagaragaye bwa mbere mu murwa mukuru wa Dakar mbere yuko isohoka muri [[Senegali]]. Filime yari ifite ibitekerezo byiza cyane kubayinenga kandi yerekanwe mubirori byinshi bya firime. Filime yaje gutsindira igihembo cya Grand Prix mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Cannes 2019<ref>https://www.vulture.com/news/mame-bineta-sane/</ref> <ref>https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/artist/mame-bineta-sane</ref>. Ku bw'uruhare rwe, nyuma Sane yahawe igihembo cya César ku bakinnyi benshi basezerana mu bihembo bya César 2020 ndetse anahatanira igihembo cya Lumières ku bakinnyi benshi basezerana mu bihembo bya Lumières 2020 ndetse no mu bihembo bya Black Reel ku bagore. Ibikorwa Byiza Byagezweho muri Black Reel Awards ya 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://filmmoon.com/movie/205/atlantics |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121103314/https://filmmoon.com/movie/205/atlantics |url-status=dead }}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://es.linkfang.org/wiki/Mame_Bineta_Sane |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121103322/https://es.linkfang.org/wiki/Mame_Bineta_Sane |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashusho == {| class="wikitable" !Umwaka ! Filime ! Uruhare ! Ubwoko ! Ref. |- | 2019 | ''Atlantike'' | Ada | Filime | |} = references = [[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] q8ffysszb08gqb07dcg1ioy6fumjgqs 0 9577 132285 120783 2026-06-19T23:49:13Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132285 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Algeria - Location Map (2013) - DZA - UNOCHA.svg|thumb|souhila mallem yavukiye muri algeria mumujyi wa algeria]] '''Souhila Mallem''' (yavutse ku ya 13 Kamena 1988), bakunze kwita '''Bibicha''', ni umukinnyi wa filime wo muri [[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]] <ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6330432/</ref>. [[Dosiye:Souhila_Mallem_2.jpg|thumb| Souhila Mallem, nka Sultana Abla]] == Ubuzima bwite == Yavutse ku ya 13 Kamena 1988 i Algiers, [[Alijeriya]]. Yize amategeko mu ishami ry'amategeko muri kaminuza ya Algiers 1 <ref>https://moviefit.me/persons/897439-souhila-mallem</ref>. == Umwuga == Mu mwaka wa 2010, yakiriye porogaramu yatewe inkunga na 'Cevital group' yo gushyigikira ikipe y'igihugu ya [[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]] isakaza umuyoboro wa ENTV<ref>https://www.mymoviepicker.com/personne/souhila-maalem-166828.htm</ref>. Muri iki gitaramo, yabonywe n’umuyobozi Djafar Gassem, nyuma atanga uruhare muriserial ''Djemai family 1'' nka 'Faty'<ref>https://www.imdb.com/search/name/?birth_date=1988-01-01,1988-12-31&sort=birth_date,asc&start=2401</ref>. Hanyuma yakinnye muri serial ''Dar Bahdja'' nka 'Zina'.<ref>https://musicjuice.xyz/video/j9c78h/zoubir-show-episode-13-chanson-live-souhila-mallem</ref> Nyamara gukina filimi yakunzwe cyane byaje mu ruhare rwa 'Bibicha' muri serial izwi cyane ya ''Bibiche na Bibicha''<ref>https://www.famousbirthdays.com/people/souhila-mallem.html</ref> . Nyuma yaje gukina nka 'Princess Abla' muri serial ''Sultan Achour 10'' nizindi nshingano nka 'Sabrina' muri serial ''El Khawa'' ndetse na 'Lila' muri sitcom ''Wlad Hlal''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dreampirates.in/actress/souhila-mallem |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121191104/https://www.dreampirates.in/actress/souhila-mallem |url-status=dead }}</ref> . == Amashusho == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Film !Role !Genre |- |2008 - 2009 |''Djemai family (Season 1 & 2)'' |Faty |TV Series |- |2010 |''Djemai family (Season 3)'' |Khadija |TV Series |- |2010 |''Parfums d'Alger'' |Karima |Film |- |2010 |''La Cité des Vieux'' |Sarah |Film |- |2011 |''Dalil'' |Amel |TV Series |- |2012 |''Khalti Lallahoum'' |Meriem |TV Series |- |2012 |''Titi'' |Lamia |Film |- |2012 |''L'Héroine'' |Karima |Film |- |2012 |''Le Hublot'' | |Short film |- |2012 |''Caméra Café'' |Lilia |TV Series |- |2013 |''Switchers'' |La sœur |TV Series |- |2013 |''Dar El Bahdja'' |Zina |TV Series |- |2013 - 2014 |''Asrar El Madhi'' |Amira |TV Series |- |2013 |''Les Jours d'avant'' |Yamina |Short film |- |2013 |''Certifiée Halal'' |Souad |Film |- |2014 - 2019 |''Bibiche & Bibicha'' |Bibicha |TV Series |- |2014 |''Khamsa'' |Oran Hayat / Selma |TV Series |- |2015 - 2017 |''Sultan Ashour 10 (Season 1 & 2)'' |Princess Abla |TV Series |- |2018 |''El Khawa'' |Sabrina |TV Series |- |2019 |''[[:en:Wlad_Lahlal|Wlad Lahlal]]'' |Leila |TV Series |- |2020 |''Ahwal Anas'' |herself |TV Series |- |2020 |''Confinement'' |Mika |TV Series |- |2020 |''Héliopolis'' |Nedjma |Film |- |2020 |''Babour Ellouh'' |El Ghalia |TV Series |- |2021 |''Sultan Achour 10 (Season 3)'' |Sultana Abla |TV Series |} == references == [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] 1u3uoacps27wj2040q9mlwlt1vs70f6 0 9738 132283 118863 2026-06-19T23:41:33Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132283 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of Cameroon.svg|thumb|igihugu yavukiyemo akanagikuriramo]] '''Solange Yijika''' ni umukinnyi wa firime muri [[Kameruni|cameroon]] ukomeye cyane <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mobile.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/entertainment/Top-Cameroonian-actress-Solange-Yijika-is-back-Photos-354613 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2020-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019141108/https://mobile.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/entertainment/Top-Cameroonian-actress-Solange-Yijika-is-back-Photos-354613 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/component/content/article/191-solange-yijika-a-step-forward.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2020-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019170600/http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/component/content/article/191-solange-yijika-a-step-forward.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mobile.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/entertainment/Meet-5-most-talented-young-Cameroonian-actresses-344962 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2020-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019144924/https://mobile.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/entertainment/Meet-5-most-talented-young-Cameroonian-actresses-344962 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://www.tvovermind.com/casting-behold-dreamers-movie/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dc-comm.com/cameroonian-movie-industry-brenda-shey-the-mother-hen/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121213001/http://www.dc-comm.com/cameroonian-movie-industry-brenda-shey-the-mother-hen/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kandi agaragara cyane mu makinamico ya Nigeria <ref name="So">https://lefilmcamerounais.com/2016/03/22/people-solange-yijika-lactrice-camerounaise-qui-sexporte/</ref> ni producer wa film, <ref>https://10times.com/atlanta-film-festival/visitors</ref> ndetse aharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore n'umwana. <ref name="Fr">https://lefilmcamerounais.com/2016/04/26/5actwn-solange-yijika-actrice/</ref> Niwe mukinnyi w'amafirime uzwi cyane mu karere ka Afurika yo hagati akaba n'umuntu ukomeye mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya sinema rya [[Kameruni]] (CAMIFF). <ref name="Ach">https://lefilmcamerounais.com/2016/04/26/5actwn-solange-yijika-actrice/</ref> == Ubuzima n'uburere == Yijika akomoka mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Kameruni. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ocamer.org/north-west-elite-call-for-resumption-of-schools/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2021-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126033852/https://ocamer.org/north-west-elite-call-for-resumption-of-schools/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yarangije muri kaminuza ya Yaoundé II, Soa, Kameruni. == Umwuga == Yijika yari isura ikomeye mubikorwa bya firime ya [[Kameruni]] kuva yagaragara bwa mbere nko mumwaka wa 2005. Mu byapa bibiri byo kurwanya malariya muri [[Kameruni]] byatewe inkunga na ''Global Fund yo kurwanya Malariya, Igituntu na SIDA'', yakoreshejwe nk'icyitegererezo muri ibyo byapa. Ni n'umurwanashyaka uharanira ubutabera ku isi ku bagore n'abana. Yabaye ambasaderi ku nshuro ya 1 iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya sinema rya [[Kameruni]] (CAMIFF) mu 2016. Yijika yari yagaragaye mu nganda za sinema zo muri [[Kameruni]] mu bicuruzwa byinshi bigera kuri 20 kandi ni we uhabwa ibihembo byinshi birimo ibihembo bya AMAA na NAFCA. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cameroonpostline.com/anglophonecelebsshineat/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081123/https://cameroonpostline.com/anglophonecelebsshineat/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yakinnye muri " ''Ibigeragezo Byifuzo'' " 2006 bya TV byerekanwe kuri CRTV, aho yakinnye nka "Diana". Nyuma yaje muri 2008 yagaragaye muri " ''Mark of the Absolute'' ", filime Asaba Ferdinand yayoboye akanayikora. Hakurikiraho " ''Igihugu'' Cy'igicucu" 2009, filime yakozwe na Agbor Gilbert Ebot ikayoborwa na Zack Orji na Neba Lawrence. Muri filime kandi hagaragayemo Jim Iyke . Muri uwo mwaka, yongeye kandi kugaragara muri filime " Excess pain " iyobowe na Neba Lawrence, hanyuma, muri uwo mwaka agaragara muri " ''Royal Destiny'' ", filime yo muri Kameruni yanagaragayemo Emeka Ike na Tonto Dikeh, abakinnyi babiri ba Nollywood . Mu mwaka wa 2012, yagaragaye muri " ''Troubled Kingdom'' ", filime iyobowe na Neba Lawrence, ifatanije na producer wa firime ukomoka muri Amerika Mairo Sanda hamwe na Fred Keyanti ukomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]] - bashimye ubuhanga bw'uyu mukinnyi. Mu mwaka wa 2012, yakinnye muri filime ya Nollywood '', "Blood or wine'' ", yakozwe na Henry Neba Awantoh na Jim Iyke kandi iyobowe na Neba Lawrence, yanditswe na Ruth Kadiri . <ref>https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/05/blood-or-wine.html</ref> Muri 2013, yatorewe ibihembo bya SONNAH. Yagaragaye muri filime, " ''Decoded'' ", yakozwe na Brenda Elung - nawe umukinnyi wa filime kandi iyobowe na Akim Macaulay na Enah Johnscott mu 2013, aho yakinnye hamwe [[Gana|nabakinnyi ba Gana]] na [[Kameruni]] nka Van Vicker, Jeffery Epule na Desmond Wyte. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/cameroon-movie-industry-critically-awaits-decoded-movie/bgn5r6g |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121215947/https://www.pulse.ng/gist/cameroon-movie-industry-critically-awaits-decoded-movie/bgn5r6g |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yabaye umwe mu bayobozi babiri baganiriye ku nama nyunguranabitekerezo mu mwaka wa 2016 mu birori byo gutanga ibihembo bya African Achievers Awards, byabereye ku ya 8 Nyakanga mu kigo mpuzamahanga cy’inama, [[Abuja]], muri [[Nijeriya]] hamwe na Richard Mofe Damijo, umukinnyi wa politiki akaba n'umunyapolitiki. <ref>https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Lordina-Mahama-Agyepong-Sinach-Set-to-Receive-2016-African-Achievers-Awards-453641</ref> Muri filime yo muri 2017, " ''show ability to save'' ", iyobowe na Musing Derick Tening kandi yakozwe na Tessy Eseme, yakinnye nka " ''Jazmine Juma'' ". <ref>https://m.imdb.com/title/tt6994278/fullcredits?ref_=m_ttfcd_tt</ref> Filime yerekanwe bwa mbere i Londres. <ref>https://www.designmynight.com/london/whats-on/film-screenings/expression-london-movie-premiere</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.glamafrica.com/expression-movie-premieres-in-london-on-october-13-2017-get-more-details-here |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2021-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126033844/https://glamafrica.com/expression-movie-premieres-in-london-on-october-13-2017-get-more-details-here |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yatorewe igihembo mu nshuro ya 2 ya CAMIFF Awards, <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://critiqsite.com/2017/02/04/vote-between-these-top-cameroonian-anglophone-actresses-who-will-steal-the-show-at-the-upcoming-camiff/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2020-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204025103/https://critiqsite.com/2017/02/04/vote-between-these-top-cameroonian-anglophone-actresses-who-will-steal-the-show-at-the-upcoming-camiff/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> yabaye hagati ya 24-29 Mata 2017 i Buea, muri [[Kameruni]] hamwe nabandi bakinnyi ba Camerwood na Nollywood nabo batowe. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fabafriq.com/articles/on-the-highway-to-camiff-2017 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2020-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023062056/https://www.fabafriq.com/articles/on-the-highway-to-camiff-2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yari umwe mu baterankunga ba CAMIFF 2018 hamwe na Ramsey Nouah wa Nollywood . <ref>https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/18091/fr.html/cinema-cap-sur-le-camiff-2018</ref> == Amashusho == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Umwaka ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Film ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Uruhare ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Inyandiko |- | 2017 |''Expression the Courage to Heal'' | | |- | 2017 - |''Samba'' | | Urukurikirane rwa TV |- | 2013 |''Decoded'' | | |- | rowspan="2" | 2012 |''Blood or Wine'' | | |- |''Troubled Kingdom'' | | |- | rowspan="3" | 2009 |''Royal Destiny'' | | |- |''Great Pain'' | | |- |''Land of Shadows'' | | |- | 2008 |''Mark of the Absolute'' | | |- | 2006 - |''Trials of Passion'' | Diana | Urukurikirane rwa televiziyo |} {| class="wikitable" !Umwaka ! Ibirori ! Igihembo ! Uwakiriye |- | 2017 | CAMIFF | | |- | 2013 | Ibihembo bya SONNAH | | |} == references == [[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r5k52hkd77zvqm22qadqsst25ej3ycl 0 10041 132289 121630 2026-06-20T01:56:22Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132289 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ian Mackenzie High School Classroom.jpg|thumb|Uburezi budaheza.]] '''Uburezi bw'umugore''' ni ijambo rifatika ry'ibibazo byinshi n'impaka zijyanye n'uburezi ( [[:en:Primary_education|amashuri abanza]], [[:en:Secondary_education|amashuri yisumbuye]], [[:en:Health_education|amashuri makuru]], ndetse n'ubuzima bw'umwihariko) ku bakobwa n'abagore. Bikunze kwitwa '''uburere bw'abakobwa cyangwa uburere''' '''bw'umugore.''' Harimo ibice [[:en:Gender_equality|by'uburinganire]] no kugera ku burezi. Uburezi bw'abagore n'abakobwa ni isano ikomeye yo kurwanya ubukene. Ingingo nini zifitanye isano zirimo [[:en:Religious_education|kwigisha igitsina kimwe nuburere]] [[:en:Religious_education|bw’amadini]] kubagore, aho uburezi bugabanijwemo uburinganire. Ubusumbane mu burezi bw’abakobwa n’abagore buragoye: abagore n’abakobwa bahura n’inzitizi zitagaragara zo kwinjira mu ishuri, urugero, ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore cyangwa kubuza abakobwa kujya ku ishuri, mu gihe ibindi bibazo biri kuri gahunda kandi bitagaragara neza, urugero, [[:en:Female_education_in_STEM|siyanse, ikoranabuhanga, ubwubatsi n imibare (STEM)]] uburezi butandukanye bushinze imizi, ndetse no muburayi no muri [[Amerika ya Ruguru|Amerika ya ruguru]]. <ref name=":8">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231002335</ref> Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe by’iburengerazuba, abagore barenze abagabo mu nzego nyinshi z’uburezi. Kurugero, muri Reta zunzubumwe z'amerika muri 2005/2006, abategarugori babonye 62% by'impamyabumenyi, 58% by'impamyabumenyi, 60% by'impamyabumenyi, na 50% bya dogiteri.<ref>http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d07/tables/dt07_178.asp</ref> === AKAMARO K' UBUREZI BW' UWANA W' UNUKOBWA === Kurera [[umwana]] w' umukobwa ni ugushyigikira iterambere ry' igihugu n' umugabane muri rusange, madamu [[Jeannette Kagame|Jeanette KAGAME]] umufasha wa Perezida wa repuburika y' u [[Rwanda]] akaba n' umuyobozi wa Imbuto Foundation yabigarutseho mu nama y' urubyiruko ya YouleadAfrica, yabereye i Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] mumpera za 2021 ahayabivuze mu magamba ya Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem agira ati" Biragoye kubona isi nziza utitaye k' iterambere ry' umugore" kandi rero nta terambere ridashingiye k' uburezi n' uburere. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220930115552/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/madamu-jeannette-kagame-yasabye-ko-uburezi-bw-abakobwa-buhabwa-umwihariko-mu</ref> == Ibibazo muburezi == [[Dosiye:International Women's Day (15647601976).jpg|thumb|Abagore bo muri Pakistani bakorewe ihohoterwa bari gukina ikinamico.]] === Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore === Muri [[Pakisitani]], habonetse umubano mubi hagati yurwego rusanzwe rwuburezi umugore ageraho ndetse n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa uwo mugore (Nyuma, 2013). Umushakashatsi yakoresheje urubura rworoshye, uburyo bwo gutoranya aho abitabiriye. Ibibazo byimyitwarire nibanga byatumye ubu buryo bworoshye. Uwatanze amakuru yagize uruhare runini mu gukusanya amakuru hanyuma agenzurwa. Icyitegererezo cy’abakorewe ihohoterwa cyari kigizwe n’abagore bubatse kuva ku myaka 18-60 haba mu cyaro no mu mijyi. Ubushakashatsi bwasobanuye uburyo butandukanye bwihohoterwa rishingiye ku mubiri risanzwe rihari kandi ritanga igitekerezo cy’ibyo abagore banyuramo, ndetse no mu baturage (icyaro n’umujyi). Uburezi muri ubu bushakashatsi bwashimangiwe ko ari igisubizo kandi gikenewe mu gukuraho ihohoterwa. Ikiganiro cyimbogamizi za politiki n’imibereho kirakenewe. <ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F188100</ref>Umubano uragoye cyane kuruta uko bigaragara, abagore barashobora kutamenya gusoma no kwandika ariko bagakomeza imbaraga (Marrs Fuchsel, 2014). Abimukira Latina Abagore (ILW) bagize uruhare mu bushakashatsi bwujuje ibyiciro 8 kugeza ku 10 bitabiriye amahugurwa, kandi barangiza gahunda y'ibyumweru 11 bishingiye ku kwihesha agaciro, kumenyekanisha ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo, n'imibanire myiza. Abimukira Latina Abagore (ILW) nitsinda ryibasiwe cyane n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo. Nubwo iyi gahunda yabereye hanze yishuri gakondo, ibiganiro, gutekereza kunegura, no kumererwa neza mumarangamutima byarashimangiwe, ahantu hagomba kuboneka mugihe mwishuri. Ubwanyuma, nubwo benshi mubagore batazi gusoma no kwandika baracyashoboye kuvamo bafite imbaraga zo kugenzura ubuzima bwabo, ubuhanga bwubuzima. <ref>https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1064075</ref> === Ubushobozi bw'umugore === Sisitemu yuburezi iratandukanye mubuyobozi, integanyanyigisho n'abakozi, ariko byose bigira ingaruka kubanyeshuri bakorera. Nkuko abagore babonye uburenganzira, uburezi busanzwe bwabaye ikimenyetso cyiterambere nintambwe igana ku buringanire. Kugirango uburinganire nyabwo bubeho, hagomba gufatwa inzira yuzuye. Ikiganiro cyimbaraga zumukobwa nuburere bwumugore nkigisubizo cyo gukuraho ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore no guterwa nubukungu kubagabo rimwe na rimwe bishobora gufata umwanya munini bikavamo guhagarika kumva uburyo imiterere, amateka nibindi bintu bigira ingaruka kubagore (Khoja-Moolji, 2015). Kurugero, mugihe umunyamabanga wa leta wahozeho, [[:en:Hillary_Clinton|Hillary Clinton]], yavuze ku byago bya [[:en:Malala_Yousafzai|Malala Yousafzai]] muri Pakisitani ndetse n’abakobwa bashimuse i Chibok, muri [[Nijeriya]] nk’ikigereranyo, bakoresheje uburezi bw’abakobwa nkibibandwaho, amateka n’imiterere. Icyatumye iraswa rya Malala ryagabanutse kuba gusa yiyigisha nk'umukobwa. Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika kwivanga, ubukene, na ruswa na guverinoma ntibyakemuwe. <ref>https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15595692.2015.1010640</ref> Sisitemu yuburezi hamwe n’ishuri bigira uruhare runini mu kumenya inyungu z’abakobwa mu masomo atandukanye, harimo n’amasomo yimibare ubutabire na tekinologi , ashobora kugira uruhare mu kongerera ubushobozi abagore mu gutanga amahirwe angana yo kubona no kungukirwa n’uburezi bufite ireme. <ref name=":82">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231002335</ref> == Ubwoko bwihariye bwuburezi == === Kwigisha ikoranabuhanga === [[Dosiye:Figure 4 Progress towards gender parity Reading the past writing the future.svg|thumb|Ibipimo by'uburinganire mu bipimo byo gusoma no kwandika mu karere, 1990–2015. Iterambere ryerekeranye n'uburinganire mu gusoma no kwandika ryatangiye nyuma ya 1990.]] Ikwirakwizwa rya [[:en:Technology|tekinoloji]] ya sisitemu na serivisi za digitale byatumye ubumenyi bwa digitale busabwa kugira uruhare rugaragara muri [[:en:Society|sosiyete]] . Uyu munsi, kudashobora kuyobora [[:en:Internet|interineti]] bitera ingaruka. Mugihe izo mbogamizi zigeze kuba zimwe mubihugu bikize, ubu zifite akamaro [[:en:Globalization|kwisi yose]], kubera ikwirakwizwa ryihuse kandi rikomeje kwikoranabuhanga rya enterineti. <ref name=":9">https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367416.pdf</ref>Guha ibikoresho [[:en:Woman|abategarugori]] [[:en:Health|nabakobwa]] bafite ubumenyi bwa digitale bifasha kubashyira muburyo bungana nabagabo bazi imibare, kandi bikingura amahirwe atabarika yo kongera ibigo no guhitamo. [[:en:Health|Urubuga]] hamwe na porogaramu zigendanwa [[Ubuzima|kubuzima]] [[:en:Natural_rights_and_legal_rights|nuburenganzira bwemewe]], kurugero, birashobora gufasha abagore gufata ibyemezo byokwirinda no kwita kuri bo ubwabo nimiryango yabo, mugihe imbuga nkoranyambaga hamwe [[:en:Digital_communications|n’itumanaho rya digitale]] bituma abagore bakwirakwiza amakuru kandi bagasangira ubumenyi burenze aho batuye.<ref name=":92">https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367416.pdf</ref> Amahirwe yo [[:en:M-learning|kwiga]] kuri interinet , kuva kuri porogaramu yo [[:en:Literacy|gusoma no kwandika]] kugeza kumurongo wa interineti ( [[:en:MOOCs|MOOCs]] ) kubyerekeye amasomo atandukanye nka [[:en:Astronomy|astronomie]] no kwita kuri [[bene]] wabo bakuze bafite ikibazo cyo guta umutwe, birashobora gufungura inzira nshya yuburezi, cyane cyane kubakobwa batiga ndetse nabagore bakuze. <ref>https://www.wired.com/2015/10/why-siri-cortana-voice-interfaces-sound-female-sexism/</ref> Imashini zishakisha akazi hamwe nu mbuga za interineti zumwuga zituma abagore bahatanira [[:en:E-commerce|isoko ryumurimo]], mugihe [[:en:Income|e-ubucuruzi]] hamwe na serivise za banki zikoreshwa muburyo bwa banki birashobora kubafasha kongera [[:en:Income|ubwigenge]] no kwigenga. <ref name=":93">https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367416.pdf</ref> == Uburezikubabana Nubumuga == Uburezi ku bagore bamugaye nabwo bwateye imbere. Muri 2011, Giusi Spagnolo abaye umugore wa mbere urwaye Syndrome ya Down yarangije kaminuza i [[Burayi]] (yarangije muri kaminuza ya Palermo mu [[Ubutaliyani|Butaliyani]]). <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lastampa.it/2011/03/22/italia/a-palermo-la-favola-della-down-diventata-dottoressa-RK1UzN9gPjq5siRois5ApO/pagina.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-21 |archive-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195817/https://www.lastampa.it/2011/03/22/italia/a-palermo-la-favola-della-down-diventata-dottoressa-RK1UzN9gPjq5siRois5ApO/pagina.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130925122858/http://www.lottimista.com/2011/04/18/giusi-spagnolo-la-prima-laureata-down-d%E2%80%99italia/</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Uburezi]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore]] lrfvvy4lmx2u4ika3sf3c1f470hcva7 0 10492 132249 108321 2026-06-19T12:12:30Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132249 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chantal Ujeneza''' Wavutse 30 ukuboza mu 1967 [https://web.archive.org/web/20240331142921/https://mobile.igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/womens-month/inkuru/article/urugendo-rwa-dcg-ujeneza-umugore-ufite-ipeti-rikomeye-umaze-imyaka-30-mu] Ni umwe mu basirikare bakuru b’abategarugori mu [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/womens-month/inkuru/article/urugendo-rwa-dcg-ujeneza-umugore-ufite-ipeti-rikomeye-umaze-imyaka-30-mu |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512123449/https://igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/womens-month/inkuru/article/urugendo-rwa-dcg-ujeneza-umugore-ufite-ipeti-rikomeye-umaze-imyaka-30-mu |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima bwite == Chantal Ujeneza Numubyeyi wabana babari <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/womens-month/inkuru/article/urugendo-rwa-dcg-ujeneza-umugore-ufite-ipeti-rikomeye-umaze-imyaka-30-mu |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512123449/https://igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/womens-month/inkuru/article/urugendo-rwa-dcg-ujeneza-umugore-ufite-ipeti-rikomeye-umaze-imyaka-30-mu |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amateka == Chantal Ujeneza yinjiye mu gisirikare mu 1988 akiri umukobwa muto. Indoto ze ku ikubitiro ntizari ukuba umusirikare ukomeye ahubwo yashakaga ko amasomo ya gisirikare yamufasha kwiga akaminuza.avugako bitari byoroshye kuri we muri kiriya gihe, kuko ababyeyi be batumvikanaga ku bijyanye no kuba yajya mu gisirikare dore ko mu bantu hari hakiri imyumvire ivuga ko imirimo nk’iyo itagenewe abakobwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/womens-month/inkuru/article/urugendo-rwa-dcg-ujeneza-umugore-ufite-ipeti-rikomeye-umaze-imyaka-30-mu |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512123449/https://igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/womens-month/inkuru/article/urugendo-rwa-dcg-ujeneza-umugore-ufite-ipeti-rikomeye-umaze-imyaka-30-mu |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Umwuga == [[Dosiye:Université nationale du Rwanda à Butare.JPG|thumb|Kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda aho Chantal yize sociologie]] Shantal yize amashuri yose harimo nakaminuza yize ‘Sociologie.’muri Kaminuza Nkuru y’u [[Rwanda Rwacu|Rwanda]] yArangije yakoze amasomo menshi atandukanye hafi ya yose ajyanye n’igisirikare irya nyuma akaba yararikoze mu 2015 rizwi nka ‘senior command’.Chantal Yatanze urugero rw’ubutumwa bw’akazi yagiyemo i Darfur mu 2008 .<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/womens-month/inkuru/article/urugendo-rwa-dcg-ujeneza-umugore-ufite-ipeti-rikomeye-umaze-imyaka-30-mu |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512123449/https://igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/womens-month/inkuru/article/urugendo-rwa-dcg-ujeneza-umugore-ufite-ipeti-rikomeye-umaze-imyaka-30-mu |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]] rfk1ix2qhhcm1hvg5j5aeq5lrze75xn 0 12744 132258 132169 2026-06-19T18:58:46Z CommonsDelinker 88 Removing [[:c:File:Кигали.png|Кигали.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: per [[:c:COM:NETCOPYVIO|]]. 132258 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=umujyi+wa+as+kigali&sca_esv=0fe16c1f02c217b7&rlz=1C1CHBD_enRW1029RW1029&sxsrf=AE3TifN9wW_h1G5Q5-MM30WsbQNCrpnWLA%3A1762613767057&ei=B1oPaZebA-6ikdUP5uyg4Qs&ved=0ahUKEwjXutj75-KQAxVuUaQEHWY2KLwQ4dUDCBE&uact=5&oq=umujyi+wa+as+kigali&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiE3VtdWp5aSB3YSBhcyBraWdhbGkyCBAAGIAEGKIEMgUQABjvBTIIEAAYgAQYogQyBRAAGO8FMggQABiABBiiBEjYOFC0DFixE3ABeAGQAQCYAa0CoAGfBqoBBTItMi4xuAEDyAEA-AEBmAIDoAKiBMICChAAGLADGNYEGEfCAgQQIxgnwgIIEAAYogQYiQWYAwCIBgGQBgiSBwcxLjAuMS4xoAefDLIHBTItMS4xuAebBMIHBTAuMS4yyAcM&sclient=gws-wiz-serp</ref>Ikipe ya A.S. Kigali Football Club ni ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru yo mu Rwanda ikomoka i Kigali. Bakinira imikino yabo ya nyuma kuri Sitade ya Kigali iherereye i Nyamirambo. Yashinzwe mu 1999, iyi kipe ikina muri Shampiyona y'Urwanda. AS Kigali yatwaye igikombe cy'u Rwanda inshuro ebyiri n'igikombe cya Super Cup cy'u [[Rwanda Mountain Tea|Rwanda]] inshuro ebyiri.[[Umujyi wa Kigali]] utanga inkunga ikomeye y'amafaranga ku ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru ya AS Kigali, umubano wavuzweho mu makuru menshi. Ibyagezweho [[Dosiye:Seatball WC 2006.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:Amahoro Stadium 2003 b.png|thumb|stade]] <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stade_Amahoro</ref> Igikombe cy'u [[Rwanda]]: 2013, 2019, 2022 Igikombe cya Super Cup cy'u Rwanda: 2 2013, 2022 Shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru y'abagore yo mu Rwanda<ref>[[:en:AS_Kigali_F.C.|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Kigali_F.C.]]</ref>[[Dosiye:Rwanda-Kigali.png|thumb|Umujyi wa Kigali]] [[Dosiye:Kigali Pele Stadium.jpg|thumb|stade ikunda gukiniraho]] == AMASHAKIRO == [[Ikiciro:Amakipe]] 9o02d26uudnahw6t2y7ys60da334xes 0 12966 132264 106719 2026-06-19T20:11:08Z HiAmos 18412 gukosora imyandikire 132264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Croix rouge helping young person in Athletisme at Amahoro stadium kigali RWANDA.jpg|thumb|ubuvuzi bw'ibanze]] [[Dosiye:Traditional Healer.jpg|thumb|Ubuvuzi gakondo]] [[Dosiye:Nurse administers a vaccine.jpg|thumb|Gutera urushinge]] [[Dosiye:Medical Doctor on a microscope in a medical lab. Hopital Douala Cameroun 29.jpg|thumb|Gusuzuma ibizamini]]  Sitati igaragaza uwatangije imiti '''Ubuvuzi''' ni siyansi kandi ikora <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=18–22}}</ref> yo kwita ku murwayi, gucunga indwara, guhanura, gukumira, kuvura, kwanduza imvune cyangwa indwara, no guteza imbere ubuzima bwa abarwayi . Ubuvuzi bukubiyemo ibikorwa bitandukanye byubuzima byahinduwe kugirango bibungabunge kandi bigarure ubuzima hakoreshejwe gukumira no kuvura indwara . Ubuvuzi bwa none bukoresha ubumenyi bwibinyabuzima, ubushakashatsi bwibinyabuzima, genetiki, n’ikoranabuhanga mu buvuzi mu gusuzuma, kuvura, no gukumira ibikomere n’indwara, ubusanzwe binyuze mu miti y’imiti cyangwa kubaga, ariko kandi binyuze mu buvuzi butandukanye nko kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe, gutandukana , ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi, ibinyabuzima, n'imirasire ya ionizing, mubindi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary, medicine |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304154538/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Younger man ready to have his HIV test results.jpg|thumb|Ubuvuzi ]] Ubuvuzi bwakorwaga kuva mu bihe byabanjirije amateka, kandi muri icyo gihe ahanini bwari ubuhanzi (agace ko guhanga n'ubuhanga), akenshi bufitanye isano n'imyizerere ishingiye ku idini na [[Filozofi|filozofiya]] y'umuco wabo. Kurugero, umuganga wumugabo yakoreshaga ibyatsi akavuga amasengesho yo gukira, cyangwa [[Filozofi|umufilozofe]] numuganga wa kera yakoreshaga amaraso akurikije amahame yo gusetsa . Mu binyejana byashize, kuva siyanse ya kijyambere yatangira, ubuvuzi bwinshi bwabaye ihuriro ryubuhanzi na siyanse (byombi byariingenzi kandi bikoreshwa, munsi yubumenyi '''bwubuvuzi''' ). Kurugero, mugihe ubuhanga bwo kudoda kubudozi nubuhanzi bwizwe binyuze mumyitozo, yubumenyi bwibibera kurwego rwa selile na molekuline mubice biva mubumenyi. Uburyo bwa kera bwubuvuzi, ubu buzwi nkubuvuzi gakondo cyangwa ''ubuvuzi bwa rubanda'', bwagumywe bukoreshwa cyane mugihe hatabayeho ubuvuzi bwa siyansi, bityo bakitwa ubundi buvuzi . Ubundi buryo bwo kuvura hanze yubuvuzi bwa siyanse hamwe n’umutekano hamwe n’ingirakamaro byitwa kugoragoza . [[Ikiciro:Umuti]] 8tm2zj0q9ip0wse0dgy96trfwcx5ibc 0 13544 132298 132201 2026-06-20T08:06:33Z HiAmos 18412 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 132298 wikitext text/x-wiki === Ikiyaga cya Kivu<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/bimwe-mu-birwa-bitatse-ibyiza-nyaburanga-mu-kiyaga-cya-kivu</ref> === [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] ni cyo kiyaga kinini mu [[Rwanda]] cyikaba gikurura imbaga y'abantu haba Abanyarwanda ndetse n'abandi baturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye. Igice cyacyo kimwe kiri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda mu gihe ikindi kiri muri Repuburika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo.<ref name=":0" /> Ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda gikora ku turere tune aritwo Rusizi, Nyamasheke,Karongi na Rubavu, aha hakaba harangwa n'ibyiza nyaburanga bitandukanye birimo nk'amahoteri akikije ikiyaga ndetse n'umucanga abantu bidagaduriramo.<ref name=":0" /> Ibi ni ibigaragara inyuma ariko imbere muri iki kiyaga harimo ibirwa bitandukanye byuje ubwiza butandukanye bituma uwabigezeho atifuza gutaha.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|thumb|655x655px|Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] == Ibirwa biri mu kiyaga cya Kivu == === Ikirwa cya Nkombo<ref name=":0" /> === Nkombo ni cyo kirwa kinini mu kiyaga cya kivu kuko gifite ubuso bungana na Kilometero kare 29.7 harimo Kilometero kare 22.7 z'ubutaka na Kilometero kare 7z'amazi, uyu kaba ari umurenge wose uri mu [[Akarere ka Rusizi|karere ka Rusizi]].<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa gituwe n'abaturage bakabakaba ibihumbi 18, gikurura abatari bake bashaka kujya kureba ukunru abantu batuye hagati mu mazi ndetse bakururwa n'imico yabo itandukanye n'isanzwe irimo nk'ururimi rw'Amashi rwumvwa n'abaho gusa ndetse n'imbyino zabo ziziwi nko gusama.<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa nta terambere ryaharangwaga mu myaka yashize ariko muri iyi myaka ryarahageze kuko haboneka ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye nk'umuriro, amazi meza , amashuri , ivuriro ndetse na hoteli.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Gihaya<ref name=":0" /> === Gihaya na ho ni mu karere ka Rusizi ndetse ni hafi na Nkombo ariko ho ni hato. Ni ikirwa ba mukerarugendo bakunda kujya gusura bashaka kurira imisozi ndetse no gutembera mu bwato. Ubuzima bwaho ni nk'ubwo ku nkombo.<ref name=":0" /> === Akarwa k'Abakobwa<ref name=":0" /> === Aka ni akarwa kari mu [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|karere ka Nyamasheke]] gafite amateka akomeye mu Rwanda, kera bajyaga ku kajugunyaho abakobwa babaga baratwaye inda z'indaro ngo badateza ishyano ku musozi.<ref name=":0" /> Abantu baturutse imihanda yose biganjemo igitsina gore bajya kuhasura bagira ngo barusheho kumenya amakuru y'uko byagendaga ku bakobwa bahajugunywaga.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyamunini<ref name=":0" /> === Nyamunini izwi cyane nka Napoleon Island, ni ikirwa kiri mu kiyaga cya Kivu ku ruhande rwa Karongi. Iki ni kimwe mu birwa bikurura ba mukerarugendo bitewe n'ubwoko bw'inyoni butandukanye buhari ndetse n'imbuto zihari.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cy' Amahoro<ref name=":0" /> === Amahoro na cyo kiri ku ruhande rwa Karongi, nk'uko cyitwa amahoro koko ngo gitemberwa n'abantu babuze amahoro muri bo kandi ngo bahageze bakabona amazi agikikije n'amajwi y'inyoni ziririrmba bakumva buzuye amahoro muri bo.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyakarwa<ref name=":0" /> === Nyakarwa ni ikirwa giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Karongi|karere ka Karongi]] cyizwiho kugira inyoni zitandukanye. Uwahageze nta yandi majwi aba yumva usibye urusobe rw'amajwi atandukanye y'inyoni.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Mpembe<ref name=":0" /> === Mpembe na yo iherereye muri Karongi akaba ari icyirwa kigengwa n'umuntu ku giti cye,aho yashyizeho ahantu hangana n'ibilometero bine abantu bagenda n'amaguru. Gikurura benshi kuko kibafasha kuruhuka mu buryo bwihariye.<ref name=":0" /> Si ibi birwa gusa biri muri iki kiyaga kuko muri 2012, Ikigo cy'Igihugu cyo kubungabunga ibidukikije (REMA), cyatangaje ko mu kiyaga cya Kivu habarizwamo ibirwa 250. Muri byo, 56 biri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda. Ibi twavuze ni ibyo ba mukerarugendo bakunze gusura .<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro: == [[Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda]] lcxkyda84d7c6zhdzzd7x933nf83uid 132299 132298 2026-06-20T08:07:32Z HiAmos 18412 gukosora imyandikire 132299 wikitext text/x-wiki === Ikiyaga cya Kivu === [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] ni cyo kiyaga kinini mu [[Rwanda]] cyikaba gikurura imbaga y'abantu haba Abanyarwanda ndetse n'abandi baturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye. Igice cyacyo kimwe kiri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda mu gihe ikindi kiri muri Repuburika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/bimwe-mu-birwa-bitatse-ibyiza-nyaburanga-mu-kiyaga-cya-kivu</ref> Ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda gikora ku turere tune aritwo Rusizi, Nyamasheke,Karongi na Rubavu, aha hakaba harangwa n'ibyiza nyaburanga bitandukanye birimo nk'amahoteri akikije ikiyaga ndetse n'umucanga abantu bidagaduriramo.<ref name=":0" /> Ibi ni ibigaragara inyuma ariko imbere muri iki kiyaga harimo ibirwa bitandukanye byuje ubwiza butandukanye bituma uwabigezeho atifuza gutaha.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|thumb|655x655px|Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] == Ibirwa biri mu kiyaga cya Kivu == === Ikirwa cya Nkombo<ref name=":0" /> === Nkombo ni cyo kirwa kinini mu kiyaga cya kivu kuko gifite ubuso bungana na Kilometero kare 29.7 harimo Kilometero kare 22.7 z'ubutaka na Kilometero kare 7z'amazi, uyu kaba ari umurenge wose uri mu [[Akarere ka Rusizi|karere ka Rusizi]].<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa gituwe n'abaturage bakabakaba ibihumbi 18, gikurura abatari bake bashaka kujya kureba ukunru abantu batuye hagati mu mazi ndetse bakururwa n'imico yabo itandukanye n'isanzwe irimo nk'ururimi rw'Amashi rwumvwa n'abaho gusa ndetse n'imbyino zabo ziziwi nko gusama.<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa nta terambere ryaharangwaga mu myaka yashize ariko muri iyi myaka ryarahageze kuko haboneka ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye nk'umuriro, amazi meza , amashuri , ivuriro ndetse na hoteli.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Gihaya<ref name=":0" /> === Gihaya na ho ni mu karere ka Rusizi ndetse ni hafi na Nkombo ariko ho ni hato. Ni ikirwa ba mukerarugendo bakunda kujya gusura bashaka kurira imisozi ndetse no gutembera mu bwato. Ubuzima bwaho ni nk'ubwo ku nkombo.<ref name=":0" /> === Akarwa k'Abakobwa<ref name=":0" /> === Aka ni akarwa kari mu [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|karere ka Nyamasheke]] gafite amateka akomeye mu Rwanda, kera bajyaga ku kajugunyaho abakobwa babaga baratwaye inda z'indaro ngo badateza ishyano ku musozi.<ref name=":0" /> Abantu baturutse imihanda yose biganjemo igitsina gore bajya kuhasura bagira ngo barusheho kumenya amakuru y'uko byagendaga ku bakobwa bahajugunywaga.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyamunini<ref name=":0" /> === Nyamunini izwi cyane nka Napoleon Island, ni ikirwa kiri mu kiyaga cya Kivu ku ruhande rwa Karongi. Iki ni kimwe mu birwa bikurura ba mukerarugendo bitewe n'ubwoko bw'inyoni butandukanye buhari ndetse n'imbuto zihari.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cy' Amahoro<ref name=":0" /> === Amahoro na cyo kiri ku ruhande rwa Karongi, nk'uko cyitwa amahoro koko ngo gitemberwa n'abantu babuze amahoro muri bo kandi ngo bahageze bakabona amazi agikikije n'amajwi y'inyoni ziririrmba bakumva buzuye amahoro muri bo.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyakarwa<ref name=":0" /> === Nyakarwa ni ikirwa giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Karongi|karere ka Karongi]] cyizwiho kugira inyoni zitandukanye. Uwahageze nta yandi majwi aba yumva usibye urusobe rw'amajwi atandukanye y'inyoni.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Mpembe<ref name=":0" /> === Mpembe na yo iherereye muri Karongi akaba ari icyirwa kigengwa n'umuntu ku giti cye,aho yashyizeho ahantu hangana n'ibilometero bine abantu bagenda n'amaguru. Gikurura benshi kuko kibafasha kuruhuka mu buryo bwihariye.<ref name=":0" /> Si ibi birwa gusa biri muri iki kiyaga kuko muri 2012, Ikigo cy'Igihugu cyo kubungabunga ibidukikije (REMA), cyatangaje ko mu kiyaga cya Kivu habarizwamo ibirwa 250. Muri byo, 56 biri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda. Ibi twavuze ni ibyo ba mukerarugendo bakunze gusura .<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro: == [[Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda]] r6ql4qg0aqmxe1xeifktwdcdl8vwg4z 132300 132299 2026-06-20T08:16:54Z HiAmos 18412 ifoto yikiyaga 132300 wikitext text/x-wiki === Ikiyaga cya Kivu === [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] ni cyo kiyaga kinini mu [[Rwanda]] cyikaba gikurura imbaga y'abantu haba Abanyarwanda ndetse n'abandi baturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye. Igice cyacyo kimwe kiri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda mu gihe ikindi kiri muri Repuburika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/bimwe-mu-birwa-bitatse-ibyiza-nyaburanga-mu-kiyaga-cya-kivu</ref> Ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda gikora ku turere tune aritwo Rusizi, Nyamasheke,Karongi na Rubavu, aha hakaba harangwa n'ibyiza nyaburanga bitandukanye birimo nk'amahoteri akikije ikiyaga ndetse n'umucanga abantu bidagaduriramo.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Ikiyaga cya Kivu.jpg|thumb|'''Ikiyaga cya Kivu''']] Ibi ni ibigaragara inyuma ariko imbere muri iki kiyaga harimo ibirwa bitandukanye byuje ubwiza butandukanye bituma uwabigezeho atifuza gutaha.<ref name=":0" /> == Ibirwa biri mu kiyaga cya Kivu == === Ikirwa cya Nkombo<ref name=":0" /> === Nkombo ni cyo kirwa kinini mu kiyaga cya kivu kuko gifite ubuso bungana na Kilometero kare 29.7 harimo Kilometero kare 22.7 z'ubutaka na Kilometero kare 7z'amazi, uyu kaba ari umurenge wose uri mu [[Akarere ka Rusizi|karere ka Rusizi]].<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa gituwe n'abaturage bakabakaba ibihumbi 18, gikurura abatari bake bashaka kujya kureba ukunru abantu batuye hagati mu mazi ndetse bakururwa n'imico yabo itandukanye n'isanzwe irimo nk'ururimi rw'Amashi rwumvwa n'abaho gusa ndetse n'imbyino zabo ziziwi nko gusama.<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa nta terambere ryaharangwaga mu myaka yashize ariko muri iyi myaka ryarahageze kuko haboneka ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye nk'umuriro, amazi meza , amashuri , ivuriro ndetse na hoteli.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Gihaya<ref name=":0" /> === Gihaya na ho ni mu karere ka Rusizi ndetse ni hafi na Nkombo ariko ho ni hato. Ni ikirwa ba mukerarugendo bakunda kujya gusura bashaka kurira imisozi ndetse no gutembera mu bwato. Ubuzima bwaho ni nk'ubwo ku nkombo.<ref name=":0" /> === Akarwa k'Abakobwa<ref name=":0" /> === Aka ni akarwa kari mu [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|karere ka Nyamasheke]] gafite amateka akomeye mu Rwanda, kera bajyaga ku kajugunyaho abakobwa babaga baratwaye inda z'indaro ngo badateza ishyano ku musozi.<ref name=":0" /> Abantu baturutse imihanda yose biganjemo igitsina gore bajya kuhasura bagira ngo barusheho kumenya amakuru y'uko byagendaga ku bakobwa bahajugunywaga.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyamunini<ref name=":0" /> === Nyamunini izwi cyane nka Napoleon Island, ni ikirwa kiri mu kiyaga cya Kivu ku ruhande rwa Karongi. Iki ni kimwe mu birwa bikurura ba mukerarugendo bitewe n'ubwoko bw'inyoni butandukanye buhari ndetse n'imbuto zihari.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cy' Amahoro<ref name=":0" /> === Amahoro na cyo kiri ku ruhande rwa Karongi, nk'uko cyitwa amahoro koko ngo gitemberwa n'abantu babuze amahoro muri bo kandi ngo bahageze bakabona amazi agikikije n'amajwi y'inyoni ziririrmba bakumva buzuye amahoro muri bo.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyakarwa<ref name=":0" /> === Nyakarwa ni ikirwa giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Karongi|karere ka Karongi]] cyizwiho kugira inyoni zitandukanye. Uwahageze nta yandi majwi aba yumva usibye urusobe rw'amajwi atandukanye y'inyoni.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Mpembe<ref name=":0" /> === Mpembe na yo iherereye muri Karongi akaba ari icyirwa kigengwa n'umuntu ku giti cye,aho yashyizeho ahantu hangana n'ibilometero bine abantu bagenda n'amaguru. Gikurura benshi kuko kibafasha kuruhuka mu buryo bwihariye.<ref name=":0" /> Si ibi birwa gusa biri muri iki kiyaga kuko muri 2012, Ikigo cy'Igihugu cyo kubungabunga ibidukikije (REMA), cyatangaje ko mu kiyaga cya Kivu habarizwamo ibirwa 250. Muri byo, 56 biri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda. Ibi twavuze ni ibyo ba mukerarugendo bakunze gusura .<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro: == [[Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda]] r5ylj2v68eazx9wrdx3mh442gjp25yo 132301 132300 2026-06-20T08:18:05Z HiAmos 18412 gukosora imyandikire 132301 wikitext text/x-wiki === Ikiyaga cya Kivu === [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] ni cyo kiyaga kinini mu [[Rwanda]] cyikaba gikurura imbaga y'abantu haba Abanyarwanda ndetse n'abandi baturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye. Igice cyacyo kimwe kiri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda mu gihe ikindi kiri muri Repuburika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/bimwe-mu-birwa-bitatse-ibyiza-nyaburanga-mu-kiyaga-cya-kivu</ref> Ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda gikora ku turere tune aritwo Rusizi, Nyamasheke,Karongi na Rubavu, aha hakaba harangwa n'ibyiza nyaburanga bitandukanye birimo nk'amahoteri akikije ikiyaga ndetse n'umucanga abantu bidagaduriramo.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Ikiyaga cya Kivu.jpg|thumb|'''Ikiyaga cya Kivu''']] Ibi ni ibigaragara inyuma ariko imbere muri iki kiyaga harimo ibirwa bitandukanye byuje ubwiza butandukanye bituma uwabigezeho atifuza gutaha.<ref name=":0" /> == Ibirwa biri mu kiyaga cya Kivu == === Ikirwa cya Nkombo<ref name=":0" /> === Nkombo ni cyo kirwa kinini mu kiyaga cya kivu kuko gifite ubuso bungana na Kilometero kare 29.7 harimo Kilometero kare 22.7 z'ubutaka na Kilometero kare 7z'amazi, uyu akaba ari umurenge wose uri mu [[Akarere ka Rusizi|karere ka Rusizi]].<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa gituwe n'abaturage bakabakaba ibihumbi 18, gikurura abatari bake bashaka kujya kureba ukunru abantu batuye hagati mu mazi ndetse bakururwa n'imico yabo itandukanye n'isanzwe irimo nk'ururimi rw'Amashi rwumvwa n'abaho gusa ndetse n'imbyino zabo ziziwi nko gusama.<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa nta terambere ryaharangwaga mu myaka yashize ariko muri iyi myaka ryarahageze kuko haboneka ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye nk'umuriro, amazi meza , amashuri , ivuriro ndetse na hoteli.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Gihaya<ref name=":0" /> === Gihaya na ho ni mu karere ka Rusizi ndetse ni hafi na Nkombo ariko ho ni hato. Ni ikirwa ba mukerarugendo bakunda kujya gusura bashaka kurira imisozi ndetse no gutembera mu bwato. Ubuzima bwaho ni nk'ubwo ku nkombo.<ref name=":0" /> === Akarwa k'Abakobwa<ref name=":0" /> === Aka ni akarwa kari mu [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|karere ka Nyamasheke]] gafite amateka akomeye mu Rwanda, kera bajyaga ku kajugunyaho abakobwa babaga baratwaye inda z'indaro ngo badateza ishyano ku musozi.<ref name=":0" /> Abantu baturutse imihanda yose biganjemo igitsina gore bajya kuhasura bagira ngo barusheho kumenya amakuru y'uko byagendaga ku bakobwa bahajugunywaga.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyamunini<ref name=":0" /> === Nyamunini izwi cyane nka Napoleon Island, ni ikirwa kiri mu kiyaga cya Kivu ku ruhande rwa Karongi. Iki ni kimwe mu birwa bikurura ba mukerarugendo bitewe n'ubwoko bw'inyoni butandukanye buhari ndetse n'imbuto zihari.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cy' Amahoro<ref name=":0" /> === Amahoro na cyo kiri ku ruhande rwa Karongi, nk'uko cyitwa amahoro koko ngo gitemberwa n'abantu babuze amahoro muri bo kandi ngo bahageze bakabona amazi agikikije n'amajwi y'inyoni ziririrmba bakumva buzuye amahoro muri bo.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyakarwa<ref name=":0" /> === Nyakarwa ni ikirwa giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Karongi|karere ka Karongi]] cyizwiho kugira inyoni zitandukanye. Uwahageze nta yandi majwi aba yumva usibye urusobe rw'amajwi atandukanye y'inyoni.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Mpembe<ref name=":0" /> === Mpembe na yo iherereye muri Karongi akaba ari icyirwa kigengwa n'umuntu ku giti cye,aho yashyizeho ahantu hangana n'ibilometero bine abantu bagenda n'amaguru. Gikurura benshi kuko kibafasha kuruhuka mu buryo bwihariye.<ref name=":0" /> Si ibi birwa gusa biri muri iki kiyaga kuko muri 2012, Ikigo cy'Igihugu cyo kubungabunga ibidukikije (REMA), cyatangaje ko mu kiyaga cya Kivu habarizwamo ibirwa 250. Muri byo, 56 biri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda. Ibi twavuze ni ibyo ba mukerarugendo bakunze gusura .<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro: == [[Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda]] to3eprsuhfajw4wrd2pbm19z92g5n87 132302 132301 2026-06-20T08:19:43Z HiAmos 18412 gukosora imyandikire 132302 wikitext text/x-wiki === Ikiyaga cya Kivu === [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] ni cyo kiyaga kinini mu [[Rwanda]] cyikaba gikurura imbaga y'abantu haba Abanyarwanda ndetse n'abandi baturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye. Igice cyacyo kimwe kiri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda mu gihe ikindi kiri muri Repuburika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/bimwe-mu-birwa-bitatse-ibyiza-nyaburanga-mu-kiyaga-cya-kivu</ref> Ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda gikora ku turere tune aritwo Rusizi, Nyamasheke,Karongi na Rubavu, aha hakaba harangwa n'ibyiza nyaburanga bitandukanye birimo nk'amahoteri akikije ikiyaga ndetse n'umucanga abantu bidagaduriramo.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Ikiyaga cya Kivu.jpg|thumb|'''Ikiyaga cya Kivu''']] Ibi ni ibigaragara inyuma ariko imbere muri iki kiyaga harimo ibirwa bitandukanye byuje ubwiza butandukanye bituma uwabigezeho atifuza gutaha.<ref name=":0" /> == Ibirwa biri mu kiyaga cya Kivu == === Ikirwa cya Nkombo<ref name=":0" /> === Nkombo ni cyo kirwa kinini mu kiyaga cya kivu kuko gifite ubuso bungana na Kilometero kare 29.7 harimo Kilometero kare 22.7 z'ubutaka na Kilometero kare 7z'amazi, uyu akaba ari umurenge wose uri mu [[Akarere ka Rusizi|karere ka Rusizi]].<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa gituwe n'abaturage bakabakaba ibihumbi 18, gikurura abatari bake bashaka kujya kureba ukunru abantu batuye hagati mu mazi ndetse bakururwa n'imico yabo itandukanye n'isanzwe irimo nk'ururimi rw'Amashi rwumvwa n'abaho gusa ndetse n'imbyino zabo ziziwi nko gusama.<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa nta terambere ryaharangwaga mu myaka yashize ariko muri iyi myaka ryarahageze kuko haboneka ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye nk'umuriro, amazi meza , amashuri , avuriro ndetse na hoteli.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Gihaya<ref name=":0" /> === Gihaya na ho ni mu karere ka Rusizi ndetse ni hafi na Nkombo ariko ho ni hato. Ni ikirwa ba mukerarugendo bakunda kujya gusura bashaka kurira imisozi ndetse no gutembera mu bwato. Ubuzima bwaho ni nk'ubwo ku nkombo.<ref name=":0" /> === Akarwa k'Abakobwa<ref name=":0" /> === Aka ni akarwa kari mu [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|karere ka Nyamasheke]] gafite amateka akomeye mu Rwanda, kera bajyaga ku kajugunyaho abakobwa babaga baratwaye inda z'indaro ngo badateza ishyano ku musozi.<ref name=":0" /> Abantu baturutse imihanda yose biganjemo igitsina gore bajya kuhasura bagira ngo barusheho kumenya amakuru y'uko byagendaga ku bakobwa bahajugunywaga.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyamunini<ref name=":0" /> === Nyamunini izwi cyane nka Napoleon Island, ni ikirwa kiri mu kiyaga cya Kivu ku ruhande rwa Karongi. Iki ni kimwe mu birwa bikurura ba mukerarugendo bitewe n'ubwoko bw'inyoni butandukanye buhari ndetse n'imbuto zihari.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cy' Amahoro<ref name=":0" /> === Amahoro na cyo kiri ku ruhande rwa Karongi, nk'uko cyitwa amahoro koko ngo gitemberwa n'abantu babuze amahoro muri bo kandi ngo bahageze bakabona amazi agikikije n'amajwi y'inyoni ziririrmba bakumva buzuye amahoro muri bo.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyakarwa<ref name=":0" /> === Nyakarwa ni ikirwa giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Karongi|karere ka Karongi]] cyizwiho kugira inyoni zitandukanye. Uwahageze nta yandi majwi aba yumva usibye urusobe rw'amajwi atandukanye y'inyoni.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Mpembe<ref name=":0" /> === Mpembe na yo iherereye muri Karongi akaba ari icyirwa kigengwa n'umuntu ku giti cye,aho yashyizeho ahantu hangana n'ibilometero bine abantu bagenda n'amaguru. Gikurura benshi kuko kibafasha kuruhuka mu buryo bwihariye.<ref name=":0" /> Si ibi birwa gusa biri muri iki kiyaga kuko muri 2012, Ikigo cy'Igihugu cyo kubungabunga ibidukikije (REMA), cyatangaje ko mu kiyaga cya Kivu habarizwamo ibirwa 250. Muri byo, 56 biri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda. Ibi twavuze ni ibyo ba mukerarugendo bakunze gusura .<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro: == [[Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda]] bjwrgkbi5flfnnnohdgmplwocqqn8ad 132303 132302 2026-06-20T08:22:12Z HiAmos 18412 gukosora imyandikire 132303 wikitext text/x-wiki === Ikiyaga cya Kivu === [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] ni cyo kiyaga kinini mu [[Rwanda]] cyikaba gikurura imbaga y'abantu haba Abanyarwanda ndetse n'abandi baturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye. Igice cyacyo kimwe kiri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda mu gihe ikindi kiri muri Repuburika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/bimwe-mu-birwa-bitatse-ibyiza-nyaburanga-mu-kiyaga-cya-kivu</ref> Ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda gikora ku turere tune aritwo Rusizi, Nyamasheke,Karongi na Rubavu, aha hakaba harangwa n'ibyiza nyaburanga bitandukanye birimo nk'amahoteri akikije ikiyaga ndetse n'umucanga abantu bidagaduriramo.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Ikiyaga cya Kivu.jpg|thumb|'''Ikiyaga cya Kivu''']] Ibi ni ibigaragara inyuma ariko imbere muri iki kiyaga harimo ibirwa bitandukanye byuje ubwiza butandukanye bituma uwabigezeho atifuza gutaha.<ref name=":0" /> == Ibirwa biri mu kiyaga cya Kivu == === Ikirwa cya Nkombo<ref name=":0" /> === Nkombo ni cyo kirwa kinini mu kiyaga cya kivu kuko gifite ubuso bungana na Kilometero kare 29.7 harimo Kilometero kare 22.7 z'ubutaka na Kilometero kare 7z'amazi, uyu akaba ari umurenge wose uri mu [[Akarere ka Rusizi|karere ka Rusizi]].<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa gituwe n'abaturage bakabakaba ibihumbi 18, gikurura abatari bake bashaka kujya kureba ukunru abantu batuye hagati mu mazi ndetse bakururwa n'imico yabo itandukanye n'isanzwe irimo nk'ururimi rw'Amashi rwumvwa n'abaho gusa ndetse n'imbyino zabo ziziwi nko gusama.<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa nta terambere ryaharangwaga mu myaka yashize ariko muri iyi myaka ryarahageze kuko haboneka ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye nk'umuriro, amazi meza , amashuri , avuriro ndetse na hoteli.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Gihaya === Gihaya na ho ni mu karere ka Rusizi ndetse ni hafi na Nkombo ariko ho ni hato. Ni ikirwa ba mukerarugendo bakunda kujya gusura bashaka kurira imisozi ndetse no gutembera mu bwato. Ubuzima bwaho ni nk'ubwo ku nkombo.<ref name=":0" /> === Akarwa k'Abakobwa<ref name=":0" /> === Aka ni akarwa kari mu [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|karere ka Nyamasheke]] gafite amateka akomeye mu Rwanda, kera bajyaga ku kajugunyaho abakobwa babaga baratwaye inda z'indaro ngo badateza ishyano ku musozi.<ref name=":0" /> Abantu baturutse imihanda yose biganjemo igitsina gore bajya kuhasura bagira ngo barusheho kumenya amakuru y'uko byagendaga ku bakobwa bahajugunywaga.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyamunini<ref name=":0" /> === Nyamunini izwi cyane nka Napoleon Island, ni ikirwa kiri mu kiyaga cya Kivu ku ruhande rwa Karongi. Iki ni kimwe mu birwa bikurura ba mukerarugendo bitewe n'ubwoko bw'inyoni butandukanye buhari ndetse n'imbuto zihari.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cy' Amahoro<ref name=":0" /> === Amahoro na cyo kiri ku ruhande rwa Karongi, nk'uko cyitwa amahoro koko ngo gitemberwa n'abantu babuze amahoro muri bo kandi ngo bahageze bakabona amazi agikikije n'amajwi y'inyoni ziririrmba bakumva buzuye amahoro muri bo.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyakarwa<ref name=":0" /> === Nyakarwa ni ikirwa giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Karongi|karere ka Karongi]] cyizwiho kugira inyoni zitandukanye. Uwahageze nta yandi majwi aba yumva usibye urusobe rw'amajwi atandukanye y'inyoni.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Mpembe<ref name=":0" /> === Mpembe na yo iherereye muri Karongi akaba ari icyirwa kigengwa n'umuntu ku giti cye,aho yashyizeho ahantu hangana n'ibilometero bine abantu bagenda n'amaguru. Gikurura benshi kuko kibafasha kuruhuka mu buryo bwihariye.<ref name=":0" /> Si ibi birwa gusa biri muri iki kiyaga kuko muri 2012, Ikigo cy'Igihugu cyo kubungabunga ibidukikije (REMA), cyatangaje ko mu kiyaga cya Kivu habarizwamo ibirwa 250. Muri byo, 56 biri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda. Ibi twavuze ni ibyo ba mukerarugendo bakunze gusura .<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro: == [[Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda]] fbupkval1kd5ks074rv9kkx0lwy2ulc 132304 132303 2026-06-20T08:23:38Z HiAmos 18412 gukosora imyandikire 132304 wikitext text/x-wiki === Ikiyaga cya Kivu === [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] ni cyo kiyaga kinini mu [[Rwanda]] cyikaba gikurura imbaga y'abantu haba Abanyarwanda ndetse n'abandi baturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye. Igice cyacyo kimwe kiri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda mu gihe ikindi kiri muri Repuburika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/bimwe-mu-birwa-bitatse-ibyiza-nyaburanga-mu-kiyaga-cya-kivu</ref> Ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda gikora ku turere tune aritwo Rusizi, Nyamasheke,Karongi na Rubavu, aha hakaba harangwa n'ibyiza nyaburanga bitandukanye birimo nk'amahoteri akikije ikiyaga ndetse n'umucanga abantu bidagaduriramo.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Ikiyaga cya Kivu.jpg|thumb|'''Ikiyaga cya Kivu''']] Ibi ni ibigaragara inyuma ariko imbere muri iki kiyaga harimo ibirwa bitandukanye byuje ubwiza butandukanye bituma uwabigezeho atifuza gutaha.<ref name=":0" /> == Ibirwa biri mu kiyaga cya Kivu == === Ikirwa cya Nkombo === Nkombo ni cyo kirwa kinini mu kiyaga cya kivu kuko gifite ubuso bungana na Kilometero kare 29.7 harimo Kilometero kare 22.7 z'ubutaka na Kilometero kare 7z'amazi, uyu akaba ari umurenge wose uri mu [[Akarere ka Rusizi|karere ka Rusizi]].<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa gituwe n'abaturage bakabakaba ibihumbi 18, gikurura abatari bake bashaka kujya kureba ukunru abantu batuye hagati mu mazi ndetse bakururwa n'imico yabo itandukanye n'isanzwe irimo nk'ururimi rw'Amashi rwumvwa n'abaho gusa ndetse n'imbyino zabo ziziwi nko gusama.<ref name=":0" /> Iki kirwa nta terambere ryaharangwaga mu myaka yashize ariko muri iyi myaka ryarahageze kuko haboneka ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye nk'umuriro, amazi meza , amashuri , avuriro ndetse na hoteli.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Gihaya === Gihaya na ho ni mu karere ka Rusizi ndetse ni hafi na Nkombo ariko ho ni hato. Ni ikirwa ba mukerarugendo bakunda kujya gusura bashaka kurira imisozi ndetse no gutembera mu bwato. Ubuzima bwaho ni nk'ubwo ku nkombo.<ref name=":0" /> === Akarwa k'Abakobwa === Aka ni akarwa kari mu [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|karere ka Nyamasheke]] gafite amateka akomeye mu Rwanda, kera bajyaga ku kajugunyaho abakobwa babaga baratwaye inda z'indaro ngo badateza ishyano ku musozi.<ref name=":0" /> Abantu baturutse imihanda yose biganjemo igitsina gore bajya kuhasura bagira ngo barusheho kumenya amakuru y'uko byagendaga ku bakobwa bahajugunywaga.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyamunini === Nyamunini izwi cyane nka Napoleon Island, ni ikirwa kiri mu kiyaga cya Kivu ku ruhande rwa Karongi. Iki ni kimwe mu birwa bikurura ba mukerarugendo bitewe n'ubwoko bw'inyoni butandukanye buhari ndetse n'imbuto zihari.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cy' Amahoro === Amahoro na cyo kiri ku ruhande rwa Karongi, nk'uko cyitwa amahoro koko ngo gitemberwa n'abantu babuze amahoro muri bo kandi ngo bahageze bakabona amazi agikikije n'amajwi y'inyoni ziririrmba bakumva buzuye amahoro muri bo.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Nyakarwa === Nyakarwa ni ikirwa giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Karongi|karere ka Karongi]] cyizwiho kugira inyoni zitandukanye. Uwahageze nta yandi majwi aba yumva usibye urusobe rw'amajwi atandukanye y'inyoni.<ref name=":0" /> === Ikirwa cya Mpembe === Mpembe na yo iherereye muri Karongi akaba ari icyirwa kigengwa n'umuntu ku giti cye,aho yashyizeho ahantu hangana n'ibilometero bine abantu bagenda n'amaguru. Gikurura benshi kuko kibafasha kuruhuka mu buryo bwihariye.<ref name=":0" /> Si ibi birwa gusa biri muri iki kiyaga kuko muri 2012, Ikigo cy'Igihugu cyo kubungabunga ibidukikije (REMA), cyatangaje ko mu kiyaga cya Kivu habarizwamo ibirwa 250. Muri byo, 56 biri ku ruhande rw'u Rwanda. Ibi twavuze ni ibyo ba mukerarugendo bakunze gusura .<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro: == [[Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda]] kz5lytzqpefcjprd9ydy0d3qbni3ntk 0 13952 132292 127575 2026-06-20T03:08:20Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umwuzure wa Pentekote mu mwaka wa 1999''' wari umwuzure w'imyaka 100 hafi yigihe cya pentekote mu mwaka wa 1999 wibasiye cyane Bavariya, Vorarlberg na Tirol . Byatewe n'imvura nyinshi <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 1999 |title=World: Europe Two die in Bavarian floods |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/350209.stm |access-date=27 September 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> ihura n'amazi asanzwe ya Alpine. Mu mpera za Gicurasi, amazi y’amasoko ya buri mwaka ava mu misozi ya Alpes bivuze ko inzuzi nyinshi za Bavariya zari zimaze kuba ku rwego rwo hejuru. Ku ya 22 Gicurasi imvura y'amahindu "Quartus" yibasiye amajyaruguru ya Alpes, izana litiro 180 / m ², bituma imigezi ya Ammersee na Amper na Isar yaguka kandi yuzura ahantu hanini. Uturere twuzuyemo umwuzure twagutse vuba bikwira ibice bya Oberallgäu ku ruzi rwa Iller . Umwuzure wahise ukomeza kumanuka kugera mu turere dutuwe cyane muri Bavariya. Urwego rw'amazi rwa Isar runyura i Munich, rwamanuwe n'ikigega cya Sylvensteinspeicher hafi ya Bad Tölz . Nyamara inzira nyabagendwa kuri Iller zarananiranye, zuzura Sonthofen, ibice bya Augsburg na Neustadt . Muri Hindelang - Hinterstein umwuzure wageze ku mpinga itanditswe mu myaka 250 ishize. Amazi maremare ya Alpine yakurikiyeho ku ya 23-24 Kanama 2005 yongeye kwangiza utwo turere. Mu gace ka Vorarlberg umwuzure wa Rhine wibasiye ikiyaga cya Constance cyangiza Hard na Bregenz . I Tirol umudugudu Pflach muri Lechtal wuzuye amazi. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * {{Commonscat|Pfingsthochwasser 1999}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050321223441/http://www.bayern.de/wwa-fs/datenufakten/Wasserpegel/Hochwasser99/hochwasser99.htm Wasserwirtschaftsamt Freising: Pfingsthochwasser an der Amper Mai 1999] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509064053/http://www.keh.net/hw/ Kelheim: Pfingsthochwasser in Kelheim und Neustadt im Mai 1999] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807102714/http://www.hnd.bayern.de/ereignisse/hw210599/ Hochwassernachrichtendienst Bayern: Pfingsthochwasser 1999 – ein Jahrhundertereignis an Iller, Ammer und Donau] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120218203236/http://www.bn-ulm.de/lokales/hochwasser/index.htm Jahrhunderthochwasser in Ulm] 2qzss3ivv976csjkpb7big56ny42l25 0 14322 132290 130700 2026-06-20T02:20:21Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132290 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Fljótsdalur.jpg|thumb|Akabande]] [[Dosiye:Kubura k'ubwatsi.jpg|thumb|umubande]] Akabande cyangwa imibande ahantu hari hagati y’utununga cyangwa imisozi ibiri harangwa n’isoko y’amazi y’imusozi cyangwa y’ikuzimu. Kandi cyikaba igice kigaragara hejuru ku buso bw’isi kibaho ibinyabuzima harimo ibimera, inyamaswa n’abantu.<ref name=":0">https://bwiza.com/?Ahantu-hagiye-habera-ubwicanyi-bukomeye-muri-Jenoside-yakorewe-Abatutsi-ku</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://inyangenewss.com/?p=7947 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2025-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605204528/https://inyangenewss.com/?p=7947 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/iya-24-mata-1994-inkotanyi-zatangiye-guhungishiriza-i-byumba-abo-zari-zarokoye?url_reload=24</ref><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/gicumbi-muri-2018-abaturage-bose-bazaba-batuye-mu-midugudu</ref> === Ibikorwa === Akabande cyangwa umubande hakunze kuba harangwa n'amazi cyangwa ubutaka bworoshye, ibi bituma bigorana guhatura cyangwa kuhashyira inyubako, akeshi Akabande cyangwa umubande hakunze gukorerwaa ibikorwa byubuhinzi nki mirima y'imigenda cyangwa imitabo,hakaba kandi hakorerwa ibikorwa by'ubworozi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ijamboryumwana.com/uruhinja-rwamezi-10-rwakomerekeye-bikomeye-mu-mpanuka-ikomeye-yabereye-i-karongi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226074428/https://ijamboryumwana.com/uruhinja-rwamezi-10-rwakomerekeye-bikomeye-mu-mpanuka-ikomeye-yabereye-i-karongi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.urwego.com/2012/11/bahoneza-rwanda-social-welfare-rwanda_9.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226074439/https://www.urwego.com/2012/11/bahoneza-rwanda-social-welfare-rwanda_9.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.inyenyerinews.org/politiki/impinduka-mu-rwanda/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226074434/https://www.inyenyerinews.org/politiki/impinduka-mu-rwanda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/kigali-kajugujugu-ya-gisirikare-yakoze-impanuka-i-rusororo.hmtl |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226074428/https://ar.umuseke.rw/kigali-kajugujugu-ya-gisirikare-yakoze-impanuka-i-rusororo.hmtl |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Igishanga mu Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Igishanga]] Aha mu kabande cyangwa umubande niho usanga ibikorwa bitandukanye bicukurwamo maze bigatanga amashanyarazi nk'anyitamungegeri. hari akabande tugiye tuzwi nka kabande ka Nyarubera ku Kibuga aha ubu ni mu [[Akarere ka Huye|Karere ka Huye]].<ref name=":0" /> === Inyamaswa mu mubande === [[Dosiye:Umusambi.jpg|thumb|Umusambi]] Ubundi hari inyamaswa zibera mu gishanga, Nku musanbi, rero umusambi ukunze kuba munsi y’urugo ahantu hakonje, cyangwa ahegereye igishanga, cyangwa mu bishanga birimo amavomo aho mucyaro yitwa kano. Imisambi isigaye iba hamwe, kuko ubusanzwe muri kamere yayo itungwa n’udukoko two mu gishanga, ikogoga umubande wose ishaka ibyo kurya kuburyo yashoboraga kuva mu murenge umwe ikirirwa mu gishanga cy’undi murenge ikaza gutaha igihe cy’izuba rya Kiberinka, hari imisambi yabaga mu mubande wegereye igishanga cya Kanyonyomba. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rwandanews24.rw/2022/12/30/kubungabunga-ibinyabuzima-ntibikiri-umuco-wabanyarwanda-kubera-iterambere-rutangarwamaboko/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-28 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328082215/https://rwandanews24.rw/2022/12/30/kubungabunga-ibinyabuzima-ntibikiri-umuco-wabanyarwanda-kubera-iterambere-rutangarwamaboko/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/u-rwanda-rusigaranye-imisambi-300-gusa-mu-gihe-rwigeze-kugira-isaga-10-000.hmtl |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-28 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328082215/https://ar.umuseke.rw/u-rwanda-rusigaranye-imisambi-300-gusa-mu-gihe-rwigeze-kugira-isaga-10-000.hmtl |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Amazi === Mugishanga nubyo hakorerwa ibikorwa bitandukanye, amazi hayo akunze kuba ari mabi afite umwanda cyane ndetse anatera irwara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://inyarwanda.com/index.php/inkuru/124267/kayonza-barinubira-indwara-ziterwa-numwanda-kubera-amazi-arimo-umwanda-bavoma-124267.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-28 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328082218/https://inyarwanda.com/index.php/inkuru/124267/kayonza-barinubira-indwara-ziterwa-numwanda-kubera-amazi-arimo-umwanda-bavoma-124267.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rero kubaturiye akabande bavoma mu dusoko, cyangwa se bakadaha amazi hasi, ni ukuvuga ko hakomoka amazi mabi bikagi ingaruka mbi kubera umwanda, harimo kurwaza abana inzoka. <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/kamonyi-barishimira-umuyoboro-w-amazi-meza-n-inzu-z-abatishoboye-bujuje</ref> === Ibishanga === Mu bishanga bizwi, harimo '''igishanga cya Rwampara''', '''igishanga cya Gikondo''', '''igishanga cya Nyabugog'''o, '''igishanga cya''' '''Rugenge''' agazwi nko mu Rwintare na Kibumba. <ref name=":2">https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Ibindi-bishanga-5-byo-mu-Mujyi-wa-Kigali-bigiye-gutunganywa</ref> == Ibyiza Byibishanga == 𝗜𝗯𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗮 𝗻𝗶 𝘂𝗺𝘂𝘁𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗼 𝗸𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝘂fatiye 𝗿𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗶 abantu Ibishanga ni icyigega cya mazi; Ibishanga bifasha kuyungurura amazi; Ibishanga ni indiri y’ urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima; Ibishanga bidufasha guhangana n’ Ibiza.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Ubutaka]] hsvf2i56kzeyfv7vj4zymr1r228j9es 0 14689 132260 131335 2026-06-19T19:57:00Z HiAmos 18412 gukosora imyandikure 132260 wikitext text/x-wiki == Uburezi == Ni igikorwa gifatika kigamije kugera ku ntego zimwe, nko guhererekanya ubumenyi cyangwa gutsimbataza ubumenyi n'imico. Izi ntego zishobora kubamo iterambere ryo gusobanukirwa, gushyira mu gaciro, ubugwaneza, no kuba inyangamugayo. Abashakashatsi banyuranye bashimangira uruhare rw'ibitekerezo binegura kugirango batandukane uburezi nuburere. Bamwe mu bahanga mu bya tewolojiya basaba ko uburezi butera imbere umunyeshuri mu gihe abandi bahitamo ubusobanuro butabogamye bwijambo. Muburyo butandukanye gato, uburezi bushobora nanone kwerekeza kubikorwa, ariko kubicuruzwa byiyi nzira: imitekerereze n'imitekerereze ifitwe n'abantu bize. Uburezi bwatangiye nko guhererekanya umurage ndangamuco kuva ku gisekuru kugera ku kindi. Uyu munsi, intego z'uburezi zigenda zikubiyemo ibitekerezo bishya nko kubohoza abiga, ubumenyi bukenewe muri societe igezweho, kubabarana, hamwe n'ubumenyi bugoye bw'imyuga. [[Dosiye:Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg|thumb|uburezi mu mashuri mato ]] Uhereye ibumoso ugana iburyo, uhereye hejuru: Inyigisho mu ishami ry’ubuhanga bw’ibinyabuzima, kaminuza ya tekinike ya Tchèque, i Prague, muri Repubulika ya Ceki; Abana bo mu ishuri bicaye mu gicucu cy’ubusitani i Bamozai, hafi ya Gardez, Intara ya Paktia, Afuganisitani; Abanyeshuri bitabiriye amarushanwa ya Robo Yambere, Washington, D.C.; Uburezi bwabana bato binyuze muri USAID muri Ziway, Etiyopiya Ubwoko bwuburezi busanzwe bugabanyijemo uburezi busanzwe, butemewe, nuburyo butemewe. Uburezi busanzwe bubera mubigo byuburezi n’amahugurwa, mubisanzwe byubatswe nintego ni intego zinyigisho, kandi imyigire isanzwe iyobowe n'umwarimu. Mu turere twinshi, amashuri yemewe ni itegeko kugeza ku myaka runaka kandi ubusanzwe igabanyijemo ibyiciro byuburezi nkincuke, amashuri abanza nayisumbuye. Uburezi budasanzwe bubaho nk'inyongera cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo kwiga bisanzwe. Irashobora gutunganywa hakurikijwe gahunda yuburezi, ariko muburyo bworoshye, kandi mubisanzwe ibera mubaturage, aho bakorera cyangwa mumiryango itegamiye kuri leta. Ubwanyuma, uburezi budasanzwe bubaho mubuzima bwa buri munsi, mumuryango, uburambe ubwo aribwo bwose bugira ingaruka zifatika muburyo umuntu atekereza, yumva, cyangwa ibikorwa bishobora gufatwa nkuburere, bwaba butabigambiriye cyangwa nkana. Mu myitozo hariho gukomeza kuva muburyo bwemewe cyane kugeza kubimenyerewe cyane, kandi imyigire idasanzwe irashobora kugaragara mubice bitatu byose. Kurugero, amashuri yo murugo arashobora gushyirwa mubikorwa nkibidasanzwe cyangwa bisanzwe, bitewe nimiterere. [[Dosiye:Life_education_in_the_parts.jpg|thumb|uburezi mu mashuri abanza ]] Hatitawe ku gushiraho, uburyo bwuburezi burimo kwigisha, amahugurwa, kuvuga inkuru, kuganira, nubushakashatsi buyobora. Uburyo bwo kwigisha bwitwa pedagogy. Uburezi bushyigikiwe na filozofiya zitandukanye, inyigisho hamwe na gahunda zubushakashatsi bufatika. Hariho ingamba zo kuvugurura uburezi, nko kuzamura ireme n’ubushobozi bw’uburezi biganisha ku mibereho y’abanyeshuri no gukemura ibibazo neza muri sosiyete igezweho cyangwa ejo hazaza muri rusange, cyangwa uburyo bwuburezi bushingiye ku bimenyetso. Uburenganzira bwo kwiga bwemejwe na guverinoma zimwe na zimwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye. [A] Urugero, ku ya 24 Mutarama ni umunsi mpuzamahanga w’uburezi. Ku rwego rwa Loni, imyaka myinshi yo kwizihiza no mu myaka mirongo byahariwe uburezi, [4] nk'umwaka mpuzamahanga w'uburezi mu 1970. Uburezi nabwo ni imwe mu ntego 17 z’isi yose, aho gahunda z’isi zigamije kugera ku ntego irambye y’iterambere rirambye 4, iteza imbere uburezi bufite ireme kuri bose. == Ibisobanuro == Ingingo nyamukuru: Ibisobanuro byuburezi Ibisobanuro byinshi byuburezi byatanzwe nabatekinisiye bo mubice bitandukanye. [6] [7] [8] Benshi bemeza ko uburezi ari igikorwa kigamije kugera ku ntego zimwe na zimwe, cyane cyane ihererekanyabumenyi. Ariko akenshi bashiramo izindi ntego, nko gutsimbataza ubuhanga n'imico. [9] [6] [10] Ariko, hariho ukutumvikana gukomeye kubyerekeye imiterere nyayo yuburezi usibye ibi biranga rusange. Dukurikije imyumvire imwe, ni inzira ibaho cyane cyane nko mumashuri, kwigisha, no kwiga. [11] [12] [7] Abandi barabyumva ntabwo ari inzira ahubwo nkibikorwa cyangwa ibicuruzwa bizanwa niyi nzira. Kuri iki gitekerezo, uburezi nicyo abantu bize bafite, ni ukuvuga imitekerereze n'imitekerereze biranga. [11] [12] [7] Ariko, iryo jambo rishobora kandi kwerekeza ku nyigisho y’amasomo yuburyo bukoreshwa mu gihe cyo kwigisha no kwiga, ndetse n’ibigo by’imibereho bigira uruhare muri ibyo bikorwa. Etymologique, ijambo "uburezi" rikomoka ku ijambo ry'ikilatini ēducātiō ("Ubworozi, kurera, kurera") kuva ēducō ("Ndigisha, ndatoza") rifitanye isano n'izina ēdūcō ("Ndabayobora , Nsohora; Ndahaguruka, Nshiraho ") kuva ē- (" kuva, hanze ") na dūcō (" Nyobora, Nyobora "). [13] [[Dosiye:Western_Education_in_Northern_Nigeria_03.jpg|thumb|uburezi mu mashuri abanza]] Bamwe mu bashakashatsi, nka R. S. Peters, batanze ibisobanuro nyabyo mu kwandika ibikenewe kandi bihagije mu burezi, urugero: (1) bireba n guhererekanya ubumenyi no gusobanukirwa; . Ibigeragezo nkibi bisa akenshi bigenda neza muburyo bwo kwerekana uburere bwa paradigatike ariko byakiriwe kunengwa nubwo bimeze bityo, mubisanzwe muburyo bwikigereranyo cyihariye kidasabwa. [15] [16] [7] Izi ngorane zatumye abahanga mu bya tewolojiya batezimbere imyumvire idasobanutse ishingiye kumiryango. Ibi bivuze ko uburyo butandukanye bwuburezi busa nubundi nubwo budakeneye gusangira ibintu byingenzi biranga bose. [6] [17] [18] Iki gitekerezo gishobora kandi guhuzwa nigitekerezo kivuga ko ubusobanuro bwijambo "uburezi" bushingiye ku miterere bityo bikaba bishobora gutandukana bitewe nuburyo bukoreshwa. [7] Kugira igitekerezo gisobanutse neza icyo iryo jambo risobanura ni ngombwa kubibazo bitandukanye: birakenewe kumenya no kubiganiraho hamwe no kumenya uburyo bwo kubigeraho no kubipima. [19] [20] [21] Hano hari ukutumvikana mubitabo byigisha niba uburezi ari igitekerezo cyo gusuzuma. Ibyo bita ibisobanuro byimbitse byemeza ibi, kurugero, nukwemeza ko kunoza imyigire ari ikintu gikenewe cyuburezi. Nyamara, ibisobanuro bitandukanye byimbitse birashobora kutumvikana hagati yabo kubijyanye niterambere. Ku rundi ruhande, ibisobanuro bito, gerageza gutanga inkuru idafite aho ibogamiye y'uburezi. [20] Itandukaniro rifitanye isano rya hafi ni uko hagati yibisobanuro bisobanura. Ibitekerezo bisobanura bigamije gusobanura uburyo iryo jambo rikoreshwa n’abavuga rikijyana mu gihe imyumvire isobanura igerageza kwerekana icyo uburezi bwiza ari cyo cyangwa uburyo bugomba gukorwa. [9] Ibitekerezo byinshi byimbitse kandi bisobanura bishingiye kuri konti yabo ku ntego z'uburezi, ni ukuvuga ku bijyanye n'intego ibikorwa by'uburezi bigerageza kugeraho. [24] [25] [26] Izi ntego rimwe na rimwe zishyirwa mu byorezo by’ibyorezo, nk'ubumenyi no gusobanukirwa, ubuhanga, nko gushyira mu gaciro no gutekereza kunegura, n'imico iranga, nk'ineza n'ubunyangamugayo. Bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka bibanda ku ntego imwe ihamye y'uburezi kandi bakabona intego zihariye nk'uburyo bwo kugera kuri iyo ntego. [27] Ibi birashobora gufata uburyo bwo gusabana, aho ubumenyi bwakusanyirijwe mu gisekuru kugera ku kindi hagamijwe gufasha umunyeshuri gukora nk'umuturage usanzwe muri sosiyete. [9] [28] [7] Ibisobanuro byinshi bishingiye ku bantu byibanda ku mibereho y’abanyeshuri aho kuba: uburezi ni ukubafasha kubaho neza cyangwa ubuzima bifuza kubaho. [9] [27] [7] Abashakashatsi banyuranye bashimangira imitekerereze inenga nkintego hagamijwe gutandukanya uburezi n’uburere. [25] [26] [29] Ibi biterwa nigitekerezo kivuga ko gucengeza gusa bishishikajwe no kwinjiza imyizerere yumunyeshuri utitaye kumiterere yabo igaragara. [25] Ku rundi ruhande, uburezi bugomba kandi guteza imbere ubushobozi bushyize mu gaciro bwo gutekereza cyane kuri iyo myizerere no kubabaza. Icyakora, bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka bavuga ko uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo gucengeza bushobora gukenerwa mu ntangiriro z'uburezi kugeza igihe ubwenge bw'umwana bumaze gukura bihagije. [[Dosiye:Students_at_physical_education.jpg|thumb|uburezi mu mashuri abanza]] Uburezi bushobora kurangwa mubitekerezo bya mwarimu cyangwa umunyeshuri. Ibisobanuro bishingiye ku mwarimu byibanda ku cyerekezo n'uruhare rwa mwarimu, urugero, mu buryo bwo guhererekanya ubumenyi n'ubuhanga mu gihe ubikora mu buryo bukwiye. [31] [7] [14] Ku rundi ruhande, ibisobanuro bishingiye ku banyeshuri, byerekana uburezi bushingiye ku bunararibonye bw’umunyeshuri mu myigire, urugero, bushingiye ku kuntu uburezi buhinduka kandi bukungahaza uburambe bwabo. [32] [15] [33] Ariko, ibitekerezo bitekereza kubitekerezo byombi nabyo birashoboka. Ibi birashobora gufata uburyo bwo gusobanura inzira nkubunararibonye busangiwe nisi isanzwe irimo kuvumbura kimwe no gutanga no gukemura ibibazo. [15] [31] [34] == Ubwoko == [[Dosiye:10th students Crescent camp of University of Nishapur 09.jpg|thumb|Uburyo bwo kwiga imbonankubone mu ishuri.]] [[Dosiye:Learning to Code.jpg|thumb|Uburyo bwo kwiga bw'iyakure hifashishijwe murandasi.]] Uburezi busanzwe bugabanijwe muburyo butandukanye. Igice gikunze kugaragara ni hagati yuburezi busanzwe, butemewe, nubusanzwe. [35] [36] [7] [37] Nyamara, bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka batandukanya gusa uburezi busanzwe kandi butemewe. Inzira yo kwigisha igizwe nuburere busanzwe iyo bibaye murwego rugoye. Ibikorwa nkibi mubisanzwe bikurikirana kandi bikurikirana nkuko biri muri sisitemu yishuri igezweho, ifite ibyiciro bitandukanye ukurikije imyaka yumunyeshuri niterambere rye, kuva mumashuri abanza kugeza muri kaminuza. Kubera ubunini bwayo, uburezi busanzwe bugenzurwa kandi bukayoborwa ninzego za leta kandi mubisanzwe ni itegeko kugeza kumyaka runaka. [35] Uburezi butemewe kandi butemewe butandukanye nuburere busanzwe kubera kubura urwego nkurwo rwa leta. Uburezi butari busanzwe bugizwe nimpamvu yo hagati muburyo butunganijwe, butunganijwe, kandi bigakorwa ufite intego isobanutse mubitekerezo, nk'abatoza, amasomo ya fitness, cyangwa umutwe w'abaskuti. [35] [39] [7] Ku rundi ruhande, uburezi butemewe, bibaho muburyo butunganijwe binyuze muburambe bwa buri munsi no guhura nibidukikije. Bitandukanye n'uburere busanzwe kandi butemewe, mubusanzwe nta mutegetsi wagenwe ushinzwe kwigisha. Uburezi budasanzwe burahari mubice byinshi bitandukanye kandi bibaho mubuzima bwumuntu, ahanini muburyo bwihuse. Uku nuburyo abana bakunze kwiga ururimi kavukire kubabyeyi babo cyangwa mugihe biga gutegura ibiryo runaka bateka hamwe. [35] [39] [7] Konti zimwe zihuza itandukaniro riri hagati yubwoko butatu cyane cyane n’aho imyigire ibera: mu ishuri ry’uburezi busanzwe, ahantu h’umuntu ku giti cye umunsi ku wundi ku burezi butemewe, nahandi hantu rimwe na rimwe hasurwa kubidasanzwe. uburezi. Byaganiriweho ko intego ishinzwe uburezi busanzwe ahanini iba hanze, mu gihe usanga ahanini ari intandaro yo kwiga bitemewe kandi bitemewe. Itandukaniro riri hagati yubwoko butatu risanzwe risobanutse kubibazo bya paradigmatique ariko hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo hagati bwuburezi butagabanuka mubice bimwe. [35] Uburezi busanzwe bugira uruhare runini mumico igezweho. Ariko mu mico yambere, uburezi bwinshi ntibuba kumurongo cyangwa muburyo butemewe. [28] [40] [41] Ibi mubisanzwe bivuze ko nta tandukaniro riri hagati yibikorwa byibanda ku burezi nibindi bikorwa. Ahubwo, ibidukikije byose bishobora kugaragara nkuburyo bwishuri kandi benshi cyangwa abantu bakuru bose bashobora gukora nkabarimu. Impamvu y'ingenzi yo kwimukira muburyo busanzwe bwuburezi ni ukubera ubwinshi bwubumenyi bugomba gutangwa, bisaba ko haba abarimu ndetse nabarimu bahuguwe neza koherezwa neza. Ingaruka mbi yuburyo bwo kwishyiriraho ni uko uburambe bwuburezi bugenda burushaho gukurwa no gukurwa mubuzima bwa buri munsi. Ni muri urwo rwego, hibandwa cyane ku gufata imiterere rusange aho kureba no kwigana imyitwarire yihariye. [28] Bifitanye isano rya hafi no gutandukanya uburezi busanzwe nuburyo butemewe ni uko hagati yuburezi bwitondewe, bukozwe hagamijwe intego isobanutse mubitekerezo, hamwe nuburezi butagira ubwenge, bibaho ubwabyo bitateguwe cyangwa ngo biyobore. [42] Ibi birashobora kubaho mubice bimwe binyuze mumiterere yabarimu nabakuze bigira ingaruka zitaziguye kumikurire yabanyeshuri. Ikindi cyiciro giterwa nitsinda ryabiga kandi rikubiyemo uburere bwabana, uburezi bwingimbi, uburere bukuze, nuburere bukuze. [44] [45] [46] Itandukaniro rishobora kandi gushingira ku isomo, rikubiyemo ibice nk'ubumenyi bwa siyansi, uburezi bw'indimi, uburezi bw'ubuhanzi, uburere bw'amadini, n'uburere bw'umubiri. Uburyo bwo kwigisha bushobora gukoreshwa kimwe no mubyiciro, nk'itandukaniro riri hagati yuburezi gakondo bushingiye ku barimu, aho mwarimu afata icyiciro cya mbere muguha abanyeshuri amakuru, bitandukanye nuburezi bushingiye kubanyeshuri, aho abanyeshuri biga. uruhare runini kandi rufite inshingano mugushinga ibikorwa byishuri. Ijambo "ubundi burezi" rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwuburyo bwuburezi hamwe nuburyo bwo hanze y’inyigisho rusange, urugero, nko gushimangira kuvuga no kuvuga inkuru biboneka mu burezi kavukire cyangwa autodidacticism. [49] [50] [51] Imiterere yuburezi irashobora kandi gushyirwa mubikorwa nuburyo bukoreshwa, urugero, nko kwigisha intera, nko kwigisha kumurongo, e-kwiga, cyangwa m-kwiga, bitandukanye nibyumba bisanzwe byishuri cyangwa uburezi kurubuga. [52] [7] [28] Ubwoko butandukanye bwuburezi kumurongo bufata uburyo bwuburere bwuguruye, aho amasomo nibikoresho biboneka hamwe nimbogamizi nkeya. Ikindi cyiciro gishingiye ku kigo cy’imibereho gishinzwe uburezi kandi gishobora kubamo ibyiciro by’ibigo nk’umuryango, ishuri, sosiyete sivile, leta, n’itorero. [54] Iyo ijambo uburezi rikoreshwa muburyo bwo kugeraho cyangwa ku bicuruzwa, imvugo nk'ubwoko cyangwa urwego rw'uburezi bivuga impamyabumenyi y'umuntu cyangwa umwuga, nko kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye, impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza, impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga, impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga, cyangwa impamyabumenyi muri imyuga. [56] == Byemewe == "Kwiga bisanzwe" byerekeza hano. Kubisobanuro bya epistemologiya yemewe na siyanse ya mudasobwa, reba inyigisho yo Kwiga. Uburezi busanzwe bubaho muburyo bufite intego igamije kwigisha abanyeshuri. Ubusanzwe, uburezi busanzwe bubera mumashuri hamwe nibyumba byabanyeshuri benshi biga hamwe numwarimu wahuguwe, wemejwe niri somo. [57] Irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro cyangwa urwego rutandukanye. Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’uburezi (ISCED) ryashyizweho na UNESCO nk'ishingiro ry’ibarurishamibare kugereranya sisitemu y'uburezi. [59] Mu 1997, ryasobanuye ibyiciro birindwi byuburezi nimirima 25, nubwo nyuma imirima yatandukanijwe kugirango ikore umushinga utandukanye. Ubu verisiyo ISCED 2011 ifite icyenda aho kuba indwi zirindwi, yashizweho no kugabanya urwego rwa kaminuza mbere ya dogiteri mu byiciro bitatu. Yongereye kandi urwego rwo hasi (ISCED 0) kugira ngo ikore icyiciro gishya cya gahunda yo guteza imbere uburezi bw’abana bato, yibanda ku bana bari munsi y’imyaka itatu. ==== Ubwana ==== Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburere bwabana bato ==== Abana bato mu ishuri ry'incuke mu Buyapani ==== Uburezi bugenewe gushyigikira iterambere hakiri kare mugutegura kwitabira ishuri na societe. Gahunda zagenewe abana bari munsi yimyaka itatu. Uru ni ISCED urwego 01. [59] Amashuri abanza atanga uburezi kuva kumyaka igera kuri itatu kugeza kuri irindwi, bitewe nigihugu mugihe abana binjiye mumashuri abanza. Ubu abana bahita basabana nabagenzi babo hamwe nabarezi. Aya azwi kandi nk'ishuri ry'incuke ndetse n'incuke, usibye muri Amerika, aho ijambo ry'incuke ryerekeza ku nzego za mbere z'amashuri abanza. Amashuri y'incuke "atanga gahunda ishingiye ku bana, integanyanyigisho z'abana bato bafite imyaka itatu kugeza kuri irindwi igamije kwerekana imiterere y'umwana, umubiri, ubwenge, ndetse n'imyitwarire myiza yibanda kuri buri umwe muri bo." [62] Ibi ni Urwego rwa ISCED 02. [59] ==== Ibanze ==== Abanyeshuri bo mumudugudu wa Nepali Ingingo nyamukuru: Amashuri abanza Uru ni urwego rwa ISCED 1. [59] Amashuri abanza (cyangwa abanza) agizwe nimyaka ine cyangwa irindwi yambere yuburezi busanzwe, bwubatswe. Muri rusange, amashuri abanza agizwe nimyaka itandatu kugeza kumunani yishuri guhera kumyaka itanu kugeza kuri irindwi, nubwo ibi bitandukanye, ndetse rimwe na rimwe mubihugu. Ku isi hose, mu 2008, abana bagera kuri 89% bafite imyaka itandatu kugeza kuri cumi n'ibiri bariyandikishije mu mashuri abanza, kandi iki gipimo cyariyongereye. [63] kwisi yose kwiyandikisha mumashuri abanza bitarenze 2015, no mubihugu byinshi, ni itegeko. Gutandukanya amashuri abanza nayisumbuye ntabishaka, ariko mubisanzwe bibaho kumyaka cumi nimwe cyangwa cumi n'ibiri. Sisitemu zimwe zuburezi zifite amashuri yisumbuye atandukanye, hamwe ninzibacyuho yicyiciro cya nyuma cyamashuri yisumbuye kibera kumyaka cumi n'itanu. Amashuri atanga amashuri abanza, avugwa cyane nkamashuri abanza cyangwa amashuri abanza. Amashuri abanza akunze kugabanywa mumashuri y'abana bato n'amashuri mato. Mu Buhinde, nk'urugero, uburezi buteganijwe bumara imyaka cumi n'ibiri, hamwe n'imyaka umunani y'amashuri abanza, imyaka itanu y'amashuri abanza n'imyaka itatu y'amashuri abanza. Ibihugu bitandukanye byo muri republika y’Ubuhinde bitanga imyaka 12 y’uburezi bw’ishuri hashingiwe ku rwego rw’imyigishirize y’igihugu yateguwe n’inama y’igihugu ishinzwe ubushakashatsi n’amahugurwa. ==== Secondary ==== Iyi ngingo ikeneye izindi nyandiko zerekana kugenzura. (Mutarama 2021) Ingingo nyamukuru: Amashuri yisumbuye Ibi bikubiyemo ibyiciro bibiri ISCED, ISCED 2: Amashuri Yisumbuye Yisumbuye na ISCED 3: Amashuri Yisumbuye. [59] Muri sisitemu nyinshi zuburezi zigezweho kwisi, amashuri yisumbuye akubiyemo uburezi busanzwe bubaho mugihe cyubwangavu. Muri Amerika, Kanada, na Ositaraliya, amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye hamwe rimwe na rimwe bita K-12 uburezi, naho muri Nouvelle-Zélande Umwaka wa 1–13 urakoreshwa. Intego y'amashuri yisumbuye irashobora gutanga ubumenyi rusange, kwemeza gusoma no kwandika, gutegura amashuri makuru, cyangwa guhugura mu mwuga. [64] Amashuri yisumbuye muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika ntiyagaragaye kugeza mu 1910, hamwe n’izamuka ry’amasosiyete manini ndetse no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga mu nganda, byasabaga abakozi babishoboye. Kugirango ibyo byifuzo bishya bishoboke, hashyizweho amashuri yisumbuye, hamwe ninteganyanyigisho yibanze kubumenyi ngiro bwakazi bwategura neza abanyeshuri kumyenda yera cyangwa ubuhanga bwubururu bwubururu. Ibi byagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro ku bakoresha ndetse no ku bakozi, kubera ko ishoramari ry’abantu ryateje imbere igiciro cy’umukoresha, mu gihe abakozi babishoboye babonye umushahara munini. Amashuri yisumbuye afite amateka maremare mu Burayi, aho amashuri y’ikibonezamvugo cyangwa amashuri yatangiriye mu kinyejana cya gatandatu, [b] mu buryo bw’amashuri ya Leta, amashuri yishyura amafaranga, cyangwa ibigo by’uburezi byita ku buntu, ubwabyo bikaba byaratangiye kera cyane. [65] Ikoresha igihe kiri hagati yubusanzwe amashuri abanza ateganijwe kugeza ku cyiciro cya gatatu, icyiciro cya gatatu, "icyiciro cya nyuma", cyangwa "amashuri makuru" ya ISCED 5 na 6 (urugero: kaminuza), na ISCED 4 Amashuri yisumbuye cyangwa amashuri yimyuga. [59] Amashuri yisumbuye (icyiciro cya cumi na kabiri) ibyumba bya Calhan, Colorado, Amerika Ukurikije sisitemu, amashuri yiki gihe, cyangwa igice cyayo, arashobora kwitwa amashuri yisumbuye cyangwa ayisumbuye, gymnasium, lyceum, hagati amashuri, amashuri makuru, cyangwa amashuri yimyuga. Ibisobanuro nyabyo muri aya magambo aratandukanye bitewe na sisitemu imwe. Imipaka nyayo iri hagati y’amashuri abanza nayisumbuye nayo iratandukanye bitewe nigihugu ndetse no muri bo ariko muri rusange ni nko mu mwaka wa karindwi kugeza mu wa cumi w'amashuri. === Hasi === Porogaramu kurwego rwa ISCED urwego rwa 2, amashuri yisumbuye asanzwe ategurwa hafi yinyigisho zishingiye kumasomo; itandukanye n'amashuri abanza. Ubusanzwe abarimu bafite amahugurwa yo kwigisha mumasomo yihariye kandi, kenshi kuruta kurwego rwa 1 ISCED, icyiciro cyabanyeshuri kizaba gifite abarimu benshi, buriwese ufite ubumenyi bwihariye kumasomo yigisha. Porogaramu kurwego rwa ISCED kurwego rwa 2, igamije gushyiraho urufatiro rwo kwiga ubuzima bwawe bwose niterambere ryabantu nyuma yo gutangiza ibitekerezo byubumenyi mubice byinshi bishobora gutezwa imbere mubyiciro biri imbere. Sisitemu zimwe zuburezi zishobora gutanga gahunda yimyigishirize yimyuga mugihe cya ISCED urwego rwa 2 rutanga ubumenyi bujyanye nakazi. ==== Hejuru ==== Porogaramu kurwego rwa ISCED urwego rwa 3, cyangwa amashuri yisumbuye yisumbuye, mubisanzwe byateguwe kugirango barangize amashuri yisumbuye. Baganisha ku buhanga bujyanye nakazi nubuhanga bukenewe bwo kwiga amasomo ya kaminuza. Baha abanyeshuri inyigisho zinyuranye, zidasanzwe kandi zimbitse. Baratandukanye cyane, hamwe nurwego rwamahitamo ninzira yo kwiga. Amashuri makuru yo mumuryango atanga ubundi buryo muriki cyiciro cyinzibacyuho yuburezi. Batanga amasomo mato mato ya kaminuza kubantu batuye mukarere runaka. ==== Icyiciro cya gatatu ==== Iki gice gikeneye izindi nyandiko zerekana kugenzura. (Mutarama 2021) Abanyeshuri muri laboratoire, kaminuza ya leta ya Saint-Peterburg Ingingo z'ingenzi: Amashuri makuru n'amashuri makuru Reba kandi: Kwiga abakuze Kaminuza zikunze kwakira abashyitsi bakomeye bavuga kubanyeshuri, Madamu wa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika Michelle Obama atanga ijambo muri kaminuza ya Peking, Beijing, mu Bushinwa. Amashuri makuru, nanone yitwa icyiciro cya gatatu, icyiciro cya gatatu, cyangwa amashuri yisumbuye, ni urwego rwuburezi rutegetswe rukurikira kurangiza ishuri nkayisumbuye cyangwa ayisumbuye. Amashuri makuru asanzwe afatwa kugirango ashyiremo icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza nicyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza, ndetse nubumenyi bwimyuga n'amahugurwa. Amashuri makuru na kaminuza ahanini bitanga amashuri makuru. Hamwe na hamwe, ibi rimwe na rimwe bizwi nkibigo bya kaminuza. Abantu barangije amashuri makuru muri rusange bahabwa impamyabumenyi, impamyabumenyi, cyangwa impamyabumenyi. ISCED itandukanya ibyiciro bine by'amashuri makuru. ISCED 6 ihwanye nicyiciro cya mbere, ISCED 7 ihwanye na shobuja cyangwa impamyabumenyi ihanitse kandi ISCED 8 ni impamyabumenyi y’ubushakashatsi buhanitse, ubusanzwe ikarangirana no gutanga no kurengera impamyabumenyi ihanitse y’ubuziranenge busohoka bushingiye ku bushakashatsi bw’umwimerere. 66] Icyiciro ISCED 5 cyagenewe amasomo magufi yo kwiga icyiciro cya kabiri. Amashuri makuru asanzwe akubiyemo akazi kagana impamyabumenyi cyangwa impamyabumenyi y'ifatizo. Mu bihugu byinshi byateye imbere, umubare munini wabaturage (kugeza 50%) ubu binjira mumashuri makuru mugihe runaka mubuzima bwabo. Amashuri makuru rero ni ingenzi cyane mubukungu bwigihugu, haba nkinganda zikomeye muburyo bwazo ndetse nkisoko y abakozi bahuguwe kandi bize mubukungu busigaye. Inyigisho za kaminuza zirimo kwigisha, ubushakashatsi, nibikorwa bya serivisi zita ku mibereho, kandi bikubiyemo urwego rwicyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza (rimwe na rimwe byitwa amashuri makuru) hamwe n’icyiciro cya kabiri (cyangwa icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza) (rimwe na rimwe cyitwa ishuri ryisumbuye). Kaminuza zimwe zigizwe na kaminuza nyinshi. Ubwoko bumwe bw’inyigisho za kaminuza ni uburezi bw’ubuhanzi, bushobora gusobanurwa nk "integanyanyigisho za kaminuza cyangwa za kaminuza zigamije gutanga ubumenyi rusange no guteza imbere ubushobozi bw’ubwenge muri rusange, bitandukanye n’inyigisho z’umwuga, imyuga, cyangwa tekiniki." [67] Nubwo icyitwa uburezi bwubuhanzi bwubuntu cyatangiriye mu Burayi, [68] ijambo "ubuhanzi bwubuhanzi" rikunze guhuzwa n’ibigo byo muri Amerika nka Williams College cyangwa Barnard College. [69] ==== Imyuga ==== Ububaji busanzwe bwigishwa binyuze mumyitozo hamwe numubaji w'inararibonye. Ingingo nyamukuru: Kwiga imyuga ==== Imyuga yimyuga nuburyo bwuburezi bwibanda kumahugurwa ataziguye kandi afatika kubucuruzi cyangwa ubukorikori runaka. Imyuga y'imyuga irashobora kuza muburyo bwo kwimenyereza umwuga cyangwa kwimenyereza umwuga kimwe n'ibigo byigisha amasomo nk'ububaji, ubuhinzi, ubwubatsi, ubuvuzi, ubwubatsi n'ubuhanzi. ariko urwego ntaho rutandukaniye nurwo rwisumbuye rwisumbuye, kandi rushyizwe hamwe nka ISCED 4, amashuri yisumbuye-yisumbuye. ==== Bidasanzwe ==== Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburezi bwihariye ==== Kera, abamugaye akenshi ntibari bemerewe kwiga rubanda. Abana bafite ubumuga bangiwe inshuro nyinshi n'abaganga cyangwa abarezi badasanzwe. Aba baganga bo hambere (abantu nka Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) bashizeho urufatiro rwuburezi bwihariye uyumunsi. Bibanze ku nyigisho yihariye nubuhanga bukora. Mu myaka yacyo ya mbere, uburezi bwihariye bwahawe gusa ababana n'ubumuga bukomeye, ariko vuba aha bwarafunguwe ku muntu wese wagize ikibazo cyo kwiga. Impapuro zidasanzwe Ubundi Ingero n'ibitekerezo muri iki gice bivuga cyane cyane muri Amerika kandi ntabwo byerekana uko isi ibona ibintu. (Gashyantare 2020) Ingingo nyamukuru: Ubundi buryo bwo kwiga Nyuma y’uko gahunda y’ishuri rya leta yatejwe imbere cyane guhera mu kinyejana cya 19, ubundi burezi bwateje imbere igice nkigisubizo cyo kubona imbogamizi no gutsindwa kwuburezi gakondo. Uburyo butandukanye bwuburezi bwagaragaye, harimo amashuri yandi, kwigira, amashuri yo murugo, ndetse no kutiga. Urugero rw'amashuri asanzwe arimo amashuri ya Montessori, amashuri ya Waldorf (cyangwa amashuri ya Steiner), amashuri yinshuti, ishuri rya Sands, Summerhill School, inzira ya Walden, ishuri rya Peepal Grove, ishuri rya Sudbury Valley, ishuri rya Krishnamurti, hamwe n’ishuri ryuguruye. Amashuri ya charter ni urundi rugero rw’ubundi buryo bwo kwiga, bwagiye bwiyongera mu myaka yashize muri Amerika kandi bugira uruhare runini muri gahunda y’uburezi rusange. [71] Igihe kigeze, ibitekerezo bimwe bivuye muri ubwo bushakashatsi hamwe n’ibibazo bya paradigm birashobora gufatwa nkibisanzwe mu burezi, nkuko Friedrich Fröbel uburyo bwo kwiga abana bato bato mu kinyejana cya 19 Ubudage bwinjijwe mu byumba by’incuke by’iki gihe. Abandi banditsi n’ibitekerezo bakomeye barimo abasivili bo mu Busuwisi Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi; Abanyamerika barenga Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, na Henry David Thoreau; abashinze uburezi butera imbere, John Dewey na Francis Parker; n'abapayiniya b'uburezi nka Maria Montessori na Rudolf Steiner, na vuba aha John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison, na Ivan Illich. Abasangwabutaka Na Ishuri. Kwigisha ubumenyi kavukire, icyitegererezo, nuburyo bukoreshwa mu Ntara ya Yanyuan, Sichuan, mu Bushinwa Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburezi kavukire Uburezi kavukire bivuga kwinjiza ubumenyi kavukire, icyitegererezo, uburyo, nibirimo muri sisitemu yuburezi yemewe kandi idasanzwe. Akenshi mubihe byakurikiye ubukoloni, kumenyekana no gukoresha uburyo bwuburere bw’abasangwabutaka birashobora kuba igisubizo ku isuri no gutakaza ubumenyi kavukire n’ururimi binyuze mu nzira y’abakoloni. Byongeye kandi, irashobora gufasha abasangwabutaka "kugarura no kuvugurura indimi n'imico yabo, kandi kubikora, kuzamura iterambere ry’uburezi ry’abanyeshuri b’abasangwabutaka." [73] ==== Kwiga bidasanzwe ==== Ingingo nyamukuru: Kwiga muburyo budasanzwe Kwiga bidasanzwe ni bumwe muburyo butatu bwo kwiga busobanurwa n’umuryango w’ubukungu n’ubukungu n’iterambere (OECD). Kwiga bidasanzwe bibaho ahantu hatandukanye, nko murugo, kukazi, no mubikorwa bya buri munsi nubusabane busangiwe nabanyamuryango. Kubanyeshuri benshi, ibi bikubiyemo kwigira ururimi, imico gakondo, nimico. Umukorerabushake asomera mu ijwi riranguruye abana bo muri Laos. Mu myigire idasanzwe, hakunze kubaho umuntu uvugwa, urungano cyangwa umuhanga, kugirango ayobore abiga. Niba abiga bafite inyungu zabo bwite kubyo bigishwa muburyo butemewe, abiga bakunda kwagura ubumenyi bariho kandi bagatekereza ibitekerezo bishya kubyerekeye kwiga. Kurugero, inzu ndangamurage isanzwe ifatwa nkibidukikije byigenga, kubera ko hari umwanya wo guhitamo kubuntu, ibintu bitandukanye kandi bishobora kuba bitari bisanzwe bigizwe ningingo zinyuranye, imiterere ihindagurika, imikoranire ikungahaye ku mibereho, kandi nta bisuzumwa byatanzwe hanze. Mugihe imyigire idasanzwe ibera hanze yibigo byuburezi kandi ntibikurikize integanyanyigisho zihariye, birashobora no kugaragara mumashuri ndetse no mugihe cyo kwiga bisanzwe. Abigisha barashobora gutegura amasomo yabo kugirango bakoreshe mu buryo butaziguye abanyeshuri babo ubumenyi butemewe mu burezi. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, uburezi binyuze mu gukina bwatangiye kumenyekana ko bwagize uruhare runini mu mikurire y'abana. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, igitekerezo cyaguwe kigizwe n'abasore bakuru ariko hibandwa ku myitozo ngororamubiri. L.P. Jacks, na we washyigikiraga hakiri kare kwiga ubuzima bwe bwose, yasobanuye uburezi binyuze mu myidagaduro: "Umuhanga mu buhanzi bwo kubaho ntaho atandukaniye cyane umurimo we n'umukino we, umurimo we, n'imyidagaduro ye, ubwenge n'umubiri we, amashuri ye. N'imyidagaduro ye. Ntabwo azi neza icyo aricyo. Akurikirana gusa icyerekezo cye cyo kuba indashyikirwa mubyo akora byose agasiga abandi kugirango bamenye ingano arimo akora cyangwa akina. Kuri we, buri gihe asa nkaho akora byombi. Birahagije kuri we ko abikora neza. " abanyeshuri. [79] Kwiga wenyine == Ingingo nyamukuru: Autodidacticism == Autodidacticism (nayo autodidactism) niyigira wenyine. Umuntu arashobora guhinduka autodidact hafi yigihe icyo aricyo cyose mubuzima bwe. Autodidacts izwi cyane harimo Abraham Lincoln (perezida w’Amerika), Srinivasa Ramanujan (imibare), Michael Faraday (umuhanga mu bya shimi na fiziki), Charles Darwin (umuhanga mu bya kamere), Thomas Alva Edison (wavumbuye), Tadao Ando (umwubatsi), George Bernard Shaw (umwanditsi w'amakinamico), Frank Zappa (umuhimbyi, injeniyeri, gufata amajwi, umuyobozi wa firime), na Leonardo da Vinci (injeniyeri, umuhanga, imibare). Bishingiye ku bimenyetso Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburezi bushingiye ku bimenyetso Uburezi bushingiye ku bimenyetso ni ugukoresha ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi bwateguwe neza kugirango umenye uburyo bwuburezi bukora neza. Igizwe ninyigisho zishingiye ku bimenyetso no kwiga bishingiye ku bimenyetso. Uburyo bwo kwiga bushingiye ku bimenyetso nko gusubiramo umwanya birashobora kongera umuvuduko wo kwiga. Ihuriro ry’uburezi rishingiye ku bimenyetso rifite inkomoko mu rugendo runini rugana ku bimenyetso bishingiye ku bimenyetso. Fungura imyigire nubuhanga bwa elegitoronike Ingingo z'ingenzi: Gufungura uburezi n'ikoranabuhanga ry'uburezi Abana kubara by David Shankbone Ibigo byinshi bya kaminuza ubu bitangiye gutanga amasomo yubusa cyangwa hafi yubusa, binyuze mumashuri afunguye, nka Harvard, MIT na Berkeley bafatanya gushinga edX. Izindi kaminuza zitanga inyigisho zifunguye ni kaminuza zizwi cyane nka Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, kaminuza ya Pennsylvania, na Caltech, ndetse na kaminuza zizwi cyane nka Tsinghua, Peking, Edinburgh, kaminuza ya Michigan, na kaminuza ya Virginia. Kwiga kumugaragaro byiswe impinduka nini muburyo abantu biga kuva icapiro. Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwiza bujyanye no gukora neza, abantu benshi barashobora kwifuza guhitamo imyigire gakondo yikigo kubera imibereho n’umuco. Kaminuza nyinshi zifunguye zirimo gukora kugira ubushobozi bwo guha abanyeshuri ibizamini bisanzwe hamwe nimpamyabumenyi gakondo hamwe nimpamyabumenyi. Impamyabumenyi isanzwe ya merit-sisitemu kuri ubu ntabwo isanzwe mu burezi bweruye nkuko biri muri kaminuza zo mu kigo, nubwo kaminuza zimwe zifunguye zimaze gutanga impamyabumenyi zisanzwe nka kaminuza ifunguye mu Bwongereza. Kugeza ubu, ibyinshi mubyingenzi byingenzi byuburezi bitanga uburyo bwabo bwimpamyabumenyi. Muri kaminuza 182 zabajijwe mu 2009 hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyavuze ko amashuri yo kuri interineti ari menshi ugereranije n'ay'ikigo. Isesengura ryakozwe mu mwaka wa 2010 ryerekanye ko uburyo bwo kwigisha bwo kuri interineti no kuvanga bwagize umusaruro ushimishije kuruta uburyo bwakoreshaga imikoranire imbona nkubone. Amashuri rusange Ingingo nyamukuru: Amashuri rusange Kaminuza isanzwe ya Beijing, iyobowe na minisiteri y’uburezi mu Bushinwa, ni urugero rw’ubufatanye hagati y’ibigo bitandukanye mu rwego rw’uburezi. Urwego rw'uburezi cyangwa gahunda y'uburezi ni itsinda ry'ibigo (minisiteri y'uburezi, abayobozi bashinzwe uburezi mu nzego z'ibanze, ibigo byigisha abarimu, amashuri, kaminuza, n'ibindi) intego yabo y'ibanze ni uguha uburezi abana n'urubyiruko mu burezi. Harimo abantu benshi (abategura integanyanyigisho, abagenzuzi, abayobozi b'ibigo, abarimu, abaforomo b'ishuri, abanyeshuri, nibindi). Izi nzego zirashobora gutandukana ukurikije imiterere itandukanye. Amashuri atanga uburezi, abifashijwemo na sisitemu yuburezi isigaye binyuze mu bintu bitandukanye nka politiki y’uburezi n’amabwiriza - politiki y’ishuri ishobora kwifashisha - integanyanyigisho n’ibikoresho byo kwiga, ndetse na gahunda yo guhugura abarimu mbere na serivisi. Ibidukikije by’ishuri - haba ku mubiri (ibikorwa remezo) no mu mutwe (ikirere cy’ishuri) - na byo bigengwa na politiki y’ishuri [87] igomba guharanira imibereho myiza y’abanyeshuri igihe bari ku ishuri. Umuryango w’ubukungu n’iterambere ry’ubukungu wasanze amashuri akunda kwitwara neza mugihe abayobozi bafite ububasha ninshingano byuzuye kugirango abanyeshuri bashobore kumenya amasomo yibanze barangije. Bagomba kandi gushaka ibitekerezo kubanyeshuri kugirango babe bafite ireme-ryiza. Guverinoma zigomba kugarukira gusa ku kugenzura ubumenyi bw’abanyeshuri. Urwego rw'uburezi rwinjiye muri sosiyete rwose, binyuze mu mikoranire n'abafatanyabikorwa benshi ndetse n'izindi nzego. Muri bo harimo ababyeyi, abaturage, abayobozi b'amadini, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, abafatanyabikorwa bagize uruhare mu buzima, kurengera abana, ubutabera no kubahiriza amategeko (abapolisi), itangazamakuru n'ubuyobozi bwa politiki. Imiterere, uburyo, ibikoresho byigishijwe - integanyanyigisho - yuburezi busanzwe byemejwe na abafata ibyemezo bya politiki hamwe ninzego za leta nkikigo cya leta gishinzwe uburezi muri Amerika. jmqb1r4ls70ri7dqsd9jmgry3igdakq 0 15265 132265 119395 2026-06-19T20:12:11Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samuel Nelson Boateng''' (wavutse ku ya 14 Gicurasi 1968) ni umukinnyi wo gusiganwa kumaguru wabigize umwuga ukomoka muri [[Gana]] wasezeye mu kwiruka yari kabuhariwe muri metero 200 . <ref>https://yen.com.gh/business-economy/industry/226783-nelson-boateng-5-ghanaians-turn-waste-plastics-usable-products-including-houses-furniture/</ref><ref>https://www.modernghana.com/news/1213527/rev-kusi-boateng-absent-in-court-ordered-to-serv.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/09/c_139998728.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316083241/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/09/c_139998728.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.doverathletic.com/news/dover-athletic-0-chelmsford-city-0/</ref> Yatsindiye umudari muri Shampiyona nya furika yo mu 1989 . Muri Shampiyona nya furika yo mu 1993 yatsindiye imidari haba muri metero 100 na 200. Muri uwo mwaka yitabiriye amarushanwa yi si ya 1993 . Yaviriyemo muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza, amaze gushyiraho agahigo ka amasegonda 20.52. Yitabiriye kandi imikino Olempike yo mu 1992 yabereye i Barcelona. <ref>https://www.grhosp.on.ca/stories/ours-to-tell-kwabena-boateng</ref><ref>https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/black-stars/chris-hughton-watches-partey-semenyo-as-arsenal-beat-bournemouth-in-premier-league/j9by0l0</ref><ref>https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/black-stars/chris-hughton-watches-partey-semenyo-as-arsenal-beat-bournemouth-in-premier-league/j9by0l0</ref><ref>https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Watch-Okudzeto-s-resounding-celebration-by-NDC-constituents-after-win-in-Kusi-Boateng-s-case-1718540</ref><ref>https://www.modernghana.com/sports/1217663/karl-tuffour-joins-campaign-to-revive-athletics.html</ref><ref>https://yen.com.gh/186545-nelson-boateng-ghanaian-innovator-builds-house-plastic-waste.html</ref> Muri kaminuza, yabaye umukinnyi mwiza inshuro 2, mu banyamerika muri metero 200 mu 1993 na metero 4 X 100 mu 1991 nku mukinnyi wa nyuma muri ibyo birori byombi. <ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/02/nelson-boateng-bird/</ref><ref>https://yen.com.gh/people/229874-ghanaian-man-gabriel-asante-wins-2023-african-heros-award-honour-nelson-mandela-1991-ohio/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/esports/brock-royal-family-donates-big-cash-4-cows-to-azumah-nelson-in-support-of-mothers/fcxgygk |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316085909/https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/esports/brock-royal-family-donates-big-cash-4-cows-to-azumah-nelson-in-support-of-mothers/fcxgygk |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Nelson Boateng at World Athletics [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]] ktkz4do8ha2lud24odqh982nzcllzfz 0 16088 132251 128318 2026-06-19T12:22:47Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132251 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Jordan Ikoko by BISO0052.jpg|thumb|Jordan Ikoko]] '''Jordan Ikoko''', (yavutse Ku ya 3 Gashyantare 1994) yari muri Montereau-Fault-Yonne, ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] akaba ari mpuzamahanga ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]] (DRC) ukina nka myugariro muri Paphos FC .<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Ikoko&veaction=edit</ref> == Ubuzima == === Paris Saint Germain === Jordan Ikoko yavukiye i Montereau muri 1994 afite ubwenegihugu [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|bwa Kongo]] . Yatangiye gukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] muri 2002 muri Mitry Mory Football, umujyi yakuriyemo mbere yo kwinjira muri Villeparisis US Municipale nyuma yimyaka ibiri. Mu 2007, yinjiye mu kigo cy’amahugurwa cya [[Paris]] Saint-Germain . Muri Kamena 2009, yabaye uwa rangije mu gikombe cy’igihugu ku bana bafite imyaka 14 ahitamo Paris-Île-de-France League <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-29 |title=Site officiel du Ligue de Paris Ile-de-France : La LPIFF se qualifie pour la finale |url=http://paris-idf.fff.fr/cg/8000//www/actualite/517737.shtml |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=web.archive.org |archive-date=2012-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729190329/http://paris-idf.fff.fr/cg/8000//www/actualite/517737.shtml |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> . Mu ikipe ya Paris, yakinnye imikino itanu ya CFA mu ikipe ya B muri shampiyona yo muri 2010-2011 hanyuma yigaragaza nk'intangiriro mu ikipe yabigenewe mu bihe bya kurikiyeho, akina imikino 20 muri 2011-2012 hanyuma 18 muri 2012 -2013<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Ikoko&veaction=edit</ref> . === Urukurikirane rw'inguzanyo === Ku ya 7 Kanama 2013 , Jordan Ikoko yasinyanye amasezerano yu mwuga n’ikipe ya Paris mu gihe cyi myaka itatu ahita agurizwa muri Amerika Créteil-Lusitanos <ref>[https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Le-psg-prete-ikoko/391258 « PSG: Ikoko signe et part en prêt »] ''lequipe.fr'', 7 août 2013.</ref> . Yakinnye umukino wa mbere wa bigize umwuga kuri Ku ya 16 Kanama 2013 , kumunsi wa gatatu wa Ligue 2, na SM Caen wa simbuye Augusto Pereira Loureiro kumwanya wa 63 umunota w'umukino (gutsindwa 3-0) <ref>[http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/feuille_match/77913 « SM Caen 3 - 0 US Créteil-Lusitanos »], ''lfp.fr'', 16 août 2013.</ref> . Icyumweru cyakurikiyeho, yashinzwe bwa mbere ahanganye na FC Istres (kunganya 2-2) <ref>[http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/feuille_match/77927 « US Créteil-Lusitanos 2 - 2 FC Istres »], ''lfp.fr'', 23 août 2013.</ref> . Muri shampiyona 2014-2015, PSG ya mugurije ubugira kabiri, kuriyi nshuro Le Havre, ikipe ya Ligue 2 aho yakinnye imikino igera kuri 20 ya shampiyona.<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Ikoko&veaction=edit</ref> Umwaka umwe , Ku ya 24 Nyakanga 2015 , yongeye gutizwa maze atwara RC Lens <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan Ikoko (PSG) prêté à Lens (off.) |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Jordan-ikoko-psg-prete-a-lens-off/576472 |access-date=2015-07-24}}</ref> . === EA Guingamp === Ku ya 23 Kamena 2016 , yinjiye muri En avant Guingamp ku masezerano yi myaka itatu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan Ikoko à Guingamp (officiel) |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Jordan-ikoko-a-guingamp-officiel/698341 |access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> kugirango asubize Lars Jacobsen . Byu mwihariko yatsinze igitego we nyine, ku ya 13 Kanama 2017 ubwo yakiniraga Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, ikipe ye yitoreza, kumunsi wa kabiri wa Ligue ya 1 muri 2017-2018.<ref>https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Ikoko&veaction=edit</ref> === Ludogorets Razgrad === Muri Kamena 2019 , yasinye amasezerano na Ludogorets Razgrad muri [[Bulugariya]] <ref>[https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-jordan-ikoko-guingamp-signe-a-ludogorets-en-bulgarie/1030616 Transferts : Jordan Ikoko (Guingamp) signe à Ludogorets en Bulgarie], www.lequipe.fr, 16 juin 2019.</ref> . === Mu guhitamo === ==== hamwe n'urubyiruko ==== Jordan Ikoko yatoranijwe bwa mbere hamwe nu bufaransa batarengeje imyaka igera 16 Ku ya 29 Nzeri 2009, mugushirwaho na Wales mu mikino ya gicuti (intsinzi 6-0) . Yatsinze igitego cya mbere hamwe n'iri hitamo Ku ya 1 Ukuboza 2009 mu mukino wa gicuti n'[[Ububiligi]] (intsinzi 4-1) . Ku ya 3 Nyakanga 2013 , yatoranijwe na Francis Smerecki kwitabira muri Euro yo 2013 bari munsi yimyaka 19 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200815170254/http://www.allpaname.com/rubrique/selection/news-19171.html « Rabiot, Conte et Ikoko à l'Euro U19 »], ''allpaname.com'', 3 juillet 2013.</ref> . Nyuma yo gutangira amarushanwa bitoroshye, yakuye Espayne muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza maze yinjira mu mukino wa nyuma yakinnye na [[Seribiya]] bitewe n'ibitego bya Yassine Benzia na Antoine Conte <ref>[https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/dma_une_-Euro-U19.-La-France-bat-l-Espagne-et-va-en-finale_44096-2216339-fils_filDMA.Htm « Euro U19 : La France bat l'Espagne et va en finale »], ''[[Ouest-France]]'', 29 juillet 2013.</ref> . Les Bleuets yatsinzwe igitego 1-0 kumukino wanyuma . Yegereye iri rushanwa nka bafite kandi yitabira imikino yose yi kipe yu [[bufaransa]]. ==== Hamwe no guhitamo DRC ==== Ku ya 31 Ukwakira 2016 , yatoranijwe rero n'umutoza w'ikipe [[umupira w'amaguru]] ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] <ref>[http://www.afrik-foot.com/rdc-26-convoques-pour-la-guinee-4-pour-l-avenir 26 convoqués pour la Guinée, 4 pour l’avenir], ''afrik-foot.com'', 31 octobre 2016.</ref> amezi make mbere yuko CAN muri 2017 yujuje ibyangombwa byo gutoranya Abanyekongo. Yatoranijwe muri CAN muri 2017, yakinnye umukino wa mbere na Kote Divuwari (2-2). == Imibare == == Ibihembo == Hamwe n’Ubufaransa bwabatarengeje imyaka 19, yabaye uwanyuma wa Euro muri 2013 . == Reba == {{Reflist}} == amahuza yo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] == Inkomoko == {{Reflist}} 40qq7xikt4aqelwgzeetruys3uzjsml 0 16289 132255 121802 2026-06-19T14:53:32Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132255 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Meskerem_Assefa.jpg|thumb|596x596px| Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyumwanya wa 2019 Boston Marathon aho yashyize uwa 4]] '''Meskerem Assefa Legesse Wondimagegn''' (yavutse ku ya 20 Nzeri 1985 i Robe, muri Arsi ) <ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418091834/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/as/meskerem-assefa-1.html Meskerem Assefa]. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2013-02-18.</ref> ni [[Etiyopiya|Umunyetiyopiya]] wo hagati - kandi wiruka intera ndende. Yahagarariye [[Etiyopiya]] mu mikino Olempike yo muri 2008 na 2012. <ref name=":0" /> Afite ibihembo bye bwite harimo iminota 4: 02.12 kuri metero 1500, iminota 8: 46.37 kuri metero 3000 n'amasaha 2:25:11 kuri marato . Meskerem irushanwa cyane muri 1500. Yitabiriye inshuro ebyiri mu marushanwa y'isi yaberaga mu mikino ngororamubiri kandi yatwaye umudari wa feza mu marushanwa ya Afurika yo muri 2008 yaberaga muri irushanwa . == Umwuga == Meskerem yatangiye kwiruka amasiganwa yo hagati muri 2001 naho mugihe muri Oregon muri 2003 yirutse metero 800 nziza cyane m'uminota 2: 01.11 na metero 1500 nziza m'uminota 4: 03.96. Yashingiye ahanini muri Amerika kugeza muri 2007. <ref name="IAAFBio">[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/ethiopia/meskerem-assefa#progression Meskerem Assefa]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> Intsinzi mu mikino yose yabereye muri [[Etiyopiya]] yabereye [[Addis Ababa|i Addis Abeba]] ndetse no ku mwanya wa kabiri mu marushanwa y’imikino ngororamubiri ya [[Etiyopiya]] ya muzaniye umwanya mu mikino yaberaga muri Afurika muri 2007, <ref>Negash, Elshadai (2007-03-13). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/daba-and-mergia-take-5000m-victories-in-all-e Daba and Mergia take 5000m victories in All-Ethiopian Games]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> <ref>Negash, Elshadai (2007-05-07). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/burka-romps-to-1500m-victory-ethiopian-cham Burka romps to 1500m victory – Ethiopian Champs, Final Day]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> aho yashyize ku mwanya wa kane yiruka 4: Iminota 09.83. Umwaka ukurikira yazanye umudari wa mbere ukomeye - niwe wegukanye umudari wa feza inyuma ya Gelete Burka muri metero 1500 muri Shampiyona nyafurika yo muri 2008 muri isiganwa . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021713/http://amharic.voanews.com/content/a-53-2008-05-02-voa1-93030749/1459930.html African Athletics Championships DAY 3: Ethiopia Dominates 1,500 Meters]. VoaNews (2008-05-02). Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> <ref>Powell, David (2008-05-02).[http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/montsho-takes-4983-400m-victory-in-addis-abab Montsho takes 49.83 400m victory in Addis Ababa – African Championships day 3]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> Kumikino ngororamubiri yo muri [[Burezile]] yatsindiye inshuro eshatu zirimo ibyiza by'umuntu w'iminota 2: 02.12 muri metero 800 i [[Rio de Janeiro]] . <ref>[https://archive.today/20130407134158/http://www.iaaf.biz/gp08/results/eventCode=4148/sex=W/discCode=800/result.html 2008 Gold Meeting Rio de Atletismo]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.</ref> Yirutse neza muri 1500 icyo gihembwe cyari iminota 4: 05.67, cyaje mu nama yabereye i Jerez de la Frontera . <ref name="IAAFBio"/> Yatorewe guhagararira Etiyopiya mu mikino Olempike yo muri 2008, ariko yaje gusezererwa mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'ubushyuhe. == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa etiyopiya]] 15xb6diny3gw04n1v7j920y8t0qd28m 0 16290 132287 94714 2026-06-20T00:48:03Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132287 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Tigist Assefa 2013 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Tigist Assefa]] '''Tigist Assefa Tessema''' (yavutse ku ya 28 Werurwe 1994) <ref name="WAprofile">{{Cite web |title=Tigist ASSEFA – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/tigist-assefa-14388506 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> ni [[Etiyopiya|Umunyetiyopiya]] wiruka n'amaguru mu marato, wahoze ari inzobere mu metero 800 . Nyuma yo gutangira umukino wa marato muri Mata 2022, yateye imbere mu minota irenga 18 nyuma ashyiraho ku mwanya wa gatatu mu biihuta cyane ku rutonde rw’ibihe byose ku isi (kuri ubu ni uwa gatanu) muri Marato ya Berlin muri 2022 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-25 |title=Kipchoge breaks world record in Berlin with 2:01:09 |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/eliud-kipchoge-world-record-berlin-marathon-2022 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> <ref name="2022Berlin">{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-25 |title=Eliud Kipchoge (2:01:09) Smashes World Record; Tigist Assefa (2:15:37) Stuns World at 2022 Berlin Marathon |url=https://www.letsrun.com/news/2022/09/eliud-kipchoge-20109-smashes-world-record-tigist-assefa-21537-stuns-world-at-2022-berlin-marathon/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=[[LetsRun.com]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Jason |date=2022-09-25 |title=Eliud Kipchoge smashes world marathon record in Berlin |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/eliud-kipchoge-smashes-world-marathon-record-in-berlin-1039961124/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=[[Athletics Weekly|AW]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Muri 2013, Assefa niwe we gukanye umudari wa metero 800 muri Shampiyona ny'[[afurika]] . Hamwe n’umwaka wa 2014 witwaye neza muri ibyo birori, yabaye muri 2022 i Berlin [[umugore]] wa mbere mu mateka watsinze iminota ibiri kuri metero 800 na 2:20 kuri marato. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingle |first=Sean |date=2022-09-25 |title=Eliud Kipchoge takes 30 seconds off his men's marathon world record in Berlin |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/sep/25/eliud-kipchoge-takes-30-seconds-off-his-mens-marathon-world-record-in-berlin |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |language=en}}</ref> == Umwuga == Muri Kanama 2014, Tigist Assefa ye gukanye umwanya wa kane muri metero 800 mu [[Umugore|bagore]] mu marushanwa ny'afurika yaberaga mu mikino ngororamubiri yabereye muri Marrakesh, muri [[Maroke]]. Muri uko kwezi, yatsinze isiganwa mu nama ya ISTAF Berlin y'abereye mu [[Ubudage|Budage]]. Muri Nzeri, yarangije ku mwanya wa kane hejuru y'intera mu gikombe cya IAAF Continental Cup, nacyo cyabereye i Marrakesh. <ref name="WAprofile"/> Yakuweho muri metero 800 icyiciro cya mbere cyamarushanwa yisi yo muri 2016 yabereye Portland, Oregon . Uyu musore w'imyaka 22 yari ahagarariye [[Etiyopiya]] muri metero 800 ibirori byabereye mu mikino Olempike ya Rio muri 2016, aho atujuje ibyangombwa ashyushye hamwe na shampiyona nziza ya 2: 00.21. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tigst Assefa |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/tigst-assefa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806031134/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/tigst-assefa |archive-date=August 6, 2016 |access-date=September 4, 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's 800m - Standings |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-standings-at-womens-800m |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831125140/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-standings-at-womens-800m |archive-date=August 31, 2016 |access-date=September 4, 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}</ref> Yahinduye umuhanda ukora muri 2018. <ref name="WAprofile"/> Muri Werurwe 2022, Assefa yerekeje mu ntera ya marato mu marushanwa ya mbere ya Riyadh Marathon muri [[Arabiya Sawudite]], arangiza ku mwanya wa karindwi n'amasaha 2:34:01. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2022/03/06/More-than-10-000-people-take-part-in-first-full-length-Riyadh-Marathon |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-25 |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926002153/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2022/03/06/More-than-10-000-people-take-part-in-first-full-length-Riyadh-Marathon |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.womensrunning.com/culture/news/ethiopias-tigist-assefa-win-berlin-2022/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928035402/https://www.womensrunning.com/culture/news/ethiopias-tigist-assefa-win-berlin-2022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muri Marato y'i Berlin muri Nzeri, umusore w'imyaka 28 yahagaritse isaha mu masaha abiri iminota 15 amasegonda 37, iterambere rirenga iminota 18 ndetse n’umwanya wa gatatu wihuta cyane mu [[Umugore|bagore]] icyo gihe, bitinda gusa 2:14:04 ya ufite agahigo ku isi Brigid Kosgei na 2:15:25 z'uwahoze afite agahio muri Paula Radcliffe . Gutyo yatsinze iminota irenga ibiri, atezi mbere amasomo m'uminota irenga ibiri nigice, anashyiraho amateka ya [[Etiyopiya]]. Mu irushanwa ryo gutandukana nabi, igice cye cya kabiri cyirutse mu gihe cya 67:24 cy'arihuse kurusha icyo gihe kimwe cya kabiri cya marathon ku giti cye iminota 67:28, yashyizeho muri Mata uwo mwaka ubwo yatsindaga ibirori agahigo muri Herzogenaurach, no mu [[Ubudage|Budage]]. <ref name="2022Berlin"/> == Ibyagezweho == === Ibyiza byawe bwite === Ibisobanuro byose biva kumwirondoro w'imikino ngororamubiri . <ref name="WAprofile"/> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa etiyopiya]] 8e6cp0f8t0hgxlyvb7rzjr6ahrxuv3c 0 16647 132278 131612 2026-06-19T22:41:58Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132278 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Marcia Fudge - We Can Do It.jpg|thumb|SWEDD yarigamije kwereka abagore ko bafite ubushobozi buhagije kugirango biteze imbere|138x138px]] [[Dosiye:Isabella Lövin signing climate law referral.jpg|thumb|143x143px|Abagore ]] '''projet pour l’autonomisation des femmes et le dividende démographique au Sahel, (Umushinga wo kwitana k'ubushobozi bw’umugore wa Sahel)''', uzwi kandi ku magambo ahinnye y'Icyongereza, '''SWEDD''' (Sahel Empowerment and Demographics), watangijwe mu Gushyingo 2015 bisabwe n’ibihugu birindwi byo mu karere ka Sahel aribyo: [[Bene]], [[Burukina Faso]], [[Kote Divuwari]], [[Mali]], [[Moritaniya|Maritaniya]], [[Nigeri]] na [[cade]] . Intego yayo ni uguteza imbere ubushobozi bw’umugore n’abakobwa n'abangavu, ndetse no kunoza uburyo bwo kubona serivisi nziza z’imyororokere, iy'ababyeyi n’abana. Uyu mushinga wungukira ku nkunga y'amafaranga yatanzwe na Banki y'Isi, inkunga ya tekiniki y'Ikigega cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye gishinzwe abaturage (UNFPA) n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima (OOAS). Icyifuzo cyayo muri rusange ni kwihutisha iterambere ry’abaturage, kubyaza inyungu z’abaturage no kugabanya ubusumbane bw’uburinganire mu karere ka Sahel. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Le SWEDD en action |url=https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/data/interactive/2019/09/17/swedd-in-action |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=World Bank |language=fr}}</ref> ^, <ref name=":4"/> ^, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Mise en œuvre du projet SWEDD-BENIN : Le Gouvernement met en formation 1.200 adolescentes et filles jeunes déscolarisées |url=https://www.gouv.bj/actualite/1887/mise-oeuvre-projet-swedd-benin-gouvernement-formation-1.200-adolescentes-filles-jeunes-descolarisees/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Gouvernement de la République du Bénin |language=fr}}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-10 |title=Projet SWEED : un appui salutaire pour l'éducation des filles |url=https://www.education.gov.bf/informations/actualites/articles?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=174&cHash=9b5f1d59d4b88961dbb24699f9874d21 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Ministère de L'Education Nationale, de l'Alphabétisation et de la Promotion des Langues Nationales |language=fr}}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2022-04-22 |title=MEFP/ SWEED 2 : le Comité National de Pilotage du Projet approuve un budget de 18 millions de Dollars US pour 2022 en faveur de l’Autonomisation des femmes et du Dividende Démographique. {{!}} MEFP GUINEE |url=https://mefp.gov.gn/2022/04/22/mefp-sweed-2-le-comite-national-de-pilotage-du-projet-approuve-un-budget-de-18-millions-de-dollars-us-pour-2022-en-faveur-de-lautonomisation-des-femmes-et-du-dividende-demographique/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603184047/https://mefp.gov.gn/2022/04/22/mefp-sweed-2-le-comite-national-de-pilotage-du-projet-approuve-un-budget-de-18-millions-de-dollars-us-pour-2022-en-faveur-de-lautonomisation-des-femmes-et-du-dividende-demographique/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |title=SWEDD Côte d’Ivoire : Les bénéficiaires de Bazré (Sinfra) évalués sur les acquis du projet |url=https://solidarite.gouv.ci/actualite/actudetail/swedd-cte-d-ivoire-les-bnficiaires-de-bazr-sinfra-valus-sur-les-acquis-du-projet239 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=solidarite.gouv.ci |language=fr}}</ref> ^, <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=PHASE II DU PROJET SWEDD : 800 000 JEUNES FILLES ET FEMMES A RISQUE CIBLEES SUR LA PERIODE 2021-2024 EN COTE D'IVOIRE |url=http://www.gouv.ci/_actualite-article.php?recordID=13384 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=GOUV.CI}}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Contexte du projet |url=https://sweddchad.org/presentation/contexte-du-projet/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=SWEDD TCHAD |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-24 |title=Le dividende démographique pour un développement durable au Sahel |url=https://unowas.unmissions.org/fr/le-dividende-d%C3%A9mographique-pour-un-d%C3%A9veloppement-durable-au-sahel |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=UNOWAS |language=fr |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603184047/https://unowas.unmissions.org/fr/le-dividende-d%C3%A9mographique-pour-un-d%C3%A9veloppement-durable-au-sahel |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Le Bénin adhère au projet Swedd pour autonomiser les jeunes filles et femmes |url=http://ortb.bj/archives/index.php/info/item/9604-le-benin-adhere-au-projet-sweed-pour-autonomiser-les-jeunes-filles-et-femmes |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=ortb.bj |language=fr-fr |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603130352/https://www.ortb.bj/archives/index.php/info/item/9604-le-benin-adhere-au-projet-sweed-pour-autonomiser-les-jeunes-filles-et-femmes |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.facebook.com/cheikh.aidara.581?fref=ts |date=2020-02-04 |title=De la Phase 1 à la Phase 2, le Projet SWEDD passe à l’échelle supérieure |url=https://aidara.mondoblog.org/2020/02/04/de-la-phase-1-a-la-phase-2-le-projet-swedd-passe-a-lechelle-superieure/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Thaqafa |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ^, <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=SWEDD - Autonomisation des Femmes et Dividende Démographique au Sahel {{!}} Organisation Ouest Africaine de la Santé |url=https://www.wahooas.org/web-ooas/fr/projets/swedd-autonomisation-des-femmes-et-dividende-demographique-au-sahel |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.wahooas.org |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603193438/https://www.wahooas.org/web-ooas/fr/projets/swedd-autonomisation-des-femmes-et-dividende-demographique-au-sahel |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, [13] ^, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=Autonomisation des Femmes et Dividende Démographique au Sahel – Education des Filles et Leadership Féminin |url=https://swedd.mr/wps/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603194941/https://swedd.mr/wps/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Informations {{!}}{{!}} MDC |url=https://developpement.gouv.bj/post/article/Synth%C3%A8se%20de%20l%E2%80%99atelier%20d%E2%80%99appropriation%20des%20interrelations%20entre%20les%20objectifs%20du%20projet%20SWEDD%20et%20le%20pilier%20%C2%AB%C2%A0Population%C2%A0%C2%BB%20des%20ODD |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=developpement.gouv.bj}}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=Autonomisation des Femmes : Le Projet SWEDD tient son Comité de Pilotage inaugural - MINEPAT Cameroun |url=https://minepat.gov.cm/fr/2022/08/19/autonomisation-des-femmes-le-projet-swedd-tient-son-comite-de-pilotage-inaugural/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ^, ^[ <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-24 |title=Le dividende démographique pour un développement durable au Sahel |url=https://unowas.unmissions.org/fr/le-dividende-d%C3%A9mographique-pour-un-d%C3%A9veloppement-durable-au-sahel |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=UNOWAS |language=fr |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603184047/https://unowas.unmissions.org/fr/le-dividende-d%C3%A9mographique-pour-un-d%C3%A9veloppement-durable-au-sahel |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, ^[ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fidelia |date=2020-04-01 |title=Le Comité National de Pilotage du projet SWEDD installé |url=https://partenariatouaga.org/le-comite-national-de-pilotage-du-projet-swedd-installe/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Partenariat de Ouaga |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603193437/https://partenariatouaga.org/le-comite-national-de-pilotage-du-projet-swedd-installe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-11 |title=Le ministre des affaires économiques tient une réunion avec une mission conjointe pour soutenir du projet “SWEED” |url=https://ami.mr/fr/index.php/2022/02/11/Le-ministre-des-affaires-conomiques-tient-une-r-union-avec-une-mission-conjointe-pour-soutenir-du-projet-SWEED-/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Agence mauritanienne d'information |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mise en œuvre du projet Sweed au Bénin: Le gouvernement et l’Unfpa signent un accord-cadre |url=http://news.acotonou.com/h/123028.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=acotonou.com}}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |last=civinewsguinee |date=2022-04-26 |title=18 millions de dollars US approuvés pour démarrer les activités du Projet SWEED 2 en faveur de l’Autonomisation des femmes et du Dividende Démographique en Guinée. - CivinewsGuinee |url=https://civinewsguinee.com/18-millions-de-dollars-us-approuves-pour-demarrer-les-activites-du-projet-sweed-2-en-faveur-de-lautonomisation-des-femmes-et-du-dividende-demographique-en-guinee/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603193438/https://civinewsguinee.com/18-millions-de-dollars-us-approuves-pour-demarrer-les-activites-du-projet-sweed-2-en-faveur-de-lautonomisation-des-femmes-et-du-dividende-demographique-en-guinee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> . == Intego == [[Dosiye:Ghanaian women protest.jpg|thumb|162x162px|Abagore mubukangurambaga]] Intego rusange yu mushinga wa SWEDD : ni ukunoza ubushobozi bw’umugore n’abakobwa n'abangavu, ndetse no kubona serivisi nziza z’imyororokere, abana n’ababyeyi. Igamije kandi gushimangira ubumenyi mu karere no gusangira ubumenyi, ndetse n'ubushobozi bw'akarere no guhuza ibikorwa . <ref name=":0"/> ^, <ref name=":5"/> ^, <ref name=":7"/> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |last=says |first=TOSSA Kénoudé Olouwachéhoun Gwladys |date=2020-10-14 |title=Séance d’information sur le projet SWEDD-Bénin |url=https://swedd.bj/2020/10/14/ladhesion-des-ongs-pour-un-accompagnement-qualitatif/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=SWEDD BENIN |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602134833/https://swedd.bj/2020/10/14/ladhesion-des-ongs-pour-un-accompagnement-qualitatif/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, ^, <ref>{{Cite web |title=INITIATIVE SWEDD {{!}} AUTONOMISATION DES FEMMES ET DIVIDENDE DEMOGRAPHIQUE AU SAHEL |url=http://www.projetswedd.org/presentation_initiative/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603191052/http://www.projetswedd.org/presentation_initiative/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projet d’Autonomisation des Femmes et du Dividende Démographique au Sahel |url=https://social.gouv.bj/swedd |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Microfinance du Bénin |language=fr |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602053551/https://social.gouv.bj/swedd |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projets de développements: Sahel Women's Empowerment and Demographics Project - P150080 |url=https://projects.banquemondiale.org/fr/projects-operations/project-detail/P150080 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autonomisation des Femmes et du Dividende Démographique au Sahel (SWEDD) |url=https://beninrevele.bj/projet/46/autonomisation-femmes-dividende-demographique-sahel-swedd-/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Programme d'Action du Gouvernement - République du Bénin |language=fr |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602043912/https://beninrevele.bj/projet/46/autonomisation-femmes-dividende-demographique-sahel-swedd-/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |title=ONG AUTRE VIE - swedd |url=https://ongautrevie.org/index.php/component/tags/tag/swedd |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=ongautrevie.org |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603193438/https://ongautrevie.org/index.php/component/tags/tag/swedd |url-status=dead }}</ref>, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Projet Swedd-Bénin/Autonomisation des femmes et filles: Des milliers de filles dotées de kits de couture |url=https://matinlibre.com/2022/09/27/projet-swedd-benin-autonomisation-des-femmes-et-filles-des-milliers-de-filles-dotees-de-kits-de-couture/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Matin Libre |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603193438/https://matinlibre.com/2022/09/27/projet-swedd-benin-autonomisation-des-femmes-et-filles-des-milliers-de-filles-dotees-de-kits-de-couture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-17 |title=Autonomisation des Femmes |url=https://www.sante.gov.bf/detail?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=216&cHash=54c5a1c0aedb938d9e7b08a46a60709e |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique |language=fr}}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |last=https://web.facebook.com/chamsdine.baguiri |date=2022-10-23 |title=Vulgarisation du projet Swedd-Bénin : les blogueurs formés pour plus d’impacts |url=https://kparonbaaru.mondoblog.org/vulgarisation-du-projet-swedd-benin-les-blogueurs-formes-pour-plus-dimpacts/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Kparon Baaru |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ^, ^[ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie du Bénin {{!}} CCI Bénin |url=https://cci.bj/articles/158/sweed-benin-a-la-cci-benin-plaidoyer-sur-la-descolarisation-et-le-decrochage-scolaire-des-adolescentes-et-des-filles |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=cci.bj}}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |title=L'événement Précis – Éducation des filles et leadership féminin: L’exhortation du Projet SWEDD-Bénin à l’Institut national de la femme |url=https://levenementprecis.com/2021/11/18/education-des-filles-et-leadership-feminin-lexhortation-du-projet-swedd-benin-a-linstitut-national-de-la-femme/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603193438/https://levenementprecis.com/2021/11/18/education-des-filles-et-leadership-feminin-lexhortation-du-projet-swedd-benin-a-linstitut-national-de-la-femme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanou |first=Ignace B. |date=2022-03-23 |title=SWEDD-Benin outille les producteurs de contenus à Possotomè |url=https://24haubenin.info/?SWEDD-Benin-outille-les-producteurs-de-contenus-a-Possotome |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=24 Heures au Bénin |language=fr}}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-09 |title=Côte d’Ivoire-AIP/ Les bénéficiaires du projet SWEDD à Bazré instruites sur la santé sexuelle et reproductive – AIP – Agence Ivoirienne de Presse de Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.aip.ci/cote-divoire-aip-les-beneficiaires-du-projet-swedd-a-bazre-instruites-sur-la-sante-sexuelle-et-reproductive/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003012122/https://www.aip.ci/cote-divoire-aip-les-beneficiaires-du-projet-swedd-a-bazre-instruites-sur-la-sante-sexuelle-et-reproductive/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> . By'umwihariko, intego z'umushinga ni: * Iterambere rigera kuri bose, amakuru yubuzima n’imyororokere hongerwa ibyifuzo cyangwa serivisi by’imyororokere, iza b'abyeyi, umwana wavutse, n’ibicuruzwa hamwe n’ubuzima n’imirire. Ibi bikubiyemo guteza imbere impinduka mu mibereho no mu myitwarire, ndetse no guha imbaraga [[Umugore|abagore]] n’abakobwa n'abangavu. * [[Dosiye:Ghanaian Women weaving.jpg|thumb|173x173px|ubushobozi bwabagore mwiterambere]]Gukora ku buryo [[igihugu]] cyose gikora serivisi mu gushimangira ubushobozi bw’igihugu bwo gutanga ibicuruzwa n’inzobere zibishoboye mu bijyanye n’imyororokere, ubuzima bw’abana n’ababyeyi. * Guteza imbere ubwitange bwa politiki, kimwe no guteza imbere politiki n’ishoramari bijyanye n’inyungu z’abaturage. Ibi bishingiye kumuco wo kwerekana no gusangira ibisubizo. Umushinga SWEDD rero ugamije kuzamura ubuzima n’imibereho myiza y’abagore n’abakobwa bangavu, ndetse no guteza imbere iterambere rirambye mu karere. == Gushyira mu bikorwa == Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'umushinga SWEED rikorwa mu byiciro bibiri (02) : === Icyiciro cya 1 === Icyiciro cya mbere cyerekanye akamaro ko gushora imari mu kongerera ubushobozi abagore no guteza imbere imari y’abantu n'ingamba zo gukura mu iterambere <ref>{{Cite web |title=SWEDD EN ACTION {{!}} AUTONOMISATION DES FEMMES ET DIVIDENDE DEMOGRAPHIQUE AU SAHEL |url=http://www.projetswedd.org/swedd-en-action/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603192555/http://www.projetswedd.org/swedd-en-action/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, ^, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Procurement Details |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/procurement-detail/OP00209502 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> . === Icyiciro cya 2 === Icyiciro cya kabiri cy'umushinga SWEDD cyemejwe n'Inama y'Ubuyobozi ya Banki y'Isi muri Gicurasi 2020, mu kungukirwa n'inkunga y'inyongera ingana na miliyoni 376 z'amadolari, ahwanye na miliyari 188 yama FCFA. Iki cyiciro kigamije gukaza umurego ibikorwa biri gukorwa mu bihugu bigize uyu muryango nka Nigeri, Burkina Faso, cade, Kote Divuwari, Mali, Béne na Mauritaniya, mu gihe bigera no mu bindi bihugu bibiri bishya nka, Kameruni na Gineya . <ref name=":6"/> ^, <ref name=":2"/> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Swedd : Belmonde Dogo lance officiellement la 2ème phase du projet |url=https://www.afrique-sur7.ci/485586-phase-projet-swedd-cote-divoire |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.afrique-sur7.ci |language=fr}}</ref> ^, <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=PHASE 2 DU PROJET SWEDD : 188 MILLIARDS DE FCFA DE LA BANQUE MONDIALE POUR L'AUTONOMISATION DES FEMMES AU SAHEL |url=http://www.gouv.ci/_actualite-article.php?recordID=11209 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=GOUV.CI}}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Socialnetlink |date=2020-06-06 |title=Phase 2 du projet SWEDD : la Banque mondiale met 376 millions pour l'Autonomisation des femmes et des filles en Afrique |url=https://www.socialnetlink.org/2020/06/06/phase-2-du-projet-swedd-la-banque-mondiale-met-376-millions-pour-lautonomisation-des-femmes-et-des-filles-en-afrique/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Actualités technologiques et startup au Sénégal et en Afrique |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ^, . Intego nyamukuru ni ukubaka imari y’abantu muri Afurika no kuzamura iterambere ry’akarere <ref name=":3"/> . == Abagenerwabikorwa == Umushinga SWEDD ugamije kongerera ubushobozi abagore n’abakobwa b’ingimbi mu bihugu bigize uyu muryango ubaha serivisi nziza z’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, iz'ababyeyi n’abana. Aba bagore n'abakobwa b'ingimbi ni bo bungukirwa cyane n'uyu mushinga, ugamije guteza imbere kwibohora kwabo <ref name=":0"/> . == Ibihugu bigize umuryango == Umushinga SWEDD ukubiyemo ibihugu birindwi byo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba no Hagati, aribyo Nigeri, Burkina Faso, cade, Kote Divuwari, Mali, Béne na Mauritaniya. <ref name=":4"/> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |title=ZONE DE COUVERTURE {{!}} AUTONOMISATION DES FEMMES ET DIVIDENDE DEMOGRAPHIQUE AU SAHEL |url=http://www.projetswedd.org/zone-de-couverture/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603185716/http://www.projetswedd.org/zone-de-couverture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ^, <ref name=":7"/> Muri 2020, ibindi bihugu nka [[Gineya]] na [[Kameruni]] nabyo byinjiye mu mushinga wa SWEDD <ref name=":4">https://wcaro.unfpa.org/fr/swedd</ref> ^, <ref name=":3"/> . == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == amahuza yo hanze == {{Portail|Bénin|Burkina Faso|Côte d'Ivoire|Mali|Mauritanie|Niger|Tchad|Guinée|Cameroun|Afrique|économie|Organisation des Nations unies|Humanitaire et développement|politique sociale}} [[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore]] 735qnk3io9xps8hlw5xusrh8ggv2gf4 0 16956 132262 127465 2026-06-19T20:06:12Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132262 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nation Media Group''' ( '''NMG''' ) ni itsinda ry'itangazamakuru ryo muri Kenya ryanditswe ku Isoko ry'imigabane rya [[Nairobi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2015 |title=Nairobi Stock Exchange: Listed Companies |url=https://www.nse.co.ke/listed-companies/list.html |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Nairobi Stock Exchange]] |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928092308/https://www.nse.co.ke/listed-companies/list.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> NMG yashinzwe hamwe na Aga Khan IV muri 1959 iyobowe na AKFED kandi ni inzu nini y’itangazamakuru ryigenga muri [[Afurika]] y'Iburasirazuba no Hagati ifite ibiro nko muri [[Kenya]], [[Ubugande|Uganda]], na [[Tanzaniya]] . Muri 1999, NMG yatangije NTV, umuyoboro w'a makuru muri Kenya, na Easy FM . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development: Media Services |url=http://www.akdn.org/akfed_media.asp?type=p |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development]] |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408072120/http://www.akdn.org/akfed_media.asp?type=p |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Nation_Center.jpg|thumb|right|Inyubako y'icyicaro gikuru cya Nation Media Group.]] == Ibitangazamakuru == Ibitabo byiri tsinda birimo ni nka : The EastAfrican, Daily Nation, Business Daily Africa, Daily Monitor, Umuturage, Briefing abashoramari ba NMG, hamwe na Taifa Leo na Zuqka . Ikinyamakuru Daily Nation hamwe n’i cyumweru cyasohotse mu kinyamakuru kimwe, Sunday Nation, bizihije isabukuru yimyaka 50, cyiswe National Media Group cyiswe Imyaka 50 ya Zahabu, muri 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Partial Listing of Nation Media Group Publications |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/meta/-/1194/1172/-/ojmv8c/-/index.html |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-date=11 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811015852/http://www.nation.co.ke/meta/-/1194/1172/-/ojmv8c/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> NMG ifite imigabane 76.5% muri Monitor Publications Limited hamwe na 93.3 KFM, radiyo ishingiye kuri Kampala muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] . Ifite kandi televiziyo ebyiri mu gihugu, NTV Uganda na Spark TV. <ref name="Grow" /> NMG ifite imigabane 60% muri Mwananchi Communications Limited muri Tanzaniya. Iri tsinda ryi shamikiye kuri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, cyane cyane ubucuruzi bwa Tanzaniya, rigira uruhare runini mu kuzamuka muri iryo tsinda. <ref name="Grow">{{Cite web |last=Ngigi |first=George |date=22 March 2016 |title=Nation Media Group keeps full-year dividend level but profits lag |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/business/Nation-Media-Group-keeps-dividend-as-earnings-lag/996-3128658-5w5r32z/index.html |access-date=26 October 2016 |location=Nairobi}}</ref> Muri Werurwe 2016, NMG yashyizeho imashini nshya yo gucapa ibihangano ku muhanda wa Mombasa i Nairobi. Ikigo gishya gifite ubushobozi bwo gucapa ibinyamakuru 86.000 mu isaha. Yatwaye KSh2 miliyari ( hafi miliyoni 20 z'amadolari ) kandi izacapura buri munsi Daily Nation, Business Daily, Taifa Leo hamwe nicyumweru cyitwa EastAfrican . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngirachu |first=John |date=17 March 2016 |title=Aga Khan commissions new 'Nation' press |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Aga-Khan-commissions-new-NMG-press/-/2558/3120910/-/item/0/-/2xghh2/-/index.html |access-date=17 March 2016 |location=Nairobi |archive-date=17 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317141836/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Aga-Khan-commissions-new-NMG-press/-/2558/3120910/-/item/0/-/2xghh2/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Umugabane == Imigabane y'i migabane yitsinda yashyizwe ku isoko ry’imigabane rya Nairobi kandi yashyizwe ku rutonde rw’imigabane ya Uganda ndetse n’ivunjisha [[Isoko ry’Imari n’Imigabane|ry’u Rwanda]], igurisha kuri bourses zose uko ari eshatu ku kimenyetso NMG. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=Uganda Securities Exchange: Listed Securities |url=http://www.use.or.ug/inner.php?cat=lstcodir |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425222114/http://www.use.or.ug/inner.php?cat=lstcodir |archive-date=25 April 2015 |access-date=26 October 2016 |publisher=[[Uganda Securities Exchange]] (USE) |location=Kampala}}</ref> Nko mu Kuboza 2014, muri sosiyete hari abanyamigabane 10.436. Muri bo, 4.135, yari ifite imigabane 1 kugeza kuri 500 buri umwe, hamwe hamwe hamwe hamwe imigabane 782.157, igenzura 0.41 ku ijana by'isosiyete. Abanyamigabane barindwi bakomeye bagenzuye 62.57 ku ijana byimigabane yose. Muri byo harimo : * Ikigega cya Aga Khan gishinzwe iterambere ry'ubukungu hamwe na 44,66 ku ijana. * Alpine Investments Limited ifite 10.15 ku ijana. * Ikigega cy'igihugu cy'Ubwiteganyirize gifite 3,44 ku ijana. * John Kibunga Kimani wari ufite imigabane 1.54 ku ijana. * Isosiyete y'Ubwishingizi ya Yubile ya Kenya Limited hamwe na 1.07 ku ijana. * Abatoranijwe Basanzwe A / c KE17984, bagenzuye 0,91 ku ijana * CfC Stanbic Nominee Limited ifite imigabane 0.81 ku ijana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhahabu |date=10 September 2016 |title=Top ten Nation Media Group shareholders |url=http://www.dhahabu.co.ke/2015/09/10/top-ten-nation-media-group-shareholders/ |access-date=26 October 2016 |publisher=Dhahabu.co.ke |location=Nairobi |archive-date=27 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027060636/http://www.dhahabu.co.ke/2015/09/10/top-ten-nation-media-group-shareholders/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibihembo == * 2021 NIBA Ibihembo byashushanyije kubikorwa bya digitale idasanzwe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nation Media Group bags two awards at the ‘Oscars of Design’ – The Nation Media Group |url=https://www.nationmedia.com/news/nation-media-group-bags-two-awards-at-the-oscars-of-design/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805135050/https://www.nationmedia.com/news/nation-media-group-bags-two-awards-at-the-oscars-of-design/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2021 Ibihembo bya Global Media Awards (n'Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry'Itangazamakuru (INMA)) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nation Media Group Brands Win Six Global Awards – The Nation Media Group |url=https://www.nationmedia.com/news/nation-media-group-brands-win-six-global-awards/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805135104/https://www.nationmedia.com/news/nation-media-group-brands-win-six-global-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2022 Ibihembo byitangazamakuru ku isi <ref>{{Cite web |title=NMG wins top award in 2022 Global Media Awards – The Nation Media Group |url=https://www.nationmedia.com/news/nmg-wins-top-award-in-2022-global-media-awards/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804230133/https://www.nationmedia.com/news/nmg-wins-top-award-in-2022-global-media-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Reba kandi == * Urutonde rwibinyamakuru muri Kenya * Urutonde rwibinyamakuru muri Tanzaniya * Urutonde rwibinyamakuru muri Uganda == Reba == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130817130940/http://africanfinancials.com/Report.aspx?afr_year=2008&CountryDOMAIN=ke&CshortName=NMG 2008 annual report] * [http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/ The Citizen newspaper website] - The official website for The Citizen Tanzania newspaper * [http://www.Mwananchi.co.tz/ The Mwananchi newspaper website] - The official website for Mwananchi Tanzania Newspaper * [http://www.Mwanaspoti.co.tz/ The Mwanaspoti newspaper website] - The official website for Mwanaspoti Tanzania newspaper * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230607161259/https://www.mcl.co.tz/ Mwananchi Communications Ltd website] - The official website for Mwananchi Communications Ltd, its subsidiary in Tanzania [[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]] 2egimoeksm0lut6355bvciby1l78xl8 0 17470 132277 113920 2026-06-19T22:21:25Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132277 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Dosiye:Kabwayi tample.jpg|thumb|Katolike|413x413px]] '''Rugambwa''' '''Laurean''' ( yavutse 12 Nyakanga 1912 - 8 Ukuboza 1997 ) ni we mukaridinari wa mbere [[Afurika|wo muri Afurika]] muri Kiliziya Gatolika . Yabaye Arkiyepiskopi wa Dar es Salaam kuva muri 1968 kugeza 1992, agirwa umukaridinali muri 1960. == Ubuzima == Rugambwa Laurean yavukiye mu muryango w'abakomeye i [[Bukongo]], muri Tanganyika ( mu karere ka Kagera muri iki gihe muri [[Tanzaniya]] ) , maze abatizwa n'ababyeyi be <ref name="time">TIME Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190937/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871562,00.html Seven New Hats] March 14, 1960</ref> afite imyaka 8, ku ya 19 Werurwe 1921. Amaze kwiga muri [[Katigondo National Major Seminary|Seminari Nkuru y’igihugu ya Katigondo]] muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/world/laurean-rugambwa-chosen-africa-s-first-cardinal-85.html ''New York Times'' obituary]</ref> yahawe ubupadiri na Musenyeri Burcardo Huwiler, MAfr, ku ya 12 Ukuboza 1943. Rugambwa yahise akora umurimo w'ubumisiyonari muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba kugeza mu 1949, ubwo yajyaga i [[Roma]] kwiga muri kaminuza ya Pontifical Urbaniana, ari naho yakuye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga ya kaminuza mu by'amategeko ya Canon . Ku ya 13 Ukuboza 1951, Rugambwa yagizwe umwepiskopi w'icyubahiro wa Febiana na Vicari ya mbere y'intumwa ya Kagera yo hepfo. Umuhererezi mu basenyeri bo muri Afurika, yakiriye kwiyegurira abepiskopi ku ya 10 Gashyantare 1952, na Arkiyepiskopi David Mathew, hamwe n'abepiskopi Joseph Kiwanuka, MAfr, na Joseph Blomjous bakorana nk'abiyegurira Imana. Igihe vicariate ye y’intumwa yazamurwa muri diyosezi ku ya 25 Werurwe 1953, Rugambwa yagizwe Musenyeri wa Rutabo na Papa Piyo wa XII. Yashizweho na Padiri Karidinali wa S. Francesco a Ripa na Papa Yohani XXIII mu gitabo cyo ku ya 28 Werurwe 1960. Niwe mukaridinali wa mbere wavukiye muri Afurika wo mu bihe bya none. Ku ya 21 Kamena yakurikiyeho, diyosezi ye yiswe Bukoba. Rugambwa yasobanuwe nk'iterambere, <ref>TIME Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930061015/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829210-9,00.html Council of Renewal] October 5, 1962</ref> Rugambwa yitabiriye inama ya kabiri ya Vatikani kuva 1962 kugeza 1965. Yashimangiye cyane ko Abanyaroma Curia bamenyekana ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Yashyigikiraga kandi ecumenism hagati y’abakristu. Nyuma ya Vatikani II Rugambwa yagize uruhare mu gushyira mu bikorwa ivugurura ryayo. Yari umwe mu batoye abakaridinari mu nama ya papa yo mu 1963 yatoye Papa Paul wa VI . Yagiye kuri Arkiyepiskopi wa Dar es Salaam ku ya 19 Ukuboza 1968, nyuma yitabira amakimbirane yo muri Kanama na Ukwakira 1978, yatoye abapapa Yohani Pawulo wa mbere na Yohani Pawulo wa II . Rugambwa yeguye ku musenyeri mukuru wa Dar es Salaam ku ya 22 Nyakanga 1992, nyuma y’imyaka makumyabiri n'itatu akora, ari naho yashinze ibitaro bya mbere by’Abagatolika muri Ukonga n’ikigo cy’amadini Gatolika cy’Abagore, Mushikiwabo muto wa Mutagatifu Fransisiko wa Assisi. == Urupfu == Rugambwa yapfiriye i Dar es Salaam afite imyaka 85. Yashyinguwe muri katedrali ya diyosezi ya Bukoba nyuma yuko ibisigazwa bye bimuriwe mu rusengero rwa paruwasi mu karere ka Kagera. Urupfu rwe rwasize abakaridinari babiri gusa baremwe na yohani XXIII, Raul Silva Henriquez na Franz König . == Utuntu n'utundi == * Mu 1961, Karidinali yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga y'icyubahiro mu mategeko yakuye muri kaminuza ya Notre Dame . <ref>TIME Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930100730/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938131,00.html Kudos] June 9, 1961</ref> * Mbere yo gusubira muri Tanzaniya nyuma y’inama ya Kanama 1978, yasuye Amerika, ari naho yakiriye inkuru y’urupfu rwa Papa Yohani Pawulo wa mbere. <ref>TIME Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930114756/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919865-6,00.html The September Pope] October 9, 1978</ref> == Reba kandi == * Novatus Rugambwa - musenyeri mukuru na nuncio w'intumwa, nawe ukomoka muri Tanzaniya == Reba == <references /> == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130316011328/http://www.rc.net/tanzania/tec/rugambwa.htm Nyiricyubahiro Laurean Cardinal Rugambwa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091008233354/http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-r.htm#Rugambwa Abakaridinali b'Itorero Ryera] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] g8af1xrx2hrm503aksmwhvhvefepzur 0 17608 132297 132198 2026-06-20T08:05:09Z HiAmos 18412 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 132297 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Disability symbols 3.png|thumb|156x156px|Disability symbols]] [[Dosiye:They have the same rights as we, they want to study and learn.jpg|thumb|'''They have the same rights as we, they want to study and learn'''|174x174px]] [[Dosiye:A PhD holder with mobility impairment.jpg|thumb|173x173px|Ababana nubumuga bariga bakaminuza mu Rwanda]] Ubumuga ni Igihe umuntu aba afite igice cy'umubiri runaka kitaba gikora neza nkunko bisanzwe. Ubumuga bushobora guterwa n'impamvu nyinshi zitandukanye. urugero kuba warabuvukanye, kuba warabutewe n'impanuka, uburwayi cyangwa ikindi kintu runaka. Ahantu henshi hakunze kugaragara amoko atandukanye y'ubumuga arimo; Ubumuga bw'ingingo, ubumuga bwomumutwe,ubumuga bw'amaso, cyangwa ubumuga bw'umubiri. '''''<u>Tugiye gufata umwanya tuvuge kubafite ubumuga bw'amaso</u>''''' '''Ibyo wamenyakubafite ubumuga bw'amaso''' Indwara z'amaso ni igihe umuntu ataba abasha kureba neza ikintu runaka nkuko byari bikwiye. hakaba hari impamvu nyinshi zitera uburwayi bw'amaso, urugero; harimo indwara y’Ishaza, Izabukuru cyangwa se kuba umuntu atangiye gusaza <ref>https://kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/indwara/article/dore-zimwe-mu-mpamvu-ziri-ku-isonga-mu-gutera-uburwayi-bw-amaso</ref>. Hakaba hari uburyo bwinshi tugomba gukoresha twirinda indwara z'amaso, urugero Uburyo bwa mbere ni ukwirinda ikintu cyose cyatokoza ijisho, kwirinda umwotsi w’inkwi, umwotsi w’imodoka, umuyaga urimo imikungugu ndetse n’imicanga. Byakwirindwa hakoreshejwe indorerwamo zitari iz’amaso, ndetse n'ibindi byinshi bitandukanye. <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/indwara/Dore-uko-wakwirinda-uburwayi-bw-amaso-ku-kigero-cya-80</ref> '''Ukotwakita kubafite indwara z'amaso''' [[Dosiye:Persons Living with Disability in Ghana at the Global Disability Summit co-hosted in Ghana.jpg|thumb|169x169px|person living with disability in Rwanda ]]Urujijo rwo kutamenya kwita kubafite ubumuga ntabwo buri mubaturage gusa. Buri no mubayobozi nubwo byakwitwa kutamenya, gusa iyo babimenye barabikosora. Hagaragayeko hari abantu bagishungera abafite ubumuga bwo kutabobona aho kubegera ngo babafashe nko mu kwambuka umuhanda ahubwo ugasanga baraho babashungera.<ref name=":0" /> Ihuriro ry'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona ryashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1994 nyuma yuko byagaragaye ko abafite ubumuga baba bihishe murugo kuko wasangaga ntakintu nakimwe babaga bashoboye cyangwa babasha gukora, bityo hashyizweho ihuriro kugira ngo bigishwe ibyibanze bashobobora kwikorera kugirango nabo bagire agaciro muri sosiyete nyarwanda, bagire ibyo bigezaho ndetse banabashe kwiteza imbere. <ref name=":0">https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/134297/abafite-ubumuga-bwo-kutabona-barasaba-guhabwa-agaciro-mu-nsengero-134297.html</ref>Kubanyeshuri bafite ubumuga mu mwaka wa 2022 mu [[Rwanda]] hatangiye gukoreshwa (Orbit Reader) imashini zimeze nka mudasobwa aho umwarimu n'umunyeshuri ufite ubumuga bwo kutabona bashobora guhanahana amakuru.<ref name=":1" /> Ibyo bibasha gufasha Umwalimu ashobora gufata amasomo ari kuri terefone akayashyira muri iyo mashini kuburyo umwana ufite mudasobwa ifite interineti abasha gukurikirana amasomo hifashishijwe inyandiko ya Braille yashizwe muri iyo mashini y'abafite ubumuga.<ref name=":1">https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/article/u-rwanda-mu-nzira-zo-koroshya-imyigire-y-abafite-ubumuga-bwo-kutabona-kutumva</ref> == Umushinga w'Imashini zifashwa n'abafite ubumuga == [[Dosiye:Memories of the January 25 revolution.jpg|thumb|174x174px|Abafite ubumuga bahabwa ubufasha]] Ni umushinga kurubu hamaze gutangwa utumashini 50 hirya no hino mu [[Rwanda]],ni muri urworwego ko biteganijwe ko tuzagaragara mu bikoresho bigomba kwifashishwa m'uburezi bw'u [[Rwanda]] mu mwaka w'amashuri 2023 na 2024. <ref name=":0" />Kandi hariho gahunda yuko [[Igitabo|ibitabo]] byifashishwaga mu burezi mu [[Rwanda]] bishyirwe munyandiko ya braille no m'uburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo na abanyeshuri barimo n'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona babashe kubisoma mu buryo buboroheye.<ref name=":2" /> Mu kwezi kwa Kanama mu mwaka 2023 hatangajweko hagiye gusohoka inkoranyamagambo y'ururirmi rw'amarenga rukaba rwashyirwa nanone kurutonde rw'indimi zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu [[Rwanda]].<ref name=":2">https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/abantu-bafite-ubumuga-bababazwa-no-kuba-hari-abakibita-amazina-abambura-ubumuntu</ref> == Uruhare rw' Amadini n'amatorero mugufasha abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona == '''Bibiliya ya Braille yaratangijwe kugirango yongere ubushobozi bw'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona''' Mu gihe u Rwanda rwifatanije n’isi yose kwizihiza umunsi mpuzamahanga w’inyandiko za Braille, abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona basabye ko abantu barushaho gusobanukirwa no guhugurwa kuri Braille nk’ uburyo bw’ imyandikire no gutumanaho. Nk’uko Umuryango w’abibumbye ubivuga, braille ni “ubuhanga bwerekana ibimenyetso byerekana inyuguti n’imibare ukoresheje utudomo dutandatu tugereranya buri nyuguti n’umubare, ndetse n’ibimenyetso bya muzika, imibare, na siyansi. Donatilla Kanimba, Umuyobozi mukuru w’Urugaga rw’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona (RUB) azi neza ko braille ikoreshwa mu mashuri ndetse no mu bigo by’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona, ariko ntibikunze kuboneka mu mashuri makuru kuko abarimu benshi batazi kuyikoresha.<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/4026/news/rwanda/visually-impaired-persons-call-for-more-awareness-on-braille</ref> Yakomeje avuga ko nubwo ibizamini by’igihugu ku banyeshuri bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona biboneka no muri Braille, haracyakenewe gushyirwamo imbaraga kugira ngo abantu bashobore kubona Braille mu buryo bworoshye igihe cyose babishakiye. Clemence Mukarugwiza, umuntu ufite ubumuga bwo kutabona utuye mu Murenge wa Masaka, [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|mu karere ka Kicukiro]] yavuze ko kubona braille ku bindi bintu bitari amasomo y’ishuri bikiri ingorabahizi kuko “inzu zicapa zidafite imashini zandika za Braille.” [[Dosiye:Braille closeup.jpg|thumb|Umuntu uri gusoma inyandiko ya Braille]] '''Bibiliya ya Braille yaratangijwe kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bw'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona'''<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/10727/news/religion/braille-bible-launched-to-enhance-accessibility-for-the-visually-impaired</ref> Umuryango utegamiye kuri [[Bibiliya]] w’u Rwanda (BSR), umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta w’abakirisitu, ku bufatanye n’Urugaga rw’abatabona (RUB) wagaragaje ikintu gikomeye cyagezweho ku ya 11 Nzeri ubwo berekanaga “Bibiliya zo mu bwoko bwa Braille” 27 zasohotse, bikazamura uburyo bwabo bwo guhitamo Bibiliya. <ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/10727/news/religion/braille-bible-launched-to-enhance-accessibility-for-the-visually-impaired</ref> Viateur Ruzibiza, umunyamabanga mukuru wa BSR, yavuze ko uyu muryango watangije ubukangurambaga bwo kongera ubumenyi mu banyarwanda bose. Ikigamijwe ni ukureba ko abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona badahejwe kandi ko ibibazo byabo bimenyekana. Yongeyeho ati: “Iki cyemezo kigamije kwerekana ibibazo bahura na byo buri munsi, kandi bigamije gukumira ko bakomeza guhezwa, cyane cyane mu madini.<nowiki>''</nowiki> == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Ubumuga (Rwanda)| ]] [[Ikiciro:Ubuzima bwumuturage]] [[Ikiciro:Ubuzima Bwabana]] [[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]] 9ib1ymj9cakoejpeawgzw7kynityd7t 0 17661 132286 116049 2026-06-19T23:56:01Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rollstuhl_Farfler_1655.jpg|thumb|Rollstuhl Farfler 1655|294x294px]] Stephan Farffler (1633 - 24 Ukwakira 1689), rimwe na rimwe ryiswe Stephan Farfler, yari umudage w’umudage wo mu kinyejana cya cumi na karindwi wavumbuye imodoka ya manumotive mu 1655 afatwa nk’intebe ya mbere yimuga y’ibimuga. Igikoresho gifite ibiziga bitatu nacyo ngo cyabaye intangiriro yamagare yamagare niki gihe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.retropedalcars.com/tricycle_history1.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-01-11 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105115641/http://www.retropedalcars.com/tricycle_history1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Farffler, wahoze ari paraplegic <ref>Jane Bidder, ''Inventions We Use to Go Places'' (London: Franklin Watts, 2006, 18)</ref> <ref>[[Rory A. Cooper]], Hisaichi Ohnabe, and Douglas A. Hobson, ''An Introduction to Rehabilitation Engineering'' (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2007, 131)</ref> cyangwa waciwe, <ref>Clive Richardson, ''Driving, the development and use of horse-drawn vehicles'' (B. T. Batsford, 1985, 136)</ref> na we yakoze igikoresho cyo guhindura ikirahuri cy'isaha mu gihe gisanzwe kandi yongeraho chimes ku munara w'isaha wa Altdorf bei Nürnberg . <ref>Frederick James Britten et al., ''Britten's old clocks and watches and their makers'' (E. Methuen, 1973, 391)</ref> [[Dosiye:Stefan Farffler wagen.jpg|thumb]] umudage WiKi agira ati: yaba paraplegic biturutse ku mpanuka iyo afite imyaka itatu; <ref>Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr, ''Historische Nachricht Von den Nürnbergischen Mathematicis und Künstlern'', Nürnberg 1730, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NaJOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA302 S. 302]</ref> abandi bamusobanurira ko ari umuntu ufite amaguru yamugaye <ref>Fabian Zilliken: ''Die Evolution des Fahrrads - Von der Laufmaschine zum "Custom(izing)" Artefakt'', 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WF1_C7soxWMC&pg=PT10 S. 10]</ref> („verkrüppelten“ - bishobora no gusobanura ko byahinduwe nabi cyangwa bidafite imikorere kandi ibyo bishobora, kubabareba, kuba ibisobanuro nyabyo mugihe nkuko byavuzwe, impanuka yabereye akiri muto cyane imyaka ishobora guhungabanya imikurire isanzwe yingingo zanduye)<ref>https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Farfler</ref><ref>https://wiki.alquds.edu/?query=Invalid_carriage</ref> == Reba kandi == * [[:en:List_of_motorized_trikes|Urutonde rwa moteri]] == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:1633 births]] [[Ikiciro:1689 deaths]] [[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]] [[Ikiciro:Uburenganzira bwa muntu]] [[Ikiciro:Gutwara imidoka]] [[Ikiciro:Gutwara abantu n’ibintu]] ky3sd1wwyznhd18wcb97ppe9ahqx66l 0 18283 132252 104304 2026-06-19T13:08:50Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keza Tracy''' n'umuhanzi w'umunyarwandakazi ukora muri videwo no gufotora. Binyuze mu mirimo ye, yiyemeje gucukumbura imyumvire iranga, umuco, no kubungabunga ibidukikije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tracykeza.com/about |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-04-10 |archive-date=2025-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224073938/https://www.tracykeza.com/about |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://latitudes.online/artists/tracy_keza</ref><ref>https://blink.la/u/tkeza</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tracykeza.com/jab |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-04-10 |archive-date=2023-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105000047/https://www.tracykeza.com/jab |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.cpp.edu/kellogg-gallery/exhibitions/2021-black-white-and-shades-of-grey/exhibition-statements/artist-panel-tracy-keza_pdf</ref><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/186946/Entertainment/the-rwandan-photographers-featuring-at-the-world-press-photo-exhibition</ref> == Amakuru == Tracy yizeye gukoresha inkuru kugirango yandike inkuru zitera abantu guhuza ubumwe, inyamaswa nisi. Mu 2022, ishyaka rye ryo kubungabunga inyanja n’inyanja ryamuteye gukurikirana kwibiza mu mazi kugira ngo yongere inkuru z’amazi muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Noneho PADI Yemerewe Gutabara, Tracy yizeye gucukumbura ibitangaza byisi yisi. Tracy numunyamerika wo kubungabunga amajwi ya Media Media Lab Mugenzi (2021), Mugenzi wa Jackson Wild Summit (2022), Mugenzi wa NEWF, hamwe numutabazi wa PADI wemewe. Kwinjiza amasomo yubumenyi mubidukikije kuva muri Trinite College hamwe nishyaka ryinkuru zishingiye kubantu, umurimo wa Tracy wibanze kubibazo byiki gihe mukubungabunga, ikirere, ubuvuzi nuburezi. == Ishakiro == [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]] tbpc857qswvavou1o2xzwga4gvs0fll 0 18954 132293 131077 2026-06-20T03:43:03Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132293 wikitext text/x-wiki == Igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiturire == [[Dosiye:High Angle View Of Kigali City Street on November 29, 2018. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb]] Uruhare rw'abaturage mu kwishyiriraho igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiturire mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]]. igna kw'iterambere rirambye ihura n'iibazo bijyanye n'ubwiyongere bw'abaturage. biganisha ku bucucike bw'abaturage.mu gukemura ibibazo bijyanye n'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka y'ubutaka, ubwiyongere bw'abaturage n'iterambere leta y'u [[Rwanda]] na [[Rwanda Nziza|Guverinoma]] yatangiye gahunda yo gutegura gushyiraho urwego ruyobora imikoreshereze ikwiye y'ubutaka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://climatechange.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/GCF_Readiness_Project_NLUDMP_Dissenimation_Technical_Report.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-21 |archive-date=2024-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721124032/https://climatechange.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/GCF_Readiness_Project_NLUDMP_Dissenimation_Technical_Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ingamba == Muri 2011 guverinoma na leta y'U [[Rwanda]] yemereye igihugu n'ababishinzwe bw'ambere bemeza igishushanyo mbonera (landUse) n'iterambere (NLUDMP) cyari kigamije imikoreshereze y'ubutaka bijyanye n'iterambere ry'igihugu,gahunda yo kuva 2011 kugeza 2020. Gahunda ivuguruye yemejwe mu 2021. Kugirango iteze ibikorwa byo gukoresha ubutaka mumyaka 30 irimbere. Gahunda y'iterambere n'ikwirakwizwa mu turere 19 hanze uturere 30 two mu [[Rwanda]], twabaye n'umwanya wo gukora igenzura twageneye imijyi, imidugudu n'icyaro hamamijwe kugenzura niba bishoboka kandi bikwiranye n'uturere duhuye na politiki n'imiterere yaho, ibikenewe byabaturage hamwe nukuri kugaragara.<ref>https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/kigali-city-masterplan-2050</ref><ref>https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents//41609-012-tacr-01.pdf</ref> == Amashyakiro == n0feqvil6xce0db6c2bhbnmvzfpe92z 0 19284 132269 118968 2026-06-19T21:14:19Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Palast Rock''' ni Hoteri iherereye mu Kagari ka Nyamata mu mujyi w' u [[Nyamata|Murenge wa Nyamata]], [[akarere ka Bugesera]] mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|ntara y'Uburasirazuba]] bw'u [[Rwanda]].<ref>https://www.bugesera.gov.rw/default-05333b7a14</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igisabo.rw/2021/04/07/palast-rock-hotel-ubutumwa-bwo-kwibuka-27/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-08-28 |archive-date=2024-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828093559/https://igisabo.rw/2021/04/07/palast-rock-hotel-ubutumwa-bwo-kwibuka-27/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Serivisi == Hoteri itanga serivisi ku bakiriya bifuza kurara, kwakira ubukwe, pisine, masage, ifunguro na resitora, siporo gym, n'ibyumba by'inama.<ref>https://www.palasthotelrwanda.com/service.html</ref> == Indanganturo == [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Bugesera]] fqnsaqq2kfodwvcb2rvgaq848z07tme 0 20160 132271 123088 2026-06-19T21:20:42Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132271 wikitext text/x-wiki Pariki y'igihugu ya mount Elgon ni pariki yo mugihugu cya Kenya ihuriyeho na Uganga ifite ubuso ubuso bwa 140 km (87 mi) mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bw'ikiyaga cya Victoria. pariki ifite ubuso bwa 1,279 kilometa ( 494 sq mi). igice cya uganda mu parike gifite 1,110 km mu gihe ogice cya kenya gifite ubuso bwa 169 km.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kws.go.ke/mount-elgon-national-park |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-07-16 |archive-date=2025-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709003613/https://www.kws.go.ke/mount-elgon-national-park |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Umusozi wa Elgon == Iyi pariki bayise umusozi Elgon, akaba ari ikirunga cyazimiye kikaba cyari giherereye ku mupaka wa Uganda na Kenya, Pariki y'igihugu ya mount Elgon igabanyijemo umwihariko wa kenya na Uganda, umusozi wa Elgon kandi ukaba ufite amazi akomoka ku ruzi Nzola, rutemba rugana ku kiyaga cya Victoria, no ku ruzi rwa Turkwel rutemba mu kiyaga cya kurkana <ref>https://www.mountelgonnationalpark.com/</ref> == Ikirere == Umusozi wa Elgon ufite ikirere gifite ubuhehere kandi bwumutse kigagira kandi umvura y'umwaka irenga 1,270 mm (50 in), Ibihe byumye bizwi nkimpeshyi bitangira muri kamena kugeza kanama no mukuboza kugeza werurwe, imvura ishobora kugwa igihe icyo aricyo cyose, umusozi wa Elgon iterwaho ibimera byinshi bitandukanye mu mashyamba ya montana kugaza ku gasozi keza kegeranye lobelle, pariki ya Elgon kandi ufimo ubwoko bw'inyamanswa burenga 400 butandukanye ukabaho kandi ubwoko bwinyoni byibuze 144, igishimishije cyane nubwoko bw'inyozi za jackson ,igice cy'iburasirazuba cy'uzuyemo inuma <ref>https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/MENP-2018-4-4.pdf</ref> == Ibidukikije ku musozi wa Elgon == Mbere y'ubuyobozi bw'ubukoroni, ubutaka bukikijwe n'umusozi wa Elgon bw'acungwaga hashingiwe ku miterere n'ingufu z'abasangwabutaka, byabuzaga gukoresha cyane umutungo kamere ku butumburuke rusange bw'umusozi, ibisabwa kuri ubwo buryo byujuje ku buryo burambye kubera ko ubucucike bw'abaturage mu gace kegeranye bwari bukubye inshuro nyinshyi ugereranije nubu.<ref>https://www.eastafricantrails.com/mount-elgon-national-park/</ref><ref>https://national-parks.org/kenya/mount-elgon</ref> == Amashakiro == o3b4pa1pbbe08pepul6569ac28ir2xa 0 20161 132281 123089 2026-06-19T23:01:56Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132281 wikitext text/x-wiki Select Express LTD ni ikigo cy'igenga gikorera mu gihugu cy'u Rwanda kikaba gitanga serivisi y'ubwikorezi bw'abantu n'ibintu mu gihugu cy'u Rwanda by'umwihariko mu ntara y'Uburasirazuba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.itike.rw/v2/bus/select-express-ltd-rwanda/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-07-16 |archive-date=2025-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808194139/https://www.itike.rw/v2/bus/select-express-ltd-rwanda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amavu n'amavuko == Select Express LTD ni ikigo cyashinzwe ku italiki ya 2 Gicurasi mu mwaka wa 2013, kikaba cyaremejwe n'urwego rushinzwe kugenzura imikorere y'inzego zimwe z'imirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro (RURA). Aho uru rwego rwahaye iki kigo uburenganzira bwo gutanga serivisi y'ubwikorezi bw'abantu n'ibintu mu gihugu cy'u Rwanda.<ref name=":0" /> Select Express LTD ifite icyicaro cyayo gikuru mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]]. == IBYEREKEZO IKORERAMO == Select Express LTD nk'ikigo gitanga serivisi z'ubwikorezi bw'abantu n'ibintu mu gihugu cy'u Rwanda by'umwihariko mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|ntara y'Iburasirazuba]], ikorera mu byerekezo bitandukanye bikurikira aho ivana ikanajya abantu n'ibintu muri ibi byerekezo bikurikira; * [[Kigali]] * Rusumo * Nyakarambi * Kibungo * Kabarondo * Kayonza * [[Rwamagana]] == Inyandiko zifashishijwe == <references /> mr8bv80trokk02qsykffxnfej1a4qvy 0 20173 132282 123108 2026-06-19T23:09:11Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132282 wikitext text/x-wiki Shalom Express LTD ni ikigo cy'igenga gikorera mu gihugu cy'u [[Rwanda]] kikaba gitanga serivisi y'ubwikorezi bw'abantu n'ibintu mu gihugu cy'u Rwanda by'umwihariko mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|ntara y'Amajyaruguru]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.itike.rw/v2/bus/shalom-express-ltd-rwanda/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-07-16 |archive-date=2025-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808194139/https://www.itike.rw/v2/bus/shalom-express-ltd-rwanda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.ktpress.rw/2024/03/kigali-introduces-new-public-transport-lines-to-ease-mobility/</ref> == Amavu n'amavuko == Shalom Express LTD ni ikigo cyashinzwe ku italiki ya 2 Gicurasi mu mwaka wa 2013, kikaba cyaremejwe n'urwego rushinzwe kugenzura imikorere y'inzego zimwe z'imirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro (RURA). Aho uru rwego rwahaye iki kigo uburenganzira bwo gutanga serivisi y'ubwikorezi bw'abantu n'ibintu mu gihugu cy'u [[Rwanda]].<ref name=":0" /> Shalom Express LTD ifite icyicaro cyayo gikuru mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]]. == IBYEREKEZO IKORERAMO == Select Express LTD nk'ikigo gitanga serivisi z'ubwikorezi bw'abantu n'ibintu mu gihugu cy'u Rwanda by'umwihariko mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|ntara y'Amajyaruguru]], ikorera mu byerekezo bitandukanye bikurikira aho ivana ikanajya abantu n'ibintu muri ibi byerekezo bikurikira;<ref name=":1" /> * Nyabugogo * Base * Nyamugali * Ryabuhirima * Kirambo * Butaro * Kucyapa * Kivuye * Kabeza * Gicumbi == Inyandiko zifashishijwe == <references /> q9spv5923roctjcl6gj226akbqwjpx9 0 20228 132270 123266 2026-06-19T21:18:49Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132270 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Parike y'igihugu ya Serengeti''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru yo mugihugu cya [[Tanzaniya]] igera ku 14,763 km . Iherereye mu burasirazuba bwa Mara no mu majyaruguru y’akarere ka Simiyu kandi ikikijwe n'abaturage bagera kuri {{Convert|1.5|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} ya savanna . Iyi parike yashinzwe mu 1940.<ref>https://www.serengeti.com/information-serengeti-national-park.php</ref> == Amateka == Mu 1930, ubuso bungana na 2,286 km yagenwe nk'imikino yaberaga mu majyepfo no mu burasirazuba bwa Serengeti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Serengeti National Park travel information – Tanzania |url=https://www.serengeti.com/information-serengeti-national-park.php |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=serengeti.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu myaka ya za 1930, guverinoma ya Tanganyika yashyizeho gahunda ya parike y’igihugu yubahiriza ibyemezo bijyane n'amasezerano ajyanye no kubungabunga Fauna na flora muri Leta yabo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature1/text4.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2012-06-29 |archive-date=2012-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531060149/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature1/text4.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu 1930, major Richard Hingdston, yasuye Tanganyika mu butumwa bwatanzwe na Sosiyete ishinzwe kubungabunga Fauna y’Ingoma (SPFE), yasabye ko ikigo cy’imikino cya Serengeti cyagenwa nka parike y’igihugu kugira ngo gikemure cg gikingire ibibazo by’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage n’iterambere ry’ubukungu.<ref>https://www.livescience.com/23310-serengeti.html</ref> == AMASHAKIRO == eq5jtrcrshxcvfynv9jxnsgbph6dbu2 0 20271 132266 132229 2026-06-19T20:14:23Z Donatha Neza 18420 Gushyiramo amafoto 132266 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Abidjan Marcory.png|thumb|Umujyi wa Abidjan]] '''Abidjan''' ni umujyi munini kandi w'ubukungu wahoze ari [[umurwa]] mukuru wa [[Kote Divuwari|Cote d'Ivoire]]/Ivory Coast. Ibarura rusange ryakozwe mu 2021, ryagaragaje ko Abidjan yari utuwe n'abaturage miliyoni 6.3, bangana na 21.5% by'abatuye igihugu cyose <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120913021146/http://www.sphereinfo.com/longitude~latitude/ivory_coast</ref>. Abidjan ni umujyi wa gatandatu utuwe cyane muri [[Afurika]]: nyuma ya Logos, Cairo, [[Kinshasa]], Dar es Salaam na Johannesburg. Uyu mujyi ni ihuriro ry’imico itandukanye muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba, urangwa n’ uruhuri rw’inganda no kwaguka k'umujyi. Abidjan ni umujyi utuwe cyane [[Igifaransa|n'abakoresha ururimi rw'igifaransa]] muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba. Uyu mujyi wagutse cyane nyuma yo kubaka icyambu gishya mu 1931, bikurikirwa no kuba umurwa mukuru w’abakoloni b’Abafaransa mu 1933. Kuzuza umuyoboro wa Vridi mu 1951, byatumye Abidjan iba icyambu gikomeye cyo ku nyanja. Abidjan yakomeje kuba umurwa mukuru wa Cote d'Ivoire/Ivory Coast nyuma yo kwigenga mu 1960, ubwo yari yigobotoye Ubufaransa bwayikoronizaga. Mu 1983, umujyi wa Yamoussoukro wagizwe umurwa mukuru wa politiki wemewe wa Cote d'Ivoire/Ivory Coast. Icyakora, ku mugaragaro, Abidjan yagizwe umurwa mukuru w’ubukungu kubera ko ari wo mujyi munini mu gihugu ndetse ukaba n'izingiro ry’ibikorwa by’ubukungu. Inzego nyinshi za politiki na za Ambasade zose z’ibihugu by'amahanga zakomeje kuba muri Abidjan.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130506043624/http://www.districtabidjan.org/gouverneur.php</ref> == Amateka == [[Dosiye:Abidjan 1926.jpg|thumb|Abidjan]] Abidjan yari isanzwe ari umudugudu ukorerwamo ibikorwa by'uburobyi. Mu 1896, nyuma y’uruhererekane rw'ibyorezo bya Yellow Fever, abakoloni b’Abafaransa bari batuye muri Grand-Bassam bahisemo kwimukira ahantu hizewe maze mu 1898 bahitamo kujya gutura mu mudugudu wari uherutse kwitwa Abidjan. Mu 1903 yahindutse umujyi ku mugaragaro.<ref>https://www.seonadancing.com/?lang=en</ref> ​​ Abidjan, iherereye ku nkombe ya ''lagoon n'doupé'', yagukiye ku bundi butaka bunini ndetse haba ahantu hatanga amahirwe menshi yo kwaguriraho ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi. Icyambu cya Petit Bassam giherereye mu majyepfo y’umujyi cyahise kirenga ku cyambu cya Grand-Bassam, maze gihinduka inzira nyamukuru inyuzwamo ibicuruzwa byajyaga mu bakoloni. Mu 1904, iherezo y'inzira ya gari ya moshi yari iherereye mu gace ka Port-Bouët ko muri Abidjan. Guhera muri uwo mwaka, nubwo umujyi wa Bingerville utari warangiye kubakwa neza, Abidjan yabaye ihuriro rigari ry'ubukungu bw'abakoronizaga Cote d'Ivoire/Ivory Coast ndetse iba inzira ya mbere y'ingenzi mu bwikorezi yakoreshwaga mu gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bikoherezwa mu bihugu byo ku mugabane w’[[Burayi|Uburayi]], cyane cyane binyuze mu muryango w'abanya Libani, urushaho kugira umumaro mu bucuruzi n'ubukungu. Mu 1934, Abidjan yabaye umujyi wa gatatu wa Cote d'Ivoire/Ivory Coast, nyuma ya Grand-Bassam na Bingerville. Hafashwe icyemezo cyo kuyigira umurwa mukuru bitewe n'muhanda wa gari ya moshi wahuzaga Amajyaruguru n'Amajyepfo ya Cote d'Ivoire/Ivory Coast. <ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/12/world/africa/ivory-coast-says-4000-prison-inmates-escaped.html</ref> [[Dosiye:Un weekend à Abidjan (24838236876).jpg|thumb|Umujyi wa Abidjan nijoro]] == Nyuma y'ubwigenge == Igihe Cote d'Ivoire/Yvory coast yigenga mu 1960, Umujyi wa Abidjan wabaye izingiro ry'ubuyobozi ndetse n’ubukungu mu gihugu gishya. Igice giherereye mu majyepfo ya Treichville, cyerekeza ku kibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga no ku nkombe z'inyanja, habaye indiri y'Abanyaburayi ndetse n'abafite ubushobozi buciriritse n'ubwisumbuyeho. Nyuma yo kubona ubwigenge kwa Ivory Coast, Umujyi wa Abidjan wateye imbere byihuse ndetse bituma n'umubare w'abaturage bahatuye wiyongera cyane, <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2010 |title=Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (1903– ) {{!}} The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed |url=http://www.blackpast.org/gah/abidjan-cote-divoire-1903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202035609/http://www.blackpast.org/gah/abidjan-cote-divoire-1903 |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-01 |website=www.blackpast.org}}</ref> uva ku baturage 180.000 mu 1960 bagera kuri 1.269.000 mu 1978. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Abidjan |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/CIV_Port_of_Abidjan_1422.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605071256/http://worldportsource.com/ports/review/CIV_Port_of_Abidjan_1422.php |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=2016-12-01 |website=World Port Source}}</ref> Imirimo yo kubaka Katedarali yitiriwe Mutagatifu Pawulo, yakorewe igishushanyo mbonera n’umwubatsi w’umutaliyani witwaAldo Spirito, yatangiye mu 1980 nyuma y'uko Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II ashyizeho ibuye ry'ifatizo maze mirimo irangira mu 1985. Kuva mu mwaka ya za 1980, ubukungu bwa Abidjan bwatangiye kugabanuka bitewe n’uburangare bw’abayobozi, ruswa ndetse no gusubira inyuma muri rusange. Mu 1983, ku buyobozi bwa Perezida Felix Houphouet-Boigny, umudugudu wa Yamoussoukro wabaye umurwa mukuru mushya wa politiki wa Cote d'Ivoire/Ivory Coast, kuko ariho yari yavukiye. Icyakora, Abidjan yakomeje kuba izingiro ry'ubukungu n'ubucuruzi mu gihugu.<ref>https://www.weather2travel.com/ivory-coast/abidjan/climate/</ref> [[Dosiye:Abidjan en Eburnie 38.jpg|thumb|Inyubako zo mu mujyi wa Abidjan]] == Amashakiro == 9oai1ktz36ywftdj8mnglbatz3uii14 0 20291 132291 123424 2026-06-20T02:58:20Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imisozi ya Sankwala''' ni imisozi muri Obanliku Ubuyobozi bwibanze bwa Leta ya Cross River muri [[Nijeriya]] . Imisozi ya Sankwala iri mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Obudu,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.naijanewsandevents.com/tourism/782-obudu-mountain-resort-nigerias-best-kept-secret.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2012-09-04 |archive-date=2024-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125182150/http://www.naijanewsandevents.com/tourism/782-obudu-mountain-resort-nigerias-best-kept-secret.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> mu majyaruguru y’igice cya Okwangwo cya Parike y’Uruzi rwa Cross . Imisozi igera ku burebure bwa {{Convert|1800|m|ft|0}} hejuru yinyanja. == Imiterere y'kirere == Imisozi ya Sankwala ifite ikirere gikonje. Ibi byakuruye ba mukerarugendo kuruyu musozi mumyaka yashize mukibaya cya Obudu k'umusozi wa Sankwala. == Ibikorwa bya ba mukerarugendo == Umusozi wa Sankwala wakira ibikorwa byinshi by'ubukerarugendo bitandukanye buri mwaka. Ibi byatumye habaho iterambere rya Resort Resort ya Obudu kuri imwe mu misozi miremire, izwi ku izina rya Oshie Ridge . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Obudu Mountain Resort, Nigeria's best kept secret |url=http://www.naijanewsandevents.com/tourism/782-obudu-mountain-resort-nigerias-best-kept-secret.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904093626/http://www.naijanewsandevents.com/tourism/782-obudu-mountain-resort-nigerias-best-kept-secret.html |archive-date=4 September 2012 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=www.naijanewsandevents.com}}</ref> == Amashakiro == 0dvawnrxdazo1no9bvs55ku2m9d9eey 0 20316 132275 123515 2026-06-19T22:03:03Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement}}'''Remera''' ni umwe mu [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|Mirenge]] 15 yo mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Karere ka Gasabo]] mu murwa mukuru wa [[Kigali]] mu [[Rwanda]]. == Ubumenyi bw'isi == Remera ifite ubuso bwa 7.3 km² kandi iherereye ku butumburuke bwa metero 1,450 <ref name="citypopulation">{{Cite web |title=Ruanda: Gliederung in Sektoren |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/de/rwanda/sector/admin/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=citypopulation.de |language=de}} </ref> <ref name="geonames">{{Cite web |title=Remera |url=https://www.geonames.org/11186561/remera.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[GeoNames]] |language=en}} </ref> Umurenge wa Remera ugabanijwemo selile enye: [[Rukiri I]], [[Rukiri II]], [[Nyabisindu (Remera)|Nyabisindu]] na [[Kigali|Nyarutarama]].<ref name="gasabo">{{Cite web |title=Menya Gasabo |url=https://www.gasabo.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=gasabo.gov.rw |language=rw}} </ref> Imirenge ituranye ni Kinyinya mu majyaruguru, [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Kimironko]] mu burasirazuba, [[Umurenge wa Niboye|Niboye]] mu majyepfo, [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|Kicukiro]] mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba, [[Kimihurura]] mu burengerazuba na [[Umurenge wa Kacyiru|Kacyiru]] mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba.<ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/kigali-umuturage-yageneye-umurenge-wa-remera-imodoka</ref><ref>https://mapcarta.com/W177860304</ref> <ref name="citypopulation" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-20 |title=Remera-Kisimenti booming : un nouveau centre d’affaires hyperactif à Kigali |url=https://fr.igihe.com/remera-kisimenti-booming-un-nouveau-centre-d.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=IGIHE |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-08 |title=Gasabo : De fortes mesures de sécurité ont été prises dans le secteur de Remera |url=https://fr.igihe.com/gasabo-de-fortes-mesures-de-securite-ont-ete.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=IGIHE |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Demokarasi == Ibarura ryakozwe mu mwaka wa 2022, abaturage bari 38.648. Imyaka icumi mbere yaho, yari 43.279, ibyo bikaba bingana no kugabanuka kw'abaturage buri mwaka 1,1% hagati ya 2012 na 2022 <ref name="citypopulation"/> <ref name="nisr">{{Cite web |title=RPHC5 - District Profile - Gasabo |url=https://statistics.gov.rw/publication/rphc5-district-profile-gasabo |access-date=2024-08-29 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] (NISR) |language=en}} </ref> == Umuco == Igice cya Rukiri II cy'umurenge, kirimo [[Stade Amahoro]] na [[Kigali BK Arena|BK Arena]], kibamo ibikoresho binini by'imikino i Kigali.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/abaturiye-stade-amahoro-bahawe-igihe-ntarengwa-cyo-kuvugurura-inyubako-zabo</ref> <ref name="geonames"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Le Gouvernement lance un nouveau projet de relogement à Nyabisindu |url=https://fr.igihe.com/Le-Gouvernement-lance-un-nouveau-projet-de-relogement-a-Nyabisindu.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=IGIHE |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2025-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621230655/https://fr.igihe.com/Le-Gouvernement-lance-un-nouveau-projet-de-relogement-a-Nyabisindu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Le Gouvernement lance un nouveau projet de relogement à Nyabisindu |url=https://fr.igihe.com/Le-Gouvernement-lance-un-nouveau-projet-de-relogement-a-Nyabisindu.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=IGIHE |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2025-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621230655/https://fr.igihe.com/Le-Gouvernement-lance-un-nouveau-projet-de-relogement-a-Nyabisindu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=KASSIM YUSSUF |date=27 OCT 2022 |title=Le Rwanda se dote d’un stade ultra moderne d’ici 2024 |url=https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Le-Rwanda-se-dote-dun-stade-ultra-moderne-dici-2024 |website=RBA |language=fr}}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} td8wa7gx9xeyetefizvg2fjf8qxigma 0 20571 132263 127569 2026-06-19T20:08:49Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132263 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Neil Joseph William Sandilands''' numukinnyi w'Afurika yepfo, afatamashusho, numucuranzi uzwiho kugaruka kenshi kuri ''Hap na Leonard ,'' ''The 100'', <nowiki><i id="mwFA">Flash</i></nowiki> season 4 nka Clifford DeVoe / The Thinker . Yakinnye kandi Jenerali Abbott mu ''menyo meza'', ahabwa igihembo cy’abana n’umuryango Emmy kubera igihembo cyiza cyo gushyigikira imikorere . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coates |first=Tyler |title=Children's & Family Emmy Awards: Disney Dominates Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/childrens-family-emmy-awards-nominations-2023-1235635652/ |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> == Umwuga == Sandilands yatangiye umwugawe mugihugu cyecy'[[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]] kandi akina mumishinga itandukanye, harimo na televiziyo ''7de Laan'', ahoyerekanaga imico Bart Kruger kuva mu 2000 kugeza 2007. Amaze kurangiza imirimo ye kuri ''7de Laan'', yimukiye i Los Angeles, muri Californiya mu 2007. Mu gihe yari i Los Angeles, Sandilands yagaragaye cyane mu ''rukurikirane'' rw'amakinamico y'Abanyamerika. Nyumayaje gusubira muri Afurika y'Epfo agaragara muri filime nyinshi zizwi cyane [[Ikinyafurikansi|zo muri Afurika]], harimo ikinamico yegukanye ibihembo ''Die Ballade van Robbie de Wee'' . Muricyigihe, Sandilands yakoraga indi mirimo nk'umusaruro n'ubwubatsi kugira ngo abone ibimutunga, yigeze kuvuga ati: "Nagombaga gusubira mu yandi masomo nko kuyobora no nyuma y’umusaruro ndetse rimwe na rimwe nkubaka uruzitiro ku baturanyi banjye cyangwa ibindi bikorwa bimwe na bimwe bitavugwa kugira ngw'ikirura kidahungabana", Sandilands yagize ati: <ref name="Life">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=CD |date=2 March 2016 |title=South African actor lands roles in two US series |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/neil-sandilands-in-hollywood-020316 |website=Brand South Aftrica |access-date=27 September 2025 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520055856/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/neil-sandilands-in-hollywood-020316 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="House">{{Cite web |last=Haden |first=Alexis |date=2 March 2016 |title=Bart from 7de Laan lands two roles in United States series |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/bart-from-7de-laan-lands-two-roles-in-united-states-series/ |website=The South African |access-date=27 September 2025 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628102101/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/bart-from-7de-laan-lands-two-roles-in-united-states-series/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sandilands yagarutse mur'Amerika muri 2014. mu 2015, Sandilands yashyize umushyitsi kuri hitFX series ''The Americans.yarafite inshingano nka'' Titus muThe CW's ''The 100'' nka Paco muri SundanceTV's ''Hap and Leonard''. mu 2017, Sandilands yagize uruhare rwabashyitsi mugihe cyirekire. CBS series ''NCIS'' mazeyinjira mubakinnyi bakomeye CW superhero drama ''The Flash'' as Clifford DeVoe / The Thinker. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Muri Kanama 2022, Sandilands yakinnye muri filime ''y'Ubwami bw'Umubumbe wa Apes'', filime ihagarariwe na Wes Ball kuri Studiyo yomu kinyejana cya 20 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=25 October 2022 |title='Kingdom Of The Planet Of The Apes' Adds Five |url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/kingdom-of-the-planet-of-the-apes-adds-five-1235154551/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025185507/https://deadline.com/2022/10/kingdom-of-the-planet-of-the-apes-adds-five-1235154551/ |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> == Ubuzima bwite == Sandilands ivuga [[Ikinyafurikansi|Afurika]] [[Icyongereza|n'Icyongereza]] . <ref name="Life"/> == Amashusho == === Gukina === ==== Filime ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Umwaka ! Umutwe ! Uruhare ! class="unsortable" | Inyandiko |- | 2004 | ''Proteus'' | Rijkhaart Jacobz | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kehr |first=Dave |date=30 July 2004 |title=FILM IN REVIEW; 'Proteus' |url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2004/07/30/movies/film-in-review-proteus.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref name="TVG">{{Cite web |title=Neil Sandilands |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/neil-sandilands/credits/167743/ |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=[[TVGuide]]}}</ref> |- | 2010 | ''Jakhalsdans'' | Dawid le Fleur | Umuyobozi wungirije <ref name="SACredits">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=CD |date=27 July 2017 |title=South African actors join The Flash TV series |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/south-african-actors-join-the-flash-tv-series |website=Brand South Aftrica |access-date=27 September 2025 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725130730/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/south-african-actors-join-the-flash-tv-series |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | 2011 | ''Umwijima uri hafi'' | Bwana Lemoy | Mugufi |- | 2012 | ''Iheruka'' | Frank McCintosh | |- | rowspan="6" | 2013 | ''Gupfa Tango'' | Kaptein Etlinger | |- | ''Lucy & Janie'' | Se wa Lucy | Mugufi |- | ''Hoe Duur Yari De Suiker'' | Reinder Almersma | |- | ''Musiek vir apfa Agtergrond'' | Freddy | |- | ''Gupfa Ballade van Robbie de Wee'' | Len van Jaarsveld | <ref name="SACredits" /> |- | ''Umugabo mumuhanda ni mwiza usigaye wenyine'' | | Mugufi |- | 2015 | ''Blackhat'' | Icyambu | (bitemewe) |- | 2018 | ''Frank na Ava'' | Zinnemann | |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''Ikiyaga cya Coyote'' | Dirk | |- | ''Drone'' | Uhohotera | |- | 2020 | ''Amakuru y'Isi'' | Wilhelm Leonberger | |- | 2021 | ''Intego Marfa'' | Norman | DVD, Amazone, VUDU |- | rowspan="2" | 2024 | ''Kwica'' | Umukungugu | |- | ''Ubwami bw'umubumbe w'inguge'' | Koro <ref name="Empire">{{Cite web |last=Jolin |first=Dan |date=21 December 2023 |title='Animal Kingdom' |url=https://members.empireonline.com/read/feb-24/animal-kingdom |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=[[Empire Magazine]]}}</ref> | Uruhare rwo gufata |} ==== Televiziyo ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Umwaka ! Umutwe ! Uruhare ! class="unsortable" | Inyandiko |- | 1991 | ''Meester'' | Bertus Conradie | |- | 1992 | ''Konings'' | Dolf - 1950 | |- | 1999 | ''Soutmansland'' | | |- | 2000–07 | ''7de Laan'' | Bart Kruger | <ref name="SACredits"/> |- | 2004 | ''Kunyaza'' | Jan Pieter | |- | rowspan="2" | 2006 | ''Orion'' | Zatopek Van Heerden | |- | ''Jozi-H'' | Gusunika ibiyobyabwenge 2006 | Igice: "Kumenagura" |- | 2008 | ''Umunsi mukuru w'abatumiwe'' | Daantjie van Wyk | Igice: "Ikarita Itukura" |- | 2010 | ''Inzu'' | Kapiteni Vanderhoof | Igice: " Igisimba ku nzu yacu " <ref name="TVG"/> <ref name="House"/> |- | 2011 | ''Gushimuta & Gutabara'' | Sam | Igice: "Itsinda Rishinzwe Gutabara Ingwate" |- | 2013 | ''Zochose'' | Umuhanga | Igice: "Urubanza 05: Iherezo" |- | 2015 | ''Abanyamerika'' | Eugene Venter | Ibice 2 ( igihe cya 3 ) <ref name="Credits" /> |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | ''100'' | Tito | Ibice 6; Uruhare rusubirwamo ( igihe cya 3 ) <ref name="Credits" /> |- | ''Hap na Leonard'' | Paco | Ibice 5; Uruhare rusubirwamo (igihe cya 1) <ref name="Credits" /> |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | ''Salamander'' | Jack Wang | Umudereva udakenewe <ref name="Credits">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=9 March 2017 |title=Larenz Tate To Topline ABC Drama Pilot 'Salamander', Neil Sandilands Also Cast |url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/larenz-tate-star-salamander-drama-pilot-neil-sandilands-cast-1202040434/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> <ref name="TVG" /> |- | ''NCIS'' | Hendric Kruger | Igice: " Willoughby " <ref name="TVG" /> |- | 2017–18 | ''Flash'' | Clifford DeVoe / Utekereza | Abakinnyi bakomeye ( igihe cya 4 ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Debnath |first=Neela |date=22 March 2018 |title=The Flash season 4 cast: Who is in the cast of The Flash? |url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/935530/The-Flash-season-4-cast-actors-DC-Comics-CW-Arrowverse-Grant-Gustin-Candice-Patton |website=[[Daily Express|Express]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2021 | ''DAM'' | Bernoldus | Abakinnyi Bakuru |- | ''Amenyo meza'' | Jenerali Abbot | Ibice 12 |} ==== Imikino ya videwo ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Umwaka ! Umutwe ! Uruhare ! class="unsortable" | Inyandiko |- | 2015 | ''Ibyuma Byuma Bikomeye V: Ububabare bwa Phantom'' | Abasirikare / Inyongera | Uruhare rw'ijwi |- |} === Akandi kazi === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Umwaka ! Umutwe ! Uruhare ! class="unsortable" | Inyandiko |- | 2010 | ''Jakhalsdans'' | Umuyobozi wungirije | Filime, kandi umukinnyi |- | rowspan="2" | 2011 | ''Impeshyi na George'' | Muhinduzi | Filime ngufi |- | ''Umunyamahanga muri Parike'' | Umuyobozi ushinzwe gufotora | Filime |- | 2012 | ''Gukemura: Imiyoboro yo Kohereza Ihahamuka'' | Umwanditsi w'inkuru, umwanditsi, andi mafoto | Inyandiko |- | rowspan="2" | 2013 | ''Amakipe y'Ikipe: Gutsinda Ibibazo Byumubiri'' | Umuyobozi, umwanditsi | Video ngufi |- | ''Kumera'' | Umuyobozi, umwanditsi, producer nyobozi, producer, umwanditsi, umwanditsi wijwi | Filime ngufi |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | ''Misa y'umubiri'' | Muhinduzi, amabara, umwanditsi wijwi & uwashushanyije | Filime ngufi |- | ''Ihene Inzozi'' | Umukinnyi wa sinema | Filime ngufi |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | ''Ifirimbi ivuza / Amazi-Amazi'' | Umuyobozi, umwanditsi | Filime |- | ''Guhura na Jenny'' | Muhinduzi, umwanditsi w'ijwi | Filime ngufi |- | 2017 | ''Urubura'' | Umuyobozi mukuru, umwanditsi, umwanditsi wijwi | Filime |- |} == Reba == {{Reflist}} s3iyjy9uowy1ng6ax3y5jjf70tzv6i6 0 20668 132250 124687 2026-06-19T12:15:48Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132250 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Jenifa''''' ni filime yogusetsa-ikinamico yomuri Nigeriya 2008 yakinnye na Funke Akindele . Iyi filime yatsindiye Akindele umukinnyi wa filime mwiza mu bihembo byambere mu bihembo bya Afurika bya Movie Academy 2009. Abandi bahatanira AMAA harimo Filime Nziza ya Nigeriya, Umukinnyi mwiza munshingano zunganira, hamwe n’amajwi meza yumwimerere. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Ajayi |first=Segun |date=11 April 2009 |title=Nollywood in limbo as Kenya, South Africa rule AMAA Awards |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/blockbuster/2009/apr/11/blockbuster-11-04-2009-001.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102122208/http://sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/blockbuster/2009/apr/11/blockbuster-11-04-2009-001.htm |archive-date=2 January 2010 |access-date=8 March 2011 |work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|Daily Sun]] |location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Okon-Ekong |first=Nseobong |date=10 July 2010 |title=Funke (jenifa) Akindele - How to Lose Your Name to a Character |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201007120708.html |access-date=8 March 2011 |work=[[AllAfrica.com]] |publisher=[[AllAfrica Global Media]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2009 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090903/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009 |archive-date=5 April 2011 |access-date=8 March 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] |location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> Filime nicyo gicecyambere mubyagiye bihinduka francise izwi cyane yomuri Nigeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Filmmaker Funke Akindele Knows She Can Break Her Own Record {{!}} OkayAfrica |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/funke-akindele-everybody-loves-jenifa-nollywood/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> Urukurikirane rw'ibiganiro, ''Kugaruka kwa Jenifa'', rwasohotse mu mwaka wa 2011 maze televiziyo yoroshye ya reboot, ''Jenary ya Diary'', mumwaka wa 2015. Urukurikirane rw'umwimerere rwakurikiwe n'ibikurikira bibiri, ''Umujyi wa Aiyetoro'' (2019) na ''Jenifa kuri Lockdown'' (2021). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntombela |first=Tshepiso |date=2021-06-11 |title=REVIEW: Jenifa on Lockdown - Wits Vuvuzela |url=https://witsvuvuzela.com/2021/06/11/review-jenifa-on-lockdown/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109133316/https://witsvuvuzela.com/2021/06/11/review-jenifa-on-lockdown/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Funke Akindele returns with |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/04/24/funke-akindele-returns-with-everybody-loves-jenifa/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Suleiman |first=Musa |date=2019-11-21 |title=Funke Akindele Launches "Jenifa Spells", an Educative Spelling App |url=https://www.techawkng.com/2019/11/21/funke-akindele-launches-jenifa-spells-an-educative-spelling-app/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Techawk |language=en-GB}}</ref> '','' ''porogaramu'' y’imyandikire yigisha yasohotse mumwaka wa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Funke Akindele Unveils Poster for “Everybody Loves Jenifa” Coming out December 13 |url=https://ynaija.com/funke-akindele-unveils-poster-for-everybody-loves-jenifa-coming-out-december-13/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Oniyemi, Urwenya Oshin, Muritala Salam n'ibindi == Abakinnyi == * Funke Akindele * Iyabo Ojo * Ronke Odusanya * Eniola Badmus * Mosunmola Filani * Ireti Osayemi * Tope Adebayo * Odunlade Adekola * Toyosi Adesanya * Alade Adeshina * Owolabi Adelaja * Kemi Afolabi * Bunmi Olatilewa * Moshood Oniyemi * Urwenya Oshin * Muritala Salam == Reba kandi == * Urutonde rwa firime zo muri Nigeriya zo muri 2008 == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Jenifa at IMDb  0mfipa93n3ovh1gnuczelj2bgi3lwbd 0 21351 132279 131277 2026-06-19T22:47:54Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{db-g7}} {{Infobox Musical Artist | name = Samara Joy | image = Samara Joy INNtöne 12.jpg | alt = Joy singing into a microphone | caption = Joy in 2022 | birth_name = Samara Joy McLendon | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|11|11}} | birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Bronx, New York]], U.S.}} | years_active = 2019–present | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter}} | genre = {{hlist|[[Jazz]]|[[R&B]]|[[soul music|soul]]|[[gospel music|gospel]]}} | label = {{hlist|[[Verve Records|Verve]]|[[Whirlwind Recordings|Whirlwind]]}} | website = {{URL|https://samarajoy.com}} | associated_acts = {{hlist|Emmet Cohen|Pasquale Grasso}} }} '''Samara Joy McLendon''' <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rose |first=Naeisha |date=20 May 2021 |title=Samara Joy's new album drops in July |url=https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/samara-joy-s-new-album-drops-in-july/article_fbf1d1ff-458b-5f73-92db-76f72bcd00f8.html |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=Queens Chronicle}}</ref> (yavutse ku ya 11 Ugushyingo 1999) ni umuririmbyi w’Umunyamerika. Alubumu ye ya mbere yasohotse mu 2021 yamufashije gutorwa nk’umuhanzi mushya mwiza na JazzTimes. Alubumu ye ya kabiri, '''Linger Awhile''' (2022), yageze ku mwanya wa mbere ku rutonde rwa Jazz Albums. Yahawe ibihembo bya Grammy, birimo icy’umuhanzi mushya mwiza mu 2023, ndetse atsindira ibihembo bibiri by’Album nziza ya Jazz Vocal (mu 2023 no mu 2025) hamwe n'icya Performance nziza ya Jazz (2024 na 2025). == Ubuzima bwambere n'uburere == Yavukiye mu gace ka Castle Hill <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Sheila Horne |date=1 March 2020 |title=The 2019 Sarah Vaughan International Jazz Vocal Competition – The SASSY Awards! |url=http://jazzpolice.com/archives/9981 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=Jazz Police}}</ref> gaherereye mu gace ka Bronx, mu mujyi wa New York, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alpers |first=Mira |date=12 July 2021 |title=Craving Connection: Samara Joy Speaks |url=https://www.jazzspeaks.org/jazz-speaks/craving-connection-samara-joy-speaks |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Jazzspeaks}}</ref> Joy yavutse mu 1999 mu muryango w’umuziki. Sekuru na sekuru, Umusaza Goldwire na Ruth McLendon, bashinze itsinda rya gospel rya Philadelphia The Savettes. Sekuru, Umusaza Goldwire McLendon nawe yarangije igihembwe cya 3 cya BET 'Gospel Talent show ''Sunday Best'' . Se - umukinnyi w'amajwi akaba n'umucuranzi wa bass wazengurutse umucuranzi wa gospel Andraé Crouch <ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Gary |date=18 March 2022 |title=Watch a charming set by Samara Joy and Pasquale Grasso, hosted by Gary Walker, at Yamaha Studio |url=https://www.wbgo.org/music/2022-03-18/watch-a-charming-set-by-samara-joy-and-pasquale-grasso-hosted-by-gary-walker-at-yamaha-studio |access-date=27 April 2022 |publisher=WBGO}}</ref> <ref name="phillytrib">{{Cite news |last=Charleston |first=Rita |date=29 January 2021 |title=Vocalist Samara Joy seeks to spread understanding of jazz music |url=https://www.phillytrib.com/entertainment/music/vocalist-samara-joy-seeks-to-spread-understanding-of-jazz-music/article_c146781d-e493-5ed7-ba64-1b8b648a3b83.html |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=The Philadelphia Tribune}}</ref> - yamumenyesheje abakomeye ba gospel nka The Clark Sisters, n'ubugingo n'umuziki wa Motown . Yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Fordham ryubuhanzi kandi akora ibitaramo mu itsinda ryayo rya jazz. Muri <ref name=":0" />, yatsindiye Vocalist Nziza mu iserukiramuco rya Ellington, amarushanwa yisumbuye yakiriwe na Jazz mu kigo cya Lincoln . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meet Samara McLendon |url=https://www.purchase.edu/live/news/3636-meet-samara-mclendon |access-date=April 27, 2022 |publisher=Purchase College}}</ref> <ref name="phillytrib" /> Yabanje guhura na jazz muburyo bufite intego ubwo yiyandikishaga muri gahunda ya jazz muri SUNY 's Purchase College nkumu majwi wijwi, <ref name="npr">{{Cite web |last=Whitehead |first=Kevin |date=12 August 2021 |title=Newcomer Samara Joy Makes An Imposing Debut On Her Self-Titled Album |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/12/1027042961/newcomer-samara-joy-makes-an-imposing-debut-on-her-self-titled-album |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=NPR}}</ref> <ref name="wbgo">{{Cite web |last=Faircloth |first=Keanna |date=November 21, 2019 |title=Meet Samara McLendon on Afternoon Jazz, Before the Sarah Vaughan Vocal Competition |url=https://www.wbgo.org/show/afternoon-jazz/2019-11-21/meet-samara-mclendon-on-afternoon-jazz-before-the-sarah-vaughan-vocal-competition |access-date=13 June 2022 |publisher=WBGO}}</ref> maze yitwa Ella Fitzgerald Scholar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=INTRODUCING THE FOUNDATION'S ELLA FITZGERALD MEMORIAL SCHOLARS |url=https://www.ellafitzgerald.com/scholars/#/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=ellafitzgerald.com}}</ref> Inshuti zaho zamumenyesheje amajwi y’abahanzi bakomeye ba jazz barimo Sarah Vaughan na Fitzgerald, <ref>{{Cite news |last=Gelly |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Gelly |date=August 7, 2021 |title=Samara Joy: Samara Joy review – classic American song in safe young hands |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/aug/07/samara-joy-debut-album-review-pasquale-grasso-sarah-vaughan |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> n’abacuranga ibikoresho nka Kenny Washington, Jon Faddis (twiganye), <ref>{{Cite news |last=Garelick |first=Jon |date=11 November 2022 |title=Holiday cheer from Samara Joy, with her own twist on tradition |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/11/11/arts/holiday-cheer-samara-joy-with-her-own-twist-tradition/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=Boston Globe}}</ref> na Ingrid Jensen . <ref name="wbgo" /> Ashingiye ku gishushanyo cya jazz Billie Holiday, Joy yaje gukora ikiruhuko cyitwa "Ibumoso wenyine" <ref>{{Cite web |last=JazzBuffalo |date=2024-12-18 |title=JazzBuffalo Review: Samara Joy’s Holiday Concert at UBCFA – A Triumphant Return and a New Chapter |url=https://jazzbuffalo.org/2024/12/18/jazzbuffalo-review-samara-joys-holiday-concert-at-ubcfa-a-triumphant-return-and-a-new-chapter/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=JazzBuffalo |language=en-US}}</ref> kandi yifashishije uburyo bwe bwose kuri stade igezweho. == Umwuga == Muri 2019, nka Samara McLendon, yatsindiye amarushanwa mpuzamahanga ya Jazz Vocal Sarah Vaughan . <ref name="london">{{Cite web |last=Sieff |first=Adam |date=26 July 2021 |title=Samara Joy: 'Samara Joy' |url=https://londonjazznews.com/2021/07/26/samara-joy-samara-joy/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=London Jazz News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faircloth |first=Keanna |date=25 November 2019 |title=Samara McLendon Wins the 2019 Sarah Vaughan International Jazz Vocal Competition |url=https://www.wbgo.org/music/2019-11-25/samara-mclendon-wins-the-2019-sarah-vaughan-international-jazz-vocal-competition |access-date=6 June 2022 |publisher=WBGO}}</ref> Umwe mu bacamanza muri iryo rushanwa, Christian McBride uzwi cyane ku isi, yavuze ko Joy ari "impano iboneka rimwe mu gisekuru." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Samara Joy: The 60 Minutes Interview - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/video/samara-joy-60-minutes-video-2024-12-22/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Yakoranye na producer ndetse n’umuyobozi wa nyuma, Matt Pierson, yanditse alubumu ye yise iyambere akiri muri kaminuza, <ref name="npr"/> arangiza ''magna cum laude'' mu 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase College: Commencement 2021 |url=https://www.purchase.edu/live/files/4471-2021-commencement-program |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=purchase.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=DeLuke |first=R.J. |date=7 May 2021 |title=Samara Joy: Ascension Into Jazz |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/samara-joy-mclendon-ascension-into-jazz-samara-joy-mclendon |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=All About Jazz}}</ref> ''Samara Joy'' yasohotse ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2021, kuri Whirlwind Recordings . <ref name="bay">{{Cite web |last=Haas |first=Scott |date=June 16, 2021 |title=Samara Joy — voice of a new generation |url=https://www.baystatebanner.com/2021/06/16/samara-joy-voice-of-a-new-generation/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Bay State Banner}}</ref> ''Jazz Times'' yise Umuhanzi <em>mushya</em> mwiza mu <ref name="jt">{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=2021 JazzTimes Expanded Critics' Poll Results |url=https://jazztimes.com/features/lists/2021-jazztimes-expanded-critics-poll-results/ |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=Jazz Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |date=21 February 2022 |title=NJPAC Celebrates Jazz Appreciation Month With Great Shows |url=https://www.newjerseystage.com/articles2/2022/02/21/njpac-celebrates-jazz-appreciation-month-with-great-shows/ |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=New Jersey Stage}}</ref> Mu kiganiro, umuyobozi wa firime Regina King yamwise "umukobwa ukiri muto usa na Sarah Vaughan na Ella Fitzgerald bombi baba mu mubiri we." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keegan |first=Rebecca |date=January 13, 2021 |title=Director Roundtable: Regina King, Spike Lee, George Clooney and More Reflect on State of "Cinematic Experience" Amid Pandemic |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/director-roundtable-regina-king-spike-lee-george-clooney-and-more-reflect-on-state-of-cinematic-experience-amid-pandemic-4114967/ |access-date=April 27, 2022 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Yasohoye amashusho menshi y'amashusho, harimo imwe yari imaze kurebwa inshuro zirenga miliyoni 1.5 guhera mu Kwakira 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bohrman |first=Gabrielle |date=6 October 2020 |title=The Art of Going Viral |url=https://www.purchasenews.org/post/the-art-of-going-viral |access-date=June 13, 2022 |website=Purchase News}}</ref> Aya mashusho yari afite guhera mu Gushyingo 2022 yungutse abayoboke be 200.000 kuri TikTok . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Samara Joy Sings |url=https://www.tiktok.com/@samarajoysings |access-date=21 November 2022 |publisher=TikTok}}</ref> Ahanini ku mbaraga zatsinze, yazengurutse u Burayi, <ref name="bay"/> harimo n'ibitaramo byagurishijwe mu Butaliyani na Otirishiya. Mu 2021 akomeza muri 2022, yazengurutse Amerika, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |date=3 June 2022 |title=Lincoln Center Summer For The City to Present Jazz Underground Featuring Samara Joy and More |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Lincoln-Center-Summer-For-The-City-to-Present-Jazz-Underground-Featuring-Samara-Joy-and-More-20220603 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=Broadway World}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Jim |date=22 March 2022 |title=Jazz Vocalist Samara Joy Performs At West Falmouth Library |url=https://www.capenews.net/arts_and_entertainment/jazz-vocalist-samara-joy-performs-at-west-falmouth-library/article_3a198556-bd91-5b2d-a92e-6342a4b6ecab.html |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Daily Republic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Jim |title=Emmet Cohen w/ Samara Joy Duo @ Jazz Club Ferrara |url=https://www.americanpianists.org/calendar/event/801-samara-joy-emmet-cohen-jazz-club-ferrara |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=American Pianists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Jim |date=11 April 2022 |title=Monterey Jazz Festival releases 2022 lineup |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/entertainment/monterey-jazz-festival-releases-2022-lineup/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Daily Republic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Edgar |first=Hannah |date=13 June 2022 |title=Hyde Park Jazz Festival announces 2022 lineup featuring Charles McPherson Quintet, Qwanqwa and Hear in Now |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-hyde-park-jazz-festival-lineup-2022-20220613-43fhzrxcofhnvhulaqqd7cq6pi-story.html |access-date=13 June 2022 |work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> iserukiramuco <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2022 |title=Litchfield Jazz Fest July 29–31 lineup announced |url=https://www.registercitizen.com/entertainment/article/Litchfield-Jazz-Fest-July-29-31-lineup-announced-16987772.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520145900/https://www.registercitizen.com/entertainment/article/Litchfield-Jazz-Fest-July-29-31-lineup-announced-16987772.php |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=June 13, 2022 |website=Daily Republic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Russonello |first=Giovanni |date=24 January 2022 |title=Watch 5 Standout Performances From Winter Jazzfest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/24/arts/music/winter-jazzfest.html |access-date=13 June 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Jazz , Ku ya 15 Gashyantare 2022, yaririmbye kuri ''uyu munsi'' ari kumwe n'umucuranzi wa gitari Pasquale Grasso <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |date=23 February 2022 |title=Samara Joy Performs On TODAY WITH HODA & JENNA |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Samara-Joy-Performs-On-TODAY-WITH-HODA-JENNA-20220223 |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Broadway World}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=Samara Joy talks world tour, sings 'Can't Get Out of This Mood' |url=https://www.today.com/video/samara-joy-performs-single-can-t-get-out-of-this-mood-149357637575 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Today |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121161145/https://www.today.com/video/samara-joy-performs-single-can-t-get-out-of-this-mood-149357637575 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuri ''uyu munsi'' muri Nzeri 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |date=20 May 2022 |title=Samara Joy to be Featured in Carnegie Hall's 16th Annual Notable Occasion |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Samara-Joy-to-be-Featured-in-Carnegie-Halls-16th-Annual-Notable-Occasion-20220520 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=Broadway World}}</ref> agaragara mu iserukiramuco rya Newport Jazz . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackert |first=David |date=31 August 2022 |title=Samara Joy shines at 2022 Newport Jazz Festival: Video, Photos |url=https://jazzbluesnews.com/2022/08/31/samara-joy-shines-at-2022-newport-jazz-festival-video-photos/ |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=Jazz Blues News |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121161142/https://jazzbluesnews.com/2022/08/31/samara-joy-shines-at-2022-newport-jazz-festival-video-photos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yagaragaye kuri alubumu ya 2022 ya piyano piyano Julius Rodriguez ''Reka amajwi abwire bose'' . <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hobart |first=Mike |date=10 June 2022 |title=Julius Rodriguez: Let Sound Tell All — a wide-ranging debut |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ccf4125c-a16a-4f87-b05c-4a6928b5f221 |access-date=13 June 2022 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Ku ya 16 Nzeri 2022, yashyize ahagaragara alubumu ye ya kabiri, ''Linger Awhile'', kuri Verve Records . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Veronica |date=20 October 2022 |title=Samara Joy: Linger Awhile (Verve) |url=https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/samara-joy-linger-awhile-verve/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=JazzTimes}}</ref> igaragaramo uvuza ingoma Kenny Washington, umucuranzi wa gitari Pasquale Grasso, piyano Ben Paterson, na David Wong wa bassiste. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Peter |title=Samara Joy: Linger Awhile |url=https://www.jazzwise.com/review/samara-joy-linger-awhile |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Jazzwise}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Veronica |date=21 September 2022 |title=Samara Joy – 'Linger Awhile' |url=https://londonjazznews.com/2022/09/21/samara-joy-linger-awhile/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=London Jazz News}}</ref> Mu byo yanditse mu gihe cy'imbeho 2022 harimo kuririmbana na Jazz muri Orchestre Lincoln Centre mu ruzinduko rwayo rwa Big Band. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra ft. Dianne Reeves w/ Samara Joy |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/music/jazz-at-lincoln-center-orchestra-ft-dianne-reeves-w-samara-joy-2981153/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=Austin Chronicle |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202144823/https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/music/jazz-at-lincoln-center-orchestra-ft-dianne-reeves-w-samara-joy-2981153/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu rwego rwo kwiyamamaza kw’ibiruhuko, Joy yifatanyije na Theory maze atangira indirimbo ye nshya yise "Noneho na nyuma" gusa yamamaye mu mujyi wa New York . Yavuze ko ibiruhuko bya Billie <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anicia |date=1970-01-01 |title=Interview with Samara Joy, the 2023 Grammy Awards revelation |url=https://numero.com/en/culture-en/interview-with-samara-joy-the-2023-grammy-awards-revelation-the-stars-already-adore/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Numéro |language=en-US}}</ref> ku buryo bwe bwiza. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lifestyle |first=theGrio |date=2023-11-04 |title=Black in Style: Samara Joy sings in the holidays in style |url=https://thegrio.com/2023/11/04/black-in-style-samara-joy-sings-in-the-holidays-in-style/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=TheGrio |language=en-US}}</ref> Yatowe kandi yatsindiye ibihembo bibiri muri Grammy Awards mu 2023 : <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=SAMARA JOY VERVE RECORDS DEBUT EARNS 2 GRAMMY NOMINATIONS |url=https://www.musicconnection.com/samara-joy-signs-to-verve-records/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Music Connection}}</ref> Alubumu nziza ya Jazz Vocal Album ya ''Linger Awhile'' n'umuhanzi mushya mwiza . Muri Grammy Awards mu 2024, yatowe kandi yegukana igihembo cyiza cya Jazz Performance hamwe nindirimbo ye "Tight." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Laughlin |first=Éamon |date=2024-02-05 |title=Samara Joy Wins Best Jazz Performance at the 2024 Grammy Awards < Music Works International |url=https://www.musicworksinternational.com/samara-joy-wins-best-jazz-performance-at-the-2024-grammy-awards/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Music Works International |language=en-US}}</ref> Yatowe kandi yegukana ibindi bihembo bibiri muri Grammy Awards mu 2025 : Igitaramo cyiza cya Jazz hamwe na "Twinkle Twinkle Little Me" <ref name=":1"> {{Cite web |last=Frazier |first=Nina |date=November 8, 2024 |title=2025 GRAMMYs: See The OFFICIAL Full Nominations List |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2025-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list |access-date=November 10, 2024 |website=[[Grammy Awards|Grammy]]}}</ref> na Album nziza ya Jazz Vocal ya ''Noheri nziza'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Samara Joy Win Best Jazz Vocal Album For A Joyful Holiday {{!}} 2025 GRAMMYs Acceptance Speech {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://grammy.com/videos/samara-joy-wins-best-jazz-vocal-album-2025-grammys |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=grammy.com |archive-date=2026-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260519015510/https://www.grammy.com/videos/samara-joy-wins-best-jazz-vocal-album-2025-grammys |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubucukumbuzi == ; Alubumu za sitidiyo * ''Ibyishimo bya Samara'' (2021) <ref name="bay"/> * ''Gutinda Igihe gito'' (2022) * ''Igishushanyo'' (2024) == Ibihembo n'icyubahiro == {| class="wikitable" !Umwaka ! Ishyirahamwe ! Icyiciro ! Akazi katoranijwe ! Igisubizo ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | |- | 2019 | colspan="2" | Sarah Vaughan Amarushanwa mpuzamahanga ya Jazz | rowspan="4" | We wenyine| {{won}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faircloth |first=Keanna |date=2019-11-25 |title=Samara McLendon Wins the 2019 Sarah Vaughan International Jazz Vocal Competition |url=https://www.wbgo.org/music/2019-11-25/samara-mclendon-wins-the-2019-sarah-vaughan-international-jazz-vocal-competition |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=WBGO |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2021 | ''JazzTimes'' | Umuhanzi mushya mwiza| {{won}} | <ref name="jt"/> |- | 2022 | Ibihembo bya Jazz Music Awards | Umuhanzi mwiza wa Jazz| {{won}} | |- | rowspan="3" | 2023 | rowspan="2" | Grammy Awards | Umuhanzi mushya mwiza| {{won}} | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Samara Joy |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/samara-joy/51872 |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Grammy Awards}}</ref> |- | Album nziza ya Jazz | rowspan="2" | ''Gutinda Igihe gito''| {{won}} |- | Ibihembo bya NAACP | Album idasanzwe ya Jazz - Ijwi| {{nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=January 12, 2023 |title='Abbott Elementary,' 'Black Panther: Wakanda Forever' and 'The Woman King' Dominate NAACP Image Award Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2023/awards/awards/naacp-image-award-nominees-angela-bassett-quinta-brunson-1235486668/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113030648/https://variety.com/2023/awards/awards/naacp-image-award-nominees-angela-bassett-quinta-brunson-1235486668/ |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" | 2024 | Grammy Awards | rowspan="2" | Imikorere myiza ya Jazz | "Komera"|{{won}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Enos |first=Morgan |date=November 10, 2023 |title=2024 GRAMMY Nominations: See The Full Nominees List |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2024-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list |access-date=November 24, 2023 |website=[[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2025 | rowspan="2" | Grammy Awards | "Twinkle Twinkle Ntoya" <small>(hamwe na Sullivan Fortner )</small>| {{won}} | rowspan="2" | <ref name=":1"/> |- | rowspan="2" | Album nziza ya Jazz | Ikiruhuko cyiza| {{won}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2026 | rowspan="2" | Grammy Awards | ''Igishushanyo''| {{pending}} | rowspan="2" | <ref> {{Cite web |last=Faulkner |first=Clara |date=November 7, 2025 |title=2026 GRAMMYs: See The OFFICIAL Full Nominations List |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2026-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list |access-date=November 8, 2025 |website=[[Grammy Awards|Grammy]]}}</ref> |- | Imikorere myiza ya Jazz | "Amahoro yo mu mutwe / Inzozi zabaye impamo"| {{pending}} |} == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Short description is different from Wikidata]] 79vtkgx5gctsis0fxx0tr1wthp4p3en 0 21352 132280 131278 2026-06-19T22:47:57Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Musical Artist | name = Samara Joy | image = Samara Joy INNtöne 12.jpg | alt = Joy singing into a microphone | caption = Joy in 2022 | birth_name = Samara Joy McLendon | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|11|11}} | birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Bronx, New York]], U.S.}} | years_active = 2019–present | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter}} | genre = {{hlist|[[Jazz]]|[[R&B]]|[[soul music|soul]]|[[gospel music|gospel]]}} | label = {{hlist|[[Verve Records|Verve]]|[[Whirlwind Recordings|Whirlwind]]}} | website = {{URL|https://samarajoy.com}} | associated_acts = {{hlist|Emmet Cohen|Pasquale Grasso}} }} '''Samara Joy McLendon''' <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rose |first=Naeisha |date=20 May 2021 |title=Samara Joy's new album drops in July |url=https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/samara-joy-s-new-album-drops-in-july/article_fbf1d1ff-458b-5f73-92db-76f72bcd00f8.html |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=Queens Chronicle}}</ref> (yavutse ku ya 11 Ugushyingo 1999) ni umuririmbyi w’Umunyamerika. Alubumu ye ya mbere yasohotse mu 2021 yamufashije gutorwa nk’umuhanzi mushya mwiza na JazzTimes. Alubumu ye ya kabiri, '''Linger Awhile''' (2022), yageze ku mwanya wa mbere ku rutonde rwa Jazz Albums. Yahawe ibihembo bya Grammy, birimo icy’umuhanzi mushya mwiza mu 2023, ndetse atsindira ibihembo bibiri by’Album nziza ya Jazz Vocal (mu 2023 no mu 2025) hamwe n'icya Performance nziza ya Jazz (2024 na 2025). == Ubuzima bwambere n'uburere == Yavukiye mu gace ka Castle Hill <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Sheila Horne |date=1 March 2020 |title=The 2019 Sarah Vaughan International Jazz Vocal Competition – The SASSY Awards! |url=http://jazzpolice.com/archives/9981 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=Jazz Police}}</ref> gaherereye mu gace ka Bronx, mu mujyi wa New York, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alpers |first=Mira |date=12 July 2021 |title=Craving Connection: Samara Joy Speaks |url=https://www.jazzspeaks.org/jazz-speaks/craving-connection-samara-joy-speaks |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Jazzspeaks}}</ref> Joy yavutse mu 1999 mu muryango w’umuziki. Sekuru na sekuru, Umusaza Goldwire na Ruth McLendon, bashinze itsinda rya gospel rya Philadelphia The Savettes. Sekuru, Umusaza Goldwire McLendon nawe yarangije igihembwe cya 3 cya BET 'Gospel Talent show ''Sunday Best'' . Se - umukinnyi w'amajwi akaba n'umucuranzi wa bass wazengurutse umucuranzi wa gospel Andraé Crouch <ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Gary |date=18 March 2022 |title=Watch a charming set by Samara Joy and Pasquale Grasso, hosted by Gary Walker, at Yamaha Studio |url=https://www.wbgo.org/music/2022-03-18/watch-a-charming-set-by-samara-joy-and-pasquale-grasso-hosted-by-gary-walker-at-yamaha-studio |access-date=27 April 2022 |publisher=WBGO}}</ref> <ref name="phillytrib">{{Cite news |last=Charleston |first=Rita |date=29 January 2021 |title=Vocalist Samara Joy seeks to spread understanding of jazz music |url=https://www.phillytrib.com/entertainment/music/vocalist-samara-joy-seeks-to-spread-understanding-of-jazz-music/article_c146781d-e493-5ed7-ba64-1b8b648a3b83.html |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=The Philadelphia Tribune}}</ref> - yamumenyesheje abakomeye ba gospel nka The Clark Sisters, n'ubugingo n'umuziki wa Motown . Yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Fordham ryubuhanzi kandi akora ibitaramo mu itsinda ryayo rya jazz. Muri <ref name=":0" />, yatsindiye Vocalist Nziza mu iserukiramuco rya Ellington, amarushanwa yisumbuye yakiriwe na Jazz mu kigo cya Lincoln . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meet Samara McLendon |url=https://www.purchase.edu/live/news/3636-meet-samara-mclendon |access-date=April 27, 2022 |publisher=Purchase College}}</ref> <ref name="phillytrib" /> Yabanje guhura na jazz muburyo bufite intego ubwo yiyandikishaga muri gahunda ya jazz muri SUNY 's Purchase College nkumu majwi wijwi, <ref name="npr">{{Cite web |last=Whitehead |first=Kevin |date=12 August 2021 |title=Newcomer Samara Joy Makes An Imposing Debut On Her Self-Titled Album |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/12/1027042961/newcomer-samara-joy-makes-an-imposing-debut-on-her-self-titled-album |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=NPR}}</ref> <ref name="wbgo">{{Cite web |last=Faircloth |first=Keanna |date=November 21, 2019 |title=Meet Samara McLendon on Afternoon Jazz, Before the Sarah Vaughan Vocal Competition |url=https://www.wbgo.org/show/afternoon-jazz/2019-11-21/meet-samara-mclendon-on-afternoon-jazz-before-the-sarah-vaughan-vocal-competition |access-date=13 June 2022 |publisher=WBGO}}</ref> maze yitwa Ella Fitzgerald Scholar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=INTRODUCING THE FOUNDATION'S ELLA FITZGERALD MEMORIAL SCHOLARS |url=https://www.ellafitzgerald.com/scholars/#/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=ellafitzgerald.com}}</ref> Inshuti zaho zamumenyesheje amajwi y’abahanzi bakomeye ba jazz barimo Sarah Vaughan na Fitzgerald, <ref>{{Cite news |last=Gelly |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Gelly |date=August 7, 2021 |title=Samara Joy: Samara Joy review – classic American song in safe young hands |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/aug/07/samara-joy-debut-album-review-pasquale-grasso-sarah-vaughan |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> n’abacuranga ibikoresho nka Kenny Washington, Jon Faddis (twiganye), <ref>{{Cite news |last=Garelick |first=Jon |date=11 November 2022 |title=Holiday cheer from Samara Joy, with her own twist on tradition |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/11/11/arts/holiday-cheer-samara-joy-with-her-own-twist-tradition/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=Boston Globe}}</ref> na Ingrid Jensen . <ref name="wbgo" /> Ashingiye ku gishushanyo cya jazz Billie Holiday, Joy yaje gukora ikiruhuko cyitwa "Ibumoso wenyine" <ref>{{Cite web |last=JazzBuffalo |date=2024-12-18 |title=JazzBuffalo Review: Samara Joy’s Holiday Concert at UBCFA – A Triumphant Return and a New Chapter |url=https://jazzbuffalo.org/2024/12/18/jazzbuffalo-review-samara-joys-holiday-concert-at-ubcfa-a-triumphant-return-and-a-new-chapter/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=JazzBuffalo |language=en-US}}</ref> kandi yifashishije uburyo bwe bwose kuri stade igezweho. == Umwuga == Muri 2019, nka Samara McLendon, yatsindiye amarushanwa mpuzamahanga ya Jazz Vocal Sarah Vaughan . <ref name="london">{{Cite web |last=Sieff |first=Adam |date=26 July 2021 |title=Samara Joy: 'Samara Joy' |url=https://londonjazznews.com/2021/07/26/samara-joy-samara-joy/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=London Jazz News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faircloth |first=Keanna |date=25 November 2019 |title=Samara McLendon Wins the 2019 Sarah Vaughan International Jazz Vocal Competition |url=https://www.wbgo.org/music/2019-11-25/samara-mclendon-wins-the-2019-sarah-vaughan-international-jazz-vocal-competition |access-date=6 June 2022 |publisher=WBGO}}</ref> Umwe mu bacamanza muri iryo rushanwa, Christian McBride uzwi cyane ku isi, yavuze ko Joy ari "impano iboneka rimwe mu gisekuru." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Samara Joy: The 60 Minutes Interview - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/video/samara-joy-60-minutes-video-2024-12-22/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Yakoranye na producer ndetse n’umuyobozi wa nyuma, Matt Pierson, yanditse alubumu ye yise iyambere akiri muri kaminuza, <ref name="npr"/> arangiza ''magna cum laude'' mu 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Purchase College: Commencement 2021 |url=https://www.purchase.edu/live/files/4471-2021-commencement-program |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=purchase.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=DeLuke |first=R.J. |date=7 May 2021 |title=Samara Joy: Ascension Into Jazz |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/samara-joy-mclendon-ascension-into-jazz-samara-joy-mclendon |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=All About Jazz}}</ref> ''Samara Joy'' yasohotse ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2021, kuri Whirlwind Recordings . <ref name="bay">{{Cite web |last=Haas |first=Scott |date=June 16, 2021 |title=Samara Joy — voice of a new generation |url=https://www.baystatebanner.com/2021/06/16/samara-joy-voice-of-a-new-generation/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Bay State Banner}}</ref> ''Jazz Times'' yise Umuhanzi <em>mushya</em> mwiza mu <ref name="jt">{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=2021 JazzTimes Expanded Critics' Poll Results |url=https://jazztimes.com/features/lists/2021-jazztimes-expanded-critics-poll-results/ |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=Jazz Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |date=21 February 2022 |title=NJPAC Celebrates Jazz Appreciation Month With Great Shows |url=https://www.newjerseystage.com/articles2/2022/02/21/njpac-celebrates-jazz-appreciation-month-with-great-shows/ |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=New Jersey Stage}}</ref> Mu kiganiro, umuyobozi wa firime Regina King yamwise "umukobwa ukiri muto usa na Sarah Vaughan na Ella Fitzgerald bombi baba mu mubiri we." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keegan |first=Rebecca |date=January 13, 2021 |title=Director Roundtable: Regina King, Spike Lee, George Clooney and More Reflect on State of "Cinematic Experience" Amid Pandemic |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/director-roundtable-regina-king-spike-lee-george-clooney-and-more-reflect-on-state-of-cinematic-experience-amid-pandemic-4114967/ |access-date=April 27, 2022 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Yasohoye amashusho menshi y'amashusho, harimo imwe yari imaze kurebwa inshuro zirenga miliyoni 1.5 guhera mu Kwakira 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bohrman |first=Gabrielle |date=6 October 2020 |title=The Art of Going Viral |url=https://www.purchasenews.org/post/the-art-of-going-viral |access-date=June 13, 2022 |website=Purchase News}}</ref> Aya mashusho yari afite guhera mu Gushyingo 2022 yungutse abayoboke be 200.000 kuri TikTok . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Samara Joy Sings |url=https://www.tiktok.com/@samarajoysings |access-date=21 November 2022 |publisher=TikTok}}</ref> Ahanini ku mbaraga zatsinze, yazengurutse u Burayi, <ref name="bay"/> harimo n'ibitaramo byagurishijwe mu Butaliyani na Otirishiya. Mu 2021 akomeza muri 2022, yazengurutse Amerika, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |date=3 June 2022 |title=Lincoln Center Summer For The City to Present Jazz Underground Featuring Samara Joy and More |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Lincoln-Center-Summer-For-The-City-to-Present-Jazz-Underground-Featuring-Samara-Joy-and-More-20220603 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=Broadway World}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Jim |date=22 March 2022 |title=Jazz Vocalist Samara Joy Performs At West Falmouth Library |url=https://www.capenews.net/arts_and_entertainment/jazz-vocalist-samara-joy-performs-at-west-falmouth-library/article_3a198556-bd91-5b2d-a92e-6342a4b6ecab.html |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Daily Republic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Jim |title=Emmet Cohen w/ Samara Joy Duo @ Jazz Club Ferrara |url=https://www.americanpianists.org/calendar/event/801-samara-joy-emmet-cohen-jazz-club-ferrara |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=American Pianists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Jim |date=11 April 2022 |title=Monterey Jazz Festival releases 2022 lineup |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/entertainment/monterey-jazz-festival-releases-2022-lineup/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Daily Republic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Edgar |first=Hannah |date=13 June 2022 |title=Hyde Park Jazz Festival announces 2022 lineup featuring Charles McPherson Quintet, Qwanqwa and Hear in Now |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-hyde-park-jazz-festival-lineup-2022-20220613-43fhzrxcofhnvhulaqqd7cq6pi-story.html |access-date=13 June 2022 |work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> nandi maserukiramuco <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2022 |title=Litchfield Jazz Fest July 29–31 lineup announced |url=https://www.registercitizen.com/entertainment/article/Litchfield-Jazz-Fest-July-29-31-lineup-announced-16987772.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520145900/https://www.registercitizen.com/entertainment/article/Litchfield-Jazz-Fest-July-29-31-lineup-announced-16987772.php |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=June 13, 2022 |website=Daily Republic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Russonello |first=Giovanni |date=24 January 2022 |title=Watch 5 Standout Performances From Winter Jazzfest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/24/arts/music/winter-jazzfest.html |access-date=13 June 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> cyane cyane muburayi. Ku ya 15 Gashyantare 2022, yaririmbye kuri ''uyu munsi'' ari kumwe n'umucuranzi wa gitari Pasquale Grasso <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |date=23 February 2022 |title=Samara Joy Performs On TODAY WITH HODA & JENNA |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Samara-Joy-Performs-On-TODAY-WITH-HODA-JENNA-20220223 |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Broadway World}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=Samara Joy talks world tour, sings 'Can't Get Out of This Mood' |url=https://www.today.com/video/samara-joy-performs-single-can-t-get-out-of-this-mood-149357637575 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Today |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121161145/https://www.today.com/video/samara-joy-performs-single-can-t-get-out-of-this-mood-149357637575 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuri ''uyu munsi'' muri Nzeri 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |date=20 May 2022 |title=Samara Joy to be Featured in Carnegie Hall's 16th Annual Notable Occasion |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Samara-Joy-to-be-Featured-in-Carnegie-Halls-16th-Annual-Notable-Occasion-20220520 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=Broadway World}}</ref> agaragara mu iserukiramuco rya Newport Jazz . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackert |first=David |date=31 August 2022 |title=Samara Joy shines at 2022 Newport Jazz Festival: Video, Photos |url=https://jazzbluesnews.com/2022/08/31/samara-joy-shines-at-2022-newport-jazz-festival-video-photos/ |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=Jazz Blues News |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121161142/https://jazzbluesnews.com/2022/08/31/samara-joy-shines-at-2022-newport-jazz-festival-video-photos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yagaragaye kuri alubumu ya 2022 ya piyano piyano Julius Rodriguez ''Reka amajwi abwire bose'' . <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hobart |first=Mike |date=10 June 2022 |title=Julius Rodriguez: Let Sound Tell All — a wide-ranging debut |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ccf4125c-a16a-4f87-b05c-4a6928b5f221 |access-date=13 June 2022 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Ku ya 16 Nzeri 2022, yashyize ahagaragara alubumu ye ya kabiri, ''Linger Awhile'', kuri Verve Records . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Veronica |date=20 October 2022 |title=Samara Joy: Linger Awhile (Verve) |url=https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/samara-joy-linger-awhile-verve/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=JazzTimes}}</ref> igaragaramo uvuza ingoma Kenny Washington, umucuranzi wa gitari Pasquale Grasso, piyano Ben Paterson, na David Wong wa bassiste. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Peter |title=Samara Joy: Linger Awhile |url=https://www.jazzwise.com/review/samara-joy-linger-awhile |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Jazzwise}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Veronica |date=21 September 2022 |title=Samara Joy – 'Linger Awhile' |url=https://londonjazznews.com/2022/09/21/samara-joy-linger-awhile/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=London Jazz News}}</ref> Mu byo yanditse mu gihe cy'imbeho 2022 harimo kuririmbana na Jazz muri Orchestre Lincoln Centre mu ruzinduko rwayo rwa Big Band. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra ft. Dianne Reeves w/ Samara Joy |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/music/jazz-at-lincoln-center-orchestra-ft-dianne-reeves-w-samara-joy-2981153/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=Austin Chronicle |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202144823/https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/music/jazz-at-lincoln-center-orchestra-ft-dianne-reeves-w-samara-joy-2981153/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu rwego rwo kwiyamamaza kw’ibiruhuko, Joy yifatanyije na Theory maze atangira indirimbo ye nshya yise "Noneho na nyuma" gusa yamamaye mu mujyi wa New York . Yavuze ko ibiruhuko bya Billie <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anicia |date=1970-01-01 |title=Interview with Samara Joy, the 2023 Grammy Awards revelation |url=https://numero.com/en/culture-en/interview-with-samara-joy-the-2023-grammy-awards-revelation-the-stars-already-adore/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Numéro |language=en-US}}</ref> ku buryo bwe bwiza. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lifestyle |first=theGrio |date=2023-11-04 |title=Black in Style: Samara Joy sings in the holidays in style |url=https://thegrio.com/2023/11/04/black-in-style-samara-joy-sings-in-the-holidays-in-style/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=TheGrio |language=en-US}}</ref> Yatowe kandi yatsindiye ibihembo bibiri muri Grammy Awards mu 2023 : <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=SAMARA JOY VERVE RECORDS DEBUT EARNS 2 GRAMMY NOMINATIONS |url=https://www.musicconnection.com/samara-joy-signs-to-verve-records/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Music Connection}}</ref> Alubumu nziza ya Jazz Vocal Album ya ''Linger Awhile'' n'umuhanzi mushya mwiza . Muri Grammy Awards mu 2024, yatowe kandi yegukana igihembo cyiza cya Jazz Performance hamwe nindirimbo ye "Tight." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Laughlin |first=Éamon |date=2024-02-05 |title=Samara Joy Wins Best Jazz Performance at the 2024 Grammy Awards < Music Works International |url=https://www.musicworksinternational.com/samara-joy-wins-best-jazz-performance-at-the-2024-grammy-awards/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Music Works International |language=en-US}}</ref> Yatowe kandi yegukana ibindi bihembo bibiri muri Grammy Awards mu 2025 : Igitaramo cyiza cya Jazz hamwe na "Twinkle Twinkle Little Me" <ref name=":1"> {{Cite web |last=Frazier |first=Nina |date=November 8, 2024 |title=2025 GRAMMYs: See The OFFICIAL Full Nominations List |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2025-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list |access-date=November 10, 2024 |website=[[Grammy Awards|Grammy]]}}</ref> na Album nziza ya Jazz Vocal ya ''Noheri nziza'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Samara Joy Win Best Jazz Vocal Album For A Joyful Holiday {{!}} 2025 GRAMMYs Acceptance Speech {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://grammy.com/videos/samara-joy-wins-best-jazz-vocal-album-2025-grammys |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=grammy.com |archive-date=2026-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260519015510/https://www.grammy.com/videos/samara-joy-wins-best-jazz-vocal-album-2025-grammys |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubucukumbuzi == ; Alubumu za sitidiyo * ''Ibyishimo bya Samara'' (2021) <ref name="bay"/> * ''Gutinda Igihe gito'' (2022) * ''Igishushanyo'' (2024) == Ibihembo n'icyubahiro == {| class="wikitable" !Umwaka ! Ishyirahamwe ! Icyiciro ! Akazi katoranijwe ! Igisubizo ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | |- | 2019 | colspan="2" | Sarah Vaughan Amarushanwa mpuzamahanga ya Jazz | rowspan="4" | We wenyine| {{won}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faircloth |first=Keanna |date=2019-11-25 |title=Samara McLendon Wins the 2019 Sarah Vaughan International Jazz Vocal Competition |url=https://www.wbgo.org/music/2019-11-25/samara-mclendon-wins-the-2019-sarah-vaughan-international-jazz-vocal-competition |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=WBGO |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2021 | ''JazzTimes'' | Umuhanzi mushya mwiza| {{won}} | <ref name="jt"/> |- | 2022 | Ibihembo bya Jazz Music Awards | Umuhanzi mwiza wa Jazz| {{won}} | |- | rowspan="3" | 2023 | rowspan="2" | Grammy Awards | Umuhanzi mushya mwiza| {{won}} | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Samara Joy |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/samara-joy/51872 |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Grammy Awards}}</ref> |- | Album nziza ya Jazz | rowspan="2" | ''Gutinda Igihe gito''| {{won}} |- | Ibihembo bya NAACP | Album idasanzwe ya Jazz - Ijwi| {{nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=January 12, 2023 |title='Abbott Elementary,' 'Black Panther: Wakanda Forever' and 'The Woman King' Dominate NAACP Image Award Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2023/awards/awards/naacp-image-award-nominees-angela-bassett-quinta-brunson-1235486668/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113030648/https://variety.com/2023/awards/awards/naacp-image-award-nominees-angela-bassett-quinta-brunson-1235486668/ |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" | 2024 | Grammy Awards | rowspan="2" | Imikorere myiza ya Jazz | "Komera"|{{won}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Enos |first=Morgan |date=November 10, 2023 |title=2024 GRAMMY Nominations: See The Full Nominees List |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2024-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list |access-date=November 24, 2023 |website=[[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2025 | rowspan="2" | Grammy Awards | "Twinkle Twinkle Ntoya" <small>(hamwe na Sullivan Fortner )</small>| {{won}} | rowspan="2" | <ref name=":1"/> |- | rowspan="2" | Album nziza ya Jazz | Ikiruhuko cyiza| {{won}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2026 | rowspan="2" | Grammy Awards | ''Igishushanyo''| {{pending}} | rowspan="2" | <ref> {{Cite web |last=Faulkner |first=Clara |date=November 7, 2025 |title=2026 GRAMMYs: See The OFFICIAL Full Nominations List |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2026-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list |access-date=November 8, 2025 |website=[[Grammy Awards|Grammy]]}}</ref> |- | Imikorere myiza ya Jazz | "Amahoro yo mu mutwe / Inzozi zabaye impamo"| {{pending}} |} == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Short description is different from Wikidata]] rhncbihgwakqc84vu2uys1kahyq4x5t 0 21745 132276 128616 2026-06-19T22:14:30Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132276 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Thomson''' ( yavutse ku ya 28 Mutarama 1982 ) Ni umwe mu bagize ikipe y'igihugu ya Basketball y'abagabo yu [[Rwanda]]. Thomson yavukiye muri Penesilivaniya, yarangije amashuri yisumbuye i Valey, muri Penesilivaniya. Yakinnye basketball muri kaminuza ya Fairfield.<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/83119/Sports/thompson-makes-his-case</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.com/iowa-basketball/robert-morris-iowa-mens-basketball-glance-time-tv-game-info-nov-4-2025/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-02-28 |archive-date=2025-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103184149/https://www.thegazette.com/iowa-basketball/robert-morris-iowa-mens-basketball-glance-time-tv-game-info-nov-4-2025/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Umwuga == Thomson yimukiye mu Rwanda mu 2006 nyuma yo kurangiza muri Fairfield no gukina imyaka ibiri ya basketball y'ababigize umwuga muri [[Hongiriya]] no mu [[Ubutaliyani|Butaliyani]]. Thomson yaje kubona pasiporo yu Rwanda aba umwe mu bagize ikipe y’u Rwanda, yarangirije kumwannya wa cyenda muri Shampiyona y’Afurika ya FIBA ​​2009 ndetse na 2007.<ref>https://www.vindy.com/obituaries/2025/12/robert-s-thompson-1923-2025/</ref><ref>https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/sen-mar-senegal-stun-morocco-with-comeback</ref> == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]] [[Ikiciro:Basketball]] [[Ikiciro:Amakipe]] hqx7039g3e6pz3n35g22svt5fft8qi2 0 22049 132267 129189 2026-06-19T20:17:21Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132267 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ishyirahamwe ry’umukino wa Tennis yokumeza muri Nijeriya''' (NTTF) niryoshyirahamwe rishinzwe iterambere no guteza imberumukino wa Tennis yokumeza muri [[Nijeriya]] . Rigenzura imitunganyirize n’imicungire y’ikipe y’igihugu ya Tennis yokumeza mumarushanwa yomugihugu no mu mahanga. NTTF yemewe n’Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry’Umukino wa Tennis yo ku meza (ITTF). Perezida wa NTTF ubu ni Ishaku Tikon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History – NTTF |url=https://nttf.com.ng/history/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208130024/https://nttf.com.ng/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Table Tennis Federation (NTTF) |url=https://tabletennis.sitesng.com/en_NTTF.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=tabletennis.sitesng.com |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506080207/https://tabletennis.sitesng.com/en_NTTF.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alabidun |date=2024-12-13 |title=ITTF Announces New Nominations Committee, Appoints Nigerian President Tikon Ishaku — IntercontinentalNews247 |url=https://incnews247.com/ittf-appoints-nigerian-president-tikon-ishaku/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Amateka == Ishyirahamwe rya tenisi yokumeza rya Nijeriya ryashinzwe mu 1951 na Jack W. Farnsworth, icyicaro gikuru cyaryo kirimuri leta ya Lagos . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of table tennis |url=https://fctemis.org/notes/19072_TABLE%20TENNIS.pdf |website=fctemis.org}}</ref> == Amareferensi == {{Reflist}} e09l3q673rfc27nhoov0kn52bplz67s 0 22087 132296 129228 2026-06-20T05:47:04Z CarLover100 17710 132296 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox football club|clubname=FC Edaga Hamus|fullname=Football Club Edaga Hamus|nickname=|founded=|ground=[[Cicero Stadium]] <br>[[Asmara]], [[Eritrea]]|capacity=10,000|chairman=|manager=|league=[[Eritrean Premier League]]|season=|position=}}'''Ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru ya Edaga Hamus''' nikipe [[Umupira w’amaguru|y'umupira w'amaguru]] [[Eritereya|ya Eritrea]] ifite icyicaro i [[Edaga Hamus, Eritrea|Edaga Hamus]] mukarere ka [[Asmara]] . Ikinira muri Shampiyona y'Ubwongereza ya Eritrea . Bakinira muri Sitade ya Cicero, ifitubushobozi bwokwakira abantu 10.000. == Ikipe iriho ubu ==   == Amareferensi == {{Reflist}} gpgk29x3smn7r6z8hm8an33awzwdmfj 0 22812 132294 131821 2026-06-20T03:57:47Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 132294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=South Fork Kern River|name_native=|name_native_lang=|name_other=|name_etymology=<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->|image=SouthForkKern.jpeg|image_caption=Headwaters of the South Fork Kern River in [[Tulare County, California|Tulare County]]|map=KernRiverMap.png|map_size=|map_caption=Map showing the Kern River and the South Fork Kern River (to the east of the main stem)|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=<!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[United States]]|subdivision_type2=State|subdivision_name2=[[California]]|subdivision_type3=Region|subdivision_name3=[[Inyo County, California|Inyo County]], [[Tulare County, California|Tulare County]], [[Kern County, California|Kern County]]|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=Cities|subdivision_name5=[[Onyx, California|Onyx]], [[Weldon, California|Weldon]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->|length={{convert|95|mi|km|abbr=on}}, North-south<ref>Length derived from river mile markings on USGS topo maps. The uppermost labeled mile is 94, and the river extends about a mile beyond that point to the source meadow.</ref>|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=[[Isabella, California]]<ref name="NWIS"/>|discharge1_min={{convert|4|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="NWIS"/>|discharge1_avg={{convert|105|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="NWIS"/>|discharge1_max={{convert|4100|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/peak?site_no=11190000&agency_cd=USGS&format=html|title=USGS Gage #11190000 on the South Fork Kern River at Isabella (Peak Streamflow)|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|work=National Water Information System|date=1929–1952|accessdate=2010-10-16}}</ref> <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->|source1=Southwest side of unnamed peak|source1_location=near Horseshoe Meadow, [[Inyo National Forest]], [[Tulare County, California|Tulare County]]|source1_coordinates={{coord|36|25|55|N|118|12|48|W|display=inline}}<ref name="GNIS">{{cite gnis|id=273825|name=South Fork Kern River|entrydate=1981-01-19|accessdate=2010-10-16}}</ref>|source1_elevation={{convert|10850|ft|abbr=on}}|mouth=[[Lake Isabella]]|mouth_location=[[Mountain Mesa, California|Mountain Mesa]], [[Kern County, California|Kern County]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|35|39|34|N|118|27|51|W|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation={{convert|2490|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="GNIS"/>|progression=|river_system=[[Kern River]] watershed|basin_size={{convert|982|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="NWIS">{{cite web|url=https://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/monthly/?referred_module=sw&amp;site_no=11190000&amp;por_11190000_1=2208423,00060,1,1929-01,1952-09&amp;format=html_table&amp;date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&amp;rdb_compression=file&amp;submitted_form=parameter_selection_list|title=USGS Gage #11190000 on the South Fork Kern River at Isabella (Monthly Streamflow)|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|work=National Water Information System|date=1929–1952|accessdate=2010-10-16}}</ref>|tributaries_left=[[Canebrake Creek]]|tributaries_right=Trout Creek (Kern River)|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra={{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = nwsr | designation1_date = November 24, 1987 }}}}'''Uruzi rwa South Fork Kern''' ni umugezi utembamo uruzi rwa Kern muri Sierra Nevada muri leta ya California muri Amerika. Ni rumwe mu migezi iri mu majyepfo cyane ku musozi w’iburengerazuba bw’imisozi, kandi rutemba amazi mu gihugu cy’imisozi miremire kandi yumye ifite {{Convert|982|mi2|km2}} ku nkengero za Sierra Crest. Agace ko hejuru k'Amajyepfo gaca mu mikokwe miremire, ariko kandi gatuma amazi mu kibaya gishashe kandi cyuzuye ibishanga mbere yo kwinjira mu ruzi rwa Kern ku kiyaga cya Isabella . Uruzi rutangirira mu ishyamba rya Leta rya Inyo (Inyo National Forest), ku ruhande rwa Tulare ku murongo utandukanya Inyo County na Tulare County, mu kibaya gito ku mpinga ya Sierra Crest, hafi y'inzira ya Pacific Crest Trail. Uruzi runyura mu majyepfo, runyura mu bibaya n'imigezi migari, rugenda rwegera cyane Golden Trout Creek, umugezi w'uruzi rwa Kern uri iburengerazuba. Igice kinini cy'inzira y'uruzi mu majyepfo kiri hafi gato y'iburengerazuba bwa Owens Valley, ikibaya kiri iburasirazuba ku musozi wa Sierra. Hanyuma uruzi rwinjira mu ishyamba rya Sequoia National Forest maze rufata Trout Creek iburyo. Ukinjira mu mwobo, uruzi runyura mu buso {{Convert|2000|ft|m|adj=on}} -umugezi munini mbere yo kuva mu misozi hafi ya Onyx . Aho niho wakira umugezi wa Canebrake hanyuma ukerekeza mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba. Hanyuma South Fork Kern inyura muri Weldon na Kern River Preserve . Iyo yegereye ikiyaga cya Isabella amazi yayo yihuta agenda buhoro buhoro akwirakwira mu bishanga binini. Uruzi rwinjira mu kigega kiri ku mpera y'uruzi ruto. Aho rwahuriraga n'uruzi rwa Kern ruri munsi y'ikiyaga, cyagizwe n'urugomero rwa Isabella . Ikibaya cy'uruzi rwa Lower South Fork Kern cyigeze guturwa n'ubwoko bwa Tübatulabal na Kawaiisu . Abantu bamaze imyaka igera ku 3.000 batuye ku nkengero z'uruzi. <ref name="timeline">{{Cite web |date= |title=Chronological Data |url=http://www.krvhistoricalsociety.org/chronologykrv.htm |access-date=2010-10-16 |website= |publisher=Kern River Valley Historical Society |archive-date=2010-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113143038/http://www.krvhistoricalsociety.org/chronologykrv.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu 1834, Joseph R. Walker n'itsinda rye ry'abashakashatsi basuye ku nkengero z'uruzi bagerageza gushaka inzira yo hasi inyura mu misozi ya Sierra Nevada. Mu rugendo rwabo, bavumbuye Walker Pass, kilometero imwe hejuru y'inyanja, iri ku isoko ry'umugezi wa Canebrake, uruzi runini rwa South Fork. Walker yagarutse mu 1843, ayoboye itsinda rya mbere ry'abimukira bambuka Sierra banyuze muri iyo nzira. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoover, Mildred Brooke |year=2002 |title=Historic spots in California |url=https://archive.org/details/historicspotsinc0000unse |last2=Kyle, Douglas E. |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-4482-3 |page= |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ibitero bya zahabu byazanye abacukuzi b'amabuye y'agaciro muri ako gace mu myaka ya 1850 na 1860, kandi imiturire ya mbere ihoraho ku nkengero z'uruzi yubatswe mu 1859. Habayeho amakimbirane hagati y'abashya n'abaturage kavukire, maze umutwe w'ingabo za Amerika, Camp Leonard, ushingwa ku ruzi kugira ngo ugenzure ako gace. <ref name="timeline" /> Igice kinini cy'uruzi gitemba amazi menshi – nta ngomero zirimo kandi hari inzira nke zo kunyuramo – uretse kimwe gusa. Mu 1953, urugomero rwa Isabella rwubatswe ku ruzi rwa Kern hafi ya Bodfish n'ingabo za Amerika zishinzwe injeniyeri, rwuzura ibice byo hasi bya North Fork Kern (igiti kinini kiri hejuru ya Isabella) na South Fork Kern munsi y'ikiyaga cya Isabella kugira ngo rutange uburyo bwo kugenzura imyuzure n'amashanyarazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Lake Isabella |url=http://isabella.uslakes.info/DamInfo.asp?DamID=100109 |access-date=2010-10-16 |publisher=Lakes Online}}</ref> Ariko, habayeho ibibazo ku nyubako y'urugomero, bitera ibyago byinshi byo kwangirika. Gusenyuka k'urugomero, bishobora guterwa n'umutingito ku cyuho cya Kern Canyon kiri munsi y'inyubako, bishobora kurenga umujyi wa Bakersfield mu masaha make. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Mayer |first=Steven |date=2009-10-24 |title=Scientists dig for answers under Isabella Dam |url=http://www.bakersfield.com/news/local/x1260873898/Scientists-dig-for-answers-under-Isabella-Dam |access-date=2010-10-16 |work=Bakersfield.com}}</ref> Byongeye kandi, ibibaya bya Kern yo hepfo, South Fork Kern na Canebrake Creek bitanga inzira y'ingenzi yo gutwara abantu. Umuhanda wa Leta ya California 178 unyuramo, uhuza Bakersfield na Inyokern, biri ku mpande zombi za Sierra, unyuze kuri Walker Pass. SR178 ni imwe mu nzira nke zinyura muri iki gice cy'imisozi. Uyu muhanda watangiye kubakwa mu myaka ya 1890. Wongewe kuri sisitemu y'imihanda ya leta ya California mu 1919, kandi wakozwemo kaburimbo mu 1940. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Connelly |first=Russ |date= |title=Historical Tour of State Route 178 From The Kern Canyon to Freeman Junction |website=Historical Highways of Central and Southern California |publisher=Los Angeles Rocks N' Roads}}</ref> * Ubutayu bwa Golden Trout * Pariki y'Igihugu ya Kings Canyon * Pariki y'Igihugu ya Sequoia * Ikiyaga cya Tulare * Urutonde rw'imigezi ya Kaliforuniya {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Short description is different from Wikidata]] hs0uyhr8a43rstwnnc413u1g2voeu20 0 22883 132305 131927 2026-06-20T09:07:11Z NDNT 13628 132305 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Řeka Kunene River, vodopády Epupa Falls - Namibie, Angola - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Uruzi rwa Cunene]] '''Umugezi wa Cunene''' cyangwa '''Kunene''' ni [[Uruzi|uruzi rwo]] muri Afurika y'Amajyepfo . Rutemba ruva mu misozi miremire [[Angola|ya Angola]] rugana mu majyepfo ku mupaka na Namibiya. Hanyuma rutemba rwerekeza mu burengerazuba ku mupaka kugeza rugeze ku Nyanja ya Atalantika. == Ubumenyi bw'isi == Imwe mu [[Umugezi|migezi mike ihoraho]] muri ako karere, Cunene ifite ubuso bugera kuri kirometero 1,050 z' uburebure, hamwe n'ubuso bugera kuri kilometero kare 106,560. hari igipimo cy'imvura cy'umwaka ni metero 174 m kugeza kuri 222 m ku munwa wayo. <ref name="South West Coast">{{Cite web |title=South West Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=163&catid=325&Itemid=179}}</ref> Amasumo ya Epupa ari ku ruzi. Urugomero rwa Olushandja ruyobora umugezi wa Etaka, kandi rufasha guha Sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi ya Ruacana amazi. Umugezi uzamuka muri dogere 30 z'uburengerazuba no mu birometero bigera kuri 160 mu murongo utaziguye uvuye ku nyanja i Benguella. == Indangasoko == * {{Cite book |last=C. Michael Hogan |year=2012 |title=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment |editor-last=P. Saundry |location=Washington DC. |chapter=Kunene River |editor-last2=C. Cleveland |chapter-url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Kunene_River?topic=78166}} * {{Cite journal |last=F. C. de Moor |last2=H. M. Barber-James |last3=A. D. Harrison |last4=C. R. Lugo-Ortiz |year=2000 |title=The macroinvertebrates of the Cunene River from the Ruacana Falls to the river mouth and assessment of the conservation status of the river |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=25 |issue=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |year=2003 |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC |publisher=[[United Nations University Press]] |isbn=92-808-1077-4}} Google eBook. [[Ikiciro:Congo]] [[Ikiciro:Umugenzi]] 5v9kyuv9sbncdjz3bj0omwen8kg2h33 0 22928 132284 132050 2026-06-19T23:44:37Z EmausBot 1282 Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[ADEPR Gishari]] vers [[URUSENGERO RWA ADEPR GISHARI]] 132284 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[URUSENGERO RWA ADEPR GISHARI]] 9v7w3thxqcpr9uaxu7cmu1x4l5qmom3 0 22934 132268 2026-06-19T21:08:46Z Leatitia kamikazi 18374 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300890061|Bou Sellam River]]" 132268 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Soummam_Basin_OSM.png|right|thumb|IIkibasumba cy'Uruzi rwa Soummam ruri hamwe n'urwa Bou Sellam (iburyo)]] Uruzi rwa Bou Sellam ni uruzi rwo mu gace ka Maghreb muri Alijeriya, mu Ntara ya Bordj Bou Arréridj.[1][2] Uru ruzi rutemba ruca mu Kibaya cya Bou Sellam, kandi rukomwa mu nkokora n'Urugomero rwa Ain Zada.[3] == Ibisobanuro == Ikibasumba cya Bou Sellam giffunzwe mu majyaruguru n'Umugando wa Gueldamane (Mount Gueldamane), guhera aho uru ruzi ruhurira n'Umugezi wa Sahel (Oued Sahel). Umugezi wa Bou Sellam (Wadi Bou Sellam) umanuka uturutse ku migezi y'amajyepfo y'Umugando wa Megris (Mount Megris); ugizwe n'imigezi itanu ari yo: Umugezi wa Mahouan, Umugezi wa Mohammed el Hannach, Umugezi wa Ouricia, Umugezi wa Goussimet n'Umugezi wa Fermatou, ikaba ihurira mu majyaruguru ya Setif. Nyuma yaho, uyu mugezi uhita ufata izina rya Oued Bou Sellam; ubanza gutemba ugana mu majyepfo n'amajyepfo y'uburengerazuba, ukanyura ku ntera y'ibirometero bitatu mu burengerazuba bwa Setif, hanyuma ukambuka urwunge rw'imisozi ari na ho ukomora isoko yawo hagati y'imisozi ya Tafat (djebel Tafat) na Guergour. Umugezi wa Bou Sellam (Oued Bou Sellam) rwakira umugezi wa Malah (wadi Malah), ukomora isoko yawo i Aïn Arnat mu rugomero rwa Aïn Zada. Nyuma yo kwambuka urugomero rwa Aïn Zada, ruca mu burasirazuba bwa komini ya Khelil maze rwakira imigezi ibiri mishya iyisukamo: Umugezi wa Khelil (Wadi Khelil), utemba uturutse ku nkombe y'ibumosao i Besbassa rwagati na El Kherba n'urugomero rwa Aïn Zada, ndetse n'umugezi wa Taissa (wadi Taissa) uza duto mbere yaho uturutse ku nkombe y'iburyo. Muri iki gice cyose cy'umuhanda warwo, Bou Sellam yuhiraga ikibaya gikungahaye cya Ameur, Ouled Mosli na Gherazla. Ku rundi ruhande, guhera mu rwangano rw'imanga rwa Guergour (Guergour gorges), rwatembaga mu gace k'imisozi miremire cyane n'amakorosi, rukagera mu ngenge z'umusozi wa Guifsar, aho rwitindurikaga rugakata rugana iburengerazuba maze rukisuka mu mugezi wa Sahel (wadi Sahel) begetanye n'agasongero k'umusozi wa Akbou == Ibidukikije == Umugezi wa Bou Sellam (Oued Bou Sellam) urimo amashami 36% y'amoko y'ifi aboneka mu mazi yo mu gihugu rwagati muri Alijeriya (amoko 15).[1] == Amasoko == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}Dore umusemuro w'izi nyandiko z'aho amakuru yakuwe (references) mu Kinyarwanda: ↑ Rand McNally, The New International Atlas (Ikarita nshya mpuzamahanga y'isi), 1993. ↑ Defense Mapping Agency (Ikigo gishinzwe amakarita y'urwego rwo kwizera umutekano), 1981. ↑ "Ain Zada". Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika. Byasomwe ku wa 22 Kanama 2011. ↑ "Archived copy" (Kopi yabitswe mu kigega) (PDF). Byabitswe mu kigega bikuwe mu mwimerere (PDF) ku wa 2014-03-13. Byasomwe ku wa 2017-06-22. 26fmyyj8wtgi7zjmtbx5p3mzjjjglic 0 22935 132272 2026-06-19T21:35:46Z Leatitia kamikazi 18374 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311096659|Boumerdès Valley]]" 132272 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  === Ahantu giherereye (Location) === * '''Igihugu (Country):''' 🇩🇿 Alijeriya (Algeria) === Imiterere y'umubiri (Physical characteristics) === * '''Isoko (Source):''' Tell Atlas, Khachna, Intara ya Boumerdès ** '''Ubuhagarike (elevation):''' 624 m (ft 2,047; fathoms 341), Intara ya Boumerdès, Beni Amrane * '''Isoko ya 2 (2nd source):''' Tell Atlas, Intara ya Boumerdès ** '''Ubuhagarike (elevation):''' 583 m (ft 1,913; fathoms 319), Intara ya Boumerdès, Tidjelabine * '''Ihuriro ry'isoko (Source confluence):''' Intara ya Boumerdès ** '''Ubuhagarike (elevation):''' 45 m (ft 148; fathoms 25), Thénia * '''Aho rwasukira (Mouth):''' Intara ya Boumerdès, Boumerdès ** '''Ubuhagarike (elevation):''' 5 m (ft 16; fathoms 2.7), Inyanja ya Mediterane (Mediterranean Sea) * '''Uburebure (Length):''' Ibirometero 10 (10 Kilometer), Intara ya Boumerdès * '''Ubuso bw'ikibasumba (Basin size):''' $1,200 \text{ km}^2$ (sq mi 460), Ikibasumba cy'amazi (Drainage basin) === Imiterere y'Ikibasumba (Basin features) === * '''Ibyitegererezo/Ahantu bazwi (Landmarks):''' 🇩🇿 Alijeriya, Intara ya Boumerdès, Beni Amrane, Tidjelabine, Thénia, Boumerdès Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) ni umugezi ukomora isoko yawo mu Misozi ya Khachna (Khachna Mountains) maze ugaca mu gace ka Kabylia, ukanyura mu Ntara ya Boumerdès hanyuma ukisuka mu Nyanja ya Mediterane (Mediterranean Sea) hafi y’umujyi wa Boumerdès.[1] == Inzira z' Umugezi == Ikibaya cya Boumerdès kirangwa n'amapfunda y'umugezi (riverbed) atarandwamo ibishishwa by'amabuye (schist) cyangwa ibumba.[1] Iyi miterere, isangiye n'iyindi migezi nka Bikibaya cya Arbia (Arbia Valley), Umugezi wa Meraldene (Meraldene River), Ikibaya cya Boudouaou (Boudouaou Valley), n'Umugezi wa Isser (Isser River), yorohereza ikurwa ry'umusenyi n'amabuye y'amakoro (gravel) bikoreshwa mu gukora amasherezo (mortar) n'amashandari (concrete).[2][3] Amapfunda y'umugezi w'Ikibaya cya Boumerdès akora nk'inzira karemano, akagira ubugari buri hagati ya metero 5 n'ama-600. Ugenda umanuka gahoro gahoro guhera aho uhurira n'Umugezi wa Meraldene (Meraldene River) n'Ikibaya cya Arbia (Arbia Valley) mu gace ka Thénia Beni Aicha, hafi y'Umusozi wa Bouarous mu majyepfo, maze ugatemba ugana aho usukira mu Nyanja ya Mediterane mu burasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Boumerdès.[1] Ubu bukeregese buri mu rugero (moderate slope) bwapfuye gushyigikira iyubakwa ry'Urugomero rwa Thenia Beni Aicha mu mwaka wa 1913.[1] Mu gihe cy'imvura, umubandama w'amazi uriyongera, ibyo bika byarateye iyubakwa ry'ibiriti n'inzira z'Abanyamaguru mu rwego rwo korohereza ingendo z'abaturage batuye mu midugudu n'amajaruguru agize inkombe zayo. == Inzira == Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gica mu ntara imwe rukumbi yo ku nkombe muri Alijeriya, kikanyura mu Misozi ya Khachna (Khachna Mountains).[1] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Imidugudu (Komini) yo mu Ntara ya Boumerdès iri ku muhanda w'“Ikibaya cya Boumerdès” (Boumerdes Valley)[1] ! Nimero ! Intara ya Boumerdès |- ! 01 | Beni Amrane |- ! 02 | Tidjelabine |- ! 03 | Thénia |- ! 04 | Boumerdès |} == Ibibaya == Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gihurira n'indi migezi n'inzuzi bitandukanye mu nzira yacyo mu Ntara ya Boumerdès.[1] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ibibaya biri ku muhanda w'“Ikibaya cya Boumerdès” (Boumerdes Valley)[1] ! Nimero ! Intara ya Boumerdès |- ! 01 | Ikibaya cya Borden |- ! 02 | Arabiya yo mu kibaya |- ! 03 | [[Uruzi rwa Meraldene]] |- ! 04 | Ikibaya cya Bovron |} == Ingomero == [[Dosiye:Photo_boumerdes_08102014.jpg|thumb|Aho Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gisasira mu Nyanja ya Mediterane]] Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gica mu rugomero runaka n'ingomero zitandukanye mu nzira yacyo mu Ntara ya Boumerdès.[1] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ingomero ziri ku muhanda w'“Ikibaya cya Boumerdès” (Boumerdes Valley)[1] ! Nimero ! Intara ya Boumerdès |- ! 01 | [[Urugomero rwa Meraldene]] |} [[Dosiye:Gare_ferrouviaire_de_Boumerdès.jpg|thumb|'''Gare ya Gari ya Moshi ya Boumerdès''']] == Imihanda y' Igihugu == Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gihurira n'imihanda itandukanye ya Leta (national roads) mu nzira yacyo.[1] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Imihanda ya Leta iri ku muhanda w'“Ikibaya cya Boumerdès” (Boumerdès Valley)[1] ! Nimero ! Intara ya Boumerdès |- ! 01 | Umuhanda w'Igihugu No.5 |- ! 02 | Umuhanda w'Igihugu No.24 |} == Imbonerahamwe y' amashusho == <gallery> Dosiye:Boumerdes_بومرداس_1.jpg| Boumerdes Dosiye:Plage_Boumerdes.jpg|alt=The mouth of the Boumerdès Valley, east of Boumerdès city| Aho Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gisasira mu Nyanja ya Mediterane, mu burasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Boumerdès Dosiye:Boumerdes_algeria.jpg|alt=The mouth of the Boumerdès Valley, east of Boumerdès city| Aho Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gisasira mu Nyanja ya Mediterane, mu burasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Boumerdès Dosiye:صورة_لشاطئ_بومرداس.jpg|alt=The mouth of the Boumerdès Valley, east of Boumerdès city| Aho Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gisasira mu Nyanja ya Mediterane, mu burasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Boumerdès </gallery> == Reba IBINDI == <templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Amasooko == {{Reflist}}↑ General Journal of Algeria and Tunisia: Archives of Algerians and Tunisiennes... | 1911-05-07 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kurubuga rwa Wayback Machine. ↑ General Journal of Algeria and Tunisia: Archives of Algerians and Tunisiennes... | 1911-05-07 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 14 Mutarama 2018 kurubuga rwa Wayback Machine. ↑ Les Travaux ("puis" nord-africains). Imirimo rusange n'ibisinguro birambuye muri Alijeriya, Tuniziya na Maroke... Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 14 Mutarama 2018 kurubuga rwa Wayback Machine. ↑ La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles (Kabylia n'imigenzo y'aba-Kabyle): Umubumbe wa 1-3. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 01 Mata 2016 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Esquisse Agro. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 03 Werurwe 2016 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ L'Echo d'Alger : Journal républicain du matin | 1913-03-12 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ L'Echo d'Alger : Journal républicain du matin | 1935-01-30 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Google Maps. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 17 Ukuboza 2019 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Report of all on the work of the Commission for the Colonization and Immigration of the Province of Algiers (Raporo y'imirimo yose ya Komisiyo ishinzwe Ubukoroni n'Abanyamahanga mu Ntara ya Algiers). (Yashizweho umono na: L. Ville.) | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Carte géologique de l'Algérie... Description stratigraphique générale de l'Algérie (Ikarita y'inyandiko z'ubutaka ya Alijeriya...) | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Archives of the Pasteur Institute of Algeria... (Inyandiko z'Ikigo cya Pasteur muri Alijeriya) | 1940-03 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Inyandiko ya PDF (dlibrary.univ-boumerdes.dz). Cyabitswe mu kigega bikuwe mu mwimerere (PDF) ku wa 2018-11-03. ↑ The natural regions of Algeria (Agace karemano ka Alijeriya) - Persée. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 4 Kamena 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ [Recueil des actes administratifs] / [Département d'Alger] | 1908 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Inyandiko ya PDF (athena.unige.ch). Cyabitswe mu kigega bikuwe mu mwimerere (PDF) ku wa 27 Nzeri 2015. Byasomwe muri Kanama 2020. ↑ The natural regions of Algeria (Agace karemano ka Alijeriya) - Persée. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 4 Kamena 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Geological description of the Kabylie of Djurjura (Inyandiko y'ubutaka ya Kabylia y'i Djurjura), inyigisho yihariye y'ubutaka bwa gatatu, yakozwe na E. Ficheur... | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Inyandiko ya PDF (storage.lib.uchicago.edu). Cyabitswe mu kigega bikuwe mu mwimerere (PDF) ku wa 2016-03-03. ↑ Dictionary of the Algerian language, first supplement (Inkoranyamagambo y'ururimi rw'Ikinyalijeriya, inyongera ya mbere)... Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kurubuga rwa Wayback Machine. ↑ Bulletin de la Société préhistorique de France (Ikanyamakuru k'Umuryango ubungabunga amateka ya kera mu Bufaransa) | 1932-06-23 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles : Umubumbe wa 1-3. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 01 Mata 2016 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Archives of the Institute Pasteur d'Algérie... | 1940-03 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Bulletin of the Prehistoric Society of France | 1932-06-23 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Bulletin de la Société préhistorique de France | 1932-06-23 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. m1imejxu03jgw048v07z6mq3ssucp3e 132273 132272 2026-06-19T21:36:45Z Quinlan83 10173 Fix 132273 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  === Ahantu giherereye (Location) === * '''Igihugu (Country):''' 🇩🇿 Alijeriya (Algeria) === Imiterere y'umubiri (Physical characteristics) === * '''Isoko (Source):''' Tell Atlas, Khachna, Intara ya Boumerdès ** '''Ubuhagarike (elevation):''' 624 m (ft 2,047; fathoms 341), Intara ya Boumerdès, Beni Amrane * '''Isoko ya 2 (2nd source):''' Tell Atlas, Intara ya Boumerdès ** '''Ubuhagarike (elevation):''' 583 m (ft 1,913; fathoms 319), Intara ya Boumerdès, Tidjelabine * '''Ihuriro ry'isoko (Source confluence):''' Intara ya Boumerdès ** '''Ubuhagarike (elevation):''' 45 m (ft 148; fathoms 25), Thénia * '''Aho rwasukira (Mouth):''' Intara ya Boumerdès, Boumerdès ** '''Ubuhagarike (elevation):''' 5 m (ft 16; fathoms 2.7), Inyanja ya Mediterane (Mediterranean Sea) * '''Uburebure (Length):''' Ibirometero 10 (10 Kilometer), Intara ya Boumerdès * '''Ubuso bw'ikibasumba (Basin size):''' $1,200 \text{ km}^2$ (sq mi 460), Ikibasumba cy'amazi (Drainage basin) === Imiterere y'Ikibasumba (Basin features) === * '''Ibyitegererezo/Ahantu bazwi (Landmarks):''' 🇩🇿 Alijeriya, Intara ya Boumerdès, Beni Amrane, Tidjelabine, Thénia, Boumerdès Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) ni umugezi ukomora isoko yawo mu Misozi ya Khachna (Khachna Mountains) maze ugaca mu gace ka Kabylia, ukanyura mu Ntara ya Boumerdès hanyuma ukisuka mu Nyanja ya Mediterane (Mediterranean Sea) hafi y’umujyi wa Boumerdès.[1] == Inzira z' Umugezi == Ikibaya cya Boumerdès kirangwa n'amapfunda y'umugezi (riverbed) atarandwamo ibishishwa by'amabuye (schist) cyangwa ibumba.[1] Iyi miterere, isangiye n'iyindi migezi nka Bikibaya cya Arbia (Arbia Valley), Umugezi wa Meraldene (Meraldene River), Ikibaya cya Boudouaou (Boudouaou Valley), n'Umugezi wa Isser (Isser River), yorohereza ikurwa ry'umusenyi n'amabuye y'amakoro (gravel) bikoreshwa mu gukora amasherezo (mortar) n'amashandari (concrete).[2][3] Amapfunda y'umugezi w'Ikibaya cya Boumerdès akora nk'inzira karemano, akagira ubugari buri hagati ya metero 5 n'ama-600. Ugenda umanuka gahoro gahoro guhera aho uhurira n'Umugezi wa Meraldene (Meraldene River) n'Ikibaya cya Arbia (Arbia Valley) mu gace ka Thénia Beni Aicha, hafi y'Umusozi wa Bouarous mu majyepfo, maze ugatemba ugana aho usukira mu Nyanja ya Mediterane mu burasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Boumerdès.[1] Ubu bukeregese buri mu rugero (moderate slope) bwapfuye gushyigikira iyubakwa ry'Urugomero rwa Thenia Beni Aicha mu mwaka wa 1913.[1] Mu gihe cy'imvura, umubandama w'amazi uriyongera, ibyo bika byarateye iyubakwa ry'ibiriti n'inzira z'Abanyamaguru mu rwego rwo korohereza ingendo z'abaturage batuye mu midugudu n'amajaruguru agize inkombe zayo. == Inzira == Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gica mu ntara imwe rukumbi yo ku nkombe muri Alijeriya, kikanyura mu Misozi ya Khachna (Khachna Mountains).[1] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Imidugudu (Komini) yo mu Ntara ya Boumerdès iri ku muhanda w'“Ikibaya cya Boumerdès” (Boumerdes Valley)[1] ! Nimero ! Intara ya Boumerdès |- ! 01 | Beni Amrane |- ! 02 | Tidjelabine |- ! 03 | Thénia |- ! 04 | Boumerdès |} == Ibibaya == Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gihurira n'indi migezi n'inzuzi bitandukanye mu nzira yacyo mu Ntara ya Boumerdès.[1] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ibibaya biri ku muhanda w'“Ikibaya cya Boumerdès” (Boumerdes Valley)[1] ! Nimero ! Intara ya Boumerdès |- ! 01 | Ikibaya cya Borden |- ! 02 | Arabiya yo mu kibaya |- ! 03 | [[Uruzi rwa Meraldene]] |- ! 04 | Ikibaya cya Bovron |} == Ingomero == [[Dosiye:Photo_boumerdes_08102014.jpg|thumb|Aho Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gisasira mu Nyanja ya Mediterane]] Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gica mu rugomero runaka n'ingomero zitandukanye mu nzira yacyo mu Ntara ya Boumerdès.[1] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ingomero ziri ku muhanda w'“Ikibaya cya Boumerdès” (Boumerdes Valley)[1] ! Nimero ! Intara ya Boumerdès |- ! 01 | [[Urugomero rwa Meraldene]] |} [[Dosiye:Gare_ferrouviaire_de_Boumerdès.jpg|thumb|'''Gare ya Gari ya Moshi ya Boumerdès''']] == Imihanda y' Igihugu == Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gihurira n'imihanda itandukanye ya Leta (national roads) mu nzira yacyo.[1] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Imihanda ya Leta iri ku muhanda w'“Ikibaya cya Boumerdès” (Boumerdès Valley)[1] ! Nimero ! Intara ya Boumerdès |- ! 01 | Umuhanda w'Igihugu No.5 |- ! 02 | Umuhanda w'Igihugu No.24 |} == Imbonerahamwe y' amashusho == <gallery> Dosiye:Boumerdes_بومرداس_1.jpg| Boumerdes Dosiye:Plage_Boumerdes.jpg|alt=The mouth of the Boumerdès Valley, east of Boumerdès city| Aho Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gisasira mu Nyanja ya Mediterane, mu burasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Boumerdès Dosiye:Boumerdes_algeria.jpg|alt=The mouth of the Boumerdès Valley, east of Boumerdès city| Aho Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gisasira mu Nyanja ya Mediterane, mu burasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Boumerdès Dosiye:صورة_لشاطئ_بومرداس.jpg|alt=The mouth of the Boumerdès Valley, east of Boumerdès city| Aho Ikibaya cya Boumerdès (Boumerdès Valley) gisasira mu Nyanja ya Mediterane, mu burasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Boumerdès </gallery> == Reba IBINDI == <templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Amasooko == {{Reflist}}↑ General Journal of Algeria and Tunisia: Archives of Algerians and Tunisiennes... | 1911-05-07 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kurubuga rwa Wayback Machine. ↑ General Journal of Algeria and Tunisia: Archives of Algerians and Tunisiennes... | 1911-05-07 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 14 Mutarama 2018 kurubuga rwa Wayback Machine. ↑ Les Travaux ("puis" nord-africains). Imirimo rusange n'ibisinguro birambuye muri Alijeriya, Tuniziya na Maroke... Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 14 Mutarama 2018 kurubuga rwa Wayback Machine. ↑ La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles (Kabylia n'imigenzo y'aba-Kabyle): Umubumbe wa 1-3. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 01 Mata 2016 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Esquisse Agro. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 03 Werurwe 2016 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ L'Echo d'Alger : Journal républicain du matin | 1913-03-12 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ L'Echo d'Alger : Journal républicain du matin | 1935-01-30 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Google Maps. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 17 Ukuboza 2019 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Report of all on the work of the Commission for the Colonization and Immigration of the Province of Algiers (Raporo y'imirimo yose ya Komisiyo ishinzwe Ubukoroni n'Abanyamahanga mu Ntara ya Algiers). (Yashizweho umono na: L. Ville.) | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Carte géologique de l'Algérie... Description stratigraphique générale de l'Algérie (Ikarita y'inyandiko z'ubutaka ya Alijeriya...) | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Archives of the Pasteur Institute of Algeria... (Inyandiko z'Ikigo cya Pasteur muri Alijeriya) | 1940-03 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Inyandiko ya PDF (dlibrary.univ-boumerdes.dz). Cyabitswe mu kigega bikuwe mu mwimerere (PDF) ku wa 2018-11-03. ↑ The natural regions of Algeria (Agace karemano ka Alijeriya) - Persée. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 4 Kamena 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ [Recueil des actes administratifs] / [Département d'Alger] | 1908 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Inyandiko ya PDF (athena.unige.ch). Cyabitswe mu kigega bikuwe mu mwimerere (PDF) ku wa 27 Nzeri 2015. Byasomwe muri Kanama 2020. ↑ The natural regions of Algeria (Agace karemano ka Alijeriya) - Persée. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 4 Kamena 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Geological description of the Kabylie of Djurjura (Inyandiko y'ubutaka ya Kabylia y'i Djurjura), inyigisho yihariye y'ubutaka bwa gatatu, yakozwe na E. Ficheur... | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Inyandiko ya PDF (storage.lib.uchicago.edu). Cyabitswe mu kigega bikuwe mu mwimerere (PDF) ku wa 2016-03-03. ↑ Dictionary of the Algerian language, first supplement (Inkoranyamagambo y'ururimi rw'Ikinyalijeriya, inyongera ya mbere)... Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kurubuga rwa Wayback Machine. ↑ Bulletin de la Société préhistorique de France (Ikanyamakuru k'Umuryango ubungabunga amateka ya kera mu Bufaransa) | 1932-06-23 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles : Umubumbe wa 1-3. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 01 Mata 2016 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Archives of the Institute Pasteur d'Algérie... | 1940-03 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Bulletin of the Prehistoric Society of France | 1932-06-23 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. ↑ Bulletin de la Société préhistorique de France | 1932-06-23 | Gallica. Cyabitswe mu kigega ku wa 15 Mutarama 2018 kuri Wayback Machine. rgi3o7lc8zoqtdcd3r3hgb20amxsq26 0 22936 132274 2026-06-19T21:42:32Z Leatitia kamikazi 18374 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340461172|Chelif River]]" 132274 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox river|name=Chelif|native_name={{native name|ar|وادي الشلف}}|name_other=Oued Chelif<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA8844D1FB3774E0440003BA962ED3|Oued Chelif (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref><br />Wad Sheliff<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA8844D1F83774E0440003BA962ED3|Wad Sheliff (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref>|name_etymology=Berber ''Chenaliph'' <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->|image=Chelif River bridge.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=Cheliff Bridge nearby Ech Cheliff|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=<!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[Algeria]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=Cities|subdivision_name5={{hlist|[[Mostaganem]]|[[Chlef]]|[[Aïn Defla]]|[[Médéa]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->|length_km=725|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->|source1=[[Boughezoul]]|source1_location=|source1_coordinates=|source1_elevation=|mouth=[[Mediterranean Sea]]|mouth_location=|mouth_coordinates={{coord|36|02|22|N|0|07|59|E|region:DZ|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size=|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}}Inkomoko y'izina (Etymology): Igi-Berberi Chenaliph Izina ry'amavuko (Native name): وادي الشلف (Icyarabu) Ahantu giherereye (Location) Igihugu (Country): Alijeriya (Algeria) Imijyi (Cities): * Mostaganem Chlef Aïn Defla Médéa Imiterere y'umubiri (Physical characteristics) Isoko (Source): Boughezoul Aho rwasukira (Mouth): Inyanja ya Mediterane (Mediterranean Sea) Ibyerekezo (Coordinates): 36°02′22″N 0°07′59″E / 36.03944°N 0.13306°E Uburebure (Length): Ibirometero 725 (725 km / mi 450 Umugezi wa Chelif (Icyarabu: وادي الشلف) (unyuzwe niba wandikwa nka Chéliff cyangwa Sheliff[3]) ni uruzi rufite uburebure bw’ibirometero 700 (mi 430) ruri muri Alijeriya, rukaba ari na rwo ruremure cyane mu gihugu. Ruhera mu mizingo y'imisozi ya Saharan Atlas hafi y'umujyi wa Boughezoul, rukanyura mu mizingo ya Tell Atlas maze rukisuka mu Nyanja ya Mediterane mu majyaruguru y'umujyi wa Mostaganem. Urwego rw'amazi muri uyu mugezi rukunze guhindagurika cyane. Uru ruzi rwifashishwa mu kuhira imiryanyo (cyane cyane mu gice cyarwo cyo munsi). Uyu mugezi wigeze kwitwa kandi Umugezi wa Mekerra n'Umugezi wa Sig. == Inyandiko == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}↑ Oued Chelif (Izina ryemejwe) kuri GEOnet Names Server, Ikigo Cyuzuye cy'Amakuru y'Ibyerekezo n'Ubutasi cy'Amerika (United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency). ↑ Wad Sheliff (Ubundi buryo bwandikwamo) kuri GEOnet Names Server, Ikigo Cyuzuye cy'Amakuru y'Ibyerekezo n'Ubutasi cy'Amerika (United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency). ↑ Abakozi ba EB 2015 (EB staff 2015). == Amasooko == *  Abakozi ba EB (26 Mata 2015), "Chelif River - river, Algeria" (Umugezi wa Chelif - uruzi, Alijeriya), Encyclopædia Britannica, byasomwe ku wa 26 Mata 2015. {{Rivers of Algeria}} cnhcukg9lg4pvvmlcfvc5wd9s8gtbi6