Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 19481 134565 134518 2026-08-19T06:14:28Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 134565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Politics of Rwanda}} U [[Rwanda]] ni igihugu cy'ishyaka rimwe cyayobowe<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holmes|first1=Georgina|title=Gendering the Rwanda Defence Force: A Critical Assessment|journal=Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding|date=2014|volume=8|issue=4|pages=321–333|doi=10.1080/17502977.2014.964449|s2cid=144474675}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomson|first1=Susan|author1-link=Susan Thomson|title=Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace|date=2018|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-23591-3|page=185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbxODwAAQBAJ&q=one-party+state|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ph.D|first1=Joseph Sebarenzi|last2=Twagiramungu|first2=Noel|title=Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime|url=https://theconversation.com/rwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649|access-date=5 September 2023|work=The Conversation|date=8 April 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Waldorf|first1=Lars|title=Handbook of Restorative Justice|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-34682-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGV_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT619 ?]|chapter=Rwanda's failing experiment in restorative justice}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beswick|first1=Danielle|title=Aiding State Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK relationship 1994–2011|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2011_32_10/page/1911|journal=Third World Quarterly|date=2011|volume=32|issue=10|pages=1911–1930|doi=10.1080/01436597.2011.610593|s2cid=153404360}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=Warigia|title=Four. Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnological Imaginaries, Information Technology, and the Postgenocide State|date=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-27666-3|page=87|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226276663-004/html?lang=en|language=en|doi=10.7208/9780226276663-004|doi-broken-date=12 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reyntjens|first1=Filip|title=Behind the Façade of Rwanda's Elections|journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs|date=2011|volume=12|issue=2|pages=64–69|jstor=43133887|issn=1526-0054}}</ref> na Front Patriotique y'u Rwanda n'umuyobozi wayo Paul Kagame kuva jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 irangiye. N'ubwo u Rwanda ruvugwaho kuba rufite demokarasi, amatora ahindurwa mu buryo butandukanye, harimo guhagarika amashyaka atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, gufunga cyangwa kwica abanenga amatora, n'uburiganya mu matora.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waldorf |first1=Lars |editor1-last=Themnér |editor1-first=Anders |title=Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic / [[Nordic Africa Institute]] |isbn=978-1-78360-248-3 |url=http://files.webb.uu.se/uploader/1576/Warlord-Democrats-in-Africa.pdf#page=79 |language=en |chapter=The Apotheosis of a Warlord: Paul Kagame |access-date=28 September 2024 |archive-date=27 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127084243/http://files.webb.uu.se/uploader/1576/Warlord-Democrats-in-Africa.pdf#page=79 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amategeko y'u Rwanda yakuwe ku mategeko y'ubucamanza bw'u [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] n'u [[Ubudage|Budage]] n'amategeko gakondo abera mu rwego rwa repubulika ya perezida, aho [[Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda|Perezida w'u Rwanda]] ari umukuru w'igihugu ufite ububasha bukomeye bwo gukora, Minisitiri w'Intebe w'u Rwanda akaba ari umuyobozi w'ubutegetsi. Ububasha bwo gushyiraho amategeko bufitwe na guverinoma n'ibyumba bibiri by'inteko ishinga amategeko, Sena n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko. Ku ya 5 Gicurasi 1995, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'Igihugu y'Igihe cyahise yemeje Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryarimo ingingo z'Itegeko Nshinga ryo ku ya 18 Kamena 1991, kimwe n'ibikubiye mu masezerano y'amahoro ya Arusha yo mu 1993 na porogaramu y'ubwumvikane y'amashyaka menshi yo mu Ugushyingo 1994.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title = Politics in Rwanda {{!}} About Rwanda|url = http://www.aboutrwanda.com/politics-in-rwanda/|website = www.aboutrwanda.com|access-date = 12 November 2015|archive-date = 5 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305131102/http://www.aboutrwanda.com/politics-in-rwanda/}}</ref> == Inteko ishinga amategeko y'igihugu == Mu Rwanda Inteko Ishinga Amategeko igizwe n'abadepite mirongo inani. Muri bo, Abadepite mirongo itanu na batatu batoranywa mu matora rusange mu ibanga, batoranyijwe ku rutonde rwihariye rw'amazina y'abakandida batorwa n'amashyirahamwe ya politiki cyangwa abakandida bigenga; [[Umugore|abagore]] makumyabiri na bane batoranyijwe na za kaminuza zihariye z'amatora mu buryo buhuje n'inzego z'ubuyobozi bw'igihugu; Abadepite babiri batowe n'Inama y'Igihugu y'Urubyiruko; Depite umwe watowe n'Inama y'Igihugu y'Abantu bafite Ubumuga. Sena igizwe n'abantu makumyabiri na batandatu. Muri abo, harimo abasenateri cumi na babiri batowe n'inama zihariye hakurikijwe inzego z'ubuyobozi; Abasenateri umunani bashyizweho na Perezida wa Repubulika; Abasenateri bane batowe n'Inama y'Igihugu y'amashyirahamwe ya politiki; Umusenateri umwe watowe mu bigisha n'abashakashatsi ba Kaminuza za Leta n'ibigo by'amashuri makuru; n'Umusenateri umwe watowe mu bigisha n'abashakashatsi ba Kaminuza z'abikorera n'ibigo by'amashuri makuru.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title = EIUCountry Login|url = http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=151847999&Country=Rwanda&topic=Summary&subtopic=Political+structure|website = country.eiu.com|access-date = 12 November 2015}}</ref> == Amateka == {{unreferenced section|date=October 2022}} {{Main|History of Rwanda|German East Africa|Ruanda-Urundi}} Nyuma y'intsinzi ya gisirikare muri Nyakanga 1994, Front Patriotique y'u Rwanda yateguye guverinoma y'ishyaka isa n'iyo yashyizweho na Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] mu 1992. Yiswe Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Igihugu Ifite Urufatiro Rwagutse, amategeko yayo y'ibanze ashingiye ku ihuje ry'itegeko nshinga, amasezerano ya Arusha, n'amasezerano ya politiki y'amashyaka. Ishyaka rya MRND ryashyizwe mu kato. Gutegura politiki byari bibujijwe kugeza mu 2003. Amatora ya mbere ya nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, amatora y'umukuru w'igihugu n'amatora y'abadepite yabaye muri Kanama na Nzeri 2003, buri wese ku giti cye. Ibibazo bikomeye leta yari ihanganye nabyo ni ugusubiza mu buzima busanzwe impunzi zirenga miliyoni 2 zagarutse kuva kera nka 1959; iherezo ry'ubugarariji no kurwanya ubugarariji mu bahoze ari abasirikare n'interahamwe n'igisirikare cy'u Rwanda cy'igihugu, cyibumbiye mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba; no kuva mu bibazo byo gutegura iterambere ry'igihe gito n'igihe kirekire. Imfungwa zizakomeza kuba ikibazo cyihutirwa mu gihe kiri imbere, kuko zariyongereye zirenga 100.000 mu myaka 3 yakurikiye intambara. Guverinoma ibuza ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina, ubwoko, ubwoko cyangwa idini. Guverinoma yashyizeho amategeko abuza gushimangira umwirondoro w'Abahutu cyangwa Abatutsi mu bikorwa byinshi bya politiki. == Politiki-ubukungu bwibanze == Kuva mu mwaka wa 2005 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2010, umubare w'abari mu bukene bw'intica ntikize ku rwego rw'igihugu wagabanutseho hejuru ya 10 ku ijana, kandi icyizere cyo kubaho cy'imyaka igera kuri 64 kiruta icy'ibihugu nk'ibyo byo muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara ndetse n'ibindi bihugu bikennye. Mu mwaka wa 2011, umusaruro w'ibyuka byangiza ikirere w'u Rwanda wari toni 0.1 ku muntu, ukaba wari hasi cyane ugereranyije n'ibindi bihugu byo muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara ndetse n'ibindi bihugu bifite umusaruro muke. U Rwanda rufite umubare munini w'abanyeshuri biga kurusha ibindi bihugu byo muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara, ndetse no mu bindi bihugu bikennye. Kuva mu mwaka wa 2014, u Rwanda rwari rukigaragara nk'igihugu cyinjiza amafaranga make, gifite umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu ungana na miliyari 7.890 z'amadolari, ugereranyije n'amadolari y'Amerika, n'abaturage bangana na miliyoni 11.34. Kuva mu mwaka wa 2015 u Rwanda rwahinduye icyerekezo mu iterambere ry'ubukungu, rushyira imbere ifaranga ry'amahanga mu buhinzi bw'ikawa n'icyayi, "bifasha kugabanya ubukene n'ubusumbane". Banki y'Isi yashimye imihati y'u Rwanda. Kagame yagiranye ibiganiro n'ibigo bikomeye nka Costco na Starbucks, byahoze ari byo bigura kawa nyinshi mu Rwanda kuva mu 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rwanda Rising: A New Model of Economic Development|url = http://www.fastcompany.com/1208900/rwanda-rising-new-model-economic-development|website = Fast Company|access-date = 12 November 2015|language = en-US}}</ref> == Abaminisitiri bakomeye == [https://www.gov.rw/cabinet]{{Main|Cabinet of Rwanda}} * Perezida: [[Paul Kagame]] * [[Edouard Ngirente]] * [[Ildephonse Musafiri]] * [[Ines Mpambara]] * [[Juvenal Marizamunda]] * [[Albert Murasira]] * [[Gaspard Twagirayezu]] * [[Valentine Uwamariya]] * [[Uzziel Ndagijimana|Dr. Uzziel Ndagijimana]] * [[Vincent Biruta]] * [[Sabin Nsanzimana]] * [[Jimmy Gasore]] * [[Alfred Gasana]] * [[Emmanuel Ugirashebuja]] * [[Jean Claude Musabyimana]] * [[Jeanne d'Arc Mujawamariya|Amb. Dr. Jeanne d'Arc Mujawamariya]] * [[Judith Uwizeye]] * [[Jeannette Bayisenge]] * [[Aurore Mimosa Munyangaju]] * [[Utumatwishima Jean Nepo Abdallah]] * [[Jean Chrysostome Ngabitsinze]] * [[Paula Ingabire]]<ref name=":4" /> * M[[Jean-Damascène Bizimana]] == Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ryitabiriye == U Rwanda ni umunyamuryango wa [[Agency for the French-Speaking Community|ACCT]], [[African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States|ACP]], [[African Development Bank|AfDB]], [[World Trade Organization|WTrO]]. == Ibikubiyemo == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ry'urubuga rwo hanze == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121223005922/http://www.gov.rw/ Official website of the Republic of Rwanda] *[http://www.primature.gov.rw/ Official website of the Office of the Prime Minister of Rwanda] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204034344/http://www.primature.gov.rw/ministries.htm Official website of the Office of the Prime Minister of Rwanda - Directory of Ministries and web addresses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204034344/http://www.primature.gov.rw/ministries.htm |date=4 December 2008 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Purdeková |first1=Andrea |last2=Reyntjens |first2=Filip |last3=Wilén |first3=Nina |title=Militarisation of governance after conflict: beyond the rebel-to-ruler frame – the case of Rwanda |journal=Third World Quarterly |date=2018 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=158–174 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2017.1369036|hdl=10067/1479870151162165141 |s2cid=158329591 |hdl-access=free }} *{{cite journal |last1=McDoom |first1=Omar Shahabudin |title=Securocratic state-building: the rationales, rebuttals, and risks behind the extraordinary rise of Rwanda after the genocide |journal=African Affairs |date=2022 |volume=121 |issue=485 |pages=535–567 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adac031 |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/121/485/535/6722640|doi-access=free }} {{Rwanda topics}} {{Africa in topic|Politics of}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Politics of Rwanda}} [[Category:Politiki y'u Rwanda| ]] ejjecmedlv21wrejhxlw1vo6u1zjkop 0 20866 134563 134504 2026-08-19T06:13:12Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 134563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina''' (nanone ryitwa '''ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Claire Berlinski on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/ClaireBerlinski/status/1054618903987523584}}</ref> [ a ] cyangwa '''ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina''' ) ni ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina mu bukungu n’imibereho rishingiye ku gitsina ku bantu kubera igitsina cyangwa igitsina. Nuburyo bukoreshwa mugukoresha imyitozo yumubiri cyangwa amategeko kugirango yimure abantu kumyanya iyobowe. <ref name="AskIsrael">{{Cite web |title=Apartheid |url=http://www.askisrael.org/facts/qpt.asp?fid=9 |access-date=31 March 2013 |publisher=StandWithUs}}</ref> Intiti y’abagore, Phyllis Chesler, umwarimu w’imyororokere n’ubushakashatsi bw’umugore, asobanura ko iki kibazo ari "imikorere yamagana abakobwa n’abagore kubaho mu buryo butandukanye kandi butegekwa kandi bigatuma abahungu n’abagabo babarinda burundu ubudakemwa bw’abavandimwe babo". <ref name="Chesler">{{Cite web |last=Chesler |first=Phyllis |year=2011 |title=Phyllis Chesler on Islamic gender apartheid |url=http://www.phyllis-chesler.com/984/phyllis-chesler-on-islamic-gender-apartheid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225160659/http://www.phyllis-chesler.com/984/phyllis-chesler-on-islamic-gender-apartheid |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=Phyllis Chesler Organization}}</ref> Ingero zishingiye ku ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina ntiziganisha gusa ku mibereho n’ubukungu by’ubukungu ku bantu, ariko birashobora no kuviramo ingaruka mbi ku mubiri. <ref name="Lowstedt">Löwstedt, Anthony (2014). [https://gesphka.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/apartheid-2014.pdf ''Apartheid – Ancient, Past, and Present: Gross Racist Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, Israel/Palestine and Beyond''], Vienna: Gesellschaft für Phänomenologie und kritische Anthropologie. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</ref> === Etymology === Ijambo "ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina" rikomoka kuri Afurika y'Epfo ivangura rishingiye ku moko ryashyizeho gahunda yo kuba hejuru y'abazungu ( Afrikaans ) no gutandukanya abaturage benshi biganjemo abirabura n'abazungu. <ref name="Andrews">{{Cite journal |last=Andrews |first=Penelope |year=2001 |title=From Gender Apartheid to Non-Sexism: The Pursuit of Women's Rights in South Africa |journal=North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation}}</ref> Abanyafurika bavuga "gutandukana" cyangwa "gutandukana", gukoresha ijambo "ivanguramoko" mu kwerekana uburinganire byerekana ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu rikubiyemo gutandukana no gukandamizwa. <ref name="Lowstedt2">Löwstedt, Anthony (2014). [https://gesphka.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/apartheid-2014.pdf ''Apartheid – Ancient, Past, and Present: Gross Racist Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, Israel/Palestine and Beyond''], Vienna: Gesellschaft für Phänomenologie und kritische Anthropologie. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</ref> Mu gusobanura ivanguramoko, Dr. Anthony Löwstedt yaranditse ati: Igitekerezo cyo gutandukana ubwacyo ntigisobanura byanze bikunze ko itsinda iryo ariryo ryose cyangwa rizashyigikirwa kurenza ayandi yose ... Ikiranga umwihariko wa apartheid ndetse nubundi bwoko bw’amacakubiri akandamiza ni uko politiki, ubukungu, imibereho, ndetse n’imiterere y’akarere byashyizweho ku bushake kandi kuri gahunda hagamijwe gutandukanya amatsinda ku gahato, buri gihe ku nyungu, byibuze, rimwe na rimwe, cyangwa inyungu, mu gihe gito, ariko ku nyungu z’igihe gito, ariko ku nyungu z’igihe gito, ariko ku nyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko ku nyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito, ariko zikaba ari inyungu z’igihe gito. <ref name="Lowstedt3">Löwstedt, Anthony (2014). [https://gesphka.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/apartheid-2014.pdf ''Apartheid – Ancient, Past, and Present: Gross Racist Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, Israel/Palestine and Beyond''], Vienna: Gesellschaft für Phänomenologie und kritische Anthropologie. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</ref> Ivanguramoko rishingiye ku gitsina ni ibintu rusange kandi ntibigarukira mu gihugu runaka. Mu gihe raporo z’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina zagaragaye cyane mu rwego rw’umuco wa kisilamu, ziriganje ku isi. Bamwe mu baharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu bavuze ko ibihano bifatirwa ibihugu bikoresha ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, kimwe n'ibihano byafatiwe Afurika y'Epfo muri apartheid. <ref name="Arneil">Barbara Arneil, Editor, ''Sexual justice/cultural justice: critical perspectives in political theory and practice,'' Volume 23 of Routledge innovations in political theory, Taylor & Francis US, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=A0J7gZDHezIC&pg=PA180 180], {{ISBN|0-415-77092-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-77092-7}}</ref> <ref>Courtney W. Howland, ''Religious fundamentalisms and the human rights of women,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YIluya3TY9YC&pg=PA29 p 62], {{ISBN|0-312-29306-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-312-29306-2}}</ref> === Mu idini === Ingero zishingiye ku ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina zagaragaye mu nzego binyuze mu bikorwa by’amadini n’umuco. Kurugero, ingingo zijyanye no gufata [[Umugore|abagore]] mubisobanuro byibanze byubuyisilamu, ubukirisitu, idini rya kiyahudi, n’ababuda byasobanuwe ko ari ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. Gukoresha kwizera, akenshi binyuze mu gusobanura byimazeyo amategeko y’idini, kugira ngo ushimangire ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina ntivugwaho rumwe. === Gatolika === Ijambo ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina n’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina ryakoreshejwe kandi mu gusobanura uburyo butandukanye bwo gufata abagore mu bigo nka Kiliziya y’Ubwongereza <ref name="Bates">{{Cite news |last=Bates |first=Stephen |date=2001-10-25 |title=Church persists with sexual apartheid, say women priests<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |access-date=2010-05-23 |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited |location=London}}</ref> na [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] ya [[Roma]] . Minisitiri wa Peresibiteriyeni akaba n'umwanditsi Patricia Budd Kepler yerekana urugamba rw’abagore mu rwego rwo kwemerera abapadiri ndetse n’ubuyobozi bw’amadini nk’urugero rw’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. By'umwihariko, Kepler aranenga imyumvire gakondo y’ubugabo n’umugore igabanya ubutware bw’umugore mu itorero, ashimangira ko ahubwo kwinjira mu bagore bidahungabanya gahunda z’Imana. <ref name="Kepler">{{Cite journal |last=Kepler |first=Patricia Budd |date=January 1978 |title=Women Clergy and the Cultural Order |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_theology-today_1978-01_34_4/page/402 |journal=Theology Today |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=402–409 |doi=10.1177/004057367803400408 |s2cid=146897549}}</ref> Mu buryo nk'ubwo, umwanditsi Susan D. Rose asobanura imiterere y'imiryango y'abakurambere b'amatorero ya gikirisitu y'ivugabutumwa muri Amerika nko gukomeza ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. <ref>Courtney W. Howland, ''Religious fundamentalisms and the human rights of women'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YIluya3TY9YC p 11], {{ISBN|0-312-29306-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-312-29306-2}}</ref> Kiliziya Gatolika ya Roma yagaragaye ko ikomeje ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina bitewe na Vatikani yashyize ku rutonde rwa "kugerageza kwera umugore" nka ''graviora ya delicta'' - mu yandi magambo, icyaha cyo guhagararirwa kimwe no gusambanya abana bato, no "gushaka, gutunga cyangwa gukwirakwiza porunogarafiya [y’umwana] n’umunyamadini". [[Patriarchy|[]] <ref name="Vatican">{{Cite web |title=Considerations on the Delicta graviora |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20111123_levada-belo-horizonte_en.html |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> <ref name="Bonavoglia">{{Cite news |last=Bonavoglia |first=Angela |title=Women Challenge Gender Apartheid in the Catholic Church |url=http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/2010summer/2010summer_Bonavoglia.php |access-date=18 March 2013 |work=On the Issues}}</ref> <ref name="Levitt">{{Cite news |last=Levitt |first=Judith |date=September 29, 2012 |title=Women as Priests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/30/opinion/sunday/women-as-priests.html?_r=0 |access-date=18 March 2013 |work=New York Times}}</ref> <ref name="Bonavoglia" /> === Islamu === [[File:Frauengebetsraum_Khadija-Moschee.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frauengebetsraum_Khadija-Moschee.jpg|thumb|Female-only prayer room in a [[:en:Mosque|mosque]][[:en:File:Taliban_beating_woman_in_public_RAWA.jpg|[[File:Taliban_beating_woman_in_public_RAWA.jpg|link=|class=mw-file-element|250x250px]]]]A member of the [[:en:Taliban|Taliban]]'s [[:en:Mutaween#Other_groups|religious police]] beating a woman in [[:en:Kabul|Kabul]] on 26 August 2001 (footage filmed by [[:en:Revolutionary_Association_of_the_Women_of_Afghanistan|RAWA]]). Under [[:en:Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996–2001)|Taliban rule]], Afghan women were forced to cover their entire bodies.<ref name="Matinuddin2">{{cite book |last=Matinuddin |first=Kamal |author-link=Kamal Matinuddin |year=1999 |title=The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-579274-2 |location=[[Karachi]] |pages=34–43 |chapter=The Taliban's Religious Attitude |access-date=8 July 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIyVMkjat2MC&pg=PA34}}</ref>]] Idini rya kisilamu ryanenzwe kubera ivangura ry’imiterere bwite n’amategeko ahana nk’abagore. <ref name="Kazemi">{{Cite journal |last=Kazemi |first=Farhad |year=2000 |title=Gender, Islam, and Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-research_summer-2000_67_2/page/453 |journal=Social Research |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=453–474}}</ref> Indangagaciro z'abakurambere ba Islamu zikomeje kuba imwe mu mahame yarwanijwe cyane, ukurikije amashuri atandukanye . Mubisanzwe ariko, uburenganzira bwumugabo numugore buratandukanye cyane ukurikije amategeko yimiterere ya kisilamu. <ref name="Siraj 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Siraj |first=Asifa |date=October 2011 |title=Meanings of modesty and the hijab amongst Muslim women in Glasgow, Scotland |journal=[[Gender, Place & Culture|Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=716–731 |doi=10.1080/0966369X.2011.617907 |issn=1360-0524 |s2cid=144326780 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Urugero, abagabo b’abayisilamu bemerewe kwishora mu gushaka abagore benshi no kurongora abadamu b’abayisilamu mu gihe abagore b’abayisilamu babujijwe kugira abagabo benshi no kurongora abagabo batari Abayisilamu, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leeman |first=A. B. |date=2009 |title=Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions |url=https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Indiana Law Journal]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Maurer School of Law]] |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=743–772 |issn=0019-6665 |s2cid=52224503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062516/https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Elmali-Karakaya |first=Ayse |year=2020 |title=Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: A Diversity of Paradigms |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-44348-8 |editor-last=Hood |editor-first=Ralph W. |volume=31 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |pages=388–410 |chapter=Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriages |doi=10.1163/9789004443969_020 |issn=1046-8064 |editor-last2=Cheruvallil-Contractor |editor-first2=Sariya}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=25 July 2017 |title=Roughly one-in-ten married Muslims have a non-Muslim spouse |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/identity-assimilation-and-community/pf_2017-06-26_muslimamericans-02new-04/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016061221/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/identity-assimilation-and-community/pf_2017-06-26_muslimamericans-02new-04/ |archive-date=16 October 2018 |access-date=25 August 2021 |series=The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jahangir |first=Junaid |date=21 March 2017 |title=Muslim Women Can Marry Outside The Faith |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325020231/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |archive-date=25 March 2017 |access-date=25 August 2021 |website=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref> kandi umurage w’abagore ni kimwe cya kabiri cy’abo bavukana. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">kandi</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> ukwemezwa n’ubucamanza mpanabyaha bwa kisilamu kurushaho kuvangura abagore, kuko bishingiye cyane ku buhamya bw’abatangabuhamya. Ubuhamya bw'umugore bwonyine bufatwa nk'ibidahagije kugira ngo ushinje umwicanyi, bisaba ubuhamya bw'umugabo kugira ngo bwemeze. <ref name="Kazemi" /> Kwubahiriza kwiyoroshya mu mibonano mpuzabitsina no kwambara neza ku bagabo n’abagore b’abayisilamu bigenwa n’ubuvanganzo bwa ''ḥadīth'' na ''suna'' (ibikorwa n’amagambo bitirirwa umuhanuzi wa kisilamu Muhammad na bagenzi be); <ref name="Siraj 20112">{{Cite journal |last=Siraj |first=Asifa |date=October 2011 |title=Meanings of modesty and the hijab amongst Muslim women in Glasgow, Scotland |journal=[[Gender, Place & Culture|Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=716–731 |doi=10.1080/0966369X.2011.617907 |issn=1360-0524 |s2cid=144326780 |doi-access=free}}</ref> imyitozo yo gutwikira ku gahato igaragara mu turere tumwe na tumwe nk'uburyo bwa apartheid. <ref name="Mojab">{{Cite journal |last=Mojab |first=Shahrzad |date=December 1998 |title='Muslim' Women and 'Western' Feminists: The Debate on Particulars and Universals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-review-us_1998-12_50_7/page/19 |journal=Monthly Review |volume=50 |issue=7 |pages=19–30 |doi=10.14452/mr-050-07-1998-11_2}}</ref> Imyitozo yo gutwikira ku gahato, nk'uko Shahrzad Mojab abivuga, ntabwo biterwa n’amategeko ayo ari yo yose ya kisilamu; ahubwo, Shahrzad avuga "imyitozo yazamutse mu bihe bitandukanye". <ref name="Mojab" /> Imyambarire yashyizweho muri Afuganisitani ku butegetsi bw’abatalibani n’ishuri risaba abakobwa kwambara igitambaro cyatanzwe nkurugero rwo kwitwikira ku gahato. <ref name="Rasekh">{{Cite journal |last=Rasekh |first=Zohra |last2=Heidi Bauer |last3=Michele Manos |last4=Vincent Iacopino |date=August 1998 |title=Women's Health and Human Rights in Afghanistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1998-08-05_280_5/page/449 |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=280 |issue=5 |pages=449–55 |doi=10.1001/jama.280.5.449 |pmid=9701081}}</ref> <ref name="Protest">{{Cite news |date=October 19, 2004 |title=Students protest forced veiling |url=http://www.iranfocus.com/en/?option=com_content&task=view&id=551 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308044411/http://www.iranfocus.com/en/?option=com_content&task=view&id=551 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |access-date=18 March 2013 |work=Iran Focus}}</ref> <ref name="Barrett">{{Cite news |last=Barrett |first=David |date=October 2, 2010 |title=British schools where girls must wear the Islamic veil |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/8038820/British-schools-where-girls-must-wear-the-Islamic-veil.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> <ref name="Barrett" /> <ref name="Fernandez">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Sonya |year=2009 |title=The Crusade over the Bodies of Women |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=43 |issue=3–4 |pages=269–286 |doi=10.1080/00313220903109185 |s2cid=73618765}}</ref> <ref name="Fernandez" /> Mu mateka y’imyaka itanu ya Emirate ya kisilamu ya Afuganisitani, ubutegetsi bw’abatalibani bwasobanuye amategeko ya ''Shariya'' hakurikijwe ishuri rya [[Hanafi]] ry’ubucamanza bwa kisilamu n’amategeko y’idini ya Mullah Omar . <ref name="Matinuddin">{{Cite book |last=Matinuddin |first=Kamal |author-link=Kamal Matinuddin |year=1999 |title=The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-579274-2 |location=[[Karachi]] |pages=34–43 |chapter=The Taliban's Religious Attitude |access-date=8 July 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIyVMkjat2MC&pg=PA34}}</ref> Abagore babujijwe gukora, <ref name="Matinuddin" /> abakobwa babujijwe [[Taliban treatment of women#Education|kujya mu mashuri cyangwa muri kaminuza]], <ref name="Matinuddin" /> basabwe kubahiriza ''purdah'' no kujyana hanze y’ingo zabo na bene wabo b'abagabo; abarenga kuri aya mabwiriza barahanwe. <ref name="Matinuddin" /> Abagabo babujijwe kogosha ubwanwa kandi basabwa kubareka bagakura kandi bakagumana igihe kirekire nk'uko Abatalibani babishaka, no kwambara ibitambaro hanze y’ingo zabo. <ref name="Matinuddin" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2002 |title=US Country Report on Human Rights Practices – Afghanistan 2001 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/sa/8222.htm |access-date=4 March 2020 |publisher=State.gov}}</ref> Uharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore, Mahnaz Afkhami yanditse ko imyumvire y'isi ya kisilamu "itandukanya imiterere y'abagore n'imibanire ye na sosiyete nk'ikizamini gikomeye cyerekana ko gahunda ya kisilamu ari ukuri." Ibi bigereranywa ninzego za ''purdah'' (gutandukanya umubiri kubitsina) na ''awrah'' (guhisha umubiri imyenda). Kimwe no mu bihugu byinshi ku isi, ibigo bikandamiza abagore byagendaga bidakomera kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. <ref>[[Mahnaz Afkhami]], "Gender Apartheid, Cultural Relativism, and Women's Human Rights in Muslim Societies," in ''Women, gender, and human rights: a global perspective'', Marjorie Agosín, Editor, Rutgers University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8135-2983-2}}</ref>[[Walid Phares|​]][[Marxism|​]][[Soviet Union|​]][[Ubushinwa|​]][[Turukiya|​]]Yavuze ko andi madini na yo "yiboneye intambara nk'izo." <ref>[[Walid Phares]], ''The War of Ideas: Jihadism Against Democracy'', Macmillan, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zeKsxzEk5ywC&pg=PA102 p 102], {{ISBN|0-230-60255-X}}, 9780230602557</ref> Idini rya Kiyahudi rya Haredi, rizwi kandi ku idini rya Kiyahudi ryitwa ultra-orotodogisi, ryanenzwe gushyiraho politiki n'imyizerere ishingiye ku gitsina. <ref name="Lee">{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Adam |date=18 January 2012 |title=Fighting Gender Apartheid in Israel |url=http://bigthink.com/daylight-atheism/fighting-gender-apartheid-in-israel |access-date=16 April 2013 |work=Big Think}}</ref> <ref name="Sharon">{{Cite news |last=Sharon |first=Jeremy |date=16 November 2011 |title=Gender segregation practices are apartheid |url=https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Gender-segregation-practices-are-apartheid |access-date=16 April 2013 |work=Jerusalem Post}}</ref> Igizwe n’abantu bake ariko bakomeje kwiyongera mu muco w’Abayahudi, idini rya Kiyahudi rya Haredi ryamamaye nk’umuryango w’intiti, aho umubare munini w’abagabo bakomeza amashuri yabo muri yeshiva kurusha abagore bo mu iseminari. <ref name="El-Or">{{Cite journal |last=El-Or |first=Tamar |year=1993 |title=The Length of the Slits and the Spread of Luxury: Reconstructing the Subordination of Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Women Through the Patriarchy of Men Scholars |journal=Sex Roles |volume=29 |issue=9–10 |pages=585–598 |doi=10.1007/bf00289206 |s2cid=145745677}}</ref> Abakurikira idini rya Kiyahudi rya Haredi na bo baratandukanye kubera imyambarire yabo ndetse n’imiterere rusange: ubwanwa bwogosha, amakoti maremare yijimye, n'ingofero nini cyane ku bagabo; n'abagore bitwikiriye mu buryo bworoheje. <ref name="Berman">{{Cite journal |last=Berman |first=Eli |year=2000 |title=Sect, Subsidy, and Sacrifice: An Economist's View of Ultra-Orthodox Jews |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w6715.pdf |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=905–953 |doi=10.1162/003355300554944}}</ref> Ibirego bishingiye ku ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina byerekana umuco wo gukandamiza umuco no gutandukanya igitsina, ndetse no kwerekana abadayimoni nk'igishuko. <ref name="El-Or" /> Byongeye kandi, amashusho rusange y’abagore yandujwe mu baturage ba Haredi, kandi abakobwa b’Abayahudi bakiri bato batewe amacandwe kandi bitwa indaya kubera kwambara imyenda ifatwa nk'iyiyubashye. <ref name="SMH">{{Cite news |date=21 November 2011 |title=When women and girls are the enemy |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/when-women-and-girls-are-the-enemy-20111118-1nn4d.html |access-date=16 April 2013 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Raporo zerekana ko ahanini abayoboke b’ibanze ba Haredi aribo bashinzwe ibikorwa by’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, kandi ko umuryango wa Haredi muri rusange udashyigikiye ibyo bikorwa. <ref name="Martin">{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Patrick |date=10 January 2012 |title=In Jerusalem, women are voiceless at a decidedly womanly event |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/worldview/in-jerusalem-women-are-voiceless-at-a-decidedly-womanly-event/article2297159/ |access-date=16 April 2013 |work=The Globe & Mail}}</ref> Ibikorwa by'Abayahudi b'ibanze Haredi muri Isiraheli byiswe ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. <ref name="Lee2">{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Adam |date=18 January 2012 |title=Fighting Gender Apartheid in Israel |url=http://bigthink.com/daylight-atheism/fighting-gender-apartheid-in-israel |access-date=16 April 2013 |work=Big Think}}</ref> Mugihe abagore basanzwe bicara inyuma ya bisi mu bice bya Isiraheli, nta tegeko ryemewe ribishyira mu bikorwa. Icyakora, ikintu kimwe cyabaye mu Kuboza 2011 aho umugabo wa Haredi yasabye umugore wicaye imbere ya bisi kugenda yerekeza inyuma; nyuma yo kwangwa kwe kwateje igiterane kinini. Gutabara kwa polisi amaherezo byatandukanije guhangana. Ku bijyanye n'iki gikorwa, Minisitiri w’intebe wa Isiraheli, Benjamin Netanyahu, yatangaje ko ashyigikiye ahantu rusange hahurira abantu bose n’ubumwe mu baturage. <ref name="Lemberg">{{Cite news |last=Lemberg |first=Izzy |last2=Kevin Flower |date=19 December 2011 |title=Israel's 'Rosa Parks' refuses to take back seat |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/19/world/meast/israel-rosa-parks |access-date=17 April 2013 |work=CNN}}</ref> Hari kandi amakuru avuga ko Abayahudi ba Haredi baciriye amacandwe ku bagore, bagaba igitero ku bakozi ba televiziyo, kandi bakigaragambya bafite ibyapa byigisha abagore kwambara no kwirinda kugenda mu masinagogi . <ref name="Telegraph">{{Cite news |date=26 December 2011 |title=Clashes erupt between police and ultra-Orthodox Jews near Jerusalem |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/8978325/Clashes-erupt-between-police-and-ultra-Orthodox-Jews-near-Jerusalem.html#mm_hash |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> === idini rya kiyahudi === [[File:Separate_beach_signs,_Ashkelon.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Separate_beach_signs,_Ashkelon.jpg|thumb|Sign at an Israeli beach for segregated bathing, to accommodate [[:en:Haredi_Jews|Haredi Jews]]]] Amashuri amwe y'Ababuda bo muri Tibet bisaba abagore gutunganya mumaseminari nubundi buryo bwo gusenga nyuma yabagabo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Baratandukanijwe kandi nabagabo mugihe cyibi bihe nibindi bihe byinshi; kurugero, guterana kumugaragaro no gusangira, cyane cyane iyo ibyo bibaye imbere yumumonaki mukuru. Hariho <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">ibimenyetso</span>'' &#x5B;</sup> byerekana abagabo n'abagore, harimo n'abagabo n'abagore - bahatirwa gufata ubwikorezi butandukanye mu bihe bimwe na bimwe by'Ababuda. ndetse no gusabwa kuguma mubyumba bya hoteri bitandukanye iyo babitabye. === Inyigo === Ibihugu byinshi ku isi byerekana ibikorwa by’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, nubwo bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Ibikurikira n’ibihugu byavuzwe ko byakoresheje urugero runaka rw’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. === Afuganisitani === [[Afuganisitani]], iyobowe n’amadini y’abatalibani, yaranzwe n’amatsinda y’abagore n’abandi nka gahunda y’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina aho abagore batandukanijwe n’abagabo ku karubanda kandi ntibashobora kubona ubwisanzure mu by'amategeko cyangwa amahirwe angana yo kubona akazi cyangwa amashuri. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051217100322/http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/DIANA/afghanwomen.htm Women in Afghanistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217100322/http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/DIANA/afghanwomen.htm|date=2005-12-17}}, Women's Human Rights Resource Programme, [[University of Toronto]] [[Bora Laskin]] Law Library.</ref> <ref>Hunter, D. Lyn. [http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/1999/0317/taliban.html Gender Apartheid Under Afghanistan's Taliban] ''The Berkleyan'', March 17, 1999.</ref> Bahagurukiye ku butegetsi mu mpera za 1996, abatalibani bashimangiye amahanga kubera gufata abagore, ashyiraho politiki yabuzaga ubwisanzure bw’abagore bwo kugenda, akazi, n’uburenganzira bwo kwiga. <ref name="Verdirame">{{Cite journal |last=Verdirame |first=Guglielmo |year=2001 |title=Testing the Effectiveness of International Norms: UN Humanitarian Assistance and Sexual Apartheid in Afghanistan |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1558535_code649958.pdf?abstractid=1558535&mirid=3 |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=733–768 |doi=10.1353/hrq.2001.0043 |s2cid=144808940}}</ref> Ku butegetsi bw’abatalibani, abagore bari mu kaga ko gufungwa no guhohoterwa ku mubiri baramutse bahamwe n’icyaha cyo kuba barenze ku myambarire yashyizweho, hamwe n’ihohoterwa ryarimo: kwerekana amaboko, ukuboko, ibirenge, cyangwa mu maso; kutambara burka; no kwambara ibintu bigaragara ko bibabaje, urugero amasogisi yera / inkweto, imyenda ya stilish, inkweto zitera urusaku mugihe ugenda. <ref name="Rasekh2">{{Cite journal |last=Rasekh |first=Zohra |last2=Heidi Bauer |last3=Michele Manos |last4=Vincent Iacopino |date=August 1998 |title=Women's Health and Human Rights in Afghanistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1998-08-05_280_5/page/449 |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=280 |issue=5 |pages=449–55 |doi=10.1001/jama.280.5.449 |pmid=9701081}}</ref> Muri Kamena 2023, Umunyamabanga wihariye w’umuryango w’abibumbye ku bijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Afuganisitani, Richard Bennett, yabwiye akanama k’uburenganzira bwa muntu i Geneve ku bijyanye n’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina muri Afuganisitani. <ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2023-06-20 |title=Taliban treatment of women could be 'gender apartheid', UN expert says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/talibans-treatment-women-could-be-gender-apartheid-un-expert-2023-06-19/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> === Irani === Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20 no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21 muri [[Irani]], [[uburenganzira bw'umugore]] bwarahagaritswe cyane, ugereranije n'ubwa mu bihugu byinshi byateye imbere. Raporo y’Ihuriro ry’Ubukungu ku Isi mu mwaka wa 2017 Raporo y’Uburinganire ku Isi yashyize Irani 140, mu bihugu 144, kubera uburinganire. Muri 2017, muri Irani, igitsina gore cyari kigizwe na 19% gusa mu bakozi bahembwa, bikiyongera ku gipimo cya karindwi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-17 |title=World Economic Forum |url=https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-gender-gap-report-2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418025535/https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-gender-gap-report-2017 |archive-date=April 18, 2018}}</ref> guhera mu 1990. Ugereranije n’utundi turere two muri <ref name="GIWPS_WPSIndex_Klugman_2017_8">{{cite report |url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/WPS-Index-Report-2017-18.pdf |title=Women, Peace and Security Index 2017–18 report |last=Klugman |first=Jeni |date=October 2017 |pages=84 |isbn=978-0-692-94090-7 |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123729/https://giwps.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/WPS-Index-Report-2017-18.pdf |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |url-status=live}} Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 3.0</ref>, abagore bo muri Irani bafite uburyo bwiza bwo kubona konti y’imari, uburezi, na terefone zigendanwa. <ref name="GIWPS_WPSIndex_Klugman_2017_8" /> : 16 Irani yashyizwe ku mwanya wa 116, mu bihugu 153, mu bijyanye n'ivangura rikorerwa abagore. <ref name="GIWPS_WPSIndex_Klugman_2017_8" /> : 16  === Maleziya === Mu mwaka wa 2006, Marina Mahathir, umukobwa w’uwahoze ari Minisitiri w’intebe wa [[Malesiya|Maleziya]] akaba n’umukangurambaga uharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore, yavuze ko imiterere y’abagore [[:en:Muslim|b’abayisilamu]] muri Maleziya isa n’iy'Abirabura bo muri Afurika y'Epfo birabura ivangura. <ref name="bbcm">{{Cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |date=March 11, 2006 |title=Malaysia 'apartheid' row deepens |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4795808.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |date=March 8, 2006 |title=Malaysia women 'suffer apartheid' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4784784.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> Amagambo ya Marina yavuzwe asubiza itegeko rishya rya kisilamu ryemerera abagabo gutandukana cyangwa gufata abagore bagera kuri bane. Amategeko kandi yahaye abagabo uburenganzira ku mutungo w'abagore babo. <ref name="bbcm" /> Amatsinda y’aba conservateurs nk’ihuriro ry’abakozi b’abayisilamu bo muri Maleziya yanenze amagambo ye yo gutuka Shariya no gutesha agaciro uruhare rukomeye rw’abagore muri Maleziya ugereranije n’ibindi bihugu by’abayisilamu n’iburasirazuba bwa [[Aziya]]. <ref name="bbcm" /> === Pakisitani === Umuryango wa [[Pakisitani]] wasobanuwe ko ukoresha ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina bitewe n’imiterere y’abagore mu nzego za politiki, ubukungu, n’imibereho. Urugero, [[:en:Pakistani_nationality_law|itegeko ry’abenegihugu ryo mu 1951]] ribuza abagore bo muri Pakisitani bafite abagabo b’abanyamahanga kubona ubwenegihugu bwa Pakisitani. <ref name="Tribune">{{Cite news |date=19 December 2012 |title=Women's rights in Pakistan: NGOs compile report to show the 'real' picture |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/481390/womens-rights-in-pakistan-ngos-compile-report-to-show-the-real-picture/ |access-date=31 March 2013 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> Itandukaniro rishingiye ku gitsina mu bikorwa by’ubukungu, uburezi no gusoma, no kugereranya imibonano mpuzabitsina mu baturage na byo byavuzwe nkikimenyetso cy’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina muri Pakisitani. <ref name="Weiss">{{Cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Anita |year=2003 |title=Interpreting Islam and Women's Rights: Implementing CEDAW in Pakistan |journal=International Sociology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=581–601 |doi=10.1177/02685809030183007 |s2cid=145769041}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekana ko uruhare rw’uburinganire muri sosiyete ya Pakisitani rwanduzwa binyuze mu bitabo by’amashuri [[Primary school|abanza]] n’ayisumbuye, wirengagije gushyira abagore b’ingenzi mu mateka n’ubushakashatsi bw’imibereho. Ivangura rishingiye <ref name="Dean">{{Cite book |last=Dean |first=Bernadette |year=2007 |title=Creating Subjects for Gender Apartheid: A Critical Study of an English Language Pakistani Textbook |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Rashida Qureshi and Jane F.A. Rarieya |pages=170–193 |chapter=8}}</ref> rero rishyirwaho binyuze mu nyandiko n'amashusho aho abagore bakoreshwa imirimo yo mu rugo kandi ntibakunze kugaragara ko bakorera hanze y'urugo. Byongeye kandi, kubijyanye na kamere n'imiterere, igitsina gabo nigitsina gore kirangwa nkibihabanye bitandukanye: mugihe abagore "ari ubusa, ibicucu nubucucu", abagabo "bafite ubwenge, intwari kandi bakomeye". <ref name="Dean" /> Kubera iyo mpamvu, uruhare rw’uburinganire rwashimangiye kandi rukomeza ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. Imbaraga zo guhagarika ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina zakozwe binyuze muri politiki nk’umushinga w’itegeko [[:en:Women's_Protection_Bill|rirengera]] [[Women's Protection Bill|abagore]], washyizweho n’Inteko [[:en:Hudood_Ordinance|ishinga amategeko ya Pakisitani]] mu Kuboza <ref name="UNHCR">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2007 |title=Pakistan: The Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act, 2006 and its implementation |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,PAK,,4784def9c,0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130705172822/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,PAK,,4784def9c,0.html |archive-date=5 July 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}</ref> Mbere, Amategeko ya Hudood yari impaka zishingiye ku miterere yabo [[:en:Misogyny|idahwitse]] no kuvuga ko bagandukira abagore mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko. <ref name="Imran">{{Cite journal |last=Imran |first=Rahat |date=November 2005 |title=Legal Injustices: The Zina Hudood Ordinance of Pakistan and Its Implications for Women |url=http://www.bridgew.edu/soas/jiws/nov05v2/imran.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of International Women's Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011215511/http://www.bridgew.edu/SoAS/jiws/Nov05V2/Imran.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2008 |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> Urugero, abahohotewe n’abakobwa bashobora guhamwa n’icyaha ko gufata ku ngufu ari ubusambanyi n’ubusambanyi niba bitagaragaye ukundi. <ref name="Dawn">{{Cite web |last=Paracha |first=Nida |date=7 May 2011 |title=The Hudood Ordinances |url=http://dawn.com/2011/05/08/the-hudood-ordinances/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=Dawn}}</ref> === Arabiya Sawudite === [[File:Jeddah_Marriott_no_women_sign.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeddah_Marriott_no_women_sign.jpg|thumb|Sign prohibiting women from a gymnasium in the [[:en:Marriott_Hotel|Marriott Hotel]] in [[:en:Jeddah|Jeddah]]]] Imikorere ya [[:en:Saudi_Arabia|Arabiya Sawudite]] ku bijyanye n’abagore yagiye ivugwa ko ari ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina. <ref>Jensen, Rita Henley. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050315083110/http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2212/context/ourdailylives Taking the Gender Apartheid Tour in Saudi Arabia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315083110/http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2212/context/ourdailylives|date=2005-03-15}}, ''Women's eNews'', 03/07/2005.</ref> <ref>Handrahan, L.M. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071103231229/http://www.hri.ca/tribune/viewArticle.asp?ID=2603 Gender Apartheid and Cultural Absolution: Saudi Arabia and the International Criminal Court] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103231229/http://www.hri.ca/tribune/viewArticle.asp?ID=2603|date=2007-11-03}}, Human Rights Internet, ''Human Rights Tribune'', Vol. 8, No. 1, Spring 2001.</ref> Abagore babujijwe gutwara kandi <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">baracyasaba</span>]]'' &#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> kugirango bagende. [[:en:Commission_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice|Komisiyo ishinzwe guteza imbere ingeso nziza no gukumira Visi]] igenzura ishyirwa <ref name="Clarey">{{Cite news |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Ban Urged on Saudi Arabia Over Discrimination |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/sports/olympics/olympic-ban-on-saudi-arabia-is-urged-over-lack-of-female-athletes.html?_r=0 |access-date=31 March 2013 |work=New York Times}}</ref> ry’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina mu mibereho y’abaturage ba Arabiya Sawudite; kuvanga bitemewe hagati yimibonano mpuzabitsina bihanwa bikomeye. Gahunda y’uburezi yo muri Arabiya Sawudite kandi ishyira mu bikorwa uruhare rw’uburinganire mu kwigisha ko kugandukira abagore kuvuka ku bagore. <ref name="Manea">{{Cite news |last=Manea |first=Elham |date=30 December 2013 |title=Women in Saudi Arabia are caught in a system of gender apartheid |url=http://www.dw.com/en/women-in-saudi-arabia-are-caught-in-a-system-of-gender-apartheid/a-17330976 |access-date=20 October 2017 |work=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Vuba aha, hashyizweho uburyo bushya bw’ikoranabuhanga bugabisha abarinzi b’abagabo binyuze mu nyandiko igihe abategarugori babo bava mu gihugu. <ref name="Harding">{{Cite news |last=Harding |first=Luke |date=23 November 2012 |title=Saudi Arabia criticised over text alerts tracking women's movements |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/23/saudi-arabia-text-alerts-women |access-date=31 March 2013 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Muri rusange, abagore bo muri Arabiya Sawudite bafite uburenganzira bwemewe n’abana bato kandi ntibashobora gufata ibyemezo bikomeye, urugero nko mu burezi, mu kazi, no mu buvuzi, batabanje kubiherwa uruhushya na mwene wabo w’umugabo. <ref name="Harding" /> Gutesha agaciro abagore muri societe yo muri Arabiya Sawudite byateje igitutu kinini haba mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Iterambere rya vuba ryagaragaye bitewe n’impeshyi [[:en:Arab_Spring|y’abarabu]] n’imyigaragambyo [[:en:2011–2012_Saudi_Arabian_protests|y’Abarabu yo muri Arabiya Sawudite 2011–2012]], nk’umwami [[:en:Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia|Abdullah]] yahaye [[:en:Women's_suffrage|uburenganzira bw’abagore]] mu [[:en:Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections,_2015|matora y’amakomine ya 2015]] . <ref name="Clarey2">{{Cite news |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Ban Urged on Saudi Arabia Over Discrimination |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/sports/olympics/olympic-ban-on-saudi-arabia-is-urged-over-lack-of-female-athletes.html?_r=0 |access-date=31 March 2013 |work=New York Times}}</ref> Byongeye kandi, Arabiya Sawudite nayo yakuyeho amategeko abuza gukoresha moto n’amagare n’abagore; abategarugori barashobora noneho gutwara igare ahantu runaka niba bambaye neza muri [[:en:Abaya|abaya]] kandi biherekejwe numurinzi wumugabo. <ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite news |date=2 April 2013 |title=Saudi Arabia eases ban on women riding bikes |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/04/2013428030514192.html |access-date=16 April 2013 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> === Imibereho === Intiti n’abarwanashyaka bose banenze amategeko mpuzamahanga kubera ko adafite gahunda n’ibikorwa rusange mu kumenya ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe by’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina no kugira ngo bikumirwe. <ref name="Mayer">{{Cite journal |last=Mayer |first=Ann Elizabeth |year=2000 |title=A Benign Apartheid: How Gender Apartheid Has Been Rationalized |journal=UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs}}</ref> Nk’uko aba banegura babivuga, [[:en:Cultural_relativism|ivangura rishingiye ku muco]] ryakunze kuba intandaro yo kurengera ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, mu rwego rwo kurinda ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore guhinduka no guhirika ubutegetsi. Imvugo ikikije ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina nayo yafashwe nabi nkuburyo bwa [[:en:Neocolonialism|neocolonialism]] ikomeza imyumvire ya Islamu. <ref name="Fernandez2">{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Sonya |year=2009 |title=The Crusade over the Bodies of Women |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=43 |issue=3–4 |pages=269–286 |doi=10.1080/00313220903109185 |s2cid=73618765}}</ref> <ref name="Mayer" /> Igisubizo cy’umuryango [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|w’abibumbye]] ku ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abatalibani ryakorewe abagore muri Afuganisitani, cyaganiriweho cyane. Bamwe bavuga ko Loni "itananiwe gukumira gusa, nyuma ikaza no kuba umuntu urwanya politiki y’uburinganire bw’ubutegetsi bw’abatalibani, ariko ko mu by'ukuri yarimo ivangura rikorerwa abagore mu nkunga z’ubutabazi no mu gushaka abakozi baho." <ref name="Verdirame2">{{Cite journal |last=Verdirame |first=Guglielmo |year=2001 |title=Testing the Effectiveness of International Norms: UN Humanitarian Assistance and Sexual Apartheid in Afghanistan |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1558535_code649958.pdf?abstractid=1558535&mirid=3 |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=733–768 |doi=10.1353/hrq.2001.0043 |s2cid=144808940}}</ref> Mu 1997, [[:en:Feminist_Majority_Foundation|Feminist Majority Foundation]] (FMF) yatangije ubukangurambaga bwo guhagarika ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina muri Afuganisitani, ahamagarira abantu ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu rikorerwa abagore bayobowe n’abatalibani. <ref name="FMF">{{Cite web |title=Campaign for Afghan Women & Girls |url=http://www.feminist.org/afghan/taliban_women.asp |access-date=14 March 2013 |publisher=Feminist Majority Foundation}}</ref> Yamaganwe kuba yarateje imbere "feminism feminism" no kuba afite imvugo ikoreshwa yamagana Islam ko ari mbi. <ref name="Russo">{{Cite journal |last=Russo |first=Ann |date=December 2006 |title=The Feminist Majority Foundation's Campaign to Stop Gender Apartheid: The Intersections of Feminism and Imperialism in the United States |journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics |volume=8 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/14616740600945149 |s2cid=32844724}}</ref> Nyuma y’ubutegetsi bw’abatalibani baguye, ubukangurambaga bwaragutse kandi buhindurwamo izina kugira ngo babe ubukangurambaga ku bagore n’abakobwa bo muri Afuganisitani. Iyobowe na [[:en:Mavis_Leno|Mavis Leno]] kandi igamije gukomeza gukangurira abantu ubusumbane muri Afuganisitani. <ref name="FMF" /> Ubukangurambaga bwa ''No Women, No Play'' bwatangijwe mu 2009 na gahunda ya Hadi Al Mutif ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu kigo gishinzwe ibibazo by’ikigobe hagamijwe gukemura ibibazo by’umugore muri Arabiya Sawudite. Ubukangurambaga bugamije kubuza Arabiya Sawudite mu [[:en:Olympics|mikino Olempike]] kugeza igihe izemerera abagore <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">muri</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sawudite kwitabira [[Umukino|siporo]]. <ref name="NWNP">{{Cite web |title=No Women No Play Game Plan |url=http://nowomennoplay.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20&Itemid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127152700/http://nowomennoplay.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20&Itemid=2 |archive-date=2013-11-27}}</ref> Mu gitabo cyayo, [[:en:International_Olympic_Committee|Komite mpuzamahanga y'imikino Olempike]] (IOC) itangaza ko kwitabira ibikorwa bya siporo ari uburenganzira bwa muntu. Usibye ubukangurambaga bwa ''No Women, No Play'', indi miryango nka [[:en:Human_Rights_Watch|Human Rights Watch]] yerekeje rubanda muri Arabiya Sawudite kubera ko <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">imikino</span>]]'' &#x5D; &#x5B;</sup> . <ref name="Clarey3">{{Cite news |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Ban Urged on Saudi Arabia Over Discrimination |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/sports/olympics/olympic-ban-on-saudi-arabia-is-urged-over-lack-of-female-athletes.html?_r=0 |access-date=31 March 2013 |work=New York Times}}</ref> Ku bijyanye n'ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina muri Gatolika y'Abaroma by'umwihariko, [[:en:Roman_Catholic_Womenpriests|Abapadiri b'Abagatolika b'Abaroma]] (RCWP) bashinze kugira ngo basuzugure imyanya y'itorero ryabuzaga ishyirwaho ry'abagore. <ref name="RCWP">{{Cite web |title=Roman Catholic Womenpriests |url=http://romancatholicwomenpriests.org/ |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> Kuva iryo tsinda rimaze kubona ikindi cyifuzo cyo gusohora inyandiko ''[[:en:Pink_Smoke_over_the_Vatican|ya Pink Smoke ya 2011 kuri Vatikani]]'' . <ref name="Ronan">{{Cite news |last=Ronan |first=Marian |title=What Color is Vatican Smoke? |url=http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/sexandgender/6912/what_color_is_vatican_smoke_ |access-date=18 March 2013 |work=Religious Dispatches |archive-date=4 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604035037/http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/sexandgender/6912/what_color_is_vatican_smoke_/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Reba kandi === * Urutonde rwabagore bose * Apartheid (amategeko yo muri Afrika yepfo) * Athos, agace k'Ubugereki aho abagore batemerewe * Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore * Gutema igitsina gore * Femicide * Amacakubiri y'abagore * Uburinganire * Gutandukanya uburinganire * Raporo yuburinganire bwisi yose * Ubugabo bwa Hegemonic * Misogyny * Okinoshima, ikirwa cy'Ubuyapani aho abagore batemerewe * Gutandukanya igitsina * Imibonano mpuzabitsina * Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore * Umwanya wabagore gusa === Inyandiko === t2yio7830h5nfvbbr6tw38bwur61uqy 0 22884 134564 134463 2026-08-19T06:13:44Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 134564 wikitext text/x-wiki Iyi ngingo ivuga ku buryo bwo '''gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu gihugu cya Lesotho.''' Nk'igihugu kidakora ku nyanja , [[Lesoto|Lesotho]] nta Cyambu cyangwa icyambu ifite, ariko ifite imihanda, ubwikorezi bw'indege, ndetse n'ibikorwaremezo bike bya gari ya moshi. == Imihanda == [[Dosiye:Seeing_the_land.jpg|thumb|Umuhanda wa A3 ugana katse.]] Mbere y'uko Lesotho ibona ubwigenge mu 1966, umuhanda wa kaburimbo wari umwe rukumbi muri icyo gihugu. Uwo muhanda witwaga Kingsway, ukaba warabarizwaga mu murwa mukuru, Maseru, uhuza ikibuga cy'indege cya Mejametalana n'Ingoro y'Umwami. Kuva mu ntangiriro za 1970, ibikorwa remezo by'imihanda byatejwe imbere cyane. <ref name="EIU">{{Cite journal |last=The Economist Intelligence Unit |date=20 February 2004 |title=Lesotho: Transport and communications |journal=Country Analysis sample report}}</ref> Mu 1999, Lesotho yari ifite imihanda ifite uburebure bwa {{Convert|5940|km|mi}} mu burebure, muri bwo hakaba {{Convert|1087|km|mi}} zashyizwemo kaburimbo. <ref name="factbook">{{Cite web |last=CIA |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Lesotho |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063843/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=21 April 2008}}</ref> Hashyizweho imbaraga nyinshi mu guhuza uturere dutandukanye tw'igihugu. Byongeye kandi, imihanda yo hagati muri Lesotho nayo yaravuguruwe, ibi bikaba byari igice cy'ibikenewe mu bwubatsi bw'umushinga w'amazi wa Lesotho Highlands Water Project. <ref name="EIU" /> == Gari ya moshi == Umuhanda wa gari ya mosh wonyine muri Lesotho ni ishami rya maseru, rihuza [[umurwa]] mukuru maseru n'umurongo wa bloemfontein - Bethlehem ,Umuhanda wa gari ya moshi uhuza na Afurika y'Epfo. Muri uyu muhanda, kilometero 1.6 (ibirometero 1.0) byafunguwe ku ya 18 Ukuboza 1905, biherereye mu mbibi za Lesotho. Uhera ku kiraro cy'umupaka kiri ku ruzi rwa Mohokare, ukanyura mu gice cy'inganda cyo mu majyaruguru ya Maseru, ukagera kuri sitasiyo y'uwo mujyi. Iyi sitasiyo ni yo yonyine ya gari ya moshi iri muri icyo gihugu. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Boonzaaier |first=J.N.C |year=2008 |title=Tracks Across the Veld |isbn=978-0-620-41711-2 |page=245}}</ref> Guhera mu 2008, habayeho ibiganiro byo kubaka gari ya moshi nshya ihuza Lesotho na Durban na Port Elizabeth . == Ubwikorezi bw'indege == Muri Lesoto hari ibibuga by'indege 28, muri byo 3 bifite inzira zo kunyuramo za kaburimbo. <ref name="factbook">{{Cite web |last=CIA |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Lesotho |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063843/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=21 April 2008}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCIA">CIA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063843/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho "CIA – The World Factbook – Lesotho"]. Archived from [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ the original] on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> Ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cyonyine ni ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya Moshoeshoe I kiri i Mazenod, Ikibuga cy'indege cya Moshoeshoe giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Maseru. Mu bibuga by'indege byo muri iki gihugu, iki kibuga ni cyo cyonyine gifite inzira ndende irenga metero 1,523, kuko inzira yacyo nyamukuru ifite uburebure bwa metero 3,200 Mu bindi bibuga by'indege byo muri iki gihugu, kimwe gifite inzira y'indege yashyizwemo kaburimbo ifite uburebure buri hagati ya metero 914 na 1,523. Ikindi kibuga gifite inzira y'indege nayo yashyizwemo kaburimbo, ariko ifite uburebure buri munsi ya metero 914.Hari kandi ibibuga by'indege bine bifite inzira z'indege zidafite kaburimbo, zifite uburebure buri hagati ya metero 914 na 1,523. Ibindi bibuga by'indege bifite inzira zidafite kaburimbo zifite uburebure buri munsi ya metero 914. <ref name="factbook">{{Cite web |last=CIA |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Lesotho |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063843/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=21 April 2008}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCIA">CIA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063843/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho "CIA – The World Factbook – Lesotho"]. Archived from [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ the original] on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> ibyiciro byose bigenwa hakurikijwe uburebure bw'inzira ndende cyane ku kibuga cy'indege. == Ubwikoreze bwo mu mazi == Lesotho ni gihugu cyi misozi miremire kandi idafite inzira kandi ishingiye cyane kuri Afurika y'Epfo mu gutwara abantu mu mazi. Icyambu kinini cya hafi n'aho ubwato bujyanwa ni Durban . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kishor Uprety |year=2005 |title=Transit Regime for Landlocked States : International Law and Development Perspectives |url=https://archive.org/details/transitregimefor0000upre |publisher=The World Bank |isbn=0-8213-6299-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/transitregimefor0000upre/page/9 9]}}</ref> Vuba aha kubera gutinda kuva Durban, amasosiyete menshi yagiye akoresha ibikoresho bya Port Elizabeth biri mu majyepfo amasaha abiri. Ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi imbere mu gihugu bugarukira ku bwato buto butwara ubwato aho imigezi yambukira , kandi Guverinoma ya Lesotho ikoresha ubwato aho imigezi minini yambukira. == Uburyo busanze bwo gutwara abantu == [[Dosiye:Making_the_cattle_work.jpg|thumb|Ubucuruzi bw'inka muri Lesotho]] uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gutwara abantu (IMTs) bukoreshwa ni amapine y'imodoka n'amatungo y'akazi. Amapine y'imodoka akoreshwa cyane mu mijyi no mu byaro kandi akoreshwa cyane n'abagore n'abagabo mu gutwara ibiribwa, ibinyampeke byo gusya, amasanduku y'amazi, n'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi. Akamaro k'amapine y'imodoka yo gufata amazi kagenda kagabanuka buhoro buhoro bitewe no gutanga robine z'amazi. Ikindi gikunze kugaragara mu turere two mu misozi miremire no mu bibaya ni amapine y'imodoka zo mu bwoko bwa "scotch cards" afite amapine abiri. Yakururwaga cyane cyane n'inka, ariko mu myaka ya vuba aha hakomeje kwiyongera ingeso yo gukoresha inka (inka z'abagore), kuko abahinzi bakunze kudatunga inka.Amapine y'imodoka akorwa mu buryo butandukanye. Amwe muri yo akorwa hakoreshejwe ibice by'amapine bishaje, andi akaba akorwa hakoreshejwe insinga zishaje. Menshi muri aya mapine akorwa n'amaduka mato muri Lesotho cyangwa Afurika y'Epfo. Ikindi kigaragara ni uko inyinshi muri zo zishushanyijeho irangi ritukura.Ibiganiro n'abakora aya mapine bigaragaza ko ikibazo nyamukuru bahura nacyo ari ukubona amapine n'insinga zikwiye, kimwe n'ibindi bikoresho fatizo, ku giciro abakiriya babo bashobora kwishyura. [[Dosiye:Basotho_blanket_lesotho.jpg|thumb|Kugendera ku ifarashi.]] Amafarashi ya Basotho ni ingenzi cyane mu misozi miremire mu gutwara abantu. Hari igihe amafarashi akoreshwa nk'inyamaswa zo gutwara imizigo, ariko ibi ntibikunze kubaho. Ku rundi ruhande, indogobe zikoreshwa cyane nk'inyamaswa zo gutwara imizigo mu bice byose by'akarere. Amafarashi akunze kugendeshwa n'abasore, cyane cyane abatari basanzwe kandi akenshi nta ntebe. Ni ibisanzwe ko [[Umugore|abagore]] bagendera ku mafarashi, ariko abagore bake bagendera ku mafarashi. Hari abantu bake, cyane cyane abagabo bakuze, bagenda ku mafarashi afite intebe. Inyumbu ntizikunze kubaho, kandi zishobora gukoreshwa mu gutwara abantu cyangwa gutwara imizigo. Gukoresha amafarashi, inyumbu n'indogobe mu gutwara imizigo ni bike cyane. Amafarashi make cyane akurura indogobe cyangwa amagare y'amafarasi, nubwo ayo mafarashi akunze kugaragara cyane mu bindi bihugu byo mu majyepfo, iburasirazuba, iburengerazuba no mu majyaruguru ya Afurika. Nibura mu mijyi ibiri (Maputsoe na Mafeteng) umubare muto w'abacuruzi bakoresha amagare cyangwa amagare afite amapine y'umwuka akururwa ahanini n'amafarashi amwe (kandi rimwe na rimwe n'indogobe ebyiri cyangwa inyumbu imwe). Muri Mafeteng, abatwara abagenzi bakoresha amagare y'amapine abiri, mu gihe muri Maputsoe, abatwara abagenzi bakoresha amagare y'amapine ane. Umubara w'amagare na moto zikoreshwa ni muto cyane. ubwinshi bw'amapikipiki kuri buri muntu muri Lesotho, ndetse n'amagare, bushobora kuba buri mu bantu bake cyane ku isi. Umubare muto w'abantu bakoresha amagare akenshi ni abana n'abasore, cyane cyane mu kwidagadura nubwo bamwe bayakoresha mu ngendo hagati y'imidugudu. hari abantu bake bakoresha amagare mu mikino, kandi bamwe muri Afurika y'Epfo n'abandi bakerarugendo banyura mu misozi miremire ku magare. hari umubare muto w'abacuruzi bakoresha amagare kugira ngo babone imibereho. == AMASHAKIRO == kp3t95wcrppf3i248z5mpngm269qf38