ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ satwiki https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ TimedText TimedText talk ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ Event Event talk 828 841 190883 10014 2026-04-21T10:15:19Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190883 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements the {{lua}} template. local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local mList = require('Module:List') local mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools') local mMessageBox = require('Module:Message box') local p = {} function p.main(frame) local origArgs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = v:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if v ~= '' then args[k] = v end end return p._main(args) end function p._main(args) local modules = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) local box = p.renderBox(modules) local trackingCategories = p.renderTrackingCategories(args, modules) return box .. trackingCategories end function p.renderBox(modules) local boxArgs = {} if #modules < 1 then boxArgs.text = '<strong class="error">Error: no modules specified</strong>' else local moduleLinks = {} for i, module in ipairs(modules) do moduleLinks[i] = string.format('[[:%s]]', module) local maybeSandbox = mw.title.new(module .. '/sandbox') if maybeSandbox and maybeSandbox.exists then moduleLinks[i] = moduleLinks[i] .. string.format(' ([[:%s|sandbox]])', maybeSandbox.fullText) end end local moduleList = mList.makeList('bulleted', moduleLinks) local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if title.subpageText == "doc" then title = title.basePageTitle end if title.contentModel == "Scribunto" then boxArgs.text = 'This module depends on the following other modules:' .. moduleList else boxArgs.text = 'This template uses [[Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]]:\n' .. moduleList end end boxArgs.type = 'notice' boxArgs.small = true boxArgs.image = '[[File:Lua-Logo.svg|30px|alt=|link=]]' return mMessageBox.main('mbox', boxArgs) end function p.renderTrackingCategories(args, modules, titleObj) if yesno(args.nocat) then return '' end local cats = {} -- Error category if #modules < 1 then cats[#cats + 1] = 'Lua templates with errors' end -- Lua templates category titleObj = titleObj or mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local subpageBlacklist = { doc = true, sandbox = true, sandbox2 = true, testcases = true } if not subpageBlacklist[titleObj.subpageText] then local protCatName if titleObj.namespace == 10 then local category = args.category if not category then local categories = { ['Module:String'] = 'Templates based on the String Lua module', ['Module:Math'] = 'Templates based on the Math Lua module', ['Module:BaseConvert'] = 'Templates based on the BaseConvert Lua module', ['Module:Citation/CS1'] = 'Templates based on the Citation/CS1 Lua module' } category = modules[1] and categories[modules[1]] category = category or 'Lua-based templates' end cats[#cats + 1] = category protCatName = "Templates using under-protected Lua modules" elseif titleObj.namespace == 828 then protCatName = "Modules depending on under-protected modules" end if not args.noprotcat and protCatName then local protLevels = { autoconfirmed = 1, extendedconfirmed = 2, templateeditor = 3, sysop = 4 } local currentProt if titleObj.id ~= 0 then -- id is 0 (page does not exist) if am previewing before creating a template. currentProt = titleObj.protectionLevels["edit"][1] end if currentProt == nil then currentProt = 0 else currentProt = protLevels[currentProt] end for i, module in ipairs(modules) do if module ~= "WP:libraryUtil" then local moduleTitle = mw.title.new(module) local moduleProt = moduleTitle and moduleTitle.protectionLevels["edit"][1] if moduleProt == nil then moduleProt = 0 else moduleProt = protLevels[moduleProt] end if moduleProt < currentProt then cats[#cats + 1] = protCatName break end end end end end for i, cat in ipairs(cats) do cats[i] = string.format('[[Category:%s]]', cat) end return table.concat(cats) end return p dq7qzq2ns8wqfpy25uvhp3np9z9bde7 828 856 190855 190710 2026-04-21T01:45:11Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190855 Scribunto text/plain require('strict'); --[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- each of these counts against the Lua upvalue limit ]] local validation; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation local utilities; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local z ={}; -- table of tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local identifiers; -- functions and tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers local metadata; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/COinS local cfg = {}; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration local whitelist = {}; -- table of tables listing valid template parameter names; defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist --[[------------------< P A G E S C O P E V A R I A B L E S >--------------- declare variables here that have page-wide scope that are not brought in from other modules; that are created here and used here ]] local added_deprecated_cat; -- Boolean flag so that the category is added only once local added_vanc_errs; -- Boolean flag so we only emit one Vancouver error / category local added_generic_name_errs; -- Boolean flag so we only emit one generic name error / category and stop testing names once an error is encountered local Frame; -- holds the module's frame table local is_preview_mode; -- true when article is in preview mode; false when using 'Preview page with this template' (previewing the module) local is_sandbox; -- true when using sandbox modules to render citation --[[--------------------------< F I R S T _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------ Locates and returns the first set value in a table of values where the order established in the table, left-to-right (or top-to-bottom), is the order in which the values are evaluated. Returns nil if none are set. This version replaces the original 'for _, val in pairs do' and a similar version that used ipairs. With the pairs version the order of evaluation could not be guaranteed. With the ipairs version, a nil value would terminate the for-loop before it reached the actual end of the list. ]] local function first_set (list, count) local i = 1; while i <= count do -- loop through all items in list if utilities.is_set( list[i] ) then return list[i]; -- return the first set list member end i = i + 1; -- point to next end end --[[--------------------------< A D D _ V A N C _ E R R O R >---------------------------------------------------- Adds a single Vancouver system error message to the template's output regardless of how many error actually exist. To prevent duplication, added_vanc_errs is nil until an error message is emitted. added_vanc_errs is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above ]] local function add_vanc_error (source, position) if added_vanc_errs then return end added_vanc_errs = true; -- note that we've added this category utilities.set_message ('err_vancouver', {source, position}); end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S C H E M E >------------------------------------------------------------ does this thing that purports to be a URI scheme seem to be a valid scheme? The scheme is checked to see if it is in agreement with http://tools.ietf.org/html/std66#section-3.1 which says: Scheme names consist of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus ("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-"). returns true if it does, else false ]] local function is_scheme (scheme) return scheme and scheme:match ('^%a[%a%d%+%.%-]*:'); -- true if scheme is set and matches the pattern end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ D O M A I N _ N A M E >-------------------------------------------------- Does this thing that purports to be a domain name seem to be a valid domain name? Syntax defined here: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1034#section-3.5 BNF defined here: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4234 Single character names are generally reserved; see https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dnsind-iana-dns-01#page-15; see also [[Single-letter second-level domain]] list of TLDs: https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db RFC 952 (modified by RFC 1123) requires the first and last character of a hostname to be a letter or a digit. Between the first and last characters the name may use letters, digits, and the hyphen. Also allowed are IPv4 addresses. IPv6 not supported domain is expected to be stripped of any path so that the last character in the last character of the TLD. tld is two or more alpha characters. Any preceding '//' (from splitting a URL with a scheme) will be stripped here. Perhaps not necessary but retained in case it is necessary for IPv4 dot decimal. There are several tests: the first character of the whole domain name including subdomains must be a letter or a digit internationalized domain name (ASCII characters with .xn-- ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE) prefix xn-- in the TLD) see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490 single-letter/digit second-level domains in the .org, .cash, and .today TLDs q, x, and z SL domains in the .com TLD i and q SL domains in the .net TLD single-letter SL domains in the ccTLDs (where the ccTLD is two letters) two-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters) three-plus-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters) IPv4 dot-decimal address format; TLD not allowed returns true if domain appears to be a proper name and TLD or IPv4 address, else false ]=] local function is_domain_name (domain) if not domain then return false; -- if not set, abandon end domain = domain:gsub ('^//', ''); -- strip '//' from domain name if present; done here so we only have to do it once if not domain:match ('^[%w]') then -- first character must be letter or digit return false; end if domain:match ('^%a+:') then -- hack to detect things that look like s:Page:Title where Page: is namespace at Wikisource return false; end local patterns = { -- patterns that look like URLs '%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.%a%a+$', -- three or more character hostname.hostname or hostname.tld '%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.xn%-%-[%w]+$', -- internationalized domain name with ACE prefix '%f[%a][qxz]%.com$', -- assigned one character .com hostname (x.com times out 2015-12-10) '%f[%a][iq]%.net$', -- assigned one character .net hostname (q.net registered but not active 2015-12-10) '%f[%w][%w]%.%a%a$', -- one character hostname and ccTLD (2 chars) '%f[%w][%w][%w]%.%a%a+$', -- two character hostname and TLD '^%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?', -- IPv4 address } for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- loop through the patterns list if domain:match (pattern) then return true; -- if a match then we think that this thing that purports to be a URL is a URL end end for _, d in ipairs ({'cash', 'company', 'today', 'org'}) do -- look for single letter second level domain names for these top level domains if domain:match ('%f[%w][%w]%.' .. d) then return true end end return false; -- no matches, we don't know what this thing is end --[[--------------------------< I S _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------------ returns true if the scheme and domain parts of a URL appear to be a valid URL; else false. This function is the last step in the validation process. This function is separate because there are cases that are not covered by split_url(), for example is_parameter_ext_wikilink() which is looking for bracketted external wikilinks. ]] local function is_url (scheme, domain) if utilities.is_set (scheme) then -- if scheme is set check it and domain return is_scheme (scheme) and is_domain_name (domain); else return is_domain_name (domain); -- scheme not set when URL is protocol-relative end end --[[--------------------------< S P L I T _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------ Split a URL into a scheme, authority indicator, and domain. First remove Fully Qualified Domain Name terminator (a dot following TLD) (if any) and any path(/), query(?) or fragment(#). If protocol-relative URL, return nil scheme and domain else return nil for both scheme and domain. When not protocol-relative, get scheme, authority indicator, and domain. If there is an authority indicator (one or more '/' characters immediately following the scheme's colon), make sure that there are only 2. Any URL that does not have news: scheme must have authority indicator (//). TODO: are there other common schemes like news: that don't use authority indicator? Strip off any port and path; ]] local function split_url (url_str) local scheme, authority, domain; url_str = url_str:gsub ('([%a%d])%.?[/%?#].*$', '%1'); -- strip FQDN terminator and path(/), query(?), fragment (#) (the capture prevents false replacement of '//') if url_str:match ('^//%S*') then -- if there is what appears to be a protocol-relative URL domain = url_str:match ('^//(%S*)') elseif url_str:match ('%S-:/*%S+') then -- if there is what appears to be a scheme, optional authority indicator, and domain name scheme, authority, domain = url_str:match ('(%S-:)(/*)(%S+)'); -- extract the scheme, authority indicator, and domain portions if utilities.is_set (authority) then authority = authority:gsub ('//', '', 1); -- replace place 1 pair of '/' with nothing; if utilities.is_set(authority) then -- if anything left (1 or 3+ '/' where authority should be) then return scheme; -- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message end else if not scheme:match ('^news:') then -- except for news:..., MediaWiki won't link URLs that do not have authority indicator; TODO: a better way to do this test? return scheme; -- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message end end domain = domain:gsub ('(%a):%d+', '%1'); -- strip port number if present end return scheme, domain; end --[[--------------------------< L I N K _ P A R A M _ O K >--------------------------------------------------- checks the content of |title-link=, |series-link=, |author-link=, etc. for properly formatted content: no wikilinks, no URLs Link parameters are to hold the title of a Wikipedia article, so none of the WP:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS are allowed: # < > [ ] | { } _ except the underscore which is used as a space in wiki URLs and # which is used for section links returns false when the value contains any of these characters. When there are no illegal characters, this function returns TRUE if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL (the |<param>-link= parameter is ok); else false when value appears to be a valid URL (the |<param>-link= parameter is NOT ok). ]] local function link_param_ok (value) local scheme, domain; if value:find ('[<>%[%]|{}]') then -- if any prohibited characters return false; end scheme, domain = split_url (value); -- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL; return not is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL end --[[--------------------------< L I N K _ T I T L E _ O K >--------------------------------------------------- Use link_param_ok() to validate |<param>-link= value and its matching |<title>= value. |<title>= may be wiki-linked but not when |<param>-link= has a value. This function emits an error message when that condition exists check <link> for inter-language interwiki-link prefix. prefix must be a MediaWiki-recognized language code and must begin with a colon. ]] local function link_title_ok (link, lorig, title, torig) local orig; if utilities.is_set (link) then -- don't bother if <param>-link doesn't have a value if not link_param_ok (link) then -- check |<param>-link= markup orig = lorig; -- identify the failing link parameter elseif title:find ('%[%[') then -- check |title= for wikilink markup orig = torig; -- identify the failing |title= parameter elseif link:match ('^%a+:') then -- if the link is what looks like an interwiki local prefix = link:match ('^(%a+):'):lower(); -- get the interwiki prefix if cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix] then -- if prefix is in the map, must have preceding colon orig = lorig; -- flag as error end end end if utilities.is_set (orig) then link = ''; -- unset utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', orig); -- URL or wikilink in |title= with |title-link=; end return link; -- link if ok, empty string else end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------ Determines whether a URL string appears to be valid. First we test for space characters. If any are found, return false. Then split the URL into scheme and domain portions, or for protocol-relative (//example.com) URLs, just the domain. Use is_url() to validate the two portions of the URL. If both are valid, or for protocol-relative if domain is valid, return true, else false. Because it is different from a standard URL, and because this module used external_link() to make external links that work for standard and news: links, we validate newsgroup names here. The specification for a newsgroup name is at https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5536#section-3.1.4 ]] local function check_url( url_str ) if nil == url_str:match ("^%S+$") then -- if there are any spaces in |url=value it can't be a proper URL return false; end local scheme, domain; scheme, domain = split_url (url_str); -- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL; if 'news:' == scheme then -- special case for newsgroups return domain:match('^[%a%d%+%-_]+%.[%a%d%+%-_%.]*[%a%d%+%-_]$'); end return is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value appears to be a valid URL end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ P A R A M E T E R _ E X T _ W I K I L I N K >---------------------------- Return true if a parameter value has a string that begins and ends with square brackets [ and ] and the first non-space characters following the opening bracket appear to be a URL. The test will also find external wikilinks that use protocol-relative URLs. Also finds bare URLs. The frontier pattern prevents a match on interwiki-links which are similar to scheme:path URLs. The tests that find bracketed URLs are required because the parameters that call this test (currently |title=, |chapter=, |work=, and |publisher=) may have wikilinks and there are articles or redirects like '//Hus' so, while uncommon, |title=[[//Hus]] is possible as might be [[en://Hus]]. ]=] local function is_parameter_ext_wikilink (value) local scheme, domain; if value:match ('%f[%[]%[%a%S*:%S+.*%]') then -- if ext. wikilink with scheme and domain: [xxxx://yyyyy.zzz] scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(%a%S*:%S+).*%]')); elseif value:match ('%f[%[]%[//%S+.*%]') then -- if protocol-relative ext. wikilink: [//yyyyy.zzz] scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(//%S+).*%]')); elseif value:match ('%a%S*:%S+') then -- if bare URL with scheme; may have leading or trailing plain text scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(%a%S*:%S+)')); elseif value:match ('//%S+') then -- if protocol-relative bare URL: //yyyyy.zzz; may have leading or trailing plain text scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(//%S+)')); -- what is left should be the domain else return false; -- didn't find anything that is obviously a URL end return is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value appears to be a valid URL end --[[-------------------------< C H E C K _ F O R _ U R L >----------------------------------------------------- loop through a list of parameters and their values. Look at the value and if it has an external link, emit an error message. ]] local function check_for_url (parameter_list, error_list) for k, v in pairs (parameter_list) do -- for each parameter in the list if is_parameter_ext_wikilink (v) then -- look at the value; if there is a URL add an error message table.insert (error_list, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k)); end end end --[[--------------------------< S A F E _ F O R _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------ Escape sequences for content that will be used for URL descriptions ]] local function safe_for_url( str ) if str:match( "%[%[.-%]%]" ) ~= nil then utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url', {}); end return str:gsub( '[%[%]\n]', { ['['] = '&#91;', [']'] = '&#93;', ['\n'] = ' ' } ); end --[[--------------------------< E X T E R N A L _ L I N K >---------------------------------------------------- Format an external link with error checking ]] local function external_link (URL, label, source, access) local err_msg = ''; local domain; local path; local base_url; if not utilities.is_set (label) then label = URL; if utilities.is_set (source) then utilities.set_message ('err_bare_url_missing_title', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); else error (cfg.messages["bare_url_no_origin"]); end end if not check_url (URL) then utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); end domain, path = URL:match ('^([/%.%-%+:%a%d]+)([/%?#].*)$'); -- split the URL into scheme plus domain and path if path then -- if there is a path portion path = path:gsub ('[%[%]]', {['['] = '%5b', [']'] = '%5d'}); -- replace '[' and ']' with their percent-encoded values URL = table.concat ({domain, path}); -- and reassemble end base_url = table.concat ({ "[", URL, " ", safe_for_url (label), "]" }); -- assemble a wiki-markup URL if utilities.is_set (access) then -- access level (subscription, registration, limited) base_url = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ext-link-access-signal'], {cfg.presentation[access].class, cfg.presentation[access].title, base_url}); -- add the appropriate icon end return base_url; end --[[--------------------------< D E P R E C A T E D _ P A R A M E T E R >-------------------------------------- Categorize and emit an error message when the citation contains one or more deprecated parameters. The function includes the offending parameter name to the error message. Only one error message is emitted regardless of the number of deprecated parameters in the citation. added_deprecated_cat is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above ]] local function deprecated_parameter(name) if not added_deprecated_cat then added_deprecated_cat = true; -- note that we've added this category utilities.set_message ('err_deprecated_params', {name}); -- add error message end end --[=[-------------------------< K E R N _ Q U O T E S >-------------------------------------------------------- Apply kerning to open the space between the quote mark provided by the module and a leading or trailing quote mark contained in a |title= or |chapter= parameter's value. This function will positive kern either single or double quotes: "'Unkerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks'" " 'Kerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks' " (in real life the kerning isn't as wide as this example) Double single quotes (italic or bold wiki-markup) are not kerned. Replaces Unicode quote marks in plain text or in the label portion of a [[L|D]] style wikilink with typewriter quote marks regardless of the need for kerning. Unicode quote marks are not replaced in simple [[D]] wikilinks. Call this function for chapter titles, for website titles, etc.; not for book titles. ]=] local function kern_quotes (str) local cap = ''; local wl_type, label, link; wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (str); -- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]] if 1 == wl_type then -- [[D]] simple wikilink with or without quote marks if mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\"“”\'‘’].+[\"“”\'‘’]%]%]') then -- leading and trailing quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str); str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str); elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\"“”\'‘’].+%]%]') then -- leading quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str); elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[.+[\"“”\'‘’]%]%]') then -- trailing quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str); end else -- plain text or [[L|D]]; text in label variable label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[“”]', '\"'); -- replace “” (U+201C & U+201D) with " (typewriter double quote mark) label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[‘’]', '\''); -- replace ‘’ (U+2018 & U+2019) with ' (typewriter single quote mark) cap = mw.ustring.match (label, "^([\"\'][^\'].+)"); -- match leading double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup) if utilities.is_set (cap) then label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], cap); end cap = mw.ustring.match (label, "^(.+[^\'][\"\'])$") -- match trailing double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup) if utilities.is_set (cap) then label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], cap); end if 2 == wl_type then str = utilities.make_wikilink (link, label); -- reassemble the wikilink else str = label; end end return str; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ S C R I P T _ V A L U E >---------------------------------------- |script-title= holds title parameters that are not written in Latin-based scripts: Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, etc. These scripts should not be italicized and may be written right-to-left. The value supplied by |script-title= is concatenated onto Title after Title has been wrapped in italic markup. Regardless of language, all values provided by |script-title= are wrapped in <bdi>...</bdi> tags to isolate RTL languages from the English left to right. |script-title= provides a unique feature. The value in |script-title= may be prefixed with a two-character ISO 639-1 language code and a colon: |script-title=ja:*** *** (where * represents a Japanese character) Spaces between the two-character code and the colon and the colon and the first script character are allowed: |script-title=ja : *** *** |script-title=ja: *** *** |script-title=ja :*** *** Spaces preceding the prefix are allowed: |script-title = ja:*** *** The prefix is checked for validity. If it is a valid ISO 639-1 language code, the lang attribute (lang="ja") is added to the <bdi> tag so that browsers can know the language the tag contains. This may help the browser render the script more correctly. If the prefix is invalid, the lang attribute is not added. At this time there is no error message for this condition. Supports |script-title=, |script-chapter=, |script-<periodical>= ]] local function format_script_value (script_value, script_param) local lang=''; -- initialize to empty string local name; if script_value:match('^%l%l%l?%s*:') then -- if first 3 or 4 non-space characters are script language prefix lang = script_value:match('^(%l%l%l?)%s*:%s*%S.*'); -- get the language prefix or nil if there is no script if not utilities.is_set (lang) then utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing title part']}); -- prefix without 'title'; add error message return ''; -- script_value was just the prefix so return empty string end -- if we get this far we have prefix and script name = cfg.lang_code_remap[lang] or mw.language.fetchLanguageName( lang, cfg.this_wiki_code ); -- get language name so that we can use it to categorize if utilities.is_set (name) then -- is prefix a proper ISO 639-1 language code? script_value = script_value:gsub ('^%l+%s*:%s*', ''); -- strip prefix from script -- is prefix one of these language codes? if utilities.in_array (lang, cfg.script_lang_codes) then utilities.add_prop_cat ('script', {name, lang}) else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['unknown language code']}); -- unknown script-language; add error message end lang = ' lang="' .. lang .. '" '; -- convert prefix into a lang attribute else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['invalid language code']}); -- invalid language code; add error message lang = ''; -- invalid so set lang to empty string end else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing prefix']}); -- no language code prefix; add error message end script_value = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['bdi'], {lang, script_value}); -- isolate in case script is RTL return script_value; end --[[--------------------------< S C R I P T _ C O N C A T E N A T E >------------------------------------------ Initially for |title= and |script-title=, this function concatenates those two parameter values after the script value has been wrapped in <bdi> tags. ]] local function script_concatenate (title, script, script_param) if utilities.is_set (script) then script = format_script_value (script, script_param); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; returns empty string on error if utilities.is_set (script) then title = title .. ' ' .. script; -- concatenate title and script title end end return title; end --[[--------------------------< W R A P _ M S G >-------------------------------------------------------------- Applies additional message text to various parameter values. Supplied string is wrapped using a message_list configuration taking one argument. Supports lower case text for {{citation}} templates. Additional text taken from citation_config.messages - the reason this function is similar to but separate from wrap_style(). ]] local function wrap_msg (key, str, lower) if not utilities.is_set ( str ) then return ""; end if true == lower then local msg; msg = cfg.messages[key]:lower(); -- set the message to lower case before return utilities.substitute ( msg, str ); -- including template text else return utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages[key], str ); end end --[[----------------< W I K I S O U R C E _ U R L _ M A K E >------------------- Makes a Wikisource URL from Wikisource interwiki-link. Returns the URL and appropriate label; nil else. str is the value assigned to |chapter= (or aliases) or |title= or |title-link= ]] local function wikisource_url_make (str) local wl_type, D, L; local ws_url, ws_label; local wikisource_prefix = table.concat ({'https://', cfg.this_wiki_code, '.wikisource.org/wiki/'}); wl_type, D, L = utilities.is_wikilink (str); -- wl_type is 0 (not a wikilink), 1 (simple wikilink), 2 (complex wikilink) if 0 == wl_type then -- not a wikilink; might be from |title-link= str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title }); ws_label = str; -- label for the URL end elseif 1 == wl_type then -- simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article]] str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title }); ws_label = str; -- label for the URL end elseif 2 == wl_type then -- non-so-simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article|displayed text]] ([[L|D]]) str = L:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or L:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_label = D; -- get ws article name from display portion of interwiki link ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title without namespace from link portion of wikilink }); end end if ws_url then ws_url = mw.uri.encode (ws_url, 'WIKI'); -- make a usable URL ws_url = ws_url:gsub ('%%23', '#'); -- undo percent-encoding of fragment marker end return ws_url, ws_label, L or D; -- return proper URL or nil and a label or nil end --[[----------------< F O R M A T _ P E R I O D I C A L >----------------------- Format the three periodical parameters: |script-<periodical>=, |<periodical>=, and |trans-<periodical>= into a single Periodical meta-parameter. ]] local function format_periodical (script_periodical, script_periodical_source, periodical, trans_periodical) if not utilities.is_set (periodical) then periodical = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation else periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', periodical); -- style end periodical = script_concatenate (periodical, script_periodical, script_periodical_source); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped if utilities.is_set (trans_periodical) then trans_periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', trans_periodical); if utilities.is_set (periodical) then periodical = periodical .. ' ' .. trans_periodical; else -- here when trans-periodical without periodical or script-periodical periodical = trans_periodical; utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'periodical'}); end end return periodical; end --[[------------------< F O R M A T _ C H A P T E R _ T I T L E >--------------- Format the four chapter parameters: |script-chapter=, |chapter=, |trans-chapter=, and |chapter-url= into a single chapter meta- parameter (chapter_url_source used for error messages). ]] local function format_chapter_title (script_chapter, script_chapter_source, chapter, chapter_source, trans_chapter, trans_chapter_source, chapter_url, chapter_url_source, no_quotes, access) local ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (chapter); -- make a wikisource URL and label from a wikisource interwiki link if ws_url then ws_label = ws_label:gsub ('_', ' '); -- replace underscore separators with space characters chapter = ws_label; end if not utilities.is_set (chapter) then chapter = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation else if false == no_quotes then chapter = kern_quotes (chapter); -- if necessary, separate chapter title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', chapter); end end chapter = script_concatenate (chapter, script_chapter, script_chapter_source); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped if utilities.is_set (chapter_url) then chapter = external_link (chapter_url, chapter, chapter_url_source, access); -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate elseif ws_url then chapter = external_link (ws_url, chapter .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in chapter'); -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate; space char to move icon away from chap text; TODO: better way to do this? chapter = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, chapter}); end if utilities.is_set (trans_chapter) then trans_chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_chapter); if utilities.is_set (chapter) then chapter = chapter .. ' ' .. trans_chapter; else -- here when trans_chapter without chapter or script-chapter chapter = trans_chapter; chapter_source = trans_chapter_source:match ('trans%-?(.+)'); -- when no chapter, get matching name from trans-<param> utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {chapter_source}); end end return chapter; end --[[----------------< H A S _ I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R S >------------------- This function searches a parameter's value for non-printable or invisible characters. The search stops at the first match. This function will detect the visible replacement character when it is part of the Wikisource. Detects but ignores nowiki and math stripmarkers. Also detects other named stripmarkers (gallery, math, pre, ref) and identifies them with a slightly different error message. See also coins_cleanup(). Output of this function is an error message that identifies the character or the Unicode group, or the stripmarker that was detected along with its position (or, for multi-byte characters, the position of its first byte) in the parameter value. ]] local function has_invisible_chars (param, v) local position = ''; -- position of invisible char or starting position of stripmarker local capture; -- used by stripmarker detection to hold name of the stripmarker local stripmarker; -- boolean set true when a stripmarker is found capture = string.match (v, '[%w%p ]*'); -- test for values that are simple ASCII text and bypass other tests if true if capture == v then -- if same there are no Unicode characters return; end for _, invisible_char in ipairs (cfg.invisible_chars) do local char_name = invisible_char[1]; -- the character or group name local pattern = invisible_char[2]; -- the pattern used to find it position, _, capture = mw.ustring.find (v, pattern); -- see if the parameter value contains characters that match the pattern if position and (cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then -- if we found a zero-width joiner character if mw.ustring.find (v, cfg.indic_script) then -- it's ok if one of the Indic scripts position = nil; -- unset position elseif cfg.emoji[mw.ustring.codepoint (v, position+1)] then -- is zwj followed by a character listed in emoji{}? position = nil; -- unset position end end if position then if 'nowiki' == capture or 'math' == capture or -- nowiki and math stripmarkers (not an error condition) ('templatestyles' == capture and utilities.in_array (param, {'id', 'quote'})) then -- templatestyles stripmarker allowed in these parameters stripmarker = true; -- set a flag elseif true == stripmarker and cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture then -- because stripmakers begin and end with the delete char, assume that we've found one end of a stripmarker position = nil; -- unset else local err_msg; if capture and not (cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture or cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then err_msg = capture .. ' ' .. char_name; else err_msg = char_name .. ' ' .. 'character'; end utilities.set_message ('err_invisible_char', {err_msg, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', param), position}); -- add error message return; -- and done with this parameter end end end end --[[-------------------< A R G U M E N T _ W R A P P E R >---------------------- Argument wrapper. This function provides support for argument mapping defined in the configuration file so that multiple names can be transparently aliased to single internal variable. ]] local function argument_wrapper ( args ) local origin = {}; return setmetatable({ ORIGIN = function ( self, k ) local dummy = self[k]; -- force the variable to be loaded. return origin[k]; end }, { __index = function ( tbl, k ) if origin[k] ~= nil then return nil; end local args, list, v = args, cfg.aliases[k]; if type( list ) == 'table' then v, origin[k] = utilities.select_one ( args, list, 'err_redundant_parameters' ); if origin[k] == nil then origin[k] = ''; -- Empty string, not nil end elseif list ~= nil then v, origin[k] = args[list], list; else -- maybe let through instead of raising an error? -- v, origin[k] = args[k], k; error( cfg.messages['unknown_argument_map'] .. ': ' .. k); end -- Empty strings, not nil; if v == nil then v = ''; origin[k] = ''; end tbl = rawset( tbl, k, v ); return v; end, }); end --[[--------------------------< N O W R A P _ D A T E >------------------------- When date is YYYY-MM-DD format wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>YYYY-MM-DD</span>. When date is DD MMMM YYYY or is MMMM DD, YYYY then wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>DD MMMM</span> YYYY or <span ...>MMMM DD,</span> YYYY DOES NOT yet support MMMM YYYY or any of the date ranges. ]] local function nowrap_date (date) local cap = ''; local cap2 = ''; if date:match("^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d$") then date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap1'], date); elseif date:match("^%a+%s*%d%d?,%s+%d%d%d%d$") or date:match ("^%d%d?%s*%a+%s+%d%d%d%d$") then cap, cap2 = string.match (date, "^(.*)%s+(%d%d%d%d)$"); date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap2'], {cap, cap2}); end return date; end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ T I T L E T Y P E >--------------------- This function sets default title types (equivalent to the citation including |type=<default value>) for those templates that have defaults. Also handles the special case where it is desirable to omit the title type from the rendered citation (|type=none). ]] local function set_titletype (cite_class, title_type) if utilities.is_set (title_type) then if 'none' == cfg.keywords_xlate[title_type] then title_type = ''; -- if |type=none then type parameter not displayed end return title_type; -- if |type= has been set to any other value use that value end return cfg.title_types [cite_class] or ''; -- set template's default title type; else empty string for concatenation end --[[--------------------------< S A F E _ J O I N >----------------------------- Joins a sequence of strings together while checking for duplicate separation characters. ]] local function safe_join( tbl, duplicate_char ) local f = {}; -- create a function table appropriate to type of 'duplicate character' if 1 == #duplicate_char then -- for single byte ASCII characters use the string library functions f.gsub = string.gsub f.match = string.match f.sub = string.sub else -- for multi-byte characters use the ustring library functions f.gsub = mw.ustring.gsub f.match = mw.ustring.match f.sub = mw.ustring.sub end local str = ''; -- the output string local comp = ''; -- what does 'comp' mean? local end_chr = ''; local trim; for _, value in ipairs( tbl ) do if value == nil then value = ''; end if str == '' then -- if output string is empty str = value; -- assign value to it (first time through the loop) elseif value ~= '' then if value:sub(1, 1) == '<' then -- special case of values enclosed in spans and other markup. comp = value:gsub( "%b<>", "" ); -- remove HTML markup (<span>string</span> -> string) else comp = value; end -- typically duplicate_char is sepc if f.sub(comp, 1, 1) == duplicate_char then -- is first character same as duplicate_char? why test first character? -- Because individual string segments often (always?) begin with terminal punct for the -- preceding segment: 'First element' .. 'sepc next element' .. etc.? trim = false; end_chr = f.sub(str, -1, -1); -- get the last character of the output string -- str = str .. "<HERE(enchr=" .. end_chr .. ")" -- debug stuff? if end_chr == duplicate_char then -- if same as separator str = f.sub(str, 1, -2); -- remove it elseif end_chr == "'" then -- if it might be wiki-markup if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. "''" then -- if last three chars of str are sepc'' str = f.sub(str, 1, -4) .. "''"; -- remove them and add back '' elseif f.sub(str, -5, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]]''" then -- if last five chars of str are sepc]]'' trim = true; -- why? why do this and next differently from previous? elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]''" then -- if last four chars of str are sepc]'' trim = true; -- same question end elseif end_chr == "]" then -- if it might be wiki-markup if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]]" then -- if last three chars of str are sepc]] wikilink trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. '"]' then -- if last three chars of str are sepc"] quoted external link trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]" then -- if last two chars of str are sepc] external link trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. "'']" then -- normal case when |url=something & |title=Title. trim = true; end elseif end_chr == " " then -- if last char of output string is a space if f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. " " then -- if last two chars of str are <sepc><space> str = f.sub(str, 1, -3); -- remove them both end end if trim then if value ~= comp then -- value does not equal comp when value contains HTML markup local dup2 = duplicate_char; if f.match(dup2, "%A" ) then dup2 = "%" .. dup2; end -- if duplicate_char not a letter then escape it value = f.gsub(value, "(%b<>)" .. dup2, "%1", 1 ) -- remove duplicate_char if it follows HTML markup else value = f.sub(value, 2, -1 ); -- remove duplicate_char when it is first character end end end str = str .. value; -- add it to the output string end end return str; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S U F F I X >----------------------------- returns true if suffix is properly formed Jr, Sr, or ordinal in the range 1–9. Puncutation not allowed. ]] local function is_suffix (suffix) if utilities.in_array (suffix, {'Jr', 'Sr', 'Jnr', 'Snr', '1st', '2nd', '3rd'}) or suffix:match ('^%dth$') then return true; end return false; end --[[--------------------< I S _ G O O D _ V A N C _ N A M E >------------------- For Vancouver style, author/editor names are supposed to be rendered in Latin (read ASCII) characters. When a name uses characters that contain diacritical marks, those characters are to be converted to the corresponding Latin character. When a name is written using a non-Latin alphabet or logogram, that name is to be transliterated into Latin characters. The module doesn't do this so editors may/must. This test allows |first= and |last= names to contain any of the letters defined in the four Unicode Latin character sets [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf C0 Controls and Basic Latin] 0041–005A, 0061–007A [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement] 00C0–00D6, 00D8–00F6, 00F8–00FF [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf Latin Extended-A] 0100–017F [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf Latin Extended-B] 0180–01BF, 01C4–024F |lastn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, and apostrophes. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/) |firstn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, apostrophes, and periods This original test: if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, "^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿDŽ-ɏ%-%s%']*$") or nil == mw.ustring.find (first, "^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿDŽ-ɏ%-%s%'%.]+[2-6%a]*$") then was written outside of the code editor and pasted here because the code editor gets confused between character insertion point and cursor position. The test has been rewritten to use decimal character escape sequence for the individual bytes of the Unicode characters so that it is not necessary to use an external editor to maintain this code. \195\128-\195\150 – À-Ö (U+00C0–U+00D6 – C0 controls) \195\152-\195\182 – Ø-ö (U+00D8-U+00F6 – C0 controls) \195\184-\198\191 – ø-ƿ (U+00F8-U+01BF – C0 controls, Latin extended A & B) \199\132-\201\143 – DŽ-ɏ (U+01C4-U+024F – Latin extended B) ]] local function is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, position) if not suffix then if first:find ('[,%s]') then -- when there is a space or comma, might be first name/initials + generational suffix first = first:match ('(.-)[,%s]+'); -- get name/initials suffix = first:match ('[,%s]+(.+)$'); -- get generational suffix end end if utilities.is_set (suffix) then if not is_suffix (suffix) then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position); return false; -- not a name with an appropriate suffix end end if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, "^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143%-%s%']*$") or nil == mw.ustring.find (first, "^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143%-%s%'%.]*$") then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['non-Latin char'], position); return false; -- not a string of Latin characters; Vancouver requires Romanization end; return true; end --[[--------------------------< R E D U C E _ T O _ I N I T I A L S >------------------------------------------ Attempts to convert names to initials in support of |name-list-style=vanc. Names in |firstn= may be separated by spaces or hyphens, or for initials, a period. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35062/. Vancouver style requires family rank designations (Jr, II, III, etc.) to be rendered as Jr, 2nd, 3rd, etc. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35085/. This code only accepts and understands generational suffix in the Vancouver format because Roman numerals look like, and can be mistaken for, initials. This function uses ustring functions because firstname initials may be any of the Unicode Latin characters accepted by is_good_vanc_name (). ]] local function reduce_to_initials(first, position) local name, suffix = mw.ustring.match(first, "^(%u+) ([%dJS][%drndth]+)$"); if not name then -- if not initials and a suffix name = mw.ustring.match(first, "^(%u+)$"); -- is it just initials? end if name then -- if first is initials with or without suffix if 3 > mw.ustring.len (name) then -- if one or two initials if suffix then -- if there is a suffix if is_suffix (suffix) then -- is it legitimate? return first; -- one or two initials and a valid suffix so nothing to do else add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position); -- one or two initials with invalid suffix so error message return first; -- and return first unmolested end else return first; -- one or two initials without suffix; nothing to do end end end -- if here then name has 3 or more uppercase letters so treat them as a word local initials, names = {}, {}; -- tables to hold name parts and initials local i = 1; -- counter for number of initials names = mw.text.split (first, '[%s,]+'); -- split into a table of names and possible suffix while names[i] do -- loop through the table if 1 < i and names[i]:match ('[%dJS][%drndth]+%.?$') then -- if not the first name, and looks like a suffix (may have trailing dot) names[i] = names[i]:gsub ('%.', ''); -- remove terminal dot if present if is_suffix (names[i]) then -- if a legitimate suffix table.insert (initials, ' ' .. names[i]); -- add a separator space, insert at end of initials table break; -- and done because suffix must fall at the end of a name end -- no error message if not a suffix; possibly because of Romanization end if 3 > i then table.insert (initials, mw.ustring.sub(names[i], 1, 1)); -- insert the initial at end of initials table end i = i + 1; -- bump the counter end return table.concat(initials) -- Vancouver format does not include spaces. end --[[--------------------------< L I S T _ P E O P L E >-------------------------- Formats a list of people (authors, contributors, editors, interviewers, translators) names in the list will be linked when |<name>-link= has a value |<name>-mask- does NOT have a value; masked names are presumed to have been rendered previously so should have been linked there when |<name>-mask=0, the associated name is not rendered ]] local function list_people (control, people, etal) local sep; local namesep; local format = control.format; local maximum = control.maximum; local name_list = {}; if 'vanc' == format then -- Vancouver-like name styling? sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl_vanc']; -- name-list separator between names is a comma namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name_vanc']; -- last/first separator is a space else sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl']; -- name-list separator between names is a semicolon namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name']; -- last/first separator is <comma><space> end if sep:sub (-1, -1) ~= " " then sep = sep .. " " end if utilities.is_set (maximum) and maximum < 1 then return "", 0; end -- returned 0 is for EditorCount; not used for other names for i, person in ipairs (people) do if utilities.is_set (person.last) then local mask = person.mask; local one; local sep_one = sep; if utilities.is_set (maximum) and i > maximum then etal = true; break; end if mask then local n = tonumber (mask); -- convert to a number if it can be converted; nil else if n then one = 0 ~= n and string.rep("&mdash;", n) or nil; -- make a string of (n > 0) mdashes, nil else, to replace name person.link = nil; -- don't create link to name if name is replaces with mdash string or has been set nil else one = mask; -- replace name with mask text (must include name-list separator) sep_one = " "; -- modify name-list separator end else one = person.last; -- get surname local first = person.first -- get given name if utilities.is_set (first) then if ("vanc" == format) then -- if Vancouver format one = one:gsub ('%.', ''); -- remove periods from surnames (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/) if not person.corporate and is_good_vanc_name (one, first, nil, i) then -- and name is all Latin characters; corporate authors not tested first = reduce_to_initials (first, i); -- attempt to convert first name(s) to initials end end one = one .. namesep .. first; end end if utilities.is_set (person.link) then one = utilities.make_wikilink (person.link, one); -- link author/editor end if one then -- if <one> has a value (name, mdash replacement, or mask text replacement) table.insert (name_list, one); -- add it to the list of names table.insert (name_list, sep_one); -- add the proper name-list separator end end end local count = #name_list / 2; -- (number of names + number of separators) divided by 2 if 0 < count then if 1 < count and not etal then if 'amp' == format then name_list[#name_list-2] = " & "; -- replace last separator with ampersand text elseif 'and' == format then if 2 == count then name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_and; -- replace last separator with 'and' text else name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_end; -- replace last separator with '(sep) and' text end end end name_list[#name_list] = nil; -- erase the last separator end local result = table.concat (name_list); -- construct list if etal and utilities.is_set (result) then -- etal may be set by |display-authors=etal but we might not have a last-first list result = result .. sep .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['et al']; -- we've got a last-first list and etal so add et al. end return result, count; -- return name-list string and count of number of names (count used for editor names only) end --[[--------------------< M A K E _ C I T E R E F _ I D >----------------------- Generates a CITEREF anchor ID if we have at least one name or a date. Otherwise returns an empty string. namelist is one of the contributor-, author-, or editor-name lists chosen in that order. year is Year or anchor_year. ]] local function make_citeref_id (namelist, year) local names={}; -- a table for the one to four names and year for i,v in ipairs (namelist) do -- loop through the list and take up to the first four last names names[i] = v.last if i == 4 then break end -- if four then done end table.insert (names, year); -- add the year at the end local id = table.concat(names); -- concatenate names and year for CITEREF id if utilities.is_set (id) then -- if concatenation is not an empty string return "CITEREF" .. id; -- add the CITEREF portion else return ''; -- return an empty string; no reason to include CITEREF id in this citation end end --[[--------------------------< C I T E _ C L A S S _A T T R I B U T E _M A K E >------------------------------ construct <cite> tag class attribute for this citation. <cite_class> – config.CitationClass from calling template <mode> – value from |mode= parameter ]] local function cite_class_attribute_make (cite_class, mode) local class_t = {}; table.insert (class_t, 'citation'); -- required for blue highlight if 'citation' ~= cite_class then table.insert (class_t, cite_class); -- identify this template for user css table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs1'); -- identify the citation style for user css or javascript else table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs2'); -- identify the citation style for user css or javascript end for _, prop_key in ipairs (z.prop_keys_t) do table.insert (class_t, prop_key); -- identify various properties for user css or javascript end return table.concat (class_t, ' '); -- make a big string and done end --[[---------------------< N A M E _ H A S _ E T A L >-------------------------- Evaluates the content of name parameters (author, editor, etc.) for variations on the theme of et al. If found, the et al. is removed, a flag is set to true and the function returns the modified name and the flag. This function never sets the flag to false but returns its previous state because it may have been set by previous passes through this function or by the associated |display-<names>=etal parameter ]] local function name_has_etal (name, etal, nocat, param) if utilities.is_set (name) then -- name can be nil in which case just return local patterns = cfg.et_al_patterns; -- get patterns from configuration for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- loop through all of the patterns if name:match (pattern) then -- if this 'et al' pattern is found in name name = name:gsub (pattern, ''); -- remove the offending text etal = true; -- set flag (may have been set previously here or by |display-<names>=etal) if not nocat then -- no categorization for |vauthors= utilities.set_message ('err_etal', {param}); -- and set an error if not added end end end end return name, etal; end --[[---------------------< N A M E _ I S _ N U M E R I C >---------------------- Add maint cat when name parameter value does not contain letters. Does not catch mixed alphanumeric names so |last=A. Green (1922-1987) does not get caught in the current version of this test but |first=(1888) is caught. returns nothing ]] local function name_is_numeric (name, list_name) if utilities.is_set (name) then if mw.ustring.match (name, '^[%A]+$') then -- when name does not contain any letters utilities.set_message ('maint_numeric_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]); -- add a maint cat for this template end end end --[[-----------------< N A M E _ H A S _ M U L T _ N A M E S >------------------ Evaluates the content of last/surname (authors etc.) parameters for multiple names. Multiple names are indicated if there is more than one comma or any "unescaped" semicolons. Escaped semicolons are ones used as part of selected HTML entities. If the condition is met, the function adds the multiple name maintenance category. returns nothing ]] local function name_has_mult_names (name, list_name) local _, commas, semicolons, nbsps; if utilities.is_set (name) then _, commas = name:gsub (',', ''); -- count the number of commas _, semicolons = name:gsub (';', ''); -- count the number of semicolons -- nbsps probably should be its own separate count rather than merged in -- some way with semicolons because Lua patterns do not support the -- grouping operator that regex does, which means there is no way to add -- more entities to escape except by adding more counts with the new -- entities _, nbsps = name:gsub ('&nbsp;',''); -- count nbsps -- There is exactly 1 semicolon per &nbsp; entity, so subtract nbsps -- from semicolons to 'escape' them. If additional entities are added, -- they also can be subtracted. if 1 < commas or 0 < (semicolons - nbsps) then utilities.set_message ('maint_mult_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]); -- add a maint message end end end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ G E N E R I C >---------------------------------------------------------- Compares values assigned to various parameters according to the string provided as <item> in the function call. <item> can have on of two values: 'generic_names' – for name-holding parameters: |last=, |first=, |editor-last=, etc 'generic_titles' – for |title= There are two types of generic tests. The 'accept' tests look for a pattern that should not be rejected by the 'reject' test. For example, |author=[[John Smith (author)|Smith, John]] would be rejected by the 'author' reject test. But piped wikilinks with 'author' disambiguation should not be rejected so the 'accept' test prevents that from happening. Accept tests are always performed before reject tests. Each of the 'accept' and 'reject' sequence tables hold tables for en.wiki (['en']) and local.wiki (['local']) that each can hold a test sequence table The sequence table holds, at index [1], a test pattern, and, at index [2], a boolean control value. The control value tells string.find() or mw.ustring.find() to do plain-text search (true) or a pattern search (false). The intent of all this complexity is to make these searches as fast as possible so that we don't run out of processing time on very large articles. Returns true when a reject test finds the pattern or string false when an accept test finds the pattern or string nil else ]=] local function is_generic (item, value, wiki) local test_val; local str_lower = { -- use string.lower() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.lower() or local.wiki (['local']) ['en'] = string.lower, ['local'] = mw.ustring.lower, } local str_find = { -- use string.find() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.find() or local.wiki (['local']) ['en'] = string.find, ['local'] = mw.ustring.find, } local function test (val, test_t, wiki) -- local function to do the testing; <wiki> selects lower() and find() functions val = test_t[2] and str_lower[wiki](value) or val; -- when <test_t[2]> set to 'true', plaintext search using lowercase value return str_find[wiki] (val, test_t[1], 1, test_t[2]); -- return nil when not found or matched end local test_types_t = {'accept', 'reject'}; -- test accept patterns first, then reject patterns local wikis_t = {'en', 'local'}; -- do tests for each of these keys; en.wiki first, local.wiki second for _, test_type in ipairs (test_types_t) do -- for each test type for _, generic_value in pairs (cfg.special_case_translation[item][test_type]) do -- spin through the list of generic value fragments to accept or reject for _, wiki in ipairs (wikis_t) do if generic_value[wiki] then if test (value, generic_value[wiki], wiki) then -- go do the test return ('reject' == test_type); -- param value rejected, return true; false else end end end end end end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ I S _ G E N E R I C >------------------------------------------------ calls is_generic() to determine if <name> is a 'generic name' listed in cfg.generic_names; <name_alias> is the parameter name used in error messaging ]] local function name_is_generic (name, name_alias) if not added_generic_name_errs and is_generic ('generic_names', name) then utilities.set_message ('err_generic_name', name_alias); -- set an error message added_generic_name_errs = true; end end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ C H E C K S >-------------------------------------------------------- This function calls various name checking functions used to validate the content of the various name-holding parameters. ]] local function name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias) local accept_name; if utilities.is_set (last) then last, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (last); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <last> if not accept_name then -- <last> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup name_has_mult_names (last, list_name); -- check for multiple names in the parameter (last only) name_is_numeric (last, list_name); -- check for names that are composed of digits and punctuation name_is_generic (last, last_alias); -- check for names found in the generic names list end end if utilities.is_set (first) then first, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (first); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <first> if not accept_name then -- <first> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup name_is_numeric (first, list_name); -- check for names that are composed of digits and punctuation name_is_generic (first, first_alias); -- check for names found in the generic names list end local wl_type, D = utilities.is_wikilink (first); if 0 ~= wl_type then first = D; utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', first_alias); end end return last, first; -- done end --[[----------------------< E X T R A C T _ N A M E S >------------------------- Gets name list from the input arguments Searches through args in sequential order to find |lastn= and |firstn= parameters (or their aliases), and their matching link and mask parameters. Stops searching when both |lastn= and |firstn= are not found in args after two sequential attempts: found |last1=, |last2=, and |last3= but doesn't find |last4= and |last5= then the search is done. This function emits an error message when there is a |firstn= without a matching |lastn=. When there are 'holes' in the list of last names, |last1= and |last3= are present but |last2= is missing, an error message is emitted. |lastn= is not required to have a matching |firstn=. When an author or editor parameter contains some form of 'et al.', the 'et al.' is stripped from the parameter and a flag (etal) returned that will cause list_people() to add the static 'et al.' text from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration. This keeps 'et al.' out of the template's metadata. When this occurs, an error is emitted. ]] local function extract_names(args, list_name) local names = {}; -- table of names local last; -- individual name components local first; local link; local mask; local i = 1; -- loop counter/indexer local n = 1; -- output table indexer local count = 0; -- used to count the number of times we haven't found a |last= (or alias for authors, |editor-last or alias for editors) local etal = false; -- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. in an author parameter local last_alias, first_alias, link_alias; -- selected parameter aliases used in error messaging while true do last, last_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); -- search through args for name components beginning at 1 first, first_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); link, link_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); last, etal = name_has_etal (last, etal, false, last_alias); -- find and remove variations on et al. first, etal = name_has_etal (first, etal, false, first_alias); -- find and remove variations on et al. last, first = name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias); -- multiple names, extraneous annotation, etc. checks if first and not last then -- if there is a firstn without a matching lastn local alias = first_alias:find ('given', 1, true) and 'given' or 'first'; -- get first or given form of the alias utilities.set_message ('err_first_missing_last', { first_alias, -- param name of alias missing its mate first_alias:gsub (alias, {['first'] = 'last', ['given'] = 'surname'}), -- make param name appropriate to the alias form }); -- add this error message elseif not first and not last then -- if both firstn and lastn aren't found, are we done? count = count + 1; -- number of times we haven't found last and first if 2 <= count then -- two missing names and we give up break; -- normal exit or there is a two-name hole in the list; can't tell which end else -- we have last with or without a first local result; link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, last, last_alias); -- check for improper wiki-markup if first then link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, first, first_alias); -- check for improper wiki-markup end names[n] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = false}; -- add this name to our names list (corporate for |vauthors= only) n = n + 1; -- point to next location in the names table if 1 == count then -- if the previous name was missing utilities.set_message ('err_missing_name', {list_name:match ("(%w+)List"):lower(), i - 1}); -- add this error message end count = 0; -- reset the counter, we're looking for two consecutive missing names end i = i + 1; -- point to next args location end return names, etal; -- all done, return our list of names and the etal flag end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ T A G _ G E T >------------------------------------------------------ attempt to decode |language=<lang_param> and return language name and matching tag; nil else. This function looks for: <lang_param> as a tag in cfg.lang_code_remap{} <lang_param> as a name in cfg.lang_name_remap{} <lang_param> as a name in cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t <lang_param> as a tag in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t when those fail, presume that <lang_param> is an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki does not recognize. Strip all script, region, variant, whatever subtags from <lang_param> to leave just a two or three character language tag and look for the new <lang_param> in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t{} on success, returns name (in properly capitalized form) and matching tag (in lowercase); on failure returns nil ]] local function name_tag_get (lang_param) local lang_param_lc = mw.ustring.lower (lang_param); -- use lowercase as an index into the various tables local name; local tag; name = cfg.lang_code_remap[lang_param_lc]; -- assume <lang_param_lc> is a tag; attempt to get remapped language name if name then -- when <name>, <lang_param> is a tag for a remapped language name return name, lang_param_lc; -- so return <name> from remap and <lang_param_lc> end tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*'); -- still assuming that <lang_param_lc> is a tag; strip script, region, variant subtags name = cfg.lang_code_remap[tag]; -- attempt to get remapped language name with language subtag only if name then -- when <name>, <tag> is a tag for a remapped language name return name, tag; -- so return <name> from remap and <tag> end if cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc] then -- not a tag, assume <lang_param_lc> is a name; attempt to get remapped language tag return cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][1], cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][2]; -- for this <lang_param_lc>, return a (possibly) new name and appropriate tag end tag = cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t[lang_param_lc]; -- assume that <lang_param_lc> is a language name; attempt to get its matching tag if tag then return cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag], tag; -- <lang_param_lc> is a name so return the name from the table and <tag> end name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[lang_param_lc]; -- assume that <lang_param_lc> is a tag; attempt to get its matching language name if name then return name, lang_param_lc; -- <lang_param_lc> is a tag so return it and <name> end tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*'); -- is <lang_param_lc> an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki doesn't recognize? <tag> gets the language subtag; nil else if tag then name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag]; -- attempt to get a language name using the shortened <tag> if name then return name, tag; -- <lang_param_lc> is an unrecognized IETF-like tag so return <name> and language subtag end end end --[[-------------------< L A N G U A G E _ P A R A M E T E R >------------------ Gets language name from a provided two- or three-character ISO 639 code. If a code is recognized by MediaWiki, use the returned name; if not, then use the value that was provided with the language parameter. When |language= contains a recognized language (either code or name), the page is assigned to the category for that code: Category:Norwegian-language sources (no). For valid three-character code languages, the page is assigned to the single category for '639-2' codes: Category:CS1 ISO 639-2 language sources. Languages that are the same as the local wiki are not categorized. MediaWiki does not recognize three-character equivalents of two-character codes: code 'ar' is recognized but code 'ara' is not. This function supports multiple languages in the form |language=nb, French, th where the language names or codes are separated from each other by commas with optional space characters. ]] local function language_parameter (lang) local tag; -- some form of IETF-like language tag; language subtag with optional region, sript, vatiant, etc subtags local lang_subtag; -- ve populates |language= with mostly unecessary region subtags the MediaWiki does not recognize; this is the base language subtag local name; -- the language name local language_list = {}; -- table of language names to be rendered local names_t = {}; -- table made from the value assigned to |language= local this_wiki_name = mw.language.fetchLanguageName (cfg.this_wiki_code, cfg.this_wiki_code); -- get this wiki's language name names_t = mw.text.split (lang, '%s*,%s*'); -- names should be a comma separated list for _, lang in ipairs (names_t) do -- reuse lang here because we don't yet know if lang is a language name or a language tag name, tag = name_tag_get (lang); -- attempt to get name/tag pair for <lang>; <name> has proper capitalization; <tag> is lowercase if utilities.is_set (tag) then lang_subtag = tag:gsub ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*', '%1'); -- for categorization, strip any IETF-like tags from language tag if cfg.this_wiki_code ~= lang_subtag then -- when the language is not the same as this wiki's language if 2 == lang_subtag:len() then -- and is a two-character tag -- utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source', {name, lang_subtag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it; tag appended to allow for multiple language categorization utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source', {name, tag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it; tag appended to allow for multiple language categorization else -- or is a recognized language (but has a three-character tag) utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source-2', {lang_subtag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it differently TODO: support multiple three-character tag categories per cs1|2 template? end elseif cfg.local_lang_cat_enable then -- when the language and this wiki's language are the same and categorization is enabled utilities.add_prop_cat ('local-lang-source', {name, lang_subtag}); -- categorize it end else name = lang; -- return whatever <lang> has so that we show something utilities.set_message ('maint_unknown_lang'); -- add maint category if not already added end table.insert (language_list, name); name = ''; -- so we can reuse it end name = utilities.make_sep_list (#language_list, language_list); if (1 == #language_list) and (lang_subtag == cfg.this_wiki_code) then -- when only one language, find lang name in this wiki lang name; for |language=en-us, 'English' in 'American English' return ''; -- if one language and that language is this wiki's return an empty string (no annotation) end return (" " .. wrap_msg ('language', name)); -- otherwise wrap with '(in ...)' --[[ TODO: should only return blank or name rather than full list so we can clean up the bunched parenthetical elements Language, Type, Format ]] end --[[-----------------------< S E T _ C S _ S T Y L E >-------------------------- Gets the default CS style configuration for the given mode. Returns default separator and either postscript as passed in or the default. In CS1, the default postscript and separator are '.'. In CS2, the default postscript is the empty string and the default separator is ','. ]] local function set_cs_style (postscript, mode) if utilities.is_set(postscript) then -- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs1 postscript -- we catch the opposite case for cs2 in set_style if mode == 'cs1' and postscript == cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode] then utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript'); end else postscript = cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode]; end return cfg.presentation['sep_' .. mode], postscript; end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ S T Y L E >----------------------------- Sets the separator and postscript styles. Checks the |mode= first and the #invoke CitationClass second. Removes the postscript if postscript == none. ]] local function set_style (mode, postscript, cite_class) local sep; if 'cs2' == mode then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2'); elseif 'cs1' == mode then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1'); elseif 'citation' == cite_class then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2'); else sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1'); end if cfg.keywords_xlate[postscript:lower()] == 'none' then -- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs2 postscript -- we catch the opposite case for cs1 in set_cs_style if 'cs2' == mode or 'citation' == cite_class then utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript'); end postscript = ''; end return sep, postscript end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ P D F >----------------------------------- Determines if a URL has the file extension that is one of the PDF file extensions used by [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] when applying the PDF icon to external links. returns true if file extension is one of the recognized extensions, else false ]=] local function is_pdf (url) return url:match ('%.pdf$') or url:match ('%.PDF$') or url:match ('%.pdf[%?#]') or url:match ('%.PDF[%?#]') or url:match ('%.PDF&#035') or url:match ('%.pdf&#035'); end --[[--------------------------< S T Y L E _ F O R M A T >----------------------- Applies CSS style to |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. Also emits an error message if the format parameter does not have a matching URL parameter. If the format parameter is not set and the URL contains a file extension that is recognized as a PDF document by MediaWiki's commons.css, this code will set the format parameter to (PDF) with the appropriate styling. ]] local function style_format (format, url, fmt_param, url_param) if utilities.is_set (format) then format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', format); -- add leading space, parentheses, resize if not utilities.is_set (url) then utilities.set_message ('err_format_missing_url', {fmt_param, url_param}); -- add an error message end elseif is_pdf (url) then -- format is not set so if URL is a PDF file then format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', 'PDF'); -- set format to PDF else format = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end return format; end --[[---------------------< G E T _ D I S P L A Y _ N A M E S >------------------ Returns a number that defines the number of names displayed for author and editor name lists and a Boolean flag to indicate when et al. should be appended to the name list. When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is a number greater than or equal to zero, return the number and the previous state of the 'etal' flag (false by default but may have been set to true if the name list contains some variant of the text 'et al.'). When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is the keyword 'etal', return a number that is one greater than the number of authors in the list and set the 'etal' flag true. This will cause the list_people() to display all of the names in the name list followed by 'et al.' In all other cases, returns nil and the previous state of the 'etal' flag. inputs: max: A['DisplayAuthors'] or A['DisplayEditors']; a number or some flavor of etal count: #a or #e list_name: 'authors' or 'editors' etal: author_etal or editor_etal ]] local function get_display_names (max, count, list_name, etal, param) if utilities.is_set (max) then if 'etal' == max:lower():gsub("[ '%.]", '') then -- the :gsub() portion makes 'etal' from a variety of 'et al.' spellings and stylings max = count + 1; -- number of authors + 1 so display all author name plus et al. etal = true; -- overrides value set by extract_names() elseif max:match ('^%d+$') then -- if is a string of numbers max = tonumber (max); -- make it a number if max >= count then -- if |display-xxxxors= value greater than or equal to number of authors/editors utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max}); -- add error message max = nil; end else -- not a valid keyword or number utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max}); -- add error message max = nil; -- unset; as if |display-xxxxors= had not been set end end return max, etal; end --[[----------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ P A G E _ C H E C K >--------------- Adds error if |page=, |pages=, |quote-page=, |quote-pages= has what appears to be some form of p. or pp. abbreviation in the first characters of the parameter content. check page for extraneous p, p., pp, pp., pg, pg. at start of parameter value: good pattern: '^P[^%.P%l]' matches when page begins PX or P# but not Px where x and X are letters and # is a digit bad pattern: '^[Pp][PpGg]' matches when page begins pp, pP, Pp, PP, pg, pG, Pg, PG ]] local function extra_text_in_page_check (val, name) if not val:match (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.good_ppattern) then for _, pattern in ipairs (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.bad_ppatterns) do -- spin through the selected sequence table of patterns if val:match (pattern) then -- when a match, error so utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_pages', name); -- add error message return; -- and done end end end end --[[--------------------------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ V O L _ I S S _ C H E C K >------------------------ Adds error if |volume= or |issue= has what appears to be some form of redundant 'type' indicator. For |volume=: 'V.', or 'Vol.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations or 'Volume' in the first characters of the parameter content (all case insensitive). 'V' and 'v' (without the dot) are presumed to be roman numerals so are allowed. For |issue=: 'No.', 'I.', 'Iss.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations, or 'Issue' in the first characters of the parameter content (all case insensitive). Single character values ('v', 'i', 'n') allowed when not followed by separator character ('.', ':', '=', or whitespace character) – param values are trimmed of whitespace by MediaWiki before delivered to the module. <val> is |volume= or |issue= parameter value <name> is |volume= or |issue= parameter name for error message <selector> is 'v' for |volume=, 'i' for |issue= sets error message on failure; returns nothing ]] local function extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (val, name, selector) if not utilities.is_set (val) then return; end local patterns = 'v' == selector and cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.vpatterns or cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.ipatterns; local handler = 'v' == selector and 'err_extra_text_volume' or 'err_extra_text_issue'; val = val:lower(); -- force parameter value to lower case for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through the selected sequence table of patterns if val:match (pattern) then -- when a match, error so utilities.set_message (handler, name); -- add error message return; -- and done end end end --[=[-------------------------< G E T _ V _ N A M E _ T A B L E >---------------------------------------------- split apart a |vauthors= or |veditors= parameter. This function allows for corporate names, wrapped in doubled parentheses to also have commas; in the old version of the code, the doubled parentheses were included in the rendered citation and in the metadata. Individual author names may be wikilinked |vauthors=Jones AB, [[E. B. White|White EB]], ((Black, Brown, and Co.)) ]=] local function get_v_name_table (vparam, output_table, output_link_table) local name_table = mw.text.split(vparam, "%s*,%s*"); -- names are separated by commas local wl_type, label, link; -- wl_type not used here; just a placeholder local i = 1; while name_table[i] do if name_table[i]:match ('^%(%(.*[^%)][^%)]$') then -- first segment of corporate with one or more commas; this segment has the opening doubled parentheses local name = name_table[i]; i = i + 1; -- bump indexer to next segment while name_table[i] do name = name .. ', ' .. name_table[i]; -- concatenate with previous segments if name_table[i]:match ('^.*%)%)$') then -- if this table member has the closing doubled parentheses break; -- and done reassembling so end i = i + 1; -- bump indexer end table.insert (output_table, name); -- and add corporate name to the output table table.insert (output_link_table, ''); -- no wikilink else wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (name_table[i]); -- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]] table.insert (output_table, label); -- add this name if 1 == wl_type then table.insert (output_link_table, label); -- simple wikilink [[D]] else table.insert (output_link_table, link); -- no wikilink or [[L|D]]; add this link if there is one, else empty string end end i = i + 1; end return output_table; end --[[--------------------------< P A R S E _ V A U T H O R S _ V E D I T O R S >-------------------------------- This function extracts author / editor names from |vauthors= or |veditors= and finds matching |xxxxor-maskn= and |xxxxor-linkn= in args. It then returns a table of assembled names just as extract_names() does. Author / editor names in |vauthors= or |veditors= must be in Vancouver system style. Corporate or institutional names may sometimes be required and because such names will often fail the is_good_vanc_name() and other format compliance tests, are wrapped in doubled parentheses ((corporate name)) to suppress the format tests. Supports generational suffixes Jr, 2nd, 3rd, 4th–6th. This function sets the Vancouver error when a required comma is missing and when there is a space between an author's initials. ]] local function parse_vauthors_veditors (args, vparam, list_name) local names = {}; -- table of names assembled from |vauthors=, |author-maskn=, |author-linkn= local v_name_table = {}; local v_link_table = {}; -- when name is wikilinked, targets go in this table local etal = false; -- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. vauthors parameter local last, first, link, mask, suffix; local corporate = false; vparam, etal = name_has_etal (vparam, etal, true); -- find and remove variations on et al. do not categorize (do it here because et al. might have a period) v_name_table = get_v_name_table (vparam, v_name_table, v_link_table); -- names are separated by commas for i, v_name in ipairs(v_name_table) do first = ''; -- set to empty string for concatenation and because it may have been set for previous author/editor local accept_name; v_name, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (v_name); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <v_name> if accept_name then last = v_name; corporate = true; -- flag used in list_people() elseif string.find(v_name, "%s") then if v_name:find('[;%.]') then -- look for commonly occurring punctuation characters; add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.punctuation, i); end local lastfirstTable = {} lastfirstTable = mw.text.split(v_name, "%s+") first = table.remove(lastfirstTable); -- removes and returns value of last element in table which should be initials or generational suffix if not mw.ustring.match (first, '^%u+$') then -- mw.ustring here so that later we will catch non-Latin characters suffix = first; -- not initials so assume that whatever we got is a generational suffix first = table.remove(lastfirstTable); -- get what should be the initials from the table end last = table.concat(lastfirstTable, ' ') -- returns a string that is the concatenation of all other names that are not initials and generational suffix if not utilities.is_set (last) then first = ''; -- unset last = v_name; -- last empty because something wrong with first add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.name, i); end if mw.ustring.match (last, '%a+%s+%u+%s+%a+') then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['missing comma'], i); -- matches last II last; the case when a comma is missing end if mw.ustring.match (v_name, ' %u %u$') then -- this test is in the wrong place TODO: move or replace with a more appropriate test add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i); -- matches a space between two initials end else last = v_name; -- last name or single corporate name? Doesn't support multiword corporate names? do we need this? end if utilities.is_set (first) then if not mw.ustring.match (first, "^%u?%u$") then -- first shall contain one or two upper-case letters, nothing else add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i); -- too many initials; mixed case initials (which may be ok Romanization); hyphenated initials end is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, i); -- check first and last before restoring the suffix which may have a non-Latin digit if utilities.is_set (suffix) then first = first .. ' ' .. suffix; -- if there was a suffix concatenate with the initials suffix = ''; -- unset so we don't add this suffix to all subsequent names end else if not corporate then is_good_vanc_name (last, '', nil, i); end end link = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ) or v_link_table[i]; mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); names[i] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = corporate}; -- add this assembled name to our names list end return names, etal; -- all done, return our list of names end --[[--------------------------< S E L E C T _ A U T H O R _ E D I T O R _ S O U R C E >------------------------ Select one of |authors=, |authorn= / |lastn / firstn=, or |vauthors= as the source of the author name list or select one of |editorn= / editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= or |veditors= as the source of the editor name list. Only one of these appropriate three will be used. The hierarchy is: |authorn= (and aliases) highest and |authors= lowest; |editorn= (and aliases) highest and |veditors= lowest (support for |editors= withdrawn) When looking for |authorn= / |editorn= parameters, test |xxxxor1= and |xxxxor2= (and all of their aliases); stops after the second test which mimicks the test used in extract_names() when looking for a hole in the author name list. There may be a better way to do this, I just haven't discovered what that way is. Emits an error message when more than one xxxxor name source is provided. In this function, vxxxxors = vauthors or veditors; xxxxors = authors as appropriate. ]] local function select_author_editor_source (vxxxxors, xxxxors, args, list_name) local lastfirst = false; if utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 1 ) or -- do this twice in case we have a |first1= without a |last1=; this ... utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 1 ) or -- ... also catches the case where |first= is used with |vauthors= utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 2 ) or utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 2 ) then lastfirst = true; end if (utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and true == lastfirst) or -- these are the three error conditions (utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) or (true == lastfirst and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) then local err_name; if 'AuthorList' == list_name then -- figure out which name should be used in error message err_name = 'author'; else err_name = 'editor'; end utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', err_name .. '-name-list parameters'); -- add error message end if true == lastfirst then return 1 end; -- return a number indicating which author name source to use if utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) then return 2 end; if utilities.is_set (xxxxors) then return 3 end; return 1; -- no authors so return 1; this allows missing author name test to run in case there is a first without last end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ P A R A M E T E R _ V A L U E >------------------------------ This function is used to validate a parameter's assigned value for those parameters that have only a limited number of allowable values (yes, y, true, live, dead, etc.). When the parameter value has not been assigned a value (missing or empty in the source template) the function returns the value specified by ret_val. If the parameter value is one of the list of allowed values returns the translated value; else, emits an error message and returns the value specified by ret_val. TODO: explain <invert> ]] local function is_valid_parameter_value (value, name, possible, ret_val, invert) if not utilities.is_set (value) then return ret_val; -- an empty parameter is ok end if (not invert and utilities.in_array (value, possible)) then -- normal; <value> is in <possible> table return cfg.keywords_xlate[value]; -- return translation of parameter keyword elseif invert and not utilities.in_array (value, possible) then -- invert; <value> is not in <possible> table return value; -- return <value> as it is else utilities.set_message ('err_invalid_param_val', {name, value}); -- not an allowed value so add error message return ret_val; end end --[[--------------------------< T E R M I N A T E _ N A M E _ L I S T >---------------------------------------- This function terminates a name list (author, contributor, editor) with a separator character (sepc) and a space when the last character is not a sepc character or when the last three characters are not sepc followed by two closing square brackets (close of a wikilink). When either of these is true, the name_list is terminated with a single space character. ]] local function terminate_name_list (name_list, sepc) if (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. '. ') then -- if already properly terminated return name_list; -- just return the name list elseif (string.sub (name_list, -1, -1) == sepc) or (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. ']]') then -- if last name in list ends with sepc char return name_list .. " "; -- don't add another else return name_list .. sepc .. ' '; -- otherwise terminate the name list end end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ V O L U M E _ I S S U E >---------------------------------------- returns the concatenation of the formatted volume and issue parameters as a single string; or formatted volume or formatted issue, or an empty string if neither are set. ]] local function format_volume_issue (volume, issue, cite_class, origin, sepc, lower) if not utilities.is_set (volume) and not utilities.is_set (issue) then return ''; end -- same condition as in format_pages_sheets() local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin); local is_numeric_vol = volume and (volume:match ('^[MDCLXVI]+$') or volume:match ('^%d+$')); -- is only uppercase roman numerals or only digits? local is_long_vol = volume and (4 < mw.ustring.len(volume)); -- is |volume= value longer than 4 characters? if volume and (not is_numeric_vol and is_long_vol) then -- when not all digits or Roman numerals, is |volume= longer than 4 characters? utilities.add_prop_cat ('long-vol'); -- yes, add properties cat end if is_journal then -- journal-style formatting local vol = ''; if utilities.is_set (volume) then if is_numeric_vol then -- |volume= value all digits or all uppercase Roman numerals? vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, volume}); -- render in bold face elseif is_long_vol then -- not all digits or Roman numerals; longer than 4 characters? vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-vol'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}); -- not bold else -- four or fewer characters vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}); -- bold end end if utilities.is_set (issue) then return vol .. utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-issue'], issue); end return vol; end if 'podcast' == cite_class and utilities.is_set (issue) then return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower); end -- all other types of citation if utilities.is_set (volume) and utilities.is_set (issue) then return wrap_msg ('vol-no', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume), issue}, lower); elseif utilities.is_set (volume) then return wrap_msg ('vol', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}, lower); else return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower); end end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ P A G E S _ S H E E T S >----------------------------------------- adds static text to one of |page(s)= or |sheet(s)= values and returns it with all of the others set to empty strings. The return order is: page, pages, sheet, sheets Singular has priority over plural when both are provided. ]] local function format_pages_sheets (page, pages, sheet, sheets, cite_class, origin, sepc, nopp, lower) if 'map' == cite_class then -- only cite map supports sheet(s) as in-source locators if utilities.is_set (sheet) then if 'journal' == origin then return '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheet', sheet, lower), ''; else return '', '', wrap_msg ('sheet', {sepc, sheet}, lower), ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (sheets) then if 'journal' == origin then return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheets', sheets, lower); else return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('sheets', {sepc, sheets}, lower); end end end local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin); if utilities.is_set (page) then if is_journal then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], page), '', '', ''; elseif not nopp then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, page}), '', '', ''; else return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, page}), '', '', ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then if is_journal then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], pages), '', '', ''; elseif tonumber(pages) ~= nil and not nopp then -- if pages is only digits, assume a single page number return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; elseif not nopp then return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; else return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; end end return '', '', '', ''; -- return empty strings end --[[--------------------------< I N S O U R C E _ L O C _ G E T >---------------------------------------------- returns one of the in-source locators: page, pages, or at. If any of these are interwiki links to Wikisource, returns the label portion of the interwiki-link as plain text for use in COinS. This COinS thing is done because here we convert an interwiki-link to an external link and add an icon span around that; get_coins_pages() doesn't know about the span. TODO: should it? TODO: add support for sheet and sheets?; streamline; TODO: make it so that this function returns only one of the three as the single in-source (the return value assigned to a new name)? ]] local function insource_loc_get (page, page_orig, pages, pages_orig, at) local ws_url, ws_label, coins_pages, L; -- for Wikisource interwiki-links; TODO: this corrupts page metadata (span remains in place after cleanup; fix there?) if utilities.is_set (page) then if utilities.is_set (pages) or utilities.is_set (at) then pages = ''; -- unset the others at = ''; end extra_text_in_page_check (page, page_orig); -- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (page); -- make ws URL from |page= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then page = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in page'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? page = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, page}); coins_pages = ws_label; end elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then if utilities.is_set (at) then at = ''; -- unset end extra_text_in_page_check (pages, pages_orig); -- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (pages); -- make ws URL from |pages= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then pages = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in pages'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? pages = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, pages}); coins_pages = ws_label; end elseif utilities.is_set (at) then ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (at); -- make ws URL from |at= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then at = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in at'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? at = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, at}); coins_pages = ws_label; end end return page, pages, at, coins_pages; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ U N I Q U E _ A R C H I V E _ U R L >------------------------------------ add error message when |archive-url= value is same as |url= or chapter-url= (or alias...) value ]] local function is_unique_archive_url (archive, url, c_url, source, date) if utilities.is_set (archive) then if archive == url or archive == c_url then utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); -- add error message return '', ''; -- unset |archive-url= and |archive-date= because same as |url= or |chapter-url= end end return archive, date; end --[=[-------------------------< A R C H I V E _ U R L _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------- Check archive.org URLs to make sure they at least look like they are pointing at valid archives and not to the save snapshot URL or to calendar pages. When the archive URL is 'https://web.archive.org/save/' (or http://...) archive.org saves a snapshot of the target page in the URL. That is something that Wikipedia should not allow unwitting readers to do. When the archive.org URL does not have a complete timestamp, archive.org chooses a snapshot according to its own algorithm or provides a calendar 'search' result. [[WP:ELNO]] discourages links to search results. This function looks at the value assigned to |archive-url= and returns empty strings for |archive-url= and |archive-date= and an error message when: |archive-url= holds an archive.org save command URL |archive-url= is an archive.org URL that does not have a complete timestamp (YYYYMMDDhhmmss 14 digits) in the correct place otherwise returns |archive-url= and |archive-date= There are two mostly compatible archive.org URLs: //web.archive.org/<timestamp>... -- the old form //web.archive.org/web/<timestamp>... -- the new form The old form does not support or map to the new form when it contains a display flag. There are four identified flags ('id_', 'js_', 'cs_', 'im_') but since archive.org ignores others following the same form (two letters and an underscore) we don't check for these specific flags but we do check the form. This function supports a preview mode. When the article is rendered in preview mode, this function may return a modified archive URL: for save command errors, return undated wildcard (/*/) for timestamp errors when the timestamp has a wildcard, return the URL unmodified for timestamp errors when the timestamp does not have a wildcard, return with timestamp limited to six digits plus wildcard (/yyyymm*/) ]=] local function archive_url_check (url, date) local err_msg = ''; -- start with the error message empty local path, timestamp, flag; -- portions of the archive.org URL if (not url:match('//web%.archive%.org/')) and (not url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/')) then -- also deprecated liveweb Wayback machine URL return url, date; -- not an archive.org archive, return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate end if url:match('//web%.archive%.org/save/') then -- if a save command URL, we don't want to allow saving of the target page err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.save; url = url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org)/save/', '%1/*/', 1); -- for preview mode: modify ArchiveURL elseif url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/') then err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.liveweb; else path, timestamp, flag = url:match('//web%.archive%.org/([^%d]*)(%d+)([^/]*)/'); -- split out some of the URL parts for evaluation if not path then -- malformed in some way; pattern did not match err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp; elseif 14 ~= timestamp:len() then -- path and flag optional, must have 14-digit timestamp here err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp; if '*' ~= flag then local replacement = timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d%d%d') or timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d'); -- get the first 6 (YYYYMM) or first 4 digits (YYYY) if replacement then -- nil if there aren't at least 4 digits (year) replacement = replacement .. string.rep ('0', 14 - replacement:len()); -- year or yearmo (4 or 6 digits) zero-fill to make 14-digit timestamp url=url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org/[^%d]*)%d[^/]*', '%1' .. replacement .. '*', 1) -- for preview, modify ts to 14 digits plus splat for calendar display end end elseif utilities.is_set (path) and 'web/' ~= path then -- older archive URLs do not have the extra 'web/' path element err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.path; elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not utilities.is_set (path) then -- flag not allowed with the old form URL (without the 'web/' path element) err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag; elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not flag:match ('%a%a_') then -- flag if present must be two alpha characters and underscore (requires 'web/' path element) err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag; else return url, date; -- return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate end end -- if here, something not right so utilities.set_message ('err_archive_url', {err_msg}); -- add error message and if is_preview_mode then return url, date; -- preview mode so return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate else return '', ''; -- return empty strings for ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate end end --[[--------------------------< P L A C E _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------------------- check |place=, |publication-place=, |location= to see if these params include digits. This function added because many editors misuse location to specify the in-source location (|page(s)= and |at= are supposed to do that) returns the original parameter value without modification; added maint cat when parameter value contains digits ]] local function place_check (param_val) if not utilities.is_set (param_val) then -- parameter empty or omitted return param_val; -- return that empty state end if mw.ustring.find (param_val, '%d') then -- not empty, are there digits in the parameter value utilities.set_message ('maint_location'); -- yep, add maint cat end return param_val; -- and done end --[[--------------------------< I S _ A R C H I V E D _ C O P Y >---------------------------------------------- compares |title= to 'Archived copy' (placeholder added by bots that can't find proper title); if matches, return true; nil else ]] local function is_archived_copy (title) title = mw.ustring.lower(title); -- switch title to lower case if title:find (cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy.en) then -- if title is 'Archived copy' return true; elseif cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local'] then if mw.ustring.find (title, cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local']) then -- mw.ustring() because might not be Latin script return true; end end end --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N 0 >------------------------------------------------------------ This is the main function doing the majority of the citation formatting. ]] local function citation0( config, args ) --[[ Load Input Parameters The argument_wrapper facilitates the mapping of multiple aliases to single internal variable. ]] local A = argument_wrapper ( args ); local i -- Pick out the relevant fields from the arguments. Different citation templates -- define different field names for the same underlying things. local author_etal; local a = {}; -- authors list from |lastn= / |firstn= pairs or |vauthors= local Authors; local NameListStyle = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NameListStyle'], A:ORIGIN('NameListStyle'), cfg.keywords_lists['name-list-style'], ''); local Collaboration = A['Collaboration']; do -- to limit scope of selected local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Vauthors'], A['Authors'], args, 'AuthorList'); if 1 == selected then a, author_etal = extract_names (args, 'AuthorList'); -- fetch author list from |authorn= / |lastn= / |firstn=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn= elseif 2 == selected then NameListStyle = 'vanc'; -- override whatever |name-list-style= might be a, author_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, args.vauthors, 'AuthorList'); -- fetch author list from |vauthors=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn= elseif 3 == selected then Authors = A['Authors']; -- use content of |authors= if 'authors' == A:ORIGIN('Authors') then -- but add a maint cat if the parameter is |authors= utilities.set_message ('maint_authors'); -- because use of this parameter is discouraged; what to do about the aliases is a TODO: end end if utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then author_etal = true; -- so that |display-authors=etal not required end end local editor_etal; local e = {}; -- editors list from |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= pairs or |veditors= do -- to limit scope of selected local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Veditors'], nil, args, 'EditorList'); -- support for |editors= withdrawn if 1 == selected then e, editor_etal = extract_names (args, 'EditorList'); -- fetch editor list from |editorn= / |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn= elseif 2 == selected then NameListStyle = 'vanc'; -- override whatever |name-list-style= might be e, editor_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, args.veditors, 'EditorList'); -- fetch editor list from |veditors=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn= end end local Chapter = A['Chapter']; -- done here so that we have access to |contribution= from |chapter= aliases local Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter'); local Contribution; -- because contribution is required for contributor(s) if 'contribution' == Chapter_origin then Contribution = Chapter; -- get the name of the contribution end local c = {}; -- contributors list from |contributor-lastn= / contributor-firstn= pairs if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"book", "citation"}) and not utilities.is_set (A['Periodical']) then -- |contributor= and |contribution= only supported in book cites c = extract_names (args, 'ContributorList'); -- fetch contributor list from |contributorn= / |contributor-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn= if 0 < #c then if not utilities.is_set (Contribution) then -- |contributor= requires |contribution= utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'contribution'); -- add missing contribution error message c = {}; -- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later end if 0 == #a then -- |contributor= requires |author= utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'author'); -- add missing author error message c = {}; -- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later end end else -- if not a book cite if utilities.select_one (args, cfg.aliases['ContributorList-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', 1 ) then -- are there contributor name list parameters? utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_ignored'); -- add contributor ignored error message end Contribution = nil; -- unset end local Title = A['Title']; local TitleLink = A['TitleLink']; local auto_select = ''; -- default is auto local accept_link; TitleLink, accept_link = utilities.has_accept_as_written (TitleLink, true); -- test for accept-this-as-written markup if (not accept_link) and utilities.in_array (TitleLink, {'none', 'pmc', 'doi'}) then -- check for special keywords auto_select = TitleLink; -- remember selection for later TitleLink = ''; -- treat as if |title-link= would have been empty end TitleLink = link_title_ok (TitleLink, A:ORIGIN ('TitleLink'), Title, 'title'); -- check for wiki-markup in |title-link= or wiki-markup in |title= when |title-link= is set local Section = ''; -- {{cite map}} only; preset to empty string for concatenation if not used if 'map' == config.CitationClass and 'section' == Chapter_origin then Section = A['Chapter']; -- get |section= from |chapter= alias list; |chapter= and the other aliases not supported in {{cite map}} Chapter = ''; -- unset for now; will be reset later from |map= if present end local Periodical = A['Periodical']; local Periodical_origin = ''; if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('Periodical'); -- get the name of the periodical parameter local i; Periodical, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical); -- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated if i then -- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {Periodical_origin}); end end if 'mailinglist' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for {{cite mailing list}} if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (A ['MailingList']) then -- both set emit an error TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Periodical_origin) .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'mailinglist')}); end Periodical = A ['MailingList']; -- error or no, set Periodical to |mailinglist= value because this template is {{cite mailing list}} Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('MailingList'); end local ScriptPeriodical = A['ScriptPeriodical']; -- web and news not tested for now because of -- Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Is_there_a_semi-automated_tool_that_could_fix_these_annoying_"Cite_Web"_errors? if not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) then -- 'periodical' templates require periodical parameter -- local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine', ['news'] = 'newspaper', ['web'] = 'website'}; -- for error message local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine'}; -- for error message if p[config.CitationClass] then utilities.set_message ('err_missing_periodical', {config.CitationClass, p[config.CitationClass]}); end end local Volume; local ScriptPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptPeriodical'); if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then if not utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_no_volume_t) then -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used Volume = A['Volume']; -- but does for all other 'periodicals' end elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) then if 'script-website' ~= ScriptPeriodical_origin then -- {{citation}} does not render volume for |script-website= Volume = A['Volume']; -- but does for all other 'periodicals' end else Volume = A['Volume']; -- and does for non-'periodical' cites end elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_volume) then -- render |volume= for cs1 according to the configuration settings Volume = A['Volume']; end extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Volume, A:ORIGIN ('Volume'), 'v'); local Issue; if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_issue_t) then -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used Issue = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Issue']); end elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_issue) then -- conference & map books do not support issue; {{citation}} listed here because included in settings table if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'conference', 'map', 'citation'}) and not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical))) then Issue = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Issue']); end end extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Issue, A:ORIGIN ('Issue'), 'i'); local Page; local Pages; local At; if not utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_not_using_page) then Page = A['Page']; Pages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Pages']); At = A['At']; end local Edition = A['Edition']; local PublicationPlace = place_check (A['PublicationPlace'], A:ORIGIN('PublicationPlace')); local Place = place_check (A['Place'], A:ORIGIN('Place')); local PublisherName = A['PublisherName']; local PublisherName_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublisherName'); if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then local i = 0; PublisherName, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (PublisherName); -- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated; publisher is never italicized if i then -- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {PublisherName_origin}); end end local Newsgroup = A['Newsgroup']; -- TODO: strip apostrophe markup? local Newsgroup_origin = A:ORIGIN('Newsgroup'); if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then -- general use parameter |publisher= not allowed in cite newsgroup utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {PublisherName_origin}); end PublisherName = nil; -- ensure that this parameter is unset for the time being; will be used again after COinS end local URL = A['URL']; -- TODO: better way to do this for URL, ChapterURL, and MapURL? local UrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('UrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (URL) and utilities.is_set (UrlAccess) then UrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', 'url'); end local ChapterURL = A['ChapterURL']; local ChapterUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['ChapterUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (ChapterUrlAccess) then ChapterUrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'):gsub ('%-access', '')}); end local MapUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['MapUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('MapUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (A['MapURL']) and utilities.is_set (MapUrlAccess) then MapUrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {'map-url'}); end local this_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); -- also used for COinS and for language local no_tracking_cats = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoTracking'], A:ORIGIN('NoTracking'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil); -- check this page to see if it is in one of the namespaces that cs1 is not supposed to add to the error categories if not utilities.is_set (no_tracking_cats) then -- ignore if we are already not going to categorize this page if utilities.in_array (this_page.nsText, cfg.uncategorized_namespaces) then no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats end for _, v in ipairs (cfg.uncategorized_subpages) do -- cycle through page name patterns if this_page.text:match (v) then -- test page name against each pattern no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats break; -- bail out if one is found end end end -- check for extra |page=, |pages= or |at= parameters. (also sheet and sheets while we're at it) utilities.select_one (args, {'page', 'p', 'pp', 'pages', 'at', 'sheet', 'sheets'}, 'err_redundant_parameters'); -- this is a dummy call simply to get the error message and category local coins_pages; Page, Pages, At, coins_pages = insource_loc_get (Page, A:ORIGIN('Page'), Pages, A:ORIGIN('Pages'), At); local NoPP = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoPP'], A:ORIGIN('NoPP'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil); if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then -- both |publication-place= and |place= (|location=) allowed if different utilities.add_prop_cat ('location-test'); -- add property cat to evaluate how often PublicationPlace and Place are used together if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; -- unset; don't need both if they are the same end elseif not utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then -- when only |place= (|location=) is set ... PublicationPlace = Place; -- promote |place= (|location=) to |publication-place end if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; end -- don't need both if they are the same local URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('URL'); -- get name of parameter that holds URL local ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ChapterURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds ChapterURL local ScriptChapter = A['ScriptChapter']; local ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptChapter'); local Format = A['Format']; local ChapterFormat = A['ChapterFormat']; local TransChapter = A['TransChapter']; local TransChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter'); local TransTitle = A['TransTitle']; local ScriptTitle = A['ScriptTitle']; --[[ Parameter remapping for cite encyclopedia: When the citation has these parameters: |encyclopedia= and |title= then map |title= to |article= and |encyclopedia= to |title= |encyclopedia= and |article= then map |encyclopedia= to |title= |trans-title= maps to |trans-chapter= when |title= is re-mapped |url= maps to |chapter-url= when |title= is remapped All other combinations of |encyclopedia=, |title=, and |article= are not modified ]] local Encyclopedia = A['Encyclopedia']; -- used as a flag by this module and by ~/COinS if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then -- emit error message when Encyclopedia set but template is other than {{cite encyclopedia}} or {{citation}} if 'encyclopaedia' ~= config.CitationClass and 'citation' ~= config.CitationClass then utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia')}); Encyclopedia = nil; -- unset because not supported by this template end end if ('encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then -- when both set emit an error TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia')) .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Periodical_origin)}); end if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then Periodical = Encyclopedia; -- error or no, set Periodical to Encyclopedia; allow periodical without encyclopedia Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia'); end if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- Periodical is set when |encyclopedia= is set if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then if not utilities.is_set (Chapter) then Chapter = Title; -- |encyclopedia= and |title= are set so map |title= to |article= and |encyclopedia= to |title= ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle; ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle') TransChapter = TransTitle; ChapterURL = URL; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (TitleLink) then Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Chapter); end Title = Periodical; ChapterFormat = Format; Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset TransTitle = ''; URL = ''; Format = ''; TitleLink = ''; ScriptTitle = ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (Chapter) or utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then -- |title= not set Title = Periodical; -- |encyclopedia= set and |article= set so map |encyclopedia= to |title= Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset end end end -- special case for cite techreport. local ID = A['ID']; if (config.CitationClass == "techreport") then -- special case for cite techreport if utilities.is_set (A['Number']) then -- cite techreport uses 'number', which other citations alias to 'issue' if not utilities.is_set (ID) then -- can we use ID for the "number"? ID = A['Number']; -- yes, use it else -- ID has a value so emit error message utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'id') .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'number')}); end end end -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite conference}}, before generation of COinS data. local ChapterLink -- = A['ChapterLink']; -- deprecated as a parameter but still used internally by cite episode local Conference = A['Conference']; local BookTitle = A['BookTitle']; local TransTitle_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransTitle'); if 'conference' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (BookTitle) then Chapter = Title; Chapter_origin = 'title'; -- ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- |chapter-link= is deprecated ChapterURL = URL; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; URL_origin = ''; ChapterFormat = Format; TransChapter = TransTitle; TransChapter_origin = TransTitle_origin; Title = BookTitle; Format = ''; -- TitleLink = ''; TransTitle = ''; URL = ''; end elseif 'speech' ~= config.CitationClass then Conference = ''; -- not cite conference or cite speech so make sure this is empty string end -- CS1/2 mode local Mode = is_valid_parameter_value (A['Mode'], A:ORIGIN('Mode'), cfg.keywords_lists['mode'], ''); -- separator character and postscript local sepc, PostScript = set_style (Mode:lower(), A['PostScript'], config.CitationClass); -- controls capitalization of certain static text local use_lowercase = ( sepc == ',' ); -- cite map oddities local Cartography = ""; local Scale = ""; local Sheet = A['Sheet'] or ''; local Sheets = A['Sheets'] or ''; if config.CitationClass == "map" then if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then --TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'map') .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Chapter_origin)}); -- add error message end Chapter = A['Map']; Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('Map'); ChapterURL = A['MapURL']; ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('MapURL'); TransChapter = A['TransMap']; ScriptChapter = A['ScriptMap'] ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptMap') ChapterUrlAccess = MapUrlAccess; ChapterFormat = A['MapFormat']; Cartography = A['Cartography']; if utilities.is_set ( Cartography ) then Cartography = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('cartography', Cartography, use_lowercase); end Scale = A['Scale']; if utilities.is_set ( Scale ) then Scale = sepc .. " " .. Scale; end end -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite episode}} and {{cite serial}}, before generation of COinS data. local Series = A['Series']; if 'episode' == config.CitationClass or 'serial' == config.CitationClass then local SeriesLink = A['SeriesLink']; SeriesLink = link_title_ok (SeriesLink, A:ORIGIN ('SeriesLink'), Series, 'series'); -- check for wiki-markup in |series-link= or wiki-markup in |series= when |series-link= is set local Network = A['Network']; local Station = A['Station']; local s, n = {}, {}; -- do common parameters first if utilities.is_set (Network) then table.insert(n, Network); end if utilities.is_set (Station) then table.insert(n, Station); end ID = table.concat(n, sepc .. ' '); if 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- handle the oddities that are strictly {{cite episode}} local Season = A['Season']; local SeriesNumber = A['SeriesNumber']; if utilities.is_set (Season) and utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then -- these are mutually exclusive so if both are set TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'season') .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'seriesno')}); -- add error message SeriesNumber = ''; -- unset; prefer |season= over |seriesno= end -- assemble a table of parts concatenated later into Series if utilities.is_set (Season) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('season', Season, use_lowercase)); end if utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('seriesnum', SeriesNumber, use_lowercase)); end if utilities.is_set (Issue) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('episode', Issue, use_lowercase)); end Issue = ''; -- unset because this is not a unique parameter Chapter = Title; -- promote title parameters to chapter ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle; ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle'); ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- alias |episode-link= TransChapter = TransTitle; ChapterURL = URL; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; ChapterFormat = Format; Title = Series; -- promote series to title TitleLink = SeriesLink; Series = table.concat(s, sepc .. ' '); -- this is concatenation of season, seriesno, episode number if utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- link but not URL Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Chapter); elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if both are set, URL links episode; Series = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Series); end URL = ''; -- unset TransTitle = ''; ScriptTitle = ''; Format = ''; else -- now oddities that are cite serial Issue = ''; -- unset because this parameter no longer supported by the citation/core version of cite serial Chapter = A['Episode']; -- TODO: make |episode= available to cite episode someday? if utilities.is_set (Series) and utilities.is_set (SeriesLink) then Series = utilities.make_wikilink (SeriesLink, Series); end Series = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Series); -- series is italicized end end -- end of {{cite episode}} stuff -- handle type parameter for those CS1 citations that have default values local TitleType = A['TitleType']; local Degree = A['Degree']; if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'AV-media-notes', 'interview', 'mailinglist', 'map', 'podcast', 'pressrelease', 'report', 'speech', 'techreport', 'thesis'}) then TitleType = set_titletype (config.CitationClass, TitleType); if utilities.is_set (Degree) and "Thesis" == TitleType then -- special case for cite thesis TitleType = Degree .. ' ' .. cfg.title_types ['thesis']:lower(); end end if utilities.is_set (TitleType) then -- if type parameter is specified TitleType = utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['type'], TitleType); -- display it in parentheses -- TODO: Hack on TitleType to fix bunched parentheses problem end -- legacy: promote PublicationDate to Date if neither Date nor Year are set. local Date = A['Date']; local Date_origin; -- to hold the name of parameter promoted to Date; required for date error messaging local PublicationDate = A['PublicationDate']; local Year = A['Year']; if not utilities.is_set (Date) then Date = Year; -- promote Year to Date Year = nil; -- make nil so Year as empty string isn't used for CITEREF if not utilities.is_set (Date) and utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then -- use PublicationDate when |date= and |year= are not set Date = PublicationDate; -- promote PublicationDate to Date PublicationDate = ''; -- unset, no longer needed Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublicationDate'); -- save the name of the promoted parameter else Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Year'); -- save the name of the promoted parameter end else Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Date'); -- not a promotion; name required for error messaging end if PublicationDate == Date then PublicationDate = ''; end -- if PublicationDate is same as Date, don't display in rendered citation --[[ Go test all of the date-holding parameters for valid MOS:DATE format and make sure that dates are real dates. This must be done before we do COinS because here is where we get the date used in the metadata. Date validation supporting code is in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation ]] local DF = is_valid_parameter_value (A['DF'], A:ORIGIN('DF'), cfg.keywords_lists['df'], ''); if not utilities.is_set (DF) then DF = cfg.global_df; -- local |df= if present overrides global df set by {{use xxx date}} template end local ArchiveURL; local ArchiveDate; local ArchiveFormat = A['ArchiveFormat']; ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate = archive_url_check (A['ArchiveURL'], A['ArchiveDate']) ArchiveFormat = style_format (ArchiveFormat, ArchiveURL, 'archive-format', 'archive-url'); ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate = is_unique_archive_url (ArchiveURL, URL, ChapterURL, A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), ArchiveDate); -- add error message when URL or ChapterURL == ArchiveURL local AccessDate = A['AccessDate']; local LayDate = A['LayDate']; local COinS_date = {}; -- holds date info extracted from |date= for the COinS metadata by Module:Date verification local DoiBroken = A['DoiBroken']; local Embargo = A['Embargo']; local anchor_year; -- used in the CITEREF identifier do -- create defined block to contain local variables error_message, date_parameters_list, mismatch local error_message = ''; -- AirDate has been promoted to Date so not necessary to check it local date_parameters_list = { ['access-date'] = {val = AccessDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('AccessDate')}, ['archive-date'] = {val = ArchiveDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('ArchiveDate')}, ['date'] = {val = Date, name = Date_origin}, ['doi-broken-date'] = {val = DoiBroken, name = A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')}, ['pmc-embargo-date'] = {val = Embargo, name = A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')}, ['lay-date'] = {val = LayDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('LayDate')}, ['publication-date'] = {val = PublicationDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('PublicationDate')}, ['year'] = {val = Year, name = A:ORIGIN ('Year')}, }; local error_list = {}; anchor_year, Embargo = validation.dates(date_parameters_list, COinS_date, error_list); -- start temporary Julian / Gregorian calendar uncertainty categorization if COinS_date.inter_cal_cat then utilities.add_prop_cat ('jul-greg-uncertainty'); end -- end temporary Julian / Gregorian calendar uncertainty categorization if utilities.is_set (Year) and utilities.is_set (Date) then -- both |date= and |year= not normally needed; validation.year_date_check (Year, A:ORIGIN ('Year'), Date, A:ORIGIN ('Date'), error_list); end if 0 == #error_list then -- error free dates only; 0 when error_list is empty local modified = false; -- flag if utilities.is_set (DF) then -- if we need to reformat dates modified = validation.reformat_dates (date_parameters_list, DF); -- reformat to DF format, use long month names if appropriate end if true == validation.date_hyphen_to_dash (date_parameters_list) then -- convert hyphens to dashes where appropriate modified = true; utilities.set_message ('maint_date_format'); -- hyphens were converted so add maint category end -- for those wikis that can and want to have English date names translated to the local language; not supported at en.wiki if cfg.date_name_auto_xlate_enable and validation.date_name_xlate (date_parameters_list, cfg.date_digit_auto_xlate_enable ) then utilities.set_message ('maint_date_auto_xlated'); -- add maint cat modified = true; end if modified then -- if the date_parameters_list values were modified AccessDate = date_parameters_list['access-date'].val; -- overwrite date holding parameters with modified values ArchiveDate = date_parameters_list['archive-date'].val; Date = date_parameters_list['date'].val; DoiBroken = date_parameters_list['doi-broken-date'].val; LayDate = date_parameters_list['lay-date'].val; PublicationDate = date_parameters_list['publication-date'].val; end else utilities.set_message ('err_bad_date', {utilities.make_sep_list (#error_list, error_list)}); -- add this error message end end -- end of do local ID_list = {}; -- sequence table of rendered identifiers local ID_list_coins = {}; -- table of identifiers and their values from args; key is same as cfg.id_handlers's key local Class = A['Class']; -- arxiv class identifier local ID_support = { {A['ASINTLD'], 'ASIN', 'err_asintld_missing_asin', A:ORIGIN ('ASINTLD')}, {DoiBroken, 'DOI', 'err_doibroken_missing_doi', A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')}, {Embargo, 'PMC', 'err_embargo_missing_pmc', A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')}, } ID_list, ID_list_coins = identifiers.identifier_lists_get (args, {DoiBroken = DoiBroken, ASINTLD = A['ASINTLD'], Embargo = Embargo, Class = Class}, ID_support); -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, {{cite ssrn}}, before generation of COinS data. if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list) then if not utilities.is_set (ID_list_coins[config.CitationClass:upper()]) then -- |arxiv= or |eprint= required for cite arxiv; |biorxiv= & |citeseerx= required for their templates utilities.set_message ('err_' .. config.CitationClass .. '_missing'); -- add error message end Periodical = ({['arxiv'] = 'arXiv', ['biorxiv'] = 'bioRxiv', ['citeseerx'] = 'CiteSeerX', ['ssrn'] = 'Social Science Research Network'})[config.CitationClass]; end -- Link the title of the work if no |url= was provided, but we have a |pmc= or a |doi= with |doi-access=free if config.CitationClass == "journal" and not utilities.is_set (URL) and not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) then -- TODO: remove 'none' once existing citations have been switched to 'off', so 'none' can be used as token for "no title" instead if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[auto_select] then -- if auto-linking not disabled if identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select] then -- manual selection URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select]; -- set URL to be the same as identifier's external link URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers[auto_select:upper()].parameters[1]; -- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title= elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc'] then -- auto-select PMC URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc']; -- set URL to be the same as the PMC external link if not embargoed URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1]; -- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title= elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi'] then -- auto-select DOI URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi']; URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['DOI'].parameters[1]; end end if utilities.is_set (URL) then -- set when using an identifier-created URL if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then -- |access-date= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url= utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url'); -- add an error message AccessDate = ''; -- unset end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then -- |archive-url= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url= utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); -- add an error message ArchiveURL = ''; -- unset end end end -- At this point fields may be nil if they weren't specified in the template use. We can use that fact. -- Test if citation has no title if not utilities.is_set (Title) and not utilities.is_set (TransTitle) and not utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then -- has special case for cite episode utilities.set_message ('err_citation_missing_title', {'episode' == config.CitationClass and 'series' or 'title'}); end if utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) and utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'journal', 'citation'}) and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and ('journal' == Periodical_origin or 'script-journal' == ScriptPeriodical_origin) then -- special case for journal cites Title = ''; -- set title to empty string utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled'); -- add maint cat end -- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) for automated parsing of citation information. -- handle the oddity that is cite encyclopedia and {{citation |encyclopedia=something}}. Here we presume that -- when Periodical, Title, and Chapter are all set, then Periodical is the book (encyclopedia) title, Title -- is the article title, and Chapter is a section within the article. So, we remap local coins_chapter = Chapter; -- default assuming that remapping not required local coins_title = Title; -- et tu if 'encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and utilities.is_set (Title) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- if all are used then coins_chapter = Title; -- remap coins_title = Periodical; end end local coins_author = a; -- default for coins rft.au if 0 < #c then -- but if contributor list coins_author = c; -- use that instead end local QuotePage = A['QuotePage']; local QuotePages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['QuotePages']); -- this is the function call to COinS() local OCinSoutput = metadata.COinS({ ['Periodical'] = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical), -- no markup in the metadata ['Encyclopedia'] = Encyclopedia, -- just a flag; content ignored by ~/COinS ['Chapter'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_chapter, ScriptChapter), -- Chapter and ScriptChapter stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup ['Degree'] = Degree; -- cite thesis only ['Title'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_title, ScriptTitle), -- Title and ScriptTitle stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup ['PublicationPlace'] = PublicationPlace, ['Date'] = COinS_date.rftdate, -- COinS_date has correctly formatted date if Date is valid; ['Season'] = COinS_date.rftssn, ['Quarter'] = COinS_date.rftquarter, ['Chron'] = COinS_date.rftchron or (not COinS_date.rftdate and Date) or '', -- chron but if not set and invalid date format use Date; keep this last bit? ['Series'] = Series, ['Volume'] = Volume, ['Issue'] = Issue, ['Pages'] = coins_pages or metadata.get_coins_pages (first_set ({Sheet, Sheets, Page, Pages, At, QuotePage, QuotePages}, 7)), -- pages stripped of external links ['Edition'] = Edition, ['PublisherName'] = PublisherName or Newsgroup, -- any apostrophe markup already removed from PublisherName ['URL'] = first_set ({ChapterURL, URL}, 2), ['Authors'] = coins_author, ['ID_list'] = ID_list_coins, ['RawPage'] = this_page.prefixedText, }, config.CitationClass); -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, and {{cite ssrn}} AFTER generation of COinS data. if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list) then -- we have set rft.jtitle in COinS to arXiv, bioRxiv, CiteSeerX, or ssrn now unset so it isn't displayed Periodical = ''; -- periodical not allowed in these templates; if article has been published, use cite journal end -- special case for cite newsgroup. Do this after COinS because we are modifying Publishername to include some static text if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Newsgroup) then PublisherName = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['newsgroup'], external_link( 'news:' .. Newsgroup, Newsgroup, Newsgroup_origin, nil )); end local Editors; local EditorCount; -- used only for choosing {ed.) or (eds.) annotation at end of editor name-list local Contributors; -- assembled contributors name list local contributor_etal; local Translators; -- assembled translators name list local translator_etal; local t = {}; -- translators list from |translator-lastn= / translator-firstn= pairs t = extract_names (args, 'TranslatorList'); -- fetch translator list from |translatorn= / |translator-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn= local Interviewers; local interviewers_list = {}; interviewers_list = extract_names (args, 'InterviewerList'); -- process preferred interviewers parameters local interviewer_etal; -- Now perform various field substitutions. -- We also add leading spaces and surrounding markup and punctuation to the -- various parts of the citation, but only when they are non-nil. do local last_first_list; local control = { format = NameListStyle, -- empty string or 'vanc' maximum = nil, -- as if display-authors or display-editors not set mode = Mode }; do -- do editor name list first because the now unsupported coauthors used to modify control table control.maximum , editor_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayEditors'], #e, 'editors', editor_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayEditors')); Editors, EditorCount = list_people (control, e, editor_etal); if 1 == EditorCount and (true == editor_etal or 1 < #e) then -- only one editor displayed but includes etal then EditorCount = 2; -- spoof to display (eds.) annotation end end do -- now do interviewers control.maximum, interviewer_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayInterviewers'], #interviewers_list, 'interviewers', interviewer_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayInterviewers')); Interviewers = list_people (control, interviewers_list, interviewer_etal); end do -- now do translators control.maximum, translator_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayTranslators'], #t, 'translators', translator_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayTranslators')); Translators = list_people (control, t, translator_etal); end do -- now do contributors control.maximum, contributor_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayContributors'], #c, 'contributors', contributor_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayContributors')); Contributors = list_people (control, c, contributor_etal); end do -- now do authors control.maximum, author_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayAuthors'], #a, 'authors', author_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayAuthors')); last_first_list = list_people (control, a, author_etal); if utilities.is_set (Authors) then Authors, author_etal = name_has_etal (Authors, author_etal, false, 'authors'); -- find and remove variations on et al. if author_etal then Authors = Authors .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['et al']; -- add et al. to authors parameter end else Authors = last_first_list; -- either an author name list or an empty string end end -- end of do if utilities.is_set (Authors) and utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then Authors = Authors .. ' (' .. Collaboration .. ')'; -- add collaboration after et al. end end local ConferenceFormat = A['ConferenceFormat']; local ConferenceURL = A['ConferenceURL']; ConferenceFormat = style_format (ConferenceFormat, ConferenceURL, 'conference-format', 'conference-url'); Format = style_format (Format, URL, 'format', 'url'); -- special case for chapter format so no error message or cat when chapter not supported if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'ssrn'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia))) then ChapterFormat = style_format (ChapterFormat, ChapterURL, 'chapter-format', 'chapter-url'); end if not utilities.is_set (URL) then if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"web", "podcast", "mailinglist"}) or -- |url= required for cite web, cite podcast, and cite mailinglist ('citation' == config.CitationClass and ('website' == Periodical_origin or 'script-website' == ScriptPeriodical_origin)) then -- and required for {{citation}} with |website= or |script-website= utilities.set_message ('err_cite_web_url'); end -- do we have |accessdate= without either |url= or |chapter-url=? if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- ChapterURL may be set when URL is not set; utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url'); AccessDate = ''; end end local UrlStatus = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlStatus'], A:ORIGIN('UrlStatus'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-status'], ''); local OriginalURL local OriginalURL_origin local OriginalFormat local OriginalAccess; UrlStatus = UrlStatus:lower(); -- used later when assembling archived text if utilities.is_set ( ArchiveURL ) then if utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if chapter-url= is set apply archive url to it OriginalURL = ChapterURL; -- save copy of source chapter's url for archive text OriginalURL_origin = ChapterURL_origin; -- name of |chapter-url= parameter for error messages OriginalFormat = ChapterFormat; -- and original |chapter-format= if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then ChapterURL = ArchiveURL -- swap-in the archive's URL ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') -- name of |archive-url= parameter for error messages ChapterFormat = ArchiveFormat or ''; -- swap in archive's format ChapterUrlAccess = nil; -- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs end elseif utilities.is_set (URL) then OriginalURL = URL; -- save copy of original source URL OriginalURL_origin = URL_origin; -- name of URL parameter for error messages OriginalFormat = Format; -- and original |format= OriginalAccess = UrlAccess; if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then -- if URL set then |archive-url= applies to it URL = ArchiveURL -- swap-in the archive's URL URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') -- name of archive URL parameter for error messages Format = ArchiveFormat or ''; -- swap in archive's format UrlAccess = nil; -- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs end end elseif utilities.is_set (UrlStatus) then -- if |url-status= is set when |archive-url= is not set utilities.set_message ('maint_url_status'); -- add maint cat end if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'ssrn'}) or -- if any of the 'periodical' cites except encyclopedia ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then local chap_param; if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then -- get a parameter name from one of these chapter related meta-parameters chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter') elseif utilities.is_set (TransChapter) then chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter') elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterURL') elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then chap_param = ScriptChapter_origin; else utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat) chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterFormat') end if utilities.is_set (chap_param) then -- if we found one utilities.set_message ('err_chapter_ignored', {chap_param}); -- add error message Chapter = ''; -- and set them to empty string to be safe with concatenation TransChapter = ''; ChapterURL = ''; ScriptChapter = ''; ChapterFormat = ''; end else -- otherwise, format chapter / article title local no_quotes = false; -- default assume that we will be quoting the chapter parameter value if utilities.is_set (Contribution) and 0 < #c then -- if this is a contribution with contributor(s) if utilities.in_array (Contribution:lower(), cfg.keywords_lists.contribution) then -- and a generic contribution title no_quotes = true; -- then render it unquoted end end Chapter = format_chapter_title (ScriptChapter, ScriptChapter_origin, Chapter, Chapter_origin, TransChapter, TransChapter_origin, ChapterURL, ChapterURL_origin, no_quotes, ChapterUrlAccess); -- Contribution is also in Chapter if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then Chapter = Chapter .. ChapterFormat ; if 'map' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (TitleType) then Chapter = Chapter .. ' ' .. TitleType; -- map annotation here; not after title end Chapter = Chapter .. sepc .. ' '; elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat) then -- |chapter= not set but |chapter-format= is so ... Chapter = ChapterFormat .. sepc .. ' '; -- ... ChapterFormat has error message, we want to see it end end -- Format main title local plain_title = false; local accept_title; Title, accept_title = utilities.has_accept_as_written (Title, true); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <Title> if accept_title and ('' == Title) then -- only support forced empty for now "(())" Title = cfg.messages['notitle']; -- replace by predefined "No title" message -- TODO: utilities.set_message ( 'err_redundant_parameters', ...); -- issue proper error message instead of muting ScriptTitle = ''; -- just mute for now TransTitle = ''; -- just mute for now plain_title = true; -- suppress text decoration for descriptive title utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled'); -- add maint cat end if not accept_title then -- <Title> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup if '...' == Title:sub (-3) then -- if ellipsis is the last three characters of |title= Title = Title:gsub ('(%.%.%.)%.+$', '%1'); -- limit the number of dots to three elseif not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%.%s*%a%.$') and -- end of title is not a 'dot-(optional space-)letter-dot' initialism ... not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%s+%a%.$') then -- ...and not a 'space-letter-dot' initial (''Allium canadense'' L.) Title = mw.ustring.gsub(Title, '%' .. sepc .. '$', ''); -- remove any trailing separator character; sepc and ms.ustring() here for languages that use multibyte separator characters end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) and is_archived_copy (Title) then utilities.set_message ('maint_archived_copy'); -- add maintenance category before we modify the content of Title end if is_generic ('generic_titles', Title) then utilities.set_message ('err_generic_title'); -- set an error message end end if (not plain_title) and (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'mailinglist', 'interview', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'ssrn'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) or ('map' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)))) then -- special case for cite map when the map is in a periodical treat as an article Title = kern_quotes (Title); -- if necessary, separate title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks Title = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', Title); Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); elseif plain_title or ('report' == config.CitationClass) then -- no styling for cite report and descriptive titles (otherwise same as above) Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); -- for cite report, use this form for trans-title else Title = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Title); Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', TransTitle); end if utilities.is_set (TransTitle) then if utilities.is_set (Title) then TransTitle = " " .. TransTitle; else utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'title'}); end end if utilities.is_set (Title) then -- TODO: is this the right place to be making Wikisource URLs? if utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url'); -- set an error message because we can't have both TitleLink = ''; -- unset end if not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then Title = external_link (URL, Title, URL_origin, UrlAccess) .. TransTitle .. Format; URL = ''; -- unset these because no longer needed Format = ""; elseif utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.is_set (URL) then local ws_url; ws_url = wikisource_url_make (TitleLink); -- ignore ws_label return; not used here if ws_url then Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in title-link'); -- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this? Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], TitleLink, Title}); Title = Title .. TransTitle; else Title = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Title) .. TransTitle; end else local ws_url, ws_label, L; -- Title has italic or quote markup by the time we get here which causes is_wikilink() to return 0 (not a wikilink) ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (Title:gsub('^[\'"]*(.-)[\'"]*$', '%1')); -- make ws URL from |title= interwiki link (strip italic or quote markup); link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then Title = Title:gsub ('%b[]', ws_label); -- replace interwiki link with ws_label to retain markup Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in title'); -- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this? Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, Title}); Title = Title .. TransTitle; else Title = Title .. TransTitle; end end else Title = TransTitle; end if utilities.is_set (Place) then Place = " " .. wrap_msg ('written', Place, use_lowercase) .. sepc .. " "; end local ConferenceURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ConferenceURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds ConferenceURL if utilities.is_set (Conference) then if utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then Conference = external_link( ConferenceURL, Conference, ConferenceURL_origin, nil ); end Conference = sepc .. " " .. Conference .. ConferenceFormat; elseif utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then Conference = sepc .. " " .. external_link( ConferenceURL, nil, ConferenceURL_origin, nil ); end local Position = ''; if not utilities.is_set (Position) then local Minutes = A['Minutes']; local Time = A['Time']; if utilities.is_set (Minutes) then if utilities.is_set (Time) then --TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'minutes') .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'time')}); end Position = " " .. Minutes .. " " .. cfg.messages['minutes']; else if utilities.is_set (Time) then local TimeCaption = A['TimeCaption'] if not utilities.is_set (TimeCaption) then TimeCaption = cfg.messages['event']; if sepc ~= '.' then TimeCaption = TimeCaption:lower(); end end Position = " " .. TimeCaption .. " " .. Time; end end else Position = " " .. Position; At = ''; end Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets = format_pages_sheets (Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, NoPP, use_lowercase); At = utilities.is_set (At) and (sepc .. " " .. At) or ""; Position = utilities.is_set (Position) and (sepc .. " " .. Position) or ""; if config.CitationClass == 'map' then local Sections = A['Sections']; -- Section (singular) is an alias of Chapter so set earlier local Inset = A['Inset']; if utilities.is_set ( Inset ) then Inset = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('inset', Inset, use_lowercase); end if utilities.is_set ( Sections ) then Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('sections', Sections, use_lowercase); elseif utilities.is_set ( Section ) then Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('section', Section, use_lowercase); end At = At .. Inset .. Section; end local Others = A['Others']; if utilities.is_set (Others) and 0 == #a and 0 == #e then -- add maint cat when |others= has value and used without |author=, |editor= if config.CitationClass == "AV-media-notes" or config.CitationClass == "audio-visual" then -- special maint for AV/M which has a lot of 'false' positives right now utilities.set_message ('maint_others_avm') else utilities.set_message ('maint_others'); end end Others = utilities.is_set (Others) and (sepc .. " " .. Others) or ""; if utilities.is_set (Translators) then Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('translated', Translators, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc); end if utilities.is_set (Interviewers) then Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('interview', Interviewers, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc); end local TitleNote = A['TitleNote']; TitleNote = utilities.is_set (TitleNote) and (sepc .. " " .. TitleNote) or ""; if utilities.is_set (Edition) then if Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]d%n?%.?$') or Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]dition$') then -- Ed, ed, Ed., ed., Edn, edn, Edn., edn. utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_edition'); -- add error message end Edition = " " .. wrap_msg ('edition', Edition); else Edition = ''; end Series = utilities.is_set (Series) and wrap_msg ('series', {sepc, Series}) or ""; -- not the same as SeriesNum local Agency = A['Agency']; Agency = utilities.is_set (Agency) and wrap_msg ('agency', {sepc, Agency}) or ""; Volume = format_volume_issue (Volume, Issue, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, use_lowercase); if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then local retrv_text = " " .. cfg.messages['retrieved'] AccessDate = nowrap_date (AccessDate); -- wrap in nowrap span if date in appropriate format if (sepc ~= ".") then retrv_text = retrv_text:lower() end -- if mode is cs2, lower case AccessDate = utilities.substitute (retrv_text, AccessDate); -- add retrieved text AccessDate = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['accessdate'], {sepc, AccessDate}); -- allow editors to hide accessdates end if utilities.is_set (ID) then ID = sepc .. " " .. ID; end local Docket = A['Docket']; if "thesis" == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then ID = sepc .. " Docket " .. Docket .. ID; end if "report" == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then -- for cite report when |docket= is set ID = sepc .. ' ' .. Docket; -- overwrite ID even if |id= is set end if utilities.is_set (URL) then URL = " " .. external_link( URL, nil, URL_origin, UrlAccess ); end local Quote = A['Quote']; local TransQuote = A['TransQuote']; local ScriptQuote = A['ScriptQuote']; if utilities.is_set (Quote) or utilities.is_set (TransQuote) or utilities.is_set (ScriptQuote) then if utilities.is_set (Quote) then if Quote:sub(1, 1) == '"' and Quote:sub(-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of quote are quote marks Quote = Quote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off end end Quote = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-text', Quote ); -- wrap in <q>...</q> tags if utilities.is_set (ScriptQuote) then Quote = script_concatenate (Quote, ScriptQuote, 'script-quote'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after quote is wrapped end if utilities.is_set (TransQuote) then if TransQuote:sub(1, 1) == '"' and TransQuote:sub(-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of |trans-quote are quote marks TransQuote = TransQuote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off end Quote = Quote .. " " .. utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransQuote ); end if utilities.is_set (QuotePage) or utilities.is_set (QuotePages) then -- add page prefix local quote_prefix = ''; if utilities.is_set (QuotePage) then extra_text_in_page_check (QuotePage, 'quote-page'); -- add to maint cat if |quote-page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. if not NoPP then quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, QuotePage}), '', '', ''; else quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, QuotePage}), '', '', ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (QuotePages) then extra_text_in_page_check (QuotePages, 'quote-pages'); -- add to maint cat if |quote-pages= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. if tonumber(QuotePages) ~= nil and not NoPP then -- if only digits, assume single page quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, QuotePages}), '', ''; elseif not NoPP then quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, QuotePages}), '', ''; else quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, QuotePages}), '', ''; end end Quote = quote_prefix .. ": " .. Quote; else Quote = sepc .. " " .. Quote; end PostScript = ""; -- cs1|2 does not supply terminal punctuation when |quote= is set end -- We check length of PostScript here because it will have been nuked by -- the quote parameters. We'd otherwise emit a message even if there wasn't -- a displayed postscript. -- TODO: Should the max size (1) be configurable? -- TODO: Should we check a specific pattern? if utilities.is_set(PostScript) and mw.ustring.len(PostScript) > 1 then utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript') end local Archived; if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then local arch_text; if not utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_date'); ArchiveDate = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end if "live" == UrlStatus then arch_text = cfg.messages['archived']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['archived-live'], {external_link( ArchiveURL, arch_text, A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), nil) .. ArchiveFormat, ArchiveDate } ); else Archived = ''; end if not utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); Archived = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end elseif utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then -- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead', 'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown' if utilities.in_array (UrlStatus, {'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown'}) then arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-unfit']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. arch_text .. ArchiveDate; -- format already styled if 'bot: unknown' == UrlStatus then utilities.set_message ('maint_bot_unknown'); -- and add a category if not already added else utilities.set_message ('maint_unfit'); -- and add a category if not already added end else -- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead' arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-dead']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then Archived = sepc .. " " .. utilities.substitute ( arch_text, { external_link( OriginalURL, cfg.messages['original'], OriginalURL_origin, OriginalAccess ) .. OriginalFormat, ArchiveDate } ); -- format already styled else Archived = ''; -- unset for concatenation end end else -- OriginalUrl not set arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-missing']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); Archived = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end elseif utilities.is_set (ArchiveFormat) then Archived = ArchiveFormat; -- if set and ArchiveURL not set ArchiveFormat has error message else Archived = ''; end local Lay = ''; local LaySource = A['LaySource']; local LayURL = A['LayURL']; local LayFormat = A['LayFormat']; LayFormat = style_format (LayFormat, LayURL, 'lay-format', 'lay-url'); if utilities.is_set (LayURL) then if utilities.is_set (LayDate) then LayDate = " (" .. LayDate .. ")" end if utilities.is_set (LaySource) then LaySource = " &ndash; ''" .. utilities.safe_for_italics (LaySource) .. "''"; else LaySource = ""; end if sepc == '.' then Lay = sepc .. " " .. external_link( LayURL, cfg.messages['lay summary'], A:ORIGIN('LayURL'), nil ) .. LayFormat .. LaySource .. LayDate else Lay = sepc .. " " .. external_link( LayURL, cfg.messages['lay summary']:lower(), A:ORIGIN('LayURL'), nil ) .. LayFormat .. LaySource .. LayDate end elseif utilities.is_set (LayFormat) then -- Test if |lay-format= is given without giving a |lay-url= Lay = sepc .. LayFormat; -- if set and LayURL not set, then LayFormat has error message end local TranscriptURL = A['TranscriptURL'] local TranscriptFormat = A['TranscriptFormat']; TranscriptFormat = style_format (TranscriptFormat, TranscriptURL, 'transcript-format', 'transcripturl'); local Transcript = A['Transcript']; local TranscriptURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('TranscriptURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds TranscriptURL if utilities.is_set (Transcript) then if utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, Transcript, TranscriptURL_origin, nil ); end Transcript = sepc .. ' ' .. Transcript .. TranscriptFormat; elseif utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, nil, TranscriptURL_origin, nil ); end local Publisher; if utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then PublicationDate = wrap_msg ('published', PublicationDate); end if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. ": " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; end elseif utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then Publisher= sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = PublicationDate; end local TransPeriodical = A['TransPeriodical']; local TransPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransPeriodical'); -- Several of the above rely upon detecting this as nil, so do it last. if (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) or utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical)) then if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (TitleNote) then Periodical = sepc .. " " .. format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin); else Periodical = format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin); end end local Language = A['Language']; if utilities.is_set (Language) then Language = language_parameter (Language); -- format, categories, name from ISO639-1, etc. else Language=''; -- language not specified so make sure this is an empty string; --[[ TODO: need to extract the wrap_msg from language_parameter so that we can solve parentheses bunching problem with Format/Language/TitleType ]] end --[[ Handle the oddity that is cite speech. This code overrides whatever may be the value assigned to TitleNote (through |department=) and forces it to be " (Speech)" so that the annotation directly follows the |title= parameter value in the citation rather than the |event= parameter value (if provided). ]] if "speech" == config.CitationClass then -- cite speech only TitleNote = TitleType; -- move TitleType to TitleNote so that it renders ahead of |event= TitleType = ''; -- and unset if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- if Periodical, perhaps because of an included |website= or |journal= parameter if utilities.is_set (Conference) then -- and if |event= is set Conference = Conference .. sepc .. " "; -- then add appropriate punctuation to the end of the Conference variable before rendering end end end -- Piece all bits together at last. Here, all should be non-nil. -- We build things this way because it is more efficient in LUA -- not to keep reassigning to the same string variable over and over. local tcommon; local tcommon2; -- used for book cite when |contributor= is set if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"journal", "citation"}) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then if utilities.is_set (Others) then Others = safe_join ({Others, sepc .. " "}, sepc) end -- add terminal punctuation & space; check for dup sepc; TODO why do we need to do this here? tcommon = safe_join( {Others, Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Edition, Publisher, Agency, Volume}, sepc ); elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"book", "citation"}) and not utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- special cases for book cites if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then -- when we are citing foreword, preface, introduction, etc. tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleNote}, sepc ); -- author and other stuff will come after this and before tcommon2 tcommon2 = safe_join( {Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc ); else tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc ); end elseif 'map' == config.CitationClass then -- special cases for cite map if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then -- map in a book; TitleType is part of Chapter tcommon = safe_join( {Title, Format, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc ); elseif utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- map in a periodical tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleType, Format, Periodical, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc ); else -- a sheet or stand-alone map tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleType, Format, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher}, sepc ); end elseif 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for cite episode tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleNote, TitleType, Series, Language, Edition, Publisher}, sepc ); else -- all other CS1 templates tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc ); end if #ID_list > 0 then ID_list = safe_join( { sepc .. " ", table.concat( ID_list, sepc .. " " ), ID }, sepc ); else ID_list = ID; end local Via = A['Via']; Via = utilities.is_set (Via) and wrap_msg ('via', Via) or ''; local idcommon; if 'audio-visual' == config.CitationClass or 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for cite AV media & cite episode position transcript idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list, URL, Archived, Transcript, AccessDate, Via, Lay, Quote }, sepc ); else idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list, URL, Archived, AccessDate, Via, Lay, Quote }, sepc ); end local text; local pgtext = Position .. Sheet .. Sheets .. Page .. Pages .. At; local OrigDate = A['OrigDate']; OrigDate = utilities.is_set (OrigDate) and wrap_msg ('origdate', OrigDate) or ''; if utilities.is_set (Date) then if utilities.is_set (Authors) or utilities.is_set (Editors) then -- date follows authors or editors when authors not set Date = " (" .. Date .. ")" .. OrigDate .. sepc .. " "; -- in parentheses else -- neither of authors and editors set if (string.sub(tcommon, -1, -1) == sepc) then -- if the last character of tcommon is sepc Date = " " .. Date .. OrigDate; -- Date does not begin with sepc else Date = sepc .. " " .. Date .. OrigDate; -- Date begins with sepc end end end if utilities.is_set (Authors) then if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then -- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Authors termination Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc); -- when no date, terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if utilities.is_set (Editors) then local in_text = " "; local post_text = ""; if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and 0 == #c then in_text = in_text .. cfg.messages['in'] .. " " if (sepc ~= '.') then in_text = in_text:lower() -- lowercase for cs2 end end if EditorCount <= 1 then post_text = " (" .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ")"; -- be consistent with no-author, no-date case else post_text = " (" .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ")"; end Editors = terminate_name_list (in_text .. Editors .. post_text, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then -- book cite and we're citing the intro, preface, etc. local by_text = sepc .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['by'] .. ' '; if (sepc ~= '.') then by_text = by_text:lower() end -- lowercase for cs2 Authors = by_text .. Authors; -- author follows title so tweak it here if utilities.is_set (Editors) and utilities.is_set (Date) then -- when Editors make sure that Authors gets terminated Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then -- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Contributors termination Contributors = terminate_name_list (Contributors, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end text = safe_join( {Contributors, Date, Chapter, tcommon, Authors, Place, Editors, tcommon2, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc ); else text = safe_join( {Authors, Date, Chapter, Place, Editors, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc ); end elseif utilities.is_set (Editors) then if utilities.is_set (Date) then if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. ", " .. cfg.messages['editor']; else Editors = Editors .. ", " .. cfg.messages['editors']; end else if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " else Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " end end text = safe_join( {Editors, Date, Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); else if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"journal", "citation"}) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, Date, idcommon}, sepc ); else text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, Date, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); end end if utilities.is_set (PostScript) and PostScript ~= sepc then text = safe_join( {text, sepc}, sepc ); -- Deals with italics, spaces, etc. text = text:sub(1, -sepc:len() - 1); end text = safe_join( {text, PostScript}, sepc ); -- Now enclose the whole thing in a <cite> element local options_t = {}; options_t.class = cite_class_attribute_make (config.CitationClass, Mode); local Ref = is_valid_parameter_value (A['Ref'], A:ORIGIN('Ref'), cfg.keywords_lists['ref'], nil, true); -- nil when |ref=harv; A['Ref'] else if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[(Ref and Ref:lower()) or ''] then local namelist_t = {}; -- holds selected contributor, author, editor name list local year = first_set ({Year, anchor_year}, 2); -- Year first for legacy citations and for YMD dates that require disambiguation if #c > 0 then -- if there is a contributor list namelist_t = c; -- select it elseif #a > 0 then -- or an author list namelist_t = a; elseif #e > 0 then -- or an editor list namelist_t = e; end local citeref_id; if #namelist_t > 0 then -- if there are names in namelist_t citeref_id = make_citeref_id (namelist_t, year); -- go make the CITEREF anchor if mw.uri.anchorEncode (citeref_id) == ((Ref and mw.uri.anchorEncode (Ref)) or '') then -- Ref may already be encoded (by {{sfnref}}) so citeref_id must be encoded before comparison utilities.set_message ('maint_ref_duplicates_default'); end else citeref_id = ''; -- unset end options_t.id = Ref or citeref_id; end if string.len (text:gsub('%b<>', '')) <= 2 then -- remove html and html-like tags; then get length of what remains; z.error_cats_t = {}; -- blank the categories list z.error_msgs_t = {}; -- blank the error messages list OCinSoutput = nil; -- blank the metadata string text = ''; -- blank the the citation utilities.set_message ('err_empty_citation'); -- set empty citation message and category end local render_t = {}; -- here we collect the final bits for concatenation into the rendered citation if utilities.is_set (options_t.id) then -- here we wrap the rendered citation in <cite ...>...</cite> tags table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite-id'], {mw.uri.anchorEncode(options_t.id), mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text})); -- when |ref= is set or when there is a namelist else table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite'], {mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text})); -- when |ref=none or when namelist_t empty and |ref= is missing or is empty end if OCinSoutput then -- blanked when citation is 'empty' so don't bother to add boilerplate metadata span table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ocins'], OCinSoutput)); -- format and append metadata to the citation end local template_name = ('citation' == config.CitationClass) and 'citation' or 'cite ' .. (cfg.citation_class_map_t[" "] or config.CitationClass); local template_link = '[[Template:' .. template_name .. '|' .. template_name .. ']]'; local msg_prefix = '<code class="cs1-code">{{' .. template_link .. '}}</code>: '; if 0 ~= #z.error_msgs_t then mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_e, template_link)); table.insert (render_t, ' '); -- insert a space between citation and its error messages table.sort (z.error_msgs_t); -- sort the error messages list; sorting includes wrapping <span> and <code> tags; hidden-error sorts ahead of visible-error local hidden = true; -- presume that the only error messages emited by this template are hidden for _, v in ipairs (z.error_msgs_t) do -- spin through the list of error messages if v:find ('cs1-visible-error', 1, true) then -- look for the visible error class name hidden = false; -- found one; so don't hide the error message prefix break; -- and done because no need to look further end end z.error_msgs_t[1] = table.concat ({utilities.error_comment (msg_prefix, hidden), z.error_msgs_t[1]}); -- add error message prefix to first error message to prevent extraneous punctuation table.insert (render_t, table.concat (z.error_msgs_t, '; ')); -- make a big string of error messages and add it to the rendering end if 0 ~= #z.maint_cats_t then mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_m, template_link)); table.sort (z.maint_cats_t); -- sort the maintenance messages list local maint_msgs_t = {}; -- here we collect all of the maint messages if 0 == #z.error_msgs_t then -- if no error messages table.insert (maint_msgs_t, msg_prefix); -- insert message prefix in maint message livery end for _, v in ipairs( z.maint_cats_t ) do -- append maintenance categories table.insert (maint_msgs_t, -- assemble new maint message and add it to the maint_msgs_t table table.concat ({v, ' (', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[':cat wikilink'], v), ')'}) ); end table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['hidden-maint'], table.concat (maint_msgs_t, ' '))); -- wrap the group of maint messages with proper presentation and save end if not no_tracking_cats then for _, v in ipairs (z.error_cats_t) do -- append error categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v)); end for _, v in ipairs (z.maint_cats_t) do -- append maintenance categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v)); end for _, v in ipairs (z.prop_cats_t) do -- append properties categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v)); end end return table.concat (render_t); -- make a big string and done end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E >-------------------------------------------------------------- Looks for a parameter's name in one of several whitelists. Parameters in the whitelist can have three values: true - active, supported parameters false - deprecated, supported parameters nil - unsupported parameters ]] local function validate (name, cite_class, empty) local name = tostring (name); local enum_name; -- for enumerated parameters, is name with enumerator replaced with '#' local state; local function state_test (state, name) -- local function to do testing of state values if true == state then return true; end -- valid actively supported parameter if false == state then if empty then return nil; end -- empty deprecated parameters are treated as unknowns deprecated_parameter (name); -- parameter is deprecated but still supported return true; end if 'tracked' == state then local base_name = name:gsub ('%d', ''); -- strip enumerators from parameter names that have them to get the base name utilities.add_prop_cat ('tracked-param', {base_name}, base_name); -- add a properties category; <base_name> modifies <key> return true; end return nil; end if name:find ('#') then -- # is a cs1|2 reserved character so parameters with # not permitted return nil; end if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.preprint_template_list ) then -- limited parameter sets allowed for these templates state = whitelist.limited_basic_arguments[name]; if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end state = whitelist.preprint_arguments[cite_class][name]; -- look in the parameter-list for the template identified by cite_class if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end -- limited enumerated parameters list enum_name = name:gsub("%d+", "#" ); -- replace digit(s) with # (last25 becomes last#) (mw.ustring because non-Western 'local' digits) state = whitelist.limited_numbered_arguments[enum_name]; if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end return false; -- not supported because not found or name is set to nil end -- end limited parameter-set templates if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.unique_param_template_list) then -- experiment for template-specific parameters for templates that accept parameters from the basic argument list state = whitelist.unique_arguments[cite_class][name]; -- look in the template-specific parameter-lists for the template identified by cite_class if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end end -- if here, fall into general validation state = whitelist.basic_arguments[name]; -- all other templates; all normal parameters allowed if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end -- all enumerated parameters allowed enum_name = name:gsub("%d+", "#" ); -- replace digit(s) with # (last25 becomes last#) (mw.ustring because non-Western 'local' digits) state = whitelist.numbered_arguments[enum_name]; if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end return false; -- not supported because not found or name is set to nil end --[=[-------------------------< I N T E R _ W I K I _ C H E C K >---------------------------------------------- check <value> for inter-language interwiki-link markup. <prefix> must be a MediaWiki-recognized language code. when these values have the form (without leading colon): [[<prefix>:link|label]] return label as plain-text [[<prefix>:link]] return <prefix>:link as plain-text return value as is else ]=] local function inter_wiki_check (parameter, value) local prefix = value:match ('%[%[(%a+):'); -- get an interwiki prefix if one exists local _; if prefix and cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix:lower()] then -- if prefix is in the map, needs preceding colon so utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', parameter); -- emit an error message _, value, _ = utilities.is_wikilink (value); -- extract label portion from wikilink end return value; end --[[--------------------------< M I S S I N G _ P I P E _ C H E C K >------------------------------------------ Look at the contents of a parameter. If the content has a string of characters and digits followed by an equal sign, compare the alphanumeric string to the list of cs1|2 parameters. If found, then the string is possibly a parameter that is missing its pipe. There are two tests made: {{cite ... |title=Title access-date=2016-03-17}} -- the first parameter has a value and whitespace separates that value from the missing pipe parameter name {{cite ... |title=access-date=2016-03-17}} -- the first parameter has no value (whitespace after the first = is trimmed by MediaWiki) cs1|2 shares some parameter names with XML/HTML attributes: class=, title=, etc. To prevent false positives XML/HTML tags are removed before the search. If a missing pipe is detected, this function adds the missing pipe maintenance category. ]] local function missing_pipe_check (parameter, value) local capture; value = value:gsub ('%b<>', ''); -- remove XML/HTML tags because attributes: class=, title=, etc. capture = value:match ('%s+(%a[%w%-]+)%s*=') or value:match ('^(%a[%w%-]+)%s*='); -- find and categorize parameters with possible missing pipes if capture and validate (capture) then -- if the capture is a valid parameter name utilities.set_message ('err_missing_pipe', parameter); end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ P U N C T >-------------------------------------- look for extraneous terminal punctuation in most parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked ]] local function has_extraneous_punc (param, value) if 'number' == type (param) then return; end param = param:gsub ('%d+', '#'); -- enumerated name-list mask params allow terminal punct; normalize if cfg.punct_skip[param] then return; -- parameter name found in the skip table so done end if value:match ('[,;:]$') then utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct'); -- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat end if value:match ('^=') then -- sometimes an extraneous '=' character appears ... utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct'); -- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ U R L >------------------------------------------ look for extraneous url parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked ]] local function has_extraneous_url (url_param_t) local url_error_t = {}; check_for_url (url_param_t, url_error_t); -- extraneous url check if 0 ~= #url_error_t then -- non-zero when there are errors table.sort (url_error_t); utilities.set_message ('err_param_has_ext_link', {utilities.make_sep_list (#url_error_t, url_error_t)}); -- add this error message end end --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N >-------------------------------------------------------------- This is used by templates such as {{cite book}} to create the actual citation text. ]] local function citation(frame) Frame = frame; -- save a copy in case we need to display an error message in preview mode local sandbox = '/sandbox' -- i18n: replace this rvalue with the name that your wiki uses to identify sandbox subpages is_sandbox = nil ~= string.find (frame:getTitle(), sandbox, 1, true); -- is this invoke the sandbox module? sandbox = is_sandbox and sandbox or ''; -- use i18n sandbox to load sandbox modules when this module is the sandox; live modules else local pframe = frame:getParent() local styles; cfg = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' .. sandbox); -- load sandbox versions of support modules when {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|...}}; live modules else whitelist = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist' .. sandbox); utilities = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities' .. sandbox); validation = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation' .. sandbox); identifiers = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers' .. sandbox); metadata = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' .. sandbox); styles = 'Module:Citation/CS1' .. sandbox .. '/styles.css'; utilities.set_selected_modules (cfg); -- so that functions in Utilities can see the selected cfg tables identifiers.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in Identifiers can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module validation.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in Date validataion can see selected cfg tables and the selected Utilities module metadata.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in COinS can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module z = utilities.z; -- table of error and category tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities is_preview_mode = not utilities.is_set (frame:preprocess ('{{REVISIONID}}')); local args = {}; -- table where we store all of the template's arguments local suggestions = {}; -- table where we store suggestions if we need to loadData them local error_text; -- used as a flag local config = {}; -- table to store parameters from the module {{#invoke:}} for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do -- get parameters from the {{#invoke}} frame config[k] = v; -- args[k] = v; -- crude debug support that allows us to render a citation from module {{#invoke:}}; skips parameter validation; TODO: keep? end local capture; -- the single supported capture when matching unknown parameters using patterns local empty_unknowns = {}; -- sequence table to hold empty unknown params for error message listing for k, v in pairs( pframe.args ) do -- get parameters from the parent (template) frame v = mw.ustring.gsub (v, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'); -- trim leading/trailing whitespace; when v is only whitespace, becomes empty string if v ~= '' then if ('string' == type (k)) then k = mw.ustring.gsub (k, '%d', cfg.date_names.local_digits); -- for enumerated parameters, translate 'local' digits to Western 0-9 end if not validate( k, config.CitationClass ) then if type (k) ~= 'string' then -- exclude empty numbered parameters if v:match("%S+") ~= nil then error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_text_ignored', {v}); end elseif validate (k:lower(), config.CitationClass) then error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, k:lower()}); -- suggest the lowercase version of the parameter else if nil == suggestions.suggestions then -- if this table is nil then we need to load it if is_sandbox then -- did the {{#invoke:}} use sandbox version? suggestions = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions/sandbox' ); -- use the sandbox version else suggestions = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' ); -- use the live version end end for pattern, param in pairs (suggestions.patterns) do -- loop through the patterns to see if we can suggest a proper parameter capture = k:match (pattern); -- the whole match if no capture in pattern else the capture if a match if capture then -- if the pattern matches param = utilities.substitute (param, capture); -- add the capture to the suggested parameter (typically the enumerator) if validate (param, config.CitationClass) then -- validate the suggestion to make sure that the suggestion is supported by this template (necessary for limited parameter lists) error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, param}); -- set the suggestion error message else error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k}); -- suggested param not supported by this template v = ''; -- unset end end end if not utilities.is_set (error_text) then -- couldn't match with a pattern, is there an explicit suggestion? if (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ] ~= nil) and validate (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ], config.CitationClass) then utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ]}); else utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k}); v = ''; -- unset value assigned to unrecognized parameters (this for the limited parameter lists) end end end end args[k] = v; -- save this parameter and its value elseif not utilities.is_set (v) then -- for empty parameters if not validate (k, config.CitationClass, true) then -- is this empty parameter a valid parameter k = ('' == k) and '(empty string)' or k; -- when k is empty string (or was space(s) trimmed to empty string), replace with descriptive text table.insert (empty_unknowns, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k)); -- format for error message and add to the list end -- crude debug support that allows us to render a citation from module {{#invoke:}} TODO: keep? -- elseif args[k] ~= nil or (k == 'postscript') then -- when args[k] has a value from {{#invoke}} frame (we don't normally do that) -- args[k] = v; -- overwrite args[k] with empty string from pframe.args[k] (template frame); v is empty string here end -- not sure about the postscript bit; that gets handled in parameter validation; historical artifact? end if 0 ~= #empty_unknowns then -- create empty unknown error message utilities.set_message ('err_param_unknown_empty', { 1 == #empty_unknowns and '' or 's', utilities.make_sep_list (#empty_unknowns, empty_unknowns) }); end local url_param_t = {}; for k, v in pairs( args ) do if 'string' == type (k) then -- don't evaluate positional parameters has_invisible_chars (k, v); -- look for invisible characters end has_extraneous_punc (k, v); -- look for extraneous terminal punctuation in parameter values missing_pipe_check (k, v); -- do we think that there is a parameter that is missing a pipe? args[k] = inter_wiki_check (k, v); -- when language interwiki-linked parameter missing leading colon replace with wiki-link label if 'string' == type (k) and not cfg.url_skip[k] then -- when parameter k is not positional and not in url skip table url_param_t[k] = v; -- make a parameter/value list for extraneous url check end end has_extraneous_url (url_param_t); -- look for url in parameter values where a url does not belong return table.concat ({ frame:extensionTag ('templatestyles', '', {src=styles}), citation0( config, args) }); end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return {citation = citation}; rp8tfsgiorrtg46d1s5l51h7ncict60 190856 190855 2026-04-21T01:46:44Z Sunia Marndi 8165 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/190855|190855]] by [[Special:Contributions/Sunia Marndi|Sunia Marndi]] ([[User talk:Sunia Marndi|talk]]) 190856 Scribunto text/plain require('strict'); --[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- each of these counts against the Lua upvalue limit ]] local validation; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation local utilities; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local z ={}; -- table of tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local identifiers; -- functions and tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers local metadata; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/COinS local cfg = {}; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration local whitelist = {}; -- table of tables listing valid template parameter names; defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist --[[------------------< P A G E S C O P E V A R I A B L E S >--------------- declare variables here that have page-wide scope that are not brought in from other modules; that are created here and used here ]] local added_deprecated_cat; -- Boolean flag so that the category is added only once local added_vanc_errs; -- Boolean flag so we only emit one Vancouver error / category local added_generic_name_errs; -- Boolean flag so we only emit one generic name error / category and stop testing names once an error is encountered local Frame; -- holds the module's frame table local is_preview_mode; -- true when article is in preview mode; false when using 'Preview page with this template' (previewing the module) local is_sandbox; -- true when using sandbox modules to render citation --[[--------------------------< F I R S T _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------ Locates and returns the first set value in a table of values where the order established in the table, left-to-right (or top-to-bottom), is the order in which the values are evaluated. Returns nil if none are set. This version replaces the original 'for _, val in pairs do' and a similar version that used ipairs. With the pairs version the order of evaluation could not be guaranteed. With the ipairs version, a nil value would terminate the for-loop before it reached the actual end of the list. ]] local function first_set (list, count) local i = 1; while i <= count do -- loop through all items in list if utilities.is_set( list[i] ) then return list[i]; -- return the first set list member end i = i + 1; -- point to next end end --[[--------------------------< A D D _ V A N C _ E R R O R >---------------------------------------------------- Adds a single Vancouver system error message to the template's output regardless of how many error actually exist. To prevent duplication, added_vanc_errs is nil until an error message is emitted. added_vanc_errs is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above ]] local function add_vanc_error (source, position) if added_vanc_errs then return end added_vanc_errs = true; -- note that we've added this category utilities.set_message ('err_vancouver', {source, position}); end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S C H E M E >------------------------------------------------------------ does this thing that purports to be a URI scheme seem to be a valid scheme? The scheme is checked to see if it is in agreement with http://tools.ietf.org/html/std66#section-3.1 which says: Scheme names consist of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus ("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-"). returns true if it does, else false ]] local function is_scheme (scheme) return scheme and scheme:match ('^%a[%a%d%+%.%-]*:'); -- true if scheme is set and matches the pattern end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ D O M A I N _ N A M E >-------------------------------------------------- Does this thing that purports to be a domain name seem to be a valid domain name? Syntax defined here: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1034#section-3.5 BNF defined here: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4234 Single character names are generally reserved; see https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dnsind-iana-dns-01#page-15; see also [[Single-letter second-level domain]] list of TLDs: https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db RFC 952 (modified by RFC 1123) requires the first and last character of a hostname to be a letter or a digit. Between the first and last characters the name may use letters, digits, and the hyphen. Also allowed are IPv4 addresses. IPv6 not supported domain is expected to be stripped of any path so that the last character in the last character of the TLD. tld is two or more alpha characters. Any preceding '//' (from splitting a URL with a scheme) will be stripped here. Perhaps not necessary but retained in case it is necessary for IPv4 dot decimal. There are several tests: the first character of the whole domain name including subdomains must be a letter or a digit internationalized domain name (ASCII characters with .xn-- ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE) prefix xn-- in the TLD) see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490 single-letter/digit second-level domains in the .org, .cash, and .today TLDs q, x, and z SL domains in the .com TLD i and q SL domains in the .net TLD single-letter SL domains in the ccTLDs (where the ccTLD is two letters) two-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters) three-plus-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters) IPv4 dot-decimal address format; TLD not allowed returns true if domain appears to be a proper name and TLD or IPv4 address, else false ]=] local function is_domain_name (domain) if not domain then return false; -- if not set, abandon end domain = domain:gsub ('^//', ''); -- strip '//' from domain name if present; done here so we only have to do it once if not domain:match ('^[%w]') then -- first character must be letter or digit return false; end if domain:match ('^%a+:') then -- hack to detect things that look like s:Page:Title where Page: is namespace at Wikisource return false; end local patterns = { -- patterns that look like URLs '%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.%a%a+$', -- three or more character hostname.hostname or hostname.tld '%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.xn%-%-[%w]+$', -- internationalized domain name with ACE prefix '%f[%a][qxz]%.com$', -- assigned one character .com hostname (x.com times out 2015-12-10) '%f[%a][iq]%.net$', -- assigned one character .net hostname (q.net registered but not active 2015-12-10) '%f[%w][%w]%.%a%a$', -- one character hostname and ccTLD (2 chars) '%f[%w][%w][%w]%.%a%a+$', -- two character hostname and TLD '^%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?', -- IPv4 address } for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- loop through the patterns list if domain:match (pattern) then return true; -- if a match then we think that this thing that purports to be a URL is a URL end end for _, d in ipairs ({'cash', 'company', 'today', 'org'}) do -- look for single letter second level domain names for these top level domains if domain:match ('%f[%w][%w]%.' .. d) then return true end end return false; -- no matches, we don't know what this thing is end --[[--------------------------< I S _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------------ returns true if the scheme and domain parts of a URL appear to be a valid URL; else false. This function is the last step in the validation process. This function is separate because there are cases that are not covered by split_url(), for example is_parameter_ext_wikilink() which is looking for bracketted external wikilinks. ]] local function is_url (scheme, domain) if utilities.is_set (scheme) then -- if scheme is set check it and domain return is_scheme (scheme) and is_domain_name (domain); else return is_domain_name (domain); -- scheme not set when URL is protocol-relative end end --[[--------------------------< S P L I T _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------ Split a URL into a scheme, authority indicator, and domain. First remove Fully Qualified Domain Name terminator (a dot following TLD) (if any) and any path(/), query(?) or fragment(#). If protocol-relative URL, return nil scheme and domain else return nil for both scheme and domain. When not protocol-relative, get scheme, authority indicator, and domain. If there is an authority indicator (one or more '/' characters immediately following the scheme's colon), make sure that there are only 2. Any URL that does not have news: scheme must have authority indicator (//). TODO: are there other common schemes like news: that don't use authority indicator? Strip off any port and path; ]] local function split_url (url_str) local scheme, authority, domain; url_str = url_str:gsub ('([%a%d])%.?[/%?#].*$', '%1'); -- strip FQDN terminator and path(/), query(?), fragment (#) (the capture prevents false replacement of '//') if url_str:match ('^//%S*') then -- if there is what appears to be a protocol-relative URL domain = url_str:match ('^//(%S*)') elseif url_str:match ('%S-:/*%S+') then -- if there is what appears to be a scheme, optional authority indicator, and domain name scheme, authority, domain = url_str:match ('(%S-:)(/*)(%S+)'); -- extract the scheme, authority indicator, and domain portions if utilities.is_set (authority) then authority = authority:gsub ('//', '', 1); -- replace place 1 pair of '/' with nothing; if utilities.is_set(authority) then -- if anything left (1 or 3+ '/' where authority should be) then return scheme; -- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message end else if not scheme:match ('^news:') then -- except for news:..., MediaWiki won't link URLs that do not have authority indicator; TODO: a better way to do this test? return scheme; -- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message end end domain = domain:gsub ('(%a):%d+', '%1'); -- strip port number if present end return scheme, domain; end --[[--------------------------< L I N K _ P A R A M _ O K >--------------------------------------------------- checks the content of |title-link=, |series-link=, |author-link=, etc. for properly formatted content: no wikilinks, no URLs Link parameters are to hold the title of a Wikipedia article, so none of the WP:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS are allowed: # < > [ ] | { } _ except the underscore which is used as a space in wiki URLs and # which is used for section links returns false when the value contains any of these characters. When there are no illegal characters, this function returns TRUE if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL (the |<param>-link= parameter is ok); else false when value appears to be a valid URL (the |<param>-link= parameter is NOT ok). ]] local function link_param_ok (value) local scheme, domain; if value:find ('[<>%[%]|{}]') then -- if any prohibited characters return false; end scheme, domain = split_url (value); -- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL; return not is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL end --[[--------------------------< L I N K _ T I T L E _ O K >--------------------------------------------------- Use link_param_ok() to validate |<param>-link= value and its matching |<title>= value. |<title>= may be wiki-linked but not when |<param>-link= has a value. This function emits an error message when that condition exists check <link> for inter-language interwiki-link prefix. prefix must be a MediaWiki-recognized language code and must begin with a colon. ]] local function link_title_ok (link, lorig, title, torig) local orig; if utilities.is_set (link) then -- don't bother if <param>-link doesn't have a value if not link_param_ok (link) then -- check |<param>-link= markup orig = lorig; -- identify the failing link parameter elseif title:find ('%[%[') then -- check |title= for wikilink markup orig = torig; -- identify the failing |title= parameter elseif link:match ('^%a+:') then -- if the link is what looks like an interwiki local prefix = link:match ('^(%a+):'):lower(); -- get the interwiki prefix if cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix] then -- if prefix is in the map, must have preceding colon orig = lorig; -- flag as error end end end if utilities.is_set (orig) then link = ''; -- unset utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', orig); -- URL or wikilink in |title= with |title-link=; end return link; -- link if ok, empty string else end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------ Determines whether a URL string appears to be valid. First we test for space characters. If any are found, return false. Then split the URL into scheme and domain portions, or for protocol-relative (//example.com) URLs, just the domain. Use is_url() to validate the two portions of the URL. If both are valid, or for protocol-relative if domain is valid, return true, else false. Because it is different from a standard URL, and because this module used external_link() to make external links that work for standard and news: links, we validate newsgroup names here. The specification for a newsgroup name is at https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5536#section-3.1.4 ]] local function check_url( url_str ) if nil == url_str:match ("^%S+$") then -- if there are any spaces in |url=value it can't be a proper URL return false; end local scheme, domain; scheme, domain = split_url (url_str); -- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL; if 'news:' == scheme then -- special case for newsgroups return domain:match('^[%a%d%+%-_]+%.[%a%d%+%-_%.]*[%a%d%+%-_]$'); end return is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value appears to be a valid URL end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ P A R A M E T E R _ E X T _ W I K I L I N K >---------------------------- Return true if a parameter value has a string that begins and ends with square brackets [ and ] and the first non-space characters following the opening bracket appear to be a URL. The test will also find external wikilinks that use protocol-relative URLs. Also finds bare URLs. The frontier pattern prevents a match on interwiki-links which are similar to scheme:path URLs. The tests that find bracketed URLs are required because the parameters that call this test (currently |title=, |chapter=, |work=, and |publisher=) may have wikilinks and there are articles or redirects like '//Hus' so, while uncommon, |title=[[//Hus]] is possible as might be [[en://Hus]]. ]=] local function is_parameter_ext_wikilink (value) local scheme, domain; if value:match ('%f[%[]%[%a%S*:%S+.*%]') then -- if ext. wikilink with scheme and domain: [xxxx://yyyyy.zzz] scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(%a%S*:%S+).*%]')); elseif value:match ('%f[%[]%[//%S+.*%]') then -- if protocol-relative ext. wikilink: [//yyyyy.zzz] scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(//%S+).*%]')); elseif value:match ('%a%S*:%S+') then -- if bare URL with scheme; may have leading or trailing plain text scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(%a%S*:%S+)')); elseif value:match ('//%S+') then -- if protocol-relative bare URL: //yyyyy.zzz; may have leading or trailing plain text scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(//%S+)')); -- what is left should be the domain else return false; -- didn't find anything that is obviously a URL end return is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value appears to be a valid URL end --[[-------------------------< C H E C K _ F O R _ U R L >----------------------------------------------------- loop through a list of parameters and their values. Look at the value and if it has an external link, emit an error message. ]] local function check_for_url (parameter_list, error_list) for k, v in pairs (parameter_list) do -- for each parameter in the list if is_parameter_ext_wikilink (v) then -- look at the value; if there is a URL add an error message table.insert (error_list, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k)); end end end --[[--------------------------< S A F E _ F O R _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------ Escape sequences for content that will be used for URL descriptions ]] local function safe_for_url( str ) if str:match( "%[%[.-%]%]" ) ~= nil then utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url', {}); end return str:gsub( '[%[%]\n]', { ['['] = '&#91;', [']'] = '&#93;', ['\n'] = ' ' } ); end --[[--------------------------< E X T E R N A L _ L I N K >---------------------------------------------------- Format an external link with error checking ]] local function external_link (URL, label, source, access) local err_msg = ''; local domain; local path; local base_url; if not utilities.is_set (label) then label = URL; if utilities.is_set (source) then utilities.set_message ('err_bare_url_missing_title', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); else error (cfg.messages["bare_url_no_origin"]); end end if not check_url (URL) then utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); end domain, path = URL:match ('^([/%.%-%+:%a%d]+)([/%?#].*)$'); -- split the URL into scheme plus domain and path if path then -- if there is a path portion path = path:gsub ('[%[%]]', {['['] = '%5b', [']'] = '%5d'}); -- replace '[' and ']' with their percent-encoded values URL = table.concat ({domain, path}); -- and reassemble end base_url = table.concat ({ "[", URL, " ", safe_for_url (label), "]" }); -- assemble a wiki-markup URL if utilities.is_set (access) then -- access level (subscription, registration, limited) base_url = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ext-link-access-signal'], {cfg.presentation[access].class, cfg.presentation[access].title, base_url}); -- add the appropriate icon end return base_url; end --[[--------------------------< D E P R E C A T E D _ P A R A M E T E R >-------------------------------------- Categorize and emit an error message when the citation contains one or more deprecated parameters. The function includes the offending parameter name to the error message. Only one error message is emitted regardless of the number of deprecated parameters in the citation. added_deprecated_cat is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above ]] local function deprecated_parameter(name) if not added_deprecated_cat then added_deprecated_cat = true; -- note that we've added this category utilities.set_message ('err_deprecated_params', {name}); -- add error message end end --[=[-------------------------< K E R N _ Q U O T E S >-------------------------------------------------------- Apply kerning to open the space between the quote mark provided by the module and a leading or trailing quote mark contained in a |title= or |chapter= parameter's value. This function will positive kern either single or double quotes: "'Unkerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks'" " 'Kerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks' " (in real life the kerning isn't as wide as this example) Double single quotes (italic or bold wiki-markup) are not kerned. Replaces Unicode quote marks in plain text or in the label portion of a [[L|D]] style wikilink with typewriter quote marks regardless of the need for kerning. Unicode quote marks are not replaced in simple [[D]] wikilinks. Call this function for chapter titles, for website titles, etc.; not for book titles. ]=] local function kern_quotes (str) local cap = ''; local wl_type, label, link; wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (str); -- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]] if 1 == wl_type then -- [[D]] simple wikilink with or without quote marks if mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\"“”\'‘’].+[\"“”\'‘’]%]%]') then -- leading and trailing quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str); str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str); elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\"“”\'‘’].+%]%]') then -- leading quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str); elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[.+[\"“”\'‘’]%]%]') then -- trailing quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str); end else -- plain text or [[L|D]]; text in label variable label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[“”]', '\"'); -- replace “” (U+201C & U+201D) with " (typewriter double quote mark) label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[‘’]', '\''); -- replace ‘’ (U+2018 & U+2019) with ' (typewriter single quote mark) cap = mw.ustring.match (label, "^([\"\'][^\'].+)"); -- match leading double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup) if utilities.is_set (cap) then label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], cap); end cap = mw.ustring.match (label, "^(.+[^\'][\"\'])$") -- match trailing double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup) if utilities.is_set (cap) then label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], cap); end if 2 == wl_type then str = utilities.make_wikilink (link, label); -- reassemble the wikilink else str = label; end end return str; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ S C R I P T _ V A L U E >---------------------------------------- |script-title= holds title parameters that are not written in Latin-based scripts: Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, etc. These scripts should not be italicized and may be written right-to-left. The value supplied by |script-title= is concatenated onto Title after Title has been wrapped in italic markup. Regardless of language, all values provided by |script-title= are wrapped in <bdi>...</bdi> tags to isolate RTL languages from the English left to right. |script-title= provides a unique feature. The value in |script-title= may be prefixed with a two-character ISO 639-1 language code and a colon: |script-title=ja:*** *** (where * represents a Japanese character) Spaces between the two-character code and the colon and the colon and the first script character are allowed: |script-title=ja : *** *** |script-title=ja: *** *** |script-title=ja :*** *** Spaces preceding the prefix are allowed: |script-title = ja:*** *** The prefix is checked for validity. If it is a valid ISO 639-1 language code, the lang attribute (lang="ja") is added to the <bdi> tag so that browsers can know the language the tag contains. This may help the browser render the script more correctly. If the prefix is invalid, the lang attribute is not added. At this time there is no error message for this condition. Supports |script-title=, |script-chapter=, |script-<periodical>= ]] local function format_script_value (script_value, script_param) local lang=''; -- initialize to empty string local name; if script_value:match('^%l%l%l?%s*:') then -- if first 3 or 4 non-space characters are script language prefix lang = script_value:match('^(%l%l%l?)%s*:%s*%S.*'); -- get the language prefix or nil if there is no script if not utilities.is_set (lang) then utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing title part']}); -- prefix without 'title'; add error message return ''; -- script_value was just the prefix so return empty string end -- if we get this far we have prefix and script name = cfg.lang_code_remap[lang] or mw.language.fetchLanguageName( lang, cfg.this_wiki_code ); -- get language name so that we can use it to categorize if utilities.is_set (name) then -- is prefix a proper ISO 639-1 language code? script_value = script_value:gsub ('^%l+%s*:%s*', ''); -- strip prefix from script -- is prefix one of these language codes? if utilities.in_array (lang, cfg.script_lang_codes) then utilities.add_prop_cat ('script', {name, lang}) else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['unknown language code']}); -- unknown script-language; add error message end lang = ' lang="' .. lang .. '" '; -- convert prefix into a lang attribute else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['invalid language code']}); -- invalid language code; add error message lang = ''; -- invalid so set lang to empty string end else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing prefix']}); -- no language code prefix; add error message end script_value = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['bdi'], {lang, script_value}); -- isolate in case script is RTL return script_value; end --[[--------------------------< S C R I P T _ C O N C A T E N A T E >------------------------------------------ Initially for |title= and |script-title=, this function concatenates those two parameter values after the script value has been wrapped in <bdi> tags. ]] local function script_concatenate (title, script, script_param) if utilities.is_set (script) then script = format_script_value (script, script_param); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; returns empty string on error if utilities.is_set (script) then title = title .. ' ' .. script; -- concatenate title and script title end end return title; end --[[--------------------------< W R A P _ M S G >-------------------------------------------------------------- Applies additional message text to various parameter values. Supplied string is wrapped using a message_list configuration taking one argument. Supports lower case text for {{citation}} templates. Additional text taken from citation_config.messages - the reason this function is similar to but separate from wrap_style(). ]] local function wrap_msg (key, str, lower) if not utilities.is_set ( str ) then return ""; end if true == lower then local msg; msg = cfg.messages[key]:lower(); -- set the message to lower case before return utilities.substitute ( msg, str ); -- including template text else return utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages[key], str ); end end --[[----------------< W I K I S O U R C E _ U R L _ M A K E >------------------- Makes a Wikisource URL from Wikisource interwiki-link. Returns the URL and appropriate label; nil else. str is the value assigned to |chapter= (or aliases) or |title= or |title-link= ]] local function wikisource_url_make (str) local wl_type, D, L; local ws_url, ws_label; local wikisource_prefix = table.concat ({'https://', cfg.this_wiki_code, '.wikisource.org/wiki/'}); wl_type, D, L = utilities.is_wikilink (str); -- wl_type is 0 (not a wikilink), 1 (simple wikilink), 2 (complex wikilink) if 0 == wl_type then -- not a wikilink; might be from |title-link= str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title }); ws_label = str; -- label for the URL end elseif 1 == wl_type then -- simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article]] str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title }); ws_label = str; -- label for the URL end elseif 2 == wl_type then -- non-so-simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article|displayed text]] ([[L|D]]) str = L:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or L:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_label = D; -- get ws article name from display portion of interwiki link ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title without namespace from link portion of wikilink }); end end if ws_url then ws_url = mw.uri.encode (ws_url, 'WIKI'); -- make a usable URL ws_url = ws_url:gsub ('%%23', '#'); -- undo percent-encoding of fragment marker end return ws_url, ws_label, L or D; -- return proper URL or nil and a label or nil end --[[----------------< F O R M A T _ P E R I O D I C A L >----------------------- Format the three periodical parameters: |script-<periodical>=, |<periodical>=, and |trans-<periodical>= into a single Periodical meta-parameter. ]] local function format_periodical (script_periodical, script_periodical_source, periodical, trans_periodical) if not utilities.is_set (periodical) then periodical = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation else periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', periodical); -- style end periodical = script_concatenate (periodical, script_periodical, script_periodical_source); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped if utilities.is_set (trans_periodical) then trans_periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', trans_periodical); if utilities.is_set (periodical) then periodical = periodical .. ' ' .. trans_periodical; else -- here when trans-periodical without periodical or script-periodical periodical = trans_periodical; utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'periodical'}); end end return periodical; end --[[------------------< F O R M A T _ C H A P T E R _ T I T L E >--------------- Format the four chapter parameters: |script-chapter=, |chapter=, |trans-chapter=, and |chapter-url= into a single chapter meta- parameter (chapter_url_source used for error messages). ]] local function format_chapter_title (script_chapter, script_chapter_source, chapter, chapter_source, trans_chapter, trans_chapter_source, chapter_url, chapter_url_source, no_quotes, access) local ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (chapter); -- make a wikisource URL and label from a wikisource interwiki link if ws_url then ws_label = ws_label:gsub ('_', ' '); -- replace underscore separators with space characters chapter = ws_label; end if not utilities.is_set (chapter) then chapter = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation else if false == no_quotes then chapter = kern_quotes (chapter); -- if necessary, separate chapter title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', chapter); end end chapter = script_concatenate (chapter, script_chapter, script_chapter_source); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped if utilities.is_set (chapter_url) then chapter = external_link (chapter_url, chapter, chapter_url_source, access); -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate elseif ws_url then chapter = external_link (ws_url, chapter .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in chapter'); -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate; space char to move icon away from chap text; TODO: better way to do this? chapter = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, chapter}); end if utilities.is_set (trans_chapter) then trans_chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_chapter); if utilities.is_set (chapter) then chapter = chapter .. ' ' .. trans_chapter; else -- here when trans_chapter without chapter or script-chapter chapter = trans_chapter; chapter_source = trans_chapter_source:match ('trans%-?(.+)'); -- when no chapter, get matching name from trans-<param> utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {chapter_source}); end end return chapter; end --[[----------------< H A S _ I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R S >------------------- This function searches a parameter's value for non-printable or invisible characters. The search stops at the first match. This function will detect the visible replacement character when it is part of the Wikisource. Detects but ignores nowiki and math stripmarkers. Also detects other named stripmarkers (gallery, math, pre, ref) and identifies them with a slightly different error message. See also coins_cleanup(). Output of this function is an error message that identifies the character or the Unicode group, or the stripmarker that was detected along with its position (or, for multi-byte characters, the position of its first byte) in the parameter value. ]] local function has_invisible_chars (param, v) local position = ''; -- position of invisible char or starting position of stripmarker local capture; -- used by stripmarker detection to hold name of the stripmarker local stripmarker; -- boolean set true when a stripmarker is found capture = string.match (v, '[%w%p ]*'); -- test for values that are simple ASCII text and bypass other tests if true if capture == v then -- if same there are no Unicode characters return; end for _, invisible_char in ipairs (cfg.invisible_chars) do local char_name = invisible_char[1]; -- the character or group name local pattern = invisible_char[2]; -- the pattern used to find it position, _, capture = mw.ustring.find (v, pattern); -- see if the parameter value contains characters that match the pattern if position and (cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then -- if we found a zero-width joiner character if mw.ustring.find (v, cfg.indic_script) then -- it's ok if one of the Indic scripts position = nil; -- unset position elseif cfg.emoji[mw.ustring.codepoint (v, position+1)] then -- is zwj followed by a character listed in emoji{}? position = nil; -- unset position end end if position then if 'nowiki' == capture or 'math' == capture or -- nowiki and math stripmarkers (not an error condition) ('templatestyles' == capture and utilities.in_array (param, {'id', 'quote'})) then -- templatestyles stripmarker allowed in these parameters stripmarker = true; -- set a flag elseif true == stripmarker and cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture then -- because stripmakers begin and end with the delete char, assume that we've found one end of a stripmarker position = nil; -- unset else local err_msg; if capture and not (cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture or cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then err_msg = capture .. ' ' .. char_name; else err_msg = char_name .. ' ' .. 'character'; end utilities.set_message ('err_invisible_char', {err_msg, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', param), position}); -- add error message return; -- and done with this parameter end end end end --[[-------------------< A R G U M E N T _ W R A P P E R >---------------------- Argument wrapper. This function provides support for argument mapping defined in the configuration file so that multiple names can be transparently aliased to single internal variable. ]] local function argument_wrapper ( args ) local origin = {}; return setmetatable({ ORIGIN = function ( self, k ) local dummy = self[k]; -- force the variable to be loaded. return origin[k]; end }, { __index = function ( tbl, k ) if origin[k] ~= nil then return nil; end local args, list, v = args, cfg.aliases[k]; if type( list ) == 'table' then v, origin[k] = utilities.select_one ( args, list, 'err_redundant_parameters' ); if origin[k] == nil then origin[k] = ''; -- Empty string, not nil end elseif list ~= nil then v, origin[k] = args[list], list; else -- maybe let through instead of raising an error? -- v, origin[k] = args[k], k; error( cfg.messages['unknown_argument_map'] .. ': ' .. k); end -- Empty strings, not nil; if v == nil then v = ''; origin[k] = ''; end tbl = rawset( tbl, k, v ); return v; end, }); end --[[--------------------------< N O W R A P _ D A T E >------------------------- When date is YYYY-MM-DD format wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>YYYY-MM-DD</span>. When date is DD MMMM YYYY or is MMMM DD, YYYY then wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>DD MMMM</span> YYYY or <span ...>MMMM DD,</span> YYYY DOES NOT yet support MMMM YYYY or any of the date ranges. ]] local function nowrap_date (date) local cap = ''; local cap2 = ''; if date:match("^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d$") then date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap1'], date); elseif date:match("^%a+%s*%d%d?,%s+%d%d%d%d$") or date:match ("^%d%d?%s*%a+%s+%d%d%d%d$") then cap, cap2 = string.match (date, "^(.*)%s+(%d%d%d%d)$"); date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap2'], {cap, cap2}); end return date; end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ T I T L E T Y P E >--------------------- This function sets default title types (equivalent to the citation including |type=<default value>) for those templates that have defaults. Also handles the special case where it is desirable to omit the title type from the rendered citation (|type=none). ]] local function set_titletype (cite_class, title_type) if utilities.is_set (title_type) then if 'none' == cfg.keywords_xlate[title_type] then title_type = ''; -- if |type=none then type parameter not displayed end return title_type; -- if |type= has been set to any other value use that value end return cfg.title_types [cite_class] or ''; -- set template's default title type; else empty string for concatenation end --[[--------------------------< S A F E _ J O I N >----------------------------- Joins a sequence of strings together while checking for duplicate separation characters. ]] local function safe_join( tbl, duplicate_char ) local f = {}; -- create a function table appropriate to type of 'duplicate character' if 1 == #duplicate_char then -- for single byte ASCII characters use the string library functions f.gsub = string.gsub f.match = string.match f.sub = string.sub else -- for multi-byte characters use the ustring library functions f.gsub = mw.ustring.gsub f.match = mw.ustring.match f.sub = mw.ustring.sub end local str = ''; -- the output string local comp = ''; -- what does 'comp' mean? local end_chr = ''; local trim; for _, value in ipairs( tbl ) do if value == nil then value = ''; end if str == '' then -- if output string is empty str = value; -- assign value to it (first time through the loop) elseif value ~= '' then if value:sub(1, 1) == '<' then -- special case of values enclosed in spans and other markup. comp = value:gsub( "%b<>", "" ); -- remove HTML markup (<span>string</span> -> string) else comp = value; end -- typically duplicate_char is sepc if f.sub(comp, 1, 1) == duplicate_char then -- is first character same as duplicate_char? why test first character? -- Because individual string segments often (always?) begin with terminal punct for the -- preceding segment: 'First element' .. 'sepc next element' .. etc.? trim = false; end_chr = f.sub(str, -1, -1); -- get the last character of the output string -- str = str .. "<HERE(enchr=" .. end_chr .. ")" -- debug stuff? if end_chr == duplicate_char then -- if same as separator str = f.sub(str, 1, -2); -- remove it elseif end_chr == "'" then -- if it might be wiki-markup if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. "''" then -- if last three chars of str are sepc'' str = f.sub(str, 1, -4) .. "''"; -- remove them and add back '' elseif f.sub(str, -5, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]]''" then -- if last five chars of str are sepc]]'' trim = true; -- why? why do this and next differently from previous? elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]''" then -- if last four chars of str are sepc]'' trim = true; -- same question end elseif end_chr == "]" then -- if it might be wiki-markup if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]]" then -- if last three chars of str are sepc]] wikilink trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. '"]' then -- if last three chars of str are sepc"] quoted external link trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]" then -- if last two chars of str are sepc] external link trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. "'']" then -- normal case when |url=something & |title=Title. trim = true; end elseif end_chr == " " then -- if last char of output string is a space if f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. " " then -- if last two chars of str are <sepc><space> str = f.sub(str, 1, -3); -- remove them both end end if trim then if value ~= comp then -- value does not equal comp when value contains HTML markup local dup2 = duplicate_char; if f.match(dup2, "%A" ) then dup2 = "%" .. dup2; end -- if duplicate_char not a letter then escape it value = f.gsub(value, "(%b<>)" .. dup2, "%1", 1 ) -- remove duplicate_char if it follows HTML markup else value = f.sub(value, 2, -1 ); -- remove duplicate_char when it is first character end end end str = str .. value; -- add it to the output string end end return str; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S U F F I X >----------------------------- returns true if suffix is properly formed Jr, Sr, or ordinal in the range 1–9. Puncutation not allowed. ]] local function is_suffix (suffix) if utilities.in_array (suffix, {'Jr', 'Sr', 'Jnr', 'Snr', '1st', '2nd', '3rd'}) or suffix:match ('^%dth$') then return true; end return false; end --[[--------------------< I S _ G O O D _ V A N C _ N A M E >------------------- For Vancouver style, author/editor names are supposed to be rendered in Latin (read ASCII) characters. When a name uses characters that contain diacritical marks, those characters are to be converted to the corresponding Latin character. When a name is written using a non-Latin alphabet or logogram, that name is to be transliterated into Latin characters. The module doesn't do this so editors may/must. This test allows |first= and |last= names to contain any of the letters defined in the four Unicode Latin character sets [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf C0 Controls and Basic Latin] 0041–005A, 0061–007A [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement] 00C0–00D6, 00D8–00F6, 00F8–00FF [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf Latin Extended-A] 0100–017F [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf Latin Extended-B] 0180–01BF, 01C4–024F |lastn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, and apostrophes. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/) |firstn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, apostrophes, and periods This original test: if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, "^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿDŽ-ɏ%-%s%']*$") or nil == mw.ustring.find (first, "^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿDŽ-ɏ%-%s%'%.]+[2-6%a]*$") then was written outside of the code editor and pasted here because the code editor gets confused between character insertion point and cursor position. The test has been rewritten to use decimal character escape sequence for the individual bytes of the Unicode characters so that it is not necessary to use an external editor to maintain this code. \195\128-\195\150 – À-Ö (U+00C0–U+00D6 – C0 controls) \195\152-\195\182 – Ø-ö (U+00D8-U+00F6 – C0 controls) \195\184-\198\191 – ø-ƿ (U+00F8-U+01BF – C0 controls, Latin extended A & B) \199\132-\201\143 – DŽ-ɏ (U+01C4-U+024F – Latin extended B) ]] local function is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, position) if not suffix then if first:find ('[,%s]') then -- when there is a space or comma, might be first name/initials + generational suffix first = first:match ('(.-)[,%s]+'); -- get name/initials suffix = first:match ('[,%s]+(.+)$'); -- get generational suffix end end if utilities.is_set (suffix) then if not is_suffix (suffix) then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position); return false; -- not a name with an appropriate suffix end end if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, "^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143%-%s%']*$") or nil == mw.ustring.find (first, "^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143%-%s%'%.]*$") then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['non-Latin char'], position); return false; -- not a string of Latin characters; Vancouver requires Romanization end; return true; end --[[--------------------------< R E D U C E _ T O _ I N I T I A L S >------------------------------------------ Attempts to convert names to initials in support of |name-list-style=vanc. Names in |firstn= may be separated by spaces or hyphens, or for initials, a period. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35062/. Vancouver style requires family rank designations (Jr, II, III, etc.) to be rendered as Jr, 2nd, 3rd, etc. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35085/. This code only accepts and understands generational suffix in the Vancouver format because Roman numerals look like, and can be mistaken for, initials. This function uses ustring functions because firstname initials may be any of the Unicode Latin characters accepted by is_good_vanc_name (). ]] local function reduce_to_initials(first, position) local name, suffix = mw.ustring.match(first, "^(%u+) ([%dJS][%drndth]+)$"); if not name then -- if not initials and a suffix name = mw.ustring.match(first, "^(%u+)$"); -- is it just initials? end if name then -- if first is initials with or without suffix if 3 > mw.ustring.len (name) then -- if one or two initials if suffix then -- if there is a suffix if is_suffix (suffix) then -- is it legitimate? return first; -- one or two initials and a valid suffix so nothing to do else add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position); -- one or two initials with invalid suffix so error message return first; -- and return first unmolested end else return first; -- one or two initials without suffix; nothing to do end end end -- if here then name has 3 or more uppercase letters so treat them as a word local initials, names = {}, {}; -- tables to hold name parts and initials local i = 1; -- counter for number of initials names = mw.text.split (first, '[%s,]+'); -- split into a table of names and possible suffix while names[i] do -- loop through the table if 1 < i and names[i]:match ('[%dJS][%drndth]+%.?$') then -- if not the first name, and looks like a suffix (may have trailing dot) names[i] = names[i]:gsub ('%.', ''); -- remove terminal dot if present if is_suffix (names[i]) then -- if a legitimate suffix table.insert (initials, ' ' .. names[i]); -- add a separator space, insert at end of initials table break; -- and done because suffix must fall at the end of a name end -- no error message if not a suffix; possibly because of Romanization end if 3 > i then table.insert (initials, mw.ustring.sub(names[i], 1, 1)); -- insert the initial at end of initials table end i = i + 1; -- bump the counter end return table.concat(initials) -- Vancouver format does not include spaces. end --[[--------------------------< L I S T _ P E O P L E >-------------------------- Formats a list of people (authors, contributors, editors, interviewers, translators) names in the list will be linked when |<name>-link= has a value |<name>-mask- does NOT have a value; masked names are presumed to have been rendered previously so should have been linked there when |<name>-mask=0, the associated name is not rendered ]] local function list_people (control, people, etal) local sep; local namesep; local format = control.format; local maximum = control.maximum; local name_list = {}; if 'vanc' == format then -- Vancouver-like name styling? sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl_vanc']; -- name-list separator between names is a comma namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name_vanc']; -- last/first separator is a space else sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl']; -- name-list separator between names is a semicolon namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name']; -- last/first separator is <comma><space> end if sep:sub (-1, -1) ~= " " then sep = sep .. " " end if utilities.is_set (maximum) and maximum < 1 then return "", 0; end -- returned 0 is for EditorCount; not used for other names for i, person in ipairs (people) do if utilities.is_set (person.last) then local mask = person.mask; local one; local sep_one = sep; if utilities.is_set (maximum) and i > maximum then etal = true; break; end if mask then local n = tonumber (mask); -- convert to a number if it can be converted; nil else if n then one = 0 ~= n and string.rep("&mdash;", n) or nil; -- make a string of (n > 0) mdashes, nil else, to replace name person.link = nil; -- don't create link to name if name is replaces with mdash string or has been set nil else one = mask; -- replace name with mask text (must include name-list separator) sep_one = " "; -- modify name-list separator end else one = person.last; -- get surname local first = person.first -- get given name if utilities.is_set (first) then if ("vanc" == format) then -- if Vancouver format one = one:gsub ('%.', ''); -- remove periods from surnames (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/) if not person.corporate and is_good_vanc_name (one, first, nil, i) then -- and name is all Latin characters; corporate authors not tested first = reduce_to_initials (first, i); -- attempt to convert first name(s) to initials end end one = one .. namesep .. first; end end if utilities.is_set (person.link) then one = utilities.make_wikilink (person.link, one); -- link author/editor end if one then -- if <one> has a value (name, mdash replacement, or mask text replacement) table.insert (name_list, one); -- add it to the list of names table.insert (name_list, sep_one); -- add the proper name-list separator end end end local count = #name_list / 2; -- (number of names + number of separators) divided by 2 if 0 < count then if 1 < count and not etal then if 'amp' == format then name_list[#name_list-2] = " & "; -- replace last separator with ampersand text elseif 'and' == format then if 2 == count then name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_and; -- replace last separator with 'and' text else name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_end; -- replace last separator with '(sep) and' text end end end name_list[#name_list] = nil; -- erase the last separator end local result = table.concat (name_list); -- construct list if etal and utilities.is_set (result) then -- etal may be set by |display-authors=etal but we might not have a last-first list result = result .. sep .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['et al']; -- we've got a last-first list and etal so add et al. end return result, count; -- return name-list string and count of number of names (count used for editor names only) end --[[--------------------< M A K E _ C I T E R E F _ I D >----------------------- Generates a CITEREF anchor ID if we have at least one name or a date. Otherwise returns an empty string. namelist is one of the contributor-, author-, or editor-name lists chosen in that order. year is Year or anchor_year. ]] local function make_citeref_id (namelist, year) local names={}; -- a table for the one to four names and year for i,v in ipairs (namelist) do -- loop through the list and take up to the first four last names names[i] = v.last if i == 4 then break end -- if four then done end table.insert (names, year); -- add the year at the end local id = table.concat(names); -- concatenate names and year for CITEREF id if utilities.is_set (id) then -- if concatenation is not an empty string return "CITEREF" .. id; -- add the CITEREF portion else return ''; -- return an empty string; no reason to include CITEREF id in this citation end end --[[--------------------------< C I T E _ C L A S S _A T T R I B U T E _M A K E >------------------------------ construct <cite> tag class attribute for this citation. <cite_class> – config.CitationClass from calling template <mode> – value from |mode= parameter ]] local function cite_class_attribute_make (cite_class, mode) local class_t = {}; table.insert (class_t, 'citation'); -- required for blue highlight if 'citation' ~= cite_class then table.insert (class_t, cite_class); -- identify this template for user css table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs1'); -- identify the citation style for user css or javascript else table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs2'); -- identify the citation style for user css or javascript end for _, prop_key in ipairs (z.prop_keys_t) do table.insert (class_t, prop_key); -- identify various properties for user css or javascript end return table.concat (class_t, ' '); -- make a big string and done end --[[---------------------< N A M E _ H A S _ E T A L >-------------------------- Evaluates the content of name parameters (author, editor, etc.) for variations on the theme of et al. If found, the et al. is removed, a flag is set to true and the function returns the modified name and the flag. This function never sets the flag to false but returns its previous state because it may have been set by previous passes through this function or by the associated |display-<names>=etal parameter ]] local function name_has_etal (name, etal, nocat, param) if utilities.is_set (name) then -- name can be nil in which case just return local patterns = cfg.et_al_patterns; -- get patterns from configuration for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- loop through all of the patterns if name:match (pattern) then -- if this 'et al' pattern is found in name name = name:gsub (pattern, ''); -- remove the offending text etal = true; -- set flag (may have been set previously here or by |display-<names>=etal) if not nocat then -- no categorization for |vauthors= utilities.set_message ('err_etal', {param}); -- and set an error if not added end end end end return name, etal; end --[[---------------------< N A M E _ I S _ N U M E R I C >---------------------- Add maint cat when name parameter value does not contain letters. Does not catch mixed alphanumeric names so |last=A. Green (1922-1987) does not get caught in the current version of this test but |first=(1888) is caught. returns nothing ]] local function name_is_numeric (name, list_name) if utilities.is_set (name) then if mw.ustring.match (name, '^[%A]+$') then -- when name does not contain any letters utilities.set_message ('maint_numeric_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]); -- add a maint cat for this template end end end --[[-----------------< N A M E _ H A S _ M U L T _ N A M E S >------------------ Evaluates the content of last/surname (authors etc.) parameters for multiple names. Multiple names are indicated if there is more than one comma or any "unescaped" semicolons. Escaped semicolons are ones used as part of selected HTML entities. If the condition is met, the function adds the multiple name maintenance category. returns nothing ]] local function name_has_mult_names (name, list_name) local _, commas, semicolons, nbsps; if utilities.is_set (name) then _, commas = name:gsub (',', ''); -- count the number of commas _, semicolons = name:gsub (';', ''); -- count the number of semicolons -- nbsps probably should be its own separate count rather than merged in -- some way with semicolons because Lua patterns do not support the -- grouping operator that regex does, which means there is no way to add -- more entities to escape except by adding more counts with the new -- entities _, nbsps = name:gsub ('&nbsp;',''); -- count nbsps -- There is exactly 1 semicolon per &nbsp; entity, so subtract nbsps -- from semicolons to 'escape' them. If additional entities are added, -- they also can be subtracted. if 1 < commas or 0 < (semicolons - nbsps) then utilities.set_message ('maint_mult_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]); -- add a maint message end end end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ G E N E R I C >---------------------------------------------------------- Compares values assigned to various parameters according to the string provided as <item> in the function call. <item> can have on of two values: 'generic_names' – for name-holding parameters: |last=, |first=, |editor-last=, etc 'generic_titles' – for |title= There are two types of generic tests. The 'accept' tests look for a pattern that should not be rejected by the 'reject' test. For example, |author=[[John Smith (author)|Smith, John]] would be rejected by the 'author' reject test. But piped wikilinks with 'author' disambiguation should not be rejected so the 'accept' test prevents that from happening. Accept tests are always performed before reject tests. Each of the 'accept' and 'reject' sequence tables hold tables for en.wiki (['en']) and local.wiki (['local']) that each can hold a test sequence table The sequence table holds, at index [1], a test pattern, and, at index [2], a boolean control value. The control value tells string.find() or mw.ustring.find() to do plain-text search (true) or a pattern search (false). The intent of all this complexity is to make these searches as fast as possible so that we don't run out of processing time on very large articles. Returns true when a reject test finds the pattern or string false when an accept test finds the pattern or string nil else ]=] local function is_generic (item, value, wiki) local test_val; local str_lower = { -- use string.lower() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.lower() or local.wiki (['local']) ['en'] = string.lower, ['local'] = mw.ustring.lower, } local str_find = { -- use string.find() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.find() or local.wiki (['local']) ['en'] = string.find, ['local'] = mw.ustring.find, } local function test (val, test_t, wiki) -- local function to do the testing; <wiki> selects lower() and find() functions val = test_t[2] and str_lower[wiki](value) or val; -- when <test_t[2]> set to 'true', plaintext search using lowercase value return str_find[wiki] (val, test_t[1], 1, test_t[2]); -- return nil when not found or matched end local test_types_t = {'accept', 'reject'}; -- test accept patterns first, then reject patterns local wikis_t = {'en', 'local'}; -- do tests for each of these keys; en.wiki first, local.wiki second for _, test_type in ipairs (test_types_t) do -- for each test type for _, generic_value in pairs (cfg.special_case_translation[item][test_type]) do -- spin through the list of generic value fragments to accept or reject for _, wiki in ipairs (wikis_t) do if generic_value[wiki] then if test (value, generic_value[wiki], wiki) then -- go do the test return ('reject' == test_type); -- param value rejected, return true; false else end end end end end end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ I S _ G E N E R I C >------------------------------------------------ calls is_generic() to determine if <name> is a 'generic name' listed in cfg.generic_names; <name_alias> is the parameter name used in error messaging ]] local function name_is_generic (name, name_alias) if not added_generic_name_errs and is_generic ('generic_names', name) then utilities.set_message ('err_generic_name', name_alias); -- set an error message added_generic_name_errs = true; end end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ C H E C K S >-------------------------------------------------------- This function calls various name checking functions used to validate the content of the various name-holding parameters. ]] local function name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias) local accept_name; if utilities.is_set (last) then last, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (last); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <last> if not accept_name then -- <last> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup name_has_mult_names (last, list_name); -- check for multiple names in the parameter (last only) name_is_numeric (last, list_name); -- check for names that are composed of digits and punctuation name_is_generic (last, last_alias); -- check for names found in the generic names list end end if utilities.is_set (first) then first, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (first); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <first> if not accept_name then -- <first> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup name_is_numeric (first, list_name); -- check for names that are composed of digits and punctuation name_is_generic (first, first_alias); -- check for names found in the generic names list end local wl_type, D = utilities.is_wikilink (first); if 0 ~= wl_type then first = D; utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', first_alias); end end return last, first; -- done end --[[----------------------< E X T R A C T _ N A M E S >------------------------- Gets name list from the input arguments Searches through args in sequential order to find |lastn= and |firstn= parameters (or their aliases), and their matching link and mask parameters. Stops searching when both |lastn= and |firstn= are not found in args after two sequential attempts: found |last1=, |last2=, and |last3= but doesn't find |last4= and |last5= then the search is done. This function emits an error message when there is a |firstn= without a matching |lastn=. When there are 'holes' in the list of last names, |last1= and |last3= are present but |last2= is missing, an error message is emitted. |lastn= is not required to have a matching |firstn=. When an author or editor parameter contains some form of 'et al.', the 'et al.' is stripped from the parameter and a flag (etal) returned that will cause list_people() to add the static 'et al.' text from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration. This keeps 'et al.' out of the template's metadata. When this occurs, an error is emitted. ]] local function extract_names(args, list_name) local names = {}; -- table of names local last; -- individual name components local first; local link; local mask; local i = 1; -- loop counter/indexer local n = 1; -- output table indexer local count = 0; -- used to count the number of times we haven't found a |last= (or alias for authors, |editor-last or alias for editors) local etal = false; -- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. in an author parameter local last_alias, first_alias, link_alias; -- selected parameter aliases used in error messaging while true do last, last_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); -- search through args for name components beginning at 1 first, first_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); link, link_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); last, etal = name_has_etal (last, etal, false, last_alias); -- find and remove variations on et al. first, etal = name_has_etal (first, etal, false, first_alias); -- find and remove variations on et al. last, first = name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias); -- multiple names, extraneous annotation, etc. checks if first and not last then -- if there is a firstn without a matching lastn local alias = first_alias:find ('given', 1, true) and 'given' or 'first'; -- get first or given form of the alias utilities.set_message ('err_first_missing_last', { first_alias, -- param name of alias missing its mate first_alias:gsub (alias, {['first'] = 'last', ['given'] = 'surname'}), -- make param name appropriate to the alias form }); -- add this error message elseif not first and not last then -- if both firstn and lastn aren't found, are we done? count = count + 1; -- number of times we haven't found last and first if 2 <= count then -- two missing names and we give up break; -- normal exit or there is a two-name hole in the list; can't tell which end else -- we have last with or without a first local result; link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, last, last_alias); -- check for improper wiki-markup if first then link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, first, first_alias); -- check for improper wiki-markup end names[n] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = false}; -- add this name to our names list (corporate for |vauthors= only) n = n + 1; -- point to next location in the names table if 1 == count then -- if the previous name was missing utilities.set_message ('err_missing_name', {list_name:match ("(%w+)List"):lower(), i - 1}); -- add this error message end count = 0; -- reset the counter, we're looking for two consecutive missing names end i = i + 1; -- point to next args location end return names, etal; -- all done, return our list of names and the etal flag end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ T A G _ G E T >------------------------------------------------------ attempt to decode |language=<lang_param> and return language name and matching tag; nil else. This function looks for: <lang_param> as a tag in cfg.lang_code_remap{} <lang_param> as a name in cfg.lang_name_remap{} <lang_param> as a name in cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t <lang_param> as a tag in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t when those fail, presume that <lang_param> is an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki does not recognize. Strip all script, region, variant, whatever subtags from <lang_param> to leave just a two or three character language tag and look for the new <lang_param> in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t{} on success, returns name (in properly capitalized form) and matching tag (in lowercase); on failure returns nil ]] local function name_tag_get (lang_param) local lang_param_lc = mw.ustring.lower (lang_param); -- use lowercase as an index into the various tables local name; local tag; name = cfg.lang_code_remap[lang_param_lc]; -- assume <lang_param_lc> is a tag; attempt to get remapped language name if name then -- when <name>, <lang_param> is a tag for a remapped language name return name, lang_param_lc; -- so return <name> from remap and <lang_param_lc> end tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*'); -- still assuming that <lang_param_lc> is a tag; strip script, region, variant subtags name = cfg.lang_code_remap[tag]; -- attempt to get remapped language name with language subtag only if name then -- when <name>, <tag> is a tag for a remapped language name return name, tag; -- so return <name> from remap and <tag> end if cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc] then -- not a tag, assume <lang_param_lc> is a name; attempt to get remapped language tag return cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][1], cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][2]; -- for this <lang_param_lc>, return a (possibly) new name and appropriate tag end tag = cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t[lang_param_lc]; -- assume that <lang_param_lc> is a language name; attempt to get its matching tag if tag then return cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag], tag; -- <lang_param_lc> is a name so return the name from the table and <tag> end name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[lang_param_lc]; -- assume that <lang_param_lc> is a tag; attempt to get its matching language name if name then return name, lang_param_lc; -- <lang_param_lc> is a tag so return it and <name> end tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*'); -- is <lang_param_lc> an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki doesn't recognize? <tag> gets the language subtag; nil else if tag then name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag]; -- attempt to get a language name using the shortened <tag> if name then return name, tag; -- <lang_param_lc> is an unrecognized IETF-like tag so return <name> and language subtag end end end --[[-------------------< L A N G U A G E _ P A R A M E T E R >------------------ Gets language name from a provided two- or three-character ISO 639 code. If a code is recognized by MediaWiki, use the returned name; if not, then use the value that was provided with the language parameter. When |language= contains a recognized language (either code or name), the page is assigned to the category for that code: Category:Norwegian-language sources (no). For valid three-character code languages, the page is assigned to the single category for '639-2' codes: Category:CS1 ISO 639-2 language sources. Languages that are the same as the local wiki are not categorized. MediaWiki does not recognize three-character equivalents of two-character codes: code 'ar' is recognized but code 'ara' is not. This function supports multiple languages in the form |language=nb, French, th where the language names or codes are separated from each other by commas with optional space characters. ]] local function language_parameter (lang) local tag; -- some form of IETF-like language tag; language subtag with optional region, sript, vatiant, etc subtags local lang_subtag; -- ve populates |language= with mostly unecessary region subtags the MediaWiki does not recognize; this is the base language subtag local name; -- the language name local language_list = {}; -- table of language names to be rendered local names_t = {}; -- table made from the value assigned to |language= local this_wiki_name = mw.language.fetchLanguageName (cfg.this_wiki_code, cfg.this_wiki_code); -- get this wiki's language name names_t = mw.text.split (lang, '%s*,%s*'); -- names should be a comma separated list for _, lang in ipairs (names_t) do -- reuse lang here because we don't yet know if lang is a language name or a language tag name, tag = name_tag_get (lang); -- attempt to get name/tag pair for <lang>; <name> has proper capitalization; <tag> is lowercase if utilities.is_set (tag) then lang_subtag = tag:gsub ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*', '%1'); -- for categorization, strip any IETF-like tags from language tag if cfg.this_wiki_code ~= lang_subtag then -- when the language is not the same as this wiki's language if 2 == lang_subtag:len() then -- and is a two-character tag -- utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source', {name, lang_subtag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it; tag appended to allow for multiple language categorization utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source', {name, tag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it; tag appended to allow for multiple language categorization else -- or is a recognized language (but has a three-character tag) utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source-2', {lang_subtag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it differently TODO: support multiple three-character tag categories per cs1|2 template? end elseif cfg.local_lang_cat_enable then -- when the language and this wiki's language are the same and categorization is enabled utilities.add_prop_cat ('local-lang-source', {name, lang_subtag}); -- categorize it end else name = lang; -- return whatever <lang> has so that we show something utilities.set_message ('maint_unknown_lang'); -- add maint category if not already added end table.insert (language_list, name); name = ''; -- so we can reuse it end name = utilities.make_sep_list (#language_list, language_list); if (1 == #language_list) and (lang_subtag == cfg.this_wiki_code) then -- when only one language, find lang name in this wiki lang name; for |language=en-us, 'English' in 'American English' return ''; -- if one language and that language is this wiki's return an empty string (no annotation) end return (" " .. wrap_msg ('language', name)); -- otherwise wrap with '(in ...)' --[[ TODO: should only return blank or name rather than full list so we can clean up the bunched parenthetical elements Language, Type, Format ]] end --[[-----------------------< S E T _ C S _ S T Y L E >-------------------------- Gets the default CS style configuration for the given mode. Returns default separator and either postscript as passed in or the default. In CS1, the default postscript and separator are '.'. In CS2, the default postscript is the empty string and the default separator is ','. ]] local function set_cs_style (postscript, mode) if utilities.is_set(postscript) then -- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs1 postscript -- we catch the opposite case for cs2 in set_style if mode == 'cs1' and postscript == cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode] then utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript'); end else postscript = cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode]; end return cfg.presentation['sep_' .. mode], postscript; end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ S T Y L E >----------------------------- Sets the separator and postscript styles. Checks the |mode= first and the #invoke CitationClass second. Removes the postscript if postscript == none. ]] local function set_style (mode, postscript, cite_class) local sep; if 'cs2' == mode then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2'); elseif 'cs1' == mode then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1'); elseif 'citation' == cite_class then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2'); else sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1'); end if cfg.keywords_xlate[postscript:lower()] == 'none' then -- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs2 postscript -- we catch the opposite case for cs1 in set_cs_style if 'cs2' == mode or 'citation' == cite_class then utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript'); end postscript = ''; end return sep, postscript end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ P D F >----------------------------------- Determines if a URL has the file extension that is one of the PDF file extensions used by [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] when applying the PDF icon to external links. returns true if file extension is one of the recognized extensions, else false ]=] local function is_pdf (url) return url:match ('%.pdf$') or url:match ('%.PDF$') or url:match ('%.pdf[%?#]') or url:match ('%.PDF[%?#]') or url:match ('%.PDF&#035') or url:match ('%.pdf&#035'); end --[[--------------------------< S T Y L E _ F O R M A T >----------------------- Applies CSS style to |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. Also emits an error message if the format parameter does not have a matching URL parameter. If the format parameter is not set and the URL contains a file extension that is recognized as a PDF document by MediaWiki's commons.css, this code will set the format parameter to (PDF) with the appropriate styling. ]] local function style_format (format, url, fmt_param, url_param) if utilities.is_set (format) then format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', format); -- add leading space, parentheses, resize if not utilities.is_set (url) then utilities.set_message ('err_format_missing_url', {fmt_param, url_param}); -- add an error message end elseif is_pdf (url) then -- format is not set so if URL is a PDF file then format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', 'PDF'); -- set format to PDF else format = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end return format; end --[[---------------------< G E T _ D I S P L A Y _ N A M E S >------------------ Returns a number that defines the number of names displayed for author and editor name lists and a Boolean flag to indicate when et al. should be appended to the name list. When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is a number greater than or equal to zero, return the number and the previous state of the 'etal' flag (false by default but may have been set to true if the name list contains some variant of the text 'et al.'). When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is the keyword 'etal', return a number that is one greater than the number of authors in the list and set the 'etal' flag true. This will cause the list_people() to display all of the names in the name list followed by 'et al.' In all other cases, returns nil and the previous state of the 'etal' flag. inputs: max: A['DisplayAuthors'] or A['DisplayEditors']; a number or some flavor of etal count: #a or #e list_name: 'authors' or 'editors' etal: author_etal or editor_etal ]] local function get_display_names (max, count, list_name, etal, param) if utilities.is_set (max) then if 'etal' == max:lower():gsub("[ '%.]", '') then -- the :gsub() portion makes 'etal' from a variety of 'et al.' spellings and stylings max = count + 1; -- number of authors + 1 so display all author name plus et al. etal = true; -- overrides value set by extract_names() elseif max:match ('^%d+$') then -- if is a string of numbers max = tonumber (max); -- make it a number if max >= count then -- if |display-xxxxors= value greater than or equal to number of authors/editors utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max}); -- add error message max = nil; end else -- not a valid keyword or number utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max}); -- add error message max = nil; -- unset; as if |display-xxxxors= had not been set end end return max, etal; end --[[----------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ P A G E _ C H E C K >--------------- Adds error if |page=, |pages=, |quote-page=, |quote-pages= has what appears to be some form of p. or pp. abbreviation in the first characters of the parameter content. check page for extraneous p, p., pp, pp., pg, pg. at start of parameter value: good pattern: '^P[^%.P%l]' matches when page begins PX or P# but not Px where x and X are letters and # is a digit bad pattern: '^[Pp][PpGg]' matches when page begins pp, pP, Pp, PP, pg, pG, Pg, PG ]] local function extra_text_in_page_check (val, name) if not val:match (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.good_ppattern) then for _, pattern in ipairs (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.bad_ppatterns) do -- spin through the selected sequence table of patterns if val:match (pattern) then -- when a match, error so utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_pages', name); -- add error message return; -- and done end end end end --[[--------------------------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ V O L _ I S S _ C H E C K >------------------------ Adds error if |volume= or |issue= has what appears to be some form of redundant 'type' indicator. For |volume=: 'V.', or 'Vol.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations or 'Volume' in the first characters of the parameter content (all case insensitive). 'V' and 'v' (without the dot) are presumed to be roman numerals so are allowed. For |issue=: 'No.', 'I.', 'Iss.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations, or 'Issue' in the first characters of the parameter content (all case insensitive). Single character values ('v', 'i', 'n') allowed when not followed by separator character ('.', ':', '=', or whitespace character) – param values are trimmed of whitespace by MediaWiki before delivered to the module. <val> is |volume= or |issue= parameter value <name> is |volume= or |issue= parameter name for error message <selector> is 'v' for |volume=, 'i' for |issue= sets error message on failure; returns nothing ]] local function extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (val, name, selector) if not utilities.is_set (val) then return; end local patterns = 'v' == selector and cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.vpatterns or cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.ipatterns; local handler = 'v' == selector and 'err_extra_text_volume' or 'err_extra_text_issue'; val = val:lower(); -- force parameter value to lower case for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through the selected sequence table of patterns if val:match (pattern) then -- when a match, error so utilities.set_message (handler, name); -- add error message return; -- and done end end end --[=[-------------------------< G E T _ V _ N A M E _ T A B L E >---------------------------------------------- split apart a |vauthors= or |veditors= parameter. This function allows for corporate names, wrapped in doubled parentheses to also have commas; in the old version of the code, the doubled parentheses were included in the rendered citation and in the metadata. Individual author names may be wikilinked |vauthors=Jones AB, [[E. B. White|White EB]], ((Black, Brown, and Co.)) ]=] local function get_v_name_table (vparam, output_table, output_link_table) local name_table = mw.text.split(vparam, "%s*,%s*"); -- names are separated by commas local wl_type, label, link; -- wl_type not used here; just a placeholder local i = 1; while name_table[i] do if name_table[i]:match ('^%(%(.*[^%)][^%)]$') then -- first segment of corporate with one or more commas; this segment has the opening doubled parentheses local name = name_table[i]; i = i + 1; -- bump indexer to next segment while name_table[i] do name = name .. ', ' .. name_table[i]; -- concatenate with previous segments if name_table[i]:match ('^.*%)%)$') then -- if this table member has the closing doubled parentheses break; -- and done reassembling so end i = i + 1; -- bump indexer end table.insert (output_table, name); -- and add corporate name to the output table table.insert (output_link_table, ''); -- no wikilink else wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (name_table[i]); -- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]] table.insert (output_table, label); -- add this name if 1 == wl_type then table.insert (output_link_table, label); -- simple wikilink [[D]] else table.insert (output_link_table, link); -- no wikilink or [[L|D]]; add this link if there is one, else empty string end end i = i + 1; end return output_table; end --[[--------------------------< P A R S E _ V A U T H O R S _ V E D I T O R S >-------------------------------- This function extracts author / editor names from |vauthors= or |veditors= and finds matching |xxxxor-maskn= and |xxxxor-linkn= in args. It then returns a table of assembled names just as extract_names() does. Author / editor names in |vauthors= or |veditors= must be in Vancouver system style. Corporate or institutional names may sometimes be required and because such names will often fail the is_good_vanc_name() and other format compliance tests, are wrapped in doubled parentheses ((corporate name)) to suppress the format tests. Supports generational suffixes Jr, 2nd, 3rd, 4th–6th. This function sets the Vancouver error when a required comma is missing and when there is a space between an author's initials. ]] local function parse_vauthors_veditors (args, vparam, list_name) local names = {}; -- table of names assembled from |vauthors=, |author-maskn=, |author-linkn= local v_name_table = {}; local v_link_table = {}; -- when name is wikilinked, targets go in this table local etal = false; -- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. vauthors parameter local last, first, link, mask, suffix; local corporate = false; vparam, etal = name_has_etal (vparam, etal, true); -- find and remove variations on et al. do not categorize (do it here because et al. might have a period) v_name_table = get_v_name_table (vparam, v_name_table, v_link_table); -- names are separated by commas for i, v_name in ipairs(v_name_table) do first = ''; -- set to empty string for concatenation and because it may have been set for previous author/editor local accept_name; v_name, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (v_name); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <v_name> if accept_name then last = v_name; corporate = true; -- flag used in list_people() elseif string.find(v_name, "%s") then if v_name:find('[;%.]') then -- look for commonly occurring punctuation characters; add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.punctuation, i); end local lastfirstTable = {} lastfirstTable = mw.text.split(v_name, "%s+") first = table.remove(lastfirstTable); -- removes and returns value of last element in table which should be initials or generational suffix if not mw.ustring.match (first, '^%u+$') then -- mw.ustring here so that later we will catch non-Latin characters suffix = first; -- not initials so assume that whatever we got is a generational suffix first = table.remove(lastfirstTable); -- get what should be the initials from the table end last = table.concat(lastfirstTable, ' ') -- returns a string that is the concatenation of all other names that are not initials and generational suffix if not utilities.is_set (last) then first = ''; -- unset last = v_name; -- last empty because something wrong with first add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.name, i); end if mw.ustring.match (last, '%a+%s+%u+%s+%a+') then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['missing comma'], i); -- matches last II last; the case when a comma is missing end if mw.ustring.match (v_name, ' %u %u$') then -- this test is in the wrong place TODO: move or replace with a more appropriate test add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i); -- matches a space between two initials end else last = v_name; -- last name or single corporate name? Doesn't support multiword corporate names? do we need this? end if utilities.is_set (first) then if not mw.ustring.match (first, "^%u?%u$") then -- first shall contain one or two upper-case letters, nothing else add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i); -- too many initials; mixed case initials (which may be ok Romanization); hyphenated initials end is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, i); -- check first and last before restoring the suffix which may have a non-Latin digit if utilities.is_set (suffix) then first = first .. ' ' .. suffix; -- if there was a suffix concatenate with the initials suffix = ''; -- unset so we don't add this suffix to all subsequent names end else if not corporate then is_good_vanc_name (last, '', nil, i); end end link = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ) or v_link_table[i]; mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); names[i] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = corporate}; -- add this assembled name to our names list end return names, etal; -- all done, return our list of names end --[[--------------------------< S E L E C T _ A U T H O R _ E D I T O R _ S O U R C E >------------------------ Select one of |authors=, |authorn= / |lastn / firstn=, or |vauthors= as the source of the author name list or select one of |editorn= / editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= or |veditors= as the source of the editor name list. Only one of these appropriate three will be used. The hierarchy is: |authorn= (and aliases) highest and |authors= lowest; |editorn= (and aliases) highest and |veditors= lowest (support for |editors= withdrawn) When looking for |authorn= / |editorn= parameters, test |xxxxor1= and |xxxxor2= (and all of their aliases); stops after the second test which mimicks the test used in extract_names() when looking for a hole in the author name list. There may be a better way to do this, I just haven't discovered what that way is. Emits an error message when more than one xxxxor name source is provided. In this function, vxxxxors = vauthors or veditors; xxxxors = authors as appropriate. ]] local function select_author_editor_source (vxxxxors, xxxxors, args, list_name) local lastfirst = false; if utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 1 ) or -- do this twice in case we have a |first1= without a |last1=; this ... utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 1 ) or -- ... also catches the case where |first= is used with |vauthors= utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 2 ) or utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 2 ) then lastfirst = true; end if (utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and true == lastfirst) or -- these are the three error conditions (utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) or (true == lastfirst and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) then local err_name; if 'AuthorList' == list_name then -- figure out which name should be used in error message err_name = 'author'; else err_name = 'editor'; end utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', err_name .. '-name-list parameters'); -- add error message end if true == lastfirst then return 1 end; -- return a number indicating which author name source to use if utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) then return 2 end; if utilities.is_set (xxxxors) then return 3 end; return 1; -- no authors so return 1; this allows missing author name test to run in case there is a first without last end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ P A R A M E T E R _ V A L U E >------------------------------ This function is used to validate a parameter's assigned value for those parameters that have only a limited number of allowable values (yes, y, true, live, dead, etc.). When the parameter value has not been assigned a value (missing or empty in the source template) the function returns the value specified by ret_val. If the parameter value is one of the list of allowed values returns the translated value; else, emits an error message and returns the value specified by ret_val. TODO: explain <invert> ]] local function is_valid_parameter_value (value, name, possible, ret_val, invert) if not utilities.is_set (value) then return ret_val; -- an empty parameter is ok end if (not invert and utilities.in_array (value, possible)) then -- normal; <value> is in <possible> table return cfg.keywords_xlate[value]; -- return translation of parameter keyword elseif invert and not utilities.in_array (value, possible) then -- invert; <value> is not in <possible> table return value; -- return <value> as it is else utilities.set_message ('err_invalid_param_val', {name, value}); -- not an allowed value so add error message return ret_val; end end --[[--------------------------< T E R M I N A T E _ N A M E _ L I S T >---------------------------------------- This function terminates a name list (author, contributor, editor) with a separator character (sepc) and a space when the last character is not a sepc character or when the last three characters are not sepc followed by two closing square brackets (close of a wikilink). When either of these is true, the name_list is terminated with a single space character. ]] local function terminate_name_list (name_list, sepc) if (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. '. ') then -- if already properly terminated return name_list; -- just return the name list elseif (string.sub (name_list, -1, -1) == sepc) or (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. ']]') then -- if last name in list ends with sepc char return name_list .. " "; -- don't add another else return name_list .. sepc .. ' '; -- otherwise terminate the name list end end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ V O L U M E _ I S S U E >---------------------------------------- returns the concatenation of the formatted volume and issue parameters as a single string; or formatted volume or formatted issue, or an empty string if neither are set. ]] local function format_volume_issue (volume, issue, cite_class, origin, sepc, lower) if not utilities.is_set (volume) and not utilities.is_set (issue) then return ''; end -- same condition as in format_pages_sheets() local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin); local is_numeric_vol = volume and (volume:match ('^[MDCLXVI]+$') or volume:match ('^%d+$')); -- is only uppercase roman numerals or only digits? local is_long_vol = volume and (4 < mw.ustring.len(volume)); -- is |volume= value longer than 4 characters? if volume and (not is_numeric_vol and is_long_vol) then -- when not all digits or Roman numerals, is |volume= longer than 4 characters? utilities.add_prop_cat ('long-vol'); -- yes, add properties cat end if is_journal then -- journal-style formatting local vol = ''; if utilities.is_set (volume) then if is_numeric_vol then -- |volume= value all digits or all uppercase Roman numerals? vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, volume}); -- render in bold face elseif is_long_vol then -- not all digits or Roman numerals; longer than 4 characters? vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-vol'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}); -- not bold else -- four or fewer characters vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}); -- bold end end if utilities.is_set (issue) then return vol .. utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-issue'], issue); end return vol; end if 'podcast' == cite_class and utilities.is_set (issue) then return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower); end -- all other types of citation if utilities.is_set (volume) and utilities.is_set (issue) then return wrap_msg ('vol-no', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume), issue}, lower); elseif utilities.is_set (volume) then return wrap_msg ('vol', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}, lower); else return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower); end end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ P A G E S _ S H E E T S >----------------------------------------- adds static text to one of |page(s)= or |sheet(s)= values and returns it with all of the others set to empty strings. The return order is: page, pages, sheet, sheets Singular has priority over plural when both are provided. ]] local function format_pages_sheets (page, pages, sheet, sheets, cite_class, origin, sepc, nopp, lower) if 'map' == cite_class then -- only cite map supports sheet(s) as in-source locators if utilities.is_set (sheet) then if 'journal' == origin then return '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheet', sheet, lower), ''; else return '', '', wrap_msg ('sheet', {sepc, sheet}, lower), ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (sheets) then if 'journal' == origin then return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheets', sheets, lower); else return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('sheets', {sepc, sheets}, lower); end end end local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin); if utilities.is_set (page) then if is_journal then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], page), '', '', ''; elseif not nopp then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, page}), '', '', ''; else return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, page}), '', '', ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then if is_journal then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], pages), '', '', ''; elseif tonumber(pages) ~= nil and not nopp then -- if pages is only digits, assume a single page number return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; elseif not nopp then return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; else return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; end end return '', '', '', ''; -- return empty strings end --[[--------------------------< I N S O U R C E _ L O C _ G E T >---------------------------------------------- returns one of the in-source locators: page, pages, or at. If any of these are interwiki links to Wikisource, returns the label portion of the interwiki-link as plain text for use in COinS. This COinS thing is done because here we convert an interwiki-link to an external link and add an icon span around that; get_coins_pages() doesn't know about the span. TODO: should it? TODO: add support for sheet and sheets?; streamline; TODO: make it so that this function returns only one of the three as the single in-source (the return value assigned to a new name)? ]] local function insource_loc_get (page, page_orig, pages, pages_orig, at) local ws_url, ws_label, coins_pages, L; -- for Wikisource interwiki-links; TODO: this corrupts page metadata (span remains in place after cleanup; fix there?) if utilities.is_set (page) then if utilities.is_set (pages) or utilities.is_set (at) then pages = ''; -- unset the others at = ''; end extra_text_in_page_check (page, page_orig); -- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (page); -- make ws URL from |page= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then page = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in page'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? page = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, page}); coins_pages = ws_label; end elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then if utilities.is_set (at) then at = ''; -- unset end extra_text_in_page_check (pages, pages_orig); -- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (pages); -- make ws URL from |pages= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then pages = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in pages'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? pages = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, pages}); coins_pages = ws_label; end elseif utilities.is_set (at) then ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (at); -- make ws URL from |at= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then at = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in at'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? at = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, at}); coins_pages = ws_label; end end return page, pages, at, coins_pages; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ U N I Q U E _ A R C H I V E _ U R L >------------------------------------ add error message when |archive-url= value is same as |url= or chapter-url= (or alias...) value ]] local function is_unique_archive_url (archive, url, c_url, source, date) if utilities.is_set (archive) then if archive == url or archive == c_url then utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); -- add error message return '', ''; -- unset |archive-url= and |archive-date= because same as |url= or |chapter-url= end end return archive, date; end --[=[-------------------------< A R C H I V E _ U R L _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------- Check archive.org URLs to make sure they at least look like they are pointing at valid archives and not to the save snapshot URL or to calendar pages. When the archive URL is 'https://web.archive.org/save/' (or http://...) archive.org saves a snapshot of the target page in the URL. That is something that Wikipedia should not allow unwitting readers to do. When the archive.org URL does not have a complete timestamp, archive.org chooses a snapshot according to its own algorithm or provides a calendar 'search' result. [[WP:ELNO]] discourages links to search results. This function looks at the value assigned to |archive-url= and returns empty strings for |archive-url= and |archive-date= and an error message when: |archive-url= holds an archive.org save command URL |archive-url= is an archive.org URL that does not have a complete timestamp (YYYYMMDDhhmmss 14 digits) in the correct place otherwise returns |archive-url= and |archive-date= There are two mostly compatible archive.org URLs: //web.archive.org/<timestamp>... -- the old form //web.archive.org/web/<timestamp>... -- the new form The old form does not support or map to the new form when it contains a display flag. There are four identified flags ('id_', 'js_', 'cs_', 'im_') but since archive.org ignores others following the same form (two letters and an underscore) we don't check for these specific flags but we do check the form. This function supports a preview mode. When the article is rendered in preview mode, this function may return a modified archive URL: for save command errors, return undated wildcard (/*/) for timestamp errors when the timestamp has a wildcard, return the URL unmodified for timestamp errors when the timestamp does not have a wildcard, return with timestamp limited to six digits plus wildcard (/yyyymm*/) ]=] local function archive_url_check (url, date) local err_msg = ''; -- start with the error message empty local path, timestamp, flag; -- portions of the archive.org URL if (not url:match('//web%.archive%.org/')) and (not url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/')) then -- also deprecated liveweb Wayback machine URL return url, date; -- not an archive.org archive, return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate end if url:match('//web%.archive%.org/save/') then -- if a save command URL, we don't want to allow saving of the target page err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.save; url = url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org)/save/', '%1/*/', 1); -- for preview mode: modify ArchiveURL elseif url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/') then err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.liveweb; else path, timestamp, flag = url:match('//web%.archive%.org/([^%d]*)(%d+)([^/]*)/'); -- split out some of the URL parts for evaluation if not path then -- malformed in some way; pattern did not match err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp; elseif 14 ~= timestamp:len() then -- path and flag optional, must have 14-digit timestamp here err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp; if '*' ~= flag then local replacement = timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d%d%d') or timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d'); -- get the first 6 (YYYYMM) or first 4 digits (YYYY) if replacement then -- nil if there aren't at least 4 digits (year) replacement = replacement .. string.rep ('0', 14 - replacement:len()); -- year or yearmo (4 or 6 digits) zero-fill to make 14-digit timestamp url=url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org/[^%d]*)%d[^/]*', '%1' .. replacement .. '*', 1) -- for preview, modify ts to 14 digits plus splat for calendar display end end elseif utilities.is_set (path) and 'web/' ~= path then -- older archive URLs do not have the extra 'web/' path element err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.path; elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not utilities.is_set (path) then -- flag not allowed with the old form URL (without the 'web/' path element) err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag; elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not flag:match ('%a%a_') then -- flag if present must be two alpha characters and underscore (requires 'web/' path element) err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag; else return url, date; -- return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate end end -- if here, something not right so utilities.set_message ('err_archive_url', {err_msg}); -- add error message and if is_preview_mode then return url, date; -- preview mode so return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate else return '', ''; -- return empty strings for ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate end end --[[--------------------------< P L A C E _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------------------- check |place=, |publication-place=, |location= to see if these params include digits. This function added because many editors misuse location to specify the in-source location (|page(s)= and |at= are supposed to do that) returns the original parameter value without modification; added maint cat when parameter value contains digits ]] local function place_check (param_val) if not utilities.is_set (param_val) then -- parameter empty or omitted return param_val; -- return that empty state end if mw.ustring.find (param_val, '%d') then -- not empty, are there digits in the parameter value utilities.set_message ('maint_location'); -- yep, add maint cat end return param_val; -- and done end --[[--------------------------< I S _ A R C H I V E D _ C O P Y >---------------------------------------------- compares |title= to 'Archived copy' (placeholder added by bots that can't find proper title); if matches, return true; nil else ]] local function is_archived_copy (title) title = mw.ustring.lower(title); -- switch title to lower case if title:find (cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy.en) then -- if title is 'Archived copy' return true; elseif cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local'] then if mw.ustring.find (title, cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local']) then -- mw.ustring() because might not be Latin script return true; end end end --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N 0 >------------------------------------------------------------ This is the main function doing the majority of the citation formatting. ]] local function citation0( config, args ) --[[ Load Input Parameters The argument_wrapper facilitates the mapping of multiple aliases to single internal variable. ]] local A = argument_wrapper ( args ); local i -- Pick out the relevant fields from the arguments. Different citation templates -- define different field names for the same underlying things. local author_etal; local a = {}; -- authors list from |lastn= / |firstn= pairs or |vauthors= local Authors; local NameListStyle = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NameListStyle'], A:ORIGIN('NameListStyle'), cfg.keywords_lists['name-list-style'], ''); local Collaboration = A['Collaboration']; do -- to limit scope of selected local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Vauthors'], A['Authors'], args, 'AuthorList'); if 1 == selected then a, author_etal = extract_names (args, 'AuthorList'); -- fetch author list from |authorn= / |lastn= / |firstn=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn= elseif 2 == selected then NameListStyle = 'vanc'; -- override whatever |name-list-style= might be a, author_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, args.vauthors, 'AuthorList'); -- fetch author list from |vauthors=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn= elseif 3 == selected then Authors = A['Authors']; -- use content of |authors= if 'authors' == A:ORIGIN('Authors') then -- but add a maint cat if the parameter is |authors= utilities.set_message ('maint_authors'); -- because use of this parameter is discouraged; what to do about the aliases is a TODO: end end if utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then author_etal = true; -- so that |display-authors=etal not required end end local editor_etal; local e = {}; -- editors list from |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= pairs or |veditors= do -- to limit scope of selected local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Veditors'], nil, args, 'EditorList'); -- support for |editors= withdrawn if 1 == selected then e, editor_etal = extract_names (args, 'EditorList'); -- fetch editor list from |editorn= / |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn= elseif 2 == selected then NameListStyle = 'vanc'; -- override whatever |name-list-style= might be e, editor_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, args.veditors, 'EditorList'); -- fetch editor list from |veditors=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn= end end local Chapter = A['Chapter']; -- done here so that we have access to |contribution= from |chapter= aliases local Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter'); local Contribution; -- because contribution is required for contributor(s) if 'contribution' == Chapter_origin then Contribution = Chapter; -- get the name of the contribution end local c = {}; -- contributors list from |contributor-lastn= / contributor-firstn= pairs if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"book", "citation"}) and not utilities.is_set (A['Periodical']) then -- |contributor= and |contribution= only supported in book cites c = extract_names (args, 'ContributorList'); -- fetch contributor list from |contributorn= / |contributor-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn= if 0 < #c then if not utilities.is_set (Contribution) then -- |contributor= requires |contribution= utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'contribution'); -- add missing contribution error message c = {}; -- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later end if 0 == #a then -- |contributor= requires |author= utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'author'); -- add missing author error message c = {}; -- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later end end else -- if not a book cite if utilities.select_one (args, cfg.aliases['ContributorList-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', 1 ) then -- are there contributor name list parameters? utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_ignored'); -- add contributor ignored error message end Contribution = nil; -- unset end local Title = A['Title']; local TitleLink = A['TitleLink']; local auto_select = ''; -- default is auto local accept_link; TitleLink, accept_link = utilities.has_accept_as_written (TitleLink, true); -- test for accept-this-as-written markup if (not accept_link) and utilities.in_array (TitleLink, {'none', 'pmc', 'doi'}) then -- check for special keywords auto_select = TitleLink; -- remember selection for later TitleLink = ''; -- treat as if |title-link= would have been empty end TitleLink = link_title_ok (TitleLink, A:ORIGIN ('TitleLink'), Title, 'title'); -- check for wiki-markup in |title-link= or wiki-markup in |title= when |title-link= is set local Section = ''; -- {{cite map}} only; preset to empty string for concatenation if not used if 'map' == config.CitationClass and 'section' == Chapter_origin then Section = A['Chapter']; -- get |section= from |chapter= alias list; |chapter= and the other aliases not supported in {{cite map}} Chapter = ''; -- unset for now; will be reset later from |map= if present end local Periodical = A['Periodical']; local Periodical_origin = ''; if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('Periodical'); -- get the name of the periodical parameter local i; Periodical, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical); -- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated if i then -- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {Periodical_origin}); end end if 'mailinglist' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for {{cite mailing list}} if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (A ['MailingList']) then -- both set emit an error TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Periodical_origin) .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'mailinglist')}); end Periodical = A ['MailingList']; -- error or no, set Periodical to |mailinglist= value because this template is {{cite mailing list}} Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('MailingList'); end local ScriptPeriodical = A['ScriptPeriodical']; -- web and news not tested for now because of -- Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Is_there_a_semi-automated_tool_that_could_fix_these_annoying_"Cite_Web"_errors? if not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) then -- 'periodical' templates require periodical parameter -- local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine', ['news'] = 'newspaper', ['web'] = 'website'}; -- for error message local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine'}; -- for error message if p[config.CitationClass] then utilities.set_message ('err_missing_periodical', {config.CitationClass, p[config.CitationClass]}); end end local Volume; local ScriptPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptPeriodical'); if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then if not utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_no_volume_t) then -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used Volume = A['Volume']; -- but does for all other 'periodicals' end elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) then if 'script-website' ~= ScriptPeriodical_origin then -- {{citation}} does not render volume for |script-website= Volume = A['Volume']; -- but does for all other 'periodicals' end else Volume = A['Volume']; -- and does for non-'periodical' cites end elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_volume) then -- render |volume= for cs1 according to the configuration settings Volume = A['Volume']; end extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Volume, A:ORIGIN ('Volume'), 'v'); local Issue; if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_issue_t) then -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used Issue = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Issue']); end elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_issue) then -- conference & map books do not support issue; {{citation}} listed here because included in settings table if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'conference', 'map', 'citation'}) and not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical))) then Issue = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Issue']); end end extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Issue, A:ORIGIN ('Issue'), 'i'); local Page; local Pages; local At; if not utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_not_using_page) then Page = A['Page']; Pages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Pages']); At = A['At']; end local Edition = A['Edition']; local PublicationPlace = place_check (A['PublicationPlace'], A:ORIGIN('PublicationPlace')); local Place = place_check (A['Place'], A:ORIGIN('Place')); local PublisherName = A['PublisherName']; local PublisherName_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublisherName'); if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then local i = 0; PublisherName, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (PublisherName); -- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated; publisher is never italicized if i then -- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {PublisherName_origin}); end end local Newsgroup = A['Newsgroup']; -- TODO: strip apostrophe markup? local Newsgroup_origin = A:ORIGIN('Newsgroup'); if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then -- general use parameter |publisher= not allowed in cite newsgroup utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {PublisherName_origin}); end PublisherName = nil; -- ensure that this parameter is unset for the time being; will be used again after COinS end local URL = A['URL']; -- TODO: better way to do this for URL, ChapterURL, and MapURL? local UrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('UrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (URL) and utilities.is_set (UrlAccess) then UrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', 'url'); end local ChapterURL = A['ChapterURL']; local ChapterUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['ChapterUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (ChapterUrlAccess) then ChapterUrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'):gsub ('%-access', '')}); end local MapUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['MapUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('MapUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (A['MapURL']) and utilities.is_set (MapUrlAccess) then MapUrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {'map-url'}); end local this_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); -- also used for COinS and for language local no_tracking_cats = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoTracking'], A:ORIGIN('NoTracking'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil); -- check this page to see if it is in one of the namespaces that cs1 is not supposed to add to the error categories if not utilities.is_set (no_tracking_cats) then -- ignore if we are already not going to categorize this page if utilities.in_array (this_page.nsText, cfg.uncategorized_namespaces) then no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats end for _, v in ipairs (cfg.uncategorized_subpages) do -- cycle through page name patterns if this_page.text:match (v) then -- test page name against each pattern no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats break; -- bail out if one is found end end end -- check for extra |page=, |pages= or |at= parameters. (also sheet and sheets while we're at it) utilities.select_one (args, {'page', 'p', 'pp', 'pages', 'at', 'sheet', 'sheets'}, 'err_redundant_parameters'); -- this is a dummy call simply to get the error message and category local coins_pages; Page, Pages, At, coins_pages = insource_loc_get (Page, A:ORIGIN('Page'), Pages, A:ORIGIN('Pages'), At); local NoPP = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoPP'], A:ORIGIN('NoPP'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil); if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then -- both |publication-place= and |place= (|location=) allowed if different utilities.add_prop_cat ('location-test'); -- add property cat to evaluate how often PublicationPlace and Place are used together if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; -- unset; don't need both if they are the same end elseif not utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then -- when only |place= (|location=) is set ... PublicationPlace = Place; -- promote |place= (|location=) to |publication-place end if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; end -- don't need both if they are the same local URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('URL'); -- get name of parameter that holds URL local ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ChapterURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds ChapterURL local ScriptChapter = A['ScriptChapter']; local ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptChapter'); local Format = A['Format']; local ChapterFormat = A['ChapterFormat']; local TransChapter = A['TransChapter']; local TransChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter'); local TransTitle = A['TransTitle']; local ScriptTitle = A['ScriptTitle']; --[[ Parameter remapping for cite encyclopedia: When the citation has these parameters: |encyclopedia= and |title= then map |title= to |article= and |encyclopedia= to |title= |encyclopedia= and |article= then map |encyclopedia= to |title= |trans-title= maps to |trans-chapter= when |title= is re-mapped |url= maps to |chapter-url= when |title= is remapped All other combinations of |encyclopedia=, |title=, and |article= are not modified ]] local Encyclopedia = A['Encyclopedia']; -- used as a flag by this module and by ~/COinS if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then -- emit error message when Encyclopedia set but template is other than {{cite encyclopedia}} or {{citation}} if 'encyclopaedia' ~= config.CitationClass and 'citation' ~= config.CitationClass then utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia')}); Encyclopedia = nil; -- unset because not supported by this template end end if ('encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then -- when both set emit an error TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia')) .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Periodical_origin)}); end if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then Periodical = Encyclopedia; -- error or no, set Periodical to Encyclopedia; allow periodical without encyclopedia Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia'); end if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- Periodical is set when |encyclopedia= is set if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then if not utilities.is_set (Chapter) then Chapter = Title; -- |encyclopedia= and |title= are set so map |title= to |article= and |encyclopedia= to |title= ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle; ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle') TransChapter = TransTitle; ChapterURL = URL; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (TitleLink) then Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Chapter); end Title = Periodical; ChapterFormat = Format; Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset TransTitle = ''; URL = ''; Format = ''; TitleLink = ''; ScriptTitle = ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (Chapter) or utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then -- |title= not set Title = Periodical; -- |encyclopedia= set and |article= set so map |encyclopedia= to |title= Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset end end end -- special case for cite techreport. local ID = A['ID']; if (config.CitationClass == "techreport") then -- special case for cite techreport if utilities.is_set (A['Number']) then -- cite techreport uses 'number', which other citations alias to 'issue' if not utilities.is_set (ID) then -- can we use ID for the "number"? ID = A['Number']; -- yes, use it else -- ID has a value so emit error message utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'id') .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'number')}); end end end -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite conference}}, before generation of COinS data. local ChapterLink -- = A['ChapterLink']; -- deprecated as a parameter but still used internally by cite episode local Conference = A['Conference']; local BookTitle = A['BookTitle']; local TransTitle_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransTitle'); if 'conference' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (BookTitle) then Chapter = Title; Chapter_origin = 'title'; -- ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- |chapter-link= is deprecated ChapterURL = URL; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; URL_origin = ''; ChapterFormat = Format; TransChapter = TransTitle; TransChapter_origin = TransTitle_origin; Title = BookTitle; Format = ''; -- TitleLink = ''; TransTitle = ''; URL = ''; end elseif 'speech' ~= config.CitationClass then Conference = ''; -- not cite conference or cite speech so make sure this is empty string end -- CS1/2 mode local Mode = is_valid_parameter_value (A['Mode'], A:ORIGIN('Mode'), cfg.keywords_lists['mode'], ''); -- separator character and postscript local sepc, PostScript = set_style (Mode:lower(), A['PostScript'], config.CitationClass); -- controls capitalization of certain static text local use_lowercase = ( sepc == ',' ); -- cite map oddities local Cartography = ""; local Scale = ""; local Sheet = A['Sheet'] or ''; local Sheets = A['Sheets'] or ''; if config.CitationClass == "map" then if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then --TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'map') .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Chapter_origin)}); -- add error message end Chapter = A['Map']; Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('Map'); ChapterURL = A['MapURL']; ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('MapURL'); TransChapter = A['TransMap']; ScriptChapter = A['ScriptMap'] ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptMap') ChapterUrlAccess = MapUrlAccess; ChapterFormat = A['MapFormat']; Cartography = A['Cartography']; if utilities.is_set ( Cartography ) then Cartography = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('cartography', Cartography, use_lowercase); end Scale = A['Scale']; if utilities.is_set ( Scale ) then Scale = sepc .. " " .. Scale; end end -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite episode}} and {{cite serial}}, before generation of COinS data. local Series = A['Series']; if 'episode' == config.CitationClass or 'serial' == config.CitationClass then local SeriesLink = A['SeriesLink']; SeriesLink = link_title_ok (SeriesLink, A:ORIGIN ('SeriesLink'), Series, 'series'); -- check for wiki-markup in |series-link= or wiki-markup in |series= when |series-link= is set local Network = A['Network']; local Station = A['Station']; local s, n = {}, {}; -- do common parameters first if utilities.is_set (Network) then table.insert(n, Network); end if utilities.is_set (Station) then table.insert(n, Station); end ID = table.concat(n, sepc .. ' '); if 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- handle the oddities that are strictly {{cite episode}} local Season = A['Season']; local SeriesNumber = A['SeriesNumber']; if utilities.is_set (Season) and utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then -- these are mutually exclusive so if both are set TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'season') .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'seriesno')}); -- add error message SeriesNumber = ''; -- unset; prefer |season= over |seriesno= end -- assemble a table of parts concatenated later into Series if utilities.is_set (Season) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('season', Season, use_lowercase)); end if utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('seriesnum', SeriesNumber, use_lowercase)); end if utilities.is_set (Issue) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('episode', Issue, use_lowercase)); end Issue = ''; -- unset because this is not a unique parameter Chapter = Title; -- promote title parameters to chapter ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle; ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle'); ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- alias |episode-link= TransChapter = TransTitle; ChapterURL = URL; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; ChapterFormat = Format; Title = Series; -- promote series to title TitleLink = SeriesLink; Series = table.concat(s, sepc .. ' '); -- this is concatenation of season, seriesno, episode number if utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- link but not URL Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Chapter); elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if both are set, URL links episode; Series = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Series); end URL = ''; -- unset TransTitle = ''; ScriptTitle = ''; Format = ''; else -- now oddities that are cite serial Issue = ''; -- unset because this parameter no longer supported by the citation/core version of cite serial Chapter = A['Episode']; -- TODO: make |episode= available to cite episode someday? if utilities.is_set (Series) and utilities.is_set (SeriesLink) then Series = utilities.make_wikilink (SeriesLink, Series); end Series = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Series); -- series is italicized end end -- end of {{cite episode}} stuff -- handle type parameter for those CS1 citations that have default values local TitleType = A['TitleType']; local Degree = A['Degree']; if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'AV-media-notes', 'interview', 'mailinglist', 'map', 'podcast', 'pressrelease', 'report', 'speech', 'techreport', 'thesis'}) then TitleType = set_titletype (config.CitationClass, TitleType); if utilities.is_set (Degree) and "Thesis" == TitleType then -- special case for cite thesis TitleType = Degree .. ' ' .. cfg.title_types ['thesis']:lower(); end end if utilities.is_set (TitleType) then -- if type parameter is specified TitleType = utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['type'], TitleType); -- display it in parentheses -- TODO: Hack on TitleType to fix bunched parentheses problem end -- legacy: promote PublicationDate to Date if neither Date nor Year are set. local Date = A['Date']; local Date_origin; -- to hold the name of parameter promoted to Date; required for date error messaging local PublicationDate = A['PublicationDate']; local Year = A['Year']; if not utilities.is_set (Date) then Date = Year; -- promote Year to Date Year = nil; -- make nil so Year as empty string isn't used for CITEREF if not utilities.is_set (Date) and utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then -- use PublicationDate when |date= and |year= are not set Date = PublicationDate; -- promote PublicationDate to Date PublicationDate = ''; -- unset, no longer needed Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublicationDate'); -- save the name of the promoted parameter else Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Year'); -- save the name of the promoted parameter end else Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Date'); -- not a promotion; name required for error messaging end if PublicationDate == Date then PublicationDate = ''; end -- if PublicationDate is same as Date, don't display in rendered citation --[[ Go test all of the date-holding parameters for valid MOS:DATE format and make sure that dates are real dates. This must be done before we do COinS because here is where we get the date used in the metadata. Date validation supporting code is in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation ]] local DF = is_valid_parameter_value (A['DF'], A:ORIGIN('DF'), cfg.keywords_lists['df'], ''); if not utilities.is_set (DF) then DF = cfg.global_df; -- local |df= if present overrides global df set by {{use xxx date}} template end local ArchiveURL; local ArchiveDate; local ArchiveFormat = A['ArchiveFormat']; ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate = archive_url_check (A['ArchiveURL'], A['ArchiveDate']) ArchiveFormat = style_format (ArchiveFormat, ArchiveURL, 'archive-format', 'archive-url'); ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate = is_unique_archive_url (ArchiveURL, URL, ChapterURL, A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), ArchiveDate); -- add error message when URL or ChapterURL == ArchiveURL local AccessDate = A['AccessDate']; local LayDate = A['LayDate']; local COinS_date = {}; -- holds date info extracted from |date= for the COinS metadata by Module:Date verification local DoiBroken = A['DoiBroken']; local Embargo = A['Embargo']; local anchor_year; -- used in the CITEREF identifier do -- create defined block to contain local variables error_message, date_parameters_list, mismatch local error_message = ''; -- AirDate has been promoted to Date so not necessary to check it local date_parameters_list = { ['access-date'] = {val = AccessDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('AccessDate')}, ['archive-date'] = {val = ArchiveDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('ArchiveDate')}, ['date'] = {val = Date, name = Date_origin}, ['doi-broken-date'] = {val = DoiBroken, name = A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')}, ['pmc-embargo-date'] = {val = Embargo, name = A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')}, ['lay-date'] = {val = LayDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('LayDate')}, ['publication-date'] = {val = PublicationDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('PublicationDate')}, ['year'] = {val = Year, name = A:ORIGIN ('Year')}, }; local error_list = {}; anchor_year, Embargo = validation.dates(date_parameters_list, COinS_date, error_list); -- start temporary Julian / Gregorian calendar uncertainty categorization if COinS_date.inter_cal_cat then utilities.add_prop_cat ('jul-greg-uncertainty'); end -- end temporary Julian / Gregorian calendar uncertainty categorization if utilities.is_set (Year) and utilities.is_set (Date) then -- both |date= and |year= not normally needed; validation.year_date_check (Year, A:ORIGIN ('Year'), Date, A:ORIGIN ('Date'), error_list); end if 0 == #error_list then -- error free dates only; 0 when error_list is empty local modified = false; -- flag if utilities.is_set (DF) then -- if we need to reformat dates modified = validation.reformat_dates (date_parameters_list, DF); -- reformat to DF format, use long month names if appropriate end if true == validation.date_hyphen_to_dash (date_parameters_list) then -- convert hyphens to dashes where appropriate modified = true; utilities.set_message ('maint_date_format'); -- hyphens were converted so add maint category end -- for those wikis that can and want to have English date names translated to the local language; not supported at en.wiki if cfg.date_name_auto_xlate_enable and validation.date_name_xlate (date_parameters_list, cfg.date_digit_auto_xlate_enable ) then utilities.set_message ('maint_date_auto_xlated'); -- add maint cat modified = true; end if modified then -- if the date_parameters_list values were modified AccessDate = date_parameters_list['access-date'].val; -- overwrite date holding parameters with modified values ArchiveDate = date_parameters_list['archive-date'].val; Date = date_parameters_list['date'].val; DoiBroken = date_parameters_list['doi-broken-date'].val; LayDate = date_parameters_list['lay-date'].val; PublicationDate = date_parameters_list['publication-date'].val; end else utilities.set_message ('err_bad_date', {utilities.make_sep_list (#error_list, error_list)}); -- add this error message end end -- end of do local ID_list = {}; -- sequence table of rendered identifiers local ID_list_coins = {}; -- table of identifiers and their values from args; key is same as cfg.id_handlers's key local Class = A['Class']; -- arxiv class identifier local ID_support = { {A['ASINTLD'], 'ASIN', 'err_asintld_missing_asin', A:ORIGIN ('ASINTLD')}, {DoiBroken, 'DOI', 'err_doibroken_missing_doi', A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')}, {Embargo, 'PMC', 'err_embargo_missing_pmc', A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')}, } ID_list, ID_list_coins = identifiers.identifier_lists_get (args, {DoiBroken = DoiBroken, ASINTLD = A['ASINTLD'], Embargo = Embargo, Class = Class}, ID_support); -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, {{cite ssrn}}, before generation of COinS data. if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list) then if not utilities.is_set (ID_list_coins[config.CitationClass:upper()]) then -- |arxiv= or |eprint= required for cite arxiv; |biorxiv= & |citeseerx= required for their templates utilities.set_message ('err_' .. config.CitationClass .. '_missing'); -- add error message end Periodical = ({['arxiv'] = 'arXiv', ['biorxiv'] = 'bioRxiv', ['citeseerx'] = 'CiteSeerX', ['ssrn'] = 'Social Science Research Network'})[config.CitationClass]; end -- Link the title of the work if no |url= was provided, but we have a |pmc= or a |doi= with |doi-access=free if config.CitationClass == "journal" and not utilities.is_set (URL) and not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) then -- TODO: remove 'none' once existing citations have been switched to 'off', so 'none' can be used as token for "no title" instead if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[auto_select] then -- if auto-linking not disabled if identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select] then -- manual selection URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select]; -- set URL to be the same as identifier's external link URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers[auto_select:upper()].parameters[1]; -- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title= elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc'] then -- auto-select PMC URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc']; -- set URL to be the same as the PMC external link if not embargoed URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1]; -- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title= elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi'] then -- auto-select DOI URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi']; URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['DOI'].parameters[1]; end end if utilities.is_set (URL) then -- set when using an identifier-created URL if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then -- |access-date= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url= utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url'); -- add an error message AccessDate = ''; -- unset end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then -- |archive-url= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url= utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); -- add an error message ArchiveURL = ''; -- unset end end end -- At this point fields may be nil if they weren't specified in the template use. We can use that fact. -- Test if citation has no title if not utilities.is_set (Title) and not utilities.is_set (TransTitle) and not utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then -- has special case for cite episode utilities.set_message ('err_citation_missing_title', {'episode' == config.CitationClass and 'series' or 'title'}); end if utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) and utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'journal', 'citation'}) and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and ('journal' == Periodical_origin or 'script-journal' == ScriptPeriodical_origin) then -- special case for journal cites Title = ''; -- set title to empty string utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled'); -- add maint cat end -- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) for automated parsing of citation information. -- handle the oddity that is cite encyclopedia and {{citation |encyclopedia=something}}. Here we presume that -- when Periodical, Title, and Chapter are all set, then Periodical is the book (encyclopedia) title, Title -- is the article title, and Chapter is a section within the article. So, we remap local coins_chapter = Chapter; -- default assuming that remapping not required local coins_title = Title; -- et tu if 'encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and utilities.is_set (Title) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- if all are used then coins_chapter = Title; -- remap coins_title = Periodical; end end local coins_author = a; -- default for coins rft.au if 0 < #c then -- but if contributor list coins_author = c; -- use that instead end local QuotePage = A['QuotePage']; local QuotePages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['QuotePages']); -- this is the function call to COinS() local OCinSoutput = metadata.COinS({ ['Periodical'] = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical), -- no markup in the metadata ['Encyclopedia'] = Encyclopedia, -- just a flag; content ignored by ~/COinS ['Chapter'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_chapter, ScriptChapter), -- Chapter and ScriptChapter stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup ['Degree'] = Degree; -- cite thesis only ['Title'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_title, ScriptTitle), -- Title and ScriptTitle stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup ['PublicationPlace'] = PublicationPlace, ['Date'] = COinS_date.rftdate, -- COinS_date has correctly formatted date if Date is valid; ['Season'] = COinS_date.rftssn, ['Quarter'] = COinS_date.rftquarter, ['Chron'] = COinS_date.rftchron or (not COinS_date.rftdate and Date) or '', -- chron but if not set and invalid date format use Date; keep this last bit? ['Series'] = Series, ['Volume'] = Volume, ['Issue'] = Issue, ['Pages'] = coins_pages or metadata.get_coins_pages (first_set ({Sheet, Sheets, Page, Pages, At, QuotePage, QuotePages}, 7)), -- pages stripped of external links ['Edition'] = Edition, ['PublisherName'] = PublisherName or Newsgroup, -- any apostrophe markup already removed from PublisherName ['URL'] = first_set ({ChapterURL, URL}, 2), ['Authors'] = coins_author, ['ID_list'] = ID_list_coins, ['RawPage'] = this_page.prefixedText, }, config.CitationClass); -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, and {{cite ssrn}} AFTER generation of COinS data. if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list) then -- we have set rft.jtitle in COinS to arXiv, bioRxiv, CiteSeerX, or ssrn now unset so it isn't displayed Periodical = ''; -- periodical not allowed in these templates; if article has been published, use cite journal end -- special case for cite newsgroup. Do this after COinS because we are modifying Publishername to include some static text if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Newsgroup) then PublisherName = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['newsgroup'], external_link( 'news:' .. Newsgroup, Newsgroup, Newsgroup_origin, nil )); end local Editors; local EditorCount; -- used only for choosing {ed.) or (eds.) annotation at end of editor name-list local Contributors; -- assembled contributors name list local contributor_etal; local Translators; -- assembled translators name list local translator_etal; local t = {}; -- translators list from |translator-lastn= / translator-firstn= pairs t = extract_names (args, 'TranslatorList'); -- fetch translator list from |translatorn= / |translator-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn= local Interviewers; local interviewers_list = {}; interviewers_list = extract_names (args, 'InterviewerList'); -- process preferred interviewers parameters local interviewer_etal; -- Now perform various field substitutions. -- We also add leading spaces and surrounding markup and punctuation to the -- various parts of the citation, but only when they are non-nil. do local last_first_list; local control = { format = NameListStyle, -- empty string or 'vanc' maximum = nil, -- as if display-authors or display-editors not set mode = Mode }; do -- do editor name list first because the now unsupported coauthors used to modify control table control.maximum , editor_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayEditors'], #e, 'editors', editor_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayEditors')); Editors, EditorCount = list_people (control, e, editor_etal); if 1 == EditorCount and (true == editor_etal or 1 < #e) then -- only one editor displayed but includes etal then EditorCount = 2; -- spoof to display (eds.) annotation end end do -- now do interviewers control.maximum, interviewer_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayInterviewers'], #interviewers_list, 'interviewers', interviewer_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayInterviewers')); Interviewers = list_people (control, interviewers_list, interviewer_etal); end do -- now do translators control.maximum, translator_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayTranslators'], #t, 'translators', translator_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayTranslators')); Translators = list_people (control, t, translator_etal); end do -- now do contributors control.maximum, contributor_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayContributors'], #c, 'contributors', contributor_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayContributors')); Contributors = list_people (control, c, contributor_etal); end do -- now do authors control.maximum, author_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayAuthors'], #a, 'authors', author_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayAuthors')); last_first_list = list_people (control, a, author_etal); if utilities.is_set (Authors) then Authors, author_etal = name_has_etal (Authors, author_etal, false, 'authors'); -- find and remove variations on et al. if author_etal then Authors = Authors .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['et al']; -- add et al. to authors parameter end else Authors = last_first_list; -- either an author name list or an empty string end end -- end of do if utilities.is_set (Authors) and utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then Authors = Authors .. ' (' .. Collaboration .. ')'; -- add collaboration after et al. end end local ConferenceFormat = A['ConferenceFormat']; local ConferenceURL = A['ConferenceURL']; ConferenceFormat = style_format (ConferenceFormat, ConferenceURL, 'conference-format', 'conference-url'); Format = style_format (Format, URL, 'format', 'url'); -- special case for chapter format so no error message or cat when chapter not supported if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'ssrn'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia))) then ChapterFormat = style_format (ChapterFormat, ChapterURL, 'chapter-format', 'chapter-url'); end if not utilities.is_set (URL) then if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"web", "podcast", "mailinglist"}) or -- |url= required for cite web, cite podcast, and cite mailinglist ('citation' == config.CitationClass and ('website' == Periodical_origin or 'script-website' == ScriptPeriodical_origin)) then -- and required for {{citation}} with |website= or |script-website= utilities.set_message ('err_cite_web_url'); end -- do we have |accessdate= without either |url= or |chapter-url=? if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- ChapterURL may be set when URL is not set; utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url'); AccessDate = ''; end end local UrlStatus = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlStatus'], A:ORIGIN('UrlStatus'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-status'], ''); local OriginalURL local OriginalURL_origin local OriginalFormat local OriginalAccess; UrlStatus = UrlStatus:lower(); -- used later when assembling archived text if utilities.is_set ( ArchiveURL ) then if utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if chapter-url= is set apply archive url to it OriginalURL = ChapterURL; -- save copy of source chapter's url for archive text OriginalURL_origin = ChapterURL_origin; -- name of |chapter-url= parameter for error messages OriginalFormat = ChapterFormat; -- and original |chapter-format= if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then ChapterURL = ArchiveURL -- swap-in the archive's URL ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') -- name of |archive-url= parameter for error messages ChapterFormat = ArchiveFormat or ''; -- swap in archive's format ChapterUrlAccess = nil; -- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs end elseif utilities.is_set (URL) then OriginalURL = URL; -- save copy of original source URL OriginalURL_origin = URL_origin; -- name of URL parameter for error messages OriginalFormat = Format; -- and original |format= OriginalAccess = UrlAccess; if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then -- if URL set then |archive-url= applies to it URL = ArchiveURL -- swap-in the archive's URL URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') -- name of archive URL parameter for error messages Format = ArchiveFormat or ''; -- swap in archive's format UrlAccess = nil; -- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs end end elseif utilities.is_set (UrlStatus) then -- if |url-status= is set when |archive-url= is not set utilities.set_message ('maint_url_status'); -- add maint cat end if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'ssrn'}) or -- if any of the 'periodical' cites except encyclopedia ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then local chap_param; if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then -- get a parameter name from one of these chapter related meta-parameters chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter') elseif utilities.is_set (TransChapter) then chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter') elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterURL') elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then chap_param = ScriptChapter_origin; else utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat) chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterFormat') end if utilities.is_set (chap_param) then -- if we found one utilities.set_message ('err_chapter_ignored', {chap_param}); -- add error message Chapter = ''; -- and set them to empty string to be safe with concatenation TransChapter = ''; ChapterURL = ''; ScriptChapter = ''; ChapterFormat = ''; end else -- otherwise, format chapter / article title local no_quotes = false; -- default assume that we will be quoting the chapter parameter value if utilities.is_set (Contribution) and 0 < #c then -- if this is a contribution with contributor(s) if utilities.in_array (Contribution:lower(), cfg.keywords_lists.contribution) then -- and a generic contribution title no_quotes = true; -- then render it unquoted end end Chapter = format_chapter_title (ScriptChapter, ScriptChapter_origin, Chapter, Chapter_origin, TransChapter, TransChapter_origin, ChapterURL, ChapterURL_origin, no_quotes, ChapterUrlAccess); -- Contribution is also in Chapter if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then Chapter = Chapter .. ChapterFormat ; if 'map' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (TitleType) then Chapter = Chapter .. ' ' .. TitleType; -- map annotation here; not after title end Chapter = Chapter .. sepc .. ' '; elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat) then -- |chapter= not set but |chapter-format= is so ... Chapter = ChapterFormat .. sepc .. ' '; -- ... ChapterFormat has error message, we want to see it end end -- Format main title local plain_title = false; local accept_title; Title, accept_title = utilities.has_accept_as_written (Title, true); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <Title> if accept_title and ('' == Title) then -- only support forced empty for now "(())" Title = cfg.messages['notitle']; -- replace by predefined "No title" message -- TODO: utilities.set_message ( 'err_redundant_parameters', ...); -- issue proper error message instead of muting ScriptTitle = ''; -- just mute for now TransTitle = ''; -- just mute for now plain_title = true; -- suppress text decoration for descriptive title utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled'); -- add maint cat end if not accept_title then -- <Title> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup if '...' == Title:sub (-3) then -- if ellipsis is the last three characters of |title= Title = Title:gsub ('(%.%.%.)%.+$', '%1'); -- limit the number of dots to three elseif not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%.%s*%a%.$') and -- end of title is not a 'dot-(optional space-)letter-dot' initialism ... not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%s+%a%.$') then -- ...and not a 'space-letter-dot' initial (''Allium canadense'' L.) Title = mw.ustring.gsub(Title, '%' .. sepc .. '$', ''); -- remove any trailing separator character; sepc and ms.ustring() here for languages that use multibyte separator characters end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) and is_archived_copy (Title) then utilities.set_message ('maint_archived_copy'); -- add maintenance category before we modify the content of Title end if is_generic ('generic_titles', Title) then utilities.set_message ('err_generic_title'); -- set an error message end end if (not plain_title) and (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'mailinglist', 'interview', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'ssrn'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) or ('map' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)))) then -- special case for cite map when the map is in a periodical treat as an article Title = kern_quotes (Title); -- if necessary, separate title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks Title = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', Title); Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); elseif plain_title or ('report' == config.CitationClass) then -- no styling for cite report and descriptive titles (otherwise same as above) Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); -- for cite report, use this form for trans-title else Title = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Title); Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', TransTitle); end if utilities.is_set (TransTitle) then if utilities.is_set (Title) then TransTitle = " " .. TransTitle; else utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'title'}); end end if utilities.is_set (Title) then -- TODO: is this the right place to be making Wikisource URLs? if utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url'); -- set an error message because we can't have both TitleLink = ''; -- unset end if not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then Title = external_link (URL, Title, URL_origin, UrlAccess) .. TransTitle .. Format; URL = ''; -- unset these because no longer needed Format = ""; elseif utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.is_set (URL) then local ws_url; ws_url = wikisource_url_make (TitleLink); -- ignore ws_label return; not used here if ws_url then Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in title-link'); -- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this? Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], TitleLink, Title}); Title = Title .. TransTitle; else Title = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Title) .. TransTitle; end else local ws_url, ws_label, L; -- Title has italic or quote markup by the time we get here which causes is_wikilink() to return 0 (not a wikilink) ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (Title:gsub('^[\'"]*(.-)[\'"]*$', '%1')); -- make ws URL from |title= interwiki link (strip italic or quote markup); link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then Title = Title:gsub ('%b[]', ws_label); -- replace interwiki link with ws_label to retain markup Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in title'); -- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this? Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, Title}); Title = Title .. TransTitle; else Title = Title .. TransTitle; end end else Title = TransTitle; end if utilities.is_set (Place) then Place = " " .. wrap_msg ('written', Place, use_lowercase) .. sepc .. " "; end local ConferenceURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ConferenceURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds ConferenceURL if utilities.is_set (Conference) then if utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then Conference = external_link( ConferenceURL, Conference, ConferenceURL_origin, nil ); end Conference = sepc .. " " .. Conference .. ConferenceFormat; elseif utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then Conference = sepc .. " " .. external_link( ConferenceURL, nil, ConferenceURL_origin, nil ); end local Position = ''; if not utilities.is_set (Position) then local Minutes = A['Minutes']; local Time = A['Time']; if utilities.is_set (Minutes) then if utilities.is_set (Time) then --TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'minutes') .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'time')}); end Position = " " .. Minutes .. " " .. cfg.messages['minutes']; else if utilities.is_set (Time) then local TimeCaption = A['TimeCaption'] if not utilities.is_set (TimeCaption) then TimeCaption = cfg.messages['event']; if sepc ~= '.' then TimeCaption = TimeCaption:lower(); end end Position = " " .. TimeCaption .. " " .. Time; end end else Position = " " .. Position; At = ''; end Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets = format_pages_sheets (Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, NoPP, use_lowercase); At = utilities.is_set (At) and (sepc .. " " .. At) or ""; Position = utilities.is_set (Position) and (sepc .. " " .. Position) or ""; if config.CitationClass == 'map' then local Sections = A['Sections']; -- Section (singular) is an alias of Chapter so set earlier local Inset = A['Inset']; if utilities.is_set ( Inset ) then Inset = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('inset', Inset, use_lowercase); end if utilities.is_set ( Sections ) then Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('sections', Sections, use_lowercase); elseif utilities.is_set ( Section ) then Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('section', Section, use_lowercase); end At = At .. Inset .. Section; end local Others = A['Others']; if utilities.is_set (Others) and 0 == #a and 0 == #e then -- add maint cat when |others= has value and used without |author=, |editor= if config.CitationClass == "AV-media-notes" or config.CitationClass == "audio-visual" then -- special maint for AV/M which has a lot of 'false' positives right now utilities.set_message ('maint_others_avm') else utilities.set_message ('maint_others'); end end Others = utilities.is_set (Others) and (sepc .. " " .. Others) or ""; if utilities.is_set (Translators) then Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('translated', Translators, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc); end if utilities.is_set (Interviewers) then Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('interview', Interviewers, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc); end local TitleNote = A['TitleNote']; TitleNote = utilities.is_set (TitleNote) and (sepc .. " " .. TitleNote) or ""; if utilities.is_set (Edition) then if Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]d%n?%.?$') or Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]dition$') then -- Ed, ed, Ed., ed., Edn, edn, Edn., edn. utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_edition'); -- add error message end Edition = " " .. wrap_msg ('edition', Edition); else Edition = ''; end Series = utilities.is_set (Series) and wrap_msg ('series', {sepc, Series}) or ""; -- not the same as SeriesNum local Agency = A['Agency']; Agency = utilities.is_set (Agency) and wrap_msg ('agency', {sepc, Agency}) or ""; Volume = format_volume_issue (Volume, Issue, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, use_lowercase); if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then local retrv_text = " " .. cfg.messages['retrieved'] AccessDate = nowrap_date (AccessDate); -- wrap in nowrap span if date in appropriate format if (sepc ~= ".") then retrv_text = retrv_text:lower() end -- if mode is cs2, lower case AccessDate = utilities.substitute (retrv_text, AccessDate); -- add retrieved text AccessDate = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['accessdate'], {sepc, AccessDate}); -- allow editors to hide accessdates end if utilities.is_set (ID) then ID = sepc .. " " .. ID; end local Docket = A['Docket']; if "thesis" == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then ID = sepc .. " Docket " .. Docket .. ID; end if "report" == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then -- for cite report when |docket= is set ID = sepc .. ' ' .. Docket; -- overwrite ID even if |id= is set end if utilities.is_set (URL) then URL = " " .. external_link( URL, nil, URL_origin, UrlAccess ); end local Quote = A['Quote']; local TransQuote = A['TransQuote']; local ScriptQuote = A['ScriptQuote']; if utilities.is_set (Quote) or utilities.is_set (TransQuote) or utilities.is_set (ScriptQuote) then if utilities.is_set (Quote) then if Quote:sub(1, 1) == '"' and Quote:sub(-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of quote are quote marks Quote = Quote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off end end Quote = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-text', Quote ); -- wrap in <q>...</q> tags if utilities.is_set (ScriptQuote) then Quote = script_concatenate (Quote, ScriptQuote, 'script-quote'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after quote is wrapped end if utilities.is_set (TransQuote) then if TransQuote:sub(1, 1) == '"' and TransQuote:sub(-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of |trans-quote are quote marks TransQuote = TransQuote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off end Quote = Quote .. " " .. utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransQuote ); end if utilities.is_set (QuotePage) or utilities.is_set (QuotePages) then -- add page prefix local quote_prefix = ''; if utilities.is_set (QuotePage) then extra_text_in_page_check (QuotePage, 'quote-page'); -- add to maint cat if |quote-page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. if not NoPP then quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, QuotePage}), '', '', ''; else quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, QuotePage}), '', '', ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (QuotePages) then extra_text_in_page_check (QuotePages, 'quote-pages'); -- add to maint cat if |quote-pages= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. if tonumber(QuotePages) ~= nil and not NoPP then -- if only digits, assume single page quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, QuotePages}), '', ''; elseif not NoPP then quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, QuotePages}), '', ''; else quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, QuotePages}), '', ''; end end Quote = quote_prefix .. ": " .. Quote; else Quote = sepc .. " " .. Quote; end PostScript = ""; -- cs1|2 does not supply terminal punctuation when |quote= is set end -- We check length of PostScript here because it will have been nuked by -- the quote parameters. We'd otherwise emit a message even if there wasn't -- a displayed postscript. -- TODO: Should the max size (1) be configurable? -- TODO: Should we check a specific pattern? if utilities.is_set(PostScript) and mw.ustring.len(PostScript) > 1 then utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript') end local Archived; if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then local arch_text; if not utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_date'); ArchiveDate = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end if "live" == UrlStatus then arch_text = cfg.messages['archived']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['archived-live'], {external_link( ArchiveURL, arch_text, A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), nil) .. ArchiveFormat, ArchiveDate } ); else Archived = ''; end if not utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); Archived = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end elseif utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then -- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead', 'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown' if utilities.in_array (UrlStatus, {'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown'}) then arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-unfit']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. arch_text .. ArchiveDate; -- format already styled if 'bot: unknown' == UrlStatus then utilities.set_message ('maint_bot_unknown'); -- and add a category if not already added else utilities.set_message ('maint_unfit'); -- and add a category if not already added end else -- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead' arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-dead']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then Archived = sepc .. " " .. utilities.substitute ( arch_text, { external_link( OriginalURL, cfg.messages['original'], OriginalURL_origin, OriginalAccess ) .. OriginalFormat, ArchiveDate } ); -- format already styled else Archived = ''; -- unset for concatenation end end else -- OriginalUrl not set arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-missing']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); Archived = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end elseif utilities.is_set (ArchiveFormat) then Archived = ArchiveFormat; -- if set and ArchiveURL not set ArchiveFormat has error message else Archived = ''; end local Lay = ''; local LaySource = A['LaySource']; local LayURL = A['LayURL']; local LayFormat = A['LayFormat']; LayFormat = style_format (LayFormat, LayURL, 'lay-format', 'lay-url'); if utilities.is_set (LayURL) then if utilities.is_set (LayDate) then LayDate = " (" .. LayDate .. ")" end if utilities.is_set (LaySource) then LaySource = " &ndash; ''" .. utilities.safe_for_italics (LaySource) .. "''"; else LaySource = ""; end if sepc == '.' then Lay = sepc .. " " .. external_link( LayURL, cfg.messages['lay summary'], A:ORIGIN('LayURL'), nil ) .. LayFormat .. LaySource .. LayDate else Lay = sepc .. " " .. external_link( LayURL, cfg.messages['lay summary']:lower(), A:ORIGIN('LayURL'), nil ) .. LayFormat .. LaySource .. LayDate end elseif utilities.is_set (LayFormat) then -- Test if |lay-format= is given without giving a |lay-url= Lay = sepc .. LayFormat; -- if set and LayURL not set, then LayFormat has error message end local TranscriptURL = A['TranscriptURL'] local TranscriptFormat = A['TranscriptFormat']; TranscriptFormat = style_format (TranscriptFormat, TranscriptURL, 'transcript-format', 'transcripturl'); local Transcript = A['Transcript']; local TranscriptURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('TranscriptURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds TranscriptURL if utilities.is_set (Transcript) then if utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, Transcript, TranscriptURL_origin, nil ); end Transcript = sepc .. ' ' .. Transcript .. TranscriptFormat; elseif utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, nil, TranscriptURL_origin, nil ); end local Publisher; if utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then PublicationDate = wrap_msg ('published', PublicationDate); end if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. ": " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; end elseif utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then Publisher= sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = PublicationDate; end local TransPeriodical = A['TransPeriodical']; local TransPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransPeriodical'); -- Several of the above rely upon detecting this as nil, so do it last. if (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) or utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical)) then if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (TitleNote) then Periodical = sepc .. " " .. format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin); else Periodical = format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin); end end local Language = A['Language']; if utilities.is_set (Language) then Language = language_parameter (Language); -- format, categories, name from ISO639-1, etc. else Language=''; -- language not specified so make sure this is an empty string; --[[ TODO: need to extract the wrap_msg from language_parameter so that we can solve parentheses bunching problem with Format/Language/TitleType ]] end --[[ Handle the oddity that is cite speech. This code overrides whatever may be the value assigned to TitleNote (through |department=) and forces it to be " (Speech)" so that the annotation directly follows the |title= parameter value in the citation rather than the |event= parameter value (if provided). ]] if "speech" == config.CitationClass then -- cite speech only TitleNote = TitleType; -- move TitleType to TitleNote so that it renders ahead of |event= TitleType = ''; -- and unset if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- if Periodical, perhaps because of an included |website= or |journal= parameter if utilities.is_set (Conference) then -- and if |event= is set Conference = Conference .. sepc .. " "; -- then add appropriate punctuation to the end of the Conference variable before rendering end end end -- Piece all bits together at last. Here, all should be non-nil. -- We build things this way because it is more efficient in LUA -- not to keep reassigning to the same string variable over and over. local tcommon; local tcommon2; -- used for book cite when |contributor= is set if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"journal", "citation"}) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then if utilities.is_set (Others) then Others = safe_join ({Others, sepc .. " "}, sepc) end -- add terminal punctuation & space; check for dup sepc; TODO why do we need to do this here? tcommon = safe_join( {Others, Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Edition, Publisher, Agency, Volume}, sepc ); elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"book", "citation"}) and not utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- special cases for book cites if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then -- when we are citing foreword, preface, introduction, etc. tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleNote}, sepc ); -- author and other stuff will come after this and before tcommon2 tcommon2 = safe_join( {Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc ); else tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc ); end elseif 'map' == config.CitationClass then -- special cases for cite map if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then -- map in a book; TitleType is part of Chapter tcommon = safe_join( {Title, Format, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc ); elseif utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- map in a periodical tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleType, Format, Periodical, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc ); else -- a sheet or stand-alone map tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleType, Format, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher}, sepc ); end elseif 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for cite episode tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleNote, TitleType, Series, Language, Edition, Publisher}, sepc ); else -- all other CS1 templates tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc ); end if #ID_list > 0 then ID_list = safe_join( { sepc .. " ", table.concat( ID_list, sepc .. " " ), ID }, sepc ); else ID_list = ID; end local Via = A['Via']; Via = utilities.is_set (Via) and wrap_msg ('via', Via) or ''; local idcommon; if 'audio-visual' == config.CitationClass or 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for cite AV media & cite episode position transcript idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list, URL, Archived, Transcript, AccessDate, Via, Lay, Quote }, sepc ); else idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list, URL, Archived, AccessDate, Via, Lay, Quote }, sepc ); end local text; local pgtext = Position .. Sheet .. Sheets .. Page .. Pages .. At; local OrigDate = A['OrigDate']; OrigDate = utilities.is_set (OrigDate) and wrap_msg ('origdate', OrigDate) or ''; if utilities.is_set (Date) then if utilities.is_set (Authors) or utilities.is_set (Editors) then -- date follows authors or editors when authors not set Date = " (" .. Date .. ")" .. OrigDate .. sepc .. " "; -- in parentheses else -- neither of authors and editors set if (string.sub(tcommon, -1, -1) == sepc) then -- if the last character of tcommon is sepc Date = " " .. Date .. OrigDate; -- Date does not begin with sepc else Date = sepc .. " " .. Date .. OrigDate; -- Date begins with sepc end end end if utilities.is_set (Authors) then if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then -- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Authors termination Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc); -- when no date, terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if utilities.is_set (Editors) then local in_text = " "; local post_text = ""; if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and 0 == #c then in_text = in_text .. cfg.messages['in'] .. " " if (sepc ~= '.') then in_text = in_text:lower() -- lowercase for cs2 end end if EditorCount <= 1 then post_text = " (" .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ")"; -- be consistent with no-author, no-date case else post_text = " (" .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ")"; end Editors = terminate_name_list (in_text .. Editors .. post_text, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then -- book cite and we're citing the intro, preface, etc. local by_text = sepc .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['by'] .. ' '; if (sepc ~= '.') then by_text = by_text:lower() end -- lowercase for cs2 Authors = by_text .. Authors; -- author follows title so tweak it here if utilities.is_set (Editors) and utilities.is_set (Date) then -- when Editors make sure that Authors gets terminated Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then -- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Contributors termination Contributors = terminate_name_list (Contributors, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end text = safe_join( {Contributors, Date, Chapter, tcommon, Authors, Place, Editors, tcommon2, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc ); else text = safe_join( {Authors, Date, Chapter, Place, Editors, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc ); end elseif utilities.is_set (Editors) then if utilities.is_set (Date) then if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. ", " .. cfg.messages['editor']; else Editors = Editors .. ", " .. cfg.messages['editors']; end else if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " else Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " end end text = safe_join( {Editors, Date, Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); else if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"journal", "citation"}) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, Date, idcommon}, sepc ); else text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, Date, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); end end if utilities.is_set (PostScript) and PostScript ~= sepc then text = safe_join( {text, sepc}, sepc ); -- Deals with italics, spaces, etc. text = text:sub(1, -sepc:len() - 1); end text = safe_join( {text, PostScript}, sepc ); -- Now enclose the whole thing in a <cite> element local options_t = {}; options_t.class = cite_class_attribute_make (config.CitationClass, Mode); local Ref = is_valid_parameter_value (A['Ref'], A:ORIGIN('Ref'), cfg.keywords_lists['ref'], nil, true); -- nil when |ref=harv; A['Ref'] else if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[(Ref and Ref:lower()) or ''] then local namelist_t = {}; -- holds selected contributor, author, editor name list local year = first_set ({Year, anchor_year}, 2); -- Year first for legacy citations and for YMD dates that require disambiguation if #c > 0 then -- if there is a contributor list namelist_t = c; -- select it elseif #a > 0 then -- or an author list namelist_t = a; elseif #e > 0 then -- or an editor list namelist_t = e; end local citeref_id; if #namelist_t > 0 then -- if there are names in namelist_t citeref_id = make_citeref_id (namelist_t, year); -- go make the CITEREF anchor if mw.uri.anchorEncode (citeref_id) == ((Ref and mw.uri.anchorEncode (Ref)) or '') then -- Ref may already be encoded (by {{sfnref}}) so citeref_id must be encoded before comparison utilities.set_message ('maint_ref_duplicates_default'); end else citeref_id = ''; -- unset end options_t.id = Ref or citeref_id; end if string.len (text:gsub('%b<>', '')) <= 2 then -- remove html and html-like tags; then get length of what remains; z.error_cats_t = {}; -- blank the categories list z.error_msgs_t = {}; -- blank the error messages list OCinSoutput = nil; -- blank the metadata string text = ''; -- blank the the citation utilities.set_message ('err_empty_citation'); -- set empty citation message and category end local render_t = {}; -- here we collect the final bits for concatenation into the rendered citation if utilities.is_set (options_t.id) then -- here we wrap the rendered citation in <cite ...>...</cite> tags table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite-id'], {mw.uri.anchorEncode(options_t.id), mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text})); -- when |ref= is set or when there is a namelist else table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite'], {mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text})); -- when |ref=none or when namelist_t empty and |ref= is missing or is empty end if OCinSoutput then -- blanked when citation is 'empty' so don't bother to add boilerplate metadata span table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ocins'], OCinSoutput)); -- format and append metadata to the citation end local template_name = ('citation' == config.CitationClass) and 'citation' or 'cite ' .. (cfg.citation_class_map_t[config.CitationClass] or config.CitationClass); local template_link = '[[Template:' .. template_name .. '|' .. template_name .. ']]'; local msg_prefix = '<code class="cs1-code">{{' .. template_link .. '}}</code>: '; if 0 ~= #z.error_msgs_t then mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_e, template_link)); table.insert (render_t, ' '); -- insert a space between citation and its error messages table.sort (z.error_msgs_t); -- sort the error messages list; sorting includes wrapping <span> and <code> tags; hidden-error sorts ahead of visible-error local hidden = true; -- presume that the only error messages emited by this template are hidden for _, v in ipairs (z.error_msgs_t) do -- spin through the list of error messages if v:find ('cs1-visible-error', 1, true) then -- look for the visible error class name hidden = false; -- found one; so don't hide the error message prefix break; -- and done because no need to look further end end z.error_msgs_t[1] = table.concat ({utilities.error_comment (msg_prefix, hidden), z.error_msgs_t[1]}); -- add error message prefix to first error message to prevent extraneous punctuation table.insert (render_t, table.concat (z.error_msgs_t, '; ')); -- make a big string of error messages and add it to the rendering end if 0 ~= #z.maint_cats_t then mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_m, template_link)); table.sort (z.maint_cats_t); -- sort the maintenance messages list local maint_msgs_t = {}; -- here we collect all of the maint messages if 0 == #z.error_msgs_t then -- if no error messages table.insert (maint_msgs_t, msg_prefix); -- insert message prefix in maint message livery end for _, v in ipairs( z.maint_cats_t ) do -- append maintenance categories table.insert (maint_msgs_t, -- assemble new maint message and add it to the maint_msgs_t table table.concat ({v, ' (', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[':cat wikilink'], v), ')'}) ); end table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['hidden-maint'], table.concat (maint_msgs_t, ' '))); -- wrap the group of maint messages with proper presentation and save end if not no_tracking_cats then for _, v in ipairs (z.error_cats_t) do -- append error categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v)); end for _, v in ipairs (z.maint_cats_t) do -- append maintenance categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v)); end for _, v in ipairs (z.prop_cats_t) do -- append properties categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v)); end end return table.concat (render_t); -- make a big string and done end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E >-------------------------------------------------------------- Looks for a parameter's name in one of several whitelists. Parameters in the whitelist can have three values: true - active, supported parameters false - deprecated, supported parameters nil - unsupported parameters ]] local function validate (name, cite_class, empty) local name = tostring (name); local enum_name; -- for enumerated parameters, is name with enumerator replaced with '#' local state; local function state_test (state, name) -- local function to do testing of state values if true == state then return true; end -- valid actively supported parameter if false == state then if empty then return nil; end -- empty deprecated parameters are treated as unknowns deprecated_parameter (name); -- parameter is deprecated but still supported return true; end if 'tracked' == state then local base_name = name:gsub ('%d', ''); -- strip enumerators from parameter names that have them to get the base name utilities.add_prop_cat ('tracked-param', {base_name}, base_name); -- add a properties category; <base_name> modifies <key> return true; end return nil; end if name:find ('#') then -- # is a cs1|2 reserved character so parameters with # not permitted return nil; end if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.preprint_template_list ) then -- limited parameter sets allowed for these templates state = whitelist.limited_basic_arguments[name]; if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end state = whitelist.preprint_arguments[cite_class][name]; -- look in the parameter-list for the template identified by cite_class if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end -- limited enumerated parameters list enum_name = name:gsub("%d+", "#" ); -- replace digit(s) with # (last25 becomes last#) (mw.ustring because non-Western 'local' digits) state = whitelist.limited_numbered_arguments[enum_name]; if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end return false; -- not supported because not found or name is set to nil end -- end limited parameter-set templates if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.unique_param_template_list) then -- experiment for template-specific parameters for templates that accept parameters from the basic argument list state = whitelist.unique_arguments[cite_class][name]; -- look in the template-specific parameter-lists for the template identified by cite_class if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end end -- if here, fall into general validation state = whitelist.basic_arguments[name]; -- all other templates; all normal parameters allowed if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end -- all enumerated parameters allowed enum_name = name:gsub("%d+", "#" ); -- replace digit(s) with # (last25 becomes last#) (mw.ustring because non-Western 'local' digits) state = whitelist.numbered_arguments[enum_name]; if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end return false; -- not supported because not found or name is set to nil end --[=[-------------------------< I N T E R _ W I K I _ C H E C K >---------------------------------------------- check <value> for inter-language interwiki-link markup. <prefix> must be a MediaWiki-recognized language code. when these values have the form (without leading colon): [[<prefix>:link|label]] return label as plain-text [[<prefix>:link]] return <prefix>:link as plain-text return value as is else ]=] local function inter_wiki_check (parameter, value) local prefix = value:match ('%[%[(%a+):'); -- get an interwiki prefix if one exists local _; if prefix and cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix:lower()] then -- if prefix is in the map, needs preceding colon so utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', parameter); -- emit an error message _, value, _ = utilities.is_wikilink (value); -- extract label portion from wikilink end return value; end --[[--------------------------< M I S S I N G _ P I P E _ C H E C K >------------------------------------------ Look at the contents of a parameter. If the content has a string of characters and digits followed by an equal sign, compare the alphanumeric string to the list of cs1|2 parameters. If found, then the string is possibly a parameter that is missing its pipe. There are two tests made: {{cite ... |title=Title access-date=2016-03-17}} -- the first parameter has a value and whitespace separates that value from the missing pipe parameter name {{cite ... |title=access-date=2016-03-17}} -- the first parameter has no value (whitespace after the first = is trimmed by MediaWiki) cs1|2 shares some parameter names with XML/HTML attributes: class=, title=, etc. To prevent false positives XML/HTML tags are removed before the search. If a missing pipe is detected, this function adds the missing pipe maintenance category. ]] local function missing_pipe_check (parameter, value) local capture; value = value:gsub ('%b<>', ''); -- remove XML/HTML tags because attributes: class=, title=, etc. capture = value:match ('%s+(%a[%w%-]+)%s*=') or value:match ('^(%a[%w%-]+)%s*='); -- find and categorize parameters with possible missing pipes if capture and validate (capture) then -- if the capture is a valid parameter name utilities.set_message ('err_missing_pipe', parameter); end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ P U N C T >-------------------------------------- look for extraneous terminal punctuation in most parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked ]] local function has_extraneous_punc (param, value) if 'number' == type (param) then return; end param = param:gsub ('%d+', '#'); -- enumerated name-list mask params allow terminal punct; normalize if cfg.punct_skip[param] then return; -- parameter name found in the skip table so done end if value:match ('[,;:]$') then utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct'); -- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat end if value:match ('^=') then -- sometimes an extraneous '=' character appears ... utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct'); -- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ U R L >------------------------------------------ look for extraneous url parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked ]] local function has_extraneous_url (url_param_t) local url_error_t = {}; check_for_url (url_param_t, url_error_t); -- extraneous url check if 0 ~= #url_error_t then -- non-zero when there are errors table.sort (url_error_t); utilities.set_message ('err_param_has_ext_link', {utilities.make_sep_list (#url_error_t, url_error_t)}); -- add this error message end end --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N >-------------------------------------------------------------- This is used by templates such as {{cite book}} to create the actual citation text. ]] local function citation(frame) Frame = frame; -- save a copy in case we need to display an error message in preview mode local sandbox = '/sandbox' -- i18n: replace this rvalue with the name that your wiki uses to identify sandbox subpages is_sandbox = nil ~= string.find (frame:getTitle(), sandbox, 1, true); -- is this invoke the sandbox module? sandbox = is_sandbox and sandbox or ''; -- use i18n sandbox to load sandbox modules when this module is the sandox; live modules else local pframe = frame:getParent() local styles; cfg = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' .. sandbox); -- load sandbox versions of support modules when {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|...}}; live modules else whitelist = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist' .. sandbox); utilities = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities' .. sandbox); validation = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation' .. sandbox); identifiers = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers' .. sandbox); metadata = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' .. sandbox); styles = 'Module:Citation/CS1' .. sandbox .. '/styles.css'; utilities.set_selected_modules (cfg); -- so that functions in Utilities can see the selected cfg tables identifiers.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in Identifiers can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module validation.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in Date validataion can see selected cfg tables and the selected Utilities module metadata.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in COinS can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module z = utilities.z; -- table of error and category tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities is_preview_mode = not utilities.is_set (frame:preprocess ('{{REVISIONID}}')); local args = {}; -- table where we store all of the template's arguments local suggestions = {}; -- table where we store suggestions if we need to loadData them local error_text; -- used as a flag local config = {}; -- table to store parameters from the module {{#invoke:}} for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do -- get parameters from the {{#invoke}} frame config[k] = v; -- args[k] = v; -- crude debug support that allows us to render a citation from module {{#invoke:}}; skips parameter validation; TODO: keep? end local capture; -- the single supported capture when matching unknown parameters using patterns local empty_unknowns = {}; -- sequence table to hold empty unknown params for error message listing for k, v in pairs( pframe.args ) do -- get parameters from the parent (template) frame v = mw.ustring.gsub (v, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'); -- trim leading/trailing whitespace; when v is only whitespace, becomes empty string if v ~= '' then if ('string' == type (k)) then k = mw.ustring.gsub (k, '%d', cfg.date_names.local_digits); -- for enumerated parameters, translate 'local' digits to Western 0-9 end if not validate( k, config.CitationClass ) then if type (k) ~= 'string' then -- exclude empty numbered parameters if v:match("%S+") ~= nil then error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_text_ignored', {v}); end elseif validate (k:lower(), config.CitationClass) then error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, k:lower()}); -- suggest the lowercase version of the parameter else if nil == suggestions.suggestions then -- if this table is nil then we need to load it if is_sandbox then -- did the {{#invoke:}} use sandbox version? suggestions = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions/sandbox' ); -- use the sandbox version else suggestions = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' ); -- use the live version end end for pattern, param in pairs (suggestions.patterns) do -- loop through the patterns to see if we can suggest a proper parameter capture = k:match (pattern); -- the whole match if no capture in pattern else the capture if a match if capture then -- if the pattern matches param = utilities.substitute (param, capture); -- add the capture to the suggested parameter (typically the enumerator) if validate (param, config.CitationClass) then -- validate the suggestion to make sure that the suggestion is supported by this template (necessary for limited parameter lists) error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, param}); -- set the suggestion error message else error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k}); -- suggested param not supported by this template v = ''; -- unset end end end if not utilities.is_set (error_text) then -- couldn't match with a pattern, is there an explicit suggestion? if (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ] ~= nil) and validate (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ], config.CitationClass) then utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ]}); else utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k}); v = ''; -- unset value assigned to unrecognized parameters (this for the limited parameter lists) end end end end args[k] = v; -- save this parameter and its value elseif not utilities.is_set (v) then -- for empty parameters if not validate (k, config.CitationClass, true) then -- is this empty parameter a valid parameter k = ('' == k) and '(empty string)' or k; -- when k is empty string (or was space(s) trimmed to empty string), replace with descriptive text table.insert (empty_unknowns, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k)); -- format for error message and add to the list end -- crude debug support that allows us to render a citation from module {{#invoke:}} TODO: keep? -- elseif args[k] ~= nil or (k == 'postscript') then -- when args[k] has a value from {{#invoke}} frame (we don't normally do that) -- args[k] = v; -- overwrite args[k] with empty string from pframe.args[k] (template frame); v is empty string here end -- not sure about the postscript bit; that gets handled in parameter validation; historical artifact? end if 0 ~= #empty_unknowns then -- create empty unknown error message utilities.set_message ('err_param_unknown_empty', { 1 == #empty_unknowns and '' or 's', utilities.make_sep_list (#empty_unknowns, empty_unknowns) }); end local url_param_t = {}; for k, v in pairs( args ) do if 'string' == type (k) then -- don't evaluate positional parameters has_invisible_chars (k, v); -- look for invisible characters end has_extraneous_punc (k, v); -- look for extraneous terminal punctuation in parameter values missing_pipe_check (k, v); -- do we think that there is a parameter that is missing a pipe? args[k] = inter_wiki_check (k, v); -- when language interwiki-linked parameter missing leading colon replace with wiki-link label if 'string' == type (k) and not cfg.url_skip[k] then -- when parameter k is not positional and not in url skip table url_param_t[k] = v; -- make a parameter/value list for extraneous url check end end has_extraneous_url (url_param_t); -- look for url in parameter values where a url does not belong return table.concat ({ frame:extensionTag ('templatestyles', '', {src=styles}), citation0( config, args) }); end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return {citation = citation}; sc43m23vlimiw28aeaecfeji9mfd9st 10 1757 190840 15279 2026-04-20T20:10:09Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190840 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Official website|main}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|showblankpositional=1|unknown={{main other|1=[[Category:Pages using Official website with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Official website]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|1|2|URL|url|name}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> kt3e2mvx6fpqh8sworf90p599xfs7ku 0 2310 190812 160783 2026-04-20T14:12:29Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of the Philippines | common_name = the Philippines | native_name = {{native name|fil|Republika ng Pilipinas}} | image_flag = Flag of the Philippines.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg | other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Seal of the Philippines.svg|80px|Great Seal of the Philippines]]</div>{{native phrase|fil|[[Great Seal of the Philippines#Great Seal|Dakilang Sagisag ng Pilipinas]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|Great Seal of the Philippines}} | other_symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Philippines#Great Seal|Great Seal]] | national_motto = <br />"{{lang|fil|[[Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa]]}}"<ref name=ra8491>{{cite web|title=Republic act no. 8491 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |accessdate=March 8, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308050740/http://www.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |archivedate=March 8, 2014 |df= }}</ref><br />{{small|"For God, People, Nature, and Country"}} | national_anthem = ''{{lang|fil|[[Lupang Hinirang]]}}''<br />{{small|''Chosen Land''}}<br /><center>[[File:Lupang Hinirang instrumental.ogg]]</center> | image_map = PHL orthographic.svg | image_map2 = | capital = [[ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ]]{{ref|a|a}}<br />{{small|{{Coord|14|35|N|120|58|E|type:city}}}} | largest_city = [[ᱧᱣᱮᱡᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ]]<br />{{small|{{coord|14|38|N|121|02|E|display=inline}}}} <!--Although [[Davao City]] has the largest land area, the article on [[largest city]] says we should refer to the most populous city, which, {{As of|2006|lc=y}}, is [[Quezon City]]. See the discussion page for more information. Changing this information without citation would be reverted.--> | official_languages = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |[[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ]] |[[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] |[[Philippine Sign Language|Filipino Sign Language]]{{ref|b|b}} }} | recognized_regional_languages = {{collapsible list |title = [[Languages of the Philippines|19 languages]] |[[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] |[[Bikol languages|Bikol]] |[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] |[[Chavacano]] |[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] |[[Ibanag language|Ibanag]] |[[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] |[[Ivatan language|Ivatan]] |[[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] |[[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]] |[[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]] |[[Maranao language|Maranao]] |[[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]] |[[Sambal language|Sambal]] |[[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]] |[[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜ]] |[[Taūsug language|Taūsug]] |[[Waray language|Waray]] |[[Yakan language|Yakan]]<ref name="7 mother languages" /> }} | languages_type = [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] | languages = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ]] | languages2_type = [[Minority language|Auxiliary languages]]{{ref|c|c}} | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]]|[[Arabic]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list <!-- per page 27 of the supporting source cited (Cebuanos, Ilongos, and Waray are covered by the Visayan grouping -- page 34 of the PDF) --> |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * (10539816+9125637+7773655+3660645) / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Visayans|Visayan]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 25512089 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 8987941 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 6299283 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Bicolano people|Bicolano]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 4737123 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Moro people|Moro]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 2897239 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1586349 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Igorot people|Igorot]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1274895 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinense]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1146250 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1054859 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Zamboangueño people|Zamboangueño]]}} |{{nowrap|8.3% [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|others]]}} }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2010{{Sfn|Philippine Statistics Authority|2014|pp=29–34}} | demonym = [[Filipinos|Filipino]]<br>{{small|(''masculine or neutral'')}}<br>Filipina<br>{{small|(''feminine'')}}<br>[[Pinoy]]<br>{{small|(''colloquial masculine'')}}<br>Pinay<br>{{small|(''colloquial feminine'')}}<br>[[Filipinos|Philippine]]<!-- "Philippine" is a demonym as it is used to identify natives or residents of a certain or specific place that are derived from the place name Philippines, i.e. Philippine-American War -- refer to Oxford definition of demonym(s). --> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[Constitution of the Philippines|constitutional]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Philippines|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Rodrigo Duterte]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Leni Robredo]] | leader_title3 = [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President]] | leader_name3 = [[Tito Sotto|Vicente Sotto III]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] | leader_name4 = [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = ''Vacant'' | legislature = [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] | upper_house = [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[Sovereignty of the Philippines|Formation of the republic]] | sovereignty_note = {{ref|f|f}} | established_event1 = [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Independence from Spain declared]] | established_date1 = June 12, 1898 | established_event2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1898)]] / Spanish cession{{ref|d|d}} | established_date2 = December 10, 1898 | established_event3 = [[Malolos Constitution]] / [[First Philippine Republic]] {{ref|f|f}} | established_date3 = January 21, 1899 | established_event4 = [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] | established_date4 = March 24, 1934 | established_event5 = [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] | established_date5 = May 14, 1935 | established_event6 = [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila / Independence from United States]] {{ref|e|e}} | established_date6 = July 4, 1946 | established_event7 = [[Constitution of the Philippines|Current constitution]] | established_date7 = February 2, 1987 | area_km2 = 300,000<ref name="psa.gov.ph">{{cite web|url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/philippine-population-density-based-2015-census-population|title=Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population|date=September 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name="worldbank.org">{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=AG.SRF.TOTL.K2&country=SAU|title=World Development Indicators - DataBank|website=databank.worldbank.org}}</ref> | area_label = Total | area_rank = 72nd <!--|area_magnitude = 1 E11-->| area_sq_mi = {{convert|{{data Philippines|pst2|total area}}|km2|sqmi|0|disp=output number only}} <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 0.61<ref name=CIAfactbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |title=East & Southeast Asia :: Philippines |website=The World Factbook |location=Washington, D.C.: Author |date=October 28, 2009 |accessdate=November 7, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719222229/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |archivedate=July 19, 2015 |df= }}</ref>&nbsp;{{small|(inland waters)}} | area_label2 = [[Land area|Land]] | area_data2 = 300,000 | population_estimate_year = 2018 | population_estimate = | population_census = 100,981,437<ref name="2015 census">{{cite web|url=https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population|title=Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population - Philippine Statistics Authority|website=www.psa.gov.ph|access-date=2018-12-05|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031551/https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2015 | population_census_rank = 13th | population_density_km2 = 336 | population_density_sq_mi = {{Data/popdens|Philippines|comma|areaunit=sqmi}}<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 47th | GDP_PPP = $960.7 billion<ref name= imf03 /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 27th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,862<ref name=imf03 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 119th | GDP_nominal = $371.8 billion<ref name="imf03">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=30&pr.y=9&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=566&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 36th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,541<ref name=imf03 /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 125th | Gini = 40.1 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=March 2, 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 44th | HDI = 0.699 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2017 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf|title=Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical update|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=15 September 2018|accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 113th | currency = [[Philippine peso|Peso]] (₱) | currency_code = PHP | time_zone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]] | utc_offset = +8 | utc_offset_DST = +8 | time_zone_DST = not observed | date_format = {{unbulleted list |mm-dd-yyyy|dd-mm-yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])}} | drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |title=Which side of the road do they drive on? |author=Lucas, Brian |date=August 2005 |accessdate=February 22, 2009 |publisher=}}</ref> | calling_code = [[+63]] | cctld = [[.ph]] | official_website = [https://www.gov.ph/ National Government Portal]<br />[http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines] | footnote_a = {{note|a}} While Manila proper is designated as the nation's capital, the whole of [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] (NCR) is designated as [[seat of government]], hence the name of a region. This is because it has many national government institutions aside from Malacanang Palace and some agencies/institutions that are located within the capital city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19760529010101/http://www.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |publisher=Malacanang |accessdate=April 4, 2015 |archivedate=May 29, 1976 |dead-url=yes |location=Manila |df= }}</ref> | footnote_b = {{note|b}} In Republic Act No. 11106, the Filipino Sign Language has been declared as national sign language of the Filipino deaf as well as the official sign language of government in all transactions involving the deaf.<ref>{{cite web |author=''Manila Bulletin'' |title=Filipino Sign Language declared as nat’l sign language of Filipino deaf |date=12 November 2018 |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/?fbclid=IwAR0aL874gyWSW46G-fSQvmFtK8qkzLjKHxxMr32q8pz2unmNTBqy51r9t64 |page=89 |quote= |archivedate=12 November 2018 |accessdate=12 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112181720/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/?fbclid=IwAR0aL874gyWSW46G-fSQvmFtK8qkzLjKHxxMr32q8pz2unmNTBqy51r9t64 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | footnote_c = {{note|c}} The 1987 Philippine constitution specifies "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."<ref name=OfficialLang /> | footnote_d = {{note|d}} Filipino revolutionaries [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared independence]] from Spain on June 12, 1898, but Spain ceded the islands to the United States for $20&nbsp;million in the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] on December 10, 1898 which eventually led to the [[Philippine–American War]]. | footnote_e = {{note|e}} The United States of America recognized the independence of the Philippines on July 4, 1946, through the [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021900/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf|archivedate=July 23, 2011|format=PDF|title=Treaty of General Relations Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines. Signed at Manila, on 4 July 1946|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=December 10, 2007}}</ref> This date was chosen because it corresponds to the U.S. [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]], which was observed in the Philippines as [[Independence Day (Philippines)|Independence Day]] until May 12, 1962, when [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Diosdado Macapagal]] issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, shifting it to June 12, the date of [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]'s proclamation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic of the Philippines Independence Day |url=http://m.state.gov/md243684.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915021401/http://m.state.gov/md243684.htm |publisher=[[United States State Department]] |accessdate=July 30, 2015 |archivedate=September 15, 2015 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | footnote_f = {{note|f}} In accordance with article 11 of the Revolutionary Government Decree of June 23, 1898, the [[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines|Malolos Congress]] selected a commission to draw up a draft [[constitution]] on September 17, 1898. The commission was composed of Hipólito Magsalin, Basilio Teodoro, José Albert, [[Joaquin Gonzalez (politician)|Joaquín González]], [[Gregorio S. Araneta|Gregorio Araneta]], Pablo Ocampo, Aguedo Velarde, Higinio Benitez, [[Tomas del Rosario|Tomás del Rosario]], [[Jose Alejandrino|José Alejandrino]], Alberto Barretto, José Ma. de la Viña, José Luna, [[Antonio Luna]], Mariano Abella, Juan Manday, [[Felipe Calderón y Roca|Felipe Calderón]], [[Arsenio Cruz-Herrera|Arsenio Cruz]] and Felipe Buencamino.<ref>{{cite book|last=Calderón|first=Felipe|title=Mis memorias sobre la revolución filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 á 1901) |year=1907|publisher=Imp. de El Renacimiento|location=Manila|pages=234, 235; appendix, pp. 5–10}}</ref> They were all wealthy and well educated.<ref name=LOCPhil>{{cite book|author=Dolan, Ronald E.|title=Philippines, a country study|date=1983|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8444-0748-7|edition=4th}}</ref> }} '''ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ''' (/ˈfɪləpiːnz/ (About this soundlisten) FIL-ə-peenz; Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs] or Filipinas [ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs]), ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱱᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱛᱳ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱳ ᱓᱐ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱳ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱳ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱳ ᱫᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱭᱮᱛ ᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱩ ᱫᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱡᱷᱮ ᱢᱟᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱩ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱟᱹᱣᱮᱛ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱩ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱳ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱒ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ ᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱜᱤᱱᱟᱞᱫᱳ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱩ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱨᱳᱦᱳ ᱠᱩ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱳ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱐᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱚᱛᱱᱚ == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 300,000 km²᱾ ᱗᱑᱐᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱮᱞ == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ 100,981,437 ᱜᱟᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱣᱟ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ == [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱕᱐ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱮᱵᱩᱭᱟᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]], ᱤᱞᱳᱠᱳᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱜᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱠᱳᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱩ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ == {{Portal|Philippines|Asia}} * [[:en:Outline_of_the_Philippines|Outline of the Philippines]] * [[:en:Culture_of_the_Philippines|Culture of the Philippines]]{{-}} == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Sister project links|voy=Philippines}} === Government === * [https://www.gov.ph Official website of the Republic of the Philippines (Official Gazette online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/ |date=2007-06-09 }} * [https://www.senate.gov.ph/ Official website of the Senate of the Philippines] * [http://www.congress.gov.ph/ Official website of the House of Representatives of the Philippines] * [http://www.judiciary.gov.ph/ Official website of the Supreme Court of the Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501153506/http://www.judiciary.gov.ph/ |date=2018-05-01 }} * [http://www.bsp.gov.ph/ Official website of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines)] * [http://www.neda.gov.ph/ Official website of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804003832/http://www.neda.gov.ph/ |date=2016-08-04 }} * [http://www.pnp.gov.ph/ Official website of the Philippine National Police (PNP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712170542/http://www.pnp.gov.ph/ |date=2017-07-12 }} * [https://www.tourism.gov.ph Official website of the Department of Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627055125/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * [http://www.thephilippines.com/ The Philippines Online Tourism Guide] === Trade === * [http://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/PHL World Bank summary of trade statistics: Philippines] === General information === * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15521300 Philippines profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230339/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/philippines.htm|date=May 21, 2011|title=Philippines}} at UCB Libraries GovPubs * {{CIA World Factbook link|rp|Philippines}} * {{dmoz|Regional/Oceania/Philippines}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456399/Philippines Philippines] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * {{OSM relation|443174}} * [http://www.noypi.ph/ Philippine News and Current Events] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=PH Key Development Forecasts for the Philippines] from [[International Futures]] === Books and articles === * [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/b#a2296 History of the Philippine Islands] in many volumes, from [[Project Gutenberg]] (indexed under [[Emma Helen Blair]], the general editor) === Wikimedia ===<!--Do not add commercial links or your website. Suggest them via the discussion page. Failure to do so will mean the deletion of your websites as spam.--> * [[metawiki:Wikimedia Philippines|Wikimedia Philippines]] * {{Wikiatlas|Philippines}} === Other ===<!--Do not add commercial links or your website. Suggest them via the discussion page. Failure to do so will mean the deletion of your websites as spam.--> * [http://www.adb.org/ Asian Development Bank (ADB)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/ Filipinana.net – Free digital library and a research portal] * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=12554564&x=122915039&z=6&l=0&m=a WikiSatellite view of Philippines] at [[WikiMapia]] == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] 7v7o3bdm9skkpu4rlr2kl36y7xq1osn 190813 190812 2026-04-20T14:13:51Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of the Philippines | common_name = the Philippines | native_name = {{native name|fil|Republika ng Pilipinas}} | image_flag = Flag of the Philippines.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg | other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Seal of the Philippines.svg|80px|Great Seal of the Philippines]]</div>{{native phrase|fil|[[Great Seal of the Philippines#Great Seal|Dakilang Sagisag ng Pilipinas]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|Great Seal of the Philippines}} | other_symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Philippines#Great Seal|Great Seal]] | national_motto = <br />"{{lang|fil|[[Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa]]}}"<ref name=ra8491>{{cite web|title=Republic act no. 8491 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |accessdate=March 8, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308050740/http://www.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |archivedate=March 8, 2014 |df= }}</ref><br />{{small|"For God, People, Nature, and Country"}} | national_anthem = ''{{lang|fil|[[Lupang Hinirang]]}}''<br />{{small|''Chosen Land''}}<br /><center>[[File:Lupang Hinirang instrumental.ogg]]</center> | image_map = PHL orthographic.svg | image_map2 = | capital = [[ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ]]{{ref|a|a}}<br />{{small|{{Coord|14|35|N|120|58|E|type:city}}}} | largest_city = [[ᱠᱣᱮᱡᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ]]<br />{{small|{{coord|14|38|N|121|02|E|display=inline}}}} <!--Although [[Davao City]] has the largest land area, the article on [[largest city]] says we should refer to the most populous city, which, {{As of|2006|lc=y}}, is [[Quezon City]]. See the discussion page for more information. Changing this information without citation would be reverted.--> | official_languages = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |[[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ]] |[[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] |[[Philippine Sign Language|Filipino Sign Language]]{{ref|b|b}} }} | recognized_regional_languages = {{collapsible list |title = [[Languages of the Philippines|19 languages]] |[[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] |[[Bikol languages|Bikol]] |[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] |[[Chavacano]] |[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] |[[Ibanag language|Ibanag]] |[[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] |[[Ivatan language|Ivatan]] |[[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] |[[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]] |[[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]] |[[Maranao language|Maranao]] |[[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]] |[[Sambal language|Sambal]] |[[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]] |[[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜ]] |[[Taūsug language|Taūsug]] |[[Waray language|Waray]] |[[Yakan language|Yakan]]<ref name="7 mother languages" /> }} | languages_type = [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] | languages = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ]] | languages2_type = [[Minority language|Auxiliary languages]]{{ref|c|c}} | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]]|[[Arabic]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list <!-- per page 27 of the supporting source cited (Cebuanos, Ilongos, and Waray are covered by the Visayan grouping -- page 34 of the PDF) --> |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * (10539816+9125637+7773655+3660645) / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Visayans|Visayan]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 25512089 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 8987941 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 6299283 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Bicolano people|Bicolano]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 4737123 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Moro people|Moro]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 2897239 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1586349 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Igorot people|Igorot]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1274895 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinense]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1146250 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1054859 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Zamboangueño people|Zamboangueño]]}} |{{nowrap|8.3% [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|others]]}} }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2010{{Sfn|Philippine Statistics Authority|2014|pp=29–34}} | demonym = [[Filipinos|Filipino]]<br>{{small|(''masculine or neutral'')}}<br>Filipina<br>{{small|(''feminine'')}}<br>[[Pinoy]]<br>{{small|(''colloquial masculine'')}}<br>Pinay<br>{{small|(''colloquial feminine'')}}<br>[[Filipinos|Philippine]]<!-- "Philippine" is a demonym as it is used to identify natives or residents of a certain or specific place that are derived from the place name Philippines, i.e. Philippine-American War -- refer to Oxford definition of demonym(s). --> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[Constitution of the Philippines|constitutional]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Philippines|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Rodrigo Duterte]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Leni Robredo]] | leader_title3 = [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President]] | leader_name3 = [[Tito Sotto|Vicente Sotto III]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] | leader_name4 = [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = ''Vacant'' | legislature = [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] | upper_house = [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[Sovereignty of the Philippines|Formation of the republic]] | sovereignty_note = {{ref|f|f}} | established_event1 = [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Independence from Spain declared]] | established_date1 = June 12, 1898 | established_event2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1898)]] / Spanish cession{{ref|d|d}} | established_date2 = December 10, 1898 | established_event3 = [[Malolos Constitution]] / [[First Philippine Republic]] {{ref|f|f}} | established_date3 = January 21, 1899 | established_event4 = [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] | established_date4 = March 24, 1934 | established_event5 = [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] | established_date5 = May 14, 1935 | established_event6 = [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila / Independence from United States]] {{ref|e|e}} | established_date6 = July 4, 1946 | established_event7 = [[Constitution of the Philippines|Current constitution]] | established_date7 = February 2, 1987 | area_km2 = 300,000<ref name="psa.gov.ph">{{cite web|url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/philippine-population-density-based-2015-census-population|title=Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population|date=September 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name="worldbank.org">{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=AG.SRF.TOTL.K2&country=SAU|title=World Development Indicators - DataBank|website=databank.worldbank.org}}</ref> | area_label = Total | area_rank = 72nd <!--|area_magnitude = 1 E11-->| area_sq_mi = {{convert|{{data Philippines|pst2|total area}}|km2|sqmi|0|disp=output number only}} <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 0.61<ref name=CIAfactbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |title=East & Southeast Asia :: Philippines |website=The World Factbook |location=Washington, D.C.: Author |date=October 28, 2009 |accessdate=November 7, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719222229/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |archivedate=July 19, 2015 |df= }}</ref>&nbsp;{{small|(inland waters)}} | area_label2 = [[Land area|Land]] | area_data2 = 300,000 | population_estimate_year = 2018 | population_estimate = | population_census = 100,981,437<ref name="2015 census">{{cite web|url=https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population|title=Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population - Philippine Statistics Authority|website=www.psa.gov.ph|access-date=2018-12-05|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031551/https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2015 | population_census_rank = 13th | population_density_km2 = 336 | population_density_sq_mi = {{Data/popdens|Philippines|comma|areaunit=sqmi}}<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 47th | GDP_PPP = $960.7 billion<ref name= imf03 /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 27th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,862<ref name=imf03 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 119th | GDP_nominal = $371.8 billion<ref name="imf03">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=30&pr.y=9&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=566&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 36th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,541<ref name=imf03 /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 125th | Gini = 40.1 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=March 2, 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 44th | HDI = 0.699 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2017 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf|title=Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical update|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=15 September 2018|accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 113th | currency = [[Philippine peso|Peso]] (₱) | currency_code = PHP | time_zone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]] | utc_offset = +8 | utc_offset_DST = +8 | time_zone_DST = not observed | date_format = {{unbulleted list |mm-dd-yyyy|dd-mm-yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])}} | drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |title=Which side of the road do they drive on? |author=Lucas, Brian |date=August 2005 |accessdate=February 22, 2009 |publisher=}}</ref> | calling_code = [[+63]] | cctld = [[.ph]] | official_website = [https://www.gov.ph/ National Government Portal]<br />[http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines] | footnote_a = {{note|a}} While Manila proper is designated as the nation's capital, the whole of [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] (NCR) is designated as [[seat of government]], hence the name of a region. This is because it has many national government institutions aside from Malacanang Palace and some agencies/institutions that are located within the capital city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19760529010101/http://www.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |publisher=Malacanang |accessdate=April 4, 2015 |archivedate=May 29, 1976 |dead-url=yes |location=Manila |df= }}</ref> | footnote_b = {{note|b}} In Republic Act No. 11106, the Filipino Sign Language has been declared as national sign language of the Filipino deaf as well as the official sign language of government in all transactions involving the deaf.<ref>{{cite web |author=''Manila Bulletin'' |title=Filipino Sign Language declared as nat’l sign language of Filipino deaf |date=12 November 2018 |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/?fbclid=IwAR0aL874gyWSW46G-fSQvmFtK8qkzLjKHxxMr32q8pz2unmNTBqy51r9t64 |page=89 |quote= |archivedate=12 November 2018 |accessdate=12 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112181720/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/?fbclid=IwAR0aL874gyWSW46G-fSQvmFtK8qkzLjKHxxMr32q8pz2unmNTBqy51r9t64 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | footnote_c = {{note|c}} The 1987 Philippine constitution specifies "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."<ref name=OfficialLang /> | footnote_d = {{note|d}} Filipino revolutionaries [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared independence]] from Spain on June 12, 1898, but Spain ceded the islands to the United States for $20&nbsp;million in the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] on December 10, 1898 which eventually led to the [[Philippine–American War]]. | footnote_e = {{note|e}} The United States of America recognized the independence of the Philippines on July 4, 1946, through the [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021900/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf|archivedate=July 23, 2011|format=PDF|title=Treaty of General Relations Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines. Signed at Manila, on 4 July 1946|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=December 10, 2007}}</ref> This date was chosen because it corresponds to the U.S. [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]], which was observed in the Philippines as [[Independence Day (Philippines)|Independence Day]] until May 12, 1962, when [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Diosdado Macapagal]] issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, shifting it to June 12, the date of [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]'s proclamation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic of the Philippines Independence Day |url=http://m.state.gov/md243684.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915021401/http://m.state.gov/md243684.htm |publisher=[[United States State Department]] |accessdate=July 30, 2015 |archivedate=September 15, 2015 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | footnote_f = {{note|f}} In accordance with article 11 of the Revolutionary Government Decree of June 23, 1898, the [[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines|Malolos Congress]] selected a commission to draw up a draft [[constitution]] on September 17, 1898. The commission was composed of Hipólito Magsalin, Basilio Teodoro, José Albert, [[Joaquin Gonzalez (politician)|Joaquín González]], [[Gregorio S. Araneta|Gregorio Araneta]], Pablo Ocampo, Aguedo Velarde, Higinio Benitez, [[Tomas del Rosario|Tomás del Rosario]], [[Jose Alejandrino|José Alejandrino]], Alberto Barretto, José Ma. de la Viña, José Luna, [[Antonio Luna]], Mariano Abella, Juan Manday, [[Felipe Calderón y Roca|Felipe Calderón]], [[Arsenio Cruz-Herrera|Arsenio Cruz]] and Felipe Buencamino.<ref>{{cite book|last=Calderón|first=Felipe|title=Mis memorias sobre la revolución filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 á 1901) |year=1907|publisher=Imp. de El Renacimiento|location=Manila|pages=234, 235; appendix, pp. 5–10}}</ref> They were all wealthy and well educated.<ref name=LOCPhil>{{cite book|author=Dolan, Ronald E.|title=Philippines, a country study|date=1983|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8444-0748-7|edition=4th}}</ref> }} '''ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ''' (/ˈfɪləpiːnz/ (About this soundlisten) FIL-ə-peenz; Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs] or Filipinas [ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs]), ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱱᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱛᱳ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱳ ᱓᱐ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱳ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱳ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱳ ᱫᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱭᱮᱛ ᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱩ ᱫᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱡᱷᱮ ᱢᱟᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱩ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱟᱹᱣᱮᱛ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱩ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱳ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱒ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ ᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱜᱤᱱᱟᱞᱫᱳ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱩ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱨᱳᱦᱳ ᱠᱩ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱳ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱐᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱚᱛᱱᱚ == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 300,000 km²᱾ ᱗᱑᱐᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱮᱞ == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ 100,981,437 ᱜᱟᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱣᱟ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ == [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱕᱐ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱮᱵᱩᱭᱟᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]], ᱤᱞᱳᱠᱳᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱜᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱠᱳᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱩ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ == {{Portal|Philippines|Asia}} * [[:en:Outline_of_the_Philippines|Outline of the Philippines]] * [[:en:Culture_of_the_Philippines|Culture of the Philippines]]{{-}} == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Sister project links|voy=Philippines}} === Government === * [https://www.gov.ph Official website of the Republic of the Philippines (Official Gazette online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/ |date=2007-06-09 }} * [https://www.senate.gov.ph/ Official website of the Senate of the Philippines] * [http://www.congress.gov.ph/ Official website of the House of Representatives of the Philippines] * [http://www.judiciary.gov.ph/ Official website of the Supreme Court of the Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501153506/http://www.judiciary.gov.ph/ |date=2018-05-01 }} * [http://www.bsp.gov.ph/ Official website of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines)] * [http://www.neda.gov.ph/ Official website of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804003832/http://www.neda.gov.ph/ |date=2016-08-04 }} * [http://www.pnp.gov.ph/ Official website of the Philippine National Police (PNP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712170542/http://www.pnp.gov.ph/ |date=2017-07-12 }} * [https://www.tourism.gov.ph Official website of the Department of Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627055125/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * [http://www.thephilippines.com/ The Philippines Online Tourism Guide] === Trade === * [http://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/PHL World Bank summary of trade statistics: Philippines] === General information === * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15521300 Philippines profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230339/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/philippines.htm|date=May 21, 2011|title=Philippines}} at UCB Libraries GovPubs * {{CIA World Factbook link|rp|Philippines}} * {{dmoz|Regional/Oceania/Philippines}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456399/Philippines Philippines] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * {{OSM relation|443174}} * [http://www.noypi.ph/ Philippine News and Current Events] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=PH Key Development Forecasts for the Philippines] from [[International Futures]] === Books and articles === * [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/b#a2296 History of the Philippine Islands] in many volumes, from [[Project Gutenberg]] (indexed under [[Emma Helen Blair]], the general editor) === Wikimedia ===<!--Do not add commercial links or your website. Suggest them via the discussion page. Failure to do so will mean the deletion of your websites as spam.--> * [[metawiki:Wikimedia Philippines|Wikimedia Philippines]] * {{Wikiatlas|Philippines}} === Other ===<!--Do not add commercial links or your website. Suggest them via the discussion page. Failure to do so will mean the deletion of your websites as spam.--> * [http://www.adb.org/ Asian Development Bank (ADB)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/ Filipinana.net – Free digital library and a research portal] * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=12554564&x=122915039&z=6&l=0&m=a WikiSatellite view of Philippines] at [[WikiMapia]] == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] 97snr45somyo0gp4qcka9dpeim27ba9 10 5269 190851 30670 2026-04-21T01:25:36Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 Redirected page to [[ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Cite IUCN]] 190851 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Cite IUCN]] 6sa780udt1mzpp1oq2bvf5d35m1hpzw 190864 190851 2026-04-21T02:08:31Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/190851|190851]] by [[Special:Contributions/ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ|ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ]] ([[User talk:ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ|talk]]) 190864 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>*{{cite iucn | author1 = Sillero-Zubiri, C. | author2 = Do Linh San, E. | last-author-amp = yes | year = 2016 | title = ''Mungos gambianus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2016 | page = e.T13922A45199653 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13922/45199653 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13922A45199653.en | accessdate = 18 October 2018}} [new-style url provided] *{{Cite iucn | author1 = Goodrich, J. | author2 = Lynam, A. | author3 = Miquelle, D. | author4 = Wibisono, H. | author5 = Kawanishi, K. | author6 = Pattanavibool, A. | author7 = Htun, S. | author8 = Tempa, T. | author9 = Karki, J. | author10 = Jhala, Y. & Karanth, U. | title = ''Panthera tigris'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2015 | page = e.T15955A50659951 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2015 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15955/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en | access-date = 15 January 2018}} [old-style url provided and replaced] *{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |year=2017 |title=''Passer domesticus'' |trans-title=amended version of 2016 assessment |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |volume=2017 |page=e.T103818789A111172035. | access-date =26 October 2018 |url=http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/103818789/0 }} [old-style url provided and replaced; amended parameter used]</noinclude><includeonly>{{#invoke:iucn|cite}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 23jsg1u98zo5nj6me7888v8wz3jp7kd 10 6582 190862 35264 2026-04-21T02:04:42Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190862 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{pp-move-indef}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{Redirect1|Template:Cite paper|conference papers|Template:Cite conference}}</includeonly> {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{cascade-protected template}} {{csdoc|lua|lua=yes}} {{csdoc|cs1|lua=yes}} {{csdoc|lead|academic and scientific papers published in academic journals. For articles in magazines and newsletters, use {{tlx|cite magazine}}. For [[white paper]]s, or unpublished papers, please use one of the templates listed on this page in the "Citation Style 1 templates" box (often {{tl|cite report}} or {{tl|cite web}}). If you have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI) for the journal reference you wish to add, Wikipedia has a citation bot that will read that DOI and expand it into a full reference with the author's name, journal name, date, volume, issue, pages, etc. You can view instructions on how to add this gadget to your Wikipedia preferences at [[User:Citation bot/use]]|lua=yes}} == Usage == {{csdoc|usage}} {{csdoc|usage common}} ;To cite a professional or scientific journal <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url= |journal= |volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ;[[Vancouver system]] author style for a scientific journal <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite journal |vauthors= |date= |title= |url= |journal= |volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> :or <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url= |journal= |volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date= |name-list-style=vanc}}</syntaxhighlight> ;To cite a journal article with no credited author <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite journal |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= |title= |url= |journal= |location= |publisher= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ;To cite an online journal article that has been archived <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite journal |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |journal= |location= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ;To cite a journal article written in a foreign language <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite journal |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |trans-title= |journal= |language= |location= |publisher= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ;To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language journal article re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url= |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |journal= |language= |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote=}}</syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage full}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |display-authors= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |collaboration= |df= |date= |year= |orig-date= |orig-year= |location= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |display-editors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |title= |script-title= |title-link= |url= |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |department= |journal= |script-journal= |trans-journal= |type= |series= |language= |volume= |issue= |article-number= |interviewer-last1= |interviewer-first1= |interviewer-link1= |interviewer-last2= |interviewer-first2= |interviewer-link2= |display-interviewers= |interviewer-mask1= |interviewer-mask2= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |display-translators= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |others= |name-list-style= |edition= |publication-place= |publisher= |publication-date= |minutes= |time-caption= |time= |page= |pages= |at= |no-pp= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |medrxiv= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmc-embargo-date= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |zbl= |id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-format= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote-page= |quote-pages= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= |mode= |ref= |postscript=}}</syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical common}} <!-- Please synchronize this list with the corresponding one at the overview page [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples]] --> ;To cite a professional or scientific journal <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite journal |last1 = |first1 = |last2 = |first2 = |date = |title = |url = |journal = |volume = |issue = |publisher = |pages = |doi = |access-date = }} </syntaxhighlight> ;[[Vancouver system]] author style for a scientific journal <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite journal |vauthors = |date = |title = |url = |journal = |volume = |issue = |publisher = |pages = |doi = |pmc = |pmid = |access-date = }} </syntaxhighlight> :or <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite journal |last1 = |first1 = |last2 = |first2 = |date = |title = |url = |journal = |volume = |issue = |publisher = |pages = |doi = |pmc = |pmid = |access-date = |name-list-style = vanc }} </syntaxhighlight> ;To cite a journal article with no credited author <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite journal |author = <!-- not stated --> |date = |title = |url = |journal = |location = |publisher = |access-date = }} </syntaxhighlight> ;To cite an online journal article that has been archived <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite journal |last = |first = |date = |title = |url = |journal = |location = |publisher = |url-status = |archive-url = |archive-date = |access-date = }} </syntaxhighlight> ;To cite a journal article written in a foreign language <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite journal |last = |first = |date = |title = |url = |trans-title = |journal = |language = |location = |publisher = |access-date = }} </syntaxhighlight> ;To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language journal article re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite journal |last1 = |first1 = |last2 = |first2 = |date = |title = |url = |url-access = |trans-title = |format = |journal = |language = |location = |publisher = |url-status = |archive-url = |archive-date = |access-date = |via = |quote = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Full parameter set in vertical format ! Parameters !! Prerequisites !! Brief instructions / notes !! Vertical list |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | | Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. | rowspan="124" style="vertical-align:top;" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite journal |last1 = |first1 = |author-link1 = |last2 = |first2 = |author-link2 = |display-authors = |author-mask1 = |author-mask2 = |collaboration = |df = |date = |year = |orig-date = |orig-year = |location = |editor-last1 = |editor-first1 = |editor-link1 = |editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = |editor-link2 = |display-editors = |editor-mask1 = |editor-mask2 = |title = |script-title = |title-link = |url = |url-access = |trans-title = |format = |department = |journal = |script-journal = |trans-journal = |type = |series = |language = |volume = |issue = |article-number = |interviewer-last1 = |interviewer-first1 = |interviewer-link1 = |interviewer-last2 = |interviewer-first2 = |interviewer-link2 = |display-interviewers = |interviewer-mask1 = |interviewer-mask2 = |translator-last1 = |translator-first1 = |translator-link1 = |translator-last2 = |translator-first2 = |translator-link2 = |display-translators = |translator-mask1 = |translator-mask2 = |others = |name-list-style = |edition = |publication-place = |publisher = |publication-date = |minutes = |time-caption = |time = |page = |pages = |at = |no-pp = |arxiv = |asin = |asin-tld = |bibcode = |bibcode-access = |biorxiv = |citeseerx = |doi = |doi-access = |doi-broken-date = |eissn = |hdl = |hdl-access = |isbn = |ismn = |issn = |jfm = |jstor = |jstor-access = |lccn = |medrxiv = |mr = |oclc = |ol = |ol-access = |osti = |osti-access = |pmc = |pmc-embargo-date = |pmid = |rfc = |sbn = |ssrn = |s2cid = |s2cid-access = |zbl = |id = |url-status = |archive-url = |archive-format = |archive-date = |access-date = |via = |quote-page = |quote-pages = |quote = |script-quote = |trans-quote = |mode = |ref = |postscript = }} </syntaxhighlight> |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author1-first; author-first; author-given1; author1-given; author-given; subject-first1; subject1-first; subject-first; subject-given1; subject1-given; subject-given; host1; and host}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | Author's first name. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|author-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: author1-link; author-link; authorlink1; author1link; authorlink; subject-link1; subject1-link; and subject-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: <code>last3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: given2; author-first2; author2-first; author-given2; author2-given; subject-first2; subject2-first; subject-given2; subject2-given; and host2}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: <code>first3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|author-link2}}|or any of its aliases, including: author2-link; authorlink2; author2link; subject-link2; and subject2-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: <code>author-link3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|display-authors}}|or alias display-subjects}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | Number (number of authors displayed) or <code>etal</code> (more authors). If the number specified is equal to or larger than the number of authors specified, an error message will appear. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|author-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: author1-mask; author-mask; subject-mask1; subject1-mask; and subject-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|author-mask2}}|or any of its aliases, including: author2-mask; subject-mask2; and subject2-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} |- | <code>collaboration</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} |- | <code>df</code> || || |- | <code>date</code> || || |- | <code>year</code> || || |- | <code>orig-date</code> || <code>date</code> or <code>year</code> || |- | <code>orig-year</code> || <code>date</code> or <code>year</code> || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|location}}|or alias place}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|publisher}}|or alias institution}} || can be used for written-at location when <code>publication-place</code> is used for publication place |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | | Like <code>last1</code>, but for editor. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-first; editor-first; editor-given1; editor1-given; and editor-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for editor. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-link; and editor-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for editor. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: <code>editor-last3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-first; editor-given2; and editor2-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: <code>editor-first3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-link2}}|or alias editor2-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: <code>editor-link3</code>, etc. |- | <code>display-editors</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for editors |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-mask; and editor-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-mask2}}|or alias editor2-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}} |- | <code>title</code> || || This parameter is required. |- | <code>script-title</code> || || |- | <code>title-link</code> || <code>title</code> or <code>script-title</code> || Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if <code>url</code> is provided |- | <code>url</code> || <code>title</code> or <code>script-title</code> || Do not use if <code>title-link</code> is provided |- | <code>url-access</code> || <code>url</code> || |- | <code>trans-title</code> || <code>title</code> or <code>script-title</code> || |- | <code>format</code> || <code>url</code> || |- | <code>department</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|journal}}|or any of its aliases, including: magazine; newspaper; periodical; website; and work}} || || This parameter is required. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|script-journal}}|or any of its aliases, including: script-magazine; script-newspaper; script-periodical; script-website; and script-work}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|trans-journal}}|or any of its aliases, including: trans-magazine; trans-newspaper; trans-periodical; trans-website; and trans-work}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|journal}}|or any of its aliases, including: magazine; newspaper; periodical; website; and work}} or {{tooltip|{{codett|script-journal}}|or any of its aliases, including: script-magazine; script-newspaper; script-periodical; script-website; and script-work}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|type}}|or alias medium}} || || |- | <code>series</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|language}}|or alias lang}} || || |- | <code>volume</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|issue}}|or alias number}} || || |- | <code>article-number</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | | Like <code>last1</code>, but for interviewer. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-first; interviewer-first; interviewer-given1; interviewer1-given; and interviewer-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for interviewer. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-link; and interviewer-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for interviewer. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: <code>interviewer-last3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-first; interviewer-given2; and interviewer2-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: <code>interviewer-first3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-link2}}|or alias interviewer2-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: <code>interviewer-link3</code>, etc. |- | <code>display-interviewers</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for interviewers |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-mask; and interviewer-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-mask2}}|or alias interviewer2-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}} |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | | Like <code>last1</code>, but for translator. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-first; translator-first; translator-given1; translator1-given; and translator-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for translator. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-link; and translator-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for translator. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: <code>translator-last3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-first; translator-given2; and translator2-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: <code>translator-first3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-link2}}|or alias translator2-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: <code>translator-link3</code>, etc. |- | <code>display-translators</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for translators |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-mask; and translator-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-mask2}}|or alias translator2-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}} |- | <code>others</code> || || |- | <code>name-list-style</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} | Set to <code>amp</code> or <code>ampersand</code> to separate the last author with {{nowrap|"<code> & </code>"}}; set to <code>and</code> to separate with {{nowrap|"<code> and </code>"}} |- | <code>edition</code> || || |- | <code>publication-place</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|publisher}}|or alias institution}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|publisher}}|or alias institution}} || || |- | <code>publication-date</code> || || |- | <code>minutes</code> || || |- | <code>time-caption</code> || <code>time</code> || |- | <code>time</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|page}}|or alias p}} || || choose one: <code>page</code>, <code>pages</code>, or <code>at</code> |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|pages}}|or alias pp}} || || choose one: <code>page</code>, <code>pages</code>, or <code>at</code>. Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text. |- | <code>at</code> || || choose one: <code>page</code>, <code>pages</code>, or <code>at</code> |- | <code>no-pp</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|page}}|or alias p}} or {{tooltip|{{codett|pages}}|or alias pp}} || set to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|arxiv}}|or alias eprint}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|asin}}|or alias ASIN}} || || |- | <code>asin-tld</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|asin}}|or alias ASIN}} || |- | <code>bibcode</code> || || |- | <code>biorxiv</code> || || |- | <code>biorxiv-access</code> || <code>biorxiv</code> || |- | <code>citeseerx</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|doi}}|or alias DOI}} || || '''always include DOI''', if one has been assigned |- | <code>doi-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|doi}}|or alias DOI}} || |- | <code>doi-broken-date</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|doi}}|or alias DOI}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|eissn}}|or alias EISSN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|hdl}}|or alias HDL}} || || |- | <code>hdl-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|hdl}}|or alias HDL}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|isbn}}|or alias ISBN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|ismn}}|or alias ISMN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|issn}}|or alias ISSN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|jfm}}|or alias JFM}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|jstor}}|or alias JSTOR}} || || |- | <code>jstor-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|jstor}}|or alias JSTOR}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|lccn}}|or alias LCCN}} || || |- | <code>medrxiv</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|mr}}|or alias MR}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|oclc}}|or alias OCLC}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|ol}}|or alias OL}} || || |- | <code>ol-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|ol}}|or alias OL}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|osti}}|or alias OSTI}} || || |- | <code>osti-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|osti}}|or alias OSTI}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|pmc}}|or alias PMC}} || || |- | <code>pmc-embargo-date</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|pmc}}|or alias PMC}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|pmid}}|or alias PMID}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|rfc}}|or alias RFC}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|sbn}}|or alias SBN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|ssrn}}|or alias SSRN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|s2cid}}|or alias S2CID}} || || |- | <code>s2cid-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|s2cid}}|or alias S2CID}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|zbl}}|or alias ZBL}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|id}}|or alias ID}} || || |- | <code>url-status</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-date}}|or alias archiveurl}}, <code>url</code> || |- | <code>archive-format</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-date}}|or alias archivedate}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|access-date}}|or alias accessdate}} || <code>url</code> || |- | <code>via</code> || || |- | <code>quote-page</code> || || choose one: <code>quote-page</code>, <code>quote-pages</code> |- | <code>quote-pages</code> || || choose one: <code>quote-page</code>, <code>quote-pages</code>. Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|quote}}|or alias quotation}} || || |- | <code>script-quote</code> || || |- | <code>trans-quote</code> || || |- | <code>mode</code> || || <code>cs1</code> or <code>cs2</code> |- | <code>ref</code> || || |- | <code>postscript</code> || || |- | colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | If a field name is listed in the '''Prerequisites''' column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. |} == Examples == ;Journal article *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Overpeck |first1=J. T. |last2=Webb |first2=T. |last3=Prentice |first3=I. C. |date=January 1985 |title=Quantitative interpretation of fossil pollen spectra: Dissimilarity coefficients and the method of modern analogs |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=23 |pages=87–108 |bibcode=1985QuRes..23...87O |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(85)90074-2}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last1=Overpeck |first1=J. T. |last2=Webb |first2=T. |last3=Prentice |first3=I. C. |date=January 1985 |title=Quantitative interpretation of fossil pollen spectra: Dissimilarity coefficients and the method of modern analogs |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=23 |pages=87–108 |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(85)90074-2|bibcode=1985QuRes..23...87O}} ;Vancouver style (common in biomedicine) *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bannen R, Suresh V, Phillips GN Jr, Wright S, Mitchell J |date=2008 |title=Optimal design of thermally stable proteins |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/24/20/2339/260340 |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=24 |issue=20 |pages=2339–2343 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btn450 |pmc=2562006 |pmid=18723523}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: *{{cite journal |vauthors=Bannen R, Suresh V, Phillips GN Jr, Wright S, Mitchell J |date=2008 |title=Optimal design of thermally stable proteins |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/24/20/2339/260340 |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=24 |issue=20 |pages=2339–2343 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btn450 |pmc=2562006 |pmid=18723523}} or *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Bannen |first1=RM |last2=Suresh |first2=V |last3=Phillips |first3=GN Jr |last4=Wright |first4=SJ |last5=Mitchell |first5=JC |date=2008 |title=Optimal design of thermally stable proteins |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/24/20/2339/260340 |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=24 |issue=20 |pages=2339–2343 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btn450 |pmc=2562006 |pmid=18723523 |name-list-style=vanc}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last1=Bannen |first1=RM |last2=Suresh |first2=V |last3=Phillips |first3=GN Jr |last4=Wright |first4=SJ |last5=Mitchell |first5=JC |date=2008 |title=Optimal design of thermally stable proteins |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/24/20/2339/260340 |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=24 |issue=20 |pages=2339–2343 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btn450 |pmc=2562006 |pmid=18723523 |name-list-style=vanc}} ;Include URL link to article, pre-print, or abstract. *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Aries |first1=Myriam B. C. |last2=Newsham |first2=Guy R. |name-list-style=amp |date=2008 |title=Effect of daylight saving time on lighting energy use: a literature review |url=http://archive.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/obj/irc/doc/pubs/nrcc49212/nrcc49212.pdf |journal=Energy Policy |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1858–1866 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2007.05.021 |access-date=October 18, 2013}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last1=Aries |first1=Myriam B. C. |last2=Newsham |first2=Guy R. |name-list-style=amp |date=2008 |title=Effect of daylight saving time on lighting energy use: a literature review |url=http://archive.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/obj/irc/doc/pubs/nrcc49212/nrcc49212.pdf |journal=Energy Policy |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1858–1866 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2007.05.021 |access-date=October 18, 2013}} If the linked document is PDF, but the [[filename extension|extension]] is not .pdf or .PDF, you may add the parameter {{para|format|PDF}}, which displays " (PDF)" after the link. ;Specify the [[digital object identifier|DOI]] to provide a permanent link, and a URL where the article is free. For medical articles also give the [[PMID]] and [[PubMed Central]] (PMC) ID: the PMC value will link the free full-text repository, will link the title if the URL is not specified, and will show an open padlock informing readers that the article is open-access. {{para|access-date}} is not necessary when a permanent identifier is used. *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Viollet |first1=Benoît |last2=Andreelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Sebastian B. |last4=Perrin |first4=Christophe |last5=Geloen |first5=Alain |last6=Flamez |first6=Daisy |last7=Mu |first7=James |last8=Lenzner |first8=Claudia |last9=Baud |first9=Olivier |last10=Bennoun |first10=Myriam |last11=Gomas |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Nicolas |first12=Gaël |last13=Wojtaszewski |first13=Jørgen F. P. |last14=Kahn1 |first14=Axel |last15=Carling |first15=David |last16=Schuit |first16=Frans C. |last17=Birnbaum |first17=Morris J. |last18=Richter |first18=Erik A. |last19=Burcelin |first19=Rémy |last20=Vaulont |first20=Sophie |display-authors=5 |date=January 2003 |title=The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity |url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/16567 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1172/JCI16567 |pmc=151837 |pmid=12511592 |access-date=2012-11-17}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last1=Viollet |first1=Benoît |last2=Andreelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Sebastian B. |last4=Perrin |first4=Christophe |last5=Geloen |first5=Alain |last6=Flamez |first6=Daisy |last7=Mu |first7=James |last8=Lenzner |first8=Claudia |last9=Baud |first9=Olivier |last10=Bennoun |first10=Myriam |last11=Gomas |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Nicolas |first12=Gaël |last13=Wojtaszewski |first13=Jørgen F. P. |last14=Kahn1 |first14=Axel |last15=Carling |first15=David |last16=Schuit |first16=Frans C. |last17=Birnbaum |first17=Morris J. |last18=Richter |first18=Erik A. |last19=Burcelin |first19=Rémy |last20=Vaulont |first20=Sophie |display-authors=5 |date=January 2003 |title=The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity |url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/16567 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1172/JCI16567 <!--|doi-access=free --> |pmc=151837 |pmid=12511592 |access-date=2012-11-17}} Whereas if the URL had not been specified, then the title is linked to the PMC link, which is repeated: *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Viollet |first1=Benoît |last2=Andreelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Sebastian B. |last4=Perrin |first4=Christophe |last5=Geloen |first5=Alain |last6=Flamez |first6=Daisy |last7=Mu |first7=James |last8=Lenzner |first8=Claudia |last9=Baud |first9=Olivier |last10=Bennoun |first10=Myriam |last11=Gomas |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Nicolas |first12=Gaël |last13=Wojtaszewski |first13=Jørgen F. P. |last14=Kahn1 |first14=Axel |last15=Carling |first15=David |last16=Schuit |first16=Frans C. |last17=Birnbaum |first17=Morris J. |last18=Richter |first18=Erik A. |last19=Burcelin |first19=Rémy |last20=Vaulont |first20=Sophie |display-authors=5 |date=January 2003 |title=The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1172/JCI16567 |pmc=151837 |pmid=12511592}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last1=Viollet |first1=Benoît |last2=Andreelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Sebastian B. |last4=Perrin |first4=Christophe |last5=Geloen |first5=Alain |last6=Flamez |first6=Daisy |last7=Mu |first7=James |last8=Lenzner |first8=Claudia |last9=Baud |first9=Olivier |last10=Bennoun |first10=Myriam |last11=Gomas |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Nicolas |first12=Gaël |last13=Wojtaszewski |first13=Jørgen F. P. |last14=Kahn1 |first14=Axel |last15=Carling |first15=David |last16=Schuit |first16=Frans C. |last17=Birnbaum |first17=Morris J. |last18=Richter |first18=Erik A. |last19=Burcelin |first19=Rémy |last20=Vaulont |first20=Sophie |display-authors=5 |date=January 2003 |title=The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1172/JCI16567 <!--|doi-access=free --> |pmc=151837 |pmid=12511592}} If the doi link is broken, then use of '''doi-broken-date''' indicates when the doi-problem was last verified, and will also add the page to "CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Mmmm YYYY" (tracking category [[:Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive]]): *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Viollet |first1=Benoît |last2=Andreelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Sebastian B. |last4=Perrin |first4=Christophe |last5=Geloen |first5=Alain |last6=Flamez |first6=Daisy |last7=Mu |first7=James |last8=Lenzner |first8=Claudia |last9=Baud |first9=Olivier |last10=Bennoun |first10=Myriam |last11=Gomas |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Nicolas |first12=Gaël |last13=Wojtaszewski |first13=Jørgen F. P. |last14=Kahn1 |first14=Axel |last15=Carling |first15=David |last16=Schuit |first16=Frans C. |last17=Birnbaum |first17=Morris J. |last18=Richter |first18=Erik A. |last19=Burcelin |first19=Rémy |last20=Vaulont |first20=Sophie |display-authors=5 |date=January 2003 |title=The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1172/JCI16567 |doi-broken-date=2021-07-01 |pmc=151837 |pmid=12511592}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last1=Viollet |first1=Benoît |last2=Andreelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Sebastian B. |last4=Perrin |first4=Christophe |last5=Geloen |first5=Alain |last6=Flamez |first6=Daisy |last7=Mu |first7=James |last8=Lenzner |first8=Claudia |last9=Baud |first9=Olivier |last10=Bennoun |first10=Myriam |last11=Gomas |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Nicolas |first12=Gaël |last13=Wojtaszewski |first13=Jørgen F. P. |last14=Kahn1 |first14=Axel |last15=Carling |first15=David |last16=Schuit |first16=Frans C. |last17=Birnbaum |first17=Morris J. |last18=Richter |first18=Erik A. |last19=Burcelin |first19=Rémy |last20=Vaulont |first20=Sophie |display-authors=5 |date=January 2003 |title=The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1172/JCI16567 |doi-broken-date=2021-07-01 |pmc=151837 |pmid=12511592 |no-tracking=yes}} ;If the article is in a foreign language, and the original title is unknown, enclose the translated title in square brackets and use {{para|title}}. Otherwise use {{para|title}} for the foreign-language title and {{para|trans-title}} for the English-language title. *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Y. |last2=Lu |first2=J. |last3=Shen |first3=Y. |last4=Lu |first4=J. |name-list-style=amp |date=March 1999 |title=[The protective effects of total flavonoids from Lycium Barbarum L. on lipid peroxidation of liver mitochondria and red blood cell in rats] |journal=Wei Sheng Yan Jiu |language=Chinese |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=115–116 |pmid=11938998}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: :{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Y. |last2=Lu |first2=J. |last3=Shen |first3=Y. |last4=Lu |first4=J. |name-list-style=amp |date=March 1999 |title=[The protective effects of total flavonoids from Lycium Barbarum L. on lipid peroxidation of liver mitochondria and red blood cell in rats] |journal=Wei Sheng Yan Jiu |language=Chinese |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=115–116 |pmid=11938998}} ;Example using other identifiers *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last=Merimovich |first=C. |date=2007 |title=A power function with a fixed finite gap everywhere |journal=Journal of Symbolic Logic |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=361–417 |doi=10.2178/jsl/1185803615 |mr=2320282}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last=Merimovich |first=C. |date=2007 |title=A power function with a fixed finite gap everywhere |journal=Journal of Symbolic Logic |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=361–417 |doi=10.2178/jsl/1185803615 |mr=2320282}} == Parameters == === Syntax === {{csdoc|syntax}} {{csdoc|sep_period}} === COinS === {{csdoc|coins}} === What's new === {{csdoc|whats new}} === Deprecated === {{csdoc|deprecated}} === Description === ==== Authors ==== {{csdoc|author|others=yes}} ==== Date ==== {{csdoc|date}} ==== Editors ==== {{csdoc|editor}} ==== Title ==== {{csdoc|title|title_format=quotes}} {{csdoc|type}} {{csdoc|language}} ==== <span class="anchor" id="url"></span>URL ==== {{csdoc|url|pmc=yes}} ==== Periodical ==== {{csdoc|journal|department=yes|article_num=yes}} ==== Edition, series, volume ==== {{csdoc|edition}} {{csdoc|series}} {{csdoc|volume}} ==== Publisher ==== {{csdoc|publisher}} ==== In-source locations ==== {{csdoc|time}} {{csdoc|pages|work=y|journal=y}} ==== Identifiers ==== {{distinguish|#Anchor}} {{csdoc|id1}} {{csdoc|id2}} ==== Subscription or registration required ==== {{csdoc|registration}} ==== Quote ==== {{csdoc|quote}} ==== Anchor ==== {{distinguish|#Identifiers}} {{csdoc|ref}} ==== Display options ==== {{csdoc|display}} == Notes == Although it may appear redundant to include multiple IDs for articles, it is helpful for many editors who only have access to a certain resource. If only one ID is to be included, the DOI should be used, as this is the universal standard preferred by professional publications. Specifying a link as a DOI, PMID, etc. is always preferable to including it as a URL parameter, as it makes it clear that the link is accurate and stable, but not necessarily openly accessible. {{para|access-date}} is not necessary when a permanent identifier is used. == TemplateData == {{Warning |image=Stop hand nuvola.svg |This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [[Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData]]}} {{TemplateData header}} {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|template_data_validate|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} <templatedata> { "description": "This template formats a citation to an article in a magazine or journal, using the provided source information (e.g. journal name, author, title, issue, URL) and various formatting options.", "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type \"http://...\" or maybe even the protocol-relative scheme \"//...\"", "type": "url", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "suggested": true, "example": "https://www.nytimes.com/..." }, "title": { "label": "Title", "description": "The title of the article; can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in quotes.", "type": "content", "required": true }, "last": { "label": "Last name", "description": "The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "author", "author1", "last1" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "first": { "label": "First name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "first1" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'", "aliases": [ "author2" ], "type": "line" }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "date": { "label": "Source date", "description": "Date of the source; do not wikilink. As listed in the publication", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "journal": { "label": "Journal", "description": "Name of the source journal; may be wikilinked; displays in italics; alias of 'work'", "type": "content", "required": true, "example": "[[American Journal of Sociology]]" }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked; displays after title", "type": "content", "example": "[[University of Chicago Press]]" }, "issue": { "label": "Issue", "description": "Issue identifier when the source is part of a series that is published periodically, usually a number. Do not prepend with no. Displayed in parentheses following volume.", "type": "line", "example": "4", "suggested": true }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "date" }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'", "type": "content" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; recommended only when date parameter format is YYYY-MM-DD and a CITEREF disambiguator is needed", "type": "number" }, "orig-date": { "label": "Original date", "description": "Original date of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-last', 'editor'", "aliases": [ "editor1-last" ], "type": "line" }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'", "aliases": [ "editor1-first" ], "type": "line" }, "editor-link": { "label": "Editor link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-link'", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "series": { "label": "Series", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal; alias of 'version'", "type": "content", "aliases": [ "version" ] }, "department": { "label": "Department", "description": "Department (section) within the periodical", "type": "string" }, "location": { "label": "Location of publication", "description": "Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place; alias of 'place'", "type": "string" }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "type": "content" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "description": "When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed with ' ed.'", "type": "line" }, "volume": { "label": "Volume", "description": "For one publication published in several volumes, usually a number. Do not prepend with v. or vol.", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "example": "3" }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "Page in the source that supports the content; display is preceded by colon (:)", "type": "line" }, "pages": { "label": "Pages", "description": "Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; display is preceded by colon)", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "no-pp": { "label": "No pp", "description": "Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')", "type": "line" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "line" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates", "type": "content" }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "line" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "content" }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "content" }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url' ('url' is required when using 'format'); examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "content" }, "arxiv": { "label": "arXiv identifier", "description": "An identifier for arXiv electronic preprints of scientific papers", "type": "line" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "line" }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "line" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "line" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; full doi", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "hdl": { "label": "HDL", "description": "Handle System identifier; 9 to 11 characters", "type": "line" }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "line" }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number (print); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "line" }, "eissn": { "label": "eISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number (online); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "line" }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "line" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "line" }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "line" }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "line" }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "number" }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier", "type": "line" }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "line" }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "number" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "line" }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "number" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "line" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "line" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "line" }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation", "type": "content" }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set |ref=none.", "type": "line" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'", "type": "line", "default": "." }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'", "aliases": [ "author3" ], "type": "line" }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'", "aliases": [ "author4" ], "type": "line" }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'", "aliases": [ "author5" ], "type": "line" }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'", "aliases": [ "author6" ], "type": "line" }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'", "aliases": [ "author7" ], "type": "line" }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'", "aliases": [ "author8" ], "type": "line" }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.", "aliases": [ "author9" ], "type": "line" }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last10": { "label": "Last name 10", "description": "The surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'.", "aliases": [ "author10" ], "type": "line" }, "first10": { "label": "First name 10", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last11": { "label": "Last name 11", "description": "The surname of the 11th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'. ", "aliases": [ "author11" ], "type": "line" }, "first11": { "label": "First name 11", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 11th author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last12": { "label": "Last name 12", "description": "The surname of the 12th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'.", "aliases": [ "author12" ], "type": "line" }, "first12": { "label": "First name 12", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 12th author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last13": { "label": "Last name 13", "description": "The surname of the 13th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'.", "aliases": [ "author13" ], "type": "line" }, "first13": { "label": "First name 13", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 13th author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last14": { "label": "Last name 14", "description": "The surname of the 14th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'.", "aliases": [ "author14" ], "type": "line" }, "first14": { "label": "First name 14", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 14th author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last15": { "label": "Last name 15", "description": "The surname of the 15th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'.", "aliases": [ "author15" ], "type": "line" }, "first15": { "label": "First name 15", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 15th author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor2-last": { "label": "Editor last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "aliases": [ "editor2" ], "type": "line" }, "editor2-first": { "label": "Editor first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor3-last": { "label": "Editor last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "aliases": [ "editor3" ], "type": "line" }, "editor3-first": { "label": "Editor first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor4-last": { "label": "Editor last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "aliases": [ "editor4" ], "type": "line" }, "editor4-first": { "label": "Editor first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor5-last": { "label": "Editor last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "aliases": [ "editor5" ], "type": "line" }, "editor5-first": { "label": "Editor first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor6-last": { "label": "Editor last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "aliases": [ "editor6" ], "type": "line" }, "editor6-first": { "label": "Editor first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor7-last": { "label": "Editor last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "aliases": [ "editor7" ], "type": "line" }, "editor7-first": { "label": "Editor first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor8-last": { "label": "Editor last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "aliases": [ "editor8" ], "type": "line" }, "editor8-first": { "label": "Editor first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor9-last": { "label": "Editor last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "aliases": [ "editor9" ], "type": "line" }, "editor9-first": { "label": "Editor first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string" }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link" ] }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link" ] }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'", "type": "url" }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title displays with the URL linked; if set to 'dead', the title displays with the archive URL linked", "type": "line" }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link" ] }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link" ] }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link" ] }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link" ] }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link" ] }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link" ] }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link" ] }, "author-link10": { "label": "Author link 10", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author10-link" ] }, "author-link11": { "label": "Author link 11", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 11th author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author11-link" ] }, "author-link12": { "label": "Author link 12", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 12th author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author12-link" ] }, "author-link13": { "label": "Author link 13", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 13th author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author13-link" ] }, "author-link14": { "label": "Author link 14", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 14th author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author14-link" ] }, "author-link15": { "label": "Author link 15", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 15th author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author15-link" ] }, "editor2-link": { "label": "Editor link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link2" ] }, "editor3-link": { "label": "Editor link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link3" ] }, "editor4-link": { "label": "Editor link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link4" ] }, "editor5-link": { "label": "Editor link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link5" ] }, "editor6-link": { "label": "Editor link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link6" ] }, "editor7-link": { "label": "Editor link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link7" ] }, "editor8-link": { "label": "Editor link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link8" ] }, "editor9-link": { "label": "Editor link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link9" ] }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two on the name list to '&' or 'and', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string" }, "chapter": { "label": "Chapter", "description": "The chapter heading of the source", "type": "string" }, "via": { "label": "Content deliverer (i.e. Database)", "description": "Provider of the article (not the publisher), usually an aggregator of journal articles or a repository", "example": "JSTOR, Project MUSE, Elsevier Science Direct", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string" }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'", "type": "string" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'", "type": "string" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'", "type": "string" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "JSTOR access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on JSTOR, type 'free'", "type": "string" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'", "type": "string" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'", "type": "string" }, "vauthors": { "label": "Vancouver style authors", "description": "comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses", "type": "line" }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used;", "type": "number" }, "s2cid": { "label": "Semantic Scholar Corpus ID", "description": "The corpus ID from the paper's Semantic Scholar page, if available. Displays as a link to the Semantic Scholar page.", "example": "255254796", "aliases": [ "S2CID" ] }, "trans-quote": { "label": "Translated quote", "description": "English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets.", "type": "string" }, "docket": { "label": "Docket", "description": "Docket number", "type": "line" }, "article-number": { "label": "Article number", "description": "For journals that provide article numbers for the articles in a journal issue; rendered between volume/issue and page(s).", "type": "line" } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "author-link", "last2", "first2", "author-link2", "last3", "first3", "author-link3", "last4", "first4", "author-link4", "last5", "first5", "author-link5", "last6", "first6", "author-link6", "last7", "first7", "author-link7", "last8", "first8", "author-link8", "last9", "first9", "author-link9", "last10", "first10", "author-link10", "last11", "first11", "author-link11", "last12", "first12", "author-link12", "last13", "first13", "author-link13", "last14", "first14", "author-link14", "last15", "first15", "author-link15", "display-authors", "author-mask", "name-list-style", "vauthors", "date", "year", "orig-date", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor2-last", "editor2-first", "editor2-link", "editor3-last", "editor3-first", "editor3-link", "editor4-last", "editor4-first", "editor4-link", "editor5-last", "editor5-first", "editor5-link", "editor6-last", "editor6-first", "editor6-link", "editor7-last", "editor7-first", "editor7-link", "editor8-last", "editor8-first", "editor8-link", "editor9-last", "editor9-first", "editor9-link", "others", "title", "script-title", "trans-title", "url", "url-status", "format", "department", "journal", "chapter", "type", "series", "language", "edition", "location", "publisher", "publication-place", "publication-date", "volume", "issue", "article-number", "page", "pages", "at", "no-pp", "arxiv", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "doi-broken-date", "hdl", "isbn", "issn", "eissn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "s2cid", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "docket", "url-access", "archive-url", "archive-date", "access-date", "quote", "trans-quote", "postscript", "ref", "via", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access" ], "maps": { "citoid": { "title": "title", "url": "url", "publisher": "publisher", "publicationTitle": "journal", "proceedingsTitle": "journal", "encyclopediaTitle": "journal", "dictionaryTitle": "journal", "date": "date", "place": "location", "ISSN": [ "issn" ], "ISBN": [ "isbn" ], "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "pages": "pages", "volume": "volume", "series": "series", "seriesNumber": "volume", "issue": "issue", "DOI": "doi", "oclc": "oclc", "archiveUrl": "archive-url", "archiveDate": "archive-date", "language": "language", "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ], [ "first10", "last10" ], [ "first11", "last11" ], [ "first12", "last12" ], [ "first13", "last13" ], [ "first14", "last14" ], [ "first15", "last15" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor2-first", "editor2-last" ], [ "editor3-first", "editor3-last" ], [ "editor4-first", "editor4-last" ], [ "editor5-first", "editor5-last" ], [ "editor6-first", "editor6-last" ], [ "editor7-first", "editor7-last" ], [ "editor8-first", "editor8-last" ], [ "editor9-first", "editor9-last" ] ] } }, "format": "{{_ |_=_}}" } </templatedata> == See also == * [https://citation-template-filling.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/index.cgi Citation-template-filling tool], can be used for [[DrugBank]], [[HGNC]], [[ISBN]], [[PubMed]], and [[PubChem]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230602170200/https://alyw234237.github.io/wiki-doi-gbooks-citation-maker/ Wikipedia DOI and Google Books Citation Maker] can be used for [[digital object identifier|DOI]] {{Citation Style 1}} {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{UF-COinS}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Citation Style 1 templates|J]] [[Category:Academic journal templates]] }}</includeonly> 6oubsh4y7inyverst0nhrbnanp3l7d8 10 7419 190826 184834 2026-04-20T18:55:16Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodyclass = vevent | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}} | abovestyle = font-size:130%; color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; | above = <includeonly>{{{name|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|ViewSomething|labels|en|value}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata|ViewSomething|labels|en|value}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}</includeonly> | aboveclass = above | subheaderstyle = font-size:110%; color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; | subheader1 = {{{altname|}}} | subheader2 = {{{nativename|}}} | subheader3 = {{#if:{{{acceptance|}}}|({{{acceptance|}}})}} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{imagesize|{{{image_size|}}}}}}|sizedefault=200px|alt={{{imagealt|}}}}} | captionstyle = padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em; | caption = {{{imagecaption|}}} | headerstyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}}}}; background-color: {{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}}}}}; <!---------------------------------------------------------> | labelstyle = white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em<!--(to ensure gap between any long/nonwrapped label and subsequent data on same line-->; | datastyle = line-height:1.3em; | label1 = ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''to be added''}}}}} | label2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} | ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ&nbsp;ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱤᱡ | ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ&nbsp;ᱴᱷᱟᱶ }} | data2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{creator|–}}} |{{{states|{{{state|}}}}}} }} | label3 =ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ | data3 = {{{created|}}} | label4 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |Setting and usage |{{#if:{{{region|}}}|ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ}} }} | data4 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{setting|}}} |{{{region|}}} }} | label6 = ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | data6 = {{{ethnicity|}}} | label7 = {{#if:{{{extinct|}}} |[[Extinct language|Extinct]] |{{#if:{{{era|}}} |Era |{{#if:{{{creator|}}} |Users |{{longitem|ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ {{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}|ᱨᱚᱨᱚᱲᱠᱚ}}}} }} }} }} | data7 =<!-- -->{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{extinct}}}|?|(date missing)[[Category:Language articles with unknown extinction date]]|{{{extinct}}}}}<!-- extinct input used -->|{{#if:{{{era|}}}|{{{era}}}<!-- era input used -->|<!-- no era, check for sign/spoken -->{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|silver|1}}<!-- check for signers/silver -->|<!-- SIGN language (silver) -->{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{signers|{{{speakers}}}}}}|?|<!-- -->|{{#ifeq:{{{signers|{{{speakers}}}}}}|none|''None'' |{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}}&nbsp;({{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}}) |{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}}{{main other|[[Category:Language articles with speaker number undated]]}}}} }} }} }} }}<!--(end if:date, ifeq:date=na, if:signers. end of SIGN) -->|<!-- SPOKEN language (not silver) -->{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{speakers|–}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{date}}}|no date|(undated figure of {{{speakers}}})|<!-- The following changes the display depending on the age of the data. Limit set to 25 years, as a population can double in that time. -->{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{#iferror:{{#expr: {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}} }}||{{#ifexpr:(({{CURRENTYEAR}} - {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}}) < 25)<!-- -->|<!-- regular-->{{{speakers|–}}}&nbsp;({{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}})<!-- -->|<!-- old (25+) -->({{{speakers}}} cited {{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}}){{main other|{{#ifeq:{{{ref}}}|e19|[[Category:Language articles with old Ethnologue 19 speaker data]]|{{#ifeq:{{{ref}}}|e18|[[Category:Language articles with old Ethnologue 18 speaker data]]|[[Category:Language articles with old speaker data]]}}}}}}}}}}<!--(end ifexpr:25+, iferror:) -->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|?|<!-- -->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|none|''None'' |<!-- no date input -->{{{speakers|–}}}{{main other|[[Category:Language articles with speaker number undated]]}}}} }} }}<!--(end if:date, before the 25+ expr check) -->}}<!--(end ifeq:date=no date) -->}}<!--(end ifeq:date=na) -->|<!--(no speakers number to be shown)-->}}}}<!--(end if:speakers (in 2nd param of silver-check), if:silver. end of SPOKEN) -->}} }}<!--(end if:era, if:extinct. No open #if:s left) If there is a ref, and there is any input for this row (data7), then we add the reference: -->{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}{{{era|}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}{{{date|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|sign_language}}|{{Infobox language/ref|{{{ref}}}|iso3={{{iso3|}}}|refname={{{refname|}}}|name={{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|lc1={{{lc1|}}}|ld1={{Delink|{{{ld1}}}}}|lc2={{{lc2|}}}|ld2={{Delink|{{{ld2}}}}}|lc3={{{lc3|}}}|ld3={{Delink|{{{ld3}}}}}|lc4={{{lc4|}}}|ld4={{Delink|{{{ld4}}}}}|lc5={{{lc5|}}}|ld5={{Delink|{{{ld5}}}}}|lc6={{{lc6|}}}|ld6={{Delink|{{{ld6}}}}}|lc7={{{lc7|}}}|ld7={{Delink|{{{ld7}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- Add speakers2 after the ref: -->{{#if:{{{speakers2|}}}|<br />{{{speakers2|}}} }} | label8 = {{#if:{{{revived|}}} |[[Language revitalization|Revival]]{{#if:{{{revived-category|{{{revived-cat|}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{revived-category|{{{revived-cat}}}}}}|nocat|<!--suppress-->|[[Category:{{{revived-category|{{{revived-cat}}}}}}]]|[[Category:Language revival]]}} }} }} | data8 = {{{revived|}}} | label9 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |Purpose |{{longitem|{{allow wrap|[[ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]]}}}} }} | data9 = {{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{family}}}}}|na||<div style="text-align:left;">{{{family|{{{fam1|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}} |''Unknown''{{main other|[[Category:Languages without classification]]}} |{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}} |[[ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] |{{Infobox language/genetic|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}} }} }}}}} <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> {{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|isolate||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Isolate||{{#if:{{{fam2|}}} | {{{fam2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam3|}}} | {{{fam3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam4|}}} | {{{fam4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam5|}}} | {{{fam5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam6|}}} | {{{fam6}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam7|}}} | {{{fam7}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam8|}}} | {{{fam8}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam9|}}} | {{{fam9}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam10|}}} | {{{fam10}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam11|}}} | {{{fam11}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam12|}}} | {{{fam12}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam13|}}} | {{{fam13}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam14|}}} | {{{fam14}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam15|}}} | {{{fam15}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul> | '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> }}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | label10 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}}|ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ}}}} | data10 = {{#if:{{{protoname|}}}{{{ancestor|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{protoname|{{{ancestor|}}}}}} {{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}}|<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li>{{{ancestor2}}} {{#if:{{{ancestor3|}}}|<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>{{{ancestor3}}} {{#if:{{{ancestor4|}}}|<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>{{{ancestor4}}} {{#if:{{{ancestor5|}}}|<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>{{{ancestor5}}} </li></ul>}} </li></ul>}} </li></ul>}} </li></ul>}} </div>}} | label11 = {{longitem|ᱥᱴᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ}} | data11 = {{#if:{{{standards|}}}|{{{standards}}} |{{#if:{{{stand1|}}}| <div>{{{stand1|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand2|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand3|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand4|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand5|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand6|}}}</div> }}}} | label12 = Dialects | data12 = {{#if:{{{dialects|}}}|{{{dialects}}} |{{#if:{{{dia1|}}}| {{#if:{{{dia1|}}}|*{{{dia1}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia2|}}}|*{{{dia2}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia3|}}}|*{{{dia3}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia4|}}}|*{{{dia4}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia5|}}}|*{{{dia5}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia6|}}}|*{{{dia6}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia7|}}}|*{{{dia7}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia8|}}}|*{{{dia8}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia9|}}}|*{{{dia9}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia10|}}}|*{{{dia10}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia11|}}}|*{{{dia11}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia12|}}}|*{{{dia12}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia13|}}}|*{{{dia13}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia14|}}}|*{{{dia14}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia15|}}}|*{{{dia15}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia16|}}}|*{{{dia16}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia17|}}}|*{{{dia17}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia18|}}}|*{{{dia18}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia19|}}}|*{{{dia19}}}}} {{#if:{{{dia20|}}}|*{{{dia20}}}}} }}}} | rowclass12 = {{#if:{{{dialects|}}}||{{#if:{{{dia1|}}}|{{{listclass|{{{liststyle|plainlist}}}}}}}}}} | label13 = {{longitem|{{allow wrap|ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ}}}} | data13 = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{script|}}}}} | latin | [[latin]] | latin alphabet | [[latin alphabet]] | [[latin alphabet|latin]] = [[Latin script|Latin]] | #default = {{{script|}}} }} | label14 = {{longitem|{{allow wrap|ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ}}}} | data14 = {{#if:{{{sign|}}}|{{{sign}}}}} | label15 = ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ | data15 = {{{posteriori|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | header16 = {{#if:{{{nation|}}}{{{minority|}}}{{{agency|}}}|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ}} | label17 = {{longitem|ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ&nbsp;ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ}} | data17 = {{{nation|}}} | label18 = {{longitem|class=nowrap|ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ<br />ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱ&nbsp;ᱴᱷᱟᱶ}} | data18 = {{#if:{{{minority|}}} |<div style="<!--label17 above almost always linewraps, so:-->vertical-align:middle;">{{{minority}}}</div>}} | label19 = ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ | data19 = {{{agency|{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{agency|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}|black|1}}|1|0}} | ''None'' <!-- | {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|''No official regulation''}} [this ends up claiming that languages have no regulation just cuz no-one bothered to add the regulator --> }}}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | header20 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ | label21 = {{nowrap|[[ISO 639-1]]}} | data21 = {{#if:{{{iso1|}}}|<code>{{#ifeq:{{str len|{{{iso1|}}}}}| 2 | {{ISO 639-1|{{{iso1}}}}} | {{{iso1}}} }}</code> {{{iso1comment|}}}}} | label22 = {{nowrap|[[ISO 639-2]]}} | data22 = {{#if:{{{iso2|}}}{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}} |<code>{{#if:{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{str len|{{{iso2b|}}}}}| 3 | {{ISO 639-2|{{{iso2b}}}}} | {{{iso2b}}} }}&nbsp;(B) |{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}} |{{{iso2|sgn}}} |{{ #if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{iso2|art}}} |{{#ifeq:{{str len|{{{iso2|}}}}}| 3 | {{ISO 639-2|{{{iso2}}}}} | {{{iso2}}} }}}}}}}}</code> {{{iso2comment|}}}{{ #if:{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}} |<br /><code>{{#ifeq:{{str len|{{{iso2t|}}}}}| 3 | {{ISO 639-2|{{{iso2t}}}}} | {{{iso2t}}} }}&nbsp;(T)</code>}} }} | label23 = {{nowrap|[[ISO 639-3]]}} | data23 = {{#if:{{{iso3|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{iso3|}}}}}|none|{{#if:{{{iso3comment|}}}|{{{iso3comment}}}|''None'' (<code>mis</code>)}}|<code>{{#ifeq:{{str len|{{{iso3}}}}}| 3 | [[ISO639-3:{{{iso3}}}|{{{iso3}}}]] | {{{iso3}}} }}</code> {{#if:{{{lc1|}}}| – inclusive code<!--not all are 'macrolanguages': Hittite, for example-->}} {{{iso3comment|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}| |–}}}}{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{lc2|}}}|1|0}}|{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<br />Individual codes|{{#if:{{{lc3|}}}|Variously|Either}}}}:{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc1|}}}|{{{ld1|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc2|}}}|{{{ld2|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc3|}}}|{{{ld3|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc4|}}}|{{{ld4|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc5|}}}|{{{ld5|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc6|}}}|{{{ld6|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc7|}}}|{{{ld7|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc8|}}}|{{{ld8|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc9|}}}|{{{ld9|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc10|}}}|{{{ld10|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc11|}}}|{{{ld11|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc12|}}}|{{{ld12|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc13|}}}|{{{ld13|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc14|}}}|{{{ld14|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc15|}}}|{{{ld15|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc16|}}}|{{{ld16|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc17|}}}|{{{ld17|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc18|}}}|{{{ld18|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc19|}}}|{{{ld19|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc20|}}}|{{{ld20|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc21|}}}|{{{ld21|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc22|}}}|{{{ld22|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc23|}}}|{{{ld23|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc24|}}}|{{{ld24|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc25|}}}|{{{ld25|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc26|}}}|{{{ld26|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc27|}}}|{{{ld27|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc28|}}}|{{{ld28|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc29|}}}|{{{ld29|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc30|}}}|{{{ld30|}}} }} |{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<br />Individual code:}}{{Infobox language/codelist|code={{{lc1}}}|2={{{ld1|}}} }} }} }} | label24 = {{nowrap|[[ISO 639-6]]}}<!-- NOTE: ISO 639-6 was withdrawn in 2014.--> | data24 = {{#if:{{{iso6|}}}|<code>{{{iso6}}}</code>}} | label25 = {{longitem|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ}} | data25 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist|}}} |2={{{lingname|}}}}} | label26 = &nbsp; | data26 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist2|}}}|2={{{lingname2|}}}}} | label27 = &nbsp; | data27 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist3|}}}|2={{{lingname3|}}}}} | label28 = &nbsp; | data28 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist4|}}}|2={{{lingname4|}}}}} | label29 = &nbsp; | data29 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist5|}}}|2={{{lingname5|}}}}} | label30 = &nbsp; | data30 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist6|}}}|2={{{lingname6|}}}}} | label31 = [[:en:Glottolog|ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ]] | data31 = {{#if:{{{glotto|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{glotto|}}}}}|none|''None''[[Category:Languages without Glottolog code]]|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{glotto|}}}}}|spurious|(insufficiently attested or not a distinct language){{main other|[[Category:Languages rejected by Glottolog]]}}|<code>{{glottolink|{{{glotto}}}}}</code>{{#if:{{{glottoname|}}}|&nbsp; {{nowrap|{{{glottoname}}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{glottofoot|}}}|no||{{#tag:ref|{{Glottolog|{{{glotto}}}|{{{glottorefname|{{{glottoname|{{{name}}}}}}}}}}}|name="Glottolog"}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{glotto2|}}}|{{#if:{{{glotto|}}}|<br />|<!--no break when more than one box on a page-->}}<code>{{glottolink|{{{glotto2}}}}}</code>{{#if:{{{glottoname2|}}}|&nbsp; {{nowrap|{{{glottoname2}}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{glottofoot|}}}|no||{{#tag:ref|{{Glottolog|{{{glotto2}}}|{{{glottorefname2|{{{glottoname2|{{{name}}}}}}}}}}}|name="Glottolog2"}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{glotto3|}}}|{{#if:{{{glotto2|}}}|<br />|<!--no break-->}}<code>{{glottolink|{{{glotto3}}}}}</code>{{#if:{{{glottoname3|}}}|&nbsp; {{nowrap|{{{glottoname3}}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{glottofoot|}}}|no||{{#tag:ref|{{Glottolog|{{{glotto3}}}|{{{glottorefname3|{{{glottoname3|{{{name}}}}}}}}}}}|name="Glottolog3"}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{glotto4|}}}|{{#if:{{{glotto3|}}}|<br />|<!--no break-->}}<code>{{glottolink|{{{glotto4}}}}}</code>{{#if:{{{glottoname4|}}}|&nbsp; {{nowrap|{{{glottoname4}}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{glottofoot|}}}|no||{{#tag:ref|{{Glottolog|{{{glotto4}}}|{{{glottorefname4|{{{glottoname4|{{{name}}}}}}}}}}}|name="Glottolog4"}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{glotto5|}}}|{{#if:{{{glotto4|}}}|<br />|<!--no break-->}}<code>{{glottolink|{{{glotto5}}}}}</code>{{#if:{{{glottoname5|}}}|&nbsp; {{nowrap|{{{glottoname5}}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{glottofoot|}}}|no||{{#tag:ref|{{Glottolog|{{{glotto5}}}|{{{glottorefname5|{{{glottoname5|{{{name}}}}}}}}}}}|name="Glottolog5"}}}}}} | label32 = [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|AIATSIS]]{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|{{#tag:ref|{{AIATSIS|{{{aiatsis|}}}|{{{aiatsisname|{{{name}}}}}}|{{{aiatsis2|}}}}}|name="AIATSIS"}}}} | data32 = {{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<code>[https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/{{{aiatsis}}} {{{aiatsis}}}]</code>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis2|}}}|, <code>[https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/{{{aiatsis2}}} {{{aiatsis2}}}]</code>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname2|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname2}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis3|}}}|, <code>[https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/{{{aiatsis3}}} {{{aiatsis3}}}]</code>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname3|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname3}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis4|}}}|, <code>[https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/{{{aiatsis4}}} {{{aiatsis4}}}]</code>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname4|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname4}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis5|}}}|, <code>[https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/{{{aiatsis5}}} {{{aiatsis5}}}]</code>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname5|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname5}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis6|}}}|, <code>[https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/{{{aiatsis6}}} {{{aiatsis6}}}]</code>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname6|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname6}}}}} }} | label33 = {{longitem|{{allow wrap|[[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages|ᱜᱩᱛᱷᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ]]}}}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<code>{{{guthrie}}}</code><ref name="Guthrie">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf New Updated Guthrie List Online]</ref>}} | label34 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | data34 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<code>{{{lingua}}}</code>{{{lingua_ref|}}}}} | label35 = [[IETF language tag|IETF]] | data35 = {{#if:{{{ietf|}}}|<code>{{{ietf}}}</code>{{Main other|[[Category:Language articles with IETF language tag]]}}}} | data36 = {{#if:{{{map|}}} |{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=220px|alt={{{mapalt|}}}}}{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}}|{{#ifexist:Media:{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P1846|onlysourced=no| fetchwikidata=ALL||noicon=yes }}|[[file:{{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P1846|onlysourced=no| fetchwikidata=ALL||noicon=yes }}|280px|center]]}} }} | data37 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}} | {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{map2}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=220px|alt={{{mapalt2|}}}}}{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}} }} | data38 = {{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}}{{{coords|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |coordinates = {{if empty|{{{coordinates|}}}|{{{coords|}}}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption = {{{pushpin_map_caption|}}} |float = center |width = {{{pushpin_mapsize|}}} |default_width = 250 |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{if empty|{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}} }} }} |marksize =6 |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} | data39 = {{#if:{{if empty|{{{coordinates|}}}|{{{coords|}}}}} |Coordinates: {{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates|{{{coords|}}}}}}|type:landmark}}| }} | label40 = ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ | data40 = {{#if:{{{wikibook|}}}|[[Wikibooks: {{{wikibook|}}}]] }} | data41 = {{{module|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | belowclass = noprint selfref | belowstyle = background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3; | below = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{notice|{{{notice2|}}}}}}}}|ipa |'''ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾''' ᱵᱮᱥ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱚᱨᱴ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱟᱢ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱚᱰ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ, ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱟ, ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱜᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ [[ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ:ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]᱾ }} }}<!-- ---- Adding tracking categories ---- Note 1: Above in this code, already tracking [[Category:...]]'s may be added. Note 2: All categories are using {{main other|[[Cat:...]}}. -->{{main other|<!-- -->{{#if:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{creator|}}}||[[Category:Languages without family color codes]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}{{{era|}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}||<!-- no main input for data7 -->[[Category:Language articles without speaker estimate]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{speakers|}}}|?|{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}{{{lc1|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|<!-- ok -->|{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e18|<!-- ok -->|[[Category:Language articles with unknown population not citing Ethnologue 18]]}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{iso3|}}}}}|none|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}|[[Category:Conlangs without ISO 639-3 code]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{#iferror: {{#expr: {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}} }} |<!-- -->{{#switch: {{lc:{{{date}}}}} | na = [[Category:Language articles with NA population dates]] | no date = [[Category:Language articles with 'no date' set]] | #default = [[Category:Language articles with invalid population dates]]<!-- -->}}|<!-- no error -->}}|<!-- no date -->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|<!-- -->{{#switch: {{lc:{{{isoexception}}}}} | dialect = [[Category:Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code]] | historical = [[Category:Historical forms of languages with ISO codes]] | protolanguage = [[Category:Protolanguages without ISO codes]] | talkpage = |}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#if:{{{glotto|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{created|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code]]}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}{{{lc1|}}}{{{glotto|}}}{{{glotto2|}}}{{{glotto3|}}}{{{glotto4|}}}{{{glotto5|}}}{{{linglist|}}}{{{lingua|}}}{{{aiatsis|}}}{{{guthrie|}}}{{{isoexception|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Language articles without language codes]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|{{#if:{{{lc2|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Languages which need ISO 639-3 comment]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e18|[[Category:Nonexistent E18 links]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{isoexception|}}}|dialect|[[Category:Dialects with Linguist List code]]|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguist List code]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{glotto|}}}|none|<!--ok-->||{{#if:{{{glotto|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code]]}}<!-- 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pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_mapsize | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | ref | refname | region | revived | revived-cat | revived-category | script | setting | sign | signers | speakers | speakers2 | stand1 | stand2 | stand3 | stand4 | stand5 | stand6 | standards | state | states }}<!-- Close wrapping {{main other}} for the categories: -->}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 26vtfqqryfvkvjeo9tjufcqcibxjdzg 10 7422 190828 38896 2026-04-20T19:12:15Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if: {{{1|}}} |{{cite book|chapter={{{2|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|chapter-url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/{{{1|}}}|editor1-first=Harald|editor1-last=Hammarström|editor2-first=Robert|editor2-last=Forkel|editor3-first=Martin|editor3-last=Haspelmath|year={{{4|}}}|title=[[Glottolog|Glottolog {{{3|}}}]]|edition=|location=Jena, Germany|publisher=Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History|ref={{#if: {{{ref|}}}|{{{ref}}}|{{sfnref|Glottolog|{{{4|}}}}}}}}} |{{cite book|editor1-first=Harald|editor1-last=Hammarström|editor2-first=Robert|editor2-last=Forkel|editor3-first=Martin|editor3-last=Haspelmath|year={{{4|}}}|title=Glottolog {{{3|}}}|edition=|location=Jena, Germany|publisher=Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History|url=http://glottolog.org/|ref={{#if: {{{ref|}}}|{{{ref}}}|{{sfnref|Glottolog|{{{4|}}}}}}}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 1wxoeaq7vhu79chpepy6ui41l0ql4fc 190829 190828 2026-04-20T19:16:23Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if: {{{1|}}} |{{cite book|chapter={{{2|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|chapter-url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/{{{1|}}}|editor1-first=Harald|editor1-last=Hammarström|editor2-first=Robert|editor2-last=Forkel|editor3-first=Martin|editor3-last=Haspelmath|year={{{4|}}}|title=[[ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ {{{3|}}}]]|edition=|location=Jena, Germany|publisher=Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History|ref={{#if: {{{ref|}}}|{{{ref}}}|{{sfnref|Glottolog|{{{4|}}}}}}}}} |{{cite book|editor1-first=Harald|editor1-last=Hammarström|editor2-first=Robert|editor2-last=Forkel|editor3-first=Martin|editor3-last=Haspelmath|year={{{4|}}}|title=Glottolog {{{3|}}}|edition=|location=Jena, Germany|publisher=Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History|url=http://glottolog.org/|ref={{#if: {{{ref|}}}|{{{ref}}}|{{sfnref|Glottolog|{{{4|}}}}}}}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 5dxr0otvyy0gi9ite35h1majmxrq3ng 0 11032 190814 153225 2026-04-20T17:14:26Z Rocky 734 571 ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡᱚᱢᱟ 190814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Universe |image = [[File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg|300px]] |caption = [[ᱦᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱟᱞᱴᱨᱟ-ᱰᱤᱯ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ]] ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱤᱧ [[ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤ|ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤ]] ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑/᱗᱙ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)<ref name="spacetelescope.org">{{cite web |url=http://spacetelescope.org/images/heic0406a/ |title=Hubble sees galaxies galore |work=spacetelescope.org |accessdate=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504043058/http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0406a/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱵᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱢᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨᱢᱚᱥᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ |label1 = [[Age of the universe|Age]] (within [[Lambda-CDM model]]) |data1 = 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years |label2 = Diameter |data2 = [[ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱵᱨᱚᱢᱦᱟᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ: {{val|8.8|e=26|u=m}} {{nowrap|(28.5 G[[parsec|pc]] or 93 G[[light-year|ly]])}}<ref>{{cite book |first1=Itzhak|last1=Bars|first2=John|last2=Terning|title=Extra Dimensions in Space and Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFSMatekilIC&pg=PA27|accessdate=May 1, 2011|date=November 2009 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-77637-8|pages=27–}}</ref> |label3 = ᱢᱟᱥ (ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ) |data3 = At least 10⁵³ kg<ref name="Paul Davies 2006 43">{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Davies|date=2006|title=The Goldilocks Enigma|page=43ff|publisher=First Mariner Books|isbn=978-0-618-59226-5|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicjackpotwhy0000davi|url-access=registration}}</ref> |label4 = Average density (including the contribution from [[energy]]) |data4 = 9.9 x 10⁻³⁰ g/cm³<ref name="wmap_universe_made_of">{{cite web |author=NASA/WMAP Science Team|date=January 24, 2014|title=Universe 101: What is the Universe Made Of?|url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html|publisher=NASA|accessdate=February 17, 2015}}</ref> |label5 = Average temperature |data5 = 2.72548 [[Kelvin|K]]<ref name=Fixsen>{{Cite journal |last1=Fixsen |first1=D.J. |date=2009 |title=The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=707 |issue=2|pages=916–20 |arxiv=0911.1955 |bibcode=2009ApJ...707..916F |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/916}}</ref> |label6 = Main contents |data6 = [[Baryon#Baryonic matter|Ordinary (baryonic)]] [[matter]] (4.9%)<br />[[Dark matter]] (26.8%)<br />[[Dark energy]] (68.3%) |label7 = Shape |data7 = [[Shape of the universe|Flat]] with a 0.4% margin of error<ref>{{cite web |author=NASA/WMAP Science Team|date=January 24, 2014 |url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_shape.html|title=Universe 101: Will the Universe expand forever? |publisher=NASA|accessdate=April 16, 2015}}</ref> _ The world we imagine is a four-dimensional supermosphere with mountains and valleys }} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== jf4muyzuhvaefc38k82vj08k2tq6heh 190815 190814 2026-04-20T17:16:15Z Rocky 734 571 ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡᱚᱢᱟ 190815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Universe |image = [[File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg|300px]] |caption = [[ᱦᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱟᱞᱴᱨᱟ-ᱰᱤᱯ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ]] ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱤᱧ [[ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤ|ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤ]] ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑/᱗᱙ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)<ref name="spacetelescope.org">{{cite web |url=http://spacetelescope.org/images/heic0406a/ |title=Hubble sees galaxies galore |work=spacetelescope.org |accessdate=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504043058/http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0406a/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱵᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱢᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨᱢᱚᱥᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ |label1 = [[Age of the universe|Age]] (within [[Lambda-CDM model]]) |data1 = 13.799 ± 0.021 ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ |label2 = Diameter |data2 = [[ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱵᱨᱚᱢᱦᱟᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ: {{val|8.8|e=26|u=m}} {{nowrap|(28.5 G[[parsec|pc]] or 93 G[[light-year|ly]])}}<ref>{{cite book |first1=Itzhak|last1=Bars|first2=John|last2=Terning|title=Extra Dimensions in Space and Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFSMatekilIC&pg=PA27|accessdate=May 1, 2011|date=November 2009 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-77637-8|pages=27–}}</ref> |label3 = ᱢᱟᱥ (ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ) |data3 = At least 10⁵³ kg<ref name="Paul Davies 2006 43">{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Davies|date=2006|title=The Goldilocks Enigma|page=43ff|publisher=First Mariner Books|isbn=978-0-618-59226-5|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicjackpotwhy0000davi|url-access=registration}}</ref> |label4 = Average density (including the contribution from [[energy]]) |data4 = 9.9 x 10⁻³⁰ g/cm³<ref name="wmap_universe_made_of">{{cite web |author=NASA/WMAP Science Team|date=January 24, 2014|title=Universe 101: What is the Universe Made Of?|url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html|publisher=NASA|accessdate=February 17, 2015}}</ref> |label5 = ᱢᱩᱴ ᱛᱟᱯ |data5 = 2.72548 [[Kelvin|K]]<ref name=Fixsen>{{Cite journal |last1=Fixsen |first1=D.J. |date=2009 |title=The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=707 |issue=2|pages=916–20 |arxiv=0911.1955 |bibcode=2009ApJ...707..916F |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/916}}</ref> |label6 = Main contents |data6 = [[Baryon#Baryonic matter|Ordinary (baryonic)]] [[matter]] (4.9%)<br />[[Dark matter]] (26.8%)<br />[[Dark energy]] (68.3%) |label7 = ᱜᱚᱰᱷᱚᱱ |data7 = [[Shape of the universe|Flat]] with a 0.4% margin of error<ref>{{cite web |author=NASA/WMAP Science Team|date=January 24, 2014 |url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_shape.html|title=Universe 101: Will the Universe expand forever? |publisher=NASA|accessdate=April 16, 2015}}</ref> _ The world we imagine is a four-dimensional supermosphere with mountains and valleys }} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== s6shz1nnhhd1c1hlr7teklz76rhloca 10 11184 190841 57728 2026-04-20T20:11:36Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 Redirected page to [[ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Official website]] 190841 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Official website]] aw19rcagkhrq1c506y0ogpv8d1clu45 0 25612 190810 135815 2026-04-20T12:30:29Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱸᱦᱰᱟᱭᱮᱱᱟ 190810 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] gkgu1jibkbt86h4a58my5a62q30atsz 0 35546 190872 190572 2026-04-21T09:47:48Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ */ 190872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ (Teak) | image = Starr 010304-0485 Tectona grandis.jpg | image_caption = ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=Gua |first1=B. |last2=Pedersen |first2=A. |last3=Barstow |first3=M. |year=2022 |title=''Tectona grandis'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T62019830A62019832 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T62019830A62019832.en |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> | genus = Tectona | species = grandis | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]] | synonyms_ref = <ref name=powo>{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:864923-1|title=''Tectona grandis'' L.f. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=20 July 2024 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Jatus grandis'' <small>(L.f.) Kuntze</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''abludens '' <small>Koord. & Valeton</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''canescens '' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''pilosula'' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''punctata'' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''tomentella '' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona theca'' <small>Lour.</small> }} '''ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ (Lamiaceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ-ᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱸᱡᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ, ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Burmese Teak: Turning a new leaf">{{cite web|url=http:// East By South East |access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> ᱢᱳᱞᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Verhaegen|first1=D.|first2=Inza Jesus|last2=Fofana|first3=Zénor A|last3=Logossa|first4=Daniel|last4=Ofori|title=What is the genetic origin of teak (''Tectona grandis'' L.) introduced in Africa and in Indonesia?|journal=Tree Genetics & Genomes |volume=6|issue=5|pages=717–733|year=2010|doi=10.1007/s11295-010-0286-x|s2cid=11220716|url=http://hal.cirad.fr/cirad-00846130/file/TGG6_5_.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|year=2015|volume=45|issue=3|pages=297–306|title=AFLP markers for analysis of genetic diversity and structure of teak (''Tectona grandis'') in India|first1=Vivek|last1=Vaishnaw|first2=Naseer|last2=Mohammad|first3=Syed Arif|last3=Wali|first4=Randhir|last4=Kumar|first5=Shashi Bhushan|last5=Tripathi|first6=Madan Singh|last6=Negi|first7=Shamim Akhtar|last7=Ansari|doi=10.1139/cjfr-2014-0279 |bibcode=2015CaJFR..45..297V }}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ == ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|40|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ-ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱠᱟᱨ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, {{convert|15|-|45|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|-|23|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|2|-|4|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="FOC">[http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019434 ''Tectona grandis'']. ''Flora of China'' 17: 16. Accessed online: 17 December 2010.</ref> ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱸᱡᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒.᱕–᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑.᱒–᱑.᱘ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FOC" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ (pollen) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tangmitcharoen and Owens">Tangmitcharoen, S. and J. N. Owens. 1996. Floral biology, pollination, pistil receptivity, and pollen tube growth of teak (''Tectona grandis'' Linn f.). ''Annals of Botany'', 79(3): 227–241.</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ-ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bryndum & Hedegart">Bryndum, K. and T. Hedegart. 1969. Pollination of teak (''Tectona grandis'' Linn.f.). ''Silv. Genet.'' 18: 77–80.</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱶᱟᱨ (bee) ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴᱤᱱᱱᱟ (''Ceratina)'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱾<ref name="Tangmitcharoen and Owens" /> <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, in the Mornings.JPG|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱩᱞᱚᱢ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ File:Nilambur Teak Plantation 0666.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ File:Plants of the coast of Coromandel Coast Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh India Flora Fruits Flowers (54).jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ File:Teak (Tectona grandis) flowers in Anantgiri, AP W2 IMG 8807.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱚᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ File:Flower, fruit & leaves (Tectona Grandis) I IMG 8818.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ, ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ File:U Bain Bridge1.JPG|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱨᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩ ᱵᱮᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ {{convert|1.2|km|abbr=on}} ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ File:Leaves of Tectona grandis (Teak).jpg|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ File:Hyblaea puera at Kadavoor.jpg|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱡ [[Hyblaea puera|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ]] File:Philippine Teak (Tectona philippinensis)--an endangered and endemic tree 01.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ Tectona grandis MHNT.BOT.2010.10.15.jpg|''Tectona grandis'' - [[MHNT]] </gallery> === ᱠᱟᱴ === ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱝ (rings) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱨᱚᱥ (porous) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱽ (moisture) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ: ᱑᱕% ᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ/ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ^᱓ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Brian |title=Carpentry and Joinery |date=2001 |publisher=Butterworth |isbn=978-1-138-16816-9 |pages=54 |edition=Third|volume=1}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ-ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ-ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yardley |first1=Kevin |title=About Teak Wood |url=https://www.diamondtropicalhardwoods.com/teak |website=DiamondTropicalHardwoods.com |publisher=Diamond Tropical Hardwoods |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pnh">{{cite book |last1=Hasluck |first1=Paul N |title=The Handyman's Guide: Essential Woodworking Tools and Techniques |date=1987 |publisher=Skyhorse |location=New York |isbn=978-1-60239-173-4 |pages=174–5}}</ref> == ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱘᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱭᱚᱝᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ''ᱥᱟᱯᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴᱚᱢ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱟᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="IPNI">{{IPNI|id=864923-1|access-date=17 December 2010}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱮᱨᱚᱞᱰ ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱨᱰᱮᱝᱠ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱛᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤᱭᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱳᱞᱰᱮᱝᱠᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱱᱟᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: ''T. grandis'' f. ''canescens'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ''T. grandis'' f. ''pilosula'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ''T. grandis'' f. ''punctata'' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''T. grandis'' f. ''tomentella'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Moldenke">Moldenke, H. N. 1975. Notes on new and noteworthy plants. LXXVII. ''Phytologia'', 31: 28.</ref> == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ᱴᱤᱠ (teak) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'teca' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'thekku' ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ 'tekku', ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ 'teku', ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ 'tegu' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱖᱙᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/teak|title=Teak|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper|date=2025|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱴᱚᱱᱟ(''Tectona)'' ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱝ (genus) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ''T. hamiltoniana'' ᱟᱨ ''T. philippinensis'' ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tewari>Tewari, D. N. 1992. ''A Monograph on Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.)''. International Book Distributors.</ref> ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FOC" /><ref name="Tangmitcharoen and Owens" /> ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ {{Convert|500|mm|abbr=on}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ {{Convert|5,000|mm|abbr=on}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱫᱽ (moist) ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ {{Convert|1,250–1,650|mm|abbr=on}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓-᱕ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kaosa-ard">Kaosa-ard, A. 1981. Teak its natural distribution and related factors. ''Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society'', 29: 55–74.</ref> == ᱪᱟᱥ == [[File:Teak plant 2024.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱤᱥ (varnish) ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ (erosion) ᱫᱚᱨ, ᱢᱟᱯ (dimensional stability) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ UV ᱛᱟᱹᱯᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|url= http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/willi01d.pdf|last1= Williams|first1=R. Sam|last2=Miller|first2=Regis|year=2001|title=Characteristics of Ten Tropical Hardwoods from Certified Forests in Bolivia |journal=Wood and Fiber Science |volume=33|issue=4|pages=618–626}}</ref> ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ Perum Perhutani ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Teak Museum: Nalimbur">{{cite web|url=http://www.kfri.org/html/k1000mus.htm |title=Teak Museum: Nilambur |author=KRFI.org |publisher=Web Archive |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928001233/http://www.kfri.org/html/k1000mus.htm |archive-date=28 September 2006 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱩᱨᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱥᱴᱮᱱᱮᱵᱚᱞ (sustainable) ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africanarguments.org/2013/03/14/is-all-well-in-the-teak-forests-of-south-sudan-by-aly-verjee/|title=Is all well in the teak forests of South Sudan? – By Aly Verjee|date=14 March 2013}}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Investing in Teak: The Market">{{cite web|url=https://www.catf.lu/investing-in-catf/the-market/|title=Investing in Teak: The Market|author=Central American Timber Fund |publisher=Central American Timber Fund|access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> ''Hyblaea puera'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱳᱞᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ' (Teak defoliator) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱴᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref> {{cite web | title=''Hyblaea puera'' | last=Herbison-Evans | first=Don | publisher=University of Technology, [[Sydney]] | url=http://linus.socs.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/hybl/puera.html | access-date=2008-03-12 | date=2007-09-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111814/http://linus.socs.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/hybl/puera.html |archive-date = 2008-07-24}} </ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Tectona grandis|ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ (Tectona grandis)}} {{NSRW poster|wstitle=Teak}} {{WestAfricanPlants|Tectona grandis}} * ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱨᱳᱰᱟᱠᱴᱥ ᱞᱮᱵᱽ: [http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_SEAsian/tectonagrandis.html USDA ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224044926/http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_SEAsian/tectonagrandis.html |date=24 February 2013 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] r60oqgmod1hnfcujfmyg9xplert87je 828 35598 190852 190711 2026-04-21T01:27:41Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190852 Scribunto text/plain require('strict'); local getArgs = require ('Module:Arguments').getArgs; local amendment_pattern = '%s*%(amended version of (%d%d%d%d) assessment%)'; local errata_pattern = '%s*%(errata version published in (%d%d%d%d)%)'; local green_status_pattern = '%s*%((Green Status assessment)%)'; --[[--------------------------< I U C N _ I D E N T I F I E R S _ G E T >-------------------------------------- cs1|2 templates cite single sources; when the identifiers in |doi=, |id=, and |article-number= are different from each other then the template is attempting to cite multiple sources. This function evaluates the identifier portions of these parameters. returns seven values: identifyier parts (or nil when parameter not used) and a message (nil on success, error message else) the identifier portions of the several parameters must be properly formed ]] local function iucn_identifiers_get (args, error_msgs_t, maint_msgs_t) local doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID local art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID local url_taxon_ID, url_assesment_ID if args.doi then local lang_tag doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID, lang_tag = args.doi:match ('[Tt](%d+)[Aa](%d+)%.(%l%l)$') if not doi_taxon_ID or not ({['en'] = true, ['es'] = true, ['fr'] = true, ['pt'] = true})[lang_tag] then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'malformed |doi= identifier'); end end local artnum = args['article-number'] or args.page; -- |page= is deprecated; one accepted; |article-number= preferred if artnum then art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID = artnum:match ('^[eE]%.[Tt](%d+)[Aa](%d+)$') if not art_num_taxon_ID then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'malformed |article-number= identifier'); end if args.page then -- maint message when |page= is used table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 'uses deprecated |page= identifier'); args.page = nil; -- unset as not used args['article-number'] = artnum; -- make sure that {{cite journal}} gets |article-number= end end if args.url then if args.url:match ('https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/') then -- must be a 'new-form' url url_taxon_ID, url_assesment_ID = args.url:match ('/species/(%d+)/(%d+)') if not url_taxon_ID then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'malformed |url= identifier'); end end end if not error_msgs_t[1] then if doi_taxon_ID and art_num_taxon_ID then if (doi_taxon_ID ~= art_num_taxon_ID or ((doi_assesment_ID ~= art_num_assesment_ID) and not args.errata)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, '|doi= / |article-number= mismatch'); end end if doi_taxon_ID and url_taxon_ID then if (doi_taxon_ID ~= url_taxon_ID or ((doi_assesment_ID ~= url_assesment_ID) and not args.errata)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, '|doi= / |url= mismatch'); end end if art_num_taxon_ID and url_taxon_ID then if (art_num_taxon_ID ~= url_taxon_ID or ((art_num_assesment_ID ~= url_assesment_ID) and not args.errata)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, '|article-number= / |url= mismatch'); end end end return doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID, art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID; end --[[--------------------------< I U C N _ V O L U M E _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------- compares volume in |volume= (if present) against year in |date= or |year= (if present) against volume in |doi= (if present) returns nil if all that are present are correct; message else ]] local function iucn_volume_check (args, maint_msgs_t) local vol = args.volume; local date = args.date or args.year; local doi = args.doi and args.doi:match ('[Ii][Uu][Cc][Nn]%.[Uu][Kk]%.(%d%d%d%d)') if vol and date and (vol ~= date) then table.insert (maint_msgs_t, '|volume= / |date= mismatch'); end if vol and doi and ((vol ~= doi) and not args.amends) then table.insert (maint_msgs_t, '|volume= / |doi= mismatch'); end if date and doi and ((doi ~= date) and not args.amends) then table.insert (maint_msgs_t, '|date= / |doi= mismatch'); end end --[[--------------------------< _ C I T E >-------------------------------------------------------------------- entry point for calls from another module Wraps {{cite journal}}: takes cite journal parameters but updates old style url using electronic article number number |article-number= should be in format e.T13922A45199653 the url uses 13922/45199653 so we need to extract the number between T and A (taxon ID) and the number after A (assessment ID) the target url is https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13922/45199653 usage: {{#invoke:iucn|cite}} template: {{Template:Cite iucn}} ]] local function _cite (args, frame) local error_msgs_t = {}; -- holds error messages for rendering local maint_msgs_t = {}; -- holds hidden maint messages for rendering local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- used for categorization frame = frame or mw.getCurrentFrame() -- fetches frame if called from another module if args.title and (args.title:match (errata_pattern) or args.title:match (amendment_pattern)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'title has extraneous text'); -- announce that this template has has errata or amendment text end local doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID; -- all of these contain the same identifying info in slightly local art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID; -- different forms. when any combination of these is present, doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID, art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID = iucn_identifiers_get (args, error_msgs_t, maint_msgs_t); args.id = nil -- unset; not supported local url_taxon_ID = art_num_taxon_ID or doi_taxon_ID; -- select for use in url that we will create local url_assesment_ID = art_num_assesment_ID or doi_assesment_ID; local url = args.url; if url then if url:find ('iucnredlist.org/details/', 1, true) then -- old-form url if url_taxon_ID then -- when there is an identifier url = nil -- unset; we'll create new url below else -- here when old-form but no identifier that we can use to create new url args.url = args.url:gsub ("http:", "https:") -- sometimes works with redirect on iucn site end table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 'old-form url') -- announce that this template has has an old-form url elseif url:find ('iucnredlist.org/species/', 1, true) then -- new-form url -- table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 'new-form url') --TODO: restore this line when most new-form urls have been removed from article space -- announce that this template has has an new-form url else table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'unknown url') -- emit error message end end if not url then -- when no url or unset old-form url if url_taxon_ID then args.url = "https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/" .. url_taxon_ID .. '/' .. url_assesment_ID else table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'no identifier') -- emit error message end end -- add journal if not provided (TODO decide if this should override provided value) if not args['journal'] and not args['work'] then args['journal'] = "[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]" end iucn_volume_check (args, maint_msgs_t); -- |volume=, |year= (|date=), |doi= must all refer to the same volume if not args.volume and (args.year or args.date) then args.volume = args.year or args.date end if args.errata then args['orig-date'] = 'errata version of ' .. (args.year or args.date or args.volume) .. ' assessment'; args.date = args.errata; -- update publication data to errata year args.year = nil; -- unset these as no longer needed args.errata = nil; elseif args.amends then args['orig-date'] = 'amended version of ' .. args.amends .. ' assessment'; args.amends = nil; -- unset as no longer needed end -- add free-to-read icon to mark a correctly formed doi if args.doi then args['doi-access'] = args.doi:match ('10%.2305/[Ii][Uu][Cc][Nn].+[Tt]%d+[Aa]%d+%.%a%a') and 'free' or nil; args.language = args.language or args.lang or args.doi:match ('10%.2305/[Ii][Uu][Cc][Nn].+[Tt]%d+[Aa]%d+%.(%a%a)'); args.lang = nil; -- unset; use canonical form end local out_t = {}; if error_msgs_t[1] then table.insert (out_t, ' <span class="error" style="font-size:100%">{{[[Template:cite iucn|cite iucn]]}}: error: '); table.insert (out_t, table.concat (error_msgs_t, ', ')); table.insert (out_t, ' ([[Template:Cite iucn#Error messages|help]])'); if (0 == namespace) then table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:cite IUCN errors]]'); end table.insert (out_t, '</span>'); end if maint_msgs_t[1] then table.insert (out_t, '<span class="citation-comment" style="display: none; color: #085; margin-left: 0.3em;">'); if not error_msgs_t[1] then table.insert (out_t, '{{[[Template:cite iucn|cite iucn]]}}: ') table.insert (out_t, table.concat (maint_msgs_t, ', ')); table.insert (out_t, ' ([[Template:Cite iucn#Maintenance messages|help]])'); if (0 == namespace) then table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:cite IUCN maint]]'); end end table.insert (out_t, '</span>'); end if (not args['doi-access']) and (0 == namespace) then table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:cite IUCN without doi]]'); end return require ('Module:Citation/CS1')._citation (frame, args, {CitationClass='journal'}) .. -- invoke the module to bypass the call to {{cite journal}} table.concat (out_t); -- error and maint messages and categories end --[[--------------------------< C I T E >---------------------------------------------------------------------- entry point for template calls ]] local function cite (frame) local args = getArgs (frame); -- local copy of template arguments return _cite (args, frame); end --[=[-------------------------< E T _ A L _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------------------------- This adapted from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration This table provides Lua patterns for the phrase "et al" and variants in a name. ]=] local et_al_patterns = { "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et al' theme "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][Ii][AaIi][Ee]?[%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et alia', 'et alii' and 'et aliae' themes (false positive 'et aliie' unlikely to match) "[;,]? *%f[%a]and [Oo]thers", -- an alternative to et al. } --[[---------------------< N A M E _ H A S _ E T A L >-------------------------- This adapted from Module:Citation/CS1 Evaluates the content of a name for variations on the theme of et al. If found, returns true; nil else ]] local function name_has_etal (name) local etal; if name then -- name can be nil in which case just return name = name:gsub ('%b<>', ''); -- remove any html markup (typically <i>...</i>) for _, pattern in ipairs (et_al_patterns) do -- loop through all of the patterns if name:match (pattern) then -- if this 'et al' pattern is found in name return true; -- has etal, so return true end end end end --[[--------------------------< A U T H O R _ L I S T _ M A K E >---------------------------------------------- creates a list of individual |authorn= parameters from the list of names provided in the raw iucn citation. names must have the form: Surname, I. (more than one 'I.' pair allowed but no spaces between I. pairs) assumes that parenthetical text at the end of the author-name-list is a collaboration Name, I.I., & Name, I.I. (Colaboration name) assumes that <i>et al.</i> is the last name in a list of names ]] --local function author_names_get (raw_iucn_cite) local function author_names_get (raw_iucn_cite, params_t) -- EXPERIMENT local list = {}; -- table that holds name list parts local author_names = raw_iucn_cite:match ('^([^%d]-)%s+%d%d%d%d'); -- extract author name-list from raw iucn citation local collaboration = author_names:match ('%s*(%b())$'); -- get collaboration name if it exists if collaboration then -- when there is a colaboration collaboration = collaboration:gsub ('[%(%)]', ''); -- remove bounding parentheses author_names = author_names:gsub ('%s*(%b())$', ''); -- and remove collaboration from author-name-list end local names = author_names:gsub ('%.?,?%s+&%s+', '.|'); -- replace 'separators' (<optional dot><optional comma><space><ampersand><space>) with <dot><pipe> names = names:gsub ('%.,%s*', '.|'); -- replace 'separators' (<dot><comma><optional space>) with <dot><pipe> names = names:gsub ('(%.%u),', '%1.|'); -- special case for when last initial is missing its trailing dot list = mw.text.split (names, '|'); -- split the string on the pipes into entries in list{} if 0 == #list then params_t['author'] = author_names; -- EXPERIMENT return table.concat ({'|author=', author_names}), params_t; -- EXPERIMENT -- no 'names' of the proper form; return the original as a single |author= parameter -- return table.concat ({'|author=', author_names}) -- no 'names' of the proper form; return the original as a single |author= parameter else for i, name in ipairs (list) do -- spin through the list and if name_has_etal (name) then -- if this name has some form of 'et al' params_t['display-authors'] = 'etal'; -- EXPERIMENT list[i] = '|display-authors=etal'; -- add |dispaly-authors=etal parameter and break; -- assume that the etal was the last 'name' so stop processing names else params_t['author' .. i] = name; -- EXPERIMENT list[i] = table.concat ({'|author', (i == 1) and '' or i, '=', name}); -- add |authorn= parameter names; create |author= instead of |author1= end end if collaboration then params_t['collaboration'] = collaboration; -- EXPERIMENT table.insert (list, table.concat ({'|collaboration', '=', collaboration})); -- add |collaboration= parameter end return table.concat (list, ' '); -- make a big string and return that end end --[[--------------------------< T I T L E _ G E T >------------------------------------------------------------ extract and format citation title; attempts to get the italic right ''binomen'' (amended or errata title) ''binomen'' ''binomen'' ssp. ''subspecies'' ''binomen'' subsp. ''subspecies'' ''binomen'' var. ''variety'' ''binomen'' subvar. ''subvariety'' all of the above may have trailing amended or errata text in parentheses TODO: are there others? ]] local function title_get (raw_iucn_cite) local title = raw_iucn_cite:match ('%d%d%d%d%.%s+(.-)%s*%. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'); local patterns = { -- tables of string.match patterns [1] and string.gsub patterns [2] {'(.-)%sssp%.%s+(.-)%s(%b())$', "''%1'' ssp. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen ssp. subspecies (zoology) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%sssp%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' ssp. ''%2''"}, -- binomen ssp. subspecies (zoology) {'(.-)%ssubsp%.%s+(.-)%s(%b())$', "''%1'' subsp. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen subsp. subspecies (botany) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%ssubsp%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' subsp. ''%2''"}, -- binomen subsp. subspecies (botany) {'(.-)%svar%.%s+(.-)%s+(%b())$', "''%1'' var. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen var. variety (botany) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%svar%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' var. ''%2''"}, -- binomen var. variety (botany) {'(.-)%ssubvar%.%s+(.-)%s(%b())$', "''%1'' subvar. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen subvar. subvariety (botany) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%ssubvar%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' subvar. ''%2''"}, -- binomen subvar. subvariety (botany) {'(.-)%s*(%b())$', "''%1'' %2"}, -- binomen with errata or amended text {'(.+)', "''%1''"}, -- binomen } for i, v in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through the patterns if title:match (v[1]) then -- when a match title = title:gsub (v[1], v[2]); -- add italics break; -- and done end end -- return table.concat ({' |title=', title}); -- return the |title= parameter return title; -- return the formatted title end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ C I T E _ I U C N >-------------------------------------------------- parses apart an iucn-format citation copied from their webpage and reformats that into a {{cite iucn}} template for substing automatic substing by User:AnomieBOT/docs/TemplateSubster ]] local function make_cite_iucn (frame) local args_t = getArgs (frame); local raw_iucn_cite = args_t[1]; local template_t = {'{{cite iucn '}; -- sequence that holds the {{cite iucn}} template as it is being assembled; for nowiki'd output local params_t = {}; -- table of parameter/value pairs for substing local year, volume, artnum, doi, accessdate, language; year = raw_iucn_cite:match ('^%D+(%d%d%d%d)'); volume, artnum = raw_iucn_cite:match ('(%d%d%d%d):%s+(e%.T%d+A+%d+)%.%s?'); doi = raw_iucn_cite:match ('10%.2305/IUCN%.UK%.[%d%-]+%.RLTS%.T%d+A%d+%.%a%a'); language = raw_iucn_cite:match ('10%.2305/IUCN%.UK%.[%d%-]+%.RLTS%.T%d+A%d+%.(%a%a)'); accessdate = raw_iucn_cite:match ('Accessed on (.-)%.?$') or raw_iucn_cite:match ('Downloaded on (.-)%.?$'); -- 'Downloaded' → 'Accessed' change occured December 2021; accessdate = accessdate:gsub ('^0', ''); -- strips leading 0 in day 01 January 2020 -> 1 January 2020 table.insert (template_t, author_names_get (raw_iucn_cite, params_t)); -- add author name parameters; as a single string to <template_t>; as individual entries to <params_t> table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |year=', year})); -- add formatted year params_t.year = year; local title = title_get (raw_iucn_cite); local type_p = title:match (green_status_pattern); if type_p then title = title:match ('^([^%(]+)%s*%('); table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |type=', type_p})); -- add formatted errata params_t.type = type_p; end local errata = title:match (errata_pattern); -- nil unless IUCN citation has errata annotation; else year that this errata published (|date=) if errata then table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |errata=', errata})); -- add formatted errata params_t.errata = errata; title = title:gsub (errata_pattern, ''); -- remove errata annotation end local amends = title:match (amendment_pattern); -- nil unless IUCN citation has amendment annotation; else year that this assessment amends (|orig-date=) if amends then table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |amends=', amends})); -- add year of assessment that this assessment amends params_t.amends = amends; title = title:gsub (amendment_pattern, ''); -- remove amendment annotation end table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |title=', title})); -- add formatted title params_t.title = title; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |volume=', volume})); -- add formatted volume params_t.volume = volume; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |article-number=', artnum})); -- add formatted article number params_t['article-number'] = artnum; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |doi=', doi})); -- add formatted doi params_t.doi = doi; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |language=', language})); -- add formatted language params_t.language = language; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |access-date=', accessdate})); -- add formatted access-date params_t['access-date'] = accessdate; table.insert (template_t, '}}'); -- close the template if args_t[2] then -- if anything in args_t[2], write a nowiki'd version that editors can copy into <ref> tags return frame:preprocess (table.concat ({'<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">', table.concat (template_t), '</syntaxhighlight>'})); -- caveat lector: if left long enough anomiebot will subst this end if args_t['ref'] then -- enable subst of ref tags with name return frame:preprocess ('<ref name=' .. args_t['ref'] .. '>' .. table.concat (template_t) .. '</ref>') end return frame:preprocess (table.concat (template_t)); -- render {{cite iucn}} template; substable end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { cite = cite, -- wraps {{cite journal}} _cite = _cite, -- for calling from other modules make_cite_iucn = make_cite_iucn, -- wraps {{cite IUCN}} } pgadxy2u4il6ic2eb5pk94tzcvlhn89 190853 190852 2026-04-21T01:31:10Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190853 Scribunto text/plain require('strict'); local getArgs = require ('Module:Arguments').getArgs; local amendment_pattern = '%s*%(amended version of (%d%d%d%d) assessment%)'; local errata_pattern = '%s*%(errata version published in (%d%d%d%d)%)'; local green_status_pattern = '%s*%((Green Status assessment)%)'; --[[--------------------------< I U C N _ I D E N T I F I E R S _ G E T >-------------------------------------- cs1|2 templates cite single sources; when the identifiers in |doi=, |id=, and |article-number= are different from each other then the template is attempting to cite multiple sources. This function evaluates the identifier portions of these parameters. returns seven values: identifyier parts (or nil when parameter not used) and a message (nil on success, error message else) the identifier portions of the several parameters must be properly formed ]] local function iucn_identifiers_get (args, error_msgs_t, maint_msgs_t) local doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID local art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID local url_taxon_ID, url_assesment_ID if args.doi then local lang_tag doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID, lang_tag = args.doi:match ('[Tt](%d+)[Aa](%d+)%.(%l%l)$') if not doi_taxon_ID or not ({['en'] = true, ['es'] = true, ['fr'] = true, ['pt'] = true})[lang_tag] then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'malformed |doi= identifier'); end end local artnum = args['article-number'] or args.page; -- |page= is deprecated; one accepted; |article-number= preferred if artnum then art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID = artnum:match ('^[eE]%.[Tt](%d+)[Aa](%d+)$') if not art_num_taxon_ID then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'malformed |article-number= identifier'); end if args.page then -- maint message when |page= is used table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 'uses deprecated |page= identifier'); args.page = nil; -- unset as not used args['article-number'] = artnum; -- make sure that {{cite journal}} gets |article-number= end end if args.url then if args.url:match ('https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/') then -- must be a 'new-form' url url_taxon_ID, url_assesment_ID = args.url:match ('/species/(%d+)/(%d+)') if not url_taxon_ID then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'malformed |url= identifier'); end end end if not error_msgs_t[1] then if doi_taxon_ID and art_num_taxon_ID then if (doi_taxon_ID ~= art_num_taxon_ID or ((doi_assesment_ID ~= art_num_assesment_ID) and not args.errata)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, '|doi= / |article-number= mismatch'); end end if doi_taxon_ID and url_taxon_ID then if (doi_taxon_ID ~= url_taxon_ID or ((doi_assesment_ID ~= url_assesment_ID) and not args.errata)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, '|doi= / |url= mismatch'); end end if art_num_taxon_ID and url_taxon_ID then if (art_num_taxon_ID ~= url_taxon_ID or ((art_num_assesment_ID ~= url_assesment_ID) and not args.errata)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, '|article-number= / |url= mismatch'); end end end return doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID, art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID; end --[[--------------------------< I U C N _ V O L U M E _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------- compares volume in |volume= (if present) against year in |date= or |year= (if present) against volume in |doi= (if present) returns nil if all that are present are correct; message else ]] local function iucn_volume_check (args, maint_msgs_t) local vol = args.volume; local date = args.date or args.year; local doi = args.doi and args.doi:match ('[Ii][Uu][Cc][Nn]%.[Uu][Kk]%.(%d%d%d%d)') if vol and date and (vol ~= date) then table.insert (maint_msgs_t, '|volume= / |date= mismatch'); end if vol and doi and ((vol ~= doi) and not args.amends) then table.insert (maint_msgs_t, '|volume= / |doi= mismatch'); end if date and doi and ((doi ~= date) and not args.amends) then table.insert (maint_msgs_t, '|date= / |doi= mismatch'); end end --[[--------------------------< _ C I T E >-------------------------------------------------------------------- entry point for calls from another module Wraps {{cite journal}}: takes cite journal parameters but updates old style url using electronic article number number |article-number= should be in format e.T13922A45199653 the url uses 13922/45199653 so we need to extract the number between T and A (taxon ID) and the number after A (assessment ID) the target url is https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13922/45199653 usage: {{#invoke:iucn|cite}} template: {{Template:Cite iucn}} ]] local function _cite (args, frame) local error_msgs_t = {}; -- holds error messages for rendering local maint_msgs_t = {}; -- holds hidden maint messages for rendering local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- used for categorization frame = frame or mw.getCurrentFrame() -- fetches frame if called from another module if args.title and (args.title:match (errata_pattern) or args.title:match (amendment_pattern)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'title has extraneous text'); -- announce that this template has has errata or amendment text end local doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID; -- all of these contain the same identifying info in slightly local art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID; -- different forms. when any combination of these is present, doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID, art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID = iucn_identifiers_get (args, error_msgs_t, maint_msgs_t); args.id = nil -- unset; not supported local url_taxon_ID = art_num_taxon_ID or doi_taxon_ID; -- select for use in url that we will create local url_assesment_ID = art_num_assesment_ID or doi_assesment_ID; local url = args.url; if url then if url:find ('iucnredlist.org/details/', 1, true) then -- old-form url if url_taxon_ID then -- when there is an identifier url = nil -- unset; we'll create new url below else -- here when old-form but no identifier that we can use to create new url args.url = args.url:gsub ("http:", "https:") -- sometimes works with redirect on iucn site end table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 'old-form url') -- announce that this template has has an old-form url elseif url:find ('iucnredlist.org/species/', 1, true) then -- new-form url -- table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 'new-form url') --TODO: restore this line when most new-form urls have been removed from article space -- announce that this template has has an new-form url else table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'unknown url') -- emit error message end end if not url then -- when no url or unset old-form url if url_taxon_ID then args.url = "https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/" .. url_taxon_ID .. '/' .. url_assesment_ID else table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'no identifier') -- emit error message end end -- add journal if not provided (TODO decide if this should override provided value) if not args['journal'] and not args['work'] then args['journal'] = "[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]" end iucn_volume_check (args, maint_msgs_t); -- |volume=, |year= (|date=), |doi= must all refer to the same volume if not args.volume and (args.year or args.date) then args.volume = args.year or args.date end if args.errata then args['orig-date'] = 'errata version of ' .. (args.year or args.date or args.volume) .. ' assessment'; args.date = args.errata; -- update publication data to errata year args.year = nil; -- unset these as no longer needed args.errata = nil; elseif args.amends then args['orig-date'] = 'amended version of ' .. args.amends .. ' assessment'; args.amends = nil; -- unset as no longer needed end -- add free-to-read icon to mark a correctly formed doi if args.doi then args['doi-access'] = args.doi:match ('10%.2305/[Ii][Uu][Cc][Nn].+[Tt]%d+[Aa]%d+%.%a%a') and 'free' or nil; args.language = args.language or args.lang or args.doi:match ('10%.2305/[Ii][Uu][Cc][Nn].+[Tt]%d+[Aa]%d+%.(%a%a)'); args.lang = nil; -- unset; use canonical form end local out_t = {}; if error_msgs_t[1] then table.insert (out_t, ' <span class="error" style="font-size:100%">{{[[Template:cite iucn|cite iucn]]}}: error: '); table.insert (out_t, table.concat (error_msgs_t, ', ')); table.insert (out_t, ' ([[Template:Cite iucn#Error messages|help]])'); if (0 == namespace) then table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:cite IUCN errors]]'); end table.insert (out_t, '</span>'); end if maint_msgs_t[1] then table.insert (out_t, '<span class="citation-comment" style="display: none; color: #085; margin-left: 0.3em;">'); if not error_msgs_t[1] then table.insert (out_t, '{{[[Template:cite iucn|cite iucn]]}}: ') table.insert (out_t, table.concat (maint_msgs_t, ', ')); table.insert (out_t, ' ([[Template:Cite iucn#Maintenance messages|help]])'); if (0 == namespace) then table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:cite IUCN maint]]'); end end table.insert (out_t, '</span>'); end if (not args['doi-access']) and (0 == namespace) then table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:cite IUCN without doi]]'); end return frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'cite journal', args = args } .. table.concat (out_t); end --[[--------------------------< C I T E >---------------------------------------------------------------------- entry point for template calls ]] local function cite (frame) local args = getArgs (frame); -- local copy of template arguments return _cite (args, frame); end --[=[-------------------------< E T _ A L _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------------------------- This adapted from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration This table provides Lua patterns for the phrase "et al" and variants in a name. ]=] local et_al_patterns = { "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et al' theme "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][Ii][AaIi][Ee]?[%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et alia', 'et alii' and 'et aliae' themes (false positive 'et aliie' unlikely to match) "[;,]? *%f[%a]and [Oo]thers", -- an alternative to et al. } --[[---------------------< N A M E _ H A S _ E T A L >-------------------------- This adapted from Module:Citation/CS1 Evaluates the content of a name for variations on the theme of et al. If found, returns true; nil else ]] local function name_has_etal (name) local etal; if name then -- name can be nil in which case just return name = name:gsub ('%b<>', ''); -- remove any html markup (typically <i>...</i>) for _, pattern in ipairs (et_al_patterns) do -- loop through all of the patterns if name:match (pattern) then -- if this 'et al' pattern is found in name return true; -- has etal, so return true end end end end --[[--------------------------< A U T H O R _ L I S T _ M A K E >---------------------------------------------- creates a list of individual |authorn= parameters from the list of names provided in the raw iucn citation. names must have the form: Surname, I. (more than one 'I.' pair allowed but no spaces between I. pairs) assumes that parenthetical text at the end of the author-name-list is a collaboration Name, I.I., & Name, I.I. (Colaboration name) assumes that <i>et al.</i> is the last name in a list of names ]] --local function author_names_get (raw_iucn_cite) local function author_names_get (raw_iucn_cite, params_t) -- EXPERIMENT local list = {}; -- table that holds name list parts local author_names = raw_iucn_cite:match ('^([^%d]-)%s+%d%d%d%d'); -- extract author name-list from raw iucn citation local collaboration = author_names:match ('%s*(%b())$'); -- get collaboration name if it exists if collaboration then -- when there is a colaboration collaboration = collaboration:gsub ('[%(%)]', ''); -- remove bounding parentheses author_names = author_names:gsub ('%s*(%b())$', ''); -- and remove collaboration from author-name-list end local names = author_names:gsub ('%.?,?%s+&%s+', '.|'); -- replace 'separators' (<optional dot><optional comma><space><ampersand><space>) with <dot><pipe> names = names:gsub ('%.,%s*', '.|'); -- replace 'separators' (<dot><comma><optional space>) with <dot><pipe> names = names:gsub ('(%.%u),', '%1.|'); -- special case for when last initial is missing its trailing dot list = mw.text.split (names, '|'); -- split the string on the pipes into entries in list{} if 0 == #list then params_t['author'] = author_names; -- EXPERIMENT return table.concat ({'|author=', author_names}), params_t; -- EXPERIMENT -- no 'names' of the proper form; return the original as a single |author= parameter -- return table.concat ({'|author=', author_names}) -- no 'names' of the proper form; return the original as a single |author= parameter else for i, name in ipairs (list) do -- spin through the list and if name_has_etal (name) then -- if this name has some form of 'et al' params_t['display-authors'] = 'etal'; -- EXPERIMENT list[i] = '|display-authors=etal'; -- add |dispaly-authors=etal parameter and break; -- assume that the etal was the last 'name' so stop processing names else params_t['author' .. i] = name; -- EXPERIMENT list[i] = table.concat ({'|author', (i == 1) and '' or i, '=', name}); -- add |authorn= parameter names; create |author= instead of |author1= end end if collaboration then params_t['collaboration'] = collaboration; -- EXPERIMENT table.insert (list, table.concat ({'|collaboration', '=', collaboration})); -- add |collaboration= parameter end return table.concat (list, ' '); -- make a big string and return that end end --[[--------------------------< T I T L E _ G E T >------------------------------------------------------------ extract and format citation title; attempts to get the italic right ''binomen'' (amended or errata title) ''binomen'' ''binomen'' ssp. ''subspecies'' ''binomen'' subsp. ''subspecies'' ''binomen'' var. ''variety'' ''binomen'' subvar. ''subvariety'' all of the above may have trailing amended or errata text in parentheses TODO: are there others? ]] local function title_get (raw_iucn_cite) local title = raw_iucn_cite:match ('%d%d%d%d%.%s+(.-)%s*%. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'); local patterns = { -- tables of string.match patterns [1] and string.gsub patterns [2] {'(.-)%sssp%.%s+(.-)%s(%b())$', "''%1'' ssp. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen ssp. subspecies (zoology) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%sssp%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' ssp. ''%2''"}, -- binomen ssp. subspecies (zoology) {'(.-)%ssubsp%.%s+(.-)%s(%b())$', "''%1'' subsp. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen subsp. subspecies (botany) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%ssubsp%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' subsp. ''%2''"}, -- binomen subsp. subspecies (botany) {'(.-)%svar%.%s+(.-)%s+(%b())$', "''%1'' var. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen var. variety (botany) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%svar%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' var. ''%2''"}, -- binomen var. variety (botany) {'(.-)%ssubvar%.%s+(.-)%s(%b())$', "''%1'' subvar. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen subvar. subvariety (botany) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%ssubvar%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' subvar. ''%2''"}, -- binomen subvar. subvariety (botany) {'(.-)%s*(%b())$', "''%1'' %2"}, -- binomen with errata or amended text {'(.+)', "''%1''"}, -- binomen } for i, v in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through the patterns if title:match (v[1]) then -- when a match title = title:gsub (v[1], v[2]); -- add italics break; -- and done end end -- return table.concat ({' |title=', title}); -- return the |title= parameter return title; -- return the formatted title end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ C I T E _ I U C N >-------------------------------------------------- parses apart an iucn-format citation copied from their webpage and reformats that into a {{cite iucn}} template for substing automatic substing by User:AnomieBOT/docs/TemplateSubster ]] local function make_cite_iucn (frame) local args_t = getArgs (frame); local raw_iucn_cite = args_t[1]; local template_t = {'{{cite iucn '}; -- sequence that holds the {{cite iucn}} template as it is being assembled; for nowiki'd output local params_t = {}; -- table of parameter/value pairs for substing local year, volume, artnum, doi, accessdate, language; year = raw_iucn_cite:match ('^%D+(%d%d%d%d)'); volume, artnum = raw_iucn_cite:match ('(%d%d%d%d):%s+(e%.T%d+A+%d+)%.%s?'); doi = raw_iucn_cite:match ('10%.2305/IUCN%.UK%.[%d%-]+%.RLTS%.T%d+A%d+%.%a%a'); language = raw_iucn_cite:match ('10%.2305/IUCN%.UK%.[%d%-]+%.RLTS%.T%d+A%d+%.(%a%a)'); accessdate = raw_iucn_cite:match ('Accessed on (.-)%.?$') or raw_iucn_cite:match ('Downloaded on (.-)%.?$'); -- 'Downloaded' → 'Accessed' change occured December 2021; accessdate = accessdate:gsub ('^0', ''); -- strips leading 0 in day 01 January 2020 -> 1 January 2020 table.insert (template_t, author_names_get (raw_iucn_cite, params_t)); -- add author name parameters; as a single string to <template_t>; as individual entries to <params_t> table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |year=', year})); -- add formatted year params_t.year = year; local title = title_get (raw_iucn_cite); local type_p = title:match (green_status_pattern); if type_p then title = title:match ('^([^%(]+)%s*%('); table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |type=', type_p})); -- add formatted errata params_t.type = type_p; end local errata = title:match (errata_pattern); -- nil unless IUCN citation has errata annotation; else year that this errata published (|date=) if errata then table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |errata=', errata})); -- add formatted errata params_t.errata = errata; title = title:gsub (errata_pattern, ''); -- remove errata annotation end local amends = title:match (amendment_pattern); -- nil unless IUCN citation has amendment annotation; else year that this assessment amends (|orig-date=) if amends then table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |amends=', amends})); -- add year of assessment that this assessment amends params_t.amends = amends; title = title:gsub (amendment_pattern, ''); -- remove amendment annotation end table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |title=', title})); -- add formatted title params_t.title = title; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |volume=', volume})); -- add formatted volume params_t.volume = volume; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |article-number=', artnum})); -- add formatted article number params_t['article-number'] = artnum; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |doi=', doi})); -- add formatted doi params_t.doi = doi; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |language=', language})); -- add formatted language params_t.language = language; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |access-date=', accessdate})); -- add formatted access-date params_t['access-date'] = accessdate; table.insert (template_t, '}}'); -- close the template if args_t[2] then -- if anything in args_t[2], write a nowiki'd version that editors can copy into <ref> tags return frame:preprocess (table.concat ({'<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">', table.concat (template_t), '</syntaxhighlight>'})); -- caveat lector: if left long enough anomiebot will subst this end if args_t['ref'] then -- enable subst of ref tags with name return frame:preprocess ('<ref name=' .. args_t['ref'] .. '>' .. table.concat (template_t) .. '</ref>') end return frame:preprocess (table.concat (template_t)); -- render {{cite iucn}} template; substable end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { cite = cite, -- wraps {{cite journal}} _cite = _cite, -- for calling from other modules make_cite_iucn = make_cite_iucn, -- wraps {{cite IUCN}} } 4kmxn9qn55c0ha9r7wk1ysigx7dl4t4 190854 190853 2026-04-21T01:35:53Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190854 Scribunto text/plain require('strict'); local getArgs = require ('Module:Arguments').getArgs; local amendment_pattern = '%s*%(amended version of (%d%d%d%d) assessment%)'; local errata_pattern = '%s*%(errata version published in (%d%d%d%d)%)'; local green_status_pattern = '%s*%((Green Status assessment)%)'; --[[--------------------------< I U C N _ I D E N T I F I E R S _ G E T >-------------------------------------- cs1|2 templates cite single sources; when the identifiers in |doi=, |id=, and |article-number= are different from each other then the template is attempting to cite multiple sources. This function evaluates the identifier portions of these parameters. returns seven values: identifyier parts (or nil when parameter not used) and a message (nil on success, error message else) the identifier portions of the several parameters must be properly formed ]] local function iucn_identifiers_get (args, error_msgs_t, maint_msgs_t) local doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID local art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID local url_taxon_ID, url_assesment_ID if args.doi then local lang_tag doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID, lang_tag = args.doi:match ('[Tt](%d+)[Aa](%d+)%.(%l%l)$') if not doi_taxon_ID or not ({['en'] = true, ['es'] = true, ['fr'] = true, ['pt'] = true})[lang_tag] then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'malformed |doi= identifier'); end end local artnum = args['article-number'] or args.page; -- |page= is deprecated; one accepted; |article-number= preferred if artnum then art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID = artnum:match ('^[eE]%.[Tt](%d+)[Aa](%d+)$') if not art_num_taxon_ID then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'malformed |article-number= identifier'); end if args.page then -- maint message when |page= is used table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 'uses deprecated |page= identifier'); args.page = nil; -- unset as not used args['article-number'] = artnum; -- make sure that {{cite journal}} gets |article-number= end end if args.url then if args.url:match ('https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/') then -- must be a 'new-form' url url_taxon_ID, url_assesment_ID = args.url:match ('/species/(%d+)/(%d+)') if not url_taxon_ID then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'malformed |url= identifier'); end end end if not error_msgs_t[1] then if doi_taxon_ID and art_num_taxon_ID then if (doi_taxon_ID ~= art_num_taxon_ID or ((doi_assesment_ID ~= art_num_assesment_ID) and not args.errata)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, '|doi= / |article-number= mismatch'); end end if doi_taxon_ID and url_taxon_ID then if (doi_taxon_ID ~= url_taxon_ID or ((doi_assesment_ID ~= url_assesment_ID) and not args.errata)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, '|doi= / |url= mismatch'); end end if art_num_taxon_ID and url_taxon_ID then if (art_num_taxon_ID ~= url_taxon_ID or ((art_num_assesment_ID ~= url_assesment_ID) and not args.errata)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, '|article-number= / |url= mismatch'); end end end return doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID, art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID; end --[[--------------------------< I U C N _ V O L U M E _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------- compares volume in |volume= (if present) against year in |date= or |year= (if present) against volume in |doi= (if present) returns nil if all that are present are correct; message else ]] local function iucn_volume_check (args, maint_msgs_t) local vol = args.volume; local date = args.date or args.year; local doi = args.doi and args.doi:match ('[Ii][Uu][Cc][Nn]%.[Uu][Kk]%.(%d%d%d%d)') if vol and date and (vol ~= date) then table.insert (maint_msgs_t, '|volume= / |date= mismatch'); end if vol and doi and ((vol ~= doi) and not args.amends) then table.insert (maint_msgs_t, '|volume= / |doi= mismatch'); end if date and doi and ((doi ~= date) and not args.amends) then table.insert (maint_msgs_t, '|date= / |doi= mismatch'); end end --[[--------------------------< _ C I T E >-------------------------------------------------------------------- entry point for calls from another module Wraps {{cite journal}}: takes cite journal parameters but updates old style url using electronic article number number |article-number= should be in format e.T13922A45199653 the url uses 13922/45199653 so we need to extract the number between T and A (taxon ID) and the number after A (assessment ID) the target url is https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13922/45199653 usage: {{#invoke:iucn|cite}} template: {{Template:Cite iucn}} ]] local function _cite (args, frame) local error_msgs_t = {}; -- holds error messages for rendering local maint_msgs_t = {}; -- holds hidden maint messages for rendering local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- used for categorization frame = frame or mw.getCurrentFrame() -- fetches frame if called from another module if args.title and (args.title:match (errata_pattern) or args.title:match (amendment_pattern)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'title has extraneous text'); -- announce that this template has has errata or amendment text end local doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID; -- all of these contain the same identifying info in slightly local art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID; -- different forms. when any combination of these is present, doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID, art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID = iucn_identifiers_get (args, error_msgs_t, maint_msgs_t); args.id = nil -- unset; not supported local url_taxon_ID = art_num_taxon_ID or doi_taxon_ID; -- select for use in url that we will create local url_assesment_ID = art_num_assesment_ID or doi_assesment_ID; local url = args.url; if url then if url:find ('iucnredlist.org/details/', 1, true) then -- old-form url if url_taxon_ID then -- when there is an identifier url = nil -- unset; we'll create new url below else -- here when old-form but no identifier that we can use to create new url args.url = args.url:gsub ("http:", "https:") -- sometimes works with redirect on iucn site end table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 'old-form url') -- announce that this template has has an old-form url elseif url:find ('iucnredlist.org/species/', 1, true) then -- new-form url -- table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 'new-form url') --TODO: restore this line when most new-form urls have been removed from article space -- announce that this template has has an new-form url else table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'unknown url') -- emit error message end end if not url then -- when no url or unset old-form url if url_taxon_ID then args.url = "https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/" .. url_taxon_ID .. '/' .. url_assesment_ID else table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'no identifier') -- emit error message end end -- add journal if not provided (TODO decide if this should override provided value) if not args['journal'] and not args['work'] then args['journal'] = "[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]" end iucn_volume_check (args, maint_msgs_t); -- |volume=, |year= (|date=), |doi= must all refer to the same volume if not args.volume and (args.year or args.date) then args.volume = args.year or args.date end if args.errata then args['orig-date'] = 'errata version of ' .. (args.year or args.date or args.volume) .. ' assessment'; args.date = args.errata; -- update publication data to errata year args.year = nil; -- unset these as no longer needed args.errata = nil; elseif args.amends then args['orig-date'] = 'amended version of ' .. args.amends .. ' assessment'; args.amends = nil; -- unset as no longer needed end -- add free-to-read icon to mark a correctly formed doi if args.doi then args['doi-access'] = args.doi:match ('10%.2305/[Ii][Uu][Cc][Nn].+[Tt]%d+[Aa]%d+%.%a%a') and 'free' or nil; args.language = args.language or args.lang or args.doi:match ('10%.2305/[Ii][Uu][Cc][Nn].+[Tt]%d+[Aa]%d+%.(%a%a)'); args.lang = nil; -- unset; use canonical form end local out_t = {}; if error_msgs_t[1] then table.insert (out_t, ' <span class="error" style="font-size:100%">{{[[Template:cite iucn|cite iucn]]}}: error: '); table.insert (out_t, table.concat (error_msgs_t, ', ')); table.insert (out_t, ' ([[Template:Cite iucn#Error messages|help]])'); if (0 == namespace) then table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:cite IUCN errors]]'); end table.insert (out_t, '</span>'); end if maint_msgs_t[1] then table.insert (out_t, '<span class="citation-comment" style="display: none; color: #085; margin-left: 0.3em;">'); if not error_msgs_t[1] then table.insert (out_t, '{{[[Template:cite iucn|cite iucn]]}}: ') table.insert (out_t, table.concat (maint_msgs_t, ', ')); table.insert (out_t, ' ([[Template:Cite iucn#Maintenance messages|help]])'); if (0 == namespace) then table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:cite IUCN maint]]'); end end table.insert (out_t, '</span>'); end if (not args['doi-access']) and (0 == namespace) then table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:cite IUCN without doi]]'); end return require ('Module:Citation/CS1').citation (frame) .. table.concat (out_t); end --[[--------------------------< C I T E >---------------------------------------------------------------------- entry point for template calls ]] local function cite (frame) local args = getArgs (frame); -- local copy of template arguments return _cite (args, frame); end --[=[-------------------------< E T _ A L _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------------------------- This adapted from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration This table provides Lua patterns for the phrase "et al" and variants in a name. ]=] local et_al_patterns = { "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et al' theme "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][Ii][AaIi][Ee]?[%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et alia', 'et alii' and 'et aliae' themes (false positive 'et aliie' unlikely to match) "[;,]? *%f[%a]and [Oo]thers", -- an alternative to et al. } --[[---------------------< N A M E _ H A S _ E T A L >-------------------------- This adapted from Module:Citation/CS1 Evaluates the content of a name for variations on the theme of et al. If found, returns true; nil else ]] local function name_has_etal (name) local etal; if name then -- name can be nil in which case just return name = name:gsub ('%b<>', ''); -- remove any html markup (typically <i>...</i>) for _, pattern in ipairs (et_al_patterns) do -- loop through all of the patterns if name:match (pattern) then -- if this 'et al' pattern is found in name return true; -- has etal, so return true end end end end --[[--------------------------< A U T H O R _ L I S T _ M A K E >---------------------------------------------- creates a list of individual |authorn= parameters from the list of names provided in the raw iucn citation. names must have the form: Surname, I. (more than one 'I.' pair allowed but no spaces between I. pairs) assumes that parenthetical text at the end of the author-name-list is a collaboration Name, I.I., & Name, I.I. (Colaboration name) assumes that <i>et al.</i> is the last name in a list of names ]] --local function author_names_get (raw_iucn_cite) local function author_names_get (raw_iucn_cite, params_t) -- EXPERIMENT local list = {}; -- table that holds name list parts local author_names = raw_iucn_cite:match ('^([^%d]-)%s+%d%d%d%d'); -- extract author name-list from raw iucn citation local collaboration = author_names:match ('%s*(%b())$'); -- get collaboration name if it exists if collaboration then -- when there is a colaboration collaboration = collaboration:gsub ('[%(%)]', ''); -- remove bounding parentheses author_names = author_names:gsub ('%s*(%b())$', ''); -- and remove collaboration from author-name-list end local names = author_names:gsub ('%.?,?%s+&%s+', '.|'); -- replace 'separators' (<optional dot><optional comma><space><ampersand><space>) with <dot><pipe> names = names:gsub ('%.,%s*', '.|'); -- replace 'separators' (<dot><comma><optional space>) with <dot><pipe> names = names:gsub ('(%.%u),', '%1.|'); -- special case for when last initial is missing its trailing dot list = mw.text.split (names, '|'); -- split the string on the pipes into entries in list{} if 0 == #list then params_t['author'] = author_names; -- EXPERIMENT return table.concat ({'|author=', author_names}), params_t; -- EXPERIMENT -- no 'names' of the proper form; return the original as a single |author= parameter -- return table.concat ({'|author=', author_names}) -- no 'names' of the proper form; return the original as a single |author= parameter else for i, name in ipairs (list) do -- spin through the list and if name_has_etal (name) then -- if this name has some form of 'et al' params_t['display-authors'] = 'etal'; -- EXPERIMENT list[i] = '|display-authors=etal'; -- add |dispaly-authors=etal parameter and break; -- assume that the etal was the last 'name' so stop processing names else params_t['author' .. i] = name; -- EXPERIMENT list[i] = table.concat ({'|author', (i == 1) and '' or i, '=', name}); -- add |authorn= parameter names; create |author= instead of |author1= end end if collaboration then params_t['collaboration'] = collaboration; -- EXPERIMENT table.insert (list, table.concat ({'|collaboration', '=', collaboration})); -- add |collaboration= parameter end return table.concat (list, ' '); -- make a big string and return that end end --[[--------------------------< T I T L E _ G E T >------------------------------------------------------------ extract and format citation title; attempts to get the italic right ''binomen'' (amended or errata title) ''binomen'' ''binomen'' ssp. ''subspecies'' ''binomen'' subsp. ''subspecies'' ''binomen'' var. ''variety'' ''binomen'' subvar. ''subvariety'' all of the above may have trailing amended or errata text in parentheses TODO: are there others? ]] local function title_get (raw_iucn_cite) local title = raw_iucn_cite:match ('%d%d%d%d%.%s+(.-)%s*%. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'); local patterns = { -- tables of string.match patterns [1] and string.gsub patterns [2] {'(.-)%sssp%.%s+(.-)%s(%b())$', "''%1'' ssp. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen ssp. subspecies (zoology) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%sssp%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' ssp. ''%2''"}, -- binomen ssp. subspecies (zoology) {'(.-)%ssubsp%.%s+(.-)%s(%b())$', "''%1'' subsp. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen subsp. subspecies (botany) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%ssubsp%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' subsp. ''%2''"}, -- binomen subsp. subspecies (botany) {'(.-)%svar%.%s+(.-)%s+(%b())$', "''%1'' var. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen var. variety (botany) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%svar%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' var. ''%2''"}, -- binomen var. variety (botany) {'(.-)%ssubvar%.%s+(.-)%s(%b())$', "''%1'' subvar. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen subvar. subvariety (botany) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%ssubvar%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' subvar. ''%2''"}, -- binomen subvar. subvariety (botany) {'(.-)%s*(%b())$', "''%1'' %2"}, -- binomen with errata or amended text {'(.+)', "''%1''"}, -- binomen } for i, v in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through the patterns if title:match (v[1]) then -- when a match title = title:gsub (v[1], v[2]); -- add italics break; -- and done end end -- return table.concat ({' |title=', title}); -- return the |title= parameter return title; -- return the formatted title end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ C I T E _ I U C N >-------------------------------------------------- parses apart an iucn-format citation copied from their webpage and reformats that into a {{cite iucn}} template for substing automatic substing by User:AnomieBOT/docs/TemplateSubster ]] local function make_cite_iucn (frame) local args_t = getArgs (frame); local raw_iucn_cite = args_t[1]; local template_t = {'{{cite iucn '}; -- sequence that holds the {{cite iucn}} template as it is being assembled; for nowiki'd output local params_t = {}; -- table of parameter/value pairs for substing local year, volume, artnum, doi, accessdate, language; year = raw_iucn_cite:match ('^%D+(%d%d%d%d)'); volume, artnum = raw_iucn_cite:match ('(%d%d%d%d):%s+(e%.T%d+A+%d+)%.%s?'); doi = raw_iucn_cite:match ('10%.2305/IUCN%.UK%.[%d%-]+%.RLTS%.T%d+A%d+%.%a%a'); language = raw_iucn_cite:match ('10%.2305/IUCN%.UK%.[%d%-]+%.RLTS%.T%d+A%d+%.(%a%a)'); accessdate = raw_iucn_cite:match ('Accessed on (.-)%.?$') or raw_iucn_cite:match ('Downloaded on (.-)%.?$'); -- 'Downloaded' → 'Accessed' change occured December 2021; accessdate = accessdate:gsub ('^0', ''); -- strips leading 0 in day 01 January 2020 -> 1 January 2020 table.insert (template_t, author_names_get (raw_iucn_cite, params_t)); -- add author name parameters; as a single string to <template_t>; as individual entries to <params_t> table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |year=', year})); -- add formatted year params_t.year = year; local title = title_get (raw_iucn_cite); local type_p = title:match (green_status_pattern); if type_p then title = title:match ('^([^%(]+)%s*%('); table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |type=', type_p})); -- add formatted errata params_t.type = type_p; end local errata = title:match (errata_pattern); -- nil unless IUCN citation has errata annotation; else year that this errata published (|date=) if errata then table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |errata=', errata})); -- add formatted errata params_t.errata = errata; title = title:gsub (errata_pattern, ''); -- remove errata annotation end local amends = title:match (amendment_pattern); -- nil unless IUCN citation has amendment annotation; else year that this assessment amends (|orig-date=) if amends then table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |amends=', amends})); -- add year of assessment that this assessment amends params_t.amends = amends; title = title:gsub (amendment_pattern, ''); -- remove amendment annotation end table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |title=', title})); -- add formatted title params_t.title = title; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |volume=', volume})); -- add formatted volume params_t.volume = volume; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |article-number=', artnum})); -- add formatted article number params_t['article-number'] = artnum; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |doi=', doi})); -- add formatted doi params_t.doi = doi; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |language=', language})); -- add formatted language params_t.language = language; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |access-date=', accessdate})); -- add formatted access-date params_t['access-date'] = accessdate; table.insert (template_t, '}}'); -- close the template if args_t[2] then -- if anything in args_t[2], write a nowiki'd version that editors can copy into <ref> tags return frame:preprocess (table.concat ({'<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">', table.concat (template_t), '</syntaxhighlight>'})); -- caveat lector: if left long enough anomiebot will subst this end if args_t['ref'] then -- enable subst of ref tags with name return frame:preprocess ('<ref name=' .. args_t['ref'] .. '>' .. table.concat (template_t) .. '</ref>') end return frame:preprocess (table.concat (template_t)); -- render {{cite iucn}} template; substable end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { cite = cite, -- wraps {{cite journal}} _cite = _cite, -- for calling from other modules make_cite_iucn = make_cite_iucn, -- wraps {{cite IUCN}} } fg4dnu92sgyzfuoow87f6fi29pqnoa4 190857 190854 2026-04-21T01:48:15Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190857 Scribunto text/plain require('strict'); local getArgs = require ('Module:Arguments').getArgs; local amendment_pattern = '%s*%(amended version of (%d%d%d%d) assessment%)'; local errata_pattern = '%s*%(errata version published in (%d%d%d%d)%)'; local green_status_pattern = '%s*%((Green Status assessment)%)'; --[[--------------------------< I U C N _ I D E N T I F I E R S _ G E T >-------------------------------------- cs1|2 templates cite single sources; when the identifiers in |doi=, |id=, and |article-number= are different from each other then the template is attempting to cite multiple sources. This function evaluates the identifier portions of these parameters. returns seven values: identifyier parts (or nil when parameter not used) and a message (nil on success, error message else) the identifier portions of the several parameters must be properly formed ]] local function iucn_identifiers_get (args, error_msgs_t, maint_msgs_t) local doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID local art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID local url_taxon_ID, url_assesment_ID if args.doi then local lang_tag doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID, lang_tag = args.doi:match ('[Tt](%d+)[Aa](%d+)%.(%l%l)$') if not doi_taxon_ID or not ({['en'] = true, ['es'] = true, ['fr'] = true, ['pt'] = true})[lang_tag] then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'malformed |doi= identifier'); end end local artnum = args['article-number'] or args.page; -- |page= is deprecated; one accepted; |article-number= preferred if artnum then art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID = artnum:match ('^[eE]%.[Tt](%d+)[Aa](%d+)$') if not art_num_taxon_ID then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'malformed |article-number= identifier'); end if args.page then -- maint message when |page= is used table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 'uses deprecated |page= identifier'); args.page = nil; -- unset as not used args['article-number'] = artnum; -- make sure that {{cite journal}} gets |article-number= end end if args.url then if args.url:match ('https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/') then -- must be a 'new-form' url url_taxon_ID, url_assesment_ID = args.url:match ('/species/(%d+)/(%d+)') if not url_taxon_ID then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'malformed |url= identifier'); end end end if not error_msgs_t[1] then if doi_taxon_ID and art_num_taxon_ID then if (doi_taxon_ID ~= art_num_taxon_ID or ((doi_assesment_ID ~= art_num_assesment_ID) and not args.errata)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, '|doi= / |article-number= mismatch'); end end if doi_taxon_ID and url_taxon_ID then if (doi_taxon_ID ~= url_taxon_ID or ((doi_assesment_ID ~= url_assesment_ID) and not args.errata)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, '|doi= / |url= mismatch'); end end if art_num_taxon_ID and url_taxon_ID then if (art_num_taxon_ID ~= url_taxon_ID or ((art_num_assesment_ID ~= url_assesment_ID) and not args.errata)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, '|article-number= / |url= mismatch'); end end end return doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID, art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID; end --[[--------------------------< I U C N _ V O L U M E _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------- compares volume in |volume= (if present) against year in |date= or |year= (if present) against volume in |doi= (if present) returns nil if all that are present are correct; message else ]] local function iucn_volume_check (args, maint_msgs_t) local vol = args.volume; local date = args.date or args.year; local doi = args.doi and args.doi:match ('[Ii][Uu][Cc][Nn]%.[Uu][Kk]%.(%d%d%d%d)') if vol and date and (vol ~= date) then table.insert (maint_msgs_t, '|volume= / |date= mismatch'); end if vol and doi and ((vol ~= doi) and not args.amends) then table.insert (maint_msgs_t, '|volume= / |doi= mismatch'); end if date and doi and ((doi ~= date) and not args.amends) then table.insert (maint_msgs_t, '|date= / |doi= mismatch'); end end --[[--------------------------< _ C I T E >-------------------------------------------------------------------- entry point for calls from another module Wraps {{cite journal}}: takes cite journal parameters but updates old style url using electronic article number number |article-number= should be in format e.T13922A45199653 the url uses 13922/45199653 so we need to extract the number between T and A (taxon ID) and the number after A (assessment ID) the target url is https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13922/45199653 usage: {{#invoke:iucn|cite}} template: {{Template:Cite iucn}} ]] local function _cite (args, frame) local error_msgs_t = {}; -- holds error messages for rendering local maint_msgs_t = {}; -- holds hidden maint messages for rendering local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- used for categorization frame = frame or mw.getCurrentFrame() -- fetches frame if called from another module if args.title and (args.title:match (errata_pattern) or args.title:match (amendment_pattern)) then table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'title has extraneous text'); -- announce that this template has has errata or amendment text end local doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID; -- all of these contain the same identifying info in slightly local art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID; -- different forms. when any combination of these is present, doi_taxon_ID, doi_assesment_ID, art_num_taxon_ID, art_num_assesment_ID = iucn_identifiers_get (args, error_msgs_t, maint_msgs_t); args.id = nil -- unset; not supported local url_taxon_ID = art_num_taxon_ID or doi_taxon_ID; -- select for use in url that we will create local url_assesment_ID = art_num_assesment_ID or doi_assesment_ID; local url = args.url; if url then if url:find ('iucnredlist.org/details/', 1, true) then -- old-form url if url_taxon_ID then -- when there is an identifier url = nil -- unset; we'll create new url below else -- here when old-form but no identifier that we can use to create new url args.url = args.url:gsub ("http:", "https:") -- sometimes works with redirect on iucn site end table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 'old-form url') -- announce that this template has has an old-form url elseif url:find ('iucnredlist.org/species/', 1, true) then -- new-form url -- table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 'new-form url') --TODO: restore this line when most new-form urls have been removed from article space -- announce that this template has has an new-form url else table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'unknown url') -- emit error message end end if not url then -- when no url or unset old-form url if url_taxon_ID then args.url = "https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/" .. url_taxon_ID .. '/' .. url_assesment_ID else table.insert (error_msgs_t, 'no identifier') -- emit error message end end -- add journal if not provided (TODO decide if this should override provided value) if not args['journal'] and not args['work'] then args['journal'] = "[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]" end iucn_volume_check (args, maint_msgs_t); -- |volume=, |year= (|date=), |doi= must all refer to the same volume if not args.volume and (args.year or args.date) then args.volume = args.year or args.date end if args.errata then args['orig-date'] = 'errata version of ' .. (args.year or args.date or args.volume) .. ' assessment'; args.date = args.errata; -- update publication data to errata year args.year = nil; -- unset these as no longer needed args.errata = nil; elseif args.amends then args['orig-date'] = 'amended version of ' .. args.amends .. ' assessment'; args.amends = nil; -- unset as no longer needed end -- add free-to-read icon to mark a correctly formed doi if args.doi then args['doi-access'] = args.doi:match ('10%.2305/[Ii][Uu][Cc][Nn].+[Tt]%d+[Aa]%d+%.%a%a') and 'free' or nil; args.language = args.language or args.lang or args.doi:match ('10%.2305/[Ii][Uu][Cc][Nn].+[Tt]%d+[Aa]%d+%.(%a%a)'); args.lang = nil; -- unset; use canonical form end local out_t = {}; if error_msgs_t[1] then table.insert (out_t, ' <span class="error" style="font-size:100%">{{[[Template:cite iucn|cite iucn]]}}: error: '); table.insert (out_t, table.concat (error_msgs_t, ', ')); table.insert (out_t, ' ([[Template:Cite iucn#Error messages|help]])'); if (0 == namespace) then table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:cite IUCN errors]]'); end table.insert (out_t, '</span>'); end if maint_msgs_t[1] then table.insert (out_t, '<span class="citation-comment" style="display: none; color: #085; margin-left: 0.3em;">'); if not error_msgs_t[1] then table.insert (out_t, '{{[[Template:cite iucn|cite iucn]]}}: ') table.insert (out_t, table.concat (maint_msgs_t, ', ')); table.insert (out_t, ' ([[Template:Cite iucn#Maintenance messages|help]])'); if (0 == namespace) then table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:cite IUCN maint]]'); end end table.insert (out_t, '</span>'); end if (not args['doi-access']) and (0 == namespace) then table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:cite IUCN without doi]]'); end return require ('Module:Citation/CS1')._citation (frame, args, {CitationClass='journal'}) .. -- invoke the module to bypass the call to {{cite journal}} table.concat (out_t); -- error and maint messages and categories end --[[--------------------------< C I T E >---------------------------------------------------------------------- entry point for template calls ]] local function cite (frame) local args = getArgs (frame); -- local copy of template arguments return _cite (args, frame); end --[=[-------------------------< E T _ A L _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------------------------- This adapted from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration This table provides Lua patterns for the phrase "et al" and variants in a name. ]=] local et_al_patterns = { "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et al' theme "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][Ii][AaIi][Ee]?[%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et alia', 'et alii' and 'et aliae' themes (false positive 'et aliie' unlikely to match) "[;,]? *%f[%a]and [Oo]thers", -- an alternative to et al. } --[[---------------------< N A M E _ H A S _ E T A L >-------------------------- This adapted from Module:Citation/CS1 Evaluates the content of a name for variations on the theme of et al. If found, returns true; nil else ]] local function name_has_etal (name) local etal; if name then -- name can be nil in which case just return name = name:gsub ('%b<>', ''); -- remove any html markup (typically <i>...</i>) for _, pattern in ipairs (et_al_patterns) do -- loop through all of the patterns if name:match (pattern) then -- if this 'et al' pattern is found in name return true; -- has etal, so return true end end end end --[[--------------------------< A U T H O R _ L I S T _ M A K E >---------------------------------------------- creates a list of individual |authorn= parameters from the list of names provided in the raw iucn citation. names must have the form: Surname, I. (more than one 'I.' pair allowed but no spaces between I. pairs) assumes that parenthetical text at the end of the author-name-list is a collaboration Name, I.I., & Name, I.I. (Colaboration name) assumes that <i>et al.</i> is the last name in a list of names ]] --local function author_names_get (raw_iucn_cite) local function author_names_get (raw_iucn_cite, params_t) -- EXPERIMENT local list = {}; -- table that holds name list parts local author_names = raw_iucn_cite:match ('^([^%d]-)%s+%d%d%d%d'); -- extract author name-list from raw iucn citation local collaboration = author_names:match ('%s*(%b())$'); -- get collaboration name if it exists if collaboration then -- when there is a colaboration collaboration = collaboration:gsub ('[%(%)]', ''); -- remove bounding parentheses author_names = author_names:gsub ('%s*(%b())$', ''); -- and remove collaboration from author-name-list end local names = author_names:gsub ('%.?,?%s+&%s+', '.|'); -- replace 'separators' (<optional dot><optional comma><space><ampersand><space>) with <dot><pipe> names = names:gsub ('%.,%s*', '.|'); -- replace 'separators' (<dot><comma><optional space>) with <dot><pipe> names = names:gsub ('(%.%u),', '%1.|'); -- special case for when last initial is missing its trailing dot list = mw.text.split (names, '|'); -- split the string on the pipes into entries in list{} if 0 == #list then params_t['author'] = author_names; -- EXPERIMENT return table.concat ({'|author=', author_names}), params_t; -- EXPERIMENT -- no 'names' of the proper form; return the original as a single |author= parameter -- return table.concat ({'|author=', author_names}) -- no 'names' of the proper form; return the original as a single |author= parameter else for i, name in ipairs (list) do -- spin through the list and if name_has_etal (name) then -- if this name has some form of 'et al' params_t['display-authors'] = 'etal'; -- EXPERIMENT list[i] = '|display-authors=etal'; -- add |dispaly-authors=etal parameter and break; -- assume that the etal was the last 'name' so stop processing names else params_t['author' .. i] = name; -- EXPERIMENT list[i] = table.concat ({'|author', (i == 1) and '' or i, '=', name}); -- add |authorn= parameter names; create |author= instead of |author1= end end if collaboration then params_t['collaboration'] = collaboration; -- EXPERIMENT table.insert (list, table.concat ({'|collaboration', '=', collaboration})); -- add |collaboration= parameter end return table.concat (list, ' '); -- make a big string and return that end end --[[--------------------------< T I T L E _ G E T >------------------------------------------------------------ extract and format citation title; attempts to get the italic right ''binomen'' (amended or errata title) ''binomen'' ''binomen'' ssp. ''subspecies'' ''binomen'' subsp. ''subspecies'' ''binomen'' var. ''variety'' ''binomen'' subvar. ''subvariety'' all of the above may have trailing amended or errata text in parentheses TODO: are there others? ]] local function title_get (raw_iucn_cite) local title = raw_iucn_cite:match ('%d%d%d%d%.%s+(.-)%s*%. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'); local patterns = { -- tables of string.match patterns [1] and string.gsub patterns [2] {'(.-)%sssp%.%s+(.-)%s(%b())$', "''%1'' ssp. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen ssp. subspecies (zoology) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%sssp%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' ssp. ''%2''"}, -- binomen ssp. subspecies (zoology) {'(.-)%ssubsp%.%s+(.-)%s(%b())$', "''%1'' subsp. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen subsp. subspecies (botany) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%ssubsp%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' subsp. ''%2''"}, -- binomen subsp. subspecies (botany) {'(.-)%svar%.%s+(.-)%s+(%b())$', "''%1'' var. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen var. variety (botany) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%svar%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' var. ''%2''"}, -- binomen var. variety (botany) {'(.-)%ssubvar%.%s+(.-)%s(%b())$', "''%1'' subvar. ''%2'' %3"}, -- binomen subvar. subvariety (botany) with errata or amended text {'(.-)%ssubvar%.%s+(.+)', "''%1'' subvar. ''%2''"}, -- binomen subvar. subvariety (botany) {'(.-)%s*(%b())$', "''%1'' %2"}, -- binomen with errata or amended text {'(.+)', "''%1''"}, -- binomen } for i, v in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through the patterns if title:match (v[1]) then -- when a match title = title:gsub (v[1], v[2]); -- add italics break; -- and done end end -- return table.concat ({' |title=', title}); -- return the |title= parameter return title; -- return the formatted title end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ C I T E _ I U C N >-------------------------------------------------- parses apart an iucn-format citation copied from their webpage and reformats that into a {{cite iucn}} template for substing automatic substing by User:AnomieBOT/docs/TemplateSubster ]] local function make_cite_iucn (frame) local args_t = getArgs (frame); local raw_iucn_cite = args_t[1]; local template_t = {'{{cite iucn '}; -- sequence that holds the {{cite iucn}} template as it is being assembled; for nowiki'd output local params_t = {}; -- table of parameter/value pairs for substing local year, volume, artnum, doi, accessdate, language; year = raw_iucn_cite:match ('^%D+(%d%d%d%d)'); volume, artnum = raw_iucn_cite:match ('(%d%d%d%d):%s+(e%.T%d+A+%d+)%.%s?'); doi = raw_iucn_cite:match ('10%.2305/IUCN%.UK%.[%d%-]+%.RLTS%.T%d+A%d+%.%a%a'); language = raw_iucn_cite:match ('10%.2305/IUCN%.UK%.[%d%-]+%.RLTS%.T%d+A%d+%.(%a%a)'); accessdate = raw_iucn_cite:match ('Accessed on (.-)%.?$') or raw_iucn_cite:match ('Downloaded on (.-)%.?$'); -- 'Downloaded' → 'Accessed' change occured December 2021; accessdate = accessdate:gsub ('^0', ''); -- strips leading 0 in day 01 January 2020 -> 1 January 2020 table.insert (template_t, author_names_get (raw_iucn_cite, params_t)); -- add author name parameters; as a single string to <template_t>; as individual entries to <params_t> table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |year=', year})); -- add formatted year params_t.year = year; local title = title_get (raw_iucn_cite); local type_p = title:match (green_status_pattern); if type_p then title = title:match ('^([^%(]+)%s*%('); table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |type=', type_p})); -- add formatted errata params_t.type = type_p; end local errata = title:match (errata_pattern); -- nil unless IUCN citation has errata annotation; else year that this errata published (|date=) if errata then table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |errata=', errata})); -- add formatted errata params_t.errata = errata; title = title:gsub (errata_pattern, ''); -- remove errata annotation end local amends = title:match (amendment_pattern); -- nil unless IUCN citation has amendment annotation; else year that this assessment amends (|orig-date=) if amends then table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |amends=', amends})); -- add year of assessment that this assessment amends params_t.amends = amends; title = title:gsub (amendment_pattern, ''); -- remove amendment annotation end table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |title=', title})); -- add formatted title params_t.title = title; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |volume=', volume})); -- add formatted volume params_t.volume = volume; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |article-number=', artnum})); -- add formatted article number params_t['article-number'] = artnum; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |doi=', doi})); -- add formatted doi params_t.doi = doi; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |language=', language})); -- add formatted language params_t.language = language; table.insert (template_t, table.concat ({' |access-date=', accessdate})); -- add formatted access-date params_t['access-date'] = accessdate; table.insert (template_t, '}}'); -- close the template if args_t[2] then -- if anything in args_t[2], write a nowiki'd version that editors can copy into <ref> tags return frame:preprocess (table.concat ({'<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">', table.concat (template_t), '</syntaxhighlight>'})); -- caveat lector: if left long enough anomiebot will subst this end if args_t['ref'] then -- enable subst of ref tags with name return frame:preprocess ('<ref name=' .. args_t['ref'] .. '>' .. table.concat (template_t) .. '</ref>') end return frame:preprocess (table.concat (template_t)); -- render {{cite iucn}} template; substable end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { cite = cite, -- wraps {{cite journal}} _cite = _cite, -- for calling from other modules make_cite_iucn = make_cite_iucn, -- wraps {{cite IUCN}} } pgadxy2u4il6ic2eb5pk94tzcvlhn89 0 35614 190811 190785 2026-04-20T12:45:52Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ (Chemistry) */ 190811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox |name = ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ |image = Vitex negundo 415167855.jpg |genus = Vitex |species = negundo |authority = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|L.]]<ref name="GRIN"/> |synonyms= *''Vitex cannabifolia'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small> *''Vitex incisa'' <small>Lam.</small> *''Vitex incisa'' var. ''heterophylla'' <small>Franch.</small> *''Vitex negundo'' var. ''heterophylla'' <small>(Franch.) Rehder</small> }} [[File:Vitex negundo heterophylla 306091219.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (Close-up)]] [[File:Vitex negundo flowering inside the test tube.jpg|thumb|ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ (Test tube) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ''ᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱨᱳ'' (In vitro) ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[File:Vitex negundo NP.JPG|thumb|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱪᱠᱷᱟᱞ (Panchkhal) ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ (Inflorescence)]] '''''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Vitex negundo)''''' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹᱛᱮ ''ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱭ (ᱪᱮᱥᱴ) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=VINE2|taxon=Vitex negundo|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref>'', ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱼᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ''ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢᱡᱚᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱴᱮᱠᱥ'' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ''ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱰᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ (aromatic) ᱟᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱳᱬ (quadrangular) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ''ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ'' ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ-ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ (ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ (serrated) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="bpi">{{cite book|title =''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Fact Sheet|publisher =Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|url =http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/l/lagundi.pdf}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ (panicles) ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="bpi" /> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Vitex negundo'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ (native) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="GRIN"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ, ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱳᱡᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ, ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="GRIN"/> ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ, ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="prosea"/> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ''Vitex negundo'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Common name|ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref>Vitex negunda in Dr. K. M. Madkarni's Indian Materia Medica; Edited by A. K. Nadkarni, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1976, pp: 1278-80.</ref> {{div col}} * [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ]]: '''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ''' * [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ]]: ''Posotiya'' (ᱯᱪᱛᱤᱭᱟ) * [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Nishinda'' (ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱫᱟ) * [[ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ]]: ''Huáng jīng'' (黄荆) * [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]: ''Five-leaved chaste tree''; ''Chinese chaste tree'' * [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ]]: ''Lagundî'' * [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]]: ''Nagoda'' * [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Nisinda''; ''Sambhalu'' (ᱱᱤᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ) * [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ]]: ''Biḷi nekki'' (ಬಿಳಿ ನೆಕ್ಕಿ) * [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]]: ''Karinochi'' (കരിനൊച്ചി) * [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]]: ''Nirgudi'' (निरगुडी) * [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]]: ''Simali'' (ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱞᱤ) * [[ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ]]: ''Banna''; ''Marwan'' * [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Sindhuvara'' (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩᱵᱟᱨ) * [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]]: ''Nochchi'' (நொச்சி) * [[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]]: ''Vavili''; ''Sindhuvara'' (వావిಲಿ) * [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]]: ''Sumbaloo'' * [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]: ''Begunia'' (ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ) {{div col end}} == ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ (Chemistry) == ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Casticin|ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱮᱥᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Isoorientin|ᱟᱭᱥᱚᱣᱚᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Chrysophanol|ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱥᱚᱯᱷᱮᱱᱚᱞ ᱰᱤ]], [[:en:Luteolin|ᱞᱤᱣᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱱ]], [[:en:P–hydroxybenzoic_acid|ᱯᱤᱼᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱚᱵᱮᱱᱡᱚᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱼ[[:en:Fructose|ᱯᱷᱨᱩᱠᱴᱚᱡᱽ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ (oil) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[:en:Sabinene|ᱥᱮᱵᱤᱱᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Linalool|ᱞᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱩᱞ]], [[:en:Terpinen-4-ol|ᱴᱮᱨᱯᱟᱭᱱᱮᱱᱼ᱔ᱼᱳᱞ]], [[:en:Β-caryophyllene|β-ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ]], α-[[:en:Guaiene|ᱜᱽᱣᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱞᱚᱵᱩᱞᱚᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖᱑.᱘% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ (extracts) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ (medicinal properties) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zheng|title=Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Vitex negundo|journal=Phytotherapy Research|year=2015}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ'' (garlic) ᱛᱤᱡᱩ-ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ (Department of Health) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱳᱜ (cough) ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱭᱵᱽ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Herbs {{!}} PITAHC |url=https://pitahc.gov.ph/directory-of-herbs/ |website=Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="pest">{{cite web|url=http://pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715001825/http://www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2007|title=Lagundi leaves as effective control against storage pests of garlic|publisher=Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), Department of Science and Technology, Republic of the Philippines|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ (menstrual cycle) ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | first=W.E. | last=Wan Hassan | date=2010 | title=Ulam: Salad Herbs of Malaysia | pages=106–107 | publisher=Masbe Sdn. Bhd. | isbn=9789834466404 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist| <ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | name =''Vitex negundo'' L.| id =41831 | access-date = September 7, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="prosea">{{cite web|url=http://hrdc.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/prosea/proseaherbal/lagundi_doc.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221063833/http://hrdc.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/prosea/proseaherbal/lagundi_doc.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 21, 2012|title=''Vitex negundo'' L. - Lagundi|publisher=Prosea Herbal Techno-Catalog|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> }} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby}} - ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Nirgundi) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Taxonbar|from=Q14807863}} [[Category:Vitex|negundo]] [[Category:Flora of the Philippines]] [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] [[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] n8sjb69ria3nagef67eqy3fk3si0974 190816 190811 2026-04-20T18:20:04Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ */ 190816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox |name = ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ |image = Vitex negundo 415167855.jpg |genus = Vitex |species = negundo |authority = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|L.]]<ref name="GRIN"/> |synonyms= *''Vitex cannabifolia'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small> *''Vitex incisa'' <small>Lam.</small> *''Vitex incisa'' var. ''heterophylla'' <small>Franch.</small> *''Vitex negundo'' var. ''heterophylla'' <small>(Franch.) Rehder</small> }} [[File:Vitex negundo heterophylla 306091219.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (Close-up)]] [[File:Vitex negundo flowering inside the test tube.jpg|thumb|ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ (Test tube) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ''ᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱨᱳ'' (In vitro) ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[File:Vitex negundo NP.JPG|thumb|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱪᱠᱷᱟᱞ (Panchkhal) ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ (Inflorescence)]] '''''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Vitex negundo)''''' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹᱛᱮ ''ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱭ (ᱪᱮᱥᱴ) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=VINE2|taxon=Vitex negundo|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref>'', ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱼᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ''ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢᱡᱚᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱴᱮᱠᱥ'' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ''ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱰᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ (aromatic) ᱟᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱳᱬ (quadrangular) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ''ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ'' ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ-ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ (ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ (serrated) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="bpi">{{cite book|title =''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Fact Sheet|publisher =Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|url =http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/l/lagundi.pdf}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ (panicles) ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="bpi" /> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Vitex negundo'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ (native) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="GRIN"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ, ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱳᱡᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ, ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="GRIN"/> ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ, ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="prosea"/> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ'' (''Vitex negundo)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Common_name|ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref>Vitex negunda in Dr. K. M. Madkarni's Indian Materia Medica; Edited by A. K. Nadkarni, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1976, pp: 1278-80.</ref> {{div col}}* [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ]]: '''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ''' * [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ]]: ''Posotiya'' (ᱯᱚᱥᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ) * [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Nishinda'' (ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱫᱟ) * [[ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ]]: ''Huáng jīng'' (黄荆) * [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]: ''Five-leaved chaste tree''; ''Chinese chaste tree'' * [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ]]: ''Lagundî'' * [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]]: ''Nagoda'' * [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Nisinda''; ''Sambhalu'' (ᱱᱤᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ) * [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ]]: ''Biḷi nekki'' (ಬಿಳಿ ನೆಕ್ಕಿ) * [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]]: ''Karinochi'' (കരിനൊച്ചി) * [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]]: ''Nirgudi'' (निरगुडी) * [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]]: ''Simali'' (ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱞᱤ) * [[ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ]]: ''Banna''; ''Marwan'' * [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Sindhuvara'' (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩᱣᱚᱨᱚ) * [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]]: ''Nochchi'' (நொச்சி) * [[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]]: ''Vavili''; ''Sindhuvara'' (వావిಲಿ) * [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]]: ''Sumbaloo'' * [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]: ''Begunia'' (ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ) {{div col end}} == ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ (Chemistry) == ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Casticin|ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱮᱥᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Isoorientin|ᱟᱭᱥᱚᱣᱚᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Chrysophanol|ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱥᱚᱯᱷᱮᱱᱚᱞ ᱰᱤ]], [[:en:Luteolin|ᱞᱤᱣᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱱ]], [[:en:P–hydroxybenzoic_acid|ᱯᱤᱼᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱚᱵᱮᱱᱡᱚᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱼ[[:en:Fructose|ᱯᱷᱨᱩᱠᱴᱚᱡᱽ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ (oil) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[:en:Sabinene|ᱥᱮᱵᱤᱱᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Linalool|ᱞᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱩᱞ]], [[:en:Terpinen-4-ol|ᱴᱮᱨᱯᱟᱭᱱᱮᱱᱼ᱔ᱼᱳᱞ]], [[:en:Β-caryophyllene|β-ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ]], α-[[:en:Guaiene|ᱜᱽᱣᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱞᱚᱵᱩᱞᱚᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖᱑.᱘% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ (extracts) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ (medicinal properties) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zheng|title=Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Vitex negundo|journal=Phytotherapy Research|year=2015}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ'' (garlic) ᱛᱤᱡᱩ-ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ (Department of Health) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱳᱜ (cough) ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱭᱵᱽ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Herbs {{!}} PITAHC |url=https://pitahc.gov.ph/directory-of-herbs/ |website=Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="pest">{{cite web|url=http://pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715001825/http://www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2007|title=Lagundi leaves as effective control against storage pests of garlic|publisher=Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), Department of Science and Technology, Republic of the Philippines|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ (menstrual cycle) ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | first=W.E. | last=Wan Hassan | date=2010 | title=Ulam: Salad Herbs of Malaysia | pages=106–107 | publisher=Masbe Sdn. Bhd. | isbn=9789834466404 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist| <ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | name =''Vitex negundo'' L.| id =41831 | access-date = September 7, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="prosea">{{cite web|url=http://hrdc.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/prosea/proseaherbal/lagundi_doc.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221063833/http://hrdc.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/prosea/proseaherbal/lagundi_doc.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 21, 2012|title=''Vitex negundo'' L. - Lagundi|publisher=Prosea Herbal Techno-Catalog|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> }} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby}} - ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Nirgundi) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Taxonbar|from=Q14807863}} [[Category:Vitex|negundo]] [[Category:Flora of the Philippines]] [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] [[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] s0a2n6wd5n1lwt3xa2ajrt76o6djo8c 190844 190816 2026-04-21T00:24:30Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox |name = ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ |image = Vitex negundo 415167855.jpg |genus = Vitex |species = negundo |authority = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|L.]]<ref name="GRIN"/> |synonyms= *''Vitex cannabifolia'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small> *''Vitex incisa'' <small>Lam.</small> *''Vitex incisa'' var. ''heterophylla'' <small>Franch.</small> *''Vitex negundo'' var. ''heterophylla'' <small>(Franch.) Rehder</small> }} [[File:Vitex negundo heterophylla 306091219.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ]] [[File:Vitex negundo flowering inside the test tube.jpg|thumb|ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ''ᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱨᱳ'' ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[File:Vitex negundo NP.JPG|thumb|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱪᱠᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ]] '''''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Vitex negundo)''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹᱛᱮ ''ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱭ (ᱪᱮᱥᱴ) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=VINE2|taxon=Vitex negundo|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref>'', ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱼᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ''ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢᱡᱚᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱴᱮᱠᱥ'' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ''ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱰᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱳᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ''ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ'' ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ-ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ (ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="bpi">{{cite book|title =''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Fact Sheet|publisher =Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|url =http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/l/lagundi.pdf}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="bpi" /> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Vitex negundo'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱛᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="GRIN"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ, ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱳᱡᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ, ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="GRIN"/> ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ, ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="prosea"/> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ'' (''Vitex negundo)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Common_name|ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref>Vitex negunda in Dr. K. M. Madkarni's Indian Materia Medica; Edited by A. K. Nadkarni, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1976, pp: 1278-80.</ref> {{div col}}* [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ]]: '''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ''' * [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ]]: ''Posotiya'' (ᱯᱚᱥᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ) * [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Nishinda'' (ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱫᱟ) * [[ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ]]: ''Huáng jīng'' (黄荆) * [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]: ''Five-leaved chaste tree''; ''Chinese chaste tree'' * [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ]]: ''Lagundî'' * [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]]: ''Nagoda'' * [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Nisinda''; ''Sambhalu'' (ᱱᱤᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ) * [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ]]: ''Biḷi nekki'' (ಬಿಳಿ ನೆಕ್ಕಿ) * [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]]: ''Karinochi'' (കരിനൊച്ചി) * [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]]: ''Nirgudi'' (निरगुडी) * [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]]: ''Simali'' (ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱞᱤ) * [[ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ]]: ''Banna''; ''Marwan'' * [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Sindhuvara'' (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩᱣᱚᱨᱚ) * [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]]: ''Nochchi'' (நொச்சி) * [[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]]: ''Vavili''; ''Sindhuvara'' (వావిಲಿ) * [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]]: ''Sumbaloo'' * [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]: ''Begunia'' (ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ) {{div col end}} == ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ (Chemistry) == ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Casticin|ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱮᱥᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Isoorientin|ᱟᱭᱥᱚᱣᱚᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Chrysophanol|ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱥᱚᱯᱷᱮᱱᱚᱞ ᱰᱤ]], [[:en:Luteolin|ᱞᱤᱣᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱱ]], [[:en:P–hydroxybenzoic_acid|ᱯᱤᱼᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱚᱵᱮᱱᱡᱚᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱼ[[:en:Fructose|ᱯᱷᱨᱩᱠᱴᱚᱡᱽ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[:en:Sabinene|ᱥᱮᱵᱤᱱᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Linalool|ᱞᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱩᱞ]], [[:en:Terpinen-4-ol|ᱴᱮᱨᱯᱟᱭᱱᱮᱱᱼ᱔ᱼᱳᱞ]], [[:en:Β-caryophyllene|β-ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ]], α-[[:en:Guaiene|ᱜᱽᱣᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱞᱚᱵᱩᱞᱚᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖᱑.᱘% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zheng|title=Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Vitex negundo|journal=Phytotherapy Research|year=2015}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ'' ᱛᱤᱡᱩ-ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱳᱜ (cough) ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱭᱵᱽ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Herbs {{!}} PITAHC |url=https://pitahc.gov.ph/directory-of-herbs/ |website=Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="pest">{{cite web|url=http://pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715001825/http://www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2007|title=Lagundi leaves as effective control against storage pests of garlic|publisher=Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), Department of Science and Technology, Republic of the Philippines|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ (menstrual cycle) ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | first=W.E. | last=Wan Hassan | date=2010 | title=Ulam: Salad Herbs of Malaysia | pages=106–107 | publisher=Masbe Sdn. Bhd. | isbn=9789834466404 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist| <ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | name =''Vitex negundo'' L.| id =41831 | access-date = September 7, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="prosea">{{cite web|url=http://hrdc.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/prosea/proseaherbal/lagundi_doc.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221063833/http://hrdc.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/prosea/proseaherbal/lagundi_doc.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 21, 2012|title=''Vitex negundo'' L. - Lagundi|publisher=Prosea Herbal Techno-Catalog|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> }} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby}} - ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Nirgundi) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Taxonbar|from=Q14807863}} [[Category:Vitex|negundo]] [[Category:Flora of the Philippines]] [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] [[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] gmitk18xwkd83gqfaz7wadtwvmvp2mv 0 35629 190802 190801 2026-04-20T12:10:34Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{about|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{Use Philippine English|date=April 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}} {{Infobox language | name = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ | nativename = {{lang|fil|Wikang Filipino}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|tl|ˈwikɐŋ filiˈpino|}} | states = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | speakers = [[ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|L1]]: {{sigfig|29.211970|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱐) | familycolor = Austronesian | fam2 = [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱳ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱳ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam3 = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | fam4 = [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | fam5 = [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | fam6 = [[ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱜᱩᱨᱟᱱᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱜᱩᱨᱟᱱᱤᱱ]]–[[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ]] | fam7 = [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ]] | script = [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ([[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]])<br />[[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱞ]]<br /> | dia1 = | nation = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | minority = | ethnicity = | agency = {{Lang|fil|[[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]|italic=no}} | iso2 = fil | iso3 = fil | lingua = 31-CKA-aa | mapcaption = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ-ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ | map2 = Tagalosphere.png | mapsize = | mapcaption2 = {{legend|#FF0000|᱕᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ}} {{legend|#FA8077|᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐–᱕᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ}} {{legend|#FFC0CB|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ}} | notice = IPA | glotto = fili1244 | glottorefname = Filipino | speakers2 = [[ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|L2]]: {{sigfig|54.146000|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱒᱐)<br/>ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱮ: {{sigfig|83.357970|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ | altname = ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ | region = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ | ancestor = [[ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱚᱼᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | ancestor2 = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ]] | ancestor3 = [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ]] }} '''ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|audio=En-us-Filipino.ogg|ˌ|f|ɪ|l|ɪ|ˈ|p|iː|n|oʊ}} {{respelling|FIL|ih|PEE|noh}};<ref name="Cambridge Dictionary English pronunciation"/> {{lang|fil|Wikang Filipino}} {{IPA|tl|ˈwikɐŋ filiˈpino|}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ''' (Standard Tagalog) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[national language|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ [[lingua franca|ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱟ]] (ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[Philippine English|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[official language|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="1987 constitution art 14 sec 6-7"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ''[[de facto]]'' [[standard language|ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Filipino-Tagalog-Not-So-Simple"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Metro Manila|ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Resolution-92-1"/> ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ '''ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ''' ([[Verb–subject–object|verb-subject-object]]) ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ '''ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ-ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ''' (subject-verb-object) ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[agglutinative language|ᱮᱜᱽᱞᱩᱴᱤᱱᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ]] (agglutinative) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ (root) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱭᱟᱹᱜ (affixes) ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱱᱟᱞ (tonal) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ([[Part of speech|parts of speech]]) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ (Background) == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ (migration) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ [[Malayo-Polynesian language|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱳ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱳ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (lingua franca) ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ [[Japanese language|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]], [[Hokkien|ᱦᱳᱠᱠᱤᱭᱮᱱ]], [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[Arabic|ᱟᱨᱵᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱕᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Cebu|ᱥᱮᱵᱩ]] ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ [[Manila|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ-ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱞᱩᱡᱳᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ-ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ [[Tondo (historical polity)|ᱛᱳᱱᱰᱳ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱩᱱ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱪ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish Colony 1565 - 1898 |url=https://sites.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw2.html }}</ref> ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ (dictionary) ᱫᱚ {{Lang|fil|Vocabulario de la lengua tagala}} ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟᱵᱷᱮᱱᱛᱩᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="vocabularioAmbeth"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ "ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ" [[Tomas Pinpin|ᱴᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱯᱤᱱᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱩᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱠ (Czech) ᱡᱮᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ [[Pablo Clain|ᱯᱟᱣᱞᱳ ᱠᱞᱮᱱ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱞᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱮ ᱱᱳᱥᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱞᱩᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱗᱕᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Juan José de Noceda, Pedro de Sanlúcar, ''Vocabulario de la lengua tagala'', Manila 2013, Komision sa Wikang Filipino</ref> ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[Spanish language|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱗,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱫᱤᱯ (islands) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ, ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱥᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[History of the Philippines#American rule (1898–1946)|ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[English language|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Educadores y sabios adredemente olvidados |url=http://lgpolar.com/page/read/119 }}</ref> ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ (optional) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ == ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ "ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ "ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[1935 Constitution of the Philippines|᱑᱙᱓᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ XIII, ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: {{blockquote|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ (National Assembly) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾}} ᱑᱓ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱙᱓᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱔' ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ 'ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ' (Institute of National Language ᱥᱮ SWP) ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱾<ref>{{cite PH act |url = https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/11/13/commonwealth-act-no-184/ |title = AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL LANGUAGE INSTITUTE AND DEFINE ITS POWERS AND DUTIES |chamber = CA |number = 184 |publisher = Official Gazette of the Philippine Government |date = 13 November 1936 |access-date = May 22, 2020 |archive-date = April 9, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230409062012/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/11/13/commonwealth-act-no-184/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ [[Manuel L. Quezon|ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱣᱮᱞ ᱮᱞ. ᱠᱩᱭᱮᱡᱳᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Waray language|ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱭ]], [[Ilocano language|ᱤᱞᱳᱠᱟᱱᱳ]], [[Cebuano language|ᱥᱮᱵᱩᱣᱟᱱᱳ]], [[Bikol languages|ᱵᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟᱱᱳ]], [[Hiligaynon language|ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱜᱟᱭᱱᱳᱱ]], ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Tagalog language|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=aspillera/> ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ (Institute of National Language) ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱐ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱠᱩᱭᱮᱡᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ 'ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠިއᱩᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱚᱨᱰᱚᱨ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱓᱔' ᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite PH act |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937 |title=Proclaming the national language of the Philippines based on the "Tagalog" language |chamber=EO |number=134 |publisher=Official Gazette of the Philippine Government |date=December 30, 1937 |access-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924180022/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱠᱩᱭᱮᱡᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ:<ref name=aspillera /> # ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱭᱟᱱ (Visayan) ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱠᱳᱞ (Bikol) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱕ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # ᱠᱟᱛᱤᱯᱩᱱᱟᱱ (Katipunan) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱞ (Philippine Revolution) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱛᱤᱯᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱗ ᱡᱩᱱ, ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ (National Assembly) ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱕᱗᱐' ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ, ᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref name="Presidential Proclamations"/> (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ (grammarian) [[Lope K. Santos|ᱞᱳᱯᱮ ᱠᱮ. ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱳᱥ]] ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ''Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ'' (ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ '''[[Abakada alphabet|ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]''' ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ebolusyon"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ-ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱦᱚᱨᱚᱬ (Example) == [[File:WIKITONGUES- James speaking Filipino, English, and Spanish.webm|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱦᱚᱲ, [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-10-06|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (diacritics) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ [[Tagalog language|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱳᱜᱽ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ (English) ! ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ (Filipino) |- |'''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''' |'''Pangkalahatáng Pagpapahayág ng Karapatáng Pantáo''' |- |''Now, therefore,'' '''''the General Assembly proclaims''''' ''this '''UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS''' as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations...'' |''Ngayón, samakatuwíd,'' '''''ang Pangkalahatáng Kapulungán ay nagpapahayág ng''''' '''''PANGKALAHATÁNG PAGPAPAHAYÁG''' NA ITÓ '''NG MGÁ KARAPATÁN NG TÁO''' bílang pangkalahatáng pamantáyang maisasagawâ pára sa lahát ng táo at bansâ...'' |- |'''Article 1''' |'''Únang Artíkulo''' |- |''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' |''Báwat táo'y isinílang na may láyà at magkakapantáy ang tagláy na dangál at karapatán. Silá'y pinagkaloóban ng pangangatwíran at budhî na kailángang gamítin nilá sa pagtuturíngan nilá sa díwà ng pagkakapatíran.'' |} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== === ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛᱠᱚ === {{reflist| <ref name="Cambridge Dictionary English pronunciation">{{cite web|title= English pronunciation of Filipino|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/filipino}}</ref> <ref name="1987 constitution art 14 sec 6-7">{{Harvnb|Constitution of the Philippines|1987|loc=Article XIV, Sections 6 and 7|ref={{harvid|1987 constitution art 14 sec 6–7}}}}</ref> <ref name="Filipino-Tagalog-Not-So-Simple">{{cite web |last=Nolasco |first=Ricardo Ma. |title=Filipino and Tagalog, Not So Simple |url=http://svillafania.philippinepen.ph/2007/08/articles-filipino-and-tagalog-not-so.html |website=Santiago Villafania |date=August 24, 2007 |access-date=January 16, 2019 |archive-date=May 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522052247/http://svillafania.philippinepen.ph/2007/08/articles-filipino-and-tagalog-not-so.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Resolution-92-1">{{cite web |last1=Pineda |first1=Ponciano B.P. |last2=Cubar |first2=Ernesto H. |last3=Buenaobra |first3=Nita P. |last4=Gonzalez |first4=Andrew B. |last5=Hornedo |first5=Florentino H. |last6=Sarile |first6=Angela P. |last7=Sibayan |first7=Bonifacio P. |title=Resolusyon Blg 92-1 |trans-title=Resolution No. 92-1 |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/w/page/8021710/Resolusyon%20Blg%2092-1 |website=Commission on the Filipino Language |quote=Ito ay ang katutubong wika, pasalita at pasulat, sa Metro Manila, ang Pambansang Punong Rehiyon, at sa iba pang sentrong urban sa arkipelago, na ginagamit bilang. |date=May 13, 1992 |access-date=May 22, 2014 |language=tl}}</ref> <ref name="vocabularioAmbeth">{{cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/77034/vocabulario-de-la-lengua-tagala|title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala|author=Ambeth Ocampo|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=August 1, 2014}}</ref> <ref name=aspillera>{{cite book|title=Basic Tagalog|author=Aspillera, P.|publisher=M. and Licudine Ent.|location=Manila|date=1981}}</ref> <ref name="Presidential Proclamations">{{cite web|url=http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/7/77471|title=- Presidential Proclamations|website=elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph}}</ref> <ref name="ebolusyon">{{cite web |title =Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |access-date = June 22, 2010}}</ref> }} === ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱠᱚ=== {{refbegin}} * {{citation |date = August 14, 1991 |title = Commission on the Filipino Language Act |url = http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7104_1991.html |ref = {{harvid|Commission on the Filipino Language Act|1991}} }} * {{citation |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |work=Official Gazette |publisher=Government of the Philippines |ref={{harvid|Constitution of the Philippines|1973}} |access-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-amended-1973-constitution-2/ |title=The Amended 1973 Constitution |work=Official Gazette |publisher=Government of the Philippines |ref={{harvid|Amended Constitution of the Philippines|1976}} |access-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154627/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-amended-1973-constitution-2/ |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |date = February 2, 1987 |title = Constitution of the Philippines |url = https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/ |ref = {{harvid|Constitution of the Philippines|1987}} }} * {{citation | url = http://www.chanrobles.com/article14language.htm | title = The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines | date = February 2, 1987 | access-date = February 12, 2017 | publisher = Chanrobles Law Library | ref = {{harvid|1987 constitution art 14 sec 6–7}} }} * {{citation |author-last = Tabbada |author-first = Emil V. |editor-last = Gripaldo |editor-first = Rolando M. |editor2-last = McLean |editor2-first = George F. |year = 2005 |work = Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change |series = IIID, Southeast Asia |volume = 4 |title = Filipino Cultural Traits: Claro R. Ceniza Lectures |publisher = The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location = Washington, D.C. |isbn = 1-56518-225-1 }} * {{citation |author-last = Kaplan |author-first = Robert B. |author2-last = Baldauf |author2-first = Richard B. Jr. |year = 2003 |title = Language and Language-in-Education Planning in the Pacific Basin |publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers |place = Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn = 1-4020-1062-1 |ref = {{harvid|Kaplan|2003}} }} * {{citation |author-last = Manipon |author-first = Rene Sanchez |date = January–February 2013 |work = Balanghay: The Philippine Factsheet |title = The Filipíno Language |url = http://www.ncca.gov.ph/downloads/balanghay.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131012073429/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/downloads/balanghay.pdf |archive-date = October 12, 2013 }} * {{citation |author-last = Patke |author-first = Rajeev S. |author2-last = Holden |author2-first = Philip |year = 2010 |title = The Routledge Concise History of Southeast Asian Writing in English |publisher = Routledge |place = Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom |isbn = 978-0-203-87403-5 |ref = {{harvid| Patke|2010}} }} * {{citation |author-last = Paz |author-first = Leo |author2-last = Juliano |author2-first = Linda |editor-last = Hudson |editor-first = Thom |editor2-last = Clark |editor2-first = Martyn |year = 2008 |work = Case Studies in Foreign Language Placement: Practices and Possibilities |title = Filipino (Tagalog) Language Placement Testing in Selected Programs in the United States |pages = 7–16 |place = Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher = University of Hawaii, National Language Resource Center |isbn = 978-0-9800459-0-1 |ref = {{harvid|Paz|2008}} }} * {{citation |author-last = Rubrico |author-first = Jessie Grace U. |year = 2012 |title = Indigenization of Filipino: The Case of the Davao City Variety |publisher = University of Malaya |place = Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |url = https://www.academia.edu/2283970 }} {{refend}} ==ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱠᱚ== <!-- NOTE: Because it is often hard to physically obtain these books, one must be careful in taking information from the Internet. One way to do so to note, beside each book, whether the details, particularly the ISBN, have been taken from a second-hand source, such as the Internet, or a first-hand source, such as having a physic copy of the book. For books that are generally available in online shops, that is less important, since there is a sure way to confirm something. --> *''New Vicassan's English–Pilipino Dictionary'' by Vito C. Santos, {{ISBN|971-27-0349-5}} *''Learn Filipino: Book One'' by Victor Eclar Romero {{ISBN|1-932956-41-7}} *''Lonely Planet Filipino/Tagalog (Travel Talk)'' {{ISBN|1-59125-364-0}} *''Lonely Planet Pilipino Phrasebook'' {{ISBN|0-86442-432-9}} *''[[UP Diksyonaryong Filipino]]'' by [[Virgilio S. Almario]] (ed.) {{ISBN|971-8781-98-6}}, and {{ISBN|971-8781-99-4}} *''English–Pilipino Dictionary'', Consuelo T. Panganiban, {{ISBN|971-08-5569-7}} <!-- 1st-hand, see NOTE above --> *''Diksyunaryong Filipino–English'', Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, {{ISBN|971-8705-20-1}} *''New English–Filipino Filipino–English Dictionary'', by [[Maria Odulio de Guzman]] {{ISBN|971-08-1776-0}} *''[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=xyYkxBmiA7AC |page=479 }} "When I was a child I spoke as a child": Reflecting on the Limits of a Nationalist Language Policy]'' by Danilo Manarpaac. In: ''[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=xyYkxBmiA7AC }} The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies]'' by Christian Mair. Rodopi; 2003 {{ISBN|978-90-420-0876-2}}. p.&nbsp;479–492. == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ == {{InterWiki|code=tl}} {{Wikivoyage|Filipino phrasebook|Filipino|a phrasebook}} *[http://www.kwf.gov.ph Commission on the Filipino Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412182142/http://www.kwf.gov.ph/ |date=April 12, 2020 }} *[http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/plenary_papers/andrew_gonzales.pdf Language planning in multilingual countries: The case of the Philippines], discussion by linguist and educator Andrew Gonzalez *{{cite news|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590|title=The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off|first=Alan|last=Weedon|date=August 10, 2019}} "...a third of the Filipino language is derived from Spanish words, constituting some 4,000 'loan words'". *{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277951403|title=The Politics of "P" and "F": A Linguistic History of Nation-Building in the Philippines|last=Tupas|first=Ruanni|journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development|volume=36|issue=6|pages=587–597|year=2015|doi=10.1080/01434632.2014.979831|s2cid=143332545}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/2284011|title=Indigenization of Filipino: The Case of the Davao City Variety|first=Jessie Grace U. |last=Rubrico|year=2012|publisher=Language Links Foundation, Incorporated|via=academia.edu}} * {{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/2154046|title=Drafting the 1987 Constitution : The Politics of Language|last=Atienza|first=Ela L.|journal=Philippine Political Science Journal|year=1994|volume=18|issue=37–38|pages=79–101|doi=10.1080/01154451.1994.9754188}} Published online: April 18, 2012 {{Philippine languages}} {{Languages of the Philippines}} {{Symbols of the Philippines}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Filipino language}} [[Category:Filipino language| ]] [[Category:Standard languages]] [[Category:Tagalog dialects]] [[Category:National symbols of the Philippines]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] ldblcttxdmj91apl14orppyv7dshpu8 190803 190802 2026-04-20T12:11:39Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{about|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{Use Philippine English|date=April 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}} {{Infobox language | name = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ | nativename = {{lang|fil|Wikang Filipino}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|tl|ˈwikɐŋ filiˈpino|}} | states = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | speakers = [[ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|L1]]: {{sigfig|29.211970|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱐) | familycolor = Austronesian | fam2 = [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱳ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱳ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam3 = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | fam4 = [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | fam5 = [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | fam6 = [[ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱜᱩᱨᱟᱱᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱜᱩᱨᱟᱱᱤᱱ]]–[[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] | fam7 = [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] | script = [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ([[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]])<br />[[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱞ]]<br /> | dia1 = | nation = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | minority = | ethnicity = | agency = {{Lang|fil|[[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]|italic=no}} | iso2 = fil | iso3 = fil | lingua = 31-CKA-aa | mapcaption = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ-ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ | map2 = Tagalosphere.png | mapsize = | mapcaption2 = {{legend|#FF0000|᱕᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ}} {{legend|#FA8077|᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐–᱕᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ}} {{legend|#FFC0CB|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ}} | notice = IPA | glotto = fili1244 | glottorefname = Filipino | speakers2 = [[ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|L2]]: {{sigfig|54.146000|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱒᱐)<br/>ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱮ: {{sigfig|83.357970|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ | altname = ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ | region = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ | ancestor = [[ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱚᱼᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | ancestor2 = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] | ancestor3 = [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] }} '''ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|audio=En-us-Filipino.ogg|ˌ|f|ɪ|l|ɪ|ˈ|p|iː|n|oʊ}} {{respelling|FIL|ih|PEE|noh}};<ref name="Cambridge Dictionary English pronunciation"/> {{lang|fil|Wikang Filipino}} {{IPA|tl|ˈwikɐŋ filiˈpino|}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ''' (Standard Tagalog) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[national language|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ [[lingua franca|ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱟ]] (ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[Philippine English|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[official language|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="1987 constitution art 14 sec 6-7"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ''[[de facto]]'' [[standard language|ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Filipino-Tagalog-Not-So-Simple"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Metro Manila|ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Resolution-92-1"/> ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ '''ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ''' ([[Verb–subject–object|verb-subject-object]]) ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ '''ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ-ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ''' (subject-verb-object) ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[agglutinative language|ᱮᱜᱽᱞᱩᱴᱤᱱᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ]] (agglutinative) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ (root) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱭᱟᱹᱜ (affixes) ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱱᱟᱞ (tonal) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ([[Part of speech|parts of speech]]) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ (Background) == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ (migration) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ [[Malayo-Polynesian language|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱳ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱳ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (lingua franca) ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ [[Japanese language|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]], [[Hokkien|ᱦᱳᱠᱠᱤᱭᱮᱱ]], [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[Arabic|ᱟᱨᱵᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱕᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Cebu|ᱥᱮᱵᱩ]] ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ [[Manila|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ-ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱞᱩᱡᱳᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ-ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ [[Tondo (historical polity)|ᱛᱳᱱᱰᱳ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱩᱱ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱪ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish Colony 1565 - 1898 |url=https://sites.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw2.html }}</ref> ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ (dictionary) ᱫᱚ {{Lang|fil|Vocabulario de la lengua tagala}} ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟᱵᱷᱮᱱᱛᱩᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="vocabularioAmbeth"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ "ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ" [[Tomas Pinpin|ᱴᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱯᱤᱱᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱩᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱠ (Czech) ᱡᱮᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ [[Pablo Clain|ᱯᱟᱣᱞᱳ ᱠᱞᱮᱱ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱞᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱮ ᱱᱳᱥᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱞᱩᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱗᱕᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Juan José de Noceda, Pedro de Sanlúcar, ''Vocabulario de la lengua tagala'', Manila 2013, Komision sa Wikang Filipino</ref> ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[Spanish language|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱗,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱫᱤᱯ (islands) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ, ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱥᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[History of the Philippines#American rule (1898–1946)|ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[English language|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Educadores y sabios adredemente olvidados |url=http://lgpolar.com/page/read/119 }}</ref> ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ (optional) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ == ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ "ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ "ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[1935 Constitution of the Philippines|᱑᱙᱓᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ XIII, ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: {{blockquote|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ (National Assembly) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾}} ᱑᱓ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱙᱓᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱔' ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ 'ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ' (Institute of National Language ᱥᱮ SWP) ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱾<ref>{{cite PH act |url = https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/11/13/commonwealth-act-no-184/ |title = AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL LANGUAGE INSTITUTE AND DEFINE ITS POWERS AND DUTIES |chamber = CA |number = 184 |publisher = Official Gazette of the Philippine Government |date = 13 November 1936 |access-date = May 22, 2020 |archive-date = April 9, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230409062012/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/11/13/commonwealth-act-no-184/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ [[Manuel L. Quezon|ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱣᱮᱞ ᱮᱞ. ᱠᱩᱭᱮᱡᱳᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Waray language|ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱭ]], [[Ilocano language|ᱤᱞᱳᱠᱟᱱᱳ]], [[Cebuano language|ᱥᱮᱵᱩᱣᱟᱱᱳ]], [[Bikol languages|ᱵᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟᱱᱳ]], [[Hiligaynon language|ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱜᱟᱭᱱᱳᱱ]], ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Tagalog language|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=aspillera/> ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ (Institute of National Language) ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱐ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱠᱩᱭᱮᱡᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ 'ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠިއᱩᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱚᱨᱰᱚᱨ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱓᱔' ᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite PH act |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937 |title=Proclaming the national language of the Philippines based on the "Tagalog" language |chamber=EO |number=134 |publisher=Official Gazette of the Philippine Government |date=December 30, 1937 |access-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924180022/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱠᱩᱭᱮᱡᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ:<ref name=aspillera /> # ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱭᱟᱱ (Visayan) ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱠᱳᱞ (Bikol) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱕ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # ᱠᱟᱛᱤᱯᱩᱱᱟᱱ (Katipunan) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱞ (Philippine Revolution) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱛᱤᱯᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱗ ᱡᱩᱱ, ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ (National Assembly) ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱕᱗᱐' ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ, ᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref name="Presidential Proclamations"/> (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ (grammarian) [[Lope K. Santos|ᱞᱳᱯᱮ ᱠᱮ. ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱳᱥ]] ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ''Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ'' (ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ '''[[Abakada alphabet|ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]''' ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ebolusyon"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ-ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱦᱚᱨᱚᱬ (Example) == [[File:WIKITONGUES- James speaking Filipino, English, and Spanish.webm|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱦᱚᱲ, [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-10-06|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (diacritics) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ [[Tagalog language|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ (English) ! ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ (Filipino) |- |'''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''' |'''Pangkalahatáng Pagpapahayág ng Karapatáng Pantáo''' |- |''Now, therefore,'' '''''the General Assembly proclaims''''' ''this '''UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS''' as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations...'' |''Ngayón, samakatuwíd,'' '''''ang Pangkalahatáng Kapulungán ay nagpapahayág ng''''' '''''PANGKALAHATÁNG PAGPAPAHAYÁG''' NA ITÓ '''NG MGÁ KARAPATÁN NG TÁO''' bílang pangkalahatáng pamantáyang maisasagawâ pára sa lahát ng táo at bansâ...'' |- |'''Article 1''' |'''Únang Artíkulo''' |- |''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' |''Báwat táo'y isinílang na may láyà at magkakapantáy ang tagláy na dangál at karapatán. Silá'y pinagkaloóban ng pangangatwíran at budhî na kailángang gamítin nilá sa pagtuturíngan nilá sa díwà ng pagkakapatíran.'' |} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== === ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛᱠᱚ === {{reflist| <ref name="Cambridge Dictionary English pronunciation">{{cite web|title= English pronunciation of Filipino|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/filipino}}</ref> <ref name="1987 constitution art 14 sec 6-7">{{Harvnb|Constitution of the Philippines|1987|loc=Article XIV, Sections 6 and 7|ref={{harvid|1987 constitution art 14 sec 6–7}}}}</ref> <ref name="Filipino-Tagalog-Not-So-Simple">{{cite web |last=Nolasco |first=Ricardo Ma. |title=Filipino and Tagalog, Not So Simple |url=http://svillafania.philippinepen.ph/2007/08/articles-filipino-and-tagalog-not-so.html |website=Santiago Villafania |date=August 24, 2007 |access-date=January 16, 2019 |archive-date=May 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522052247/http://svillafania.philippinepen.ph/2007/08/articles-filipino-and-tagalog-not-so.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Resolution-92-1">{{cite web |last1=Pineda |first1=Ponciano B.P. |last2=Cubar |first2=Ernesto H. |last3=Buenaobra |first3=Nita P. |last4=Gonzalez |first4=Andrew B. |last5=Hornedo |first5=Florentino H. |last6=Sarile |first6=Angela P. |last7=Sibayan |first7=Bonifacio P. |title=Resolusyon Blg 92-1 |trans-title=Resolution No. 92-1 |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/w/page/8021710/Resolusyon%20Blg%2092-1 |website=Commission on the Filipino Language |quote=Ito ay ang katutubong wika, pasalita at pasulat, sa Metro Manila, ang Pambansang Punong Rehiyon, at sa iba pang sentrong urban sa arkipelago, na ginagamit bilang. |date=May 13, 1992 |access-date=May 22, 2014 |language=tl}}</ref> <ref name="vocabularioAmbeth">{{cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/77034/vocabulario-de-la-lengua-tagala|title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala|author=Ambeth Ocampo|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=August 1, 2014}}</ref> <ref name=aspillera>{{cite book|title=Basic Tagalog|author=Aspillera, P.|publisher=M. and Licudine Ent.|location=Manila|date=1981}}</ref> <ref name="Presidential Proclamations">{{cite web|url=http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/7/77471|title=- Presidential Proclamations|website=elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph}}</ref> <ref name="ebolusyon">{{cite web |title =Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |access-date = June 22, 2010}}</ref> }} === ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱠᱚ=== {{refbegin}} * {{citation |date = August 14, 1991 |title = Commission on the Filipino Language Act |url = http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7104_1991.html |ref = {{harvid|Commission on the Filipino Language Act|1991}} }} * {{citation |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |work=Official Gazette |publisher=Government of the Philippines |ref={{harvid|Constitution of the Philippines|1973}} |access-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-amended-1973-constitution-2/ |title=The Amended 1973 Constitution |work=Official Gazette |publisher=Government of the Philippines |ref={{harvid|Amended Constitution of the Philippines|1976}} |access-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154627/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-amended-1973-constitution-2/ |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |date = February 2, 1987 |title = Constitution of the Philippines |url = https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/ |ref = {{harvid|Constitution of the Philippines|1987}} }} * {{citation | url = http://www.chanrobles.com/article14language.htm | title = The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines | date = February 2, 1987 | access-date = February 12, 2017 | publisher = Chanrobles Law Library | ref = {{harvid|1987 constitution art 14 sec 6–7}} }} * {{citation |author-last = Tabbada |author-first = Emil V. |editor-last = Gripaldo |editor-first = Rolando M. |editor2-last = McLean |editor2-first = George F. |year = 2005 |work = Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change |series = IIID, Southeast Asia |volume = 4 |title = Filipino Cultural Traits: Claro R. Ceniza Lectures |publisher = The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location = Washington, D.C. |isbn = 1-56518-225-1 }} * {{citation |author-last = Kaplan |author-first = Robert B. |author2-last = Baldauf |author2-first = Richard B. Jr. |year = 2003 |title = Language and Language-in-Education Planning in the Pacific Basin |publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers |place = Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn = 1-4020-1062-1 |ref = {{harvid|Kaplan|2003}} }} * {{citation |author-last = Manipon |author-first = Rene Sanchez |date = January–February 2013 |work = Balanghay: The Philippine Factsheet |title = The Filipíno Language |url = http://www.ncca.gov.ph/downloads/balanghay.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131012073429/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/downloads/balanghay.pdf |archive-date = October 12, 2013 }} * {{citation |author-last = Patke |author-first = Rajeev S. |author2-last = Holden |author2-first = Philip |year = 2010 |title = The Routledge Concise History of Southeast Asian Writing in English |publisher = Routledge |place = Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom |isbn = 978-0-203-87403-5 |ref = {{harvid| Patke|2010}} }} * {{citation |author-last = Paz |author-first = Leo |author2-last = Juliano |author2-first = Linda |editor-last = Hudson |editor-first = Thom |editor2-last = Clark |editor2-first = Martyn |year = 2008 |work = Case Studies in Foreign Language Placement: Practices and Possibilities |title = Filipino (Tagalog) Language Placement Testing in Selected Programs in the United States |pages = 7–16 |place = Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher = University of Hawaii, National Language Resource Center |isbn = 978-0-9800459-0-1 |ref = {{harvid|Paz|2008}} }} * {{citation |author-last = Rubrico |author-first = Jessie Grace U. |year = 2012 |title = Indigenization of Filipino: The Case of the Davao City Variety |publisher = University of Malaya |place = Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |url = https://www.academia.edu/2283970 }} {{refend}} ==ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱠᱚ== <!-- NOTE: Because it is often hard to physically obtain these books, one must be careful in taking information from the Internet. One way to do so to note, beside each book, whether the details, particularly the ISBN, have been taken from a second-hand source, such as the Internet, or a first-hand source, such as having a physic copy of the book. For books that are generally available in online shops, that is less important, since there is a sure way to confirm something. --> *''New Vicassan's English–Pilipino Dictionary'' by Vito C. Santos, {{ISBN|971-27-0349-5}} *''Learn Filipino: Book One'' by Victor Eclar Romero {{ISBN|1-932956-41-7}} *''Lonely Planet Filipino/Tagalog (Travel Talk)'' {{ISBN|1-59125-364-0}} *''Lonely Planet Pilipino Phrasebook'' {{ISBN|0-86442-432-9}} *''[[UP Diksyonaryong Filipino]]'' by [[Virgilio S. Almario]] (ed.) {{ISBN|971-8781-98-6}}, and {{ISBN|971-8781-99-4}} *''English–Pilipino Dictionary'', Consuelo T. Panganiban, {{ISBN|971-08-5569-7}} <!-- 1st-hand, see NOTE above --> *''Diksyunaryong Filipino–English'', Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, {{ISBN|971-8705-20-1}} *''New English–Filipino Filipino–English Dictionary'', by [[Maria Odulio de Guzman]] {{ISBN|971-08-1776-0}} *''[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=xyYkxBmiA7AC |page=479 }} "When I was a child I spoke as a child": Reflecting on the Limits of a Nationalist Language Policy]'' by Danilo Manarpaac. In: ''[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=xyYkxBmiA7AC }} The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies]'' by Christian Mair. Rodopi; 2003 {{ISBN|978-90-420-0876-2}}. p.&nbsp;479–492. == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ == {{InterWiki|code=tl}} {{Wikivoyage|Filipino phrasebook|Filipino|a phrasebook}} *[http://www.kwf.gov.ph Commission on the Filipino Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412182142/http://www.kwf.gov.ph/ |date=April 12, 2020 }} *[http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/plenary_papers/andrew_gonzales.pdf Language planning in multilingual countries: The case of the Philippines], discussion by linguist and educator Andrew Gonzalez *{{cite news|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590|title=The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off|first=Alan|last=Weedon|date=August 10, 2019}} "...a third of the Filipino language is derived from Spanish words, constituting some 4,000 'loan words'". *{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277951403|title=The Politics of "P" and "F": A Linguistic History of Nation-Building in the Philippines|last=Tupas|first=Ruanni|journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development|volume=36|issue=6|pages=587–597|year=2015|doi=10.1080/01434632.2014.979831|s2cid=143332545}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/2284011|title=Indigenization of Filipino: The Case of the Davao City Variety|first=Jessie Grace U. |last=Rubrico|year=2012|publisher=Language Links Foundation, Incorporated|via=academia.edu}} * {{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/2154046|title=Drafting the 1987 Constitution : The Politics of Language|last=Atienza|first=Ela L.|journal=Philippine Political Science Journal|year=1994|volume=18|issue=37–38|pages=79–101|doi=10.1080/01154451.1994.9754188}} Published online: April 18, 2012 {{Philippine languages}} {{Languages of the Philippines}} {{Symbols of the Philippines}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Filipino language}} [[Category:Filipino language| ]] [[Category:Standard languages]] [[Category:Tagalog dialects]] [[Category:National symbols of the Philippines]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] pgce35lck7v911tix3vqg5wrcfachtf 10 35634 190804 2026-04-20T12:16:47Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Navbox |name = Philippine languages |title = [[Philippine languages]] |state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} |bodyclass = hlist |group1 = [[Batanic languages|Batanic (Bashiic)]] |list1 = * [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]] * [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]] * [[Yami language|Yami]] |group2 = [[South Mindanao languages|Bilic]] |list2 = * [[Blaan language|Blaan]] * [[Tboli language|Tboli]] * Teduray language|Tedura..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Philippine languages |title = [[Philippine languages]] |state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} |bodyclass = hlist |group1 = [[Batanic languages|Batanic (Bashiic)]] |list1 = * [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]] * [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]] * [[Yami language|Yami]] |group2 = [[South Mindanao languages|Bilic]] |list2 = * [[Blaan language|Blaan]] * [[Tboli language|Tboli]] * [[Teduray language|Teduray]] |group3 = [[Central Luzon languages|Central Luzon]] |list3 = {{Navbox|child |list1 = * [[Hatang Kayi language|Hatang Kayi]] (Remontado) * [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] |group2 = [[Sambalic languages|Sambalic]] |list2 = * [[Abellen language|Abellen]] * [[Ambala language|Ambala]] * [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]] * [[Botolan language|Botolan]] * [[Antsi language|Mag-antsi]] * [[Indi language|Mag-indi]] * [[Mariveleño language|Mariveleño]] * [[Sambal language|Sambal]] }} |group4 = [[Greater Central Philippine languages|Greater Central<br />Philippine]] |list4 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Central Philippine languages|Central Philippine]] |list1 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Bikol languages|Bikol]] |list1 = * [[Albay Bikol language|Albay Bikol]] * [[Central Bikol]] * [[Inagta Partido language|Isarog Agta]] * [[Mount Iraya Agta language|Mount Iraya Agta]] * [[Mount Iriga Agta language|Mount Iriga Agta]] * [[Pandan Bikol language|Pandan Bikol]] * [[Rinconada Bikol language|Rinconada]] |group2 = [[Bisayan languages|Bisayan]] |list2 = * [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] * [[Bantoanon language|Asi]] * [[Bantayanon language|Bantayanon]] * [[Baybay language|Baybay]] * [[Butuanon language|Butuanon]] * [[Caluyanon language|Caluyanon]] * [[Capiznon language|Capiznon]] * [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] ** <small>[[Boholano dialect|Boholano]]</small> ** <small>[[Classical Cebuano|Old Cebuano †]]</small> * [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]] * [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] * [[Kabalian language|Kabalian]] * [[Karay-a language|Karay-a]] * [[Karolanos language|Karolanos]] * [[Magahat language|Magahat]] * [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]] * [[Northern Sorsogon language|Northern Sorsogon]] * [[Onhan language|Onhan]] * [[Porohanon language|Porohanon]] * [[Ratagnon language|Ratagnon]] * [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]] * [[Southern Sorsogon language|Southern Sorsogon]] * [[Sulod language|Sulod]] * [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]] * [[Tausug language|Tausug]] * [[Waray language|Waray]] |group3 = [[Mansakan languages|Mansakan]] |list3 = * [[Davaoeño language|Davawenyo]] * [[Kalagan language|Kalagan]] * [[Kamayo language|Kamayo]] * [[Mamanwa language|Mamanwa]] * [[Mandaya language|Mandaya]] * [[Mansaka language|Mansaka]] |group4 = Tagalic |list4 = * [[Kasiguranin]] * [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] ** <small>[[Old Tagalog]] †</small> ** <small>[[Batangas Tagalog|Batangueño]]</small> ** <small>[[Filipino language|Filipino]]</small> |group5 = (unclassified) |list5 = * [[Ata language (Negros)|Ata]] }} |group2 = [[Danao languages|Danao]] |list2 = * [[Iranun language|Iranun]] * [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]] * [[Maranao language|Maranao]] |group3 = [[Gorontalo–Mongondow languages|Gorontalo–Mongondow]] |list3 = * [[Bintauna language|Bintauna]] * [[Bolango language|Bolango]] * [[Buol language|Buol]] * [[Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]] * [[Kaidipang language|Kaidipang]] * [[Lolak language|Lolak]] * [[Mongondow language|Mongondow]] * [[Ponosakan language|Ponosakan]] * [[Suwawa language|Suwawa]] |group4 = [[Manobo languages|Manobo]] |list4 = * [[Agusan language|Agusan]] * [[Ata Manobo language|Ata Manobo]] * [[Bukid language|Binukid]] * [[Cotabato Manobo language|Cotabato Manobo]] * [[Higaonon language|Higaonon]] * [[Ilianen language|Ilianen]] * [[Kagayanen language|Kagayanen]] * [[Kamigin language|Kamigin]] * [[Matigsalug language|Matigsalug]] * [[Obo language|Obo]] * [[Sarangani language|Sarangani]] * [[Tagabawa language|Tagabawa]] * [[Western Bukidnon Manobo|Western Bukidnon]] |group5 = [[Palawanic languages|Palawanic]] |list5 = * [[Aborlan Tagbanwa language|Aborlan Tagbanwa]] * [[Batak language (Philippines)|Batak]] * [[Central Tagbanwa language|Central Tagbanwa]] * [[Palawano language|Palawano]] * [[Taawʼt Bato language|Taawʼt Bato]] |group6 = [[Southern Mindoro languages|Southern Mindoro]] |list6 = * [[Buhid language|Buhid]] * [[Hanunoo language|Hanunoo]] * [[Tawbuid language|Tawbuid]] |group7 = [[Subanen languages|Subanen]] |list7 = * [[Western Subanon language|Western Subanon]] }} |group5 = [[Kalamian languages|Kalamian]] |list5 = * [[Agutaynen language|Agutaynen]] * [[Calamian Tagbanwa language|Calamian Tagbanwa]] |group6 = [[Minahasan languages|Minahasan]] |list6 = * [[Tombulu language|Tombulu]] * [[Tondano language|Tondano]] * [[Tonsawang language|Tonsawang]] * [[Tonsea language|Tonsea]] * [[Tontemboan language|Tontemboan]] |group7 = [[Northern Luzon languages|Northern Luzon]] |list7 = {{Navbox|child |list1 = * [[Arta language|Arta]] * [[Dicamay Agta language|Dicamay Agta]] † * [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] |group2 = [[Cagayan Valley languages|Cagayan Valley]] |list2 = * [[Atta language|Atta]] * [[Central Cagayan Agta language|Cagayan Agta]] * [[Gaʼdang language|Gaʼdang]] * [[Gaddang language|Gaddang]] * [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]] * [[Isnag language|Isnag]] * [[Itawis language|Itawis]] * [[Yogad language|Yogad]] |group3 = [[Meso-Cordilleran languages|Meso-Cordilleran]] |list3 = {{Navbox|child |list1 = * [[Northern Alta language|Northern Alta]] * [[Southern Alta language|Southern Alta]] |group2 = [[Central Cordilleran languages|Central Cordilleran]] |list2 = * [[Balangao language|Balangao]] * [[Bontoc language|Bontoc]] * [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]] * [[Isinai language|Isinai]] * [[Itneg languages|Itneg]] * [[Kalinga language|Kalinga]] * [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]] * [[Tuwali language|Tuwali]] |group3 = [[Southern Cordilleran languages|Southern Cordilleran]] |list3 = * [[Bugkalot language|Bugkalot]] * [[Ibaloi language|Ibaloi]] * [[Iwaak language|Iwaak]] * [[Kalanguya language|Kalanguya]] * [[Karao language|Karao]] * [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]] }} }} |group8 = [[Northern Mindoro languages|Northern Mindoro]] |list8 = * [[Alangan language|Alangan]] * [[Iraya language|Iraya]] * [[Tadyawan language|Tadyawan]] |group9 = [[Sangiric languages|Sangiric]] |list9 = * [[Bantik language|Bantik]] * [[Ratahan language|Ratahan]] * [[Sangir language|Sangir]] * [[Talaud language|Talaud]] |group10 = Other branches |list10 = {{Navbox|child |list1 = * [[Ati language (Philippines)|Ati]] * [[Klata language|Klata]] * [[Umiray Dumaget language|Umiray Dumaget]] |group2 = Manide–Alabat |list2 = * [[Inagta Alabat language|Inagta Alabat]] * [[Manide language|Manide]] * ?[[Katabangan language|Katabangan]] {{extinct}} }} |group11 = Reconstructed |list11 = [[Proto-Philippine language|Proto-Philippine]] † |below = * † indicates [[Language death|extinct status]] * ? indicates classification dispute }}<noinclude> {{Documentation|content= {{collapsible option|default=collapsed}} [[Category:Philippines language navigational boxes]] [[Category:Austronesian languages navigational boxes]] }}</noinclude> b2es0yzp20bjvfr1g9biydutpoqpxvh 190806 190804 2026-04-20T12:20:03Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ |title = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] |state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} |bodyclass = hlist |group1 = [[Batanic languages|Batanic (Bashiic)]] |list1 = * [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]] * [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]] * [[Yami language|Yami]] |group2 = [[South Mindanao languages|Bilic]] |list2 = * [[Blaan language|Blaan]] * [[Tboli language|Tboli]] * [[Teduray language|Teduray]] |group3 = [[Central Luzon languages|Central Luzon]] |list3 = {{Navbox|child |list1 = * [[Hatang Kayi language|Hatang Kayi]] (Remontado) * [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] |group2 = [[Sambalic languages|Sambalic]] |list2 = * [[Abellen language|Abellen]] * [[Ambala language|Ambala]] * [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]] * [[Botolan language|Botolan]] * [[Antsi language|Mag-antsi]] * [[Indi language|Mag-indi]] * [[Mariveleño language|Mariveleño]] * [[Sambal language|Sambal]] }} |group4 = [[Greater Central Philippine languages|Greater Central<br />Philippine]] |list4 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Central Philippine languages|Central Philippine]] |list1 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Bikol languages|Bikol]] |list1 = * [[Albay Bikol language|Albay Bikol]] * [[Central Bikol]] * [[Inagta Partido language|Isarog Agta]] * [[Mount Iraya Agta language|Mount Iraya Agta]] * [[Mount Iriga Agta language|Mount Iriga Agta]] * [[Pandan Bikol language|Pandan Bikol]] * [[Rinconada Bikol language|Rinconada]] |group2 = [[Bisayan languages|Bisayan]] |list2 = * [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] * [[Bantoanon language|Asi]] * [[Bantayanon language|Bantayanon]] * [[Baybay language|Baybay]] * [[Butuanon language|Butuanon]] * [[Caluyanon language|Caluyanon]] * [[Capiznon language|Capiznon]] * [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] ** <small>[[Boholano dialect|Boholano]]</small> ** <small>[[Classical Cebuano|Old Cebuano †]]</small> * [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]] * [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] * [[Kabalian language|Kabalian]] * [[Karay-a language|Karay-a]] * [[Karolanos language|Karolanos]] * [[Magahat language|Magahat]] * [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]] * [[Northern Sorsogon language|Northern Sorsogon]] * [[Onhan language|Onhan]] * [[Porohanon language|Porohanon]] * [[Ratagnon language|Ratagnon]] * [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]] * [[Southern Sorsogon language|Southern Sorsogon]] * [[Sulod language|Sulod]] * [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]] * [[Tausug language|Tausug]] * [[Waray language|Waray]] |group3 = [[Mansakan languages|Mansakan]] |list3 = * [[Davaoeño language|Davawenyo]] * [[Kalagan language|Kalagan]] * [[Kamayo language|Kamayo]] * [[Mamanwa language|Mamanwa]] * [[Mandaya language|Mandaya]] * [[Mansaka language|Mansaka]] |group4 = Tagalic |list4 = * [[Kasiguranin]] * [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] ** <small>[[Old Tagalog]] †</small> ** <small>[[Batangas Tagalog|Batangueño]]</small> ** <small>[[Filipino language|Filipino]]</small> |group5 = (unclassified) |list5 = * [[Ata language (Negros)|Ata]] }} |group2 = [[Danao languages|Danao]] |list2 = * [[Iranun language|Iranun]] * [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]] * [[Maranao language|Maranao]] |group3 = [[Gorontalo–Mongondow languages|Gorontalo–Mongondow]] |list3 = * [[Bintauna language|Bintauna]] * [[Bolango language|Bolango]] * [[Buol language|Buol]] * [[Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]] * [[Kaidipang language|Kaidipang]] * [[Lolak language|Lolak]] * [[Mongondow language|Mongondow]] * [[Ponosakan language|Ponosakan]] * [[Suwawa language|Suwawa]] |group4 = [[Manobo languages|Manobo]] |list4 = * [[Agusan language|Agusan]] * [[Ata Manobo language|Ata Manobo]] * [[Bukid language|Binukid]] * [[Cotabato Manobo language|Cotabato Manobo]] * [[Higaonon language|Higaonon]] * [[Ilianen language|Ilianen]] * [[Kagayanen language|Kagayanen]] * [[Kamigin language|Kamigin]] * [[Matigsalug language|Matigsalug]] * [[Obo language|Obo]] * [[Sarangani language|Sarangani]] * [[Tagabawa language|Tagabawa]] * [[Western Bukidnon Manobo|Western Bukidnon]] |group5 = [[Palawanic languages|Palawanic]] |list5 = * [[Aborlan Tagbanwa language|Aborlan Tagbanwa]] * [[Batak language (Philippines)|Batak]] * [[Central Tagbanwa language|Central Tagbanwa]] * [[Palawano language|Palawano]] * [[Taawʼt Bato language|Taawʼt Bato]] |group6 = [[Southern Mindoro languages|Southern Mindoro]] |list6 = * [[Buhid language|Buhid]] * [[Hanunoo language|Hanunoo]] * [[Tawbuid language|Tawbuid]] |group7 = [[Subanen languages|Subanen]] |list7 = * [[Western Subanon language|Western Subanon]] }} |group5 = [[Kalamian languages|Kalamian]] |list5 = * [[Agutaynen language|Agutaynen]] * [[Calamian Tagbanwa language|Calamian Tagbanwa]] |group6 = [[Minahasan languages|Minahasan]] |list6 = * [[Tombulu language|Tombulu]] * [[Tondano language|Tondano]] * [[Tonsawang language|Tonsawang]] * [[Tonsea language|Tonsea]] * [[Tontemboan language|Tontemboan]] |group7 = [[Northern Luzon languages|Northern Luzon]] |list7 = {{Navbox|child |list1 = * [[Arta language|Arta]] * [[Dicamay Agta language|Dicamay Agta]] † * [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] |group2 = [[Cagayan Valley languages|Cagayan Valley]] |list2 = * [[Atta language|Atta]] * [[Central Cagayan Agta language|Cagayan Agta]] * [[Gaʼdang language|Gaʼdang]] * [[Gaddang language|Gaddang]] * [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]] * [[Isnag language|Isnag]] * [[Itawis language|Itawis]] * [[Yogad language|Yogad]] |group3 = [[Meso-Cordilleran languages|Meso-Cordilleran]] |list3 = {{Navbox|child |list1 = * [[Northern Alta language|Northern Alta]] * [[Southern Alta language|Southern Alta]] |group2 = [[Central Cordilleran languages|Central Cordilleran]] |list2 = * [[Balangao language|Balangao]] * [[Bontoc language|Bontoc]] * [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]] * [[Isinai language|Isinai]] * [[Itneg languages|Itneg]] * [[Kalinga language|Kalinga]] * [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]] * [[Tuwali language|Tuwali]] |group3 = [[Southern Cordilleran languages|Southern Cordilleran]] |list3 = * [[Bugkalot language|Bugkalot]] * [[Ibaloi language|Ibaloi]] * [[Iwaak language|Iwaak]] * [[Kalanguya language|Kalanguya]] * [[Karao language|Karao]] * [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]] }} }} |group8 = [[Northern Mindoro languages|Northern Mindoro]] |list8 = * [[Alangan language|Alangan]] * [[Iraya language|Iraya]] * [[Tadyawan language|Tadyawan]] |group9 = [[Sangiric languages|Sangiric]] |list9 = * [[Bantik language|Bantik]] * [[Ratahan language|Ratahan]] * [[Sangir language|Sangir]] * [[Talaud language|Talaud]] |group10 = Other branches |list10 = {{Navbox|child |list1 = * [[Ati language (Philippines)|Ati]] * [[Klata language|Klata]] * [[Umiray Dumaget language|Umiray Dumaget]] |group2 = Manide–Alabat |list2 = * [[Inagta Alabat language|Inagta Alabat]] * [[Manide language|Manide]] * ?[[Katabangan language|Katabangan]] {{extinct}} }} |group11 = Reconstructed |list11 = [[Proto-Philippine language|Proto-Philippine]] † |below = * † indicates [[Language death|extinct status]] * ? indicates classification dispute }}<noinclude> {{Documentation|content= {{collapsible option|default=collapsed}} [[Category:Philippines language navigational boxes]] [[Category:Austronesian languages navigational boxes]] }}</noinclude> 47uvrki7apj24wubv9i75cwn9ammi6u 190807 190806 2026-04-20T12:21:44Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Philippine languages |title = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] |state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} |bodyclass = hlist |group1 = [[Batanic languages|Batanic (Bashiic)]] |list1 = * [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]] * [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]] * [[Yami language|Yami]] |group2 = [[South Mindanao languages|Bilic]] |list2 = * [[Blaan language|Blaan]] * [[Tboli language|Tboli]] * [[Teduray language|Teduray]] |group3 = [[Central Luzon languages|Central Luzon]] |list3 = {{Navbox|child |list1 = * [[Hatang Kayi language|Hatang Kayi]] (Remontado) * [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] |group2 = [[Sambalic languages|Sambalic]] |list2 = * [[Abellen language|Abellen]] * [[Ambala language|Ambala]] * [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]] * [[Botolan language|Botolan]] * [[Antsi language|Mag-antsi]] * [[Indi language|Mag-indi]] * [[Mariveleño language|Mariveleño]] * [[Sambal language|Sambal]] }} |group4 = [[Greater Central Philippine languages|Greater Central<br />Philippine]] |list4 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Central Philippine languages|Central Philippine]] |list1 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Bikol languages|Bikol]] |list1 = * [[Albay Bikol language|Albay Bikol]] * [[Central Bikol]] * [[Inagta Partido language|Isarog Agta]] * [[Mount Iraya Agta language|Mount Iraya Agta]] * [[Mount Iriga Agta language|Mount Iriga Agta]] * [[Pandan Bikol language|Pandan Bikol]] * [[Rinconada Bikol language|Rinconada]] |group2 = [[Bisayan languages|Bisayan]] |list2 = * [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] * [[Bantoanon language|Asi]] * [[Bantayanon language|Bantayanon]] * [[Baybay language|Baybay]] * [[Butuanon language|Butuanon]] * [[Caluyanon language|Caluyanon]] * [[Capiznon language|Capiznon]] * [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] ** <small>[[Boholano dialect|Boholano]]</small> ** <small>[[Classical Cebuano|Old Cebuano †]]</small> * [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]] * [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] * [[Kabalian language|Kabalian]] * [[Karay-a language|Karay-a]] * [[Karolanos language|Karolanos]] * [[Magahat language|Magahat]] * [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]] * [[Northern Sorsogon language|Northern Sorsogon]] * [[Onhan language|Onhan]] * [[Porohanon language|Porohanon]] * [[Ratagnon language|Ratagnon]] * [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]] * [[Southern Sorsogon language|Southern Sorsogon]] * [[Sulod language|Sulod]] * [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]] * [[Tausug language|Tausug]] * [[Waray language|Waray]] |group3 = [[Mansakan languages|Mansakan]] |list3 = * [[Davaoeño language|Davawenyo]] * [[Kalagan language|Kalagan]] * [[Kamayo language|Kamayo]] * [[Mamanwa language|Mamanwa]] * [[Mandaya language|Mandaya]] * [[Mansaka language|Mansaka]] |group4 = Tagalic |list4 = * [[Kasiguranin]] * [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] ** <small>[[Old Tagalog]] †</small> ** <small>[[Batangas Tagalog|Batangueño]]</small> ** <small>[[Filipino language|Filipino]]</small> |group5 = (unclassified) |list5 = * [[Ata language (Negros)|Ata]] }} |group2 = [[Danao languages|Danao]] |list2 = * [[Iranun language|Iranun]] * [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]] * [[Maranao language|Maranao]] |group3 = [[Gorontalo–Mongondow languages|Gorontalo–Mongondow]] |list3 = * [[Bintauna language|Bintauna]] * [[Bolango language|Bolango]] * [[Buol language|Buol]] * [[Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]] * [[Kaidipang language|Kaidipang]] * [[Lolak language|Lolak]] * [[Mongondow language|Mongondow]] * [[Ponosakan language|Ponosakan]] * [[Suwawa language|Suwawa]] |group4 = [[Manobo languages|Manobo]] |list4 = * [[Agusan language|Agusan]] * [[Ata Manobo language|Ata Manobo]] * [[Bukid language|Binukid]] * [[Cotabato Manobo language|Cotabato Manobo]] * [[Higaonon language|Higaonon]] * [[Ilianen language|Ilianen]] * [[Kagayanen language|Kagayanen]] * [[Kamigin language|Kamigin]] * [[Matigsalug language|Matigsalug]] * [[Obo language|Obo]] * [[Sarangani language|Sarangani]] * [[Tagabawa language|Tagabawa]] * [[Western Bukidnon Manobo|Western Bukidnon]] |group5 = [[Palawanic languages|Palawanic]] |list5 = * [[Aborlan Tagbanwa language|Aborlan Tagbanwa]] * [[Batak language (Philippines)|Batak]] * [[Central Tagbanwa language|Central Tagbanwa]] * [[Palawano language|Palawano]] * [[Taawʼt Bato language|Taawʼt Bato]] |group6 = [[Southern Mindoro languages|Southern Mindoro]] |list6 = * [[Buhid language|Buhid]] * [[Hanunoo language|Hanunoo]] * [[Tawbuid language|Tawbuid]] |group7 = [[Subanen languages|Subanen]] |list7 = * [[Western Subanon language|Western Subanon]] }} |group5 = [[Kalamian languages|Kalamian]] |list5 = * [[Agutaynen language|Agutaynen]] * [[Calamian Tagbanwa language|Calamian Tagbanwa]] |group6 = [[Minahasan languages|Minahasan]] |list6 = * [[Tombulu language|Tombulu]] * [[Tondano language|Tondano]] * [[Tonsawang language|Tonsawang]] * [[Tonsea language|Tonsea]] * [[Tontemboan language|Tontemboan]] |group7 = [[Northern Luzon languages|Northern Luzon]] |list7 = {{Navbox|child |list1 = * [[Arta language|Arta]] * [[Dicamay Agta language|Dicamay Agta]] † * [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] |group2 = [[Cagayan Valley languages|Cagayan Valley]] |list2 = * [[Atta language|Atta]] * [[Central Cagayan Agta language|Cagayan Agta]] * [[Gaʼdang language|Gaʼdang]] * [[Gaddang language|Gaddang]] * [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]] * [[Isnag language|Isnag]] * [[Itawis language|Itawis]] * [[Yogad language|Yogad]] |group3 = [[Meso-Cordilleran languages|Meso-Cordilleran]] |list3 = {{Navbox|child |list1 = * [[Northern Alta language|Northern Alta]] * [[Southern Alta language|Southern Alta]] |group2 = [[Central Cordilleran languages|Central Cordilleran]] |list2 = * [[Balangao language|Balangao]] * [[Bontoc language|Bontoc]] * [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]] * [[Isinai language|Isinai]] * [[Itneg languages|Itneg]] * [[Kalinga language|Kalinga]] * [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]] * [[Tuwali language|Tuwali]] |group3 = [[Southern Cordilleran languages|Southern Cordilleran]] |list3 = * [[Bugkalot language|Bugkalot]] * [[Ibaloi language|Ibaloi]] * [[Iwaak language|Iwaak]] * [[Kalanguya language|Kalanguya]] * [[Karao language|Karao]] * [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]] }} }} |group8 = [[Northern Mindoro languages|Northern Mindoro]] |list8 = * [[Alangan language|Alangan]] * [[Iraya language|Iraya]] * [[Tadyawan language|Tadyawan]] |group9 = [[Sangiric languages|Sangiric]] |list9 = * [[Bantik language|Bantik]] * [[Ratahan language|Ratahan]] * [[Sangir language|Sangir]] * [[Talaud language|Talaud]] |group10 = Other branches |list10 = {{Navbox|child |list1 = * [[Ati language (Philippines)|Ati]] * [[Klata language|Klata]] * [[Umiray Dumaget language|Umiray Dumaget]] |group2 = Manide–Alabat |list2 = * [[Inagta Alabat language|Inagta Alabat]] * [[Manide language|Manide]] * ?[[Katabangan language|Katabangan]] {{extinct}} }} |group11 = Reconstructed |list11 = [[Proto-Philippine language|Proto-Philippine]] † |below = * † indicates [[Language death|extinct status]] * ? indicates classification dispute }}<noinclude> {{Documentation|content= {{collapsible option|default=collapsed}} [[Category:Philippines language navigational boxes]] [[Category:Austronesian languages navigational boxes]] }}</noinclude> 2jfc1sg8a0zn52oxsr66mmqvd193isg 10 35635 190805 2026-04-20T12:19:07Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Navbox |name = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ |title = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] |state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Official languages |list1 = * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] * [[Philippine English|English]] |group2 = [[List of regional languages of the Philippines|Regional languages]] |list2..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ |title = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] |state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Official languages |list1 = * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] * [[Philippine English|English]] |group2 = [[List of regional languages of the Philippines|Regional languages]] |list2 = * [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] * [[Central Bikol|Bikol]] * [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] * [[Chavacano]] * [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] * [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]] * [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] * [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]] * [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] * [[Karay-a language|Karay-a]] * [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]] * [[Maranao language|Maranao]] * [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]] * [[Sambal language|Sambal]] * [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]] * [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] * [[Tausug language|Tausug]] * [[Waray language|Waray]] * [[Yakan language|Yakan]] |group3 = Indigenous languages<br />(by [[Regions of the Philippines|region]]) |list3 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Bangsamoro]] |list1 = * [[Iranun language|Iranun]] * [[Pangutaran Sama language|Pangutaran Sama]] * [[Sama–Bajaw languages|Sama]] |group2 = [[Bicol Region]] |list2 = * [[Albay Bikol language|Albay Bikol]] * [[Inagta Partido language|Inagta Partido]] * [[Manide language|Manide]] * [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]] * [[Mount Iraya Agta language|Mount Iraya Agta]] * [[Mount Iriga Agta language|Mount Iriga Agta]] * [[Northern Sorsogon language|Northern Sorsogon]] * [[Pandan Bikol language|Pandan Bikol]] * [[Rinconada Bikol language|Rinconada Bikol]] * [[Southern Catanduanes Bikol language|Southern Catanduanes Bikol]] * [[Southern Sorsogon language|Southern Sorsogon]] |group3 = [[Cagayan Valley]] |list3 = * [[Arta language|Arta]] * [[Atta language|Atta]] * [[Bugkalot language|Bugkalot]] * [[Central Cagayan Agta language|Central Cagayan Agta]] * [[Dinapigue Agta|Dinapigue Agta]] * [[Dupaningan Agta|Dupaningan Agta]] * [[Gaddang language|Gaddang]] * [[Isinai language|Isinai]] * [[Itawis language|Itawis]] * [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]] * [[Kalanguya language|Kalanguya]] * [[Karao language|Karao]] * [[Malaweg language|Malaweg]] * [[Nagtipunan Agta|Nagtipunan Agta]] * [[Paranan Agta language|Paranan Agta]] * [[Paranan language|Paranan]] * [[Yogad language|Yogad]] |group4 = [[Calabarzon]] |list4 = * [[Inagta Alabat language|Inagta Alabat]] * [[Manide language|Manide]] * [[Hatang Kayi language|Hatang Kayi]] (Remontado) * [[Southern Alta language|Southern Alta]] * [[Umiray Dumaget language|Umiray Dumaget]] |group5 = [[Caraga]] |list5 = * [[Agusan language|Agusan]] * [[Ata Manobo language|Ata Manobo]] * [[Butuanon language|Butuanon]] * [[Higaonon language|Higaonon]] * [[Kamayo language|Kamayo]] * [[Mamanwa language|Mamanwa]] |group6 = [[Central Luzon]] |list6 = * [[Abellen language|Abellen]] * [[Ambala language|Ambala]] * [[Antsi language|Antsi]] * [[Botolan language|Botolan]] * [[Casiguran Dumagat Agta|Casiguran Dumagat Agta]] * [[Indi language|Indi]] * [[Kasiguranin]] * [[Mariveleño language|Mariveleño]] * [[Northern Alta language|Northern Alta]] * [[Southern Alta language|Southern Alta]] * [[Umiray Dumaget language|Umiray Dumaget]] |group7 = [[Central Visayas]] |list7 = * [[Bantayanon language|Bantayanon]] * [[Eskayan language|Eskayan]] * [[Karolanos language|Karolanos]] * [[Magahat language|Magahat]] * [[Porohanon language|Porohanon]] |group8 = [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera]] |list8 = * [[Atta language|Atta]] * [[Balangao language|Balangao]] * [[Bontoc language|Bontoc]] * [[Ga'dang language|Ga'dang]] * [[Ibaloi language|Ibaloi]] * [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]] * [[Isnag language|Isnag]] * [[Itawis language|Itawis]] * [[Itneg languages|Itneg]] * [[Iwaak language|Iwaak]] * [[Kalanguya language|Kalanguya]] * [[Kalinga language|Kalinga]] * [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]] * [[Malaweg language|Malaweg]] * [[Tuwali language|Tuwali]] |group9 = [[Davao Region]] |list9 = * [[Blaan language|Blaan]] * [[Davaoeño language|Davaoeño]] * [[Kalagan language|Kalagan]] * [[Klata language|Klata]] * [[Mandaya language|Mandaya]] * [[Mansaka language|Mansaka]] * [[Obo language|Obo]] * [[Sangir language|Sangir]] * [[Sarangani language|Sarangani]] * [[Tagabawa language|Tagabawa]] |group10 = [[Eastern Visayas]] |list10 = * [[Abaknon language|Abaknon]] * [[Baybay language|Baybay]] * [[Kabalian language|Kabalian]] |group11 = [[Ilocos Region]] |list11 = * [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]] |group12 = [[Metro Manila]] |list12 = * [[Taglish]] |group13 = [[Mimaropa]] |list13 = * [[Agutaynen language|Agutaynen]] * [[Alangan language|Alangan]] * [[Bantoanon language|Asi]] * [[Batak language (Philippines)|Batak]] * [[Buhid language|Buhid]] * [[Calamian Tagbanwa language|Calamian Tagbanwa]] * [[Central Tagbanwa language|Central Tagbanwa]] * [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]] * [[Hanunoo language|Hanunoo]] * [[Iraya language|Iraya]] * [[Kagayanen language|Kagayanen]] * [[Molbog language|Molbog]] * [[Onhan language|Onhan]] * [[Palawano language|Palawano]] * [[Ratagnon language|Ratagnon]] * [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]] * [[Tadyawan language|Tadyawan]] * [[Tawbuid language|Tawbuid]] |group14 = [[Northern Mindanao]] |list14 = * [[Bukid language|Bukid]] * [[Higaonon language|Higaonon]] * [[Ilianen language|Ilianen]] * [[Iranun language|Iranun]] * [[Kamigin language|Kamigin]] * [[Matigsalug language|Matigsalug]] * [[Subanen languages|Subanen]] * [[Western Bukidnon Manobo|Western Bukidnon]] |group15 = [[Soccsksargen]] |list15 = * [[Blaan language|Blaan]] * [[Cotabato Manobo language|Cotabato Manobo]] * [[Ilianen language|Ilianen]] * [[Iranun language|Iranun]] * [[Obo language|Obo]] * [[Tboli language|Tboli]] * [[Teduray language|Teduray]] |group16 = [[Western Visayas]] |list16 = * [[Ata language (Negros)|Ata]] * [[Ati language (Philippines)|Ati]] * [[Caluyanon language|Caluyanon]] * [[Capiznon language|Capiznon]] * [[Sulod language|Sulod]] |group17 = [[Zamboanga Peninsula]] |list17 = * [[Sibuco-Vitali Sama]] * [[Subanen languages|Subanen]] }} |group5 = Creole languages |list5 = |group6 = Immigrant languages |list6 = * [[Arabic]] * [[Basque language|Basque]] * [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ** [[Philippine Hokkien|Hokkien]] ** [[Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines|Mandarin]] * [[French language|French]] * [[German language|German]] * [[Japanese language|Japanese]] * [[Korean language|Korean]] * [[Malay language in the Philippines|Malay]] ** [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] ** [[Malaysian Malay|Malaysian]] * [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] * [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]] ** [[Spanish language in the Philippines|status]] |group7 = Sign languages |list7 = * [[Filipino Sign Language]] |group8 = Historical languages |list8 = * [[Proto-Philippine language|Proto-Philippine]] * [[Old Tagalog]] * [[Classical Cebuano|Old Cebuano]] }}<noinclude> {{Documentation|content= {{collapsible option|default=collapsed}} [[Category:Languages of the Philippines templates| ]] [[Category:Philippines language navigational boxes| ]] }}</noinclude> qk5qtxv124dkn791ktjha5d0re2yyci 190808 190805 2026-04-20T12:22:41Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Languages of the Philippines |title = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] |state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Official languages |list1 = * [[Filipino language|Filipino]] * [[Philippine English|English]] |group2 = [[List of regional languages of the Philippines|Regional languages]] |list2 = * [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] * [[Central Bikol|Bikol]] * [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] * [[Chavacano]] * [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] * [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]] * [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] * [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]] * [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] * [[Karay-a language|Karay-a]] * [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]] * [[Maranao language|Maranao]] * [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]] * [[Sambal language|Sambal]] * [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]] * [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] * [[Tausug language|Tausug]] * [[Waray language|Waray]] * [[Yakan language|Yakan]] |group3 = Indigenous languages<br />(by [[Regions of the Philippines|region]]) |list3 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Bangsamoro]] |list1 = * [[Iranun language|Iranun]] * [[Pangutaran Sama language|Pangutaran Sama]] * [[Sama–Bajaw languages|Sama]] |group2 = [[Bicol Region]] |list2 = * [[Albay Bikol language|Albay Bikol]] * [[Inagta Partido language|Inagta Partido]] * [[Manide language|Manide]] * [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]] * [[Mount Iraya Agta language|Mount Iraya Agta]] * [[Mount Iriga Agta language|Mount Iriga Agta]] * [[Northern Sorsogon language|Northern Sorsogon]] * [[Pandan Bikol language|Pandan Bikol]] * [[Rinconada Bikol language|Rinconada Bikol]] * [[Southern Catanduanes Bikol language|Southern Catanduanes Bikol]] * [[Southern Sorsogon language|Southern Sorsogon]] |group3 = [[Cagayan Valley]] |list3 = * [[Arta language|Arta]] * [[Atta language|Atta]] * [[Bugkalot language|Bugkalot]] * [[Central Cagayan Agta language|Central Cagayan Agta]] * [[Dinapigue Agta|Dinapigue Agta]] * [[Dupaningan Agta|Dupaningan Agta]] * [[Gaddang language|Gaddang]] * [[Isinai language|Isinai]] * [[Itawis language|Itawis]] * [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]] * [[Kalanguya language|Kalanguya]] * [[Karao language|Karao]] * [[Malaweg language|Malaweg]] * [[Nagtipunan Agta|Nagtipunan Agta]] * [[Paranan Agta language|Paranan Agta]] * [[Paranan language|Paranan]] * [[Yogad language|Yogad]] |group4 = [[Calabarzon]] |list4 = * [[Inagta Alabat language|Inagta Alabat]] * [[Manide language|Manide]] * [[Hatang Kayi language|Hatang Kayi]] (Remontado) * [[Southern Alta language|Southern Alta]] * [[Umiray Dumaget language|Umiray Dumaget]] |group5 = [[Caraga]] |list5 = * [[Agusan language|Agusan]] * [[Ata Manobo language|Ata Manobo]] * [[Butuanon language|Butuanon]] * [[Higaonon language|Higaonon]] * [[Kamayo language|Kamayo]] * [[Mamanwa language|Mamanwa]] |group6 = [[Central Luzon]] |list6 = * [[Abellen language|Abellen]] * [[Ambala language|Ambala]] * [[Antsi language|Antsi]] * [[Botolan language|Botolan]] * [[Casiguran Dumagat Agta|Casiguran Dumagat Agta]] * [[Indi language|Indi]] * [[Kasiguranin]] * [[Mariveleño language|Mariveleño]] * [[Northern Alta language|Northern Alta]] * [[Southern Alta language|Southern Alta]] * [[Umiray Dumaget language|Umiray Dumaget]] |group7 = [[Central Visayas]] |list7 = * [[Bantayanon language|Bantayanon]] * [[Eskayan language|Eskayan]] * [[Karolanos language|Karolanos]] * [[Magahat language|Magahat]] * [[Porohanon language|Porohanon]] |group8 = [[Cordillera Administrative Region|Cordillera]] |list8 = * [[Atta language|Atta]] * [[Balangao language|Balangao]] * [[Bontoc language|Bontoc]] * [[Ga'dang language|Ga'dang]] * [[Ibaloi language|Ibaloi]] * [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]] * [[Isnag language|Isnag]] * [[Itawis language|Itawis]] * [[Itneg languages|Itneg]] * [[Iwaak language|Iwaak]] * [[Kalanguya language|Kalanguya]] * [[Kalinga language|Kalinga]] * [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]] * [[Malaweg language|Malaweg]] * [[Tuwali language|Tuwali]] |group9 = [[Davao Region]] |list9 = * [[Blaan language|Blaan]] * [[Davaoeño language|Davaoeño]] * [[Kalagan language|Kalagan]] * [[Klata language|Klata]] * [[Mandaya language|Mandaya]] * [[Mansaka language|Mansaka]] * [[Obo language|Obo]] * [[Sangir language|Sangir]] * [[Sarangani language|Sarangani]] * [[Tagabawa language|Tagabawa]] |group10 = [[Eastern Visayas]] |list10 = * [[Abaknon language|Abaknon]] * [[Baybay language|Baybay]] * [[Kabalian language|Kabalian]] |group11 = [[Ilocos Region]] |list11 = * [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]] |group12 = [[Metro Manila]] |list12 = * [[Taglish]] |group13 = [[Mimaropa]] |list13 = * [[Agutaynen language|Agutaynen]] * [[Alangan language|Alangan]] * [[Bantoanon language|Asi]] * [[Batak language (Philippines)|Batak]] * [[Buhid language|Buhid]] * [[Calamian Tagbanwa language|Calamian Tagbanwa]] * [[Central Tagbanwa language|Central Tagbanwa]] * [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]] * [[Hanunoo language|Hanunoo]] * [[Iraya language|Iraya]] * [[Kagayanen language|Kagayanen]] * [[Molbog language|Molbog]] * [[Onhan language|Onhan]] * [[Palawano language|Palawano]] * [[Ratagnon language|Ratagnon]] * [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]] * [[Tadyawan language|Tadyawan]] * [[Tawbuid language|Tawbuid]] |group14 = [[Northern Mindanao]] |list14 = * [[Bukid language|Bukid]] * [[Higaonon language|Higaonon]] * [[Ilianen language|Ilianen]] * [[Iranun language|Iranun]] * [[Kamigin language|Kamigin]] * [[Matigsalug language|Matigsalug]] * [[Subanen languages|Subanen]] * [[Western Bukidnon Manobo|Western Bukidnon]] |group15 = [[Soccsksargen]] |list15 = * [[Blaan language|Blaan]] * [[Cotabato Manobo language|Cotabato Manobo]] * [[Ilianen language|Ilianen]] * [[Iranun language|Iranun]] * [[Obo language|Obo]] * [[Tboli language|Tboli]] * [[Teduray language|Teduray]] |group16 = [[Western Visayas]] |list16 = * [[Ata language (Negros)|Ata]] * [[Ati language (Philippines)|Ati]] * [[Caluyanon language|Caluyanon]] * [[Capiznon language|Capiznon]] * [[Sulod language|Sulod]] |group17 = [[Zamboanga Peninsula]] |list17 = * [[Sibuco-Vitali Sama]] * [[Subanen languages|Subanen]] }} |group5 = Creole languages |list5 = |group6 = Immigrant languages |list6 = * [[Arabic]] * [[Basque language|Basque]] * [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ** [[Philippine Hokkien|Hokkien]] ** [[Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines|Mandarin]] * [[French language|French]] * [[German language|German]] * [[Japanese language|Japanese]] * [[Korean language|Korean]] * [[Malay language in the Philippines|Malay]] ** [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] ** [[Malaysian Malay|Malaysian]] * [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] * [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]] ** [[Spanish language in the Philippines|status]] |group7 = Sign languages |list7 = * [[Filipino Sign Language]] |group8 = Historical languages |list8 = * [[Proto-Philippine language|Proto-Philippine]] * [[Old Tagalog]] * [[Classical Cebuano|Old Cebuano]] }}<noinclude> {{Documentation|content= {{collapsible option|default=collapsed}} [[Category:Languages of the Philippines templates| ]] [[Category:Philippines language navigational boxes| ]] }}</noinclude> bwwb734j0lk0uvvzuv92alcmsn7e35u 10 35636 190809 2026-04-20T12:24:37Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Navbox | name = Symbols of the Philippines | title = [[File:Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg|22x22px|link=|alt=]] [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱠᱚ]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|border|right|80px|]] | group1 = Official | list1 = * [[Arnis]] * Coat of arms of the Philippines|Coat..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Symbols of the Philippines | title = [[File:Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg|22x22px|link=|alt=]] [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱠᱚ]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|border|right|80px|]] | group1 = Official | list1 = * [[Arnis]] * [[Coat of arms of the Philippines|Coat of arms]] * [[Filipino language]] * [[Filipino Sign Language]] * [[Flag of the Philippines|Flag]] * [[Great Seal of the Philippines|Great Seal]] * "[[Lupang Hinirang]]" * "''[[Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa]]''" * ''[[Pterocarpus indicus|Narra]]'' * [[Philippine eagle]] * [[Pinctada maxima|Philippine pearl]] * ''[[Jasminum sambac|Sampaguita]]'' | group2 = Unofficial | list2 = * [[Philippine adobo|Adobo]] * [[Saribus rotundifolius|Anahaw]] * [[Bahay kubo]] * [[Bakya]] * [[Balangay]] * [[Barong tagalog|Barong]] and [[Baro't saya]] * "''[[Bayan Ko]]''" * [[Baybayin]] * [[Carabao]] * [[Cariñosa]] * [[Jeepney]] * [[Juan dela Cruz]] * [[Lechon]] * [[Malacañang Palace]] * [[Mango]] * [[Manila]] * [[Milkfish]] * [[Coat of arms of the Philippines|National Seal]] * [[Philippine peso]] * [[Sinigang]] * [[Sipa]] * [[Tinikling]] * ''[[Waling-waling]]'' | group3 = [[National hero of the Philippines|National heroes]] <br/> | list3 = {{Navbox|subgroup | group1 = Implied | list1 = * [[Andrés Bonifacio]] * [[José Rizal]] | group2 = Declared from national legislation | list2 = * [[Benigno Aquino Jr.]] * [[People Power Revolution|Martyrs and heroes during the martial law period]] * [[National Heroes Day (Philippines)|National Heroes Day]] * [[Day of Valor|Veterans of the Second World War]] | group3 = From bills and presidential proclamations | list3 = * [[José Abad Santos]] * [[Corazon Aquino]] * [[Melchora Aquino]] * [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] * [[Marcelo H. del Pilar]] * [[Jose W. Diokno|José W. Diokno]] * [[Muhammad Kudarat|Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat]] * [[Lapu-Lapu]] * [[Josefa Llanes Escoda]] * [[Vicente Lim]] * [[Antonio Luna]] * [[Apolinario Mabini]] * [[Sergio Osmeña]] * [[Manuel L. Quezon]] * [[Manuel Roxas]] }} }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:National symbol templates|Philippines]] [[Category:Philippines templates]] </noinclude> sl0bokww3ma3hnch2attjvx6mdc9i7z 10 35637 190817 2026-04-20T18:26:20Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<div style="margin: 0.1em; margin-right: 0; float: right; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 3px 4px; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; border-radius: 2px; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[[File:Symbol question.svg|20px|alt=|link=Wikipedia:Help desk]]</span> [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]</div><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190817 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0.1em; margin-right: 0; float: right; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 3px 4px; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; border-radius: 2px; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[[File:Symbol question.svg|20px|alt=|link=Wikipedia:Help desk]]</span> [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]</div><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 9y3mri9028gyunaygrq3tsf7jhyw5ml 10 35638 190818 2026-04-20T18:29:41Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=newsgroup }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190818 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=newsgroup }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> d4yhena3hhhu0vqqwb7rpsq8evu8drw 10 35639 190819 2026-04-20T18:30:13Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Documentation subpage}} {{csdoc|lua}} {{csdoc|cs1}} {{csdoc|lead|online newsgroups}} == Usage == {{csdoc|usage}} {{csdoc|usage common}} ;To cite a newsgroup with a credited author <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |newsgroup= |message-id= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ;To cite a newsgroup with no credited author <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cit..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{csdoc|lua}} {{csdoc|cs1}} {{csdoc|lead|online newsgroups}} == Usage == {{csdoc|usage}} {{csdoc|usage common}} ;To cite a newsgroup with a credited author <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |newsgroup= |message-id= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ;To cite a newsgroup with no credited author <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= |title= |url= |newsgroup= |message-id= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ;To cite an online newsgroup that has been archived <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |newsgroup= |message-id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ;To cite a newsgroup written in a foreign language <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |trans-title= |language= |newsgroup= |message-id= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ;To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language newsgroup re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url= |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |language= |newsgroup= |message-id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote=}}</syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage full}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite newsgroup |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |display-authors= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |collaboration= |df= |date= |year= |orig-date= |orig-year= |location= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |display-editors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |title= |script-title= |title-link= |url= |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |department= |work= |script-work= |trans-work= |type= |series= |language= |interviewer-last1= |interviewer-first1= |interviewer-link1= |interviewer-last2= |interviewer-first2= |interviewer-link2= |display-interviewers= |interviewer-mask1= |interviewer-mask2= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |display-translators= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |others= |name-list-style= |edition= |publication-place= |newsgroup= |publication-date= |minutes= |time-caption= |time= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |medrxiv= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmc-embargo-date= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |message-id= |zbl= |id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-format= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= |mode= |ref= |postscript=}}</syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical common}} <!-- Please synchronize this list with the corresponding one at the overview page [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples]] --> ;To cite a newsgroup with a credited author <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite newsgroup |last = |first = |date = |title = |url = |newsgroup = |message-id = |access-date = }} </syntaxhighlight> ;To cite a newsgroup with no credited author <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite newsgroup |author = <!-- not stated --> |date = |title = |url = |newsgroup = |message-id = |access-date = }} </syntaxhighlight> ;To cite an online newsgroup that has been archived <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite newsgroup |last = |first = |date = |title = |url = |newsgroup = |message-id = |url-status = |archive-url = |archive-date = |access-date = }} </syntaxhighlight> ;To cite a newsgroup written in a foreign language <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite newsgroup |last = |first = |date = |title = |url = |trans-title = |language = |newsgroup = |message-id = |access-date = }} </syntaxhighlight> ;To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language newsgroup re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite newsgroup |last1 = |first1 = |last2 = |first2 = |date = |title = |url = |url-access = |trans-title = |format = |work = |language = |newsgroup = |message-id = |url-status = |archive-url = |archive-date = |access-date = |via = |quote = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Full parameter set in vertical format ! Parameters !! Prerequisites !! Brief instructions / notes !! Vertical list |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | | Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. | rowspan="116" style="vertical-align:top;" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite newsgroup |last1 = |first1 = |author-link1 = |last2 = |first2 = |author-link2 = |display-authors = |author-mask1 = |author-mask2 = |collaboration = |df = |date = |year = |orig-date = |orig-year = |location = |editor-last1 = |editor-first1 = |editor-link1 = |editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = |editor-link2 = |display-editors = |editor-mask1 = |editor-mask2 = |title = |script-title = |title-link = |url = |url-access = |trans-title = |format = |department = |work = |script-work = |trans-work = |type = |series = |language = |interviewer-last1 = |interviewer-first1 = |interviewer-link1 = |interviewer-last2 = |interviewer-first2 = |interviewer-link2 = |display-interviewers = |interviewer-mask1 = |interviewer-mask2 = |translator-last1 = |translator-first1 = |translator-link1 = |translator-last2 = |translator-first2 = |translator-link2 = |display-translators = |translator-mask1 = |translator-mask2 = |others = |name-list-style = |edition = |publication-place = |newsgroup = |publication-date = |minutes = |time-caption = |time = |arxiv = |asin = |asin-tld = |bibcode = |bibcode-access = |biorxiv = |citeseerx = |doi = |doi-access = |doi-broken-date = |eissn = |hdl = |hdl-access = |isbn = |ismn = |issn = |jfm = |jstor = |jstor-access = |lccn = |medrxiv = |mr = |oclc = |ol = |ol-access = |osti = |osti-access = |pmc = |pmc-embargo-date = |pmid = |rfc = |sbn = |ssrn = |s2cid = |s2cid-access = |message-id = |zbl = |id = |url-status = |archive-url = |archive-format = |archive-date = |access-date = |via = |quote = |script-quote = |trans-quote = |mode = |ref = |postscript = }} </syntaxhighlight> |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author1-first; author-first; author-given1; author1-given; author-given; subject-first1; subject1-first; subject-first; subject-given1; subject1-given; subject-given; host1; and host}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | Author's first name. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|author-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: author1-link; author-link; authorlink1; author1link; authorlink; subject-link1; subject1-link; and subject-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: <code>last3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: given2; author-first2; author2-first; author-given2; author2-given; subject-first2; subject2-first; subject-given2; subject2-given; and host2}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: <code>first3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|author-link2}}|or any of its aliases, including: author2-link; authorlink2; author2link; subject-link2; and subject2-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: <code>author-link3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|display-authors}}|or alias display-subjects}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | Number (number of authors displayed) or <code>etal</code> (more authors) |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|author-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: author1-mask; author-mask; subject-mask1; subject1-mask; and subject-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|author-mask2}}|or any of its aliases, including: author2-mask; subject-mask2; and subject2-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} |- | <code>collaboration</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} |- | <code>df</code> || || |- | <code>date</code> || || |- | <code>year</code> || || |- | <code>orig-date</code> || <code>date</code> or <code>year</code> || |- | <code>orig-year</code> || <code>date</code> or <code>year</code> || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|location}}|or alias place}} || <code>newsgroup</code> || can be used for written-at location when <code>publication-place</code> is used for publication place |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | | Like <code>last1</code>, but for editor. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-first; editor-first; editor-given1; editor1-given; and editor-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for editor. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-link; and editor-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for editor. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: <code>editor-last3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-first; editor-given2; and editor2-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: <code>editor-first3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-link2}}|or alias editor2-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: <code>editor-link3</code>, etc. |- | <code>display-editors</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for editors |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-mask; and editor-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-mask2}}|or alias editor2-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}} |- | <code>title</code> || || This parameter is required. |- | <code>script-title</code> || || |- | <code>title-link</code> || <code>title</code> or <code>script-title</code> || Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if <code>url</code> is provided |- | <code>url</code> || <code>title</code> or <code>script-title</code> || Do not use if <code>title-link</code> is provided |- | <code>url-access</code> || <code>url</code> || |- | <code>trans-title</code> || <code>title</code> or <code>script-title</code> || |- | <code>format</code> || <code>url</code> || |- | <code>department</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|work}}|or any of its aliases, including: journal; magazine; newspaper; periodical; and website}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|script-work}}|or any of its aliases, including: script-journal; script-magazine; script-newspaper; script-periodical; and script-website}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|trans-work}}|or any of its aliases, including: trans-journal; trans-magazine; trans-newspaper; trans-periodical; and trans-website}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|work}}|or any of its aliases, including: journal; magazine; newspaper; periodical; and website}} or {{tooltip|{{codett|script-work}}|or any of its aliases, including: script-journal; script-magazine; script-newspaper; script-periodical; and script-website}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|type}}|or alias medium}} || || |- | <code>series</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|language}}|or alias lang}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | | Like <code>last1</code>, but for interviewer. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-first; interviewer-first; interviewer-given1; interviewer1-given; and interviewer-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for interviewer. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-link; and interviewer-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for interviewer. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: <code>interviewer-last3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-first; interviewer-given2; and interviewer2-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: <code>interviewer-first3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-link2}}|or alias interviewer2-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: <code>interviewer-link3</code>, etc. |- | <code>display-interviewers</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for interviewers |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-mask; and interviewer-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-mask2}}|or alias interviewer2-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}} |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | | Like <code>last1</code>, but for translator. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-first; translator-first; translator-given1; translator1-given; and translator-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for translator. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-link; and translator-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for translator. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: <code>translator-last3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-first; translator-given2; and translator2-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: <code>translator-first3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-link2}}|or alias translator2-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: <code>translator-link3</code>, etc. |- | <code>display-translators</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for translators |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-mask; and translator-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-mask2}}|or alias translator2-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}} |- | <code>others</code> || || |- | <code>name-list-style</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} | Set to <code>amp</code> or <code>ampersand</code> to separate the last author with {{nowrap|"<code> & </code>"}}; set to <code>and</code> to separate with {{nowrap|"<code> and </code>"}} |- | <code>edition</code> || || |- | <code>publication-place</code> || <code>newsgroup</code> || |- | <code>newsgroup</code> || || |- | <code>publication-date</code> || || |- | <code>minutes</code> || || |- | <code>time-caption</code> || <code>time</code> || |- | <code>time</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|arxiv}}|or alias eprint}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|asin}}|or alias ASIN}} || || |- | <code>asin-tld</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|asin}}|or alias ASIN}} || |- | <code>bibcode</code> || || |- | <code>biorxiv</code> || || |- | <code>biorxiv-access</code> || <code>biorxiv</code> || |- | <code>citeseerx</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|doi}}|or alias DOI}} || || |- | <code>doi-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|doi}}|or alias DOI}} || |- | <code>doi-broken-date</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|doi}}|or alias DOI}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|eissn}}|or alias EISSN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|hdl}}|or alias HDL}} || || |- | <code>hdl-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|hdl}}|or alias HDL}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|isbn}}|or alias ISBN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|ismn}}|or alias ISMN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|issn}}|or alias ISSN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|jfm}}|or alias JFM}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|jstor}}|or alias JSTOR}} || || |- | <code>jstor-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|jstor}}|or alias JSTOR}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|lccn}}|or alias LCCN}} || || |- | <code>medrxiv</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|mr}}|or alias MR}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|oclc}}|or alias OCLC}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|ol}}|or alias OL}} || || |- | <code>ol-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|ol}}|or alias OL}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|osti}}|or alias OSTI}} || || |- | <code>osti-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|osti}}|or alias OSTI}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|pmc}}|or alias PMC}} || || |- | <code>pmc-embargo-date</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|pmc}}|or alias PMC}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|pmid}}|or alias PMID}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|rfc}}|or alias RFC}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|sbn}}|or alias SBN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|ssrn}}|or alias SSRN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|s2cid}}|or alias S2CID}} || || |- | <code>s2cid-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|s2cid}}|or alias S2CID}} || |- | <code>message-id</code> || || The newsgroup's message identifier; the value in the message header between angle-brackets <code><</code> and <code>></code>; do not include the angle-brackets in {{para|message-id}}; must include <code>@</code>. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|zbl}}|or alias ZBL}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|id}}|or alias ID}} || || |- | <code>url-status</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-date}}|or alias archiveurl}}, <code>url</code> || |- | <code>archive-format</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-date}}|or alias archivedate}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|access-date}}|or alias accessdate}} || <code>url</code> || |- | <code>via</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|quote}}|or alias quotation}} || || |- | <code>script-quote</code> || || |- | <code>trans-quote</code> || || |- | <code>mode</code> || || <code>cs1</code> or <code>cs2</code> |- | <code>ref</code> || || |- | <code>postscript</code> || || |- | colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | If a field name is listed in the '''Prerequisites''' column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. |} === Examples === <code><nowiki>{{cite newsgroup | author = Tanenbaum, A. S. | title = LINUX is obsolete | date = January 29, 1992 | newsgroup = comp.os.minix | message-id = 12595@star.cs.vu.nl | quote = I am not unhappy with LINUX }}</nowiki></code> * {{cite newsgroup | author = Tanenbaum, A. S. | title = LINUX is obsolete | date = January 29, 1992 | newsgroup = comp.os.minix | message-id = 12595@star.cs.vu.nl | quote = I am not unhappy with LINUX }} <code><nowiki>{{cite newsgroup | author = A. S. Tanenbaum | title = LINUX is obsolete | date = January 29, 1992 | newsgroup = comp.os.minix | message-id = 12595@star.cs.vu.nl | url = http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/browse_thread/thread/c25870d7a41696d2/f447530d082cd95d?tvc=2 | access-date = November 27, 2006 }}</nowiki></code> * {{cite newsgroup | author = A. S. Tanenbaum | title = LINUX is obsolete | date = January 29, 1992 | newsgroup = comp.os.minix | message-id = 12595@star.cs.vu.nl | url = http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/browse_thread/thread/c25870d7a41696d2/f447530d082cd95d?tvc=2 | access-date = November 27, 2006}} - Uses Google Groups default Message-ID lookup URL == Parameters == === Syntax === {{csdoc|syntax}} {{csdoc|sep_period}} === COinS === {{csdoc|coins}} === What's new === {{csdoc|whats new}} === Deprecated === {{csdoc|deprecated}} === Description === ==== Authors ==== {{csdoc|author|others=yes}} ==== Date ==== {{csdoc|date}} ==== Editors ==== {{csdoc|editor}} ==== Title ==== {{csdoc|title|title_format=quotes}} {{csdoc|newsgroup}} {{csdoc|type}} {{csdoc|language}} ==== <span class="anchor" id="url"></span>URL ==== {{csdoc|url}} Additional note: (deprecated; use '''url''') <s>use of '''googleid=''' with the Google style id of a posting will automatically generate an appropriate URL. (The Google style-id can be determined by clicking 'Show Original' in the Groups UI. The Google Style id is the number between the "/msg/" and "?dmode=" portions of the URL used to show the original.)</s> ==== Periodical (work, newspaper, website) ==== {{csdoc|journal|issue=no|department=yes}} ==== Edition, series ==== {{csdoc|edition}} {{csdoc|series}} ==== Publisher ==== {{csdoc|publisher}} ==== In-source locations ==== {{csdoc|time}} ==== Identifiers ==== {{distinguish|#Anchor}} * '''message-id''': the newsgroup's message identifier; the value in the message header between angle-brackets <code><</code> and <code>></code>; do not include the angle-brackets in {{para|message-id}}; must include <code>@</code>. {{csdoc|id1}} {{csdoc|id2}} ==== Subscription or registration required ==== {{csdoc|registration}} ==== Quote ==== {{csdoc|quote|unpaginated=yes}} ==== Anchor ==== {{distinguish|#Identifiers}} {{csdoc|ref}} ==== Display options ==== {{csdoc|display}} == Link icons == Link icons are not created by this template, but by CSS; see [[Help:External link icons]]. == TemplateData == {{Warning |image=Stop hand nuvola.svg |This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [[Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData]]}} {{TemplateData header}} {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|template_data_validate|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} <templatedata> { "description": "Formats citation of the Newsgroup Template", "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "URL" ] }, "title": { "label": "Source title", "description": "The title of the source page on the website; displays in quotes", "type": "string", "required": true }, "last": { "label": "Last name", "description": "The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'.", "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1" ], "suggested": true }, "first": { "label": "First name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'.", "aliases": [ "first1" ], "suggested": true }, "date": { "label": "Source date", "description": "Full date of the source; do not wikilink", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; displays after title", "type": "string" }, "newsgroup": { "label": "News Group", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": true, "deprecated": false, "description": "Name of newsgroup; a link is automatically created; do not wikilink." }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.", "aliases": [ "author2" ] }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink." }, "vauthors": { "label": "Vauthors", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": " comma separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses" }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known", "type": "string" }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-last", "editor", "editor-last1" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-first", "editor-first1" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Editor link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor1-link", "editor-link1" ], "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "translator-last": { "label": "Translator Last Name", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Surname of translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator1", "translator1-last", "translator-last1" ] }, "translator-first": { "label": "Translator First Name", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator1-first", "translator-first1" ] }, "translator-link": { "label": "Translator Link", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.", "aliases": [ "translator-link1", "translator1-link" ] }, "translator2-last": { "label": "Translator Last Name 2", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Surname of second Translator", "aliases": [ "translator-last2" ] }, "translator2-first": { "label": "Translator First Name 2", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Given or first names of second translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-first2" ] }, "translator2-link": { "label": "Translator Link 2", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.", "aliases": [ "translator-link2" ] }, "issue": { "label": "Issue", "description": "Issue identifier when the source is part of a series that is published periodically", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "number" ] }, "department": { "label": "Department", "description": "Department within the periodical", "type": "string" }, "location": { "label": "Location of publication", "description": "Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place; alias of 'place'", "type": "string" }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "type": "string" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "description": "When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed with ' ed.'", "type": "string" }, "volume": { "label": "Volume", "description": "For one publication published in several volumes", "type": "string" }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'", "type": "string" }, "pages": { "label": "Pages", "description": "Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; displays after 'pp.'", "type": "string" }, "no-pp": { "label": "No pp", "description": "Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')", "type": "string" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates", "type": "string" }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "string" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string" }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "string" }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "arxiv": { "label": "arXiv identifier", "description": "An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers", "type": "string" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "string" }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "string" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "string" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "string" }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "string" }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "string" }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "string" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "string" }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "string" }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "string" }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "string" }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier", "type": "string" }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "string" }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "string" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "string" }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "string" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "string" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "string" }, "message-id": { "label": "Message ID", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": true, "deprecated": false, "description": "the newsgroup's message identifier; the value in the message header between angle-brackets < and >; do not include the angle-brackets in |message-id=; must include @" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "string" }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation", "type": "string" }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates", "type": "string" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'", "type": "string", "default": "." }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.", "aliases": [ "author3" ] }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink." }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.", "aliases": [ "author4" ] }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink." }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.", "aliases": [ "author5" ] }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink." }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.", "aliases": [ "author6" ] }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink." }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.", "aliases": [ "author7" ] }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink." }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.", "aliases": [ "author8" ] }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink." }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.", "aliases": [ "author9" ] }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string" }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used;", "type": "number" }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link" ] }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link" ] }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate'", "type": "string" }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live", "type": "string" }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link" ] }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link" ] }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link" ] }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link" ] }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link" ] }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link" ] }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link" ] }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string" }, "editor2-last": { "label": "Editor last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor2" ], "type": "line" }, "editor2-first": { "label": "Editor first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor3-last": { "label": "Editor last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor3" ], "type": "line" }, "editor3-first": { "label": "Editor first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor4-last": { "label": "Editor last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor4" ], "type": "line" }, "editor4-first": { "label": "Editor first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor5-last": { "label": "Editor last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor5" ], "type": "line" }, "editor5-first": { "label": "Editor first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor6-last": { "label": "Editor last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor6" ], "type": "line" }, "editor6-first": { "label": "Editor first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor7-last": { "label": "Editor last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor7" ], "type": "line" }, "editor7-first": { "label": "Editor first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor8-last": { "label": "Editor last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor8" ], "type": "line" }, "editor8-first": { "label": "Editor first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor9-last": { "label": "Editor last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.", "aliases": [ "editor9" ], "type": "line" }, "editor9-first": { "label": "Editor first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.", "type": "line" }, "editor2-link": { "label": "Editor link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link2" ] }, "editor3-link": { "label": "Editor link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link3" ] }, "editor4-link": { "label": "Editor link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link4" ] }, "editor5-link": { "label": "Editor link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link5" ] }, "editor6-link": { "label": "Editor link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link6" ] }, "editor7-link": { "label": "Editor link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link7" ] }, "editor8-link": { "label": "Editor link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link8" ] }, "editor9-link": { "label": "Editor link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link9" ] }, "translator3-last": { "label": "Translator Last Name 3", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Surname of third translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-last3" ] }, "translator3-first": { "label": "Translator First Name 3", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Given or first names of third translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-first3" ] }, "translator3-link": { "label": "Translator Link 3", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.", "aliases": [ "translator-link3" ] }, "translator4-last": { "label": "Translator Last Name 4", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Surname of fourth translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-last4" ] }, "translator4-first": { "label": "Translator First Name 4", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Given or first names of fourth translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-first4" ] }, "translator4-link": { "label": "Translator Link 4", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.", "aliases": [ "translator-link4" ] }, "translator5-last": { "label": "Translator Last Name 5", "type": "line", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Surname of fifth translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-last5" ] }, "translator5-first": { "label": "Translator First Name 5", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Given or first names of fifth translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-first5" ] }, "translator5-link": { "label": "Translator Link 5", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.", "aliases": [ "translator-link5" ] }, "translator6-last": { "label": "Translator Last Name 6", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Surname of sixth translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-last6" ] }, "translator6-first": { "label": "Translator First Name 6", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Given or first names of sixth translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-first6" ] }, "translator6-link": { "label": "Translator Link 6", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about sixth the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.", "aliases": [ "translator-link6" ] }, "translator7-last": { "label": "Translator Last Name 7", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Surname of seventh translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-last7" ] }, "translator7-first": { "label": "Translator First Name 7", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Given or first names of seventh translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-first7" ] }, "translator7-link": { "label": "Translator Link 7", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.", "aliases": [ "translator-link7" ] }, "translator8-last": { "label": "Translator Last Name 8", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Surname of eighth translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-last8" ] }, "translator8-first": { "label": "Translator First Name 8", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Given or first names of eighth translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-first8" ] }, "translator8-link": { "label": "Translator Link 8", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.", "aliases": [ "translator-link8" ] }, "translator9-last": { "label": "Translator Last Name 9", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Surname of ninth translator. Do not wikilink", "aliases": [ "translator-last9" ] }, "translator9-first": { "label": "Translator First Name 9", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Given or first names of ninth translator. Do not wikilink" }, "translator9-link": { "label": "Translator Link 9", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink.", "aliases": [ "translator9-link" ] }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "orig-date": { "label": "Original date", "description": "Original date of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string" }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "via": { "label": "via", "description": "Identify the aggregator of the resource that provided the digital version (usually a database provider), when it differs from the publisher (e.g., for The Wikipedia Library)", "suggested": true, "example": "EBSCOHost , Proquest, Newspapers.com" } }, "maps": { "proveit": { "main": "title", "textarea": [ "quote" ] }, "citoid": { "title": "title", "url": "url", "publisher": "publisher", "publicationTitle": "newsgroup", "date": "date", "accessDate": "access-date", "location": "location", "ISSN": [ "issn" ], "ISBN": [ "isbn" ], "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "pages": "pages", "volume": "volume", "issue": "issue", "DOI": "doi", "oclc": "oclc", "language": "language", "contributor": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor2-first", "editor2-last" ], [ "editor3-first", "editor3-last" ], [ "editor4-first", "editor4-last" ], [ "editor5-first", "editor5-last" ], [ "editor6-first", "editor6-last" ], [ "editor7-first", "editor7-last" ], [ "editor8-first", "editor8-last" ], [ "editor9-first", "editor9-last" ] ], "translator": [ [ "translator-first", "translator-last" ], [ "translator2-first", "translator2-last" ], [ "translator3-first", "translator3-last" ], [ "translator4-first", "translator4-last" ], [ "translator5-first", "translator5-last" ], [ "translator6-first", "translator6-last" ], [ "translator7-first", "translator7-last" ], [ "translator8-first", "translator8-last" ], [ "translator9-first", "translator9-last" ] ] } }, "format": "{{_ |_=_}}" } </templatedata> == See also == * {{tl|Cite mailing list}} {{Citation Style 1}} {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{UF-COinS}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Citation Style 1 templates|N]] }}</includeonly> 1bpbuhpj521w1w7gqx9zq5996q0a3dy 10 35640 190820 2026-04-20T18:32:18Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=podcast }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190820 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=podcast }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ctea86ez0h87ayzekjtkrhkf459z99e 10 35641 190821 2026-04-20T18:32:53Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{High-use}} {{Documentation subpage}} {{csdoc|lua}} {{csdoc|cs1}} {{csdoc|lead|audio or video podcasts}} == Usage == {{csdoc|usage}} {{csdoc|usage common}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite podcast |host= |date= |title= |url= |work= |publisher= |time= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage full}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite podcast |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2=..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High-use}} {{Documentation subpage}} {{csdoc|lua}} {{csdoc|cs1}} {{csdoc|lead|audio or video podcasts}} == Usage == {{csdoc|usage}} {{csdoc|usage common}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite podcast |host= |date= |title= |url= |work= |publisher= |time= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage full}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1">{{cite podcast |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |display-authors= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |collaboration= |df= |date= |year= |orig-date= |orig-year= |location= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |display-editors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |title= |script-title= |title-link= |url= |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |department= |work= |script-work= |trans-work= |type= |series= |language= |issue= |interviewer-last1= |interviewer-first1= |interviewer-link1= |interviewer-last2= |interviewer-first2= |interviewer-link2= |display-interviewers= |interviewer-mask1= |interviewer-mask2= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |display-translators= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |others= |name-list-style= |edition= |publication-place= |publisher= |publication-date= |minutes= |time-caption= |time= |page= |pages= |at= |no-pp= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |medrxiv= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmc-embargo-date= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |zbl= |id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-format= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote-page= |quote-pages= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= |mode= |ref= |postscript=}}</syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical common}} <!-- Please synchronize this list with the corresponding one at the overview page [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples]] --> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite podcast |host = |date = |title = |url = |work = |publisher = |time = |access-date = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Full parameter set in vertical format ! Parameters !! Prerequisites !! Brief instructions / notes !! Vertical list |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | | Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. | rowspan="122" style="vertical-align:top;" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy="1"> {{cite podcast |last1 = |first1 = |author-link1 = |last2 = |first2 = |author-link2 = |display-authors = |author-mask1 = |author-mask2 = |collaboration = |df = |date = |year = |orig-date = |orig-year = |location = |editor-last1 = |editor-first1 = |editor-link1 = |editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = |editor-link2 = |display-editors = |editor-mask1 = |editor-mask2 = |title = |script-title = |title-link = |url = |url-access = |trans-title = |format = |department = |work = |script-work = |trans-work = |type = |series = |language = |issue = |interviewer-last1 = |interviewer-first1 = |interviewer-link1 = |interviewer-last2 = |interviewer-first2 = |interviewer-link2 = |display-interviewers = |interviewer-mask1 = |interviewer-mask2 = |translator-last1 = |translator-first1 = |translator-link1 = |translator-last2 = |translator-first2 = |translator-link2 = |display-translators = |translator-mask1 = |translator-mask2 = |others = |name-list-style = |edition = |publication-place = |publisher = |publication-date = |minutes = |time-caption = |time = |page = |pages = |at = |no-pp = |arxiv = |asin = |asin-tld = |bibcode = |bibcode-access = |biorxiv = |citeseerx = |doi = |doi-access = |doi-broken-date = |eissn = |hdl = |hdl-access = |isbn = |ismn = |issn = |jfm = |jstor = |jstor-access = |lccn = |medrxiv = |mr = |oclc = |ol = |ol-access = |osti = |osti-access = |pmc = |pmc-embargo-date = |pmid = |rfc = |sbn = |ssrn = |s2cid = |s2cid-access = |zbl = |id = |url-status = |archive-url = |archive-format = |archive-date = |access-date = |via = |quote-page = |quote-pages = |quote = |script-quote = |trans-quote = |mode = |ref = |postscript = }} </syntaxhighlight> |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author1-first; author-first; author-given1; author1-given; author-given; subject-first1; subject1-first; subject-first; subject-given1; subject1-given; subject-given; host1; and host}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | Author's first name. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|author-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: author1-link; author-link; authorlink1; author1link; authorlink; subject-link1; subject1-link; and subject-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: <code>last3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: given2; author-first2; author2-first; author-given2; author2-given; subject-first2; subject2-first; subject-given2; subject2-given; and host2}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: <code>first3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|author-link2}}|or any of its aliases, including: author2-link; authorlink2; author2link; subject-link2; and subject2-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: <code>author-link3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|display-authors}}|or alias display-subjects}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | Number (number of authors displayed) or <code>etal</code> (more authors) |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|author-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: author1-mask; author-mask; subject-mask1; subject1-mask; and subject-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|author-mask2}}|or any of its aliases, including: author2-mask; subject-mask2; and subject2-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} |- | <code>collaboration</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: last; surname1; surname; author-last1; author1-last; author-last; author-surname1; author1-surname; author-surname; author1; author; subject-last1; subject1-last; subject-last; subject-surname1; subject1-surname; subject-surname; subject1; and subject}} |- | <code>df</code> || || |- | <code>date</code> || || |- | <code>year</code> || || |- | <code>orig-date</code> || <code>date</code> or <code>year</code> || |- | <code>orig-year</code> || <code>date</code> or <code>year</code> || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|location}}|or alias place}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|publisher}}|or alias institution}} || can be used for written-at location when <code>publication-place</code> is used for publication place |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | | Like <code>last1</code>, but for editor. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-first; editor-first; editor-given1; editor1-given; and editor-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for editor. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-link; and editor-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for editor. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: <code>editor-last3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-first; editor-given2; and editor2-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: <code>editor-first3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-link2}}|or alias editor2-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: <code>editor-link3</code>, etc. |- | <code>display-editors</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for editors |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-mask; and editor-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor1-last; editor-last; editor1; editor; editor-surname1; editor1-surname; and editor-surname}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-mask2}}|or alias editor2-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|editor-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: editor2-last; editor2; editor-surname2; and editor2-surname}} |- | <code>title</code> || || This parameter is required. |- | <code>script-title</code> || || |- | <code>title-link</code> || <code>title</code> or <code>script-title</code> || Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if <code>url</code> is provided |- | <code>url</code> || <code>title</code> or <code>script-title</code> || This parameter is required. Do not use if <code>title-link</code> is provided |- | <code>url-access</code> || <code>url</code> || |- | <code>trans-title</code> || <code>title</code> or <code>script-title</code> || |- | <code>format</code> || <code>url</code> || |- | <code>department</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|work}}|or any of its aliases, including: journal; magazine; newspaper; periodical; and website}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|script-work}}|or any of its aliases, including: script-journal; script-magazine; script-newspaper; script-periodical; and script-website}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|trans-work}}|or any of its aliases, including: trans-journal; trans-magazine; trans-newspaper; trans-periodical; and trans-website}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|work}}|or any of its aliases, including: journal; magazine; newspaper; periodical; and website}} or {{tooltip|{{codett|script-work}}|or any of its aliases, including: script-journal; script-magazine; script-newspaper; script-periodical; and script-website}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|type}}|or alias medium}} || || Note that if not set, this parameter shows the word "Podcast" by default. |- | <code>series</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|language}}|or alias lang}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|issue}}|or alias number}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | | Like <code>last1</code>, but for interviewer. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-first; interviewer-first; interviewer-given1; interviewer1-given; and interviewer-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for interviewer. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-link; and interviewer-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for interviewer. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: <code>interviewer-last3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-first; interviewer-given2; and interviewer2-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: <code>interviewer-first3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-link2}}|or alias interviewer2-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: <code>interviewer-link3</code>, etc. |- | <code>display-interviewers</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for interviewers |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-mask; and interviewer-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer1-last; interviewer-last; interviewer1; interviewer; interviewer-surname1; interviewer1-surname; and interviewer-surname}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-mask2}}|or alias interviewer2-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|interviewer-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: interviewer2-last; interviewer2; interviewer-surname2; and interviewer2-surname}} |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | | Like <code>last1</code>, but for translator. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-first1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-first; translator-first; translator-given1; translator1-given; and translator-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for translator. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-link1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-link; and translator-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for translator. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: <code>translator-last3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-first2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-first; translator-given2; and translator2-given}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: <code>translator-first3</code>, etc. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-link2}}|or alias translator2-link}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: <code>translator-link3</code>, etc. |- | <code>display-translators</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for translators |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-mask1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-mask; and translator-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last1}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator1-last; translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname1; translator1-surname; and translator-surname}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-mask2}}|or alias translator2-mask}} | {{tooltip|{{codett|translator-last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: translator2-last; translator2; translator-surname2; and translator2-surname}} |- | <code>others</code> || || |- | <code>name-list-style</code> | {{tooltip|{{codett|last2}}|or any of its aliases, including: surname2; author-last2; author2-last; author-surname2; author2-surname; author2; subject-last2; subject2-last; subject-surname2; subject2-surname; and subject2}} | Set to <code>amp</code> or <code>ampersand</code> to separate the last author with {{nowrap|"<code> & </code>"}}; set to <code>and</code> to separate with {{nowrap|"<code> and </code>"}} |- | <code>edition</code> || || |- | <code>publication-place</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|publisher}}|or alias institution}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|publisher}}|or alias institution}} || || |- | <code>publication-date</code> || || |- | <code>minutes</code> || || |- | <code>time-caption</code> || <code>time</code> || |- | <code>time</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|page}}|or alias p}} || || choose one: <code>page</code>, <code>pages</code>, or <code>at</code> |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|pages}}|or alias pp}} || || choose one: <code>page</code>, <code>pages</code>, or <code>at</code>. Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text. |- | <code>at</code> || || choose one: <code>page</code>, <code>pages</code>, or <code>at</code> |- | <code>no-pp</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|page}}|or alias p}} or {{tooltip|{{codett|pages}}|or alias pp}} || set to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|arxiv}}|or alias eprint}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|asin}}|or alias ASIN}} || || |- | <code>asin-tld</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|asin}}|or alias ASIN}} || |- | <code>bibcode</code> || || |- | <code>biorxiv</code> || || |- | <code>biorxiv-access</code> || <code>biorxiv</code> || |- | <code>citeseerx</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|doi}}|or alias DOI}} || || |- | <code>doi-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|doi}}|or alias DOI}} || |- | <code>doi-broken-date</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|doi}}|or alias DOI}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|eissn}}|or alias EISSN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|hdl}}|or alias HDL}} || || |- | <code>hdl-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|hdl}}|or alias HDL}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|isbn}}|or alias ISBN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|ismn}}|or alias ISMN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|issn}}|or alias ISSN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|jfm}}|or alias JFM}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|jstor}}|or alias JSTOR}} || || |- | <code>jstor-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|jstor}}|or alias JSTOR}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|lccn}}|or alias LCCN}} || || |- | <code>medrxiv</code> || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|mr}}|or alias MR}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|oclc}}|or alias OCLC}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|ol}}|or alias OL}} || || |- | <code>ol-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|ol}}|or alias OL}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|osti}}|or alias OSTI}} || || |- | <code>osti-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|osti}}|or alias OSTI}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|pmc}}|or alias PMC}} || || |- | <code>pmc-embargo-date</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|pmc}}|or alias PMC}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|pmid}}|or alias PMID}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|rfc}}|or alias RFC}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|sbn}}|or alias SBN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|ssrn}}|or alias SSRN}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|s2cid}}|or alias S2CID}} || || |- | <code>s2cid-access</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|s2cid}}|or alias S2CID}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|zbl}}|or alias ZBL}} || || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|id}}|or alias ID}} || || |- | <code>url-status</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-date}}|or alias archiveurl}}, <code>url</code> || |- | <code>archive-format</code> || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-date}}|or alias archivedate}} || {{tooltip|{{codett|archive-url}}|or alias archiveurl}} || |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|access-date}}|or alias accessdate}} || <code>url</code> || |- | <code>via</code> || || |- | <code>quote-page</code> || || choose one: <code>quote-page</code>, <code>quote-pages</code> |- | <code>quote-pages</code> || || choose one: <code>quote-page</code>, <code>quote-pages</code>. Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages. |- | {{tooltip|{{codett|quote}}|or alias quotation}} || || |- | <code>script-quote</code> || || |- | <code>trans-quote</code> || || |- | <code>mode</code> || || <code>cs1</code> or <code>cs2</code> |- | <code>ref</code> || || |- | <code>postscript</code> || || |- | colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | If a field name is listed in the '''Prerequisites''' column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. |} === Examples === <code><nowiki>{{cite podcast |host=Host|title=Title |website=website |publisher=Publisher |date=</nowiki>{{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}}<nowiki> |url=http://example.org |access-date=</nowiki>{{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite podcast |host=Host |title=Title |website=website |publisher=Publisher |date={{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}} |url=http://example.org |access-date={{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}} |no-tracking=yes}} <code><nowiki>{{cite podcast |host=Host |title=Title |website=website |publisher=Publisher |date=</nowiki>{{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}}<nowiki> |time=</nowiki>{{LOCALTIME}}<nowiki> |url=http://example.org |access-date=</nowiki>{{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite podcast |host=Host |title=Title |website=website |publisher=Publisher |date={{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}} |time={{LOCALTIME}} |url=http://example.org |access-date={{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}} |no-tracking=yes}} <code><nowiki>{{cite podcast |last=Last |first=First |title=Title |website=website |publisher=Publisher |date=</nowiki>{{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}}<nowiki> |time=</nowiki>{{LOCALTIME}}<nowiki> |url=http://example.org |access-date=</nowiki>{{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> * {{cite podcast |last=Last |first=First |title=Title |website=website |publisher=Publisher |date={{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}} |time={{LOCALTIME}} |url=http://example.org |access-date={{LOCALDAY}} {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} {{LOCALYEAR}} |no-tracking=yes}} == Parameters == === Syntax === {{csdoc|syntax}} {{csdoc|sep_period}} === COinS === {{csdoc|coins}} === What's new === {{csdoc|whats new}} === Deprecated === {{csdoc|deprecated}} === Description === ==== Authors ==== {{csdoc|author|others=yes|aliases='''host'''}} ==== Date ==== {{csdoc|date}} ==== Editors ==== {{csdoc|editor}} ==== Title ==== {{csdoc|web}} {{csdoc|type|type_default=Podcast}} {{csdoc|language}} ==== <span class="anchor" id="url"></span>URL ==== {{csdoc|url}} ==== Periodical (work, newspaper, website) ==== {{csdoc|journal|department=yes}} ==== Edition, series ==== {{csdoc|edition}} {{csdoc|series}} ==== Publisher ==== {{csdoc|publisher}} ==== In-source locations ==== {{csdoc|time}} ==== Identifiers ==== {{distinguish|#Anchor}} {{csdoc|id1}} {{csdoc|id2}} ==== Subscription or registration required ==== {{csdoc|registration}} ==== Quote ==== {{csdoc|quote|unpaginated=yes}} ==== Anchor ==== {{distinguish|#Identifiers}} {{csdoc|ref}} ==== Display options ==== {{csdoc|display}} == TemplateData == {{Warning |image=Stop hand nuvola.svg |This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [[Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData]]}} {{TemplateData header}} {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|template_data_validate|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} <templatedata> { "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": " URL of an online location where the podcast episode can be found.", "type": "url", "required": true }, "title": { "label": "Episode Title", "description": "Title of the podcast episode.", "type": "string", "required": true }, "website": { "aliases": [ "work" ], "label": "Podcast", "description": "Title of the podcast", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of publisher or podcast network; may be wikilinked if relevant.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "host": { "aliases": [ "author" ], "label": "Host", "description": "Name of a host", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "last": { "description": "Last name of a host", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "last1" ] }, "first": { "description": "First name of a host", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "first1" ] }, "last2": { "description": "Last name of second host", "type": "string" }, "first2": { "description": "First name of second host", "type": "string" }, "last3": { "description": "Last name of third host", "type": "string" }, "first3": { "description": "First name of third host", "type": "string" }, "last4": { "description": "Last name of fourth host", "type": "string" }, "first4": { "description": "First name of fourth host", "type": "string" }, "last5": { "description": "Last name of fifth host", "type": "string" }, "first5": { "description": "First name of fifth host", "type": "string" }, "date": { "label": "Date", "description": "Date of the source being referenced.", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "time": { "label": "Time", "description": "Time the event occurs in the source, preceded by default text \"Event occurs at\". ", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "minutes": { "label": "Minutes", "description": "Time the event occurs in the source; followed by \"minutes in\".", "type": "number" }, "time-caption": { "label": "Time caption", "description": "Changes the default text displayed before time.", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is spoken; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commas", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "lang" ], "example": "de, fr, es" }, "access-date": { "label": "Access date", "description": "Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article.", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page.", "type": "url" }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text \"archived from the original on\".", "type": "date" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "type": "string", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "suggestedvalues": [ "dead", "live", "usurped", "unfit", "deviated" ], "default": "'dead' if an Archive URL is entered" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access", "description": "Used to indicate when the cited work is not free-to-access. Allowed keywords are \"registration\", \"limited\", and \"subscription\".", "type": "string" }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation", "type": "string" } }, "description": "This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for audio or video podcasts. ", "format": "{{_ |_=_}}" } </templatedata> == See also == {{Citation Style 1}} {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{UF-COinS}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Citation Style 1 templates|P]] }}</includeonly> gu2vzjs2ufkdfblv9l3gne21rl74g7j 10 35642 190822 2026-04-20T18:34:55Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 Redirected page to [[ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Wikipedia how-to]] 190822 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wikipedia how-to]] rgbwglwseejluv0w83do6qso9sw4se5 10 35643 190823 2026-04-20T18:35:25Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{ombox | type = notice | style = {{#if:{{{style|}}} |margin:0 auto;width:80%;{{{style}}} }} | image = [[File:Twemoji 1f527.svg|30x30px|link=|alt=]] | imageright = {{#if:{{{shortcut|{{{shortcut1|{{{sc1|{{{1<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}}}}}}}} |{{Shortcut|{{{shortcut|{{{shortcut1|{{{sc1|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{{shortcut2|{{{sc2|{{{2|}}}}}}}}}||{{{shortcut3|{{{sc3|{{{3|}}}}}}}}}|{{{shortcut4|{{{sc4|{{{4|}}}}}}}}}||{{{s..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ombox | type = notice | style = {{#if:{{{style|}}} |margin:0 auto;width:80%;{{{style}}} }} | image = [[File:Twemoji 1f527.svg|30x30px|link=|alt=]] | imageright = {{#if:{{{shortcut|{{{shortcut1|{{{sc1|{{{1<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}}}}}}}} |{{Shortcut|{{{shortcut|{{{shortcut1|{{{sc1|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{{shortcut2|{{{sc2|{{{2|}}}}}}}}}||{{{shortcut3|{{{sc3|{{{3|}}}}}}}}}|{{{shortcut4|{{{sc4|{{{4|}}}}}}}}}||{{{shortcut5|{{{sc5|{{{5|}}}}}}}}}<noinclude>|category=no</noinclude>}} }} | text = <div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;">'''This help page is a [[Wikipedia:Project namespace#Wikipedia how-to and information pages|how-to guide]].'''<br><div style="font-size: 90%;">It explains concepts or processes used <!-- -->{{#if:{{{page|{{{pages|{{{interprets|}}}}}}}}} | <!--doesn't handle multiple items--> {{#ifexist:{{{page|{{{pages|{{{interprets}}}}}}}}} |[[{{{page|{{{pages|{{{interprets}}}}}}}}}]] |{{{page|{{{pages|{{{interprets}}}}}}}}}}} | by the Wikipedia community. }} It is not one of [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies or guidelines]], and may reflect varying levels of [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]].</div></div> }}{{#if: {{{nocat|{{{demo|}}}}}}||<includeonly>{{Namespace detect | wikipedia = {{{category|[[Category:Wikipedia how-to|{{#if:{{{sort-by|}}}|{{{sort-by}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}}} | help = {{{category|[[Category:Wikipedia how-to|{{#if:{{{sort-by|}}}|{{{sort-by}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}}} | user = [[Category:User essays]]{{{category|}}} }} </includeonly>}}<noinclude> {{Documentation|content= {{Information page/doc |howto=y}} }} </noinclude> 0u1rqw10kzi3nrke66i6iqruz7d0nv2 10 35644 190824 2026-04-20T18:42:01Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> iixsn6gmy5v6zp1aqm79vhpce8m4a1b 10 35645 190825 2026-04-20T18:52:22Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{#if:{{{plainurl|{{{plain-url|}}}}}}|https://books.google.com/books?id={{trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{page|}}}|&pg=PA{{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{pg|}}}|&pg={{{pg}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{text|}}}|&dq={{urlencode:"{{{text|}}}"}}}}{{#if:{{{keywords|}}}|&q={{urlencode:{{{keywords}}}}}}}|''[https://books.google.com/books?id={{trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{page|}}}|&pg=PA{{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{pg|}}}|&pg={{{pg}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{text|}}}|&dq={{urle..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{plainurl|{{{plain-url|}}}}}}|https://books.google.com/books?id={{trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{page|}}}|&pg=PA{{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{pg|}}}|&pg={{{pg}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{text|}}}|&dq={{urlencode:"{{{text|}}}"}}}}{{#if:{{{keywords|}}}|&q={{urlencode:{{{keywords}}}}}}}|''[https://books.google.com/books?id={{trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{page|}}}|&pg=PA{{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{pg|}}}|&pg={{{pg}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{text|}}}|&dq={{urlencode:"{{{text|}}}"}}}}{{#if:{{{keywords|}}}|&q={{urlencode:{{{keywords}}}}}}} {{{2|{{{title|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]''{{#if:{{{page|}}}|, p. {{{page}}},}} at [[ᱜᱩᱜᱩᱞ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵᱠᱚ]]}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> e00zsvshznnfnfbj11331b3q19liwd6 10 35646 190827 2026-04-20T19:00:46Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} This template is for use in articles about '''[[language]]s or [[dialect]]s'''. It provides a common standard for displaying data about a language. == Usage == === Syntax === {{Parameter names example | familycolor=unclassified | name | altname..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} This template is for use in articles about '''[[language]]s or [[dialect]]s'''. It provides a common standard for displaying data about a language. == Usage == === Syntax === {{Parameter names example | familycolor=unclassified | name | altname | nativename | acceptance | image | imagescale | imagealt | imagecaption | image_class | pronunciation | states | region | ethnicity | extinct | era | speakers | date | dateprefix | ref | refname | speakers2 | revived | revived-category | family | fam1 | fam2 | protoname | ancestor | ancestor2 | standards | stand1 | stand2 | dialects | dia1 | dia2 | script | sign | posteriori | nation | minority | agency | development_body | iso1 | iso1comment | iso2 | iso2comment | iso3 | iso3comment | lc1 | ld1 | lc2 | ld2 | iso6 | linglist | lingname | linglist2 | lingname2 | glotto | glottorefname | glotto2 | glottorefname2 | aiatsis | aiatsisname | aiatsis2 | aiatsisname2 | ELP | guthrie | glottopedia | lingua | ietf | map | mapscale | mapalt | mapcaption | map_class | map2 | mapalt2 | mapcaption2 | map_class2 | coordinates | module | notice=IPA }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox language | name = | altname = | nativename = | acceptance = | image = | imagescale = | imagealt = | image_class = | imagecaption = | pronunciation = | states = <!-- or state --> | region = | creator = | created = | setting = | ethnicity = | extinct = | era = | speakers = | date = | dateprefix = | ref = <!-- up to e26 (or current edition) if reference is Ethnologue --> | refname = | speakers2 = | revived = | revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat --> | familycolor = | family = | fam1 = | fam2 = | fam3 = <!-- up to fam15 --> | protoname = | ancestor = | ancestor2 = <!-- up to ancestor8 --> | standards = | stand1 = | stand2 = <!-- up to stand6 --> | dialects = | listclass = | dia1 = | dia2 = <!-- up to dia40 --> | script = | sign = | posteriori = | nation = | minority = | agency = | development_body = | iso1 = | iso1comment = | iso2 = | iso2b = | iso2t = | iso2comment = | iso3 = | iso3comment = | lc1 = | ld1 = | lc2 = <!-- up to lc40 --> | ld2 = <!-- up to ld40 --> | iso6 = | isoexception = | linglist = | lingname = | linglist2 = <!-- up to linglist6 --> | lingname2 = <!-- up to lingname6 --> | glotto = | glottorefname = | glotto2 = <!-- up to glotto5 --> | glottorefname2 = <!-- up to glottorefname5 --> | aiatsis = | aiatsisname = | aiatsis2 = <!-- up to aiatsis6 --> | aiatsisname2 = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 --> | guthrie = | ELP = | ELPname = | ELP2 = <!-- up to ELP6 --> | ELPname2 = <!-- up to ELPname6 --> | glottopedia = | lingua = | lingua_ref = | ietf = | map = | mapscale = | mapalt = | mapcaption = | map_class = | map2 = | mapalt2 = | mapcaption2 = | map_class2 = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_image = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_label = | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = <!-- use {{Coord}} --> | module = | notice = IPA }} </syntaxhighlight> '''References in infobox''' {{Reflist}} {{Clear}} == Parameters == {{Infobox language/quilt|right}} The required parameters are: ; familycolor : appropriate language family or group. Possible values are listed in the colored chart to the right (or above, depending on your browser). Please do not use other names, because they will not be recognized, and the table will be colored grey. : In most cases, 'familycolor' will trigger a default entry for the 'fam1' field, so that field is not necessary (you can continue with 'fam2'), but you can override this by entering something under 'fam1'. : Areal colors (American, Khoisan, Altaic, etc.) represent areal codings, and are ''not'' claims that the group is a language family or the language belongs to that group. When these are used, the '''fam1''' parameter must be set to the widely accepted language group. : If 'isolate' or 'unclassified' is used, the fam1–xx tree will not display. In order to allow levels of classification, as with dialects of a language isolate, enter "grey"/"gray" instead. Other parameters are listed below; they can be incorporated anywhere between the first and last lines, and in any order. ; name : name of language ; altname : additional name of the language [not every one, but one a reader would be likely to look for] ; nativename : native name, or a second alternative name [most cases as of 2012 not actually the native name] (if nativename is to be used, an altname parameter MUST be defined) ; pronunciation : pronunciation of the native name of the language in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] → remember to enclose the transcription in an IPA template such as {{tl|IPA}} ; acceptance : questionable acceptance/status of the language: unattested, spurious, etc. ; states : countries in which it is mainly spoken. You do not have to define both this and '''region'''. Do not use flag icons ([[WP:INFOBOXFLAG]]). Direct links to country articles are generally not useful, and distract from useful links. Consider 'Languages of [country]' or '[ethnicity] in [country]' links instead. ; state : alias for '''states''' ; region : geographic region in which it is mainly spoken. You do not have to define both this and '''states'''; use this parameter for a single statement about geographic distribution. It is not for the broader region where the states are located, but rather the regions within the country, or across countries, where it is spoken. (That is, do not add SE Asia if we state it's in Laos, or West Africa if we state it's in Mali.) ; ethnicity : people for whom this is the ethnically native language; also good for the ethnic population if different from the number of speakers (although the names chosen for the articles on the people and on the language will generally be the same, it may be appropriate to pipe in the native name of the people here) ; era : era of use of a historical language, such as one that developed into something else; 'speakers' will not display ; extinct : date of extinction, or information about extinction; 'speakers' will not display ; revived : Date and/or population of attempted revival of extinct language ; revived-category : (or '''revived-cat''') optional name (without "Category:") of appropriate subcategory of [[:Category:Language revival]] (which is used by default if {{para|revived}} has a value); can be given as {{para|revived-category|nocat}} to suppress the categorization entirely, when the language has a separate article about its revival that is already in the category (e.g. [[Cornish revival]] is in [[:Category:Celtic language revival]], so {{para|revived-cat=nocat}} is used in the infobox at [[Cornish language]]). ; dia1 : ... ; dia40 : primary dialects ; dialects : whatever you want to say; dia1–xx will not display ; listclass : class for the dia1–xx list: <code>plainlist</code> (default), <code>hlist</code> (horizontal) or <code>flatlist</code> (bulleted) ; stand1 : a standardized register ; stand2 : a second standardized register : ... ; stand6 : sixth standardized register ; standards : whatever you want to say ; script : writing system(s) used for the language by literate speakers, in the form ''script (instantiation)'', such as "[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[English alphabet]])"<br />(Common variants of "Latin (alphabet)" redirect to [[Latin script]]. For the [[Latin alphabet]] itself, add an element such as <code>&amp;nbsp;</code>.) ; sign : signed forms (manually coded language) ; nation : list of countries in which it is an official language ; minority : list of countries in which it is a recognized/protected minority language. This is intended for legal protection and similar ''de jure'' recognition, not simply being listed on a census and other ''de facto'' recognition. ; agency : regulatory body or language academy for the language ; development_body : development body for the language ; boxsize : overrides default width of infobox, currently set at 22em. Format must include units ("12em" or "123px"). : Useful when an article has various infoboxes aligned in a column. (Box will automatically expand to fix map wider than default box width.) ; fontcolor : color of font against 'familycolor' ← the font color is usually black, use this to change it if it is difficult to read ; module : Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one. === Number of speakers === ; speakers : the number of native speakers of the language. If unknown, enter {{angle bracket|?}} and do not enter NA for the date (this causes the article to be listed in the [[:Category:Language articles with speakers set to 'unknown']], a hidden [[WP:PROJCATS|maintenance category]]). If no native speakers, enter {{angle bracket|none}}. Otherwise, if no date is supplied, ''missing date'' will be displayed. Use <code><nowiki>{{sigfig|...|2}}</nowiki></code> to round to 2 [[significant figures]] while retaining the exact figure from the reference. ; date : the date of publication of the estimate of the number of speakers. : Used for calculations for obsolete data, so needs to start with a 4-digit year (see next parameter). Exception: If {{angle bracket|NA}} is entered, nothing will display. If {{angle bracket|no date}} is entered, "no date" will display. Do not enter a date parameter at all if speakers is set to {{angle bracket|none}}. : Articles with old dates (currently ≥ 30 years) appear in [[:Category:Language articles with old speaker data]]. ; dateprefix : any text wanted inside the parentheses before the date; a space ({{code|&nbsp;}}) must be explicitly included at the end ; ref : reference for the speaker data; placed after the date, if any. This can be any [[WP:CITEFOOT|inline citation]] or a predefined code such as e19, linglist, ne2010, etc. For more details, see the documentation at [[Template:Infobox language/ref]]. : If {{angle bracket|e26}} is entered, this will automatically generate a reference to the ''Ethnologue'' 26 article that bears the ISO 639-3 code entered at 'iso3'. : To link to the auto-generated reference from elsewhere in the article, use <code><nowiki><ref name=e26/></nowiki></code>. : {{angle bracket|e25}} and <code><nowiki><ref name=e25/></nowiki></code> or {{angle bracket|e24}} and <code><nowiki><ref name=e24/></nowiki></code> etc. can be used to reference earlier editions, for example for languages which are no longer supported by Ethnologue, or to give an idea of how old undated population figures are. : {{angle bracket|linglist}} and <code><nowiki><ref name=linglist/></nowiki></code> can be used to ref the ''MultiTree'' entry at the Linguist List. : {{angle bracket|ne2007/ne2010}} and <code><nowiki><ref name=NE100/></nowiki></code> can be used to ref the Swedish national encyclopedia, which we use for many of the world's top 100 languages : {{angle bracket|inali}} and <code><nowiki><ref name=INALI/></nowiki></code> can be used to ref Mexico's [[Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas]] : Similarly, aiatsis can be used to link to the <code><nowiki><ref name=AIATSIS/></nowiki></code> ref generated by the infobox for the AIATSIS entry for Australian languages. (For Maho's edition of the Guthrie list for Bantu languages, <code><nowiki><ref name=Guthrie/></nowiki></code> needs to be added manually, as they do not provide population data.) ; refname : Name used in reference generated by certain 'ref' parameter values such as e19. It defaults to the value of the 'name' parameter or PAGENAME. ; speakers2 : a 2nd line for speaker data, such as 2nd estimate, 2nd country, L2 speakers, etc, appearing after the date. : If this is a second line of L1 speakers, it should be arranged so that, if there are two dates cited, the oldest appears in the date parameter, for automated update calculations. Data from different countries should not be added together if they are not comparable: say if one is from 1973 and another from 2006, or if one is rounded to the nearest million and another is on the order of 10,000. ; speakers_label : The infobox label for the number of speakers is "Native speakers" by default. Set this parameter to <code>|speakers_label = Speakers</code> to change it to "Speakers" or <code>|speakers_label = Signers</code> to change it to "Signers" for [[sign language]]s. === Genetic classification === You can use the language template to show the [[language family|genetic classification]] of a language as a descending staircase of language families, from the broadest to the most specific. ; fam1 : the broadest possible widely accepted [[language family]] of which the language is a part. If this would be exactly the same as you have defined for '''familycolor''', it may be omitted. ; fam2 : a more specific sub-family : ... ; fam15 : most specific sub group If you would prefer to enter some other information in this box (for example, ''disputed''), use this parameter instead: ; family : whatever you want to say; fam1–xx will not display. This can be set to "na" to avoid specifying a family relationship at all, an for a geographical group that has no single origin. The template can also display a staircase of ancestral forms: ; ancestor : ancestral or reconstructed form, if it has an article or has been assigned an ISO code ; ancestor2 : ... ; ancestor8 : intermediate ancestral forms ; protoname : alias for '''ancestor''' === ISO language codes === ; iso1 : the [[ISO 639-1]] code for the language ; iso1comment : for comments to not interfere with the link ; iso2 : the [[ISO 639-2]] code for the language (not for its family); creates a link to the ISO page. If a language has two ISO 639-2 codes, use the following two separate fields instead. ; iso2b : the [[ISO 639-2]] bibliographic code (for languages with two ISO 639-2 codes) ; iso2t : the [[ISO 639-2]] terminological code (for languages with two ISO 639-2 codes) ; iso2comment : for comments to not interfere with the link(s) ; iso3 : the [[ISO 639-3]] code for the language; creates a link to the ISO page. See below for the situation where multiple ISO 639-3 codes apply. : Field will display even if left empty, unless 'lc1' etc. is used. : If there is no ISO 639-3 code, set {{para|iso3|none}} to return the text ''none'' and add the article to [[:Category:Languages without iso3 codes]] (if '''iso3comment''' is also used, that will display in place of ''none'') : Leave empty for a dialect that has no iso3 code, but the language it belongs to does; in this case, also use {{para|isoexception|dialect}}. : Leave empty for a historical variety that has no iso3 code, but its modern version does; in this case, also use {{para|isoexception|historical}}. : Leave blank for a protolanguage, and use {{para|isoexception|protolanguage}}. : Use 'linglist' if the language has an iso3 code, but this is maintained at Linguist List instead of at SIL. Add the code itself under |linglist=. (This is not necessary if the SIL page provides its own link to the Linguist List page.) ; iso3comment : allows a comment in the ISO field that will not interfere with the link ; isoexception : a maintenance field to organize cleanup categories for missing ISO codes. Excludes article from the [[:Category:Language articles without language codes]] if set to any of the following values: :* '''dialect''' (used for a dialect that does not itself have an ISO code, although the language it belongs to does; adds article to the [[:Category:Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code]]) :* '''historical''' (used for a historical language that does not itself have an ISO code, although its modern version does; adds article to the [[:Category:Historical forms of languages with ISO codes]]) :* '''protolanguage''' (used for protolanguages without ISO codes; adds article to the [[:Category:Protolanguages without ISO codes]]) :* '''talkpage''' (used on talk pages and in archives so that they don't show up in tracking categories) Some languages have a number of [[ISO 639-3]] codes, one for each dialect of that language. If you try putting all of these codes in the usual '''iso3 =''' parameter, it will get quite messy. Instead, use the following parameters: ; lc1 : ISO code of the first dialect (the 'iso3' field will not display if empty and this is included) ; ld1 : name of the first language dialect; plain text only; do not include references in this field<!--They cause Linter "wikilink inside external link errors--> ; lc2 : ISO code of the second dialect ; ld2 : name of the second language dialect : ... ; lc40 : ISO code of the 40–th dialect ; ld40 : name of the 40–th dialect ; iso6 : the ISO 639-6 code for the language. Lc entries will be automatically linked to the ''Ethnologue'' site. Wikipedia articles on the dialects may be linked from the ld entries. For languages with an [[ISO 639-3 macrolanguage]] code and several individual codes, use '''iso3''' for the macrolanguage and '''lc''n''''', '''ld''n''''' for the individual codes. === Other language codes === ; linglist : this parameter is deprecated due to unreliable data, with the exception of some long-extinct languages. For ISO 639-3 codes of extinct languages whose descriptions are maintained at [[Linguist List]], enter the code under 'iso3' and the reader will be redirected from the ISO page. ; lingua : the [[Linguasphere]] code for the language ; glotto ; glotto2 : ... ; glotto5 : the [[Glottolog]] code for the language. Enter "none" if Glottolog does not have a code for the language, "spurious" if Glottolog uses that term. [future: also "unattested"] ; glottorefname ; glottorefname2 : ... ; glottorefname5 : the Glottolog name(s) for the language (optional). Substitute '''glottoname''' etc. if the name needs to be displayed in the info box. ; guthrie : the [[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages|Guthrie]] code for Bantu languages. Generates a reference which can be accessed via name="Guthrie". ; aiatsis : the [[AIATSIS]] code for Australian languages. Generates a reference which can be accessed via name="AIATSIS". Site includes population data we can use. ; aiatsis2 : ... ; aiatsis6 : additional AIATSIS codes ; aiatsisname2 : ... ; aiatsisname6 : the AIATSIS name, if different from the entry at |name=, or note to appear after code ; ELP : URL suffix of the language article on the [[Endangered Languages Project]] site. Manual override of a default module linking to the ELP article per WikiData settings. Either way generates a reference that can be accessed via name="ELP". Entering "none" prevents the default link (e.g. when there is more than one info box in the WP article). The ELP site includes population data we can use. ; ELPname : The text for the link to [[Endangered Languages Project]]. ; ELP2, ELP3, ELP4, ELP5, ELP6 + ELPname2, ELPname3, ELPname4, ELPname5, ELPname6 : additional ELP links, or manual addition (rather than replacement) to the automated module link. Useful when changing WikiData might corrupt articles on other-language wikis (e.g. when the two wikis don't define the language with the same scope). ; glottopedia : [[Glottopedia]]. Generates a reference which can be accessed via name="Glottopedia". ; ietf : [[IETF language tag]] === Constructed languages === This template is appropriate to use for [[constructed language]]s. The following parameters can be used: ; creator : name of language creator ; created : year of first creation ; setting : the use or setting for the language ; posteriori : natural-language sources Using these parameters, or setting '''familycolor=Conlang''', automatically sets the colored bars of the infobox to {{code|{{Infobox language/family-color|Conlang}}}} background with white fonts, and removes the '''states''' and '''region''' parameters from use ('''nation''' is also disabled). If the '''iso2''' parameter is left undefined, it is treated as being '''iso2=art'''. For conlangs, the '''family''' or '''fam''n''''' parameters are used to describe the hierarchy of purpose of the language, whereas '''posteriori''' is used to describe the ''a posteriori'' sources on which the conlang draws. === Maps and images === {{anchor|Images in the template}} You should not put large images at the top of the language template: they just make it very messy. You can place a small image at the top of the template using the following parameters: ; image : image at top of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "File:/Image:" or brackets. ; imagescale : override default size of image display (currently set to "upright=0.9", producing 200px display in a non-customized account). Use fractions or multiples: "2" for twice user-default, "0.5" for half. "1.45" will cause the image to fill the width of the infobox. ; imagealt : alt text for the image ; imagecaption : caption to appear under the image ; imageheader : brief header for the image ('logo', 'map', 'script', etc). This is placed in the left-hand column, and so needs to be short. ; image_class : use 'skin-invert-image' to fix some images in dark mode If you have a larger image or two, such as a map, you can place them at the bottom of the template, spanning both columns, with the following parameter: ; map : image at bottom of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "File:/Image:" or brackets. ; mapscale : override default size of map display (currently set to "upright=1.45", producing 320px and filling the width of the infobox in a non-customized account). Use fractions or multiples: "2" for twice user-default, "0.5" for half. Affects both maps. ; mapalt : alt text for the map ; mapcaption : caption to appear under map ; map2 : a second map ; mapalt2 : alt text for the second map ; mapcaption2 : caption to appear under both maps The [[WP:EIS|usual image markup]] applies for both images. [[Alt text]] is for visually impaired readers, and the [[WP:CAPTION|caption]] is for all readers; typically they should have little in common (see [[WP:ALT]]). For languages spoken in smaller areas, where the location of the language can be reasonably approximated by a point on the map, then a pushpin map can be added: ; coordinates : latitude and longitude; use {{tl|coord}} ; pushpin_map : The name of a location map as per [[Template:Location map]] (e.g. ''Indonesia'' or ''Russia''). The coordinate fields (from {{para|coordinates}}) position a pushpin coordinate marker and label on the map '''automatically'''. To show multiple pushpin maps, provide a list of maps separated by #, e.g., ''California#USA'' ; pushpin_image : (optional) Allows the use of an alternative map; the image must have the same edge coordinates as the location map template.<br/>''Equivalent to <code>AlternativeMap</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' ; pushpin_mapsize : (optional) Must be entered as only a number—'''do not use px'''. The default value is 250. ''Equivalent to <code>width</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' ; pushpin_map_alt : (optional) Alt text for pushpin map; used by [[screen reader]]s, see [[WP:ALT]]. ''Equivalent to <code>alt</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' ; pushpin_map_caption : (optional) Fill out if a different caption from ''map_caption'' is desired. ''Equivalent to <code>caption</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' ; pushpin_label : (optional) The text of the label to display next to the identifying mark; a [[Wiki markup|wikilink]] can be used. If not specified, the label will be the text assigned to the ''name'' parameter, and if the ''name'' parameter is not specified, the article title. (if {{para|pushpin_label_position|none}}, no label is displayed).<br/>''Equivalent to <code>label</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' ; pushpin_label_position : (optional) The position of the label on the pushpin map relative to the pushpin coordinate marker. Valid options are {left, right, top, bottom, none}. If this field is not specified, the default value is ''right''.<br/>''Equivalent to <code>position</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]].'' === Footer notice === A notice or notices may be placed at the bottom of the infobox: ; notice=ipa : places a notice about the [[Unicode]] fonts used for displaying [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] == Examples == === Example 1 === {{Infobox language | name = English | pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|l|ɪ|ʃ}}<ref>[http://www.oxfordadvancedlearnersdictionary.com/dictionary/english_2 English Adjective] – Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary – Oxford University Press ©2010.</ref> | region = (see [[#Geographical distribution|below]]) | speakers = 360&nbsp;million | date = 2010 | dateprefix = cited&nbsp; | ref = <ref name=NE>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2010" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010</ref> | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: 375&nbsp;million and 750 million [[English as a foreign or second language|EFL]]<ref name=BritishCouncilEnglish>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-elt-future.pdf |title=Future of English|accessdate=24 August 2011 |publisher=The British Council}} (page 10)</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] | fam3 = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] | fam4 = [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo–Frisian]] | fam5 = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]] | script = [[English alphabet]] ([[Latin script]]) | sign = [[Manually coded English]] | nation = {{plainlist| * [[List of countries where English is an official language#Sovereign states|54 countries]] * [[List of countries where English is an official language#Non-sovereign entities|27 non-sovereign entities]] * [[United Nations]] * [[European Union]] * [[Commonwealth of Nations]] * [[Council of Europe]] * [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] * [[NATO]] * [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]] * [[Organization of American States|OAS]] * [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] * [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] * [[Pacific Islands Forum|PIF]] * [[UKUSA Agreement]]}} | iso1 = en | iso2 = eng | iso3 = eng | glotto = stan1293 | lingua = 52-ABA | map = Anglospeak.svg | mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Countries where English is the native language of the majority of the population}} {{legend|#8ddada|Countries where English is an official but not primary language}} | notice = IPA }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox language | name = English | pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|l|ɪ|ʃ}}<ref>[http://www.oxfordadvancedlearnersdictionary.com/dictionary/english_2 English Adjective] – Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary – Oxford University Press ©2010.</ref> | region = (see [[#Geographical distribution|below]]) | speakers = 360&nbsp;million | date = 2010 | dateprefix = cited&nbsp; | ref = <ref name=NE>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2010" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010</ref> | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: 375&nbsp;million and 750 million [[English as a foreign or second language|EFL]]<ref name=BritishCouncilEnglish>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-elt-future.pdf |title=Future of English|accessdate=24 August 2011 |publisher=The British Council}} (page 10)</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] | fam3 = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] | fam4 = [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo–Frisian]] | fam5 = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]] | script = [[English alphabet]] ([[Latin script]]) | sign = [[Manually coded English]] | nation = {{plainlist| * [[List of countries where English is an official language#Sovereign states|54 countries]] * [[List of countries where English is an official language#Non-sovereign entities|27 non-sovereign entities]] * [[United Nations]] * [[European Union]] * [[Commonwealth of Nations]] * [[Council of Europe]] * [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] * [[NATO]] * [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]] * [[Organization of American States|OAS]] * [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] * [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] * [[Pacific Islands Forum|PIF]] * [[UKUSA Agreement]]}} | iso1 = en | iso2 = eng | iso3 = eng | glotto = stan1293 | lingua = 52-ABA | map = Anglospeak.svg | mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Countries where English is the native language of the majority of the population}} {{legend|#8ddada|Countries where English is an official but not primary language}} | notice = IPA }} </syntaxhighlight> '''References in infobox''' {{Reflist}} {{Clear}} === Example 2 === {{Infobox language | name = Persian | altname = Fārsi | nativename = {{lang|fa|فارسی}} | image = Farsi.svg | imagescale = 0.5 | imagecaption = ''Fārsi'' written in Persian ([[Nastaʿlīq script]]) | pronunciation = {{IPA|fa|fyɒːɾˈsiː|}} | states = {{hlist|style=line-height:1.3em; | [[Languages of Iran|Iran]] | [[Languages of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]&nbsp;(as [[Dari language|Dari]]) | [[Languages of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]]&nbsp;(as [[Tajik language|Tajik]]) | [[Languages of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] (as Tajik) | [[Languages of Iraq|Iraq]] | [[Languages of Russia|Russia]] }} | speakers = 45 million (2007) – 60 million | date = 2009 | ref = | speakers2 = (110 million total speakers) | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian]] | fam5 = Southwestern Iranian | ancestor = [[Old Persian]] | ancestor2 = [[Middle Persian]] | stand1 = [[Western Persian]] | stand2 = [[Dari language|Dari]] | stand3 = [[Tajik language|Tajik]] | listclass = hlist | dia1 = [[Western Persian]] | dia2 = [[Dari language|Dari]] | dia3 = [[Tajik language|Central Asian Persian (Tajik)]] | dia4 = [[Bukhori dialect|Bukhori]] | dia5 = [[Pahlavani dialect|Pahlavani]] | dia6 = [[Hazaragi dialect|Hazaragi]] | dia7 = [[Aimaq dialect|Aimaq]] | dia8 = [[Judeo-Persian]] | dia9 = [[Dehwari dialect|Dehwari]] | dia10 = [[Judeo-Tat]] | dia11 = [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Caucasian Tat]] | dia12 = [[Armeno-Tat]] | script = {{startplainlist}} * [[Persian alphabet]] ([[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]]) * [[Tajik alphabet]] ([[Tajikistan]]) * {{hlist |[[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] | [[Persian Braille]]}} {{endplainlist}} | nation = [[Iran]] (as Persian)<br />[[Afghanistan]] (as [[Dari language|Dari]])<br />[[Tajikistan]] (as [[Tajik language|Tajik]]) | agency = {{longlink|[[Academy of Persian Language and Literature]]&nbsp;([[Iran]])}} | iso1 = fa | iso2b = per | iso2t = fas | iso3 = fas | lc1 = pes | ld1 = [[Western Persian]] | lc2 = prs | ld2 = [[Dari language]] (Afghan Persian) | lc3 = tgk | ld3 = [[Tajik language|Tajiki]]<!--This and the following codes aren't part of the macrolanguage per SIL--> | lc4 = aiq | ld4 = [[Aimaq dialect]] | lc5 = bhh | ld5 = [[Bukhori dialect]] | lc7 = haz | ld7 = [[Hazaragi dialect]] | lc8 = jpr | ld8 = [[Judeo-Persian]] | lc9 = phv | ld9 = [[Pahlavani language|Pahlavani]] | lc10 = deh | ld10 = [[Dehwari language|Dehwari]] | lc11 = jdt | ld11 = [[Judeo-Tat]] | lc12 = ttt | ld12 = [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Caucasian Tat]] | glotto = fars1254 | glottoname = Farsic – Caucasian Tat | lingua = {{longitem|58-AAC (Wider Persian)<br />&nbsp;> 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)}} | map = Persian Language Location Map.svg{{!}}border | mapcaption = Areas with significant numbers of Persian speakers (including dialects) | map2 = Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.svg{{!}}border | mapcaption2 = {{legend|red|Countries where Persian is an official language}} | notice = IPA }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox language | name = Persian | altname = Fārsi | nativename = {{lang|fa|فارسی}} | image = Farsi.svg | imagescale = 0.5 | imagecaption = ''Fārsi'' written in Persian ([[Nastaʿlīq script]]) | pronunciation = {{IPA|fa|fyɒːɾˈsiː|}} | states = {{hlist|style=line-height:1.3em; | [[Languages of Iran|Iran]] | [[Languages of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]&nbsp;(as [[Dari language|Dari]]) | [[Languages of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]]&nbsp;(as [[Tajik language|Tajik]]) | [[Languages of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] (as Tajik) | [[Languages of Iraq|Iraq]] | [[Languages of Russia|Russia]] }} | speakers = 45 million (2007) – 60 million | date = 2009 | ref = | speakers2 = (110 million total speakers) | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian]] | fam5 = Southwestern Iranian | ancestor = [[Old Persian]] | ancestor2 = [[Middle Persian]] | stand1 = [[Western Persian]] | stand2 = [[Dari language|Dari]] | stand3 = [[Tajik language|Tajik]] | listclass = hlist | dia1 = [[Western Persian]] | dia2 = [[Dari language|Dari]] | dia3 = [[Tajik language|Central Asian Persian (Tajik)]] | dia4 = [[Bukhori dialect|Bukhori]] | dia5 = [[Pahlavani dialect|Pahlavani]] | dia6 = [[Hazaragi dialect|Hazaragi]] | dia7 = [[Aimaq dialect|Aimaq]] | dia8 = [[Judeo-Persian]] | dia9 = [[Dehwari dialect|Dehwari]] | dia10 = [[Judeo-Tat]] | dia11 = [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Caucasian Tat]] | dia12 = [[Armeno-Tat]] | script = {{startplainlist}} * [[Persian alphabet]] ([[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]]) * [[Tajik alphabet]] ([[Tajikistan]]) * {{hlist |[[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] | [[Persian Braille]]}} {{endplainlist}} | nation = [[Iran]] (as Persian)<br />[[Afghanistan]] (as [[Dari language|Dari]])<br />[[Tajikistan]] (as [[Tajik language|Tajik]]) | agency = {{longlink|[[Academy of Persian Language and Literature]]&nbsp;([[Iran]])}} | iso1 = fa | iso2b = per | iso2t = fas | iso3 = fas | lc1 = pes | ld1 = [[Western Persian]] | lc2 = prs | ld2 = [[Dari language]] (Afghan Persian) | lc3 = tgk | ld3 = [[Tajik language|Tajiki]]<!--This and the following codes aren't part of the macrolanguage per SIL--> | lc4 = aiq | ld4 = [[Aimaq dialect]] | lc5 = bhh | ld5 = [[Bukhori dialect]] | lc7 = haz | ld7 = [[Hazaragi dialect]] | lc8 = jpr | ld8 = [[Judeo-Persian]] | lc9 = phv | ld9 = [[Pahlavani language|Pahlavani]] | lc10 = deh | ld10 = [[Dehwari language|Dehwari]] | lc11 = jdt | ld11 = [[Judeo-Tat]] | lc12 = ttt | ld12 = [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Caucasian Tat]] | glotto = fars1254 | glottoname = Farsic – Caucasian Tat | lingua = {{longitem|58-AAC (Wider Persian)<br />&nbsp;> 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)}} | map = Persian Language Location Map.svg{{!}}border | mapcaption = Areas with significant numbers of Persian speakers (including dialects) | map2 = Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.svg{{!}}border | mapcaption2 = {{legend|red|Countries where Persian is an official language}} | notice = IPA }} </syntaxhighlight> '''References in infobox''' {{Reflist}} {{Clear}} == Error-tracking categories == With 8,000 articles, manual review is insufficient. The following automating tracking categories should catch some of the more common errors. They also produce lists of articles that should be reviewed occasionally, because they lack population data or the data is dated. '''ISO support''' * {{Category link with count|Languages without ISO 639-3 code}} – [iso3=] is set to 'none', as it is not (yet) included in ISO. May have other codes. ** {{Category link with count|Conlangs without ISO 639-3 code}} – subcat: most conlangs do not qualify for ISO ** {{Category link with count|Nonexistent E17 links}} – setting [iso3=none] and [ref=e17] generates an invalid reference * {{Category link with count|Language articles without language codes}} – no language code listed, but not specifically excluded from ISO with [iso3=none] ** {{Category link with count|Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguist List code}} *** subcat {{Category link with count|Dialects with Linguist List code}} – LingList codes some dialects with sub-ISO codes as "xxx-yyy" ** {{Category link with count|Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code}} ** {{Category link with count|Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code}} ** {{Category link with count|Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Guthrie code}} ** {{Category link with count|Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code}} – a normal exception, triggered by isoexception=dialect ** {{Category link with count|Historical forms of languages with ISO codes}} – a normal exception, triggered by isoexception=historical ** {{Category link with count|Protolanguages without ISO codes}} – a normal exception, triggered by isoexception=protolanguage * {{Category link with count|Languages which need ISO 639-3 comment}} – triggered by [lc1=] without [lc2=] (once used as a way to provide comments; occasionally still appropriate with [iso3=] when a second but redundant ISO code is included) * {{Category link with count|Languages with ISO 639-2 code}} – sometimes the 639-3 code is mistakenly copied into the <code>iso2</code> field * {{Category link with count|Languages with ISO 639-1 code}} '''Speaker and date issues''' * {{Category link with count|Language articles without speaker estimate}} – no entry under [speakers=], and not extinct, a sign language, or a conlang * {{Category link with count|Language articles with invalid population dates}} – entry error at [date=] (anything other than a 4-digit number at start) * {{Category link with count|Language articles with speaker number undated}} – no entry at [date=] ** {{Category link with count|Language articles with 'no date' set}} – [date=no date], used when the source lacks a date ** {{Category link with count|Language articles with NA population dates}} – [date=NA], used when a date does not apply * {{Category link with count|Language articles with old speaker data}} – currently set to > 25 years * {{Category link with count|Language articles without reference field}} '''Classification''' * {{Category link with count|Language articles with spurious family}} – generally because [fam1=] is autofilled from [familycolor] to 'American', 'Australian', 'Papuan', 'Khoisan', 'Caucasian', 'Andamanese', or 'Paleosiberian' * {{Category link with count|Languages without family color codes}} – no or invalid familycolor * {{Category link with count|Languages without classification}} – family displayed as 'unknown' (sometimes triggered by SLs or conlangs) '''Other''' * {{Category link with count|Language articles needing infoboxes}} – manual cat: switch off (to "no") if you judge the article does not need one * {{Category link with count|Ill-formatted infobox-language images}} – images need to be stripped of external file formatting * {{Category link with count|Pages using infobox language with unknown parameters}} – detects any parameter not in the list, incl. for now anything over dia40 * {{Category link with count|Articles citing AIATSIS}} * {{Category link with count|Articles citing INALI}} * {{Category link with count|Articles citing Linguist List}} * {{Category link with count|Articles citing Maho/Guthrie}} – category exists in template but has not been created * {{Category link with count|Articles citing Nationalencyklopedin}} * {{Category link with count|Articles opting out of population reference}} * {{Category link with count|Articles with unnamed Glottolog code}} * {{Category link with count|Dialect articles with speakers set to 'unknown'}} * {{Category link with count|Extinct ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue}} * {{Category link with count|ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue}} * {{Category link with count|Language articles missing Glottolog code}} * {{Category link with count|Language articles with IETF language tag}} * {{Category link with count|Language articles with old Ethnologue 18 speaker data}} * {{Category link with count|Language articles with speakers set to 'none'}} * {{Category link with count|Language articles with speakers set to 'unknown'}} * {{Category link with count|Language articles with unknown extinction date}} * {{Category link with count|Language articles with unknown population not citing Ethnologue 18}} * {{Category link with count|Language articles with unreferenced extinction date}} * {{Category link with count|Languages rejected by Glottolog}} * {{Category link with count|Languages with neither ISO nor Glottolog code}} * {{Category link with count|Languages without Glottolog code}} * {{Category link with count|Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code}} * {{Category link with count|Nonexistent E18 links}} == Sub-templates == # [[:Template:Infobox language/codelist]] # [[:Template:Infobox language/family-color]] # [[:Template:Infobox language/genetic]] # [[:Template:Infobox language/linguistlist]] # [[:Template:Infobox language/ref]] # [[:Template:Infobox language/quilt]] == See also == * [[:Template:Infobox proto-language]] * [[:Template:Infobox language family]] * [[:Template:Infobox writing system]] == TemplateData == {{collapse top|[[Wikipedia:TemplateData|TemplateData]] documentation used by [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] and other tools}} {{TemplateData header|noheader=1}} <templatedata> { "description": "Display data about a language in a standard format", "format": "{{_\n| ________________ = _\n}}\n", "params": { "name": { "label": "Name", "description": "The English name of the language", "type": "string", "required": true }, "altname": { "label": "Alternative name", "description": "An alternative or additional English name of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "nativename": { "label": "Native name", "description": "The native name of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "acceptance": { "label": "Acceptance", "description": "The acceptance of the language among linguists", "type": "string", "required": false }, "image": { "label": "Image", "description": "The image to display at the top of the infobox, in the format 'image name.png' without 'File:' or brackets", "type": "string", "required": false }, "imagesize": { "label": "Image Size", "description": "Overrides the default image size, using units of 'px' or 'em'", "type": "string", "required": false }, "imagealt": { "label": "Image Alt Text", "description": "The alt (hover) text for the image", "type": "string", "required": false }, "imagecaption": { "label": "Image Caption", "description": "A caption to display under the image", "type": "string", "required": false }, "imageheader": { "label": "Image Header", "description": "A brief header for the image to display in the left hand column", "type": "string", "required": false }, "pronunciation": { "label": "Pronunciation", "description": "The IPA pronunciation of the native name of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "states": { "label": "States", "description": "States or countries in which the language is mainly spoken", "type": "string", "required": false, "aliases": [ "state" ] }, "region": { "label": "Region", "description": "The geographic region(s) in which the language is mainly spoken", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ethnicity": { "label": "Ethnicity", "description": "The ethnic group(s) whose native language this is", "type": "string", "required": false }, "speakers": { "label": "Speakers", "description": "The number of native speakers/signers of the language (will be rounded to 2 significant figures)", "type": "number", "required": false }, "extinct": { "label": "Extinction", "description": "The date of the language's extinction or other information about extinction", "type": "string", "required": false }, "revived": { "label": "Revival", "description": "Date and/or population of attempted revival of extinct language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "revived-category": { "description": "optional name of appropriate subcategory of [[:Category:Language revival]] (which is used by default if {{para|revived}} has a value); or <code>nocat</code> to suppress categorization", "type": "string", "required": false }, "era": { "label": "Era", "description": "The era of a historical language's use", "type": "string", "required": false }, "date": { "label": "Date", "description": "The date of the stated estimate of the number of speakers, starting with a 4-digit year", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dateprefix": { "label": "Date prefix", "description": "Additional information about the date of estimation of the number of speakers, placed in parentheses before the date", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ref": { "label": "Reference", "description": "A reference for the number of speakers, placed after the date, if any. This can be any inline citation or a predefined code such as e19, linglist, ne2010, etc. For more details, see the documentation at Template:Infobox language/ref.", "type": "string", "required": false }, "refname": { "label": "Reference name", "description": "Name used in reference generated by certain 'ref' parameter values such as e19. It defaults to the value of the 'name' parameter or PAGENAME.", "type": "string", "required": false }, "speakers2": { "label": "Speakers 2", "description": "A second line giving more information about the number of speakers, such as a second estimate", "type": "string", "required": false }, "speakers_label": { "label": "Label for the 'speakers' field", "description": "A label which can overwrite the 'Native speakers' label", "type": "string", "required": false }, "familycolor": { "label": "Language Family Color", "description": "The appropriate language family for the purposes of determining the background color, chosen from a fixed set given in the documentation", "type": "string", "required": true }, "fam1": { "label": "Language Family", "description": "The broadest accepted language family the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam2": { "label": "Language Family 2", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam3": { "label": "Language Family 3", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam4": { "label": "Language Family 4", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam5": { "label": "Language Family 5", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam6": { "label": "Language Family 6", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam7": { "label": "Language Family 7", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam8": { "label": "Language Family 8", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam9": { "label": "Language Family 9", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam10": { "label": "Language Family 10", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam11": { "label": "Language Family 11", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam12": { "label": "Language Family 12", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam13": { "label": "Language Family 13", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam14": { "label": "Language Family 14", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "fam15": { "label": "Language Family 15", "description": "A more specific sub-language family that the language belongs to", "type": "string", "required": false }, "family": { "label": "Family", "description": "Overrides all other family parameters, displays whatever you want", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ancestor": { "label": "Ancestor", "description": "An ancestral or reconstructed form of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ancestor2": { "label": "Ancestor 2", "description": "An ancestral or reconstructed form of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ancestor3": { "label": "Ancestor 3", "description": "An ancestral or reconstructed form of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "creator": { "label": "Creator", "description": "For constructed languages, the name of the creator", "type": "string", "required": false }, "created": { "label": "Creation date", "description": "Creation date for constructed languages", "type": "string", "required": false }, "setting": { "label": "Setting", "description": "The fictional setting or other usage of a constructed language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "posteriori": { "label": "Posteriori", "description": "Natural languages used as sources for a constructed language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia1": { "label": "Dialect", "description": "A primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia2": { "label": "Dialect 2", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia3": { "label": "Dialect 3", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia4": { "label": "Dialect 4", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia5": { "label": "Dialect 5", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia6": { "label": "Dialect 6", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia7": { "label": "Dialect 7", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia8": { "label": "Dialect 8", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia9": { "label": "Dialect 9", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia10": { "label": "Dialect 10", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia11": { "label": "Dialect 11", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia12": { "label": "Dialect 12", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia13": { "label": "Dialect 13", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia14": { "label": "Dialect 14", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia15": { "label": "Dialect 15", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia16": { "label": "Dialect 16", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia17": { "label": "Dialect 17", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia18": { "label": "Dialect 18", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia19": { "label": "Dialect 19", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia20": { "label": "Dialect 20", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia21": { "label": "Dialect 21", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia22": { "label": "Dialect 22", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia23": { "label": "Dialect 23", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia24": { "label": "Dialect 24", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia25": { "label": "Dialect 25", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia26": { "label": "Dialect 26", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia27": { "label": "Dialect 27", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia28": { "label": "Dialect 28", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia29": { "label": "Dialect 29", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia30": { "label": "Dialect 30", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia31": { "label": "Dialect 31", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia32": { "label": "Dialect 32", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia33": { "label": "Dialect 33", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia34": { "label": "Dialect 34", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia35": { "label": "Dialect 35", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia36": { "label": "Dialect 36", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia37": { "label": "Dialect 37", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia38": { "label": "Dialect 38", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia39": { "label": "Dialect 39", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dia40": { "label": "Dialect 40", "description": "Another primary dialect of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "dialects": { "label": "Dialects", "description": "Overrides all other dialect parameters, just displays the argument", "type": "string", "required": false }, "stand1": { "label": "Standardized Register", "description": "A standardized register of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "stand2": { "label": "Standardized Register 2", "description": "Another standardized register of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "stand3": { "label": "Standardized Register 3", "description": "Another standardized register of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "stand4": { "label": "Standardized Register 4", "description": "Another standardized register of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "stand5": { "label": "Standardized Register 5", "description": "Another standardized register of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "stand6": { "label": "Standardized Register 6", "description": "Another standardized register of the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "standards": { "label": "Standardized Registers", "description": "Overrides all other standardized register parameters, displays the argument", "type": "string", "required": false }, "script": { "label": "Script", "description": "The writing system(s) that literate speakers use for the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "nation": { "label": "Nations", "description": "A list of countries in which it is an official language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "minority": { "label": "Minority Status", "description": "A list of countries in which it is a recognized minority language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "agency": { "label": "Agency", "description": "The regulatory body or language academy for the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "iso1": { "label": "ISO 639-1", "description": "The ISO 639-1 code for the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "iso1comment": { "label": "ISO 639-1 Comment", "description": "Any comments about the ISO 639-1 code, so as not to interfere with the link", "type": "string", "required": false }, "iso2": { "label": "ISO 639-2", "description": "The ISO 639-2 code for the language (but not the language family)", "type": "string", "required": false }, "iso2b": { "label": "ISO 639-2 Bibliographic", "description": "The ISO 639-2 bibliographic code for the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "iso2t": { "label": "ISO 639-2 Terminological", "description": "The ISO 639-2 terminological code for the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "iso2comment": { "label": "ISO 639-2 Comment", "description": "Any comments about the ISO 639-2 code(s), so as not to interfere with the link(s)", "type": "string", "required": false }, "iso3": { "label": "ISO 639-3", "description": "The ISO 639-3 code for the language, can be 'none' or 'linglist'", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "required": false }, "iso3comment": { "label": "ISO 639-3 Comment", "description": "Any comments about the ISO 639-3 code, so as not to interfere with the link", "type": "string", "required": false }, "isoexception": { "label": "ISO Exception", "description": "Used for cleanup categories, excludes from the general 'missing language code' category if set to 'dialect', 'historical', 'protolanguage', or 'talkpage'", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc1": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639", "description": "The ISO 639 code of the first dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld1": { "label": "Dialect Name", "description": "The name of the first dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc2": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 2", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld2": { "label": "Dialect Name 2", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc3": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 3", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld3": { "label": "Dialect Name 3", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc4": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 4", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld4": { "label": "Dialect Name 4", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc5": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 5", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld5": { "label": "Dialect Name 5", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc6": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 6", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld6": { "label": "Dialect Name 6", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc7": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 7", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld7": { "label": "Dialect Name 7", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc8": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 8", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld8": { "label": "Dialect Name 8", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc9": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 9", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld9": { "label": "Dialect Name 9", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc10": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 10", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld10": { "label": "Dialect Name 10", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc11": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 11", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld11": { "label": "Dialect Name 11", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc12": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 12", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld12": { "label": "Dialect Name 12", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc13": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 13", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld13": { "label": "Dialect Name 13", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc14": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 14", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld14": { "label": "Dialect Name 14", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc15": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 15", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld15": { "label": "Dialect Name 15", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc16": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 16", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld16": { "label": "Dialect Name 16", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc17": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 17", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld17": { "label": "Dialect Name 17", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc18": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 18", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld18": { "label": "Dialect Name 18", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc19": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 19", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld19": { "label": "Dialect Name 19", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc20": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 20", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld20": { "label": "Dialect Name 20", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc21": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 21", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld21": { "label": "Dialect Name 21", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc22": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 22", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld22": { "label": "Dialect Name 22", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc23": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 23", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld23": { "label": "Dialect Name 23", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc24": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 24", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld24": { "label": "Dialect Name 24", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc25": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 25", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld25": { "label": "Dialect Name 25", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc26": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 26", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld26": { "label": "Dialect Name 26", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc27": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 27", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld27": { "label": "Dialect Name 27", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc28": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 28", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld28": { "label": "Dialect Name 28", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc29": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 29", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld29": { "label": "Dialect Name 29", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc30": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 30", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld30": { "label": "Dialect Name 30", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc31": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 31", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld31": { "label": "Dialect Name 31", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc32": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 32", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld32": { "label": "Dialect Name 32", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc33": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 33", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld33": { "label": "Dialect Name 33", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc34": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 34", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld34": { "label": "Dialect Name 34", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc35": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 35", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld35": { "label": "Dialect Name 35", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc36": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 36", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld36": { "label": "Dialect Name 36", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc37": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 37", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld37": { "label": "Dialect Name 37", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc38": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 38", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld38": { "label": "Dialect Name 38", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc39": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 39", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld39": { "label": "Dialect Name 39", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lc40": { "label": "Dialect ISO 639 40", "description": "The ISO 639 code of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ld40": { "label": "Dialect Name 40", "description": "The name of another dialect", "type": "string", "required": false }, "iso6": { "label": "ISO 639-6", "description": "The ISO 639-6 code for the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "glotto": { "label": "Glottolog", "description": "The Glottolog code for the language", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "required": false }, "glottoname": { "description": "The name to be used in the Glottolog reference (can be cross-ref'd as name=Glottolog etc.)", "type": "string", "label": "Glottolog name", "example": "Romance" }, "glottorefname": { "description": "The reference used by Glottolog", "type": "string", "label": "Glottolog reference name", "example": "Indo-European" }, "glotto2": { "label": "Glottolog code 2", "type": "string", "example": "sout3147", "description": "A Glottolog code for a branch of the language family." }, "glottoname2": { "description": "The name to be used in the 2nd Glottolog reference", "type": "string", "label": "Glottolog name 2" }, "glottorefname2": { "description": "The second reference used by Glottolog", "type": "string", "label": "Glottolog reference name 2", "example": "Indo-European" }, "glotto3": { "label": "Glottolog code 3", "type": "string", "example": "bwil1246", "description": "A Glottolog code for a branch of the language family." }, "glottoname3": { "description": "The name to be used in the third Glottolog reference", "type": "string", "label": "Glottolog name 3" }, "glottorefname3": { "description": "The third reference used by Glottolog", "type": "string", "label": "Glottolog reference name 3", "example": "Indo-European" }, "glotto4": { "label": "Glottolog code 4", "type": "string", "example": "bota1239", "description": "A Glottolog code for a branch of the language family." }, "glottoname4": { "description": "The name to be used in the fourth Glottolog reference", "type": "string", "label": "Glottolog name 4" }, "glottorefname4": { "description": "The fourth reference used by Glottolog", "type": "string", "label": "Glottolog reference name 4", "example": "Indo-European" }, "glotto5": { "label": "Glottolog code 5", "type": "string", "example": "sabi1248", "description": "A Glottolog code for a branch of the language family." }, "glottoname5": { "description": "The name to be used in the fifth Glottolog reference", "type": "string", "label": "Glottolog name 5" }, "glottorefname5": { "description": "The fifth reference used by Glottolog", "type": "string", "label": "Glottolog reference name 5", "example": "Indo-European" }, "linglist": { "label": "Linguist List", "description": "The Linguist List ISO 639-3 private or local code or other substitute, range qaa-qtz or numerals only", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lingname": { "label": "Linguist List Comment", "description": "Any comments on the Linguist List code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "linglist2": { "label": "Linguist List 2", "description": "An additional Linguist List code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lingname2": { "label": "Linguist List Comment 2", "description": "An additional comment on the Linguist List code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "linglist3": { "label": "Linguist List 3", "description": "An additional Linguist List code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lingname3": { "label": "Linguist List Comment 3", "description": "An additional comment on the Linguist List code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lingua": { "label": "Linguasphere", "description": "The Linguasphere code for the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "guthrie": { "label": "Guthrie", "description": "The Guthrie code for Bantu languages", "type": "string", "required": false }, "aiatsis": { "label": "AIATSIS", "description": "The AIATSIS code for Australian languages", "type": "string", "required": false }, "aiatsisname": { "label": "AIATSIS Comment", "description": "Any comments on the AIATSIS code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "aiatsis2": { "label": "AIATSIS 2", "description": "An additional AIATSIS code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "aiatsisname2": { "label": "AIATSIS Comment 2", "description": "An additional comment on the AIATSIS code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "aiatsis3": { "label": "AIATSIS 3", "description": "An additional AIATSIS code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "aiatsisname3": { "label": "AIATSIS Comment 3", "description": "An additional comment on the AIATSIS code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "aiatsis4": { "label": "AIATSIS 4", "description": "An additional AIATSIS code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "aiatsisname4": { "label": "AIATSIS Comment 4", "description": "An additional comment on the AIATSIS code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "aiatsis5": { "label": "AIATSIS 5", "description": "An additional AIATSIS code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "aiatsisname5": { "label": "AIATSIS Comment 5", "description": "An additional comment on the AIATSIS code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "aiatsis6": { "label": "AIATSIS 6", "description": "An additional AIATSIS code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "aiatsisname6": { "label": "AIATSIS Comment 6", "description": "An additional comment on the AIATSIS code", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ietf": { "label": "IETF", "description": "IETF language tag", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ELP": { "label": "ELP", "description": "The Endangered Languages Project code for the language", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ELPname": { "label": "ELP name", "description": "The name that will display for the ELP link and ref", "type": "string", "required": false }, "map": { "label": "Map", "description": "The image to display at the bottom of the infobox, in the format 'image name.png' without 'File:' or brackets", "type": "string", "required": false }, "mapsize": { "label": "Map Size", "description": "Overrides the default image size for the map, using units of 'px' or 'em'", "type": "string", "required": false }, "mapalt": { "label": "Map Alt Text", "description": "The alt (hover) text for the map", "type": "string", "required": false }, "mapcaption": { "label": "Map Caption", "description": "A caption to display under the map", "type": "string", "required": false }, "map2": { "label": "Map 2", "description": "A second map to display at the bottom of the infobox, in the format 'image name.png' without 'File:' or brackets", "type": "string", "required": false }, "mapalt2": { "label": "Map Alt Text 2", "description": "The alt (hover) text the second map", "type": "string", "required": false }, "mapcaption2": { "label": "Map Caption 2", "description": "A caption to display under both maps", "type": "string", "required": false }, "pushpin_map": { "label": "Pushpin map", "description": "The name of a location map (e.g. 'Indonesia' or 'Russia'). The coordinates information (from the coordinates parameter) position a pushpin coordinate marker and label on the map 'automatically'. Example see: Padang, Indonesia", "type": "string", "example": "Indonesia" }, "pushpin_image": { "label": "Pushpin image", "type": "wiki-file-name", "description": "Image to use for the pushpin map" }, "pushpin_mapsize": { "label": "Pushpin map size", "description": "Must be entered as only a number—do not use px. The default value is 250.", "type": "number", "example": "200" }, "pushpin_map_alt": { "label": "Pushpin map alt text", "description": "Alt (hover) text for the pushpin map", "type": "string" }, "pushpin_map_caption": { "label": "Pushpin map caption", "description": "Fill out if a different caption from ''map_caption'' is desired.", "type": "string", "example": "Map showing the location of Biak language in Indonesia" }, "pushpin_label": { "label": "Pushpin label", "type": "line", "description": "Label of the pushpin" }, "pushpin_label_position": { "label": "Pushpin label position", "description": "The position of the label on the pushpin map relative to the pushpin coordinate marker. Valid options are {left, right, top, bottom, none}. If this field is not specified, the default value is ''right''.", "type": "string", "example": "left", "default": "right" }, "coordinates": { "label": "Coordinates", "description": "Latitude and longitude. Use {{Coord}}. See the documentation for {{Coord}} for more details on usage.", "type": "wiki-template-name", "example": "{{coord|41|50|15|N|87|40|55|W}}" }, "boxsize": { "label": "Infobox Size", "description": "Overrides the default width of the infobox, using units of 'px' or 'em' (it automatically expands to fit images wider than the default width)", "type": "string", "required": false }, "notice": { "label": "IPA Notice", "description": "Set to 'IPA' or 'ipa' to display a notice that the article contains special IPA phonetic symbols", "type": "string", "required": false }, "sign": { "label": "Signed form", "description": "The name of the sign language used for this language", "example": "Signed Arabic (national forms)", "type": "string" }, "protoname": { "label": "Protolanguage name", "description": "Name of the proto-language of the language", "example": "[[Proto-Arabic language]]", "type": "line" } } } </templatedata> {{collapse bottom}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Language infobox templates|Language]] [[Category:Templates that add a tracking category]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] [[Category:Infobox templates using Wikidata|Language]] [[Category:Infobox templates with module parameter|Language]] }}</includeonly> ernea1kzsuk8z5tld8ogp8v2i4gy7f3 10 35647 190830 2026-04-20T19:18:18Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{documentation subpage}} This template is designed for use as a reference for a language or language family. It links to the appropriate article at ''[[Glottolog]]''. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Glottolog|language code|language name|version number|year}} </syntaxhighlight> All parameters are optional. If the language/family name is not specified, the name of the article is used instead. If the code is not specified,..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} This template is designed for use as a reference for a language or language family. It links to the appropriate article at ''[[Glottolog]]''. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Glottolog|language code|language name|version number|year}} </syntaxhighlight> All parameters are optional. If the language/family name is not specified, the name of the article is used instead. If the code is not specified, the template will generate a generic link to ''Glottolog''. See also: *{{tl|glottolink}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "Glottolog code", "description": "If the code is not specified, the template will generate a generic link to Glottolog.", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "2": { "label": "Language or family name", "description": "If the language or family name is not specified, the name of the article is used instead.", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "3": { "label": "Version number", "description": "If the version number is not specified, it will be cited generically as Glottolog. This will leave an extra space behind.", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "4": { "label": "Year", "description": "If the year is not specified, then the year parameter will go unused. Please use the year of release specified for the version you are citing on the Glottolog GitHub.", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "ref": { "description": "The citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. Passed as the ref parameter to the \"cite book\" template.", "type": "line" } }, "description": "This template is designed for use as a reference for a language or language family. It links to the appropriate article at Glottolog.", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Linguistics source templates]] }}</includeonly> 113dufvxad2d9iyfm7b4tsmwuybzcow 0 35648 190831 2026-04-20T19:49:06Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Short description|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ}} {{italic title}} {{Infobox bibliographic database | title = ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' | image = Glottolog-logo.svg | caption = | producer = [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] | country = ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ | history = | lan..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ}} {{italic title}} {{Infobox bibliographic database | title = ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' | image = Glottolog-logo.svg | caption = | producer = [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] | country = ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ | history = | languages = ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ | providers = | cost = ᱯᱷᱨᱤ (Free) | disciplines = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (Linguistics) | depth = | formats = | temporal = | geospatial = | number = | updates = | p_title = | p_dates = | ISSN = | web = {{URL|https://glottolog.org/}} | titles = }} '''''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ''''' (Glottolog) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[open access|ᱳᱯᱮᱱ-ᱮᱠᱥᱮᱥ]] ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ [[bibliographic database|ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ([[Language family|language affiliations]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Leipzig|ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱡᱤᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Jena|ᱡᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[Harald Hammarström]] ᱟᱨ [[Martin Haspelmath]] ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ (Overview) == ᱥᱮᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱳᱨᱰᱦᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱳᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ/ᱞᱮᱝᱰᱚᱠ (Glottolog/Langdoc) ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nordhoff |first1=Sebastian |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |date=May 2012 |title=Glottolog/Langdoc:Increasing the visibility of grey literature for low-density languages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://glottolog.org/about |website=Glottolog 4.8}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[Ethnologue|ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ (bibliography) ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |date=2015 |title=Glottolog: A Free, Online, Comprehensive Bibliography of the World's Languages}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ (catalogue) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ: * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "[[Spurious languages|spurious]]" (ᱮᱲᱮ) ᱥᱮ "[[Unattested language|unattested]]" (ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[Comparative method|ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ([[Linguonym|alternative names]]) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ([[Ethnography|ethnographic]]) ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ([[Demography|demographic]]) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ISO 639-3]] ᱠᱳᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱰ (**Glottocode**) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱕.᱓ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] (CLLD) ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url=http://clld.org | title=Cross-Linguistic Linked Data }}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ (Language families) == ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱷᱟᱱ (conservative) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ([[Language isolate|isolates]]) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱔.᱘ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱒᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[spoken language|ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family |title=Glottolog Families }}</ref> |- | [[Central Sudanic languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱰᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱓ |- | [[Nilotic languages|ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱖ |- | [[Nuclear Torricelli languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱨᱤᱥᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱕ |- | [[Uralic languages|ᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱙ |- | [[Algic languages|ᱟᱞᱡᱤᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱗ |- | [[Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit languages|ᱟᱛᱷᱟᱵᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ-ᱮᱭᱟᱠ-ᱛᱞᱤᱝᱜᱤᱛ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱖ |- | [[Pano-Tacanan languages|ᱯᱟᱱᱳ-ᱛᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱕ |- | [[Quechuan languages|ᱠᱮᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Turkic languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Cariban languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Hmong-Mien languages|ᱦᱢᱳᱝ-ᱢᱤᱭᱮᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Kru languages|ᱠᱨᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱘ |- | [[Nakh-Daghestanian languages|ᱱᱟᱠᱷ-ᱫᱟᱜᱷᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Sepik languages|ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Mayan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱔ |- | [[Lower Sepik-Ramu languages|ᱞᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ-ᱨᱟᱢᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱐ |- | [[Nuclear-Macro-Je languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ-ᱢᱮᱠᱨᱳ-ᱡᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱙ |- | [[Chibchan languages|ᱪᱤᱵᱽᱪᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱗ |- | [[Tucanoan languages|ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱖ |- | [[Salishan languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱕ |- | [[Timor-Alor-Pantar languages|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ-ᱟᱞᱳᱨ-ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱓ |- | [[Dogon languages|ᱰᱳᱜᱳᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Lakes Plain languages|ᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Mixe-Zoque languages|ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱮ-ᱡᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Ta-Ne-Omotic languages|ᱛᱟ-ᱱᱮ-ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Yam languages|ᱭᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Siouan languages|ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘ |- | [[Anim languages|ᱟᱱᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Japonic languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Mongolic languages|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱳᱞᱤᱠ-ᱠᱷᱤᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Border languages|ᱵᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[North Halmahera languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱢᱟᱦᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Tungusic languages|ᱛᱩᱱᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Khoe-Kwadi languages|ᱠᱷᱳᱭᱮ-ᱠᱣᱟᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱔ |- | [[Angan languages|ᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|ᱮᱥᱠᱤᱢᱳ-ᱟᱞᱮᱣᱩᱛ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Miwok-Costanoan languages|ᱢᱤᱣᱳᱠ-ᱠᱳᱥᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Ndu languages|ᱮᱱᱰᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Nubian languages|ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Tor-Orya languages|ᱛᱳᱨ-ᱳᱨᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Totonacan languages|ᱛᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Chapacuran languages|ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Gunwinyguan languages|ᱜᱩᱱᱣᱤᱱᱭᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Cochimi-Yuman languages|ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱢᱤ-ᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Iroquoian languages|ᱤᱨᱳᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Sko languages|ᱥᱠᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Surmic languages|ᱥᱩᱨᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Western Daly languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Geelvink Bay languages|ᱜᱤᱞᱵᱷᱤᱱᱠ ᱵᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Great Andamanese languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Heiban languages|ᱦᱮᱭᱵᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Ijoid languages|ᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Maban languages|ᱢᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Nyulnyulan languages|ᱱᱭᱩᱞᱱᱭᱩᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Saharan languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Songhay languages|ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱟᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[South Bougainville languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Worrorran languages|ᱣᱳᱨᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Chocoan languages|ᱪᱳᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Dagan languages|ᱫᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Tuu languages|ᱛᱩᱣᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Kwerbic languages|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱵᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Kiowa-Tanoan languages|ᱠᱤᱭᱳᱣᱟ-ᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Koiarian languages|ᱠᱳᱭᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Mailuan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Narrow Talodi languages|ᱱᱮᱨᱳ ᱛᱟᱞᱳᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Bosavi languages|ᱵᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|ᱪᱩᱠᱳᱛᱠᱳ-ᱠᱟᱢᱪᱟᱛᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Daju languages|ᱫᱟᱡᱩᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Huitotoan languages|ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱛᱳᱛᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Matacoan languages|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Muskogean languages|ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Pomoan languages|ᱯᱳᱢᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Arawan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Baining languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Barbacoan languages|ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Chumashan languages|ᱪᱩᱢᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[East Strickland languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kadugli-Krongo languages|ᱠᱟᱫᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ-ᱠᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kiwaian languages|ᱠᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Left May languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱢᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Lengua-Mascoy languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟ-ᱢᱟᱥᱠᱳᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Nambiquaran languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[South Bird's Head Family|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Wakashan languages|ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Yanomam languages|ᱭᱟᱱᱳᱢᱟᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Zaparoan languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Abkhaz-Adyge languages|ᱟᱵᱽᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽ-ᱟᱫᱤᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Arafundi languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱯᱷᱩᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Caddoan languages|ᱠᱟᱰᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Eleman languages|ᱮᱞᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guahibo languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱤᱵᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guaicuruan languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kartvelian languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Keram languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Koman languages|ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kxa languages|ᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Mirndi languages|ᱢᱤᱨᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Misumalpan languages|ᱢᱤᱥᱩᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Nimboran languages|ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Pauwasi languages|ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Sahaptian languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱯᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[South Omotic languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[West Bird's Head languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Xincan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yareban languages|ᱭᱟᱨᱮᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yeniseian languages|ᱭᱮᱱᱤᱥᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yuat languages|ᱭᱩᱣᱟᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Aymara languages|ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mao languages|ᱵᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱣ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Jivaroan languages|ᱪᱤᱪᱟᱢ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chinookan languages|ᱪᱤᱱᱩᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chonan languages|ᱪᱳᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Jebel languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱵᱮᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Huavean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱵᱷᱮᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Iwaidjan Proper languages|ᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱰᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱟᱨ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kamakanan languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kunimaipan languages|ᱠᱩᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maiduan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱰᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mangarrayi-Maran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ-ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maningrida languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Nadahup languages|ᱱᱟᱫᱩᱦᱩᱯ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[North Bougainville languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Sentani languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Shastan languages|ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Suki-Gogodala languages|ᱥᱩᱠᱤ-ᱜᱳᱜᱳᱫᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tama languages|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tangkic languages|ᱛᱟᱝᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Turama-Kikori languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱟᱢᱟ-ᱠᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Walio languages|ᱣᱟᱞᱤᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yokutsan languages|ᱭᱳᱠᱩᱴᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yukaghir languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱟᱜᱷᱤᱨ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Ainu language (Japan)|ᱟᱭᱤᱱᱩ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bororoan languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bulaka River languages|ᱵᱩᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Charruan languages|ᱪᱟᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Dizoid languages|ᱰᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[East Bird's Head languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Giimbiyu languages|ᱜᱤᱢᱵᱤᱭᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Gumuz language|ᱜᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Jarrakan languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kalapuyan languages|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱯᱩᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Awin–Pa–Kamula languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱩᱞᱟ-ᱮᱞᱮᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Katla-Tima languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱞᱟ-ᱛᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kawesqar languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kayagar languages|ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kolopom languages|ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱯᱳᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kresh-Aja languages|ᱠᱨᱮᱥ-ᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kuliak languages|ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kwalean languages|ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Lepki–Murkim languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱠᱤ-ᱢᱩᱨᱠᱤᱢ-ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Mairasi languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Peba-Yagua languages|ᱯᱮᱵᱟ-ᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Piaroa–Saliban languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tequistlatecan languages|ᱛᱮᱠᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tsimshian languages|ᱛᱥᱤᱢᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[West Bomberai languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Western Tasmanian languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Yangmanic languages|ᱭᱟᱝᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Zamucoan languages|ᱡᱟᱢᱩᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Amto-Musan languages|ᱟᱢᱛᱳ-ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Araucanian languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱠᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Baibai-Fas languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱟᱭ-ᱯᱷᱟᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bayono-Awbono languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱱᱳ-ᱟᱣᱵᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Monumbo languages|ᱵᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Boran languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bunaban languages|ᱵᱩᱱᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Cahuapanan languages|ᱠᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱯᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chimakuan languages|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chiquitano language|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱤᱛᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Coosan languages|ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Doso-Turumsa languages|ᱫᱳᱥᱳ-ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[East Kutubu languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱴᱩᱵᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Eastern Daly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Furan languages|ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Garrwan languages|ᱜᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Haida languages|ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Harakmbut languages|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱠᱢᱵᱩᱛ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hatam-Mansim languages|ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱢ-ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hibito-Cholon languages|ᱦᱤᱵᱤᱛᱳ-ᱪᱳᱞᱳᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Huarpean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱨᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hurro-Urartian languages|ᱦᱩᱨᱳ-ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Inanwatan languages|ᱤᱱᱟᱱᱣᱟᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jarawa-Onge languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ-ᱳᱱᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jicaquean languages|ᱡᱤᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kakua-Nukak languages|ᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟ-ᱱᱩᱠᱟᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Katukinan languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱩᱠᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kaure–Kosare languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱨᱮ-ᱠᱳᱥᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Keresan languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Konda-Yahadian languages|ᱠᱳᱱᱰᱟ-ᱭᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Koreanic languages|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kwomtari languages|ᱠᱣᱳᱢᱛᱟᱨᱤ-ᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Lencan languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Limilngan languages|ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱞᱱᱜᱟᱱ-ᱣᱩᱞᱱᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Manubaran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱵᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Marrku-Wurrugu languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱩ-ᱣᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Mombum languages|ᱢᱳᱢᱵᱩᱢ-ᱠᱳᱱᱮᱨᱟᱣ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Namla-Tofanma languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱞᱟ-ᱛᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱᱢᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nivkh language|ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱠᱷ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[North-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Northern Daly languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nyimang languages|ᱱᱭᱤᱢᱟᱝ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Otomaco language|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱠᱳ-ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱨᱤᱛᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Pahoturi languages|ᱯᱟᱦᱳᱛᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Palaihnihan languages|ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱭᱱᱤᱦᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Piawi languages|ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Purian languages|ᱯᱩᱨᱤ-ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱰᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Rashad languages|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱫᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Senagi languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Somahai languages|ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱦᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[South-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Southern Daly languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Tarascan languages|ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Taulil-Butam languages|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱞᱤᱞ-ᱵᱩᱛᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Teberan languages|ᱛᱮᱵᱮᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Temein languages|ᱛᱮᱢᱮᱭᱤᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Ticuna-Yuri languages|ᱛᱤᱠᱩᱱᱟ-ᱭᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Uru-Chipaya languages|ᱩᱨᱩ-ᱪᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Wintuan languages|ᱣᱤᱱᱴᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yawa languages|ᱭᱟᱣᱟ-ᱥᱟᱣᱮᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yuki-Wappo languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱤ-ᱣᱟᱯᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Abinomn language|ᱟᱵᱤᱱᱳᱢᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Abun language|ᱟᱵᱩᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Adai language|ᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aewa language|ᱟᱭᱮᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aikanã language|ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Alsea language|ᱟᱞᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andaqui language|ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱠᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andoque language|ᱟᱱᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Anem language|ᱟᱱᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Arutani language|ᱟᱨᱩᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Suarmin language|ᱟᱥᱟᱵᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atacame language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atakapa language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱯᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bangime language|ᱵᱟᱱᱜᱤᱢᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Basque language|ᱵᱟᱥᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Beothuk language|ᱵᱤᱭᱳᱛᱷᱩᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Berta language|ᱵᱮᱨᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Betoi language|ᱵᱮᱛᱳᱭ-ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bilua language|ᱵᱤᱞᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bogaya language|ᱵᱳᱜᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burmeso language|ᱵᱩᱨᱢᱮᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burushaski language|ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱥᱟᱥᱠᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Camsá language|ᱠᱟᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Candoshi-Shapra language|ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱳᱥᱤ-ᱥᱟᱯᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Canichana language|ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱪᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayubaba language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱵᱟᱵᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayuse language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱥ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chimariko language|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chitimacha language|ᱪᱤᱛᱤᱢᱟᱪᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chono language|ᱪᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Coahuilteco language|ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩᱭᱤᱞᱴᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cofán language|ᱠᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Comecrudo language|ᱠᱳᱢᱮᱠᱨᱩᱰᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cotoname language|ᱠᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cuitlatec language|ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Culli language|ᱠᱩᱞᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Damal language|ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dem language|ᱫᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dibiyaso language|ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Duna language|ᱫᱩᱱᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elamite language|ᱮᱞᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elseng language|ᱮᱞᱥᱮᱱᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Esselen language|ᱮᱥᱮᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Etruscan language|ᱮᱴᱨᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fasu language|ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fulniô language|ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱱᱤᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fuyug language|ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱩᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gaagudju language|ᱜᱟᱜᱩᱫᱽᱡᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guachi language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱪᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guaicurian language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guamo language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱢᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guató language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gule language|ᱜᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guriaso language|ᱜᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hadza language|ᱦᱟᱫᱽᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hattic language|ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hoti language|ᱦᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hruso language|ᱦᱨᱩᱥᱳ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Iberian language|ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Irantxe-Munku" | [[Irántxe language|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱛᱥᱮ-ᱢᱩᱱᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Itonama language|ᱤᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jalaa language|ᱡᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jirajaran language|ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kaki Ae language|ᱠᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kanoê language|ᱠᱟᱱᱳᱭᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kapori language|ᱠᱟᱯᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karami language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karankawa language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kariri languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karok language|ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kehu language|ᱠᱮᱦᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kenaboi language|ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱵᱳᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kibiri language|ᱠᱤᱵᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kimki language|ᱠᱤᱢᱠᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Klamath-Modoc language|ᱠᱞᱟᱢᱟᱛᱷ-ᱢᱳᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱠᱳᱞ (ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kujarge language|ᱠᱩᱡᱟᱨᱜᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunama language|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kungarakany language|ᱠᱩᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunza language|ᱠᱩᱱᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kuot language|ᱠᱩᱭᱳᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kusunda language|ᱠᱩᱥᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kutenai language|ᱠᱩᱴᱮᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kwaza language|ᱠᱣᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laal language|ᱞᱟᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lafofa language|ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱳᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laragia language|ᱞᱟᱨᱟᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lavukaleve language|ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱩᱠᱟᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Leco language|ᱞᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lule language|ᱞᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Maku" | [[Jukude language|ᱢᱟᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maratino language|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱛᱤᱱᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Morori language|ᱢᱟᱨᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Massep language|ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Matanawí language|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱱᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mato Grosso Arára language|ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ ᱟᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mawes language|ᱢᱟᱣᱮᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maybrat language|ᱢᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱟᱛ-ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Meroitic language|ᱢᱮᱨᱳᱭᱤᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mimi-Gaudefroy language|ᱢᱤᱢᱤ-ᱜᱳᱰᱮᱯᱷᱨᱳᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Minkin language|ᱢᱤᱱᱠᱤᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mochica language|ᱢᱳᱪᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molale language|ᱢᱳᱞᱟᱞᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molof language|ᱢᱳᱞᱳᱯᱷ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mor language (Bomberai Peninsula)|ᱢᱳᱨ (ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mosetén-Chimané language|ᱢᱳᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ-ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱱᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Movima language|ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mpur language|ᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Muniche language|ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mure language|ᱢᱩᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nara language|ᱱᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Natchez language|ᱱᱟᱴᱪᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nihali language|ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱞᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Odiai language|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Omurano language|ᱳᱢᱩᱨᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ongota language|ᱳᱱᱜᱳᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oti language|ᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport language|ᱳᱭᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ-ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱥᱣᱟᱱᱯᱳᱨᱴ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Paez" | [[Páez language|ᱯᱟᱭᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pankararú language|ᱯᱟᱱᱠᱟᱨᱟᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Papi language|ᱯᱟᱯᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pawaia language|ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Payagua language|ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pele-Ata language|ᱯᱮᱞᱮ-ᱟᱴᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pirahã language|ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱦᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puelche language|ᱯᱩᱭᱮᱞᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puinave language|ᱯᱩᱭᱤᱱᱟᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pumé language|ᱯᱩᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puquina language|ᱯᱩᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Purari language|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pyu language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱯᱩᱭᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ramanos language|ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱳᱥ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Salinan language|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sandawe language|ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱟᱣᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sapé language|ᱥᱟᱯᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sause language|ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱥᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Savosavo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sechuran language|ᱥᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Seri language|ᱥᱮᱨᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shabo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shom Peng language|ᱥᱳᱢ ᱯᱮᱝ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siamou language|ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢᱳᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siuslaw language|ᱥᱤᱣᱩᱥᱞᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sulka language|ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumerian language|ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tabo language|ᱛᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taiap language|ᱛᱟᱭᱟᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Takelma language|ᱛᱟᱠᱮᱞᱢᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tallán language|ᱛᱟᱞᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tambora language|ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumeri language|ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱦᱢᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taruma language|ᱛᱟᱨᱩᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tauade language|ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱰᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taushiro language|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱨᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timote-Cuica language|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱛᱮ-ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timucua language|ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tinigua language|ᱛᱤᱱᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tiwi language|ᱛᱤᱣᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tonkawa language|ᱛᱳᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Touo language|ᱛᱳᱣᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Trumai language|ᱛᱨᱩᱢᱟᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tunica language|ᱛᱩᱱᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tuxá language|ᱛᱩᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Umbugarla language|ᱩᱢᱵᱩᱜᱟᱨᱞᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Urarina language|ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Usku language|ᱩᱥᱠᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Vilela language|ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱞᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wadjiginy language|ᱣᱟᱡᱤᱜᱤᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wageman language|ᱣᱟᱜᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Waorani language|ᱣᱟᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Warao language|ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Washo language|ᱣᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wiru language|ᱣᱤᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Xukurú language|ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yale language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yale )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Yamana" | [[Yámana language|ᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yana language|ᱭᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yele language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yele )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yerakai language|ᱭᱮᱨᱟᱠᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yetfa language|ᱭᱮᱛᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuchi language|ᱭᱩᱪᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuracaré language|ᱭᱩᱨᱟᱠᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yurumanguí language|ᱭᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Zuni language|ᱡᱩᱱᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |} ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱳᱞ (Creoles) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ [[lexicon|ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (isolates) ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' (Glottolog) ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ (non-genealogical) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/glottologinformation|title=Glottolog: About Languoids|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> * [[Pidgin|ᱯᱤᱡᱤᱱ]] (᱘᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) * [[Mixed language|ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱙) * [[Artificial language|ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱓᱑) * [[Register (sociolinguistics)|ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱕) * [[Sign language|ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (Sign languages)]] (᱒᱒᱓)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sign1238|title=Pseudo Family: Sign Language|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> * [[Unclassified language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱒᱑) * [[Attested language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱖᱘) * ᱵᱩᱠ-ᱠᱤᱯᱤᱝ (Bookkeeping): ᱮᱲᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ISO ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱓᱙᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/book1242|title=Glottolog Family: Bookkeeping|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{NoteFoot}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikidata property|P1394}} * {{Official|https://glottolog.org/}} {{Cross-Linguistic Linked Data}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ|*]] [[Category:ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] bhfey339vhy17zo5or2wc1vqwjrvvbn 190834 190831 2026-04-20T19:55:49Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 /* ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ (Language families) */ 190834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ}} {{italic title}} {{Infobox bibliographic database | title = ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' | image = Glottolog-logo.svg | caption = | producer = [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] | country = ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ | history = | languages = ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ | providers = | cost = ᱯᱷᱨᱤ (Free) | disciplines = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (Linguistics) | depth = | formats = | temporal = | geospatial = | number = | updates = | p_title = | p_dates = | ISSN = | web = {{URL|https://glottolog.org/}} | titles = }} '''''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ''''' (Glottolog) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[open access|ᱳᱯᱮᱱ-ᱮᱠᱥᱮᱥ]] ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ [[bibliographic database|ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ([[Language family|language affiliations]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Leipzig|ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱡᱤᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Jena|ᱡᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[Harald Hammarström]] ᱟᱨ [[Martin Haspelmath]] ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ (Overview) == ᱥᱮᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱳᱨᱰᱦᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱳᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ/ᱞᱮᱝᱰᱚᱠ (Glottolog/Langdoc) ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nordhoff |first1=Sebastian |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |date=May 2012 |title=Glottolog/Langdoc:Increasing the visibility of grey literature for low-density languages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://glottolog.org/about |website=Glottolog 4.8}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[Ethnologue|ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ (bibliography) ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |date=2015 |title=Glottolog: A Free, Online, Comprehensive Bibliography of the World's Languages}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ (catalogue) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ: * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "[[Spurious languages|spurious]]" (ᱮᱲᱮ) ᱥᱮ "[[Unattested language|unattested]]" (ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[Comparative method|ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ([[Linguonym|alternative names]]) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ([[Ethnography|ethnographic]]) ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ([[Demography|demographic]]) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ISO 639-3]] ᱠᱳᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱰ (**Glottocode**) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱕.᱓ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] (CLLD) ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url=http://clld.org | title=Cross-Linguistic Linked Data }}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ (Language families) == ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱷᱟᱱ (conservative) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ([[Language isolate|isolates]]) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱔.᱘ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱒᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[spoken language|ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family |title=Glottolog Families }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' [[Language family|ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ |- ! ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ !! ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ{{NoteTag|Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of ''Papua'' (New Guinea) and ''Austronesia''), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania, excluding Australia. Here it is replaced with '[[Oceania|ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]'.}} !! ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ |- | [[Atlantic-Congo languages|ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ-ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ]]|| ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱔᱑᱐ |- | [[Austronesian languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱒᱗᱒ |- | [[Indo-European languages|ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱘᱕ |- | [[Sino-Tibetan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱳ-ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱐᱖ |- | [[Afro-Asiatic languages|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱘᱒ |- | [[Nuclear Trans New Guinea languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱑᱗ |- |[[Pama-Nyungan languages|ᱯᱟᱢᱟ-ᱱᱭᱩᱝᱜᱟᱱ]]|| ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱕᱐ |- | [[Otomanguean languages|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘᱑ |- | [[Austroasiatic languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕᱘ |- | [[Tai-Kadai languages|ᱛᱟᱭ-ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙᱖ |- | [[Dravidian languages|ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘᱒ |- | [[Arawakan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱗ |- | [[Mande languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱕ |- | [[Tupian languages|ᱛᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱐ |- | [[Uto-Aztecan languages|ᱤᱣᱴᱳ-ᱟᱡᱽᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱘ |- | [[Central Sudanic languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱰᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱓ |- | [[Nilotic languages|ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱖ |- | [[Nuclear Torricelli languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱨᱤᱥᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱕ |- | [[Uralic languages|ᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱙ |- | [[Algic languages|ᱟᱞᱡᱤᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱗ |- | [[Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit languages|ᱟᱛᱷᱟᱵᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ-ᱮᱭᱟᱠ-ᱛᱞᱤᱝᱜᱤᱛ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱖ |- | [[Pano-Tacanan languages|ᱯᱟᱱᱳ-ᱛᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱕ |- | [[Quechuan languages|ᱠᱮᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Turkic languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Cariban languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Hmong-Mien languages|ᱦᱢᱳᱝ-ᱢᱤᱭᱮᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Kru languages|ᱠᱨᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱘ |- | [[Nakh-Daghestanian languages|ᱱᱟᱠᱷ-ᱫᱟᱜᱷᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Sepik languages|ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Mayan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱔ |- | [[Lower Sepik-Ramu languages|ᱞᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ-ᱨᱟᱢᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱐ |- | [[Nuclear-Macro-Je languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ-ᱢᱮᱠᱨᱳ-ᱡᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱙ |- | [[Chibchan languages|ᱪᱤᱵᱽᱪᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱗ |- | [[Tucanoan languages|ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱖ |- | [[Salishan languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱕ |- | [[Timor-Alor-Pantar languages|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ-ᱟᱞᱳᱨ-ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱓ |- | [[Dogon languages|ᱰᱳᱜᱳᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Lakes Plain languages|ᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Mixe-Zoque languages|ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱮ-ᱡᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Ta-Ne-Omotic languages|ᱛᱟ-ᱱᱮ-ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Yam languages|ᱭᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Siouan languages|ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘ |- | [[Anim languages|ᱟᱱᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Japonic languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Mongolic languages|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱳᱞᱤᱠ-ᱠᱷᱤᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Border languages|ᱵᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[North Halmahera languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱢᱟᱦᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Tungusic languages|ᱛᱩᱱᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Khoe-Kwadi languages|ᱠᱷᱳᱭᱮ-ᱠᱣᱟᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱔ |- | [[Angan languages|ᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|ᱮᱥᱠᱤᱢᱳ-ᱟᱞᱮᱣᱩᱛ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Miwok-Costanoan languages|ᱢᱤᱣᱳᱠ-ᱠᱳᱥᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Ndu languages|ᱮᱱᱰᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Nubian languages|ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Tor-Orya languages|ᱛᱳᱨ-ᱳᱨᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Totonacan languages|ᱛᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Chapacuran languages|ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Gunwinyguan languages|ᱜᱩᱱᱣᱤᱱᱭᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Cochimi-Yuman languages|ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱢᱤ-ᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Iroquoian languages|ᱤᱨᱳᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Sko languages|ᱥᱠᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Surmic languages|ᱥᱩᱨᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Western Daly languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Geelvink Bay languages|ᱜᱤᱞᱵᱷᱤᱱᱠ ᱵᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Great Andamanese languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Heiban languages|ᱦᱮᱭᱵᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Ijoid languages|ᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Maban languages|ᱢᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Nyulnyulan languages|ᱱᱭᱩᱞᱱᱭᱩᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Saharan languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Songhay languages|ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱟᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[South Bougainville languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Worrorran languages|ᱣᱳᱨᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Chocoan languages|ᱪᱳᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Dagan languages|ᱫᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Tuu languages|ᱛᱩᱣᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Kwerbic languages|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱵᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Kiowa-Tanoan languages|ᱠᱤᱭᱳᱣᱟ-ᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Koiarian languages|ᱠᱳᱭᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Mailuan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Narrow Talodi languages|ᱱᱮᱨᱳ ᱛᱟᱞᱳᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Bosavi languages|ᱵᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|ᱪᱩᱠᱳᱛᱠᱳ-ᱠᱟᱢᱪᱟᱛᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Daju languages|ᱫᱟᱡᱩᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Huitotoan languages|ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱛᱳᱛᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Matacoan languages|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Muskogean languages|ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Pomoan languages|ᱯᱳᱢᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Arawan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Baining languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Barbacoan languages|ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Chumashan languages|ᱪᱩᱢᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[East Strickland languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kadugli-Krongo languages|ᱠᱟᱫᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ-ᱠᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kiwaian languages|ᱠᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Left May languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱢᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Lengua-Mascoy languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟ-ᱢᱟᱥᱠᱳᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Nambiquaran languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[South Bird's Head Family|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Wakashan languages|ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Yanomam languages|ᱭᱟᱱᱳᱢᱟᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Zaparoan languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Abkhaz-Adyge languages|ᱟᱵᱽᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽ-ᱟᱫᱤᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Arafundi languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱯᱷᱩᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Caddoan languages|ᱠᱟᱰᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Eleman languages|ᱮᱞᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guahibo languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱤᱵᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guaicuruan languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kartvelian languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Keram languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Koman languages|ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kxa languages|ᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Mirndi languages|ᱢᱤᱨᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Misumalpan languages|ᱢᱤᱥᱩᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Nimboran languages|ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Pauwasi languages|ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Sahaptian languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱯᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[South Omotic languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[West Bird's Head languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Xincan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yareban languages|ᱭᱟᱨᱮᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yeniseian languages|ᱭᱮᱱᱤᱥᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yuat languages|ᱭᱩᱣᱟᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Aymara languages|ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mao languages|ᱵᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱣ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Jivaroan languages|ᱪᱤᱪᱟᱢ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chinookan languages|ᱪᱤᱱᱩᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chonan languages|ᱪᱳᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Jebel languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱵᱮᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Huavean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱵᱷᱮᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Iwaidjan Proper languages|ᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱰᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱟᱨ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kamakanan languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kunimaipan languages|ᱠᱩᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maiduan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱰᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mangarrayi-Maran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ-ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maningrida languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Nadahup languages|ᱱᱟᱫᱩᱦᱩᱯ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[North Bougainville languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Sentani languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Shastan languages|ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Suki-Gogodala languages|ᱥᱩᱠᱤ-ᱜᱳᱜᱳᱫᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tama languages|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tangkic languages|ᱛᱟᱝᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Turama-Kikori languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱟᱢᱟ-ᱠᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Walio languages|ᱣᱟᱞᱤᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yokutsan languages|ᱭᱳᱠᱩᱴᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yukaghir languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱟᱜᱷᱤᱨ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Ainu language (Japan)|ᱟᱭᱤᱱᱩ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bororoan languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bulaka River languages|ᱵᱩᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Charruan languages|ᱪᱟᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Dizoid languages|ᱰᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[East Bird's Head languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Giimbiyu languages|ᱜᱤᱢᱵᱤᱭᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Gumuz language|ᱜᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Jarrakan languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kalapuyan languages|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱯᱩᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Awin–Pa–Kamula languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱩᱞᱟ-ᱮᱞᱮᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Katla-Tima languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱞᱟ-ᱛᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kawesqar languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kayagar languages|ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kolopom languages|ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱯᱳᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kresh-Aja languages|ᱠᱨᱮᱥ-ᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kuliak languages|ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kwalean languages|ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Lepki–Murkim languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱠᱤ-ᱢᱩᱨᱠᱤᱢ-ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Mairasi languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Peba-Yagua languages|ᱯᱮᱵᱟ-ᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Piaroa–Saliban languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tequistlatecan languages|ᱛᱮᱠᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tsimshian languages|ᱛᱥᱤᱢᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[West Bomberai languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Western Tasmanian languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Yangmanic languages|ᱭᱟᱝᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Zamucoan languages|ᱡᱟᱢᱩᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Amto-Musan languages|ᱟᱢᱛᱳ-ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Araucanian languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱠᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Baibai-Fas languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱟᱭ-ᱯᱷᱟᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bayono-Awbono languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱱᱳ-ᱟᱣᱵᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Monumbo languages|ᱵᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Boran languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bunaban languages|ᱵᱩᱱᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Cahuapanan languages|ᱠᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱯᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chimakuan languages|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chiquitano language|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱤᱛᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Coosan languages|ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Doso-Turumsa languages|ᱫᱳᱥᱳ-ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[East Kutubu languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱴᱩᱵᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Eastern Daly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Furan languages|ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Garrwan languages|ᱜᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Haida languages|ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Harakmbut languages|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱠᱢᱵᱩᱛ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hatam-Mansim languages|ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱢ-ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hibito-Cholon languages|ᱦᱤᱵᱤᱛᱳ-ᱪᱳᱞᱳᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Huarpean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱨᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hurro-Urartian languages|ᱦᱩᱨᱳ-ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Inanwatan languages|ᱤᱱᱟᱱᱣᱟᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jarawa-Onge languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ-ᱳᱱᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jicaquean languages|ᱡᱤᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kakua-Nukak languages|ᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟ-ᱱᱩᱠᱟᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Katukinan languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱩᱠᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kaure–Kosare languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱨᱮ-ᱠᱳᱥᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Keresan languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Konda-Yahadian languages|ᱠᱳᱱᱰᱟ-ᱭᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Koreanic languages|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kwomtari languages|ᱠᱣᱳᱢᱛᱟᱨᱤ-ᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Lencan languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Limilngan languages|ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱞᱱᱜᱟᱱ-ᱣᱩᱞᱱᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Manubaran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱵᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Marrku-Wurrugu languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱩ-ᱣᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Mombum languages|ᱢᱳᱢᱵᱩᱢ-ᱠᱳᱱᱮᱨᱟᱣ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Namla-Tofanma languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱞᱟ-ᱛᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱᱢᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nivkh language|ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱠᱷ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[North-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Northern Daly languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nyimang languages|ᱱᱭᱤᱢᱟᱝ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Otomaco language|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱠᱳ-ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱨᱤᱛᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Pahoturi languages|ᱯᱟᱦᱳᱛᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Palaihnihan languages|ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱭᱱᱤᱦᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Piawi languages|ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Purian languages|ᱯᱩᱨᱤ-ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱰᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Rashad languages|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱫᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Senagi languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Somahai languages|ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱦᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[South-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Southern Daly languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Tarascan languages|ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Taulil-Butam languages|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱞᱤᱞ-ᱵᱩᱛᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Teberan languages|ᱛᱮᱵᱮᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Temein languages|ᱛᱮᱢᱮᱭᱤᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Ticuna-Yuri languages|ᱛᱤᱠᱩᱱᱟ-ᱭᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Uru-Chipaya languages|ᱩᱨᱩ-ᱪᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Wintuan languages|ᱣᱤᱱᱴᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yawa languages|ᱭᱟᱣᱟ-ᱥᱟᱣᱮᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yuki-Wappo languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱤ-ᱣᱟᱯᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Abinomn language|ᱟᱵᱤᱱᱳᱢᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Abun language|ᱟᱵᱩᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Adai language|ᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aewa language|ᱟᱭᱮᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aikanã language|ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Alsea language|ᱟᱞᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andaqui language|ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱠᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andoque language|ᱟᱱᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Anem language|ᱟᱱᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Arutani language|ᱟᱨᱩᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Suarmin language|ᱟᱥᱟᱵᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atacame language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atakapa language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱯᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bangime language|ᱵᱟᱱᱜᱤᱢᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Basque language|ᱵᱟᱥᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Beothuk language|ᱵᱤᱭᱳᱛᱷᱩᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Berta language|ᱵᱮᱨᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Betoi language|ᱵᱮᱛᱳᱭ-ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bilua language|ᱵᱤᱞᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bogaya language|ᱵᱳᱜᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burmeso language|ᱵᱩᱨᱢᱮᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burushaski language|ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱥᱟᱥᱠᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Camsá language|ᱠᱟᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Candoshi-Shapra language|ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱳᱥᱤ-ᱥᱟᱯᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Canichana language|ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱪᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayubaba language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱵᱟᱵᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayuse language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱥ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chimariko language|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chitimacha language|ᱪᱤᱛᱤᱢᱟᱪᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chono language|ᱪᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Coahuilteco language|ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩᱭᱤᱞᱴᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cofán language|ᱠᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Comecrudo language|ᱠᱳᱢᱮᱠᱨᱩᱰᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cotoname language|ᱠᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cuitlatec language|ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Culli language|ᱠᱩᱞᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Damal language|ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dem language|ᱫᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dibiyaso language|ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Duna language|ᱫᱩᱱᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elamite language|ᱮᱞᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elseng language|ᱮᱞᱥᱮᱱᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Esselen language|ᱮᱥᱮᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Etruscan language|ᱮᱴᱨᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fasu language|ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fulniô language|ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱱᱤᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fuyug language|ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱩᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gaagudju language|ᱜᱟᱜᱩᱫᱽᱡᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guachi language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱪᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guaicurian language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guamo language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱢᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guató language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gule language|ᱜᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guriaso language|ᱜᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hadza language|ᱦᱟᱫᱽᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hattic language|ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hoti language|ᱦᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hruso language|ᱦᱨᱩᱥᱳ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Iberian language|ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Irantxe-Munku" | [[Irántxe language|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱛᱥᱮ-ᱢᱩᱱᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Itonama language|ᱤᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jalaa language|ᱡᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jirajaran language|ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kaki Ae language|ᱠᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kanoê language|ᱠᱟᱱᱳᱭᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kapori language|ᱠᱟᱯᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karami language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karankawa language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kariri languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karok language|ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kehu language|ᱠᱮᱦᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kenaboi language|ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱵᱳᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kibiri language|ᱠᱤᱵᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kimki language|ᱠᱤᱢᱠᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Klamath-Modoc language|ᱠᱞᱟᱢᱟᱛᱷ-ᱢᱳᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱠᱳᱞ (ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kujarge language|ᱠᱩᱡᱟᱨᱜᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunama language|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kungarakany language|ᱠᱩᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunza language|ᱠᱩᱱᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kuot language|ᱠᱩᱭᱳᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kusunda language|ᱠᱩᱥᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kutenai language|ᱠᱩᱴᱮᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kwaza language|ᱠᱣᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laal language|ᱞᱟᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lafofa language|ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱳᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laragia language|ᱞᱟᱨᱟᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lavukaleve language|ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱩᱠᱟᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Leco language|ᱞᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lule language|ᱞᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Maku" | [[Jukude language|ᱢᱟᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maratino language|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱛᱤᱱᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Morori language|ᱢᱟᱨᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Massep language|ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Matanawí language|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱱᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mato Grosso Arára language|ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ ᱟᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mawes language|ᱢᱟᱣᱮᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maybrat language|ᱢᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱟᱛ-ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Meroitic language|ᱢᱮᱨᱳᱭᱤᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mimi-Gaudefroy language|ᱢᱤᱢᱤ-ᱜᱳᱰᱮᱯᱷᱨᱳᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Minkin language|ᱢᱤᱱᱠᱤᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mochica language|ᱢᱳᱪᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molale language|ᱢᱳᱞᱟᱞᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molof language|ᱢᱳᱞᱳᱯᱷ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mor language (Bomberai Peninsula)|ᱢᱳᱨ (ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mosetén-Chimané language|ᱢᱳᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ-ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱱᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Movima language|ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mpur language|ᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Muniche language|ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mure language|ᱢᱩᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nara language|ᱱᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Natchez language|ᱱᱟᱴᱪᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nihali language|ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱞᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Odiai language|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Omurano language|ᱳᱢᱩᱨᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ongota language|ᱳᱱᱜᱳᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oti language|ᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport language|ᱳᱭᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ-ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱥᱣᱟᱱᱯᱳᱨᱴ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Paez" | [[Páez language|ᱯᱟᱭᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pankararú language|ᱯᱟᱱᱠᱟᱨᱟᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Papi language|ᱯᱟᱯᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pawaia language|ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Payagua language|ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pele-Ata language|ᱯᱮᱞᱮ-ᱟᱴᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pirahã language|ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱦᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puelche language|ᱯᱩᱭᱮᱞᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puinave language|ᱯᱩᱭᱤᱱᱟᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pumé language|ᱯᱩᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puquina language|ᱯᱩᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Purari language|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pyu language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱯᱩᱭᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ramanos language|ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱳᱥ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Salinan language|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sandawe language|ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱟᱣᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sapé language|ᱥᱟᱯᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sause language|ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱥᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Savosavo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sechuran language|ᱥᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Seri language|ᱥᱮᱨᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shabo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shom Peng language|ᱥᱳᱢ ᱯᱮᱝ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siamou language|ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢᱳᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siuslaw language|ᱥᱤᱣᱩᱥᱞᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sulka language|ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumerian language|ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tabo language|ᱛᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taiap language|ᱛᱟᱭᱟᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Takelma language|ᱛᱟᱠᱮᱞᱢᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tallán language|ᱛᱟᱞᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tambora language|ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumeri language|ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱦᱢᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taruma language|ᱛᱟᱨᱩᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tauade language|ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱰᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taushiro language|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱨᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timote-Cuica language|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱛᱮ-ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timucua language|ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tinigua language|ᱛᱤᱱᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tiwi language|ᱛᱤᱣᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tonkawa language|ᱛᱳᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Touo language|ᱛᱳᱣᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Trumai language|ᱛᱨᱩᱢᱟᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tunica language|ᱛᱩᱱᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tuxá language|ᱛᱩᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Umbugarla language|ᱩᱢᱵᱩᱜᱟᱨᱞᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Urarina language|ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Usku language|ᱩᱥᱠᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Vilela language|ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱞᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wadjiginy language|ᱣᱟᱡᱤᱜᱤᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wageman language|ᱣᱟᱜᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Waorani language|ᱣᱟᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Warao language|ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Washo language|ᱣᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wiru language|ᱣᱤᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Xukurú language|ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yale language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yale )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Yamana" | [[Yámana language|ᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yana language|ᱭᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yele language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yele )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yerakai language|ᱭᱮᱨᱟᱠᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yetfa language|ᱭᱮᱛᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuchi language|ᱭᱩᱪᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuracaré language|ᱭᱩᱨᱟᱠᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yurumanguí language|ᱭᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Zuni language|ᱡᱩᱱᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |} ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱳᱞ (Creoles) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ [[lexicon|ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (isolates) ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' (Glottolog) ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ (non-genealogical) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/glottologinformation|title=Glottolog: About Languoids|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> * [[Pidgin|ᱯᱤᱡᱤᱱ]] (᱘᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) * [[Mixed language|ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱙) * [[Artificial language|ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱓᱑) * [[Register (sociolinguistics)|ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱕) * [[Sign language|ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (Sign languages)]] (᱒᱒᱓)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sign1238|title=Pseudo Family: Sign Language|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> * [[Unclassified language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱒᱑) * [[Attested language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱖᱘) * ᱵᱩᱠ-ᱠᱤᱯᱤᱝ (Bookkeeping): ᱮᱲᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ISO ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱓᱙᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/book1242|title=Glottolog Family: Bookkeeping|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{NoteFoot}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikidata property|P1394}} * {{Official|https://glottolog.org/}} {{Cross-Linguistic Linked Data}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ|*]] [[Category:ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] kcpaz63z19iq5zqkomiy0mlqjabdgxy 190842 190834 2026-04-20T20:13:52Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 /* ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ (Overview) */ 190842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ}} {{italic title}} {{Infobox bibliographic database | title = ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' | image = Glottolog-logo.svg | caption = | producer = [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] | country = ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ | history = | languages = ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ | providers = | cost = ᱯᱷᱨᱤ (Free) | disciplines = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (Linguistics) | depth = | formats = | temporal = | geospatial = | number = | updates = | p_title = | p_dates = | ISSN = | web = {{URL|https://glottolog.org/}} | titles = }} '''''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ''''' (Glottolog) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[open access|ᱳᱯᱮᱱ-ᱮᱠᱥᱮᱥ]] ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ [[bibliographic database|ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ([[Language family|language affiliations]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Leipzig|ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱡᱤᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Jena|ᱡᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[Harald Hammarström]] ᱟᱨ [[Martin Haspelmath]] ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ (Overview) == ᱥᱮᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱳᱨᱰᱦᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱳᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ/ᱞᱮᱝᱰᱚᱠ (Glottolog/Langdoc) ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nordhoff |first1=Sebastian |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |date=May 2012 |title=Glottolog/Langdoc:Increasing the visibility of grey literature for low-density languages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://glottolog.org/about |website=Glottolog 4.8}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[Ethnologue|ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ (bibliography) ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |date=2015 |title=Glottolog: A Free, Online, Comprehensive Bibliography of the World's Languages}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ (catalogue) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ: * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "[[Spurious languages|spurious]]" (ᱮᱲᱮ) ᱥᱮ "[[Unattested language|unattested]]" (ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[Comparative method|ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ([[Linguonym|alternative names]]) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ([[Ethnography|ethnographic]]) ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ([[Demography|demographic]]) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ISO 639-3]] ᱠᱳᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱰ (Glottocode) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱕.᱓ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] (CLLD) ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url=http://clld.org | title=Cross-Linguistic Linked Data }}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ (Language families) == ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱷᱟᱱ (conservative) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ([[Language isolate|isolates]]) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱔.᱘ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱒᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[spoken language|ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family |title=Glottolog Families }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' [[Language family|ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ |- ! ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ !! ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ{{NoteTag|Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of ''Papua'' (New Guinea) and ''Austronesia''), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania, excluding Australia. Here it is replaced with '[[Oceania|ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]'.}} !! ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ |- | [[Atlantic-Congo languages|ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ-ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ]]|| ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱔᱑᱐ |- | [[Austronesian languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱒᱗᱒ |- | [[Indo-European languages|ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱘᱕ |- | [[Sino-Tibetan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱳ-ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱐᱖ |- | [[Afro-Asiatic languages|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱘᱒ |- | [[Nuclear Trans New Guinea languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱑᱗ |- |[[Pama-Nyungan languages|ᱯᱟᱢᱟ-ᱱᱭᱩᱝᱜᱟᱱ]]|| ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱕᱐ |- | [[Otomanguean languages|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘᱑ |- | [[Austroasiatic languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕᱘ |- | [[Tai-Kadai languages|ᱛᱟᱭ-ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙᱖ |- | [[Dravidian languages|ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘᱒ |- | [[Arawakan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱗ |- | [[Mande languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱕ |- | [[Tupian languages|ᱛᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱐ |- | [[Uto-Aztecan languages|ᱤᱣᱴᱳ-ᱟᱡᱽᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱘ |- | [[Central Sudanic languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱰᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱓ |- | [[Nilotic languages|ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱖ |- | [[Nuclear Torricelli languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱨᱤᱥᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱕ |- | [[Uralic languages|ᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱙ |- | [[Algic languages|ᱟᱞᱡᱤᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱗ |- | [[Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit languages|ᱟᱛᱷᱟᱵᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ-ᱮᱭᱟᱠ-ᱛᱞᱤᱝᱜᱤᱛ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱖ |- | [[Pano-Tacanan languages|ᱯᱟᱱᱳ-ᱛᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱕ |- | [[Quechuan languages|ᱠᱮᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Turkic languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Cariban languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Hmong-Mien languages|ᱦᱢᱳᱝ-ᱢᱤᱭᱮᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Kru languages|ᱠᱨᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱘ |- | [[Nakh-Daghestanian languages|ᱱᱟᱠᱷ-ᱫᱟᱜᱷᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Sepik languages|ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Mayan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱔ |- | [[Lower Sepik-Ramu languages|ᱞᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ-ᱨᱟᱢᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱐ |- | [[Nuclear-Macro-Je languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ-ᱢᱮᱠᱨᱳ-ᱡᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱙ |- | [[Chibchan languages|ᱪᱤᱵᱽᱪᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱗ |- | [[Tucanoan languages|ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱖ |- | [[Salishan languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱕ |- | [[Timor-Alor-Pantar languages|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ-ᱟᱞᱳᱨ-ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱓ |- | [[Dogon languages|ᱰᱳᱜᱳᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Lakes Plain languages|ᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Mixe-Zoque languages|ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱮ-ᱡᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Ta-Ne-Omotic languages|ᱛᱟ-ᱱᱮ-ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Yam languages|ᱭᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Siouan languages|ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘ |- | [[Anim languages|ᱟᱱᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Japonic languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Mongolic languages|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱳᱞᱤᱠ-ᱠᱷᱤᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Border languages|ᱵᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[North Halmahera languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱢᱟᱦᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Tungusic languages|ᱛᱩᱱᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Khoe-Kwadi languages|ᱠᱷᱳᱭᱮ-ᱠᱣᱟᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱔ |- | [[Angan languages|ᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|ᱮᱥᱠᱤᱢᱳ-ᱟᱞᱮᱣᱩᱛ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Miwok-Costanoan languages|ᱢᱤᱣᱳᱠ-ᱠᱳᱥᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Ndu languages|ᱮᱱᱰᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Nubian languages|ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Tor-Orya languages|ᱛᱳᱨ-ᱳᱨᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Totonacan languages|ᱛᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Chapacuran languages|ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Gunwinyguan languages|ᱜᱩᱱᱣᱤᱱᱭᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Cochimi-Yuman languages|ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱢᱤ-ᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Iroquoian languages|ᱤᱨᱳᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Sko languages|ᱥᱠᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Surmic languages|ᱥᱩᱨᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Western Daly languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Geelvink Bay languages|ᱜᱤᱞᱵᱷᱤᱱᱠ ᱵᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Great Andamanese languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Heiban languages|ᱦᱮᱭᱵᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Ijoid languages|ᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Maban languages|ᱢᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Nyulnyulan languages|ᱱᱭᱩᱞᱱᱭᱩᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Saharan languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Songhay languages|ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱟᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[South Bougainville languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Worrorran languages|ᱣᱳᱨᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Chocoan languages|ᱪᱳᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Dagan languages|ᱫᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Tuu languages|ᱛᱩᱣᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Kwerbic languages|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱵᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Kiowa-Tanoan languages|ᱠᱤᱭᱳᱣᱟ-ᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Koiarian languages|ᱠᱳᱭᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Mailuan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Narrow Talodi languages|ᱱᱮᱨᱳ ᱛᱟᱞᱳᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Bosavi languages|ᱵᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|ᱪᱩᱠᱳᱛᱠᱳ-ᱠᱟᱢᱪᱟᱛᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Daju languages|ᱫᱟᱡᱩᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Huitotoan languages|ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱛᱳᱛᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Matacoan languages|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Muskogean languages|ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Pomoan languages|ᱯᱳᱢᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Arawan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Baining languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Barbacoan languages|ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Chumashan languages|ᱪᱩᱢᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[East Strickland languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kadugli-Krongo languages|ᱠᱟᱫᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ-ᱠᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kiwaian languages|ᱠᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Left May languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱢᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Lengua-Mascoy languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟ-ᱢᱟᱥᱠᱳᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Nambiquaran languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[South Bird's Head Family|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Wakashan languages|ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Yanomam languages|ᱭᱟᱱᱳᱢᱟᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Zaparoan languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Abkhaz-Adyge languages|ᱟᱵᱽᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽ-ᱟᱫᱤᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Arafundi languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱯᱷᱩᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Caddoan languages|ᱠᱟᱰᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Eleman languages|ᱮᱞᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guahibo languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱤᱵᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guaicuruan languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kartvelian languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Keram languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Koman languages|ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kxa languages|ᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Mirndi languages|ᱢᱤᱨᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Misumalpan languages|ᱢᱤᱥᱩᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Nimboran languages|ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Pauwasi languages|ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Sahaptian languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱯᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[South Omotic languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[West Bird's Head languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Xincan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yareban languages|ᱭᱟᱨᱮᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yeniseian languages|ᱭᱮᱱᱤᱥᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yuat languages|ᱭᱩᱣᱟᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Aymara languages|ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mao languages|ᱵᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱣ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Jivaroan languages|ᱪᱤᱪᱟᱢ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chinookan languages|ᱪᱤᱱᱩᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chonan languages|ᱪᱳᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Jebel languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱵᱮᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Huavean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱵᱷᱮᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Iwaidjan Proper languages|ᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱰᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱟᱨ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kamakanan languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kunimaipan languages|ᱠᱩᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maiduan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱰᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mangarrayi-Maran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ-ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maningrida languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Nadahup languages|ᱱᱟᱫᱩᱦᱩᱯ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[North Bougainville languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Sentani languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Shastan languages|ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Suki-Gogodala languages|ᱥᱩᱠᱤ-ᱜᱳᱜᱳᱫᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tama languages|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tangkic languages|ᱛᱟᱝᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Turama-Kikori languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱟᱢᱟ-ᱠᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Walio languages|ᱣᱟᱞᱤᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yokutsan languages|ᱭᱳᱠᱩᱴᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yukaghir languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱟᱜᱷᱤᱨ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Ainu language (Japan)|ᱟᱭᱤᱱᱩ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bororoan languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bulaka River languages|ᱵᱩᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Charruan languages|ᱪᱟᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Dizoid languages|ᱰᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[East Bird's Head languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Giimbiyu languages|ᱜᱤᱢᱵᱤᱭᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Gumuz language|ᱜᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Jarrakan languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kalapuyan languages|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱯᱩᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Awin–Pa–Kamula languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱩᱞᱟ-ᱮᱞᱮᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Katla-Tima languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱞᱟ-ᱛᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kawesqar languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kayagar languages|ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kolopom languages|ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱯᱳᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kresh-Aja languages|ᱠᱨᱮᱥ-ᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kuliak languages|ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kwalean languages|ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Lepki–Murkim languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱠᱤ-ᱢᱩᱨᱠᱤᱢ-ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Mairasi languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Peba-Yagua languages|ᱯᱮᱵᱟ-ᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Piaroa–Saliban languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tequistlatecan languages|ᱛᱮᱠᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tsimshian languages|ᱛᱥᱤᱢᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[West Bomberai languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Western Tasmanian languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Yangmanic languages|ᱭᱟᱝᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Zamucoan languages|ᱡᱟᱢᱩᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Amto-Musan languages|ᱟᱢᱛᱳ-ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Araucanian languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱠᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Baibai-Fas languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱟᱭ-ᱯᱷᱟᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bayono-Awbono languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱱᱳ-ᱟᱣᱵᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Monumbo languages|ᱵᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Boran languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bunaban languages|ᱵᱩᱱᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Cahuapanan languages|ᱠᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱯᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chimakuan languages|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chiquitano language|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱤᱛᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Coosan languages|ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Doso-Turumsa languages|ᱫᱳᱥᱳ-ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[East Kutubu languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱴᱩᱵᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Eastern Daly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Furan languages|ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Garrwan languages|ᱜᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Haida languages|ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Harakmbut languages|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱠᱢᱵᱩᱛ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hatam-Mansim languages|ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱢ-ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hibito-Cholon languages|ᱦᱤᱵᱤᱛᱳ-ᱪᱳᱞᱳᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Huarpean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱨᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hurro-Urartian languages|ᱦᱩᱨᱳ-ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Inanwatan languages|ᱤᱱᱟᱱᱣᱟᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jarawa-Onge languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ-ᱳᱱᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jicaquean languages|ᱡᱤᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kakua-Nukak languages|ᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟ-ᱱᱩᱠᱟᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Katukinan languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱩᱠᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kaure–Kosare languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱨᱮ-ᱠᱳᱥᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Keresan languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Konda-Yahadian languages|ᱠᱳᱱᱰᱟ-ᱭᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Koreanic languages|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kwomtari languages|ᱠᱣᱳᱢᱛᱟᱨᱤ-ᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Lencan languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Limilngan languages|ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱞᱱᱜᱟᱱ-ᱣᱩᱞᱱᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Manubaran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱵᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Marrku-Wurrugu languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱩ-ᱣᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Mombum languages|ᱢᱳᱢᱵᱩᱢ-ᱠᱳᱱᱮᱨᱟᱣ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Namla-Tofanma languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱞᱟ-ᱛᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱᱢᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nivkh language|ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱠᱷ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[North-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Northern Daly languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nyimang languages|ᱱᱭᱤᱢᱟᱝ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Otomaco language|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱠᱳ-ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱨᱤᱛᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Pahoturi languages|ᱯᱟᱦᱳᱛᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Palaihnihan languages|ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱭᱱᱤᱦᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Piawi languages|ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Purian languages|ᱯᱩᱨᱤ-ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱰᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Rashad languages|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱫᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Senagi languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Somahai languages|ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱦᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[South-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Southern Daly languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Tarascan languages|ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Taulil-Butam languages|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱞᱤᱞ-ᱵᱩᱛᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Teberan languages|ᱛᱮᱵᱮᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Temein languages|ᱛᱮᱢᱮᱭᱤᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Ticuna-Yuri languages|ᱛᱤᱠᱩᱱᱟ-ᱭᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Uru-Chipaya languages|ᱩᱨᱩ-ᱪᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Wintuan languages|ᱣᱤᱱᱴᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yawa languages|ᱭᱟᱣᱟ-ᱥᱟᱣᱮᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yuki-Wappo languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱤ-ᱣᱟᱯᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Abinomn language|ᱟᱵᱤᱱᱳᱢᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Abun language|ᱟᱵᱩᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Adai language|ᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aewa language|ᱟᱭᱮᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aikanã language|ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Alsea language|ᱟᱞᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andaqui language|ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱠᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andoque language|ᱟᱱᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Anem language|ᱟᱱᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Arutani language|ᱟᱨᱩᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Suarmin language|ᱟᱥᱟᱵᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atacame language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atakapa language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱯᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bangime language|ᱵᱟᱱᱜᱤᱢᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Basque language|ᱵᱟᱥᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Beothuk language|ᱵᱤᱭᱳᱛᱷᱩᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Berta language|ᱵᱮᱨᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Betoi language|ᱵᱮᱛᱳᱭ-ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bilua language|ᱵᱤᱞᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bogaya language|ᱵᱳᱜᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burmeso language|ᱵᱩᱨᱢᱮᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burushaski language|ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱥᱟᱥᱠᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Camsá language|ᱠᱟᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Candoshi-Shapra language|ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱳᱥᱤ-ᱥᱟᱯᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Canichana language|ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱪᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayubaba language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱵᱟᱵᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayuse language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱥ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chimariko language|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chitimacha language|ᱪᱤᱛᱤᱢᱟᱪᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chono language|ᱪᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Coahuilteco language|ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩᱭᱤᱞᱴᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cofán language|ᱠᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Comecrudo language|ᱠᱳᱢᱮᱠᱨᱩᱰᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cotoname language|ᱠᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cuitlatec language|ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Culli language|ᱠᱩᱞᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Damal language|ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dem language|ᱫᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dibiyaso language|ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Duna language|ᱫᱩᱱᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elamite language|ᱮᱞᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elseng language|ᱮᱞᱥᱮᱱᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Esselen language|ᱮᱥᱮᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Etruscan language|ᱮᱴᱨᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fasu language|ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fulniô language|ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱱᱤᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fuyug language|ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱩᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gaagudju language|ᱜᱟᱜᱩᱫᱽᱡᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guachi language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱪᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guaicurian language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guamo language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱢᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guató language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gule language|ᱜᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guriaso language|ᱜᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hadza language|ᱦᱟᱫᱽᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hattic language|ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hoti language|ᱦᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hruso language|ᱦᱨᱩᱥᱳ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Iberian language|ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Irantxe-Munku" | [[Irántxe language|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱛᱥᱮ-ᱢᱩᱱᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Itonama language|ᱤᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jalaa language|ᱡᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jirajaran language|ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kaki Ae language|ᱠᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kanoê language|ᱠᱟᱱᱳᱭᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kapori language|ᱠᱟᱯᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karami language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karankawa language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kariri languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karok language|ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kehu language|ᱠᱮᱦᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kenaboi language|ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱵᱳᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kibiri language|ᱠᱤᱵᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kimki language|ᱠᱤᱢᱠᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Klamath-Modoc language|ᱠᱞᱟᱢᱟᱛᱷ-ᱢᱳᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱠᱳᱞ (ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kujarge language|ᱠᱩᱡᱟᱨᱜᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunama language|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kungarakany language|ᱠᱩᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunza language|ᱠᱩᱱᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kuot language|ᱠᱩᱭᱳᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kusunda language|ᱠᱩᱥᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kutenai language|ᱠᱩᱴᱮᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kwaza language|ᱠᱣᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laal language|ᱞᱟᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lafofa language|ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱳᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laragia language|ᱞᱟᱨᱟᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lavukaleve language|ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱩᱠᱟᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Leco language|ᱞᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lule language|ᱞᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Maku" | [[Jukude language|ᱢᱟᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maratino language|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱛᱤᱱᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Morori language|ᱢᱟᱨᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Massep language|ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Matanawí language|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱱᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mato Grosso Arára language|ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ ᱟᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mawes language|ᱢᱟᱣᱮᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maybrat language|ᱢᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱟᱛ-ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Meroitic language|ᱢᱮᱨᱳᱭᱤᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mimi-Gaudefroy language|ᱢᱤᱢᱤ-ᱜᱳᱰᱮᱯᱷᱨᱳᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Minkin language|ᱢᱤᱱᱠᱤᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mochica language|ᱢᱳᱪᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molale language|ᱢᱳᱞᱟᱞᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molof language|ᱢᱳᱞᱳᱯᱷ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mor language (Bomberai Peninsula)|ᱢᱳᱨ (ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mosetén-Chimané language|ᱢᱳᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ-ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱱᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Movima language|ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mpur language|ᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Muniche language|ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mure language|ᱢᱩᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nara language|ᱱᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Natchez language|ᱱᱟᱴᱪᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nihali language|ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱞᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Odiai language|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Omurano language|ᱳᱢᱩᱨᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ongota language|ᱳᱱᱜᱳᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oti language|ᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport language|ᱳᱭᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ-ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱥᱣᱟᱱᱯᱳᱨᱴ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Paez" | [[Páez language|ᱯᱟᱭᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pankararú language|ᱯᱟᱱᱠᱟᱨᱟᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Papi language|ᱯᱟᱯᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pawaia language|ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Payagua language|ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pele-Ata language|ᱯᱮᱞᱮ-ᱟᱴᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pirahã language|ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱦᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puelche language|ᱯᱩᱭᱮᱞᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puinave language|ᱯᱩᱭᱤᱱᱟᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pumé language|ᱯᱩᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puquina language|ᱯᱩᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Purari language|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pyu language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱯᱩᱭᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ramanos language|ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱳᱥ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Salinan language|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sandawe language|ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱟᱣᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sapé language|ᱥᱟᱯᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sause language|ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱥᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Savosavo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sechuran language|ᱥᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Seri language|ᱥᱮᱨᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shabo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shom Peng language|ᱥᱳᱢ ᱯᱮᱝ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siamou language|ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢᱳᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siuslaw language|ᱥᱤᱣᱩᱥᱞᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sulka language|ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumerian language|ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tabo language|ᱛᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taiap language|ᱛᱟᱭᱟᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Takelma language|ᱛᱟᱠᱮᱞᱢᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tallán language|ᱛᱟᱞᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tambora language|ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumeri language|ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱦᱢᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taruma language|ᱛᱟᱨᱩᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tauade language|ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱰᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taushiro language|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱨᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timote-Cuica language|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱛᱮ-ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timucua language|ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tinigua language|ᱛᱤᱱᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tiwi language|ᱛᱤᱣᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tonkawa language|ᱛᱳᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Touo language|ᱛᱳᱣᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Trumai language|ᱛᱨᱩᱢᱟᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tunica language|ᱛᱩᱱᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tuxá language|ᱛᱩᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Umbugarla language|ᱩᱢᱵᱩᱜᱟᱨᱞᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Urarina language|ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Usku language|ᱩᱥᱠᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Vilela language|ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱞᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wadjiginy language|ᱣᱟᱡᱤᱜᱤᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wageman language|ᱣᱟᱜᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Waorani language|ᱣᱟᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Warao language|ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Washo language|ᱣᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wiru language|ᱣᱤᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Xukurú language|ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yale language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yale )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Yamana" | [[Yámana language|ᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yana language|ᱭᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yele language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yele )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yerakai language|ᱭᱮᱨᱟᱠᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yetfa language|ᱭᱮᱛᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuchi language|ᱭᱩᱪᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuracaré language|ᱭᱩᱨᱟᱠᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yurumanguí language|ᱭᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Zuni language|ᱡᱩᱱᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |} ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱳᱞ (Creoles) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ [[lexicon|ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (isolates) ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' (Glottolog) ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ (non-genealogical) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/glottologinformation|title=Glottolog: About Languoids|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> * [[Pidgin|ᱯᱤᱡᱤᱱ]] (᱘᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) * [[Mixed language|ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱙) * [[Artificial language|ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱓᱑) * [[Register (sociolinguistics)|ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱕) * [[Sign language|ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (Sign languages)]] (᱒᱒᱓)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sign1238|title=Pseudo Family: Sign Language|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> * [[Unclassified language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱒᱑) * [[Attested language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱖᱘) * ᱵᱩᱠ-ᱠᱤᱯᱤᱝ (Bookkeeping): ᱮᱲᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ISO ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱓᱙᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/book1242|title=Glottolog Family: Bookkeeping|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{NoteFoot}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikidata property|P1394}} * {{Official|https://glottolog.org/}} {{Cross-Linguistic Linked Data}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ|*]] [[Category:ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] 87lxt688b3mialmk3q1h2bxrmjoq4go 190843 190842 2026-04-20T20:16:10Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ}} {{italic title}} {{Infobox bibliographic database | title = ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' | image = Glottolog-logo.svg | caption = | producer = [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] | country = ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ | history = | languages = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] | providers = | cost = ᱯᱷᱨᱤ (Free) | disciplines = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (Linguistics) | depth = | formats = | temporal = | geospatial = | number = | updates = | p_title = | p_dates = | ISSN = | web = {{URL|https://glottolog.org/}} | titles = }} '''''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ''''' (Glottolog) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[open access|ᱳᱯᱮᱱ-ᱮᱠᱥᱮᱥ]] ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ [[bibliographic database|ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ([[Language family|language affiliations]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Leipzig|ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱡᱤᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Jena|ᱡᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[Harald Hammarström]] ᱟᱨ [[Martin Haspelmath]] ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ (Overview) == ᱥᱮᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱳᱨᱰᱦᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱳᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ/ᱞᱮᱝᱰᱚᱠ (Glottolog/Langdoc) ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nordhoff |first1=Sebastian |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |date=May 2012 |title=Glottolog/Langdoc:Increasing the visibility of grey literature for low-density languages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://glottolog.org/about |website=Glottolog 4.8}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[Ethnologue|ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ (bibliography) ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |date=2015 |title=Glottolog: A Free, Online, Comprehensive Bibliography of the World's Languages}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ (catalogue) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ: * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "[[Spurious languages|spurious]]" (ᱮᱲᱮ) ᱥᱮ "[[Unattested language|unattested]]" (ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[Comparative method|ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ([[Linguonym|alternative names]]) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ([[Ethnography|ethnographic]]) ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ([[Demography|demographic]]) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ISO 639-3]] ᱠᱳᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱰ (Glottocode) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱕.᱓ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] (CLLD) ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url=http://clld.org | title=Cross-Linguistic Linked Data }}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ (Language families) == ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱷᱟᱱ (conservative) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ([[Language isolate|isolates]]) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱔.᱘ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱒᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[spoken language|ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family |title=Glottolog Families }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' [[Language family|ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ |- ! ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ !! ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ{{NoteTag|Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of ''Papua'' (New Guinea) and ''Austronesia''), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania, excluding Australia. Here it is replaced with '[[Oceania|ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]'.}} !! ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ |- | [[Atlantic-Congo languages|ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ-ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ]]|| ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱔᱑᱐ |- | [[Austronesian languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱒᱗᱒ |- | [[Indo-European languages|ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱘᱕ |- | [[Sino-Tibetan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱳ-ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱐᱖ |- | [[Afro-Asiatic languages|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱘᱒ |- | [[Nuclear Trans New Guinea languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱑᱗ |- |[[Pama-Nyungan languages|ᱯᱟᱢᱟ-ᱱᱭᱩᱝᱜᱟᱱ]]|| ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱕᱐ |- | [[Otomanguean languages|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘᱑ |- | [[Austroasiatic languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕᱘ |- | [[Tai-Kadai languages|ᱛᱟᱭ-ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙᱖ |- | [[Dravidian languages|ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘᱒ |- | [[Arawakan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱗ |- | [[Mande languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱕ |- | [[Tupian languages|ᱛᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱐ |- | [[Uto-Aztecan languages|ᱤᱣᱴᱳ-ᱟᱡᱽᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱘ |- | [[Central Sudanic languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱰᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱓ |- | [[Nilotic languages|ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱖ |- | [[Nuclear Torricelli languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱨᱤᱥᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱕ |- | [[Uralic languages|ᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱙ |- | [[Algic languages|ᱟᱞᱡᱤᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱗ |- | [[Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit languages|ᱟᱛᱷᱟᱵᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ-ᱮᱭᱟᱠ-ᱛᱞᱤᱝᱜᱤᱛ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱖ |- | [[Pano-Tacanan languages|ᱯᱟᱱᱳ-ᱛᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱕ |- | [[Quechuan languages|ᱠᱮᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Turkic languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Cariban languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Hmong-Mien languages|ᱦᱢᱳᱝ-ᱢᱤᱭᱮᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Kru languages|ᱠᱨᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱘ |- | [[Nakh-Daghestanian languages|ᱱᱟᱠᱷ-ᱫᱟᱜᱷᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Sepik languages|ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Mayan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱔ |- | [[Lower Sepik-Ramu languages|ᱞᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ-ᱨᱟᱢᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱐ |- | [[Nuclear-Macro-Je languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ-ᱢᱮᱠᱨᱳ-ᱡᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱙ |- | [[Chibchan languages|ᱪᱤᱵᱽᱪᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱗ |- | [[Tucanoan languages|ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱖ |- | [[Salishan languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱕ |- | [[Timor-Alor-Pantar languages|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ-ᱟᱞᱳᱨ-ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱓ |- | [[Dogon languages|ᱰᱳᱜᱳᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Lakes Plain languages|ᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Mixe-Zoque languages|ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱮ-ᱡᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Ta-Ne-Omotic languages|ᱛᱟ-ᱱᱮ-ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Yam languages|ᱭᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Siouan languages|ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘ |- | [[Anim languages|ᱟᱱᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Japonic languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Mongolic languages|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱳᱞᱤᱠ-ᱠᱷᱤᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Border languages|ᱵᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[North Halmahera languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱢᱟᱦᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Tungusic languages|ᱛᱩᱱᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Khoe-Kwadi languages|ᱠᱷᱳᱭᱮ-ᱠᱣᱟᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱔ |- | [[Angan languages|ᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|ᱮᱥᱠᱤᱢᱳ-ᱟᱞᱮᱣᱩᱛ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Miwok-Costanoan languages|ᱢᱤᱣᱳᱠ-ᱠᱳᱥᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Ndu languages|ᱮᱱᱰᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Nubian languages|ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Tor-Orya languages|ᱛᱳᱨ-ᱳᱨᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Totonacan languages|ᱛᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Chapacuran languages|ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Gunwinyguan languages|ᱜᱩᱱᱣᱤᱱᱭᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Cochimi-Yuman languages|ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱢᱤ-ᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Iroquoian languages|ᱤᱨᱳᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Sko languages|ᱥᱠᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Surmic languages|ᱥᱩᱨᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Western Daly languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Geelvink Bay languages|ᱜᱤᱞᱵᱷᱤᱱᱠ ᱵᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Great Andamanese languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Heiban languages|ᱦᱮᱭᱵᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Ijoid languages|ᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Maban languages|ᱢᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Nyulnyulan languages|ᱱᱭᱩᱞᱱᱭᱩᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Saharan languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Songhay languages|ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱟᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[South Bougainville languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Worrorran languages|ᱣᱳᱨᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Chocoan languages|ᱪᱳᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Dagan languages|ᱫᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Tuu languages|ᱛᱩᱣᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Kwerbic languages|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱵᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Kiowa-Tanoan languages|ᱠᱤᱭᱳᱣᱟ-ᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Koiarian languages|ᱠᱳᱭᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Mailuan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Narrow Talodi languages|ᱱᱮᱨᱳ ᱛᱟᱞᱳᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Bosavi languages|ᱵᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|ᱪᱩᱠᱳᱛᱠᱳ-ᱠᱟᱢᱪᱟᱛᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Daju languages|ᱫᱟᱡᱩᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Huitotoan languages|ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱛᱳᱛᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Matacoan languages|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Muskogean languages|ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Pomoan languages|ᱯᱳᱢᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Arawan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Baining languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Barbacoan languages|ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Chumashan languages|ᱪᱩᱢᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[East Strickland languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kadugli-Krongo languages|ᱠᱟᱫᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ-ᱠᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kiwaian languages|ᱠᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Left May languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱢᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Lengua-Mascoy languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟ-ᱢᱟᱥᱠᱳᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Nambiquaran languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[South Bird's Head Family|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Wakashan languages|ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Yanomam languages|ᱭᱟᱱᱳᱢᱟᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Zaparoan languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Abkhaz-Adyge languages|ᱟᱵᱽᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽ-ᱟᱫᱤᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Arafundi languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱯᱷᱩᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Caddoan languages|ᱠᱟᱰᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Eleman languages|ᱮᱞᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guahibo languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱤᱵᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guaicuruan languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kartvelian languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Keram languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Koman languages|ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kxa languages|ᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Mirndi languages|ᱢᱤᱨᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Misumalpan languages|ᱢᱤᱥᱩᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Nimboran languages|ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Pauwasi languages|ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Sahaptian languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱯᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[South Omotic languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[West Bird's Head languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Xincan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yareban languages|ᱭᱟᱨᱮᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yeniseian languages|ᱭᱮᱱᱤᱥᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yuat languages|ᱭᱩᱣᱟᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Aymara languages|ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mao languages|ᱵᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱣ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Jivaroan languages|ᱪᱤᱪᱟᱢ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chinookan languages|ᱪᱤᱱᱩᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chonan languages|ᱪᱳᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Jebel languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱵᱮᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Huavean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱵᱷᱮᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Iwaidjan Proper languages|ᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱰᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱟᱨ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kamakanan languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kunimaipan languages|ᱠᱩᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maiduan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱰᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mangarrayi-Maran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ-ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maningrida languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Nadahup languages|ᱱᱟᱫᱩᱦᱩᱯ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[North Bougainville languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Sentani languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Shastan languages|ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Suki-Gogodala languages|ᱥᱩᱠᱤ-ᱜᱳᱜᱳᱫᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tama languages|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tangkic languages|ᱛᱟᱝᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Turama-Kikori languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱟᱢᱟ-ᱠᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Walio languages|ᱣᱟᱞᱤᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yokutsan languages|ᱭᱳᱠᱩᱴᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yukaghir languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱟᱜᱷᱤᱨ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Ainu language (Japan)|ᱟᱭᱤᱱᱩ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bororoan languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bulaka River languages|ᱵᱩᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Charruan languages|ᱪᱟᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Dizoid languages|ᱰᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[East Bird's Head languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Giimbiyu languages|ᱜᱤᱢᱵᱤᱭᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Gumuz language|ᱜᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Jarrakan languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kalapuyan languages|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱯᱩᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Awin–Pa–Kamula languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱩᱞᱟ-ᱮᱞᱮᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Katla-Tima languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱞᱟ-ᱛᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kawesqar languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kayagar languages|ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kolopom languages|ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱯᱳᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kresh-Aja languages|ᱠᱨᱮᱥ-ᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kuliak languages|ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kwalean languages|ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Lepki–Murkim languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱠᱤ-ᱢᱩᱨᱠᱤᱢ-ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Mairasi languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Peba-Yagua languages|ᱯᱮᱵᱟ-ᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Piaroa–Saliban languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tequistlatecan languages|ᱛᱮᱠᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tsimshian languages|ᱛᱥᱤᱢᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[West Bomberai languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Western Tasmanian languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Yangmanic languages|ᱭᱟᱝᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Zamucoan languages|ᱡᱟᱢᱩᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Amto-Musan languages|ᱟᱢᱛᱳ-ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Araucanian languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱠᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Baibai-Fas languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱟᱭ-ᱯᱷᱟᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bayono-Awbono languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱱᱳ-ᱟᱣᱵᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Monumbo languages|ᱵᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Boran languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bunaban languages|ᱵᱩᱱᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Cahuapanan languages|ᱠᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱯᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chimakuan languages|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chiquitano language|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱤᱛᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Coosan languages|ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Doso-Turumsa languages|ᱫᱳᱥᱳ-ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[East Kutubu languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱴᱩᱵᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Eastern Daly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Furan languages|ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Garrwan languages|ᱜᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Haida languages|ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Harakmbut languages|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱠᱢᱵᱩᱛ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hatam-Mansim languages|ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱢ-ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hibito-Cholon languages|ᱦᱤᱵᱤᱛᱳ-ᱪᱳᱞᱳᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Huarpean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱨᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hurro-Urartian languages|ᱦᱩᱨᱳ-ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Inanwatan languages|ᱤᱱᱟᱱᱣᱟᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jarawa-Onge languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ-ᱳᱱᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jicaquean languages|ᱡᱤᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kakua-Nukak languages|ᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟ-ᱱᱩᱠᱟᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Katukinan languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱩᱠᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kaure–Kosare languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱨᱮ-ᱠᱳᱥᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Keresan languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Konda-Yahadian languages|ᱠᱳᱱᱰᱟ-ᱭᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Koreanic languages|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kwomtari languages|ᱠᱣᱳᱢᱛᱟᱨᱤ-ᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Lencan languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Limilngan languages|ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱞᱱᱜᱟᱱ-ᱣᱩᱞᱱᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Manubaran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱵᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Marrku-Wurrugu languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱩ-ᱣᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Mombum languages|ᱢᱳᱢᱵᱩᱢ-ᱠᱳᱱᱮᱨᱟᱣ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Namla-Tofanma languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱞᱟ-ᱛᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱᱢᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nivkh language|ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱠᱷ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[North-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Northern Daly languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nyimang languages|ᱱᱭᱤᱢᱟᱝ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Otomaco language|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱠᱳ-ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱨᱤᱛᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Pahoturi languages|ᱯᱟᱦᱳᱛᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Palaihnihan languages|ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱭᱱᱤᱦᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Piawi languages|ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Purian languages|ᱯᱩᱨᱤ-ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱰᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Rashad languages|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱫᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Senagi languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Somahai languages|ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱦᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[South-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Southern Daly languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Tarascan languages|ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Taulil-Butam languages|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱞᱤᱞ-ᱵᱩᱛᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Teberan languages|ᱛᱮᱵᱮᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Temein languages|ᱛᱮᱢᱮᱭᱤᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Ticuna-Yuri languages|ᱛᱤᱠᱩᱱᱟ-ᱭᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Uru-Chipaya languages|ᱩᱨᱩ-ᱪᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Wintuan languages|ᱣᱤᱱᱴᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yawa languages|ᱭᱟᱣᱟ-ᱥᱟᱣᱮᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yuki-Wappo languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱤ-ᱣᱟᱯᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Abinomn language|ᱟᱵᱤᱱᱳᱢᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Abun language|ᱟᱵᱩᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Adai language|ᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aewa language|ᱟᱭᱮᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aikanã language|ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Alsea language|ᱟᱞᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andaqui language|ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱠᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andoque language|ᱟᱱᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Anem language|ᱟᱱᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Arutani language|ᱟᱨᱩᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Suarmin language|ᱟᱥᱟᱵᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atacame language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atakapa language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱯᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bangime language|ᱵᱟᱱᱜᱤᱢᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Basque language|ᱵᱟᱥᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Beothuk language|ᱵᱤᱭᱳᱛᱷᱩᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Berta language|ᱵᱮᱨᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Betoi language|ᱵᱮᱛᱳᱭ-ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bilua language|ᱵᱤᱞᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bogaya language|ᱵᱳᱜᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burmeso language|ᱵᱩᱨᱢᱮᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burushaski language|ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱥᱟᱥᱠᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Camsá language|ᱠᱟᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Candoshi-Shapra language|ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱳᱥᱤ-ᱥᱟᱯᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Canichana language|ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱪᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayubaba language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱵᱟᱵᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayuse language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱥ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chimariko language|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chitimacha language|ᱪᱤᱛᱤᱢᱟᱪᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chono language|ᱪᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Coahuilteco language|ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩᱭᱤᱞᱴᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cofán language|ᱠᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Comecrudo language|ᱠᱳᱢᱮᱠᱨᱩᱰᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cotoname language|ᱠᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cuitlatec language|ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Culli language|ᱠᱩᱞᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Damal language|ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dem language|ᱫᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dibiyaso language|ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Duna language|ᱫᱩᱱᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elamite language|ᱮᱞᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elseng language|ᱮᱞᱥᱮᱱᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Esselen language|ᱮᱥᱮᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Etruscan language|ᱮᱴᱨᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fasu language|ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fulniô language|ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱱᱤᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fuyug language|ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱩᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gaagudju language|ᱜᱟᱜᱩᱫᱽᱡᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guachi language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱪᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guaicurian language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guamo language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱢᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guató language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gule language|ᱜᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guriaso language|ᱜᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hadza language|ᱦᱟᱫᱽᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hattic language|ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hoti language|ᱦᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hruso language|ᱦᱨᱩᱥᱳ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Iberian language|ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Irantxe-Munku" | [[Irántxe language|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱛᱥᱮ-ᱢᱩᱱᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Itonama language|ᱤᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jalaa language|ᱡᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jirajaran language|ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kaki Ae language|ᱠᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kanoê language|ᱠᱟᱱᱳᱭᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kapori language|ᱠᱟᱯᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karami language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karankawa language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kariri languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karok language|ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kehu language|ᱠᱮᱦᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kenaboi language|ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱵᱳᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kibiri language|ᱠᱤᱵᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kimki language|ᱠᱤᱢᱠᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Klamath-Modoc language|ᱠᱞᱟᱢᱟᱛᱷ-ᱢᱳᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱠᱳᱞ (ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kujarge language|ᱠᱩᱡᱟᱨᱜᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunama language|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kungarakany language|ᱠᱩᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunza language|ᱠᱩᱱᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kuot language|ᱠᱩᱭᱳᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kusunda language|ᱠᱩᱥᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kutenai language|ᱠᱩᱴᱮᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kwaza language|ᱠᱣᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laal language|ᱞᱟᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lafofa language|ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱳᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laragia language|ᱞᱟᱨᱟᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lavukaleve language|ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱩᱠᱟᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Leco language|ᱞᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lule language|ᱞᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Maku" | [[Jukude language|ᱢᱟᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maratino language|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱛᱤᱱᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Morori language|ᱢᱟᱨᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Massep language|ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Matanawí language|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱱᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mato Grosso Arára language|ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ ᱟᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mawes language|ᱢᱟᱣᱮᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maybrat language|ᱢᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱟᱛ-ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Meroitic language|ᱢᱮᱨᱳᱭᱤᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mimi-Gaudefroy language|ᱢᱤᱢᱤ-ᱜᱳᱰᱮᱯᱷᱨᱳᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Minkin language|ᱢᱤᱱᱠᱤᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mochica language|ᱢᱳᱪᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molale language|ᱢᱳᱞᱟᱞᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molof language|ᱢᱳᱞᱳᱯᱷ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mor language (Bomberai Peninsula)|ᱢᱳᱨ (ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mosetén-Chimané language|ᱢᱳᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ-ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱱᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Movima language|ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mpur language|ᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Muniche language|ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mure language|ᱢᱩᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nara language|ᱱᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Natchez language|ᱱᱟᱴᱪᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nihali language|ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱞᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Odiai language|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Omurano language|ᱳᱢᱩᱨᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ongota language|ᱳᱱᱜᱳᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oti language|ᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport language|ᱳᱭᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ-ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱥᱣᱟᱱᱯᱳᱨᱴ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Paez" | [[Páez language|ᱯᱟᱭᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pankararú language|ᱯᱟᱱᱠᱟᱨᱟᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Papi language|ᱯᱟᱯᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pawaia language|ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Payagua language|ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pele-Ata language|ᱯᱮᱞᱮ-ᱟᱴᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pirahã language|ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱦᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puelche language|ᱯᱩᱭᱮᱞᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puinave language|ᱯᱩᱭᱤᱱᱟᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pumé language|ᱯᱩᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puquina language|ᱯᱩᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Purari language|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pyu language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱯᱩᱭᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ramanos language|ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱳᱥ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Salinan language|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sandawe language|ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱟᱣᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sapé language|ᱥᱟᱯᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sause language|ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱥᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Savosavo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sechuran language|ᱥᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Seri language|ᱥᱮᱨᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shabo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shom Peng language|ᱥᱳᱢ ᱯᱮᱝ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siamou language|ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢᱳᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siuslaw language|ᱥᱤᱣᱩᱥᱞᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sulka language|ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumerian language|ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tabo language|ᱛᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taiap language|ᱛᱟᱭᱟᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Takelma language|ᱛᱟᱠᱮᱞᱢᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tallán language|ᱛᱟᱞᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tambora language|ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumeri language|ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱦᱢᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taruma language|ᱛᱟᱨᱩᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tauade language|ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱰᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taushiro language|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱨᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timote-Cuica language|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱛᱮ-ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timucua language|ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tinigua language|ᱛᱤᱱᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tiwi language|ᱛᱤᱣᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tonkawa language|ᱛᱳᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Touo language|ᱛᱳᱣᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Trumai language|ᱛᱨᱩᱢᱟᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tunica language|ᱛᱩᱱᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tuxá language|ᱛᱩᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Umbugarla language|ᱩᱢᱵᱩᱜᱟᱨᱞᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Urarina language|ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Usku language|ᱩᱥᱠᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Vilela language|ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱞᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wadjiginy language|ᱣᱟᱡᱤᱜᱤᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wageman language|ᱣᱟᱜᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Waorani language|ᱣᱟᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Warao language|ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Washo language|ᱣᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wiru language|ᱣᱤᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Xukurú language|ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yale language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yale )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Yamana" | [[Yámana language|ᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yana language|ᱭᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yele language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yele )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yerakai language|ᱭᱮᱨᱟᱠᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yetfa language|ᱭᱮᱛᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuchi language|ᱭᱩᱪᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuracaré language|ᱭᱩᱨᱟᱠᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yurumanguí language|ᱭᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Zuni language|ᱡᱩᱱᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |} ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱳᱞ (Creoles) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ [[lexicon|ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (isolates) ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' (Glottolog) ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ (non-genealogical) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/glottologinformation|title=Glottolog: About Languoids|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> * [[Pidgin|ᱯᱤᱡᱤᱱ]] (᱘᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) * [[Mixed language|ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱙) * [[Artificial language|ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱓᱑) * [[Register (sociolinguistics)|ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱕) * [[Sign language|ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (Sign languages)]] (᱒᱒᱓)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sign1238|title=Pseudo Family: Sign Language|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> * [[Unclassified language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱒᱑) * [[Attested language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱖᱘) * ᱵᱩᱠ-ᱠᱤᱯᱤᱝ (Bookkeeping): ᱮᱲᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ISO ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱓᱙᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/book1242|title=Glottolog Family: Bookkeeping|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{NoteFoot}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikidata property|P1394}} * {{Official|https://glottolog.org/}} {{Cross-Linguistic Linked Data}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ|*]] [[Category:ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] 78n1eo1a1gu5x05dj16waq0lmql5eiq 10 35649 190832 2026-04-20T19:50:16Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Infobox | child = {{{child|}}} | title = {{{title|{{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{imagesize|}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}}} | caption = {{{caption|}}} | datastyle = text-align: left | label1 = Producer | data1 = {{{producer|}}} {{#if:{{{country|}}}|({{{country}}})}} | label2 = History | data2 = {{{history|}}} | label3 = Languages | data3..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | child = {{{child|}}} | title = {{{title|{{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{imagesize|}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}}} | caption = {{{caption|}}} | datastyle = text-align: left | label1 = Producer | data1 = {{{producer|}}} {{#if:{{{country|}}}|({{{country}}})}} | label2 = History | data2 = {{{history|}}} | label3 = Languages | data3 = {{{languages|}}} | header4 = {{#if:{{{providers|}}}{{{cost|}}}|Access}} | label5 = Providers | data5 = {{{providers|}}} | label6 = Cost | data6 = {{{cost|}}} | header7 = {{#if:{{{disciplines|}}}{{{depth|}}}{{{formats|}}}{{{temporal|}}}{{{geospatial|}}}{{{number|}}}{{{updates|}}}|Coverage}} | label8 = Disciplines | data8 = {{{disciplines|}}} | label9 = Record depth | data9 = {{{depth|}}} | label10 = Format coverage | data10 = {{{formats|}}} | label11 = Temporal coverage | data11 = {{{temporal|}}} | label12 = Geospatial coverage | data12 = {{{geospatial|}}} | label13 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of records | data13 = {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P4876 |rank=b |fwd=ALL |osd=yes |{{{number|}}} }} | label14 = Update frequency | data14 = {{{updates|}}} | header15 = {{#if:{{{p_title|}}}{{{p_dates|}}}{{{ISSN|}}}|Print edition}} | label16 = Print title | data16 = {{{p_title|}}} | label17 = Print dates | data17 = {{{p_dates|}}} | label18 = [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] | data18 = {{#if:{{{ISSN|}}}|{{ISSN link|{{{ISSN}}} }} }} | header19 = {{#if:{{{web|{{{website|}}}}}}{{{titles|}}}|Links}} | label20 = Website | data20 = {{{website|{{{web|}}}}}} | label21 = Title list(s) | data21 = {{{titles|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, interwikis to Wikidata, not here --> </noinclude> kgc4tlhvd09xna21hixxywcfbfnkyac 10 35650 190833 2026-04-20T19:50:48Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{tlx|Infobox bibliographic database}} can be used to display details about bibliographic databases and similar publications as a right-side infobox. It can be stacked with other infoboxes. {{Parameter names example|child|title|image|imagesize|alt|caption|producer|country|history|languages|providers|cost|dis..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} <!-- Add categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata --> {{tlx|Infobox bibliographic database}} can be used to display details about bibliographic databases and similar publications as a right-side infobox. It can be stacked with other infoboxes. {{Parameter names example|child|title|image|imagesize|alt|caption|producer|country|history|languages|providers|cost|disciplines|depth|formats|temporal|geospatial|number|updates|p_title|p_dates|ISSN|website|titles}} == Usage == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto;"> {{Infobox bibliographic database | child = | title = | image = | imagesize = | alt = | caption = | producer = | country = | history = | languages = | providers = | cost = | disciplines = | depth = | formats = | temporal = | geospatial = | number = | updates = | p_title = | p_dates = | ISSN = | website = <!-- use {{URL|example.com}} --> | titles = <!-- use {{URL|example.com}} --> }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} == Parameters == All parameters are optional. ; child: Set to "yes" to embed this template in another infobox (see [[Template:Infobox#Embedding]] for more info). ; title: Name of the database. If omitted, the page title will be used. ; image: Optional database logo ; caption: Optional caption for the database logo ; producer: Individual, group, or company that creates and updates the database ; country: The country that the database ''producer'' is primarily associated with. ; history: Dates that the database existed (i.e. 1997–present) ; languages: Languages the database interface is available in. ; providers: Individuals, groups, or companies that provide/sell access to the database ; cost: The cost for access to the database (i.e. Free / Subscription / Subscription with limited preview) ; disciplines: Academic disciplines covered ; depth: The depth of each record (i.e. Index / Index & abstract / Index, abstract & full-text / Index & citation indexing / etc.) ; formats: Formats indexed (i.e. Books / Journal, trade & magazine articles / Newspaper articles / etc.) ; temporal: Dates that the database covers (i.e. 1900–present) ; geospatial: Geospatial area that the database covers (i.e. North America / Europe / Egypt / etc.) ; number: Number of records in the database ; updates: How often the database is updated (i.e. Weekly / Monthly / Quarterly / etc.) ; p_title: Title of the database's print edition ; p_dates: Dates of the database's print edition ; ISSN: ISSN of the database's print edition ; website: Database's Web page ; titles: Web page with the list of the database's titles == Microformat == {{UF-hcard-org}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "child": {}, "title": {}, "image": {}, "imagesize": {}, "alt": {}, "caption": {}, "producer": {}, "country": {}, "history": {}, "languages": {}, "providers": {}, "cost": {}, "disciplines": {}, "depth": {}, "formats": {}, "temporal": {}, "geospatial": {}, "number": {}, "updates": {}, "p_title": {}, "p_dates": {}, "ISSN": {}, "website": { "aliases": [ "web" ] }, "titles": {} }, "description": "Infobox for bibliographic databases" } </templatedata> == Redirects == * {{tl|Infobox biblio db}} == See also == * {{tl|Infobox journal}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Templates generating hCards]] [[Category:Publishing infobox templates|Bibliographic Database]] [[Category:WikiProject Libraries infoboxes|Bibliographic Database]] [[Category:Bibliography templates]] }}</includeonly> btryjd60r6v3aup5ttnf3s0o40n4byv 10 35651 190835 2026-04-20T19:58:04Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<includeonly>{{#if:{{{name|}}} |{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{note|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|group=note|name={{{name|}}}}} |{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{note|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|group=note}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190835 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{name|}}} |{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{note|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|group=note|name={{{name|}}}}} |{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{note|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|group=note}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 4m1k8hiwpzmjv3igohm19ro2xlsbh0w 10 35652 190836 2026-04-20T19:58:47Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{#section:Help:footnotes|pregroup}} == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "description": "Inserts an explanatory footnote. Notes can be named and grouped. Will show as for example: [Note 1]", "format": "inline", "params": { "1": { "label": "Text",..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{#section:Help:footnotes|pregroup}} == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "description": "Inserts an explanatory footnote. Notes can be named and grouped. Will show as for example: [Note 1]", "format": "inline", "params": { "1": { "label": "Text", "description": "Text of the note", "aliases": [ "note", "content", "text" ], "type": "content", "required": true }, "name": { "label": "Name", "description": "Reference name of the note", "type": "line" } } } </templatedata> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- Categories and interwikis go here: --> [[Category:Explanatory footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] }}</includeonly> 1r9ki5l8ca0erf45p4sjjs5c90s4tpj 10 35653 190837 2026-04-20T20:03:59Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Sister project | position = {{{position|}}} | project = data | text = [[Wikidata]] has the propert{{#if:{{{2|}}}|ies|y}}: {{#invoke:Uses Wikidata|usesProperty}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage --> </noinclude>" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sister project | position = {{{position|}}} | project = data | text = [[Wikidata]] has the propert{{#if:{{{2|}}}|ies|y}}: {{#invoke:Uses Wikidata|usesProperty}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage --> </noinclude> dhzz3feta5jus4j8ni13ljqr7dmm7jw 10 35654 190838 2026-04-20T20:04:35Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Documentation subpage}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --> {{Lua|Module:Side box|Module:Uses Wikidata}} == Usage == As supported by [[Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects]], this template may be used to add a [[Wikidata]] ''property'' link to a Wikipedia article – concretely, the link created leads to the property's ''discussion'' page containing the actual human-readable documentation. Note that thi..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --> {{Lua|Module:Side box|Module:Uses Wikidata}} == Usage == As supported by [[Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects]], this template may be used to add a [[Wikidata]] ''property'' link to a Wikipedia article – concretely, the link created leads to the property's ''discussion'' page containing the actual human-readable documentation. Note that this template generates an [[Wikipedia:InterWikimedia links|InterWikimedia link]] and is not intended to represent sources for Wikipedia articles. {|class="wikitable" |- ! Code ! scope="col" style="width: 20em;" | Result |- |{{demo|br=<td>|<nowiki>{{Wikidata property | P496 }}</nowiki>}} |- |{{demo|br=<td>|<nowiki>{{Wikidata property |1= P496 }}</nowiki>}} |- |{{demo|br=<td>|<nowiki>{{Wikidata property | P1164 | P2820 }}</nowiki>}} |- |{{demo|br=<td>|<nowiki>{{Wikidata property |1= P1164 |2= P2820 }}</nowiki>}} |} == Parameters == * {{para|1|P<var>number</var>}} – ID of a Wikidata property. Mandatory parameter. * {{para|2}}, {{para|3}}, ... – optional additional Wikidata properties. * {{para|position}} – set to <code>left</code> for a left-floating box or, ideally, pass through with {{para|position|{{param|position|}}}} to let this be set on a per-page basis. == Supporting templates and modules == * {{tl|Sister project}}, implemented using {{ml|Side box|main}} via {{tl|Side box}} * {{ml|Uses Wikidata|usesProperty}} == See also == * {{tl|Uses Wikidata}} * {{tl|Tracks Wikidata}} * {{tl|Wikidata entity link}} * {{tl|Wikidata property link}} == TemplateData == {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "P number", "example": "P231", "required": true, "suggested": true }, "position": {} } } </templatedata> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other||<!-- CATEGORIES HERE, THANKS --> [[Category:Wikidata templates|Property]] [[Category:Interwiki link sidebar templates]] }}</includeonly> drnp2ucci2p40uohvo1cv5ghkvos2bp 10 35655 190839 2026-04-20T20:06:02Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Navbox |name = Cross-Linguistic Linked Data |title = [[Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image = |above = |below = |group1 = General |list1 = * [[Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures]] (APICS) * [[Glottolog]] * [[World Atlas of Language Structures]] (WALS) |group2 = [[Lexical database]]s |list2 = * [[Automated Similarity Judgment Program]] (ASJP) * Concept..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Cross-Linguistic Linked Data |title = [[Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image = |above = |below = |group1 = General |list1 = * [[Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures]] (APICS) * [[Glottolog]] * [[World Atlas of Language Structures]] (WALS) |group2 = [[Lexical database]]s |list2 = * [[Automated Similarity Judgment Program]] (ASJP) * [[Concepticon]] * [[Intercontinental Dictionary Series]] (IDS) * [[Lexibank]] * [[PHOIBLE]] }}<noinclude> {{doc|content= {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Cross-Linguistic Linked Data|τ]] [[Category:Linguistics navigational boxes]] }} </noinclude> p9b6ve5ey7weh321ilxz5wry3idly5g 0 35656 190845 2026-04-21T00:56:00Z Sunia Marndi 8165 "{{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=|date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = {{Collapsible list| * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} }} '''''Azadirachta indica''''', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Meliaceae]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Azadirachta]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (genus) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Indian subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[Southeast Asia|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Native species|ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Subtropics|ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[neem oil|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' (Nim) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Hindustani language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[tree|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Petiole (botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[flower|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Axillary bud|ᱠᱷᱚᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (bisexual) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[fruit|ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ([[Glossary of botanical terms#glabrous|glabrous]]), ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ (olive) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[drupe|ᱰᱽᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ (exocarp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ (mesocarp) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (fibrous) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ (endocarp) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[seed|ᱡᱟᱝ]] (kernels) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ (Pollen grains)]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (chinaberry ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ bakain), ''[[Melia azedarach]]''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[Pinnation|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[Pinnation#Iteration of divisions|ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Carl Linnaeus]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''[[Melia azedarach]]'' ᱟᱨ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (genus) ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'azedarach' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'azédarac' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''azad darakhat-e-hind'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[Pakistan|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[Bangladesh|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Native species|ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[Laos|ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[Vietnam|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[South America|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[Indonesia|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ (Ecology) == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[drought resistance|ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ]] ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ground water|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[soil|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[Pakistan|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ (quality) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (Weed) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[weed|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (weed)]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Middle East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[West Africa|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[Indian Ocean|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ''A. indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[Northern Territory|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ B' ᱟᱨ 'C' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (weed) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[Top End]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Northern Territory|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Darwin, Northern Territory|ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ]], [[Queensland|ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[Western Australia|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ (savanna) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (naturalised) ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ [[bark (botany)|ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ (bark)]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[phytochemical|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ (antifeedant), ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱳᱞᱥ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[beta-sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[garlic|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ (compounds) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[catechin|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ (Bark)]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[rice|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[wheat|ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ugadi|ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[Tamil Nadu|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Tamil language|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[Rasam (dish)|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[Bengal|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[aubergine|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ({{Lang|bn|নিম বেগুন ভাজা}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱠ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ (appetizer) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Southeast Asia|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' [{{Lang|lo|ກະເດົາ}}] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ), [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' [{{Lang|th|สะเดา}}] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' [{{Lang|my|တမာ}}] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[Leaf|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[tamarind|ᱡᱚᱡᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ (fish paste) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[traditional medicine|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ [[evidence-based medicine|ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ [[miscarriage|ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ (miscarriage)]], [[infertility|ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[Hypoglycemia|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ]] (low blood sugar) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (synthetic) ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Spodoptera eridania|ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm)]] ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳ-ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[anti-desertification|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ (fertility) ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Neem-coated urea|ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ]] ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[nitrification|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ-ᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ (sequenced) ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ (mesocarp), ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (endocarp) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Expressed sequence tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|[[Sant Nenuram Ashram|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ]], ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[European Patent Office]] (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤ-ᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ (anti-fungal) ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (process) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ (appeal) ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ (revoke) ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Biotechnology) == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ (biopesticide) ᱨᱮ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ (fungi) ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ (genetic), ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ (bioreactors) ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''A. indica'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] r0rulw8fdu7n66bo3gphyswxfr4sfi0 190846 190845 2026-04-21T01:01:36Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=|date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = {{Collapsible list| * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ(Azadirachta indica)''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Meliaceae]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Azadirachta]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Indian subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Native species|ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Subtropics|ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[neem oil|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Hindustani language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[tree|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Petiole (botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[flower|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Axillary bud|ᱠᱷᱚᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (bisexual) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[fruit|ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ([[Glossary of botanical terms#glabrous|glabrous]]), ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ (olive) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[drupe|ᱰᱽᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ (exocarp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ (mesocarp) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (fibrous) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ (endocarp) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[seed|ᱡᱟᱝ]] (kernels) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ (Pollen grains)]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (chinaberry ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ bakain), ''[[Melia azedarach]]''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[Pinnation|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[Pinnation#Iteration of divisions|ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Carl Linnaeus]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''[[Melia azedarach]]'' ᱟᱨ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (genus) ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'azedarach' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'azédarac' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''azad darakhat-e-hind'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[Pakistan|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[Bangladesh|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Native species|ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[Laos|ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[Vietnam|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[South America|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[Indonesia|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ (Ecology) == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[drought resistance|ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ]] ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ground water|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[soil|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[Pakistan|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ (quality) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (Weed) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[weed|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (weed)]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Middle East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[West Africa|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[Indian Ocean|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ''A. indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[Northern Territory|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ B' ᱟᱨ 'C' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (weed) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[Top End]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Northern Territory|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Darwin, Northern Territory|ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ]], [[Queensland|ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[Western Australia|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ (savanna) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (naturalised) ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ [[bark (botany)|ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ (bark)]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[phytochemical|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ (antifeedant), ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱳᱞᱥ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[beta-sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[garlic|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ (compounds) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[catechin|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ (Bark)]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[rice|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[wheat|ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ugadi|ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[Tamil Nadu|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Tamil language|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[Rasam (dish)|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[Bengal|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[aubergine|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ({{Lang|bn|নিম বেগুন ভাজা}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱠ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ (appetizer) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Southeast Asia|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' [{{Lang|lo|ກະເດົາ}}] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ), [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' [{{Lang|th|สะเดา}}] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' [{{Lang|my|တမာ}}] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[Leaf|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[tamarind|ᱡᱚᱡᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ (fish paste) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[traditional medicine|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ [[evidence-based medicine|ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ [[miscarriage|ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ (miscarriage)]], [[infertility|ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[Hypoglycemia|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ]] (low blood sugar) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (synthetic) ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Spodoptera eridania|ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm)]] ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳ-ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[anti-desertification|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ (fertility) ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Neem-coated urea|ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ]] ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[nitrification|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ-ᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ (sequenced) ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ (mesocarp), ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (endocarp) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Expressed sequence tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|[[Sant Nenuram Ashram|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ]], ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[European Patent Office]] (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤ-ᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ (anti-fungal) ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (process) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ (appeal) ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ (revoke) ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Biotechnology) == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ (biopesticide) ᱨᱮ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ (fungi) ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ (genetic), ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ (bioreactors) ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''A. indica'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] okqq3ubnher23yl3lnycndm7j7tjlnf 190850 190846 2026-04-21T01:20:04Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = {{Collapsible list| * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ(Azadirachta indica)''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Meliaceae]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Azadirachta]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Indian subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Native species|ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Subtropics|ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[neem oil|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Hindustani language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[tree|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Petiole (botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[flower|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Axillary bud|ᱠᱷᱚᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (bisexual) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[fruit|ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ([[Glossary of botanical terms#glabrous|glabrous]]), ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ (olive) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[drupe|ᱰᱽᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ (exocarp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ (mesocarp) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (fibrous) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ (endocarp) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[seed|ᱡᱟᱝ]] (kernels) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ (Pollen grains)]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (chinaberry ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ bakain), ''[[Melia azedarach]]''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[Pinnation|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[Pinnation#Iteration of divisions|ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Carl Linnaeus]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''[[Melia azedarach]]'' ᱟᱨ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (genus) ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'azedarach' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'azédarac' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''azad darakhat-e-hind'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[Pakistan|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[Bangladesh|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Native species|ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[Laos|ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[Vietnam|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[South America|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[Indonesia|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ (Ecology) == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[drought resistance|ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ]] ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ground water|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[soil|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[Pakistan|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ (quality) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (Weed) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[weed|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (weed)]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Middle East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[West Africa|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[Indian Ocean|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ''A. indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[Northern Territory|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ B' ᱟᱨ 'C' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (weed) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[Top End]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Northern Territory|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Darwin, Northern Territory|ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ]], [[Queensland|ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[Western Australia|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ (savanna) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (naturalised) ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ [[bark (botany)|ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ (bark)]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[phytochemical|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ (antifeedant), ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱳᱞᱥ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[beta-sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[garlic|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ (compounds) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[catechin|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ (Bark)]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[rice|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[wheat|ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ugadi|ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[Tamil Nadu|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Tamil language|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[Rasam (dish)|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[Bengal|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[aubergine|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ({{Lang|bn|নিম বেগুন ভাজা}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱠ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ (appetizer) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Southeast Asia|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' [{{Lang|lo|ກະເດົາ}}] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ), [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' [{{Lang|th|สะเดา}}] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' [{{Lang|my|တမာ}}] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[Leaf|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[tamarind|ᱡᱚᱡᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ (fish paste) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[traditional medicine|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ [[evidence-based medicine|ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ [[miscarriage|ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ (miscarriage)]], [[infertility|ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[Hypoglycemia|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ]] (low blood sugar) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (synthetic) ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Spodoptera eridania|ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm)]] ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳ-ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[anti-desertification|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ (fertility) ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Neem-coated urea|ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ]] ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[nitrification|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ-ᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ (sequenced) ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ (mesocarp), ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (endocarp) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Expressed sequence tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|[[Sant Nenuram Ashram|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ]], ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[European Patent Office]] (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤ-ᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ (anti-fungal) ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (process) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ (appeal) ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ (revoke) ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Biotechnology) == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ (biopesticide) ᱨᱮ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ (fungi) ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ (genetic), ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ (bioreactors) ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''A. indica'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] a8ced84pj3x59tr13vw3k8sb3us2n3a 190869 190850 2026-04-21T02:26:11Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ(Azadirachta indica)''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Meliaceae]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Azadirachta]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Indian subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Native species|ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Subtropics|ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[neem oil|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Hindustani language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[tree|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Petiole (botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[flower|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Axillary bud|ᱠᱷᱚᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (bisexual) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[fruit|ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ([[Glossary of botanical terms#glabrous|glabrous]]), ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ (olive) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[drupe|ᱰᱽᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ (exocarp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ (mesocarp) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (fibrous) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ (endocarp) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[seed|ᱡᱟᱝ]] (kernels) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ (Pollen grains)]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (chinaberry ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ bakain), ''[[Melia azedarach]]''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[Pinnation|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[Pinnation#Iteration of divisions|ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Carl Linnaeus]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''[[Melia azedarach]]'' ᱟᱨ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (genus) ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'azedarach' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'azédarac' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''azad darakhat-e-hind'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[Pakistan|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[Bangladesh|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Native species|ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[Laos|ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[Vietnam|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[South America|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[Indonesia|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ (Ecology) == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[drought resistance|ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ]] ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ground water|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[soil|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[Pakistan|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ (quality) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (Weed) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[weed|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (weed)]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Middle East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[West Africa|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[Indian Ocean|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ''A. indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[Northern Territory|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ B' ᱟᱨ 'C' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (weed) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[Top End]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Northern Territory|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Darwin, Northern Territory|ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ]], [[Queensland|ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[Western Australia|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ (savanna) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (naturalised) ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ [[bark (botany)|ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ (bark)]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[phytochemical|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ (antifeedant), ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱳᱞᱥ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[beta-sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[garlic|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ (compounds) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[catechin|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ (Bark)]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[rice|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[wheat|ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ugadi|ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[Tamil Nadu|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Tamil language|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[Rasam (dish)|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[Bengal|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[aubergine|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ({{Lang|bn|নিম বেগুন ভাজা}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱠ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ (appetizer) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Southeast Asia|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' [{{Lang|lo|ກະເດົາ}}] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ), [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' [{{Lang|th|สะเดา}}] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' [{{Lang|my|တမာ}}] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[Leaf|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[tamarind|ᱡᱚᱡᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ (fish paste) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[traditional medicine|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ [[evidence-based medicine|ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ [[miscarriage|ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ (miscarriage)]], [[infertility|ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[Hypoglycemia|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ]] (low blood sugar) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (synthetic) ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Spodoptera eridania|ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm)]] ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳ-ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[anti-desertification|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ (fertility) ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Neem-coated urea|ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ]] ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[nitrification|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ-ᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ (sequenced) ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ (mesocarp), ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (endocarp) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Expressed sequence tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|[[Sant Nenuram Ashram|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ]], ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[European Patent Office]] (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤ-ᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ (anti-fungal) ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (process) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ (appeal) ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ (revoke) ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Biotechnology) == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ (biopesticide) ᱨᱮ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ (fungi) ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ (genetic), ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ (bioreactors) ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''A. indica'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] 2r0dve17g5ttk61cljddyzt4cwf1m50 190873 190869 2026-04-21T09:48:55Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ(Azadirachta indica)''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Meliaceae]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Azadirachta]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Indian subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Native species|ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Subtropics|ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[neem oil|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Hindustani language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[tree|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Petiole (botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[flower|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Axillary bud|ᱠᱷᱚᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[fruit|ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[drupe|ᱰᱽᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[seed|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''[[Melia azedarach]]''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Carl Linnaeus]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''[[Melia azedarach]]'' ᱟᱨ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'azedarach' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'azédarac' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛ-ᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ (Ecology) == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ground water|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[soil|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Middle East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ B' ᱟᱨ 'C' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[Top End]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱳᱞᱥ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[beta-sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[garlic|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[catechin|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[rice|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[wheat|ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ugadi|ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[Rasam (dish)|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[Bengal|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[aubergine|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳ-ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[anti-desertification|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ-ᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Expressed sequence tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤ-ᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] 1j22zpob5ccubus24e7eap7ho9wbxjc 190874 190873 2026-04-21T09:49:14Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ(Azadirachta indica)''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Meliaceae]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Azadirachta]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Indian subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Native species|ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Subtropics|ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[neem oil|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Hindustani language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[tree|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Petiole (botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[flower|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Axillary bud|ᱠᱷᱚᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[fruit|ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[drupe|ᱰᱽᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[seed|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''[[Melia azedarach]]''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Carl Linnaeus]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''[[Melia azedarach]]'' ᱟᱨ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'azedarach' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'azédarac' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛ-ᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ground water|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[soil|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Middle East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ B' ᱟᱨ 'C' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[Top End]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱳᱞᱥ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[beta-sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[garlic|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[catechin|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[rice|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[wheat|ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ugadi|ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[Rasam (dish)|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[Bengal|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[aubergine|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳ-ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[anti-desertification|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ-ᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Expressed sequence tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤ-ᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] ab4iux0juufguxoddofoq1t59b2a18t 190886 190874 2026-04-21T10:32:07Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ(Azadirachta indica)''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Meliaceae]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Azadirachta]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Indian subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Native species|ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Subtropics|ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[neem oil|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Hindustani language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[tree|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Petiole (botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[flower|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Axillary bud|ᱠᱷᱚᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[fruit|ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[drupe|ᱰᱽᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[seed|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''[[Melia azedarach]]''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Carl Linnaeus]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''[[Melia azedarach]]'' ᱟᱨ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'azedarach' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'azédarac' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛ-ᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ground water|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[soil|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Middle East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ B' ᱟᱨ 'C' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[Top End]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱳᱞᱥ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[beta-sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[garlic|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[catechin|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[rice|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[wheat|ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ugadi|ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[Rasam (dish)|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[Bengal|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[aubergine|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳ-ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[anti-desertification|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ-ᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Expressed sequence tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤ-ᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] pspccntao171izub5sia1t6toacs5nu 190887 190886 2026-04-21T10:36:58Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Azadirachta]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Indian subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Native species|ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Subtropics|ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[neem oil|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Hindustani language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[tree|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Petiole (botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[flower|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Axillary bud|ᱠᱷᱚᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[fruit|ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[drupe|ᱰᱽᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[seed|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''[[Melia azedarach]]''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Carl Linnaeus]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''[[Melia azedarach]]'' ᱟᱨ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'azedarach' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'azédarac' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛ-ᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ground water|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[soil|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Middle East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ B' ᱟᱨ 'C' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[Top End]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱳᱞᱥ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[beta-sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[garlic|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[catechin|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[rice|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[wheat|ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ugadi|ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[Rasam (dish)|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[Bengal|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[aubergine|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳ-ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[anti-desertification|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ-ᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Expressed sequence tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤ-ᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] g26cgrqf3zpgmfeyj4emfdnm813vgvk 190888 190887 2026-04-21T10:49:47Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Azadirachta|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Native_species|ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Subtropics|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Hindustani_language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[tree|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Petiole (botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[flower|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Axillary bud|ᱠᱷᱚᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[fruit|ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[drupe|ᱰᱽᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[seed|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''[[Melia azedarach]]''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Carl Linnaeus]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''[[Melia azedarach]]'' ᱟᱨ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'azedarach' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'azédarac' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛ-ᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ground water|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[soil|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Middle East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ B' ᱟᱨ 'C' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[Top End]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱳᱞᱥ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[beta-sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[garlic|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[catechin|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[rice|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[wheat|ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ugadi|ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[Rasam (dish)|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[Bengal|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[aubergine|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳ-ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[anti-desertification|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ-ᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Expressed sequence tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤ-ᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] iktu4lg8u6r6y6aia710402q0rce60u 190889 190888 2026-04-21T11:02:59Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ */ 190889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Azadirachta|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Native_species|ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Subtropics|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Hindustani_language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[:en:Pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[:en:Axillary_bud|ᱠᱷᱟᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[:en:Inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[:en:Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Drupe|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ (Melia azedarach)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Carl Linnaeus]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''[[Melia azedarach]]'' ᱟᱨ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'azedarach' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'azédarac' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛ-ᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''Azadirachta indica'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ground water|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[soil|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Middle East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ B' ᱟᱨ 'C' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[Top End]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ-ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱳᱞᱥ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[beta-sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[garlic|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[catechin|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[rice|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[wheat|ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ugadi|ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[Rasam (dish)|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[Bengal|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[aubergine|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳ-ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[anti-desertification|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ-ᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Expressed sequence tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤ-ᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] secq7d3j4515rratt9bb8gscc05lefv 190890 190889 2026-04-21T11:26:37Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ */ 190890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Azadirachta|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Native_species|ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Subtropics|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Hindustani_language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[:en:Pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[:en:Axillary_bud|ᱠᱷᱟᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[:en:Inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[:en:Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Drupe|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ (Melia azedarach)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[:en:Adrien-Henri_de_Jussieu|ᱮᱰᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱼᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱣ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' (''Melia azadirachta)'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azedarach') ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azédarac') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛᱼᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[:en:Groundwater|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Middle_East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[:en:Northern_Territory|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱥᱤ' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[:en:Top_End|ᱪᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱳᱞᱥ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[beta-sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟᱼᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[garlic|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[catechin|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[rice|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[wheat|ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ugadi|ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[Rasam (dish)|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[Bengal|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[aubergine|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳᱼᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[anti-desertification|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥᱼᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Expressed sequence tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹᱼᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱼᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] g8t3eqrv85iblvdcvscev2bi7vjbvxx 190891 190890 2026-04-21T11:36:33Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ */ 190891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Azadirachta|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Native_species|ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Subtropics|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Hindustani_language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[:en:Pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[:en:Axillary_bud|ᱠᱷᱟᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[:en:Inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[:en:Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Drupe|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ (Melia azedarach)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[:en:Adrien-Henri_de_Jussieu|ᱮᱰᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱼᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱣ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' (''Melia azadirachta)'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azedarach') ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azédarac') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛᱼᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[:en:Groundwater|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Middle_East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[:en:Northern_Territory|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱥᱤ' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[:en:Top_End|ᱪᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[:en:Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱤᱱᱳᱞ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[:en:Triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Β-Sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟᱼᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱩᱬ|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Catechin|ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Vitamin_C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[rice|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[wheat|ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ugadi|ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[Rasam (dish)|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[Bengal|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[aubergine|ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[Thailand|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[Myanmar|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳᱼᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[anti-desertification|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥᱼᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[teeth-cleaning twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Expressed sequence tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹᱼᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱼᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] 6q8l4a63n9x4zlh11vgfk3vgr98kyzu 190892 190891 2026-04-21T11:49:40Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ */ 190892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Azadirachta|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Native_species|ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Subtropics|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Hindustani_language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[:en:Pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[:en:Axillary_bud|ᱠᱷᱟᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[:en:Inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[:en:Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Drupe|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ (Melia azedarach)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[:en:Adrien-Henri_de_Jussieu|ᱮᱰᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱼᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱣ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' (''Melia azadirachta)'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azedarach') ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azédarac') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛᱼᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[:en:Groundwater|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Middle_East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[:en:Northern_Territory|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱥᱤ' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[:en:Top_End|ᱪᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[:en:Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱤᱱᱳᱞ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[:en:Triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Β-Sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟᱼᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱩᱬ|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Catechin|ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Vitamin_C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱩᱜᱟᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[:en:Rasam_(dish)|ᱨᱮᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ|ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳᱼᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Desert_greening|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱚᱨᱯᱚᱫ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥᱼᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Teeth-cleaning_twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[:en:Expressed_sequence_tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[Vaishnavism|ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱱᱛ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ [[Radha Krishna|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[Nimai|ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ]] ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[prior art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹᱼᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[cell suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱼᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] hdsezim6jesvfjcjg4y1tjv0pqvvunc 190893 190892 2026-04-21T11:54:53Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ */ 190893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Azadirachta|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Native_species|ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Subtropics|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Hindustani_language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[:en:Pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[:en:Axillary_bud|ᱠᱷᱟᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[:en:Inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[:en:Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Drupe|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ (Melia azedarach)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[:en:Adrien-Henri_de_Jussieu|ᱮᱰᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱼᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱣ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' (''Melia azadirachta)'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azedarach') ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azédarac') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛᱼᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[:en:Groundwater|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Middle_East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[:en:Northern_Territory|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱥᱤ' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[:en:Top_End|ᱪᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[:en:Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱤᱱᱳᱞ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[:en:Triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Β-Sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟᱼᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱩᱬ|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Catechin|ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Vitamin_C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱩᱜᱟᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[:en:Rasam_(dish)|ᱨᱮᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ|ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳᱼᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Desert_greening|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱚᱨᱯᱚᱫ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥᱼᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Teeth-cleaning_twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[:en:Expressed_sequence_tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ [[:en:International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Grace_(company)|W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[:en:Prior_art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹᱼᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[:en:Cell_suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱼᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] qeem9329li4f71b44dy5x9ueqtjba95 10 35657 190847 2026-04-21T01:05:12Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ |parent=Melioideae |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ |parent=Melioideae |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} 1zd96xuanq79035ga8sua13msn5269x 10 35658 190848 2026-04-21T01:08:23Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subfamilia |link=ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱣᱚᱭᱰᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Meliaceae |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subfamilia |link=ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱣᱚᱭᱰᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Meliaceae |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} lae14y5hzags0zobfk9px2l4usyn94q 10 35659 190849 2026-04-21T01:09:42Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=familia |link=ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Sapindales |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=familia |link=ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Sapindales |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}} }} nyrwxag7xhg225nszk6kodt1ipnq6wz 828 35660 190858 2026-04-21T01:50:11Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{High-use}} == Usage == <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>#invoke:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|cite}}</code> – for {{tlx|cite IUCN}} <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>#invoke:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|make_cite_iucn}}</code> – for {{tlx|make cite IUCN}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below thi..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190858 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{High-use}} == Usage == <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>#invoke:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|cite}}</code> – for {{tlx|cite IUCN}} <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>#invoke:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|make_cite_iucn}}</code> – for {{tlx|make cite IUCN}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> }}</includeonly> ==Background information== ===Old-style and new-style IUCN urls=== Until late 2018, the IUCN assessments used urls of form :<code><nowiki> http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15955/0</nowiki></code> :where 15955 is the taxon ID and the “0” suffix indicates a global assessment (other single digit numbers code for various regional assessments). From around September 2018, the IUCN switched to a new format for the url, of the form :<code><nowiki> https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15955/50659951</nowiki></code> :where the 15955 is the taxon ID and a unique suffix identies a version of an assessment. This left all Wikipedia links to IUCN assessments as dead links. Shortly afterwards the IUCN produced a backup of the old system with links of the form :<code><nowiki> http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/15955/0</nowiki></code> : which uses an old-style url form on the oldredlist subdomain. Many citations were switched over to this url. However, this subdomain was shut down near the end of 2019, leaving many dead links generating [http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/15955/0 502 Bad Gateway] errors. ===Current IUCN citations=== A typical IUCN citation, as given on their assessment pages, is now of the form: :Goodrich, J., Lynam, A., Miquelle, D., Wibisono, H., Kawanishi, K., Pattanavibool, A., Htun, S., Tempa, T., Karki, J., Jhala, Y. & Karanth, U. 2015. ''Panthera tigris''. ''The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'' 2015: e.T15955A50659951. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en. Downloaded on 19 December 2019. :where the electronic article number <code>e.T15955A50659951</code> contains the taxon ID (between the T and A) and the assessment ID (after the A). These two identifying numbers are also contained in the doi. When there is an amendment to an assessment, a new assessment number is assigned, which causes a change in the electronic article number and the url of the page. The behaviour of the doi is unusual. A new assessment does not cause a new doi, it retains the original assessment number. If this is used by a template to construct a url, it will be to the original version of the assessment. However, if the url of the doi is followed, the IUCN doi resolver redirects to the latest assessment. The target of the doi has changed to the revised version of the IUCN assessment. Thus if the template uses the doi url the linked page will change from the one seen by the editor who added the citation. Therefore this module will create a url with the following order of precedence: # Use the electronic article number set by the {{para|article-number}} parameter to generate the url. # Use the {{para|id}} to generate the url if it is of the two new-style two part form, i.e. <code>TAXON_ID/ASSESSMENT_ID</code> (e.g. <code>15955/50659951</code>) # Use the {{para|doi}} parameter to generate the url. This is last choice because it uses the number of the original assessment even when the assessment has been amended. When none of the above options are available, and when {{para|url}} has the old form, this module will change the scheme from <code>http://</code> to <code>https://</code> in an attempt to make a working link (see next section). ===Legacy issue with old-style urls=== There is still a legacy issue with old-style IUCN urls, which are still used in many Wikipedia citations. Some months after the change to the new-style urls, the IUCN introduced redirects for the old-style urls that link to the appropriate pages addressed by the new style url. In most cases these redirects will work. So the oldstyle url for the tiger <code><nowiki>https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15955/0</nowiki></code> correctly links to the assessment at <code><nowiki>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15955/50659951</nowiki></code> (see [https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15955/0 tiger]). However, not all assessments redirect. For instance, the oldstyle url for the Bengal mud eel <code><nowiki> http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/166410/0</nowiki></code> links to the home page (see [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/166410/0 Bengal mud eel]). This failure of some old style url to be redirected is unexpected, as the redirect function of the IUCN API does link to the correct page. A url of the form :<code><nowiki>https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/166410 </nowiki></code> : will link to the correct page, even in cases where the automatic redirect faile, e.g. the [https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/166410 Bengal mud eel]. However, redirects are not available when the taxon id has been replaced and an error in JSON format is returned (e.g. for [https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/149100 house sparrow]). ===New taxon IDs=== There is another case where the old style urls gives dead links, when the taxon ID has changed. For instance, the Italian sparrow was split off from the house sparrow as a new species and both assigned new taxon IDs. This left any old style urls to the original assessment as dead links. * Old-style url <code><nowiki>http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/149100/0</nowiki></code> for [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/149100/0 house sparrow] (dead link on old taxon id <code>149100</code>) * New-style url <code><nowiki>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103818789/155522130</nowiki></code> for [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103818789/155522130 house sparrow] (''Passer domesticus''), using new taxon id and assessment number <code>103818789/155522130</code>. * New-style url <code><nowiki>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103819014/132196181</nowiki></code> for [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103819014/132196181 Italian sparrow] (''Passer italiae''), using new taxon id and assessment number <code>103819014/132196181</code>. In this case there is no action the template/module can take to resolve the issue. Active intervention of an editor is required. <noinclude> [[Category:Module documentation pages]] [[Category:Templates that wrap Cite journal]] </noinclude> ktme1nnd5f5r516wmvgahrc1vvlsa53 10 35661 190859 2026-04-21T01:51:37Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<includeonly>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Cite IUCN|make_cite_iucn|}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190859 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Cite IUCN|make_cite_iucn|}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 8t2nq42yl4f02mi6rn9v1m99varbkz4 10 35662 190860 2026-04-21T01:52:05Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Documentation subpage}} {{lua|Module:Cite IUCN}} {{Subst only|auto=yes}} <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> This template is an editor's aid. On each species page of the ''[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]'', IUCN provides an example citation. This template takes that example citation as a single parameter value and retur..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{lua|Module:Cite IUCN}} {{Subst only|auto=yes}} <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> This template is an editor's aid. On each species page of the ''[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]'', IUCN provides an example citation. This template takes that example citation as a single parameter value and returns a {{tlx|cite IUCN}} template. == Usage == To use this template #at an IUCN Red List species page, highlight and copy the example citation #at the en.wiki article write: #:<code><nowiki>{{make cite IUCN|}}</nowiki></code> #paste the IUCN example citation into the above between <code>|</code> and <code>}}</code> #click Publish changes; the raw template shown in Show preview becomes active Usually within an hour, [[User:AnomieBOT/docs/TemplateSubster|AnomieBOT]] will substitute the {{tld|make cite IUCN}} with the matching {{tlx|cite IUCN}} template. ===Example=== At IUCN, the page for [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19708408/19708411 Smooth Arizona Cypress] has this example citation: :Farjon, A. 2013. Cupressus arizonica var. glabra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T19708408A19708411. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T19708408A19708411.en. Downloaded on 27 December 2019. writing the template: :<code><nowiki>{{make cite IUCN|Farjon, A. 2013. Cupressus arizonica var. glabra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T19708408A19708411. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T19708408A19708411.en. Downloaded on 27 December 2019.}}</nowiki></code> shows this in Preview mode: :{{make cite IUCN|Farjon, A. 2013. Cupressus arizonica var. glabra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T19708408A19708411. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T19708408A19708411.en. Downloaded on 27 December 2019.|nosubst=yes}} when substed gives this: :<code><nowiki>{{cite IUCN |author1=Farjon, A. |year=2013 |title=''Cupressus arizonica'' var. ''glabra'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T19708408A19708411 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T19708408A19708411.en |access-date=27 December 2019}}</nowiki></code> ::{{cite IUCN |author1=Farjon, A. |year=2013 |title=''Cupressus arizonica'' var. ''glabra'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T19708408A19708411 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T19708408A19708411.en |access-date=27 December 2019}} ===Limitations=== Substing, using the <code>subst:</code> prefix does not work within {{tag|ref}} tags; see {{slink|Help:Substitution#Limitation}}. That is why this template is auto-subst'd by AnomieBOT which does work within {{tag|ref}} tags. Alternatively, use {{para|ref|NAME}} to wrap the output with {{tag|ref|attribs=name=NAME}} tags. When substituted with the code: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{subst:make cite IUCN|Goodrich, J., Lynam, A., Miquelle, D., Wibisono, H., Kawanishi, K., Pattanavibool, A., Htun, S., Tempa, T., Karki, J., Jhala, Y. & Karanth, U. 2015. Panthera tigris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T15955A50659951. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en. Downloaded on 12 August 2020.|ref=iucn}}</syntaxhighlight> the following will be output on the page: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"><ref name=iucn>{{cite IUCN |author=Goodrich, J. |author2=Lynam, A. |author3=Miquelle, D. |author4=Wibisono, H. |author5=Kawanishi, K. |author6=Pattanavibool, A. |author7=Htun, S. |author8=Tempa, T. |author9=Karki, J. |author10=Jhala, Y. |author11=Karanth, U. |year=2015 |title=''Panthera tigris'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T15955A50659951 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en |access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref></syntaxhighlight> Sometimes it is desirable to modify the output of {{tld|make cite IUCN}} (wikilinks etc) before saving. One, sort of awkward, way to accomplish that is to open another browser window and open a sandbox. Write the <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>make cite IUCN|&lt;{{var|IUCN citation text}}>|x}}</code> (note the unnamed parameter <code>x</code> at the end); click '''Show preview''', the template will render a formatted {{tld|cite IUCN}} template that you can edit and then copy/paste into the target article. The <code>x</code> parameter shows the italic markup in {{para|title}}. From this original IUCN citation: :<code><nowiki>{{make cite IUCN|Goodrich, J., Lynam, A., Miquelle, D., Wibisono, H., Kawanishi, K., Pattanavibool, A., Htun, S., Tempa, T., Karki, J., Jhala, Y. & Karanth, U. 2015. Panthera tigris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T15955A50659951. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en. Downloaded on 12 August 2020.|x}}</nowiki></code> the template returns this {{tld|cite IUCN}}: :{{make cite IUCN|Goodrich, J., Lynam, A., Miquelle, D., Wibisono, H., Kawanishi, K., Pattanavibool, A., Htun, S., Tempa, T., Karki, J., Jhala, Y. & Karanth, U. 2015. Panthera tigris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T15955A50659951. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en. Downloaded on 12 August 2020.|x|nosubst=yes}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> {{uncat}} }}</includeonly> <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "IUCN citation", "description": "The example citation provided on the IUCN webpage for the species, below the abstract.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "2": { "label": "Format control", "description": "Set to \"x\" to render a formatted {{cite IUCN}} template for copy/pasting.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "x" ] } }, "format": "inline" } </templatedata> 99apskem9s6vloj97wxlqq742tt8sta 10 35663 190861 2026-04-21T01:54:13Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{Lua|Module:Cite IUCN}} {{High-use}} A template for citing the ''[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. == Usage == This template uses {{tlx|cite journal}} to render IUCN ''Red List'' citations. It will accept all parameters that are available to {{tld|cite journa..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{Lua|Module:Cite IUCN}} {{High-use}} A template for citing the ''[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. == Usage == This template uses {{tlx|cite journal}} to render IUCN ''Red List'' citations. It will accept all parameters that are available to {{tld|cite journal}} though only a few are needed because this template will automatically provide a standardized set of parameters. Data for the parameters that editors need to provide can be found on the appropriate ''Red List'' page. The parameters that editors need to provide are: *'''title''': usually the species name; italics for proper formatting are not provided *'''article-number''': the electronic article number; the template will use this value to create a correct url to link the value in {{para|title}}; in the form <code>e.T&lt;{{var|digits}}>A&lt;{{var|digits}}></code> where <code>&lt;{{var|digits}}></code> is one or more of the <code>0–9</code> digits *'''last{{var|n}}''' / '''first{{var|n}}''' or any of the other author name parameters available to {{tld|cite journal}} see {{slink|Template:Cite journal#Authors}} *'''date''': the year of publication (alias '''year''') *'''errata''': the year that an assessment errata is published – from IUCN citation text: <code>(errata version published in {{var|year}})</code> *'''amends''': the year that 'this assessment' amends – from IUCN citation text: <code>(amended version of {{var|year}} assessment)</code> *'''volume''': usually same as '''date'''; may be omitted if '''date''' set A handy tool for creating these templates is {{tlx|make cite IUCN}}. === Copy and paste === <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Cite IUCN | last𝑛 = | first𝑛 = | date = | title = | article-number = | doi = | access-date = {{subst:CURRENTDAY}} {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}} }} </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Cite IUCN |last𝑛 = |first𝑛 = |date = |title = |article-number = |doi = |access-date = {{subst:CURRENTDAY}} {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}} }} </syntaxhighlight> ==Examples== *{{cite IUCN |last1=Sillero-Zubiri |first1=C. |last2=Do Linh San |first2=E. |name-list-style=amp |date=2016 |title=''Mungos gambianus'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T13922A45199653 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13922/45199653 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13922A45199653.en |access-date=18 October 2018}} [new-style url provided] *{{Cite IUCN |last1=Goodrich |first1=J. |last2=Lynam |first2=A. |last3=Miquelle |first3=D. |last4=Wibisono |first4=H. |last5=Kawanishi |first5=K. |last6=Pattanavibool |first6=A. |last7=Htun |first7=S. |last8=Tempa |first8=T. |last9=Karki |first9=J. |last10=Jhala |first10=Y. |last11=Karanth |first11=U. |title=''Panthera tigris'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T15955A50659951 |publisher=[[IUCN]] |date=2015 |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15955/0 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en |access-date=15 January 2018}} [old-style url provided and replaced] *{{cite IUCN |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |date=2017 |title=''Passer domesticus'' |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T103818789A111172035 |access-date=26 October 2018 |url=http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/103818789/0}} [old-style url provided and replaced] *{{Cite IUCN |title=''Motacilla alba'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |version=2019.3 |date=2019 |article-number=e.T22718348A137417893 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22718348/137417893 |access-date=14 December 2019}} [no journal parameter provided] ==Error and maintenance messaging== This template emits a variety of error and maintenance messages. ===Error messages=== *<span class="error" style="font-size:100%">malformed {{para|doi|plain=yes}} identifier</span> *<span class="error" style="font-size:100%">malformed {{para|article-number|plain=yes}} identifier</span> *:IUCN uses an identifier to point to a particular page in their database. For {{para|article-number}} and {{para|doi}} the identifier portion of these parameter values has the form: <code>T&lt;{{var|digits}}>A&lt;{{var|digits}}></code> where <code>&lt;{{var|digits}}></code> is one or more of the <code>0–9</code> digits. The template emits these error messages when the identifier portions of the parameter values do not match the expected form. *<span class="error" style="font-size:100%">|doi= / |article-number= mismatch</span> *<span class="error" style="font-size:100%">|doi= / |url= mismatch</span> *<span class="error" style="font-size:100%">|article-number= / |url= mismatch</span> *:This template uses {{tlx|cite journal}} for rendering. cs1|2 templates are designed to cite single sources. Because IUCN identifiers in {{para|doi}} and {{para|article-number}} point to individual pages in the IUCN database, all of the identifiers should match. The template emits these errors when the identifiers in a {{tld|cite IUCN}} template do not match. {{lang|la|Caveat lector}}: regardless of the value assigned to {{para|doi}} (or urls that link to IUCN through the dx.doi.org resolver), doi links are redirected to the most recent assessment, not to the assessment specified in the {{para|doi}} parameter's value. For example, this template taken from [[Springbok]] at the time of this writing: *::<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite IUCN |publisher=[[IUCN]] |title=''Antidorcas marsupialis'' |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |year=2016 |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T1676A115056763 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T1676A50181753.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/1676/115056763}}</syntaxhighlight> *:::{{cite IUCN |publisher=[[IUCN]] |title=''Antidorcas marsupialis'' |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |year=2016 |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T1676A115056763 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T1676A50181753.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/1676/115056763}} *:{{para|article-number}} and {{para|url}} have the same identifiers (to the current version of the assessment) but {{para|doi}} has a different (older identifier) yet clicking the doi-link takes the reader to the current assessment. Rewriting the url value to use the identifier from {{para|doi}} gives working link to the older assessment: *::https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/1676/50181753 ===Maintenance messages=== Maintenance messages emitted by this template are normally hidden. To make these maintenance messages visible, include the following text in your common [[Cascading Stylesheets|CSS]] page ([[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css]]) or your specific skin's CSS page ([[Special:MyPage/skin.css|skin.css]]): :<syntaxhighlight lang="css">.citation-comment {display: inline !important;} /* display cite IUCN maintenance messages */</syntaxhighlight> *<span style="color: #33aa33">|volume= / |date= mismatch</span> *<span style="color: #33aa33">|volume= / |doi= mismatch</span> *<span style="color: #33aa33">|date= / |doi= mismatch</span> *:{{tlx|cite IUCN}} validates the volume information in {{para|volume}} against the volume information in {{para|doi}} and compares these values with the content of {{para|date}} or {{para|year}}. These values should all be the same. *<span style="color: #33aa33">old-form url</span> *:There are two old-form urls for the IUCN Red List. {{tld|cite IUCN}} modifies these old-form urls into a new-form url using identifier data from {{para|article-number}} or {{para|doi}}, in that order if available. If an identifier is not available, the template will switch from the <code>http</code> scheme to the <code>https</code> scheme which will sometimes make a 'dead' old-form url work. When either of these changes is made, the template emits this message. Templates cannot save changes like this to the wiki-text so editors should evaluate the results of these url changes and modify the template's wiki text to remove the url and add {{para|article-number}} (preferred) and/or {{para|doi}}. *<span style="color: #33aa33">new-form url</span> *:{{tld|cite IUCN}} emits this message when {{para|url}} holds a new-form url. This form of url is acceptable but, for consistency, should be removed so that the template may create the url from {{para|article-number}} (preferred) and/or {{para|doi}}. *<span style="color: #33aa33">unknown url</span> *:When the content of {{para|url}} is not recognized as old-, original-, or new-form, the template emits this message. Commonly, such urls are doi links (<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN...</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN...</syntaxhighlight>). When {{para|url}} holds a doi link, the parameter should be changed to {{para|doi|10.2305/IUCN...}} *<span style="color: #33aa33">no identifier</span> *:When {{para|url}}, {{para|article-number}}, and {{para|doi}} are all empty or omitted, {{tld|cite IUCN}} cannot construct a url. To resolve this issue add {{para|article-number}} (preferred) and/or {{para|doi}}. *<span style="color: #33aa33">title has extraneous text</span> *:The template emits this message when {{para|title}} has either of these annotations: *:*errata annotation: <code>(errata version published in {{var|year}})</code> – remove this text and add {{para|errata|{{var|year}}}} *:*amendment annotation: <code>(amended version of {{var|year}} assessment)</code> – remove this text and add {{para|amends|{{var|year}}}} *<span style="color: #33aa33">uses deprecated |page= identifier</span> *:{{para|page}} is deprecated; use {{para|article-number}} ===Tracking categories=== *{{clc|Cite IUCN maint}} *{{clc|Cite IUCN errors}} *{{clc|Cite IUCN without doi}} - not an error condition, but something to be tracked == TemplateData == {{TemplateData header}} {{Collapse top|TemplateData}} <templatedata> { "params": { "title": { "label": "Title", "description": "Usually the species name (in which case it should be italicised)", "type": "string", "required": true, "suggested": true }, "article-number": { "label": "Article number", "description": "The electronic article number", "suggested": true, "type": "line" }, "last": { "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1" ], "label": "Family name", "description": "Last name or surname of the first author, or the whole name for an author with only given names or an organisation; don't wikilink, use \"author-link\"", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "first": { "aliases": [ "first1" ], "label": "Given name", "description": "Given name of the first author; if an author has only given names, use \"last\"; don't wikilink, use \"author-link\"", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "year": { "aliases": [ "date" ], "label": "Year", "description": "Year of publication", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "volume": { "label": "Volume", "description": "Usually same as \"year\", may be omitted if \"year\" is set", "type": "line" }, "author-link": { "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link" ], "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia page on the first author", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "last2": { "aliases": [ "author2" ], "label": "Family name 2", "description": "Last name or surname of the second author, or the whole name for an author with only given names or an organisation; don't wikilink, use \"author-link2\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "first2": { "label": "Given name 2", "description": "Given name of the second author; if an author has only given names, use \"last2\"; don't wikilink, use \"author-link2\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "author-link2": { "aliases": [ "author2-link" ], "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia page on the second author", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "last3": { "aliases": [ "author3" ], "label": "Family name 3", "description": "Last name or surname of the third author, or the whole name for an author with only given names or an organisation; don't wikilink, use \"author-link3\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "first3": { "label": "Given name 3", "description": "Given name of the third author; if an author has only given names, use \"last3\"; don't wikilink, use \"author-link3\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "author-link3": { "aliases": [ "author3-link" ], "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia page on the third author", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "last4": { "aliases": [ "author4" ], "label": "Family name 4", "description": "Last name or surname of the fourth author, or the whole name for an author with only given names or an organisation; don't wikilink, use \"author-link4\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "first4": { "label": "Given name 4", "description": "Given name of the fourth author; if an author has only given names, use \"last4\"; don't wikilink, use \"author-link4\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "author-link4": { "aliases": [ "author4-link" ], "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia page on the fourth author", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "last5": { "aliases": [ "author5" ], "label": "Family name 5", "description": "Last name or surname of the fifth author, or the whole name for an author with only given names or an organisation; don't wikilink, use \"author-link5\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "first5": { "label": "Given name 5", "description": "Given name of the fifth author; if an author has only given names, use \"last5\"; don't wikilink, use \"author-link5\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "author-link5": { "aliases": [ "author5-link" ], "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia page on the fifth author", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "last6": { "aliases": [ "author6" ], "label": "Family name 6", "description": "Last name or surname of the sixth author, or the whole name for an author with only given names or an organisation; don't wikilink, use \"author-link6\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "first6": { "label": "Given name 6", "description": "Given name of the sixth author; if an author has only given names, use \"last6\"; don't wikilink, use \"author-link6\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "author-link6": { "aliases": [ "author6-link" ], "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia page on the sixth author", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "last7": { "aliases": [ "author7" ], "label": "Family name 7", "description": "Last name or surname of the seventh author, or the whole name for an author with only given names or an organisation; don't wikilink, use \"author-link7\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "first7": { "label": "Given name 7", "description": "Given name of the seventh author; if an author has only given names, use \"last7\"; don't wikilink, use \"author-link7\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "author-link7": { "aliases": [ "author7-link" ], "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia page on the seventh author", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "last8": { "aliases": [ "author8" ], "label": "Family name 8", "description": "Last name or surname of the eighth author, or the whole name for an author with only given names or an organisation; don't wikilink, use \"author-link8\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "first8": { "label": "Given name 8", "description": "Given name of the eighth author; if an author has only given names, use \"last8\"; don't wikilink, use \"author-link8\"", "type": "line", "suggested": false }, "author-link8": { "aliases": [ "author8-link" ], "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia page on the eighth author", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "access-date": { "label": "Access date", "description": "Date that the citation was verified to support the text", "type": "date", "suggested": true } }, "description": "Formats a citation of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "format": "inline", "paramOrder": [ "title", "article-number", "last", "first", "year", "volume", "access-date", "doi", "author-link", "last2", "first2", "author-link2", "last3", "first3", "author-link3", "last4", "first4", "author-link4", "last5", "first5", "author-link5", "last6", "first6", "author-link6", "last7", "first7", "author-link7", "last8", "first8", "author-link8" ] } </templatedata> {{Collapse bottom}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Templates that add a tracking category]] [[Category:Specific-source templates]] [[Category:Biology source templates]] [[Category:Templates that wrap Cite journal]] }}</includeonly> cqkgrdvmnvfa632wfwcgg7gnodcylju 10 35664 190863 2026-04-21T02:05:40Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<includeonly>{{code|{{{code|{{{1}}}}}}|lang={{{lang|{{{2|text}}}}}}|class=tpl-codett {{{class|}}}|id={{{id|}}}|style="border:none; padding: 0px 0px; color:var(--color-base, #202122); background:transparent; {{{style|}}}"}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190863 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{code|{{{code|{{{1}}}}}}|lang={{{lang|{{{2|text}}}}}}|class=tpl-codett {{{class|}}}|id={{{id|}}}|style="border:none; padding: 0px 0px; color:var(--color-base, #202122); background:transparent; {{{style|}}}"}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> gdbcadyb3gt83xieo717jzy6wcb3e1a 10 35665 190865 2026-04-21T02:16:29Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Template shortcuts|clist}} {{lua|Module:Collapsible list}} {{Collapse Templates}} This template produces a collapsible list. It is possible to set [[CSS]] styles for the "frame" (the {{tag|div}} tags surrounding the list), for the list title, and for the list items. The template supports an unlimited number of list items. This template is typically used in [[WP:Infobox|infoboxes]] and..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Template shortcuts|clist}} {{lua|Module:Collapsible list}} {{Collapse Templates}} This template produces a collapsible list. It is possible to set [[CSS]] styles for the "frame" (the {{tag|div}} tags surrounding the list), for the list title, and for the list items. The template supports an unlimited number of list items. This template is typically used in [[WP:Infobox|infoboxes]] and [[WP:NAVBOX|navboxes]]; it should not normally be used in regular article content, per [[MOS:DONTHIDE]]. Regarding using this template in infoboxes, MOS:DONTHIDE acknowledges an exception: {{xt|A few infoboxes also use pre-collapsed sections for infrequently accessed details. If [such] information ... seems extraneous or trivial enough to inspire pre-collapsing it, consider raising a discussion on the article (or template) talk page about whether it should be [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information|included at all]].}} == Syntax == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="font-size:95%;overflow:auto;"> {{Collapsible list | expand = | framestyle = | titlestyle = | title = | liststyle = | hlist = | bullets = | 1 = <!--(First item in list; the "1 =" is usually not required)--> | 2 = <!--(Second item in list; ditto)--> | 3 = <!--(Third item in list; etc.)--> | <!-- etc. --> }} </syntaxhighlight> == Parameters == {{Aligned table |style=line-height:1.35em; |col1style=padding-right:1.5em; |col2style=vertical-align:middle; | ''expand'' | Any text in this parameter (including "no") sets the list's default state to expanded rather than collapsed. Omit the parameter or leave it blank to set the default state to collapsed. | ''framestyle'' | Custom CSS styling applied the template overall (title and list). | ''titlestyle'' | Custom CSS styling applied to the title. | ''title'' | The list's title (always on view beside the list's [show/hide] link). | ''liststyle'' | Custom CSS styling applied to the list (specifically, to the {{tag|ul}} tags delimiting the list). | ''hlist'' | Include as {{para|hlist|on}}, {{para|hlist|true}}, etc. to produce a horizontal rather than vertical list. | ''bullets'' | Include as {{para|bullets|on}}, {{para|bullets|true}}, etc. to place a [[Bullet (typography)|bullet point]] before each list item. | Unnamed parameters<br>(first, second, third...) | The list items (in the order in which they will appear). If none are supplied, the template outputs nothing. }} == Examples == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="font-size:95%;overflow:auto;"> {{Collapsible list | title = [[European Free Trade Association]] members | [[Iceland]] | [[Liechtenstein]] | [[Norway]] | [[Switzerland]] }} </syntaxhighlight> {{collapsible list |title=[[European Free Trade Association]] members |[[Iceland]] |[[Liechtenstein]] |[[Norway]] |[[Switzerland]]}} === Example of a list without borders because it is within an infobox === In these examples, the fields leader_name2 and leader_name3 have been changed to use collapsible list. {{Infobox settlement |official_name = City of Hamilton |motto = Together Aspire – Together Achieve |image_skyline = HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = <!-- |image_map = Map of Ontario HAMILTON.svg |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = Location in the province of Ontario, Canada--> |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Canada |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Ontario]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Fred Eisenberger]] |leader_title1 = [[City council]] |leader_name1 = [[Hamilton, Ontario, City Council]] |leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MPs]] |leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; <!--Hides borders and improves row spacing--> |title=List of MPs |1=[[Dean Allison]] |2=[[Chris Charlton]] |3=[[David Christopherson]] |4=[[Wayne Marston]] |5=[[David Sweet]] }} |leader_title3 = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPPs]] |leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; <!--as above--> |title=List of MPPs |1=[[Marie Bountrogianni]] |2=[[Andrea Horwath]] |3=[[Judy Marsales]] |4=[[Ted McMeekin]] |5=[[Jennifer Mossop]] }} |established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] |established_date = June 9, 1846 |short_description = }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="font-size:95%; overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox settlement |official_name = City of Hamilton ...truncated... |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Fred Eisenberger]] |leader_title1 = [[City council]] |leader_name1 = [[Hamilton City Council]] |leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MPs]] |leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; <!--Hides borders and improves row spacing--> |title=List of MPs |1=[[Dean Allison]] |2=[[Chris Charlton]] |3=[[David Christopherson]] |4=[[Wayne Marston]] |5=[[David Sweet]] }} |leader_title3 = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPPs]] |leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; <!--as above--> |title=List of MPPs |1=[[Marie Bountrogianni]] |2=[[Andrea Horwath]] |3=[[Judy Marsales]] |4=[[Ted McMeekin]] |5=[[Jennifer Mossop]] }} |established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] |established_date = June 9, 1846 (...etc....) }} </syntaxhighlight> == TemplateData == {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "First list item", "description": "A single list item", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "2": { "label": "Second list item", "description": "A single list item", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "3": { "label": "Third list item", "description": "A single list item", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "4": { "label": "Fourth list item", "description": "A single list item", "type": "content" }, "5": { "label": "Fifth list item", "description": "A single list item", "type": "content" }, "6": { "label": "Sixth list item", "type": "content", "description": "A single list item" }, "7": { "type": "content", "label": "Seventh list item", "description": "A single list item" }, "8": { "type": "content", "label": "Eighth list item", "description": "A single list item" }, "9": { "type": "content", "label": "Ninth list item", "description": "A single list item" }, "10": { "type": "content", "label": "Tenth list item", "description": "A single list item" }, "expand": { "label": "Expand list", "description": "Expand the list instead of collapsing it", "example": "true", "type": "string", "autovalue": "true", "suggestedvalues": [ "true" ] }, "framestyle": { "aliases": [ "frame_style" ], "label": "Frame style", "description": "Custom CSS styling applied the template overall (title and list).", "example": "border: 1px solid grey;", "type": "string" }, "titlestyle": { "aliases": [ "title_style" ], "label": "Title style", "description": "CSS styling applied to the title", "example": "color:brown;", "type": "string" }, "title": { "label": "Title", "description": "The list's title (Always in view beside the list's [show/hide] link).", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "liststyle": { "aliases": [ "list_style" ], "label": "List style", "description": "CSS styling applied solely to the list itself", "example": "list-style-type: square;", "type": "string" }, "hlist": { "label": "Horizontal list", "description": "Use value 'on' or 'true' to produce a horizontal rather than vertical list", "example": "true", "type": "string", "autovalue": "true", "suggestedvalues": [ "on", "true" ] }, "bullets": { "label": "Bullets", "description": "Set as 'on' or 'true' to place a bullet point before each list item", "example": "true", "type": "string", "autovalue": "true" } }, "description": "Produces an HTML list that can be collapsed", "paramOrder": [ "title", "hlist", "bullets", "expand", "1", "framestyle", "titlestyle", "liststyle", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10" ], "format": "block" } </templatedata> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Collapse templates]] [[Category:List formatting and function templates]] }}</includeonly> n69actgdxtb76bw3wyzrr7fayaid5wr 10 35666 190866 2026-04-21T02:19:06Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 Redirected page to [[ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Collapsible templates]] 190866 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Collapsible templates]] j5fiur4qp80h74qlyetu8kk5i0e2eqo 10 35667 190867 2026-04-21T02:19:27Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Helpbox |templatename = Collapsible templates |name = Collapsible templates |bodyclass = vcard |list1 = {{aligned table|fullwidth=y|rightleft=y|col1style=font-weight:bold; |Help: |[[Help:Collapsing|Collapsing]] |Guideline:|[[MOS:COLLAPSE|Hidden content]] }} |group2 = [[WP:Mainspace|Article namespace]] |list2 = {{plainlist|1= * {{tl|collapsible list}} * {{tl|hidden}} * {{hlist|{{tl|hidden begin}}|{{tl|hidd..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Helpbox |templatename = Collapsible templates |name = Collapsible templates |bodyclass = vcard |list1 = {{aligned table|fullwidth=y|rightleft=y|col1style=font-weight:bold; |Help: |[[Help:Collapsing|Collapsing]] |Guideline:|[[MOS:COLLAPSE|Hidden content]] }} |group2 = [[WP:Mainspace|Article namespace]] |list2 = {{plainlist|1= * {{tl|collapsible list}} * {{tl|hidden}} * {{hlist|{{tl|hidden begin}}|{{tl|hidden end}}}} }} |group3 = [[Wikipedia:Infobox|Infoboxes]] |list3 = {{plainlist|1= * {{tl|collapsed infobox section begin}} * {{tl|collapsed infobox section end}} }} |group4 = [[Wikipedia:Navigation template|Navigation templates]] |list4 = {{plainlist|1= * {{tl|sidebar with collapsible lists}} * {{tl|navbox with collapsible groups}} }} |group5 = [[Help:Talk pages|Talk namespace]] |list5 = {{plainlist|1= * {{tl|collapse}} * {{hlist|{{tl|collapse top}}|{{tl|collapse bottom}}}} * {{tl|collapse AI top}} * {{tl|hidden archive top}} * {{tl|hidden archive bottom}} }} }}<noinclude> [[Category:Collapse templates]] </noinclude> iniqo2qroc050p58ihorl2cce6eu5tb 10 35668 190868 2026-04-21T02:22:09Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{| role="presentation" <!-- Template:Collapse --> class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk {{#switch:{{lc:{{{expand|no}}}}}|uncollapse|uncollapsed|expand|expanded|yes|y=mw-uncollapsed|#default=mw-collapsed}} {{{class|}}}" style="{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{NAMESPACEE}}|{{ns:0}}|display: none;}}{{#if:{{{bg1|}}}|background-color: {{{bg1}}};color:inherit;}} text-align: left; border: {{{border|1px}}} solid {{{b-color|var(--border-colo..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190868 wikitext text/x-wiki {| role="presentation" <!-- Template:Collapse --> class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk {{#switch:{{lc:{{{expand|no}}}}}|uncollapse|uncollapsed|expand|expanded|yes|y=mw-uncollapsed|#default=mw-collapsed}} {{{class|}}}" style="{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{NAMESPACEE}}|{{ns:0}}|display: none;}}{{#if:{{{bg1|}}}|background-color: {{{bg1}}};color:inherit;}} text-align: left; border: {{{border|1px}}} solid {{{b-color|var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1)}}}; {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{float|}}} | left = margin:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0; width:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|auto}}; float: left; clear: {{{clear|left}}} | right = margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 0.5em; width:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|auto}}; float: right; clear: {{{clear|right}}} | none = margin:0.2em 0; width:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|auto}}; clear: {{{clear|none}}} | center | centre = margin:0.2em auto; width:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|auto}}; clear: {{{clear|both}}} | #default = margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|100%}}; clear: {{{clear|both}}} }}; padding: 1px;" |- ! style="background-color: {{{background|{{{bg|var(--background-color-interactive, #eaecf0)}}}}}};color:inherit; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align: {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{left|}}}|left|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{center|}}}|center|left}}}}; {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{fc|}}}|color: {{{fc}}};|}}" | <div style="display: inline; font-size: 115%; color: {{{fc|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{bg|}}}|#202122|var(--color-base, #202122)}}}}};">{{{2|{{{title|{{{reason|{{{header|{{{heading|{{{result|Extended content}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}</div> |- | style="border: solid {{{border2|1px var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1)}}}; padding: {{{padding|8px}}}; background-color: {{{bg2|var(--background-color-base, #fff)}}}; color: {{{fc2|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{bg2|}}}|&#35;202122|var(--color-base, #202122)}}}}};" | <div>{{{content|{{{text|{{{1<noinclude>|{{lorem ipsum|3}}</noinclude>}}}}}}}}}</div> |}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{NAMESPACEE}}|{{ns:0}}|<span class="error noprint">[[Template:collapse]] is not available for use in articles (see [[MOS:COLLAPSE]]).</span>}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> hnhh2eomhhq3gyg7vt33w4c0dkzj9b9 10 35669 190870 2026-04-21T09:40:53Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<includeonly>{{Sister project |project = Wikisource |text = [[Wikisource]] has the text of ''[[s:The New Student's Reference Work|The New Student's Reference Work]]'' article {{#if:{{{2|}}}|about}} "'''[[s:The New Student's Reference Work/{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]'''". }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190870 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Sister project |project = Wikisource |text = [[Wikisource]] has the text of ''[[s:The New Student's Reference Work|The New Student's Reference Work]]'' article {{#if:{{{2|}}}|about}} "'''[[s:The New Student's Reference Work/{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]'''". }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> qw6o5p7up0vn1edgh9hqjluex48b16l 10 35670 190871 2026-04-21T09:44:08Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "*[http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=13&preview=true&searchTextMenue={{urlencode:{{{1}}} }}&search=Wikitemplate ''{{{1}}}''] in [http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/ West African plants – A Photo Guide.]<noinclude> {{documentation |content= ==Usage== This template searches for taxa in the West African Plants Database. The Parameter called "Taxon" in the example below is the scientific..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190871 wikitext text/x-wiki *[http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=13&preview=true&searchTextMenue={{urlencode:{{{1}}} }}&search=Wikitemplate ''{{{1}}}''] in [http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/ West African plants – A Photo Guide.]<noinclude> {{documentation |content= ==Usage== This template searches for taxa in the West African Plants Database. The Parameter called "Taxon" in the example below is the scientific name of the taxon without authors. Example: <code><nowiki>{{WestAfricanPlants|Taxon}}</nowiki></code> ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} {{TemplateData needed}} [[Category:Botany external link templates|WestAfricanPlants]] }} </noinclude> ccd13fs1q5j6latwm99bmehxfrq7sks 10 35671 190875 2026-04-21T09:50:50Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Navbox |name = Medicinal herbs and fungi |title = Medicinal herbs and fungi |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Herbs |list1 = * [[Alfalfa]] * [[Aloe vera]] * [[Anise]] * [[Borututu]] * [[Euphorbia hirta|Asthma-plant]] * [[Astragalus propinquus|Astragalus]] * [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] ** [[Medical cannabis|medical use]] * [[Caraway]] * [[Cardamom]] * [[Chamomile]] * Larrea tridentata|Cha..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Medicinal herbs and fungi |title = Medicinal herbs and fungi |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Herbs |list1 = * [[Alfalfa]] * [[Aloe vera]] * [[Anise]] * [[Borututu]] * [[Euphorbia hirta|Asthma-plant]] * [[Astragalus propinquus|Astragalus]] * [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] ** [[Medical cannabis|medical use]] * [[Caraway]] * [[Cardamom]] * [[Chamomile]] * [[Larrea tridentata|Chaparral]] * [[Fenugreek]] * [[Tanacetum parthenium|Feverfew]] * [[Flax|Flaxseed]] * [[Ginger]] * [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]] * [[Ginseng]] * [[Goldenseal]] * [[Lemon balm]] * [[Liquorice]] * [[Calendula officinalis|Marigold]] * [[Althaea officinalis|Marsh-mallow]] * [[Azadirachta indica|Neem]] * [[Papaver somniferum|Opium poppy]] * [[Oregano]] * [[Peppermint]] * [[Echinacea purpurea|Purple coneflower]] * [[Rosemary]] * [[Salvia officinalis|Sage]] * [[Star anise]] * [[Summer savory]] * [[Tea tree oil]] * [[Thyme]] * [[Turmeric]] * [[Pelargonium sidoides|Umckaloabo]] * [[Valerian (herb)|Valerian]] * [[Verbena]] * [[Salix alba|White willow]] * [[Achillea millefolium|Yarrow]] * [[Za'atar]] |group2 = Fungi |list2 = * [[Agaricus subrufescens|Almond mushroom]] * [[Inonotus obliquus|Chaga mushroom]] * [[Echigoshirayukidake (Basidiomycetes-X)|Echigoshirayukidake]] * [[Lingzhi mushroom]] * [[Grifola frondosa|Maitake]] * [[Meshimakobu|Meshima]] * [[Morchella esculenta|Morel mushroom]] * [[Shiitake]] |group3 = Regional practices |list3 = * [[Chinese herbology]] * [[Ayurveda|Indian herbology]] * [[Medicine in the medieval Islamic world|Islamic herbology]] * [[List of kampo herbs|Japanese herbology]] * [[Traditional Korean medicine#Herbal medicine|Korean herbology]] |group4 = Related subjects |list4 = * [[Alternative medicine]] * [[Doctrine of signatures]] * [[Physic garden|Herb garden]] * [[Herbal]] * [[Herbal tea]] * [[Herbalism]] * [[Homeopathy]] * [[Medicinal plants]] | below = '''[[List of plants used in herbalism]]''' }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> eb1wa75q2easdo5w20qbdtfhd0oy0ie 10 35672 190876 2026-04-21T09:54:49Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 Redirected page to [[ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Redirect]] 190876 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Redirect]] fztwn1b3bdtsudoeqjpggwxo7clpzzq 10 35673 190877 2026-04-21T10:03:32Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{search|{{{query|}}}}}} |{{#invoke: template wrapper | wrap | _template = cite web | _exclude = authority, id, taxon, query, search, name | url = https://www.ipni.org/?q{{=}}{{urlencode:{{{search|{{{query}}}}}}}} | title = Search for '{{{search|{{{query}}}}}}' | website = [[International Plant Names Index]] (IPNI) | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]; Ha..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{search|{{{query|}}}}}} |{{#invoke: template wrapper | wrap | _template = cite web | _exclude = authority, id, taxon, query, search, name | url = https://www.ipni.org/?q{{=}}{{urlencode:{{{search|{{{query}}}}}}}} | title = Search for '{{{search|{{{query}}}}}}' | website = [[International Plant Names Index]] (IPNI) | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]; [[Harvard University Herbaria]] & [[Harvard Library|Libraries]]; [[Australian National Botanic Gardens]] | language = en }} |{{#if:{{{abbrev|}}} |{{#invoke: template wrapper | wrap | _template = cite web | _exclude = authority, id, taxon, query, search, abbrev | url = https://www.ipni.org/?q{{=}}author+std%3A{{urlencode:{{{abbrev}}}}} | title = Author abbreviation '{{{abbrev}}}' | website = [[International Plant Names Index]] (IPNI) | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]; [[Harvard University Herbaria]] & [[Harvard Library|Libraries]]; [[Australian National Botanic Gardens]] | language = en }} |{{if both | {{{author|}}} | {{{id|}}} |{{#invoke: template wrapper | wrap | _template = cite web | _exclude = authority, id, taxon, author | url = https://www.ipni.org/a/{{{id}}} | title = {{{author}}} | website = [[International Plant Names Index]] (IPNI) | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]; [[Harvard University Herbaria]] & [[Harvard Library|Libraries]]; [[Australian National Botanic Gardens]] | language = en }} |{{#invoke: template wrapper | wrap | _template = cite web | _exclude = authority, id, taxon | url = https://www.ipni.org/n/{{{id|{{#property:P961}}}}} | title = {{#if:{{{taxon|}}} |{{#invoke:eFloras|name|{{{taxon}}}}} {{{authority|}}} |{{if both | {{#property:P961}} | {{#property:P225}} |{{#if: {{#if: {{{id|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{id|}}} | {{#property:P961}} | 1 }} | 1 }} | <!-- value of |id= is empty, unspecified or equal to P961 --> {{#invoke:eFloras|name|{{#property:P225}}}} {{{authority|}}} }} |Plant name details }} }} | website = [[International Plant Names Index]] (IPNI) | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]; [[Harvard University Herbaria]] & [[Harvard Library|Libraries]]; [[Australian National Botanic Gardens]] | language = en }} }}<!-- -->{{#if: {{{id|<noinclude>1</noinclude>}}} | |{{#if: {{#property:P961}} | |{{error-small| No {{mono|1={{pipe}}id=}} given and no id found in Wikidata.}}[[Category:Articles using Template:IPNI with missing parameters]] }} }} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> m1u127f34e65kn1musqlrpumdmm09oa 828 35674 190878 2026-04-21T10:05:08Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "require('strict') local p = {} local data -- Load [[Module:eFloras/data]] if needed and assign to this variable. local function getResource(floraID) data = data or mw.loadData("Module:eFloras/data") return data.resources[floraID] or data.resources[tonumber(floraID)] end function p.resource(frame) local floraID = string.match(frame.args[1], "%d+") if floraID == nil then return "<span style=\"color: red;\">Please provi..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190878 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local data -- Load [[Module:eFloras/data]] if needed and assign to this variable. local function getResource(floraID) data = data or mw.loadData("Module:eFloras/data") return data.resources[floraID] or data.resources[tonumber(floraID)] end function p.resource(frame) local floraID = string.match(frame.args[1], "%d+") if floraID == nil then return "<span style=\"color: red;\">Please provide a resource number (<code>flora_id</code>). See the list of supported resource numbers at [[Module:eFloras/doc]]</span>" else local familyToVolume = getResource(floraID) if familyToVolume == nil then return "<span style=\"color: red;\">The resource number (<code>flora_id</code>) <code>" .. floraID .. "</code> is not recognized. See the list of supported resource numbers at [[Module:eFloras/doc]]</span>[[Category:Pages using eFloras template with unsupported parameter values]]" else return familyToVolume end end end function p._volumeName(floraID, volume, family) floraID = tonumber(floraID) if not floraID then -- floraID is not a number. return end data = data or mw.loadData("Module:eFloras/data") if not volume then local familyToVolume = data.volumeTable[floraID] if not familyToVolume then return end volume = tonumber(familyToVolume[family]) if not volume then return end end local floraVolumeNames = data.volumeNames and data.volumeNames[floraID] if floraVolumeNames and volume then return floraVolumeNames[volume] end end function p.volumeName(frame) if not (frame.args[1] and (frame.args[2] or frame.args[3] or frame.args.family)) then return end local floraID = string.match(frame.args[1], "%d+") local volume = tonumber(frame.args[2]) local family = frame.args[3] or frame.args.family if not (floraID and (volume or family)) then return end return p._volumeName(floraID, volume, family) end function p._volumeDate(floraID, volume, family) floraID = tonumber(floraID) if not floraID then -- floraID is not a number. return end data = data or mw.loadData("Module:eFloras/data") if not volume then local familyToVolume = data.volumeTable[floraID] if not familyToVolume then return end volume = tonumber(familyToVolume[family]) if not volume then return end end local floraVolumeDates = data.volumeDates and data.volumeDates[floraID] if floraVolumeDates then if volume and floraVolumeDates[volume] then return floraVolumeDates[volume] else return floraVolumeDates.default end end end function p.volumeDate(frame) if not (frame.args[1] and (frame.args[2] or frame.args[3] or frame.args.family)) then return end local floraID = string.match(frame.args[1], "%d+") local volume = tonumber(frame.args[2]) local family = frame.args[3] or frame.args.family if not (floraID and (volume or family)) then return end return p._volumeDate(floraID, volume, family) end function p.volume(frame) local floraID = string.match(frame.args[1], "%d+") local family = frame.args[2] or frame.args.family data = data or mw.loadData("Module:eFloras/data") local familyToVolume = data.volumeTable[floraID] or data.volumeTable[tonumber(floraID)] if familyToVolume == nil then return "" else local volume = familyToVolume[family] if volume == "error" then return "19&ndash;21 [[Category:Pages using eFloras template with unsupported parameter values]]" elseif volume == nil then return "" else return volume end end end -- Italicize if name requires it. function p.italicize(name) local orig = name name = string.gsub(name, "^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1") local count name, count = string.gsub(name, "\'\'\'?", "") if count > 0 then -- A tracking method used on Wiktionary: [[wikt:Module:debug]]. -- To see the results: -- [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:tracking/eFloras/italics or bolding]] local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() pcall(frame.expandTemplate, frame, { title = 'tracking/eFloras/italics or bolding' }) mw.log("Italics in input to the italicize function in Module:eFloras:", orig) end local rank local lowerName = name:lower() if name == "" or name == nil then return elseif string.find(name, "^%u%l+ae$") then if string.find(name, "eae$") then if string.find(name, "aceae$") then rank = "family" elseif string.find(name, "oideae$") then rank = "subfamily" else rank = "tribe" end elseif string.find(name, "inae$") then rank = "subtribe" end elseif string.find(lowerName, "subsp.", 1, true) then rank = "subspecies" elseif string.find(lowerName, "subg.", 1, true) then rank = "subgenus" elseif string.find(lowerName, "var.", 1, true) then rank = "variety" elseif string.find(lowerName, "sect.", 1, true) then rank = "section" elseif string.find(name, "^%a+%s[%a-]+$") or string.find(name, "^%a+%s×%s[%a-]+$") then rank = "species" elseif string.find(name, "^%u%a+$") -- No one-letter genera, probably. and not string.find(name, ".%u") then -- Uppercase letters can only appear at beginning of taxonomic name. rank = "genus" end if not rank then mw.log("Module:eFloras could not determine a taxonomic rank for the input that it received: " .. name) return orig end if rank == "genus" or rank == "subgenus" or rank == "species" or rank == "subspecies" or rank == "variety" or rank == "section" then name = "<i>" .. name .. "</i>" local hybrid = "×" if name:find(".", 1, true) then local abbreviations = { ["subsp."] = true, ["ssp."] = true, ["var."] = true, ["f."] = true, ["sect."] = true, ["subsect."] = true, ["subg."] = true, } local unrecognized name = name:gsub( "%s+(%S+%.)%s+", function (abbreviation) mw.log(name, abbreviation, abbreviation:lower(), abbreviations[abbreviation:lower()]) if abbreviations[abbreviation:lower()] then return "</i> " .. abbreviation .. " <i>" else unrecognized = unrecognized or {} table.insert(unrecognized, abbreviation) end end) if unrecognized then mw.log(string.format("The abbreviation%s %s %s not recognized.", unrecognized[2] and "s" or "", table.concat( unrecognized, ", "), unrecognized[2] and "are" or "is")) return orig end end name = name:gsub("%s+" .. hybrid .. "%s+", "</i> " .. hybrid .. " <i>") end -- Else do not modify name. return name end function p.name(frame) local name = frame.args[1] return p.italicize(name) end p.get_volume = p.volume return p dlbywmko918it4132b13o2gvyp1q74c 828 35675 190879 2026-04-21T10:06:36Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "local data = {} data.volumeTable = { ["Flora of North America"] = { ["Anemiaceae"] = 2, ["Aspleniaceae"] = 2, ["Azollaceae"] = 2, ["Blechnaceae"] = 2, ["Cupressaceae"] = 2, ["Dennstaedtiaceae"] = 2, ["Dryopteridaceae"] = 2, ["Ephedraceae"] = 2, ["Equisetaceae"] = 2, ["Ginkgoaceae"] = 2, ["Gleicheniaceae"] = 2, ["Grammitidaceae"] = 2, ["Hymenophyllaceae"] = 2, ["Isoëtaceae"] = 2, ["Lycopodiaceae..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190879 Scribunto text/plain local data = {} data.volumeTable = { ["Flora of North America"] = { ["Anemiaceae"] = 2, ["Aspleniaceae"] = 2, ["Azollaceae"] = 2, ["Blechnaceae"] = 2, ["Cupressaceae"] = 2, ["Dennstaedtiaceae"] = 2, ["Dryopteridaceae"] = 2, ["Ephedraceae"] = 2, ["Equisetaceae"] = 2, ["Ginkgoaceae"] = 2, ["Gleicheniaceae"] = 2, ["Grammitidaceae"] = 2, ["Hymenophyllaceae"] = 2, ["Isoëtaceae"] = 2, ["Lycopodiaceae"] = 2, ["Lygodiaceae"] = 2, ["Marsileaceae"] = 2, ["Ophioglossaceae"] = 2, ["Osmundaceae"] = 2, ["Parkeriaceae"] = 2, ["Pinaceae"] = 2, ["Polypodiaceae"] = 2, ["Psilotaceae"] = 2, ["Pteridaceae"] = 2, ["Salviniaceae"] = 2, ["Schizaeaceae"] = 2, ["Selaginellaceae"] = 2, ["Taxaceae"] = 2, ["Thelypteridaceae"] = 2, ["Vittariaceae"] = 2, ["Zamiaceae"] = 2, ["Annonaceae"] = 3, ["Aristolochiaceae"] = 3, ["Berberidaceae"] = 3, ["Betulaceae"] = 3, ["Cabombaceae"] = 3, ["Calycanthaceae"] = 3, ["Canellaceae"] = 3, ["Cannabaceae"] = 3, ["Casuarinaceae"] = 3, ["Ceratophyllaceae"] = 3, ["Fagaceae"] = 3, ["Fumariaceae"] = 3, ["Hamamelidaceae"] = 3, ["Illiciaceae"] = 3, ["Juglandaceae"] = 3, ["Lardizabalaceae"] = 3, ["Lauraceae"] = 3, ["Leitneriaceae"] = 3, ["Magnoliaceae"] = 3, ["Menispermaceae"] = 3, ["Moraceae"] = 3, ["Myricaceae"] = 3, ["Nelumbonaceae"] = 3, ["Nymphaeaceae"] = 3, ["Papaveraceae"] = 3, ["Piperaceae"] = 3, ["Platanaceae"] = 3, ["Ranunculaceae"] = 3, ["Saururaceae"] = 3, ["Schisandraceae"] = 3, ["Ulmaceae"] = 3, ["Urticaceae"] = 3, ["Achatocarpaceae"] = 4, ["Aizoaceae"] = 4, ["Amaranthaceae"] = 4, ["Basellaceae"] = 4, ["Cactaceae"] = 4, ["Chenopodiaceae"] = 4, ["Molluginaceae"] = 4, ["Nyctaginaceae"] = 4, ["Phytolaccaceae"] = 4, ["Portulacaceae"] = 4, ["Caryophyllaceae"] = 5, ["Plumbaginaceae"] = 5, ["Polygonaceae"] = 5, ["Apodanthaceae"] = 6, ["Begoniaceae"] = 6, ["Calophyllaceae"] = 6, ["Cistaceae"] = 6, ["Clusiaceae"] = 6, ["Cochlospermaceae"] = 6, ["Cucurbitaceae"] = 6, ["Datiscaceae"] = 6, ["Droseraceae"] = 6, ["Frankeniaceae"] = 6, ["Hypericaceae"] = 6, ["Malvaceae"] = 6, ["Muntingiaceae"] = 6, ["Passifloraceae"] = 6, ["Podostemaceae"] = 6, ["Tamaricaceae"] = 6, ["Thymelaeaceae"] = 6, ["Turneraceae"] = 6, ["Violaceae"] = 6, ["Bataceae"] = 7, ["Brassicaceae"] = 7, ["Capparaceae"] = 7, ["Caricaceae"] = 7, ["Cleomaceae"] = 7, ["Koeberliniaceae"] = 7, ["Limnanthaceae"] = 7, ["Moringaceae"] = 7, ["Resedaceae"] = 7, ["Salicaceae"] = 7, ["Tropaeolaceae"] = 7, ["Clethraceae"] = 8, ["Crassulaceae"] = 8, ["Cyrillaceae"] = 8, ["Diapensiaceae"] = 8, ["Ebenaceae"] = 8, ["Ericaceae"] = 8, ["Grossulariaceae"] = 8, ["Iteaceae"] = 8, ["Myrsinaceae"] = 8, ["Paeoniaceae"] = 8, ["Penthoraceae"] = 8, ["Primulaceae"] = 8, ["Sapotaceae"] = 8, ["Sarraceniaceae"] = 8, ["Saxifragaceae"] = 8, ["Styracaceae"] = 8, ["Symplocaceae"] = 8, ["Theaceae"] = 8, ["Theophrastaceae"] = 8, ["Crossosomataceae"] = 9, ["Picramniaceae"] = 9, ["Rosaceae"] = 9, ["Staphyleaceae"] = 9, ["Buxaceae"] = 10, ["Combretaceae"] = 10, ["Elaeagnaceae"] = 10, ["Gunneraceae"] = 10, ["Haloragaceae"] = 10, ["Lythraceae"] = 10, ["Melastomataceae"] = 10, ["Myrtaceae"] = 10, ["Onagraceae"] = 10, ["Polygalaceae"] = 10, ["Proteaceae"] = 10, ["Surianaceae"] = 10, ["Celastraceae"] = 12, ["Cervantesiaceae"] = 12, ["Chrysobalanaceae"] = 12, ["Comandraceae"] = 12, ["Cornaceae"] = 12, ["Elatinaceae"] = 12, ["Eucommiaceae"] = 12, ["Euphorbiaceae"] = 12, ["Garryaceae"] = 12, ["Hydrangeaceae"] = 12, ["Krameriaceae"] = 12, ["Linaceae"] = 12, ["Loasaceae"] = 12, ["Malpighiaceae"] = 12, ["Nyssaceae"] = 12, ["Oxalidaceae"] = 12, ["Phyllanthaceae"] = 12, ["Picrodendraceae"] = 12, ["Putranjivaceae"] = 12, ["Rhamnaceae"] = 12, ["Rhizophoraceae"] = 12, ["Santalaceae"] = 12, ["Schoepfiaceae"] = 12, ["Simmondsiaceae"] = 12, ["Thesiaceae"] = 12, ["Viscaceae"] = 12, ["Vitaceae"] = 12, ["Ximeniaceae"] = 12, ["Zygophyllaceae"] = 12, ["Apocynaceae"] = 14, ["Convolvulaceae"] = 14, ["Gelsemiaceae"] = 14, ["Gentianaceae"] = 14, ["Hydroleaceae"] = 14, ["Loganiaceae"] = 14, ["Solanaceae"] = 14, ["Sphenocleaceae"] = 14, -- The following names in volumes 19-21 are tribes of the family Asteraceae. ["Cichorieae"] = 19, ["Arctotideae"] = 19, ["Anthemideae"] = 19, ["Vernonieae"] = 19, ["Mutisieae"] = 19, ["Cardueae"] = 19, ["Calenduleae"] = 19, ["Inuleae"] = 19, ["Gnaphalieae"] = 19, ["Plucheeae"] = 19, ["Asteraceae"] = "error", ["Astereae"] = 20, ["Senecioneae"] = 20, ["Eupatorieae"] = 21, ["Heliantheae"] = 21, -- end of list of tribes of Asteraceae ["Acoraceae"] = 22, ["Alismataceae"] = 22, ["Aponogetonaceae"] = 22, ["Araceae"] = 22, ["Arecaceae"] = 22, ["Bromeliaceae"] = 22, ["Butomaceae"] = 22, ["Cannaceae"] = 22, ["Commelinaceae"] = 22, ["Cymodoceaceae"] = 22, ["Eriocaulaceae"] = 22, ["Heliconiaceae"] = 22, ["Hydrocharitaceae"] = 22, ["Juncaceae"] = 22, ["Juncaginaceae"] = 22, ["Lemnaceae"] = 22, ["Limnocharitaceae"] = 22, ["Marantaceae"] = 22, ["Mayacaceae"] = 22, ["Musaceae"] = 22, ["Najadaceae"] = 22, ["Potamogetonaceae"] = 22, ["Ruppiaceae"] = 22, ["Scheuchzeriaceae"] = 22, ["Sparganiaceae"] = 22, ["Typhaceae"] = 22, ["Xyridaceae"] = 22, ["Zannichelliaceae"] = 22, ["Zingiberaceae"] = 22, ["Zosteraceae"] = 22, ["Cyperaceae"] = 23, ["Agavaceae"] = 26, ["Aloaceae"] = 26, ["Burmanniaceae"] = 26, ["Dioscoreaceae"] = 26, ["Haemodoraceae"] = 26, ["Iridaceae"] = 26, ["Liliaceae"] = 26, ["Orchidaceae"] = 26, ["Pontederiaceae"] = 26, ["Smilacaceae"] = 26, ["Stemonaceae"] = 26, ["Andreaeaceae"] = 27, ["Andreaeobryaceae"] = 27, ["Archidiaceae"] = 27, ["Bruchiaceae"] = 27, ["Bryoxiphiaceae"] = 27, ["Buxbaumiaceae"] = 27, ["Calymperaceae"] = 27, ["Dicranaceae"] = 27, ["Diphysciaceae"] = 27, ["Disceliaceae"] = 27, ["Ditrichaceae"] = 27, ["Encalyptaceae"] = 27, ["Ephemeraceae"] = 27, ["Erpodiaceae"] = 27, ["Fissidentaceae"] = 27, ["Funariaceae"] = 27, ["Gigaspermaceae"] = 27, ["Grimmiaceae"] = 27, ["Leucobryaceae"] = 27, ["Leucophanaceae"] = 27, ["Oedipodiaceae"] = 27, ["Polytrichaceae"] = 27, ["Pottiaceae"] = 27, ["Ptychomitriaceae"] = 27, ["Rhachitheciaceae"] = 27, ["Schistostegaceae"] = 27, ["Scouleriaceae"] = 27, ["Seligeriaceae"] = 27, ["Sphagnaceae"] = 27, ["Splachnobryaceae"] = 27, ["Takakiaceae"] = 27, ["Tetraphidaceae"] = 27, ["Timmiaceae"] = 27, ["Amblystegiaceae"] = 28, ["Anomodontaceae"] = 28, ["Aulacomniaceae"] = 28, ["Bartramiaceae"] = 28, ["Brachytheciaceae"] = 28, ["Bryaceae"] = 28, ["Calliergonaceae"] = 28, ["Catoscopiaceae"] = 28, ["Climaciaceae"] = 28, ["Cryphaeaceae"] = 28, ["Daltoniaceae"] = 28, ["Entodontaceae"] = 28, ["Fabroniaceae"] = 28, ["Fontinalaceae"] = 28, ["Hedwigiaceae"] = 28, ["Helodiaceae"] = 28, ["Hookeriaceae"] = 28, ["Hylocomiaceae"] = 28, ["Hypnaceae"] = 28, ["Hypopterygiaceae"] = 28, ["Lembophyllaceae"] = 28, ["Leptodontaceae"] = 28, ["Leskeaceae"] = 28, ["Leucodontaceae"] = 28, ["Meesiaceae"] = 28, ["Meteoriaceae"] = 28, ["Mielichhoferiaceae"] = 28, ["Mniaceae"] = 28, ["Myriniaceae"] = 28, ["Neckeraceae"] = 28, ["Orthodontiaceae"] = 28, ["Orthotrichaceae"] = 28, ["Pilotrichaceae"] = 28, ["Plagiotheciaceae"] = 28, ["Pleuroziopsaceae"] = 28, ["Pseudoditrichaceae"] = 28, ["Pterigynandraceae"] = 28, ["Pterobryaceae"] = 28, ["Racopilaceae"] = 28, ["Rhizogoniaceae"] = 28, ["Rhytidiaceae"] = 28, ["Roellobryaceae"] = 28, ["Rutenbergiaceae"] = 28, ["Sematophyllaceae"] = 28, ["Splachnaceae"] = 28, ["Stereophyllaceae"] = 28, ["Theliaceae"] = 28, ["Thuidiaceae"] = 28, }, ["Flora of China"] = { ["Aspleniaceae"] = 2, ["Athyriaceae"] = 2, ["Blechnaceae"] = 2, ["Cibotiaceae"] = 2, ["Cyatheaceae"] = 2, ["Cystopteridaceae"] = 2, ["Davalliaceae"] = 2, ["Dennstaedtiaceae"] = 2, ["Diplaziopsidaceae"] = 2, ["Dipteridaceae"] = 2, ["Dryopteridaceae"] = 2, ["Equisetaceae"] = 2, ["Gleicheniaceae"] = 2, ["Hymenophyllaceae"] = 2, ["Hypodematiaceae"] = 2, ["Isoetaceae"] = 2, ["Isoëtaceae"] = 2, ["Lindsaeaceae"] = 2, ["Lomariopsidaceae"] = 2, ["Lycopodiaceae"] = 2, ["Lygodiaceae"] = 2, ["Marattiaceae"] = 2, ["Marsileaceae"] = 2, ["Nephrolepidaceae"] = 2, ["Oleandraceae"] = 2, ["Onocleaceae"] = 2, ["Ophioglossaceae"] = 2, ["Osmundaceae"] = 2, ["Plagiogyriaceae"] = 2, ["Polypodiaceae"] = 2, ["Psilotaceae"] = 2, ["Pteridaceae"] = 2, ["Rhachidosoraceae"] = 2, ["Salviniaceae"] = 2, ["Schizaeaceae"] = 2, ["Selaginellaceae"] = 2, ["Tectariaceae"] = 2, ["Thelypteridaceae"] = 2, ["Woodsiaceae"] = 2, ["Araucariaceae"] = 4, ["Betulaceae"] = 4, ["Casuarinaceae"] = 4, ["Cephalotaxaceae"] = 4, ["Chloranthaceae"] = 4, ["Cupressaceae"] = 4, ["Cycadaceae"] = 4, ["Ephedraceae"] = 4, ["Fagaceae"] = 4, ["Ginkgoaceae"] = 4, ["Gnetaceae"] = 4, ["Juglandaceae"] = 4, ["Myricaceae"] = 4, ["Pinaceae"] = 4, ["Piperaceae"] = 4, ["Podocarpaceae"] = 4, ["Salicaceae"] = 4, ["Saururaceae"] = 4, ["Sciadopityaceae"] = 4, ["Taxaceae"] = 4, ["Taxodiaceae"] = 4, ["Aizoaceae"] = 5, ["Amaranthaceae"] = 5, ["Aristolochiaceae"] = 5, ["Balanophoraceae"] = 5, ["Basellaceae"] = 5, ["Cannabaceae"] = 5, ["Chenopodiaceae"] = 5, ["Loranthaceae"] = 5, ["Molluginaceae"] = 5, ["Moraceae"] = 5, ["Nyctaginaceae"] = 5, ["Olacaceae"] = 5, ["Opiliaceae"] = 5, ["Phytolaccaceae"] = 5, ["Podostemaceae"] = 5, ["Polygonaceae"] = 5, ["Portulacaceae"] = 5, ["Proteaceae"] = 5, ["Rafflesiaceae"] = 5, ["Rhoipteleaceae"] = 5, ["Santalaceae"] = 5, ["Ulmaceae"] = 5, ["Urticaceae"] = 5, ["Viscaceae"] = 5, ["Cabombaceae"] = 6, ["Caryophyllaceae"] = 6, ["Ceratophyllaceae"] = 6, ["Cercidiphyllaceae"] = 6, ["Circaeasteraceae"] = 6, ["Eupteleaceae"] = 6, ["Lardizabalaceae"] = 6, ["Nelumbonaceae"] = 6, ["Nymphaeaceae"] = 6, ["Paeoniaceae"] = 6, ["Ranunculaceae"] = 6, ["Tetracentraceae"] = 6, ["Trochodendraceae"] = 6, ["Calycanthaceae"] = 7, ["Capparaceae"] = 7, ["Cleomaceae"] = 7, ["Hernandiaceae"] = 7, ["Illiciaceae"] = 7, ["Lauraceae"] = 7, ["Magnoliaceae"] = 7, ["Menispermaceae"] = 7, ["Myristicaceae"] = 7, ["Papaveraceae"] = 7, ["Schisandraceae"] = 7, ["Brassicaceae"] = 8, ["Bretschneideraceae"] = 8, ["Crassulaceae"] = 8, ["Droseraceae"] = 8, ["Moringaceae"] = 8, ["Nepenthaceae"] = 8, ["Resedaceae"] = 8, ["Saxifragaceae"] = 8, ["Connaraceae"] = 9, ["Eucommiaceae"] = 9, ["Hamamelidaceae"] = 9, ["Pittosporaceae"] = 9, ["Platanaceae"] = 9, ["Rosaceae"] = 9, ["Fabaceae"] = 10, ["Aceraceae"] = 11, ["Anacardiaceae"] = 11, ["Aquifoliaceae"] = 11, ["Biebersteiniaceae"] = 11, ["Burseraceae"] = 11, ["Buxaceae"] = 11, ["Callitrichaceae"] = 11, ["Cardiopteridaceae"] = 11, ["Celastraceae"] = 11, ["Cneoraceae"] = 11, ["Coriariaceae"] = 11, ["Daphniphyllaceae"] = 11, ["Dichapetalaceae"] = 11, ["Dipentodontaceae"] = 11, ["Erythroxylaceae"] = 11, ["Euphorbiaceae"] = 11, ["Geraniaceae"] = 11, ["Icacinaceae"] = 11, ["Linaceae"] = 11, ["Malpighiaceae"] = 11, ["Meliaceae"] = 11, ["Nitrariaceae"] = 11, ["Oxalidaceae"] = 11, ["Pandaceae"] = 11, ["Peganaceae"] = 11, ["Plagiopteraceae"] = 11, ["Polygalaceae"] = 11, ["Rutaceae"] = 11, ["Salvadoraceae"] = 11, ["Simaroubaceae"] = 11, ["Staphyleaceae"] = 11, ["Surianaceae"] = 11, ["Tapisciaceae"] = 11, ["Tropaeolaceae"] = 11, ["Zygophyllaceae"] = 11, ["Actinidiaceae"] = 12, ["Balsaminaceae"] = 12, ["Bombacaceae"] = 12, ["Dilleniaceae"] = 12, ["Elaeocarpaceae"] = 12, ["Hippocastanaceae"] = 12, ["Leeaceae"] = 12, ["Malvaceae"] = 12, ["Ochnaceae"] = 12, ["Pentaphylacaceae"] = 12, ["Rhamnaceae"] = 12, ["Sabiaceae"] = 12, ["Sapindaceae"] = 12, ["Sladeniaceae"] = 12, ["Sterculiaceae"] = 12, ["Theaceae"] = 12, ["Tiliaceae"] = 12, ["Vitaceae"] = 12, ["Alangiaceae"] = 13, ["Ancistrocladaceae"] = 13, ["Araliaceae"] = 13, ["Begoniaceae"] = 13, ["Bixaceae"] = 13, ["Cactaceae"] = 13, ["Caricaceae"] = 13, ["Cistaceae"] = 13, ["Clusiaceae"] = 13, ["Combretaceae"] = 13, ["Crypteroniaceae"] = 13, ["Cynomoriaceae"] = 13, ["Dipterocarpaceae"] = 13, ["Elaeagnaceae"] = 13, ["Elatinaceae"] = 13, ["Flacourtiaceae"] = 13, ["Frankeniaceae"] = 13, ["Haloragaceae"] = 13, ["Hippuridaceae"] = 13, ["Lecythidaceae"] = 13, ["Lythraceae"] = 13, ["Melastomataceae"] = 13, ["Myrtaceae"] = 13, ["Nyssaceae"] = 13, ["Onagraceae"] = 13, ["Passifloraceae"] = 13, ["Rhizophoraceae"] = 13, ["Stachyuraceae"] = 13, ["Tamaricaceae"] = 13, ["Tetramelaceae"] = 13, ["Thymelaeaceae"] = 13, ["Trapaceae"] = 13, ["Violaceae"] = 13, ["Apiaceae"] = 14, ["Aucubaceae"] = 14, ["Clethraceae"] = 14, ["Cornaceae"] = 14, ["Diapensiaceae"] = 14, ["Ericaceae"] = 14, ["Helwingiaceae"] = 14, ["Mastixiaceae"] = 14, ["Toricelliaceae"] = 14, ["Ebenaceae"] = 15, ["Loganiaceae"] = 15, ["Myrsinaceae"] = 15, ["Oleaceae"] = 15, ["Plumbaginaceae"] = 15, ["Primulaceae"] = 15, ["Sapotaceae"] = 15, ["Styracaceae"] = 15, ["Symplocaceae"] = 15, ["Apocynaceae"] = 16, ["Asclepiadaceae"] = 16, ["Boraginaceae"] = 16, ["Convolvulaceae"] = 16, ["Gentianaceae"] = 16, ["Hydrophyllaceae"] = 16, ["Menyanthaceae"] = 16, ["Polemoniaceae"] = 16, ["Lamiaceae"] = 17, ["Solanaceae"] = 17, ["Verbenaceae"] = 17, ["Bignoniaceae"] = 18, ["Gesneriaceae"] = 18, ["Martyniaceae"] = 18, ["Orobanchaceae"] = 18, ["Pedaliaceae"] = 18, ["Scrophulariaceae"] = 18, ["Acanthaceae"] = 19, ["Adoxaceae"] = 19, ["Annonaceae"] = 19, ["Berberidaceae"] = 19, ["Campanulaceae"] = 19, ["Caprifoliaceae"] = 19, ["Carlemanniaceae"] = 19, ["Cucurbitaceae"] = 19, ["Diervillaceae"] = 19, ["Dipsacaceae"] = 19, ["Goodeniaceae"] = 19, ["Lentibulariaceae"] = 19, ["Linnaeaceae"] = 19, ["Morinaceae"] = 19, ["Myoporaceae"] = 19, ["Pentaphragmataceae"] = 19, ["Phrymaceae"] = 19, ["Plantaginaceae"] = 19, ["Rubiaceae"] = 19, ["Sphenocleaceae"] = 19, ["Stylidiaceae"] = 19, ["Valerianaceae"] = 19, ["Asteraceae"] = "20&ndash;21", ["Poaceae"] = 22, ["Acoraceae"] = 23, ["Alismataceae"] = 23, ["Aponogetonaceae"] = 23, ["Araceae"] = 23, ["Arecaceae"] = 23, ["Burmanniaceae"] = 23, ["Butomaceae"] = 23, ["Corsiaceae"] = 23, ["Cymodoceaceae"] = 23, ["Cyperaceae"] = 23, ["Hydrocharitaceae"] = 23, ["Juncaginaceae"] = 23, ["Lemnaceae"] = 23, ["Pandanaceae"] = 23, ["Posidoniaceae"] = 23, ["Potamogetonaceae"] = 23, ["Ruppiaceae"] = 23, ["Scheuchzeriaceae"] = 23, ["Triuridaceae"] = 23, ["Typhaceae"] = 23, ["Zannichelliaceae"] = 23, ["Zosteraceae"] = 23, ["Amaryllidaceae"] = 24, ["Bromeliaceae"] = 24, ["Cannaceae"] = 24, ["Centrolepidaceae"] = 24, ["Commelinaceae"] = 24, ["Costaceae"] = 24, ["Dioscoreaceae"] = 24, ["Eriocaulaceae"] = 24, ["Flagellariaceae"] = 24, ["Iridaceae"] = 24, ["Juncaceae"] = 24, ["Liliaceae"] = 24, ["Lowiaceae"] = 24, ["Marantaceae"] = 24, ["Musaceae"] = 24, ["Philydraceae"] = 24, ["Pontederiaceae"] = 24, ["Restionaceae"] = 24, ["Stemonaceae"] = 24, ["Taccaceae"] = 24, ["Xyridaceae"] = 24, ["Zingiberaceae"] = 24, ["Orchidaceae"] = 25, }, ["Flora of Chile"] = { ["Berberidaceae"] = 1, ["Brassicaceae"] = 1, ["Capparidaceae"] = 1, ["Caryophyllaceae"] = 1, ["Cistaceae"] = 1, ["Clusiaceae"] = 1, ["Coriariaceae"] = 1, ["Droseraceae"] = 1, ["Elaeocarpaceae"] = 1, ["Elatinaceae"] = 1, ["Eucryphiaceae"] = 1, ["Flacourtiaceae"] = 1, ["Frankeniaceae"] = 1, ["Geraniaceae"] = 1, ["Lactoridaceae"] = 1, ["Lardizabalaceae"] = 1, ["Linaceae"] = 1, ["Magnoliaceae"] = 1, ["Malpighiaceae"] = 1, ["Malvaceae"] = 1, ["Oxalidaceae"] = 1, ["Papaveraceae"] = 1, ["Polygalaceae"] = 1, ["Ranunculaceae"] = 1, ["Rutaceae"] = 1, ["Sapindaceae"] = 1, ["Tropaeolaceae"] = 1, ["Violaceae"] = 1, ["Vitaceae"] = 1, ["Zygophyllaceae"] = 1, ["Aizoaceae"] = 2, ["Anacardiaceae"] = 2, ["Caricaceae"] = 2, ["Celastraceae"] = 2, ["Crassulaceae"] = 2, ["Cucurbitaceae"] = 2, ["Fabaceae"] = 2, ["Haloragidaceae"] = 2, ["Icacinaceae"] = 2, ["Lythraceae"] = 2, ["Malesherbiaceae"] = 2, ["Myrtaceae"] = 2, ["Onagraceae"] = 2, ["Passifloraceae"] = 2, ["Portulacaceae"] = 2, ["Rhamnaceae"] = 2, ["Rosaceae"] = 2, ["Apiaceae"] = 3, ["Araliaceae"] = 3, ["Calyceraceae"] = 3, ["Cornaceae"] = 3, ["Cunoniaceae"] = 3, ["Dipsacaceae"] = 3, ["Loasaceae"] = 3, ["Rubiaceae"] = 3, ["Saxifragaceae"] = 3, ["Valerianaceae"] = 3, ["Asteraceae"] = 4, ["Acanthaceae"] = 5, ["Apocynaceae"] = 5, ["Asclepiadaceae"] = 5, ["Bignoniaceae"] = 5, ["Boraginaceae"] = 5, ["Campanulaceae"] = 5, ["Convolvulaceae"] = 5, ["Epacridaceae"] = 5, ["Ericaceae"] = 5, ["Gentianaceae"] = 5, ["Gesneriaceae"] = 5, ["Goodeniaceae"] = 5, ["Hydrophyllaceae"] = 5, ["Lamiaceae"] = 5, ["Lentibulariaceae"] = 5, ["Nolanaceae"] = 5, ["Oleaceae"] = 5, ["Orobanchaceae"] = 5, ["Polemoniaceae"] = 5, ["Primulaceae"] = 5, ["Sapotaceae"] = 5, ["Solanaceae"] = 5, ["Stylidiaceae"] = 5, ["Verbenaceae"] = 5, ["Amaranthaceae"] = 6, ["Chenopodiaceae"] = 6, ["Loganiaceae"] = 6, ["Nyctaginaceae"] = 6, ["Phytolaccaceae"] = 6, ["Plantaginaceae"] = 6, ["Plumbaginaceae"] = 6, ["Scrophulariaceae"] = 6, }, } local volumeTable = data.volumeTable volumeTable[1] = volumeTable["Flora of North America"] volumeTable[2] = volumeTable["Flora of China"] volumeTable[60] = volumeTable["Flora of Chile"] data.volumeDates = { [1] = { -- http://floranorthamerica.org/volumes 1993, 1993, 1997, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2010, 2009, 2014, 2022, nil, 2016, nil, 2024, nil, nil, nil, nil, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2000, 2002, 2007, 2003, 2002, 2007, 2014, default = 1993, -- Citation templates don't allow 1993+ in the date parameter. }, [2] = { -- http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 2015, 2013, nil, 1999, 2005, 2001, 2008, 2001, 2003, 2010, 2008, 2007, 2007, 2005, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1998, 2011, 2011, nil, 2006, 2010, 2000, 2009, default = 1994, -- Citation templates don't allow 1993+ in the date parameter. }, } data.volumeNames = { -- Flora of North America -- http://floranorthamerica.org/volumes [1] = { "Introduction", "Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms", "Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae", "Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, Part 1", "Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, Part 2", "Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae to Droseraceae", "Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae", "Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae", "Magnoliophyta: Picramniaceae to Rosaceae", "Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae to Elaeagnaceae", -- 10 nil, "Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae to Garryaceae", -- 12 nil, "Magnoliophyta: Gentianaceae to Hydroleaceae", -- 14 nil, nil, nil, nil, "Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 1", -- 19 "Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 2", "Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 3", "Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae", "Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae", "Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae (part 1)", "Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae (part 2)", "Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales", "Bryophyta: Mosses, part 1", "Bryophyta: Mosses, part 2", }, -- Flora of China -- http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 [2] = { "Introduction", "Pteridophytes", -- Vol. 2-3 listed under 2 "Pteridophytes", "Cycadaceae through Fagaceae", "Ulmaceae through Basellaceae", "Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae", "Menispermaceae through Capparaceae", "Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae", "Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae", "Fabaceae", "Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae", "Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae", "Clusiaceae through Araliaceae", "Apiaceae through Ericaceae", "Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae", "Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae", "Verbenaceae through Solanaceae", "Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae", "Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae", "Asteraceae", -- Vol. 20-21 listed under 20 "Asteraceae", "Poaceae", "Acoraceae through Cyperaceae", "Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae", "Orchidaceae", }, } data.resources = { [1] = "Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)", [2] = "Flora of China", [3] = "Chinese Plant Names", [4] = "Moss Flora of China", [5] = "Flora of Pakistan", [11] = "Flora of Missouri", [12] = "Madagascar Catalogue", [60] = "Flora of Chile", [100] = "Flora of Taiwan", [101] = "Flora of Taiwan Checklist", [110] = "Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal", [120] = "Ornamental Plants from Russia and Adjacent States of the Former Soviet Union", [201] = "Árboles y arbustos de los Andes del Ecuador", [610] = "A Checklist for the South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China", [1200] = "Monocot Families (USDA)", } -- First key is flora id, second is taxon to which author applies, third is -- taxon name with array of first name 1, last name 1, first name 2, last name -- 2, and so on. data.authors = { [1] = { -- Flora of North America genus = { Antennaria = { "Randall J.", "Bayer" }, Uvularia = { "Frederick H.", "Utech", "Shoichi", "Kawano" }, }, family = { Grossulariaceae = { "Nancy R.", "Morin" }, }, }, } return data 9f4y6hwqwq855ohh9kn4q6ymp2g04v1 828 35676 190880 2026-04-21T10:08:46Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Lowercase title}} <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{high-use|1350}} == Usage == This module performs tasks for [[Template:eFloras]]. The first task is taking the <code>flora_id</code> and the name of the family (or tribe of [[Asteraceae]]) and converting them to the corresponding volume numbers for the Floras of North America..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lowercase title}} <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{high-use|1350}} == Usage == This module performs tasks for [[Template:eFloras]]. The first task is taking the <code>flora_id</code> and the name of the family (or tribe of [[Asteraceae]]) and converting them to the corresponding volume numbers for the Floras of North America, China, and Chile. The second is taking the <code>flora_id</code> from the URL and returning the corresponding flora or list name. The data used for these two tasks is in [[Module:eFloras/data]]. The third is detecting what type of scientific name is in the third parameter of the template, and applying the correct italicization. For this purpose, the module strips initial and final whitespace, and any italicization or bolding. <nowiki>{{#invoke:EFloras|volume|1|family=Rosaceae}} or {{#invoke:EFloras|volume|1|Rosaceae}}</nowiki> <nowiki>{{#invoke:EFloras|resource|1}}</nowiki> <nowiki>{{#invoke:eFloras|volumeDate|1||Rosaceae}}</nowiki> <nowiki>{{#invoke:eFloras|volumeDate|1|9|}}</nowiki> <nowiki>{{#invoke:eFloras|volumeName|1||Rosaceae}}</nowiki> <nowiki>{{#invoke:eFloras|volumeName|1|9|}}</nowiki> * {{#invoke:EFloras|volume|1|family=Rosaceae}} * {{#invoke:EFloras|resource|1}} * {{#invoke:eFloras|volumeDate|1||Rosaceae}} * {{#invoke:eFloras|volumeDate|1|9|}} * {{#invoke:eFloras|volumeName|1||Rosaceae}} * {{#invoke:eFloras|volumeName|1|9|}} * <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:eFloras|name|Asteraceae}}</nowiki></code> : {{#invoke:eFloras|name|Asteraceae}} * <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:eFloras|name|Aster}}</nowiki></code> : {{#invoke:eFloras|name|Aster}} * <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:eFloras|name|Aster ericoides}}</nowiki></code> : {{#invoke:eFloras|name|Aster ericoides}} * <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:eFloras|name|Aster ericoides var. ericoides}}</nowiki></code> : {{#invoke:eFloras|name|Aster ericoides var. ericoides}} * <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:eFloras|name|Aster ericoides'' var. ''ericoides}}</nowiki></code> : {{#invoke:eFloras|name|Aster ericoides'' var. ''ericoides}} * <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:eFloras|name|Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala}}</nowiki></code> : {{#invoke:eFloras|name|Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala}} ==Tracking== * [[Template:Tracking/eFloras/italics or bolding]] <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> }}</includeonly><noinclude> [[Category:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> rhqi8n4bb21i7xfy04zgdyxmhj193un 10 35677 190881 2026-04-21T10:12:02Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<includeonly>{{#invoke: template wrapper | wrap | _template = citation | _alias-map = first1:first,last1:last | _exclude = family, tribe | mode = {{#invoke:Citation mode|main|cs1}} | contribution = {{#invoke:eFloras|name|1={{{3|{{#if:{{#property:P225}}|{{#property:P225}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|nv|&#32;'''Synonym'''}} | contribution-url = {{eFloras/url|flora_id={{{1|}}}|taxon_id={{{2|}}}}} | volume = {{#in..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190881 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke: template wrapper | wrap | _template = citation | _alias-map = first1:first,last1:last | _exclude = family, tribe | mode = {{#invoke:Citation mode|main|cs1}} | contribution = {{#invoke:eFloras|name|1={{{3|{{#if:{{#property:P225}}|{{#property:P225}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|nv|&#32;'''Synonym'''}} | contribution-url = {{eFloras/url|flora_id={{{1|}}}|taxon_id={{{2|}}}}} | volume = {{#invoke:eFloras|volume|{{{1|}}}|{{{family|{{{tribe|}}}}}}}} | date = {{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | 1 | {{#invoke:eFloras|volumeDate|{{{1|}}}|{{{volume|}}}|{{{family|{{{tribe|}}}}}}}} }} | first = {{#switch: {{{1|}}} | 120 = Tatyana <!-- Ornamental Plants from Russia and Adjacent States of the Former Soviet Union --> | 11 = George <!-- Flora of Missouri --> | 201 = Carmen }} | last = {{#switch: {{{1|}}} | 120 = Shulkina <!-- Ornamental Plants from Russia and Adjacent States of the Former Soviet Union --> | 11 = Yatskievych <!-- Flora of Missouri --> | 201 = Ulloa Ulloa }} | first2 = {{#switch: {{{1|}}} | 201 = Peter Møller }} | last2 = {{#switch: {{{1|}}} | 201 = Jørgensen }} | title = {{#invoke:eFloras|resource|{{{1|}}}}} | trans-title = {{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | 201 | Trees and shrubs of the Andes of Ecuador }} | language = {{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | 201 | Spanish }} | url = {{#switch: {{{1|}}} | 1 = http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1 }} | location = {{#switch: {{{1|}}} | 1 = New York and Oxford }} | publisher = {{#switch: {{{1|}}} | 1 = Oxford University Press }} | editor = {{#switch: {{{1|}}} | 1 = ((Flora of North America Editorial Committee)) }} | via = eFloras.org, [[Missouri Botanical Garden]], St. Louis, MO & [[Harvard University Herbaria]], Cambridge, MA }}<!-- -->{{template other | <!-- Categorize if |first= and |first1= are missing, unless the flora is Flora of Missouri, Ornamental Plants from Russia and Adjacent States of the Former Soviet Union, or Trees and shrubs of the Andes of Ecuador. --> |{{#if:{{{first|{{{first1|}}}}}}{{#switch:{{{1|}}} | 11 | 120 | 201 = 1}} | |[[Category:Pages using eFloras template without author names]] }}<!-- -->{{#switch:{{{1|}}}<!-- If Flora of North America, Flora of China, Flora of Chile --> | 1 | 2 | 60 = {{#if:{{{volume|{{{family|{{{tribe|}}}}}}}}}<!-- Check for parameters that are used to add the volume number. --> | |[[Category:Pages using eFloras template without volume]] }} }} }}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> 9bf5x7g9apmgfqthl36x9ikb1uvmppp 10 35678 190882 2026-04-21T10:12:50Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{documentation subpage}} {{cs1 wrapper|base=citation|spell=z}} {{underused external link template|http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx}} {{Lua|Module:Template wrapper|Module:eFloras|Module:Citation mode}} {{uses Wikidata|P225|P1727|P1747}} {{lowercase title}} This template creates a citation of a [[taxon]] treatment in the [[flora (publication)|floras]] and other resources on the web site [http://www.efloras.org eFloras]...." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} {{cs1 wrapper|base=citation|spell=z}} {{underused external link template|http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx}} {{Lua|Module:Template wrapper|Module:eFloras|Module:Citation mode}} {{uses Wikidata|P225|P1727|P1747}} {{lowercase title}} This template creates a citation of a [[taxon]] treatment in the [[flora (publication)|floras]] and other resources on the web site [http://www.efloras.org eFloras]. The most commonly cited resources are the ''[[Flora of North America]]'' (FNA) and the ''[[Flora of China (series)|Flora of China]]'' (FoC). See the table [[#eFloras-resources|below]] for a full list. ==Usage== The first three parameters are the flora id, the taxon id, and the taxon name. For the Flora of North America and the Flora of China, the taxon id and taxon name can be omitted if they can be retrieved from Wikidata, but the authors and volume number should always be added. In order to use the template, copy the link, and remove everything from it except for the two numbers. Place them in parameters 1 and 2. The taxon name (parameter 3) is required if it is different from the taxon name on Wikidata or the page title. Do not italicize the taxon name; italics are automatically added if necessary by [[Module:eFloras]]. [[Taxonomic authorities]] should not be included: <kbd>Caltha palustris</kbd>, not <kbd>Caltha palustris Linnaeus</kbd>. * {{Highlighted URL|http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id{{=}}|color2=lime|1|&taxon_id{{=}}|color4=gold|200007551}} * <code>{{color|gray|2=<nowiki>{{</nowiki>eFloras{{!}}}}{{color|lime|1}}{{color|gray|2={{!}}}}{{color|gold|200007551}}{{color|gray|<nowiki>|Caltha palustris}}</nowiki>}}</code> To link to the treatment on the species in the current article in Flora of North America or Flora of China, just add the flora id ({{para|1}}) &ndash; <code>1</code> (Flora of North America) or <code>2</code> (Flora of China) &ndash; and the template will look up the taxon id in Wikidata. For example, on the page for ''[[Pinus contorta]]'', {{tlx|eFloras|1}} is the same as {{tlx|eFloras|1|233500927}}. Authors of treatments in the Flora of North America and the Flora of China should be added, using the author-related parameters of {{tlx|citation}} (see {{section link|Template:Citation/doc|Authors}}). If authors are not listed in the treatment of one taxon, go to the page for the next highest taxon. Usually the authors of species treatments are listed on the page for the genus, tribe, or family. For instance, in the Flora of North America, the author of the treatment of the species [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417061 ''Prunus virginiana''] is found in the treatment of the genus [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126865 ''Prunus'']; in the Flora of China, the authors of the treatment of [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024393 ''Rudbeckia hirta''] are found in the treatment of [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=20704 Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae]. * One author: : <code><nowiki>{{eFloras||||first= |last= |access-date=</nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> * Up to five authors: : <code><nowiki>{{eFloras||||first1= |last1= |first2= |last2= |first3= |last3= |first4= |last4= |first5= |last5= |access-date=</nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> There are three ways to add the volume number. You can add it directly in the {{para|volume}} parameter, add the family in the parameter {{para|family}} for taxa in the Floras of North America, China, and Chile, or add the tribe in {{para|tribe}} for taxa in [[Asteraceae]] in the Flora of North America. The family or tribe is passed to [[Module:eFloras]] and the module returns the volume number (or range of volumes). For the Flora of North America, the date of publication will be added based on the volume number. By default, [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] is used. Switch to [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]] using {{para|mode|cs2}}. ===Examples=== ====Code==== # <code><nowiki>{{eFloras|1|233501007|Quercus alba |volume=3 |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon | access-date = </nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki> }}</nowiki></code> # <code><nowiki>{{eFloras|1|233501007|Quercus alba |family=Fagaceae |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon | access-date = </nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki> }}</nowiki></code> # <code><nowiki>{{eFloras|1|233501007|Quercus alba |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon | access-date = </nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki> }}</nowiki></code> # <code><nowiki>{{eFloras|11|233501007|Quercus alba | access-date = </nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki> }}</nowiki></code> # <code><nowiki>{{eFloras | 1 | 125519 | Pinus | family = Pinaceae | last = Kral | first = Robert | access-date = </nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki> }}</nowiki></code> # <code><nowiki>{{eFloras | 2 | 240001195 | Dioscorea polystachya | family = Dioscoreaceae | first1 = Chih-chi | last1 = Ting | first2 = Michael G. | last2 = Gilbert | access-date = </nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki> }}</nowiki></code> # <code><nowiki>{{eFloras | 1 | 10509 | Limnocharitaceae | family = Limnocharitaceae | first = Robert R. | last = Haynes | access-date = </nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki> }}</nowiki></code> # <code><nowiki>{{eFloras | 201 | 10136 | Buxaceae | family = Buxaceae | access-date = </nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki> }}</nowiki></code> # <code><nowiki>{{eFloras | 5 | 220004167 | Dioscorea sativa | nv | access-date = </nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki> }}</nowiki></code> # <code><nowiki>{{eFloras | 5 | 250072783 | Avenula pratensis | nv | access-date = </nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki> }}</nowiki></code> # {{tlc|eFloras|120|242442611|Tulipa tarda}} ====Results==== # {{ {{replace|{{PAGENAME}}|/doc||1}} |1|233501007|Quercus alba |volume=3 |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon |access-date={{#time: j F Y}} }} # {{ {{replace|{{PAGENAME}}|/doc||1}} |1|233501007|Quercus alba |family=Fagaceae |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon |access-date={{#time: j F Y}} }} # {{ {{replace|{{PAGENAME}}|/doc||1}} |1|233501007|Quercus alba |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon |access-date={{#time: j F Y}} }} # {{ {{replace|{{PAGENAME}}|/doc||1}} |11|233501007|Quercus alba |access-date={{#time: j F Y}} }} # {{ {{replace|{{PAGENAME}}|/doc||1}} | 1 | 125519 | Pinus | family = Pinaceae | last = Kral | first = Robert | | access-date = {{#time: j F Y}}}} # {{ {{replace|{{PAGENAME}}|/doc||1}} | 2 | 240001195 | Dioscorea polystachya | family = Dioscoreaceae | first1 = Chih-chi | last1 = Ting <!-- or is the last name first? -->| first2 = Michael G. | last2 = Gilbert | access-date = {{#time: j F Y}} }} # {{ {{replace|{{PAGENAME}}|/doc||1}} | 1 | 10509 | Limnocharitaceae | family = Limnocharitaceae | first = Robert R. | last = Haynes | access-date = {{#time: j F Y}} }} # {{ {{replace|{{PAGENAME}}|/doc||1}} | 201 | 10136 | Buxaceae | family = Buxaceae | access-date = {{#time: j F Y}} }} # {{ {{replace|{{PAGENAME}}|/doc||1}} | 5 | 220004167 | Dioscorea sativa | nv | access-date = {{#time: j F Y}} }} # {{ {{replace|{{PAGENAME}}|/doc||1}} | 5 | 250072783 | Avenula pratensis | nv | access-date = {{#time: j F Y}} }} # {{ {{replace|{{PAGENAME}}|/doc||1}} |120|242442611|Tulipa tarda}} ===Syntax=== <code><nowiki>{{eFloras | <flora_id> | <taxon_id> | <taxonName> | <validity> | first = <first name> | last = <last name> | access-date = </nowiki>{{#time: j F Y}}<nowiki> }}</nowiki></code> Positional parameters: {{#invoke:eFloras/documentation functions|show_resources}} ; {{para|1|<var>flora_id</var>}} : The id of the resource on eFloras.org. The list here is generated from [[Module:eFloras/data]]. : '''Sample''' (for ''Pinus''): <code>1</code> ; {{para|2|<var>taxon_id</var>}} : The id for the taxon. Can be retrieved from Wikidata in some cases. : '''Sample''' (for ''Pinus''): <code>10136</code> ; {{para|3|<var>name</var>}} : The name of the taxon (don't italicize). Can be retrieved from Wikidata in some cases. : '''Sample''' (for ''Pinus''): <code>Pinus</code> ; {{para|4|nv}} : Indicates that the taxon is not valid. "Synonym" will be displayed after the name. (Other values are ignored.) Named parameters: ; {{para|first}}, {{para|last}}, {{para|first1}}, {{para|last1}}, ... : First and last names of authors of the treatment. : '''Sample''' (for Pinus): {{para|first|Robert}}, {{para|last|Kral}} ; {{para|family}}, {{para|tribe}} : Names of the family, or the tribe (for [[Asteraceae]]). Used to retrieve the volume number for Flora of North America and Flora of China. ; {{para|volume}} : To supply the volume number manually instead of looking it up. ; {{para|mode|cs2}} : Changes the citation mode to [[Help:Citation Style 2|Citation Style 2]]. The default is <code>cs1</code>, [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. ; {{para|access-date}} : As in other citation templates. ==See also== * {{tl|eFloras/label}}, {{tl|eFloras/title}}, and {{tl|eFloras/url}}, subtemplates * Maintenance categories, which should be empty: ** [[:Category:Pages using eFloras template with unsupported parameter values]] ** [[:Category:Pages using eFloras template without author names]] ** [[:Category:Pages using eFloras template without volume]]: tracks absence of {{para|volume}}, {{para|family}}, {{para|tribe}}, which all can be used to supply the volume number * [[:fr:Modèle:EFloras]]: a copy of this template <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> [[Category:Botany source templates]] [[Category:Botany external link templates]] [[Category:External link templates using Wikidata]] [[Category:Templates using multiple Wikidata external identifiers]] }}</includeonly> bg98yfvbcqja5s6ndd3w9xsjnf7f2eu 828 35679 190884 2026-04-21T10:19:11Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "require ('strict') local p = {} -- determine whether we're being called from a sandbox local isSandbox = mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle():find('sandbox', 1, true) local sandbox = isSandbox and '/sandbox' or '' local cfg = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' .. sandbox) -- if cs1 config is set, return false, otherwise use supplied mode -- this prevents putting articles into "overriden mode" tracking category fun..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190884 Scribunto text/plain require ('strict') local p = {} -- determine whether we're being called from a sandbox local isSandbox = mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle():find('sandbox', 1, true) local sandbox = isSandbox and '/sandbox' or '' local cfg = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' .. sandbox) -- if cs1 config is set, return false, otherwise use supplied mode -- this prevents putting articles into "overriden mode" tracking category function p._main(mode) return not cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'] and mode end function p.main(frame) return p._main(frame.args[1]) or "" end return p nhk18785hovoiefr6pkhb9xhzoea3d6 10 35680 190885 2026-04-21T10:20:10Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<code>{{#tag:span|{{#tag:nowiki|{{{1|}}}}}|style="color: {{{color1|gray}}}"}}{{#tag:span|{{{2|}}}|style="color: {{{color2|gray}}}"}}{{#tag:span|{{{3|}}}|style="color: {{{color3|gray}}}"}}{{#tag:span|{{{4|}}}|style="color: {{{color4|gray}}}"}}{{#tag:span|{{{5|}}}|style="color: {{{color5|gray}}}"}}{{#tag:span|{{{6|}}}|style="color: {{{color6|gray}}}"}}</code><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage a..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190885 wikitext text/x-wiki <code>{{#tag:span|{{#tag:nowiki|{{{1|}}}}}|style="color: {{{color1|gray}}}"}}{{#tag:span|{{{2|}}}|style="color: {{{color2|gray}}}"}}{{#tag:span|{{{3|}}}|style="color: {{{color3|gray}}}"}}{{#tag:span|{{{4|}}}|style="color: {{{color4|gray}}}"}}{{#tag:span|{{{5|}}}|style="color: {{{color5|gray}}}"}}{{#tag:span|{{{6|}}}|style="color: {{{color6|gray}}}"}}</code><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis in Wikidata, not here! --> </noinclude> hjfpzjned1jq2blljiu6998dbc6i06i