ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ satwiki https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ TimedText TimedText talk ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ Event Event talk 0 206 191003 184750 2026-04-22T22:26:51Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191003 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Yumi-p1000624.jpg|thumb|ᱟᱜ-ᱥᱟᱨ]] [[File:Hunter with bow-and-arrow (4362122086).jpg|thumb|ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Archery_in_Bhutan.jpg|thumb|Archery in Bhutan]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱨᱤᱛᱷᱤᱵᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱠ ᱵᱟᱱᱪᱟᱣᱜ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱯᱟᱸᱲᱤ ᱴᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱩᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱜ (self-defense) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ (hunting) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱲᱪᱟᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱲ ᱵᱚᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱯᱟᱸᱲᱤ ᱴᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱲᱪᱟᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱦᱟ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱲᱪᱟᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ == <small><big>ᱟᱜ</big></small> == ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱦᱚᱭᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱸᱱᱟᱸᱠ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱸᱱᱟᱸᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱩᱱᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ, ᱵᱟᱵᱮᱨ, ᱢᱟᱫ ᱥᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹ (smooth silky bamboo limb) ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱲᱪᱟᱲᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱨᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ, ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ, ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱩᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱾ == <small>ᱟᱸᱯᱟᱸᱲᱤ</small> == ᱟᱸᱯᱟᱸᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱲᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱞ, ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱥᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱸᱲᱮᱼᱤᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱥᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱸᱯᱟᱸᱲᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱣᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱠᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ == <small>ᱴᱩᱴᱤ</small> == ᱴᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱸᱯᱟᱸᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱯᱟᱸᱲᱤᱼᱯᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱛᱷᱚᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱲᱪᱟᱲ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱛᱩᱧ ᱪᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== * [http://www.atarn.org The Asian Traditional Archery Research Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208040319/http://www.atarn.org/ |date=2011-12-08 }} * [http://www.museum.manchester.ac.uk/collection/archery/ Simon Archery Collection]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} From The Manchester Museum, The University of Manchester. * [http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/users/kooi/kobe97.pdf An Approach to the Study of Ancient Archery using Mathematical Modeling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121144334/http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/users/kooi/kobe97.pdf |date=2006-11-21 }} [[Category:!Main category]] ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikiquote}} {{commons|Archery|Archery}} {{Curlie|Sports/Archery|Archery}} * [http://www.paralympic.org/sport/archery Paralympic archery] at [[International Paralympic Committee|IPC]] web site {{Archery}} {{Summer Olympic sports}} {{Martial arts}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Archery| ]] [[Category:Competition]] [[Category:Hunting methods]] [[Category:Summer Olympic sports]] [[Category:Precision sports]] [[Category:Warfare of the Middle Ages]] lulpw7y7roa39s98hiy2mtbg2k26h1c 10 949 190988 116441 2026-04-22T16:40:54Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | italic title = {{{italic title|}}} | bodyclass = vcard | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width|}}}}}} |width:{{{infoboxwidth|{{{width}}}}}} }} <!---------------Title-----------------> | titlestyle = font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0.2em<!--(so title doesn't touch border)-->; | title = 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using infobox book with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox book]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| alt | audio_read_by | author | authors | award | awards | border | caption | congress | country | cover_artist | dewey | editor | editors | english_pub_date | english_release_date | exclude_cover | external_host | external_url | first | followed_by | followed_by_quotation_marks | genre | genres | homepage | illustrator | illustrators | image | image_caption | image_size | infoboxwidth | isbn | ISBN | isbn_note | ISBN_note | italic title | language | last | location | media_type | name | native_external_host | native_external_url | native_wikisource | nocat_wdimage | note | notes | oclc | orig_lang_code | pages | preceded_by | preceded_by_quotation_marks | pub_date | published | publisher | publisher2 | release_date | release_number | series | set_in | subject | subjects | title_orig | title_working | translator | translators | URL | website | width | wikisource }}{{Wikidata image |1={{{image|}}} |2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}} }}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|{{#if:{{#property:P18}}||[[Category:Pages to import images to Wikidata]]}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> n8dnjdbenrvpbtiehbszmonrqtsmgr2 0 2837 191007 190231 2026-04-22T23:59:05Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191007 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱠᱩᱸᱡᱚᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ''' ᱯᱩᱨᱟ. ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ '''ᱱᱚᱢᱚᱭᱨᱚᱠᱯᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱸᱡᱚᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ : ᱑ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱖᱘) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟ. ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱵᱳᱨᱳ== ᱠᱩᱸᱡᱚᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱨᱟ.ᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ(1st March 1968) ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱤᱢᱯᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱟ.ᱭᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱭᱤ ᱞᱮᱭᱠᱟᱭᱤ ᱟ.ᱛᱩᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱢᱯᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱥᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱮᱭᱟᱭᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱨᱟ.ᱞ (1978) ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱺᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱸᱡᱚᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫᱚᱜ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱠᱟ. ᱥᱟᱛᱞᱟᱜᱼᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱤᱢᱯᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱚ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ. ᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟ.ᱛ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱜᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟ.ᱛ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ (CRPF) ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟ.ᱠᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫᱚᱜ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱱᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱠᱟ. ᱧᱮᱞᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ (1996-98) ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱟ.ᱜᱩᱣᱟ.ᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤᱭᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.ᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (Gold Medal) ᱜᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱔kg,᱔᱖kg ᱟᱨ ᱔᱘ kg ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱔᱘kg ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟ.ᱫ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱨᱤᱵᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤᱭᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱔᱔kg ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱔᱖kg ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.(Gold Medal) ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱬᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱮᱱ ᱔᱘ kg ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱩᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.(Silver Medal) ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱸᱜᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱪᱮᱥᱴᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.ᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱠᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.ᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. (Gold medal ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.(Silver Medal) ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱤᱡᱤᱸ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.(Bronze Medal) ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱸᱠᱚᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ== {|class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2 width=40|ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ! rowspan=2 width=250|ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ! rowspan=2 width=60|ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ !colspan=4| Snatch (kg) !colspan=4| Clean & Jerk (kg) !rowspan=2 width=40| Total !rowspan=2 width=40| Rank |- ! width=40|1!! width=40|2!! width=40|3!! width=40|Rank!! width=40|1!! width=40|2!! width=40|3!! width=40|Rank |- ! colspan=13|[[World Weightlifting Championships|World Championships]] |- |[[2005 World Weightlifting Championships|᱒᱐᱐᱕]] || align=left|{{flagicon|ᱠᱟᱛ}} [[ᱫᱳᱦᱟ]], [[ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ]]|| [[2005 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 48 kg|᱔᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ]] ||᱗᱕||'''᱗᱘'''||<s> 79||᱗||95||98||'''100'''||᱗||'''178.0'''||7 |- |[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships|᱒᱐᱐᱓]] || align=left|{{flagicon|ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ}} [[ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱚᱣᱵᱚᱨ]], [[ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ]] || [[2003 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 48 kg|᱔᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ]] ||᱗᱕||᱗᱗.᱕||'''᱘᱐'''||᱖||97.5||'''102.5'''||<s>105||4||'''182.5'''||5 |- |[[1999 World Weightlifting Championships|᱑᱙᱙᱙]] || align=left|{{flagicon|ᱜᱨᱤᱥ}} [[ᱱᱯᱤᱨᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱜᱨᱤᱥ]] || [[᱑᱙᱙᱙ World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 48 kg|᱔᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ]] ||'''᱗᱕'''||<s>80||<s>80||᱑᱐||95||100||'''105'''||{{sica}}||'''180'''||5 |} ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 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http://www.athens2004.com/en/ParticipantsAthletes/newParticipants?pid=9003801 https://web.archive.org/web/20071028023001/http://sportal.nic.in/legenddetails.asp?sno=722&moduleid=&maincatid=48&subid=0&comid=55 http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/sports/n-kunjarani-devi.html [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱚᱵᱽᱥ ᱳᱢᱮᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱙]] 6dsootscey3ll8jw5yypin7okqr9xp9 0 8485 190997 135848 2026-04-22T19:00:03Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{taxobox |name = ''Tridax procumbens'' |image = Tridax_procum_100228-0139_ipb.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |ordo = [[Asterales]] |familia = [[Asteraceae]] |tribus = [[Heliantheae]] |genus = ''[[Tridax]]'' |species = '''''T. procumbens''''' |binomial = ''Tridax procumbens'' |binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''ᱛᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ''' ᱰᱮᱭᱡᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤ, ᱩᱯᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱛᱤᱠᱟᱨᱚᱠ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱞᱭᱚᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱛᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[File:Tridax top 1.jpg|thumb|Top view of the flower]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱭᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱯᱲᱤ ᱯᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ. ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱩᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ== <gallery> File:Starr_060721-9562_Tridax_procumbens.jpg|Ripe fruit with winged achenes ready for wind-dispersal. Image:Coat buttons (Tridax procumbens) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 7088.jpg|Residual fruit after achene dispersal. Image:Crimson Tip (Colotis danae) on Coat buttons (Tridax procumbens) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 7084.jpg|Crimson Tip ''[[Colotis danae]]'' in [[Hyderabad, India]]. Coat buttons are widely visited by butterflies. File:Danaus chrysippus in Bandung.jpg| ''[[Danaus chrysippus]]'' feeding on ''Tridax procumbens'' in [[Bandung]] [[West Java]], [[Indonesia]]. File:Exoskeleton fly 1.jpg|Exoskeleton of [[cicada]] clinging to ''Tridax procumbens'' stem. File:Coat buttons (Tridax procumbens) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 7087.jpg|Flower in [[Hyderabad, India]] File:Wasp_nectar.jpg|Wasp feeding the nectar of ''Tridax procumbens'' File:Beautiful Poovankurichi ,Tirunelveli 7.jpg|Tridax in [[Poovankurichi]], [[Tirunelveli]] </gallery> ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} {{Commons category}} *[http://www.hear.org/pier/species/tridax_procumbens.htm PIER fact sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602082639/http://hear.org/pier/species/tridax_procumbens.htm |date=2023-06-02 }} *[http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=4554 invasive.org profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110232711/http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=4554 |date=2009-01-10 }} *[http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/tridax_procumbens.htm Photo gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507045711/http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/tridax_procumbens.htm |date=2008-05-07 }} [[Category:Heliantheae]] [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] eela60jdgejtomqcb5c5zu0fzo7qpid 0 9103 191005 100527 2026-04-22T22:28:10Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱚᱵᱷᱢᱟ | image = | imagesize = | caption = | birth_date = 4 November 1937 | birth_place = [[Shornur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India | death_date = {{death date and given age|df=yes|2015|9|13|77}} | death_place = [[Ottapalam]], Palakkad, Kerala, India | restingplace = [[Shornur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India | restingplacecoordinates = | othername = | occupation = | yearsactive = | spouse = [[Kalamandalam Padmanabhan Nair]] | domesticpartner = | children = Two sons and two daughters| parents = | influences = | influenced = | website = | awards = {{Plain list| *[[Padma Shri]] *[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] Award *[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] *Nruthya Natya Puraskaram *[[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Award *[[Swati Tirunal]] Puraskaram *[[Shadkala Govinda Marar]] Award }} }} ''' ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱚᱵᱷᱟᱢᱟ ''' ( ᱔ ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱼ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟᱱᱤᱡ, ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱢᱚᱦᱤᱱᱤ ᱚᱴᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭ ᱮᱮᱱᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱭᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱯᱚᱫᱚᱢᱥᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾<ref name="Govt announcement">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |title=Govt announcement |accessdate=27 July 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6NEu2cjx3?url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archivedate=8 February 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref name="Tha Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/matriarch-of-mohiniyattam/article1696174.ece | title=The Hindu | accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱵᱚᱱᱤ == [[File:Raja Ravi Varma, There Comes Papa (1893).jpg|thumb|Raja Ravi Varma, There Comes Papa (1893)]] ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱚᱵᱷᱟᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱭ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱱᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱞᱞᱚᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛᱷᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱴ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱢᱢᱤ ᱚᱢᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱭᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ, ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱝᱥᱡᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱩᱛᱟ ᱣᱚᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱚᱢ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱣᱚᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ, ᱥᱚᱨᱱᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱘ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱞᱣᱟᱨᱴ, ᱛᱷᱚᱴᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱱᱢᱚᱢᱩ ᱚᱢᱢᱟ<ref name="Chinnammu Amma">{{cite web | url=http://www.kalamandalam.org/daywithmasters.asp | title=Chinnammu Amma | accessdate=25 July 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱤᱱᱤ ᱚᱴᱴᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱟᱭ ᱾ [[File:Koothambalam at Kerala Kalamandalam.jpg|thumb|Koothambalam at Kerala Kalamandalam]] ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱵᱟᱨᱟᱛ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ -ᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛᱱᱟᱛᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱱᱱᱢᱚᱢᱩ ᱚᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱰᱣᱩ (ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ), ᱪᱚᱞᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩ, ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨᱚᱢ (ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱵᱽᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱴ) ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱝᱪᱩᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ, ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱞᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱠ, ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱛᱷᱚᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱬ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱸᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱯᱟᱥᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱠᱚᱞᱚᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱛᱠᱟᱞᱤᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱸᱛᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱣᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱡᱚᱛ ᱡᱚᱭᱚᱸᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱸᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱚᱵᱷᱟᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} bu2ntu9gmhu40ihc33umh55e0z8gfi0 0 9550 191004 172948 2026-04-22T22:28:03Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191004 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱪᱤᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/parta.htm |title=Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages- India/ States/ Union Territories – 2001 Census}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardona, Jain|first=George, Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 9780415772945|pages=1088 pages (see page:803–804)}}</ref> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}} {{Infobox language | name = ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ | nativename = कोंकणी | pronunciation = | ethnicity = [[ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] | image = Konkani written in Devanagari script.png | imagesize = 200px | imagecaption = {{longitem|"ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ" [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ}} | states = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = [[ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱟᱱ]] ([[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱫᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱨᱦᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱭᱩ)<ref name="kenya">{{cite book|last=Whiteley |first=Wilfred Howell |title=Language in Kenya|year= 1974|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=589}}</ref><ref name="curzon">{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Denis|title=Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters|year=2004|publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-673-5|page=158}}</ref> | speakers = {{sigfig|2.257|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ | date = | ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam1 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam2 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam3 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ]] | fam4 = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ | fam5 = ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ-ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ | dia1 = '''ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ''': ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ, ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ | dia2 = '''ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''': [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ]], [[:en:Mangalorean Konkani|ᱢᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱳᱨᱮᱭᱟᱹᱱ]], ᱪᱤᱛᱯᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ, ᱟᱱᱛᱨᱩᱡᱽ, ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱴᱤ, [[:en:Navayath|ᱫᱟᱞᱫᱤ]], ᱯᱮᱫᱱᱮᱠᱟᱨᱤ, [[:en:Koli Christians|ᱠᱳᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4LqRXZPJTUoC&pg=PA4230|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya|first=Subodh|last=Kapoor|date=10 April 2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=9788177552713|via=Google Books}}</ref> | script = '''ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ''': ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ<br>ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤ<br>ᱜᱳᱭᱠᱟᱱᱰᱤ<br />[[ᱢᱳᱰᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]<br/>'''ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ''': [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]]&nbsp;(ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ)<br>[[ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ]]<br>[[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]]. | nation = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | agency = ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱨ<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/419.pdf |title=The Goa Daman and Diu Official Language Act |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304010627/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/419.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2009 }}</ref> | iso2 = kok | iso3 = kok | lc1 = gom | ld1 = ᱜᱳᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ | lc2 = knn | ld2 = [[:en:Maharashtrian Konkani|ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ]] | glotto = goan1235 | glottoname = Goan Konkani | glotto2 = konk1267 | glottoname2 = ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ | glottorefname2 = Maharashtrian Konkani | map = Geographic_Distribution_of_Native_Konkani_Speakers.png | mapcaption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ | notice = Indic | notice2 = IPA }} ==ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤᱼᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤᱼᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1991 |page=449}}</ref> ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=pak>{{cite book|last=Janardhan|first=Pandarinath Bhuvanendra|title=A Higher Konkani grammar|year=1991|publisher=P.B. Janardhan|pages=540 pages}}</ref> ᱑᱓ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ (century) ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱱᱛ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱱᱟᱢᱫᱮᱵᱽ]] (᱑᱒᱗᱐-᱑᱓᱕᱐) ᱟᱜ "ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱒᱖᱓" ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=nam>{{cite book|title=V.J.P. Saldanha|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn= 9788126020287|pages=81 pages}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ : ''ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱤᱢ'', ''ᱠᱳᱱᱠᱟᱱᱤᱢ'', ''ᱜᱳᱢᱟᱱᱴᱟᱠᱤ'', ''ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱜᱳᱣᱟᱱᱤ'' ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱜᱳᱢᱟᱱᱴᱟᱠᱤ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ''ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱤᱢ''<ref name="rai">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Rai|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|pages=30–70|chapter=Missionary period}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ''ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱟᱱᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱠᱳᱱᱠᱟᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱮᱸ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱮᱥ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ== [[File:Konkpic.JPG|thumb|ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱚᱱ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]], [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]] ([[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]]) ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱲᱜᱳᱰ]], [[ᱠᱳᱰᱤ]], [[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ]], [[ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱣᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ, ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="kurzon">{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Dennis |title=Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast |pages=25–30}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱔᱘᱙,᱐᱑᱖ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Abstract of Speakers' strengths of languages and mother tongues&nbsp;– 2001 |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=10 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archivedate=6 February 2012 }}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ, ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱒᱕᱖,᱕᱐᱒ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱐.᱑᱙% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱘᱘,᱒᱙᱔ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱙᱖᱔,᱓᱐᱕ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱨᱮ<ref name="languagedata2011">{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf | title = Census of India 2011, LANGUAGE}}</ref>, ᱓᱙᱙,᱒᱕᱕ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱖᱙,᱔᱔᱙ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱰᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑-᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱙.᱓᱔% ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱷᱤᱛᱤ== ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ : # ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ‌ ᱾ # ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱾ # [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ|ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱾ # ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ; ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱾ # ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱾ # ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ==ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ, ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱜᱮ, ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱩᱛᱟᱹᱱᱼᱡᱚᱛᱚᱥᱼᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ|ᱢ.ᱡ.ᱠ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ, ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱲ, ᱜᱩᱱᱩᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱭ ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ=== ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {| cellpadding="5px" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:5px; background:white;" |+ '''ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫᱽ:''' |- style="background:lightgrey;" ! ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ! ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ/ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫᱽ ! ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||वाच (ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ) ||वच् ||ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||आफय, आपय (ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ) ||आव्हय् ||ᱦᱚᱦᱚ, ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||रांध (ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ) ||रांध् ||ᱤᱥᱤᱱ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||बरय (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) ||वर्णय् ||ᱚᱞ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||व्हर (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) ||हर ||ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||भक (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) ||भक्ष् ||ᱡᱚᱢ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||ल्हेव (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) ||लेह् ||ᱡᱟᱞ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" || शीन (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) ||छिन्न ||ᱜᱮᱫ |- style="background:whitesmoke" | colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|<small>Source: ''Koṅkaṇî Dhatukosh''</small> |} ==ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ== ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ (ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱜᱮ), ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ (ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ), ᱫᱮᱥᱤ (ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱮᱥᱤ (ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥᱤ) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ== [[File:KonkaniNames.PNG|thumb|''ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ'' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]], [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]], [[ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]], [[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ]].]] {{main|ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ}} ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]], [[ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ]], [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱼᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ]] ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ====ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱢᱟᱞᱟ''==== ᱛᱟᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱪ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ: {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:60px; width:95%" |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अ||{{IAST|a}}<br />{{IPA|/ɐ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|आ||{{IAST|ā}}<br />{{IPA|/ɑː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|इ||{{IAST|i}}<br />{{IPA|/i/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ई||{{IAST|ī}}<br />{{IPA|/iː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|उ||{{IAST|u}}<br />{{IPA|/u/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ऊ||{{IAST|ū}}<br />{{IPA|/uː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ए||{{IAST|e}}<br />{{IPA|/eː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ऐ||{{IAST|ai}}<br />{{IPA|/aːi/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ओ||{{IAST|o}}<br />{{IPA|/oː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|औ||{{IAST|au}}<br />{{IPA|/aːu/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अं||{{IAST|aṃ}}<br />{{IPA|/ⁿ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अः||{{IAST|aḥ}}<br />{{IPA|/h/}} |} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:400px; width:95%" |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|क||{{IAST|ka}}<br />{{IPA|/k/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ख||{{IAST|kha}}<br />{{IPA|/kʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ग||{{IAST|ga}}<br />{{IPA|/ɡ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|घ||{{IAST|gha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɡʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ङ||{{IAST|ṅa}}<br />{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|च||{{IAST|ca}}<br />{{IPA|/c, t͡ʃ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|छ||{{IAST|cha}}<br />{{IPA|/cʰ, t͡ʃʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ज||{{IAST|ja}}<br />{{IPA|/ɟ, d͡ʒ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|झ||{{IAST|jha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɟʱ, d͡ʒʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ञ||{{IAST|ña}}<br />{{IPA|/ɲ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ट||{{IAST|ṭa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʈ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ठ||{{IAST|ṭha}}<br />{{IPA|/ʈʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ड||{{IAST|ḍa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ढ||{{IAST|ḍha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ण||{{IAST|ṇa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|त||{{IAST|ta}}<br />{{IPA|/t̪/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|थ||{{IAST|tha}}<br />{{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|द||{{IAST|da}}<br />{{IPA|/d̪/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ध||{{IAST|dha}}<br />{{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|न||{{IAST|na}}<br />{{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|प||{{IAST|pa}}<br />{{IPA|/p/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|फ||{{IAST|pha}}<br />{{IPA|/pʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ब||{{IAST|ba}}<br />{{IPA|/b/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|भ||{{IAST|bha}}<br />{{IPA|/bʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|म||{{IAST|ma}}<br />{{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|य||{{IAST|ya}}<br />{{IPA|/j/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|र||{{IAST|ra}}<br />{{IPA|/r/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ल||{{IAST|la}}<br />{{IPA|/l/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|व||{{IAST|va}}<br />{{IPA|/ʋ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ष||{{IAST|ṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʂ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|श||{{IAST|śa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɕ, ʃ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|स||{{IAST|sa}}<br />{{IPA|/s/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ह||{{IAST|ha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɦ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ळ||{{IAST|ḷha}}<br />{{IPA|//ɭʱ//}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|क्ष||{{IAST|kṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/kʃ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ज्ञ||{{IAST|jña }}<br />{{IPA|/ɟʝɲ/}} |} {{further|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ}} ==ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ== [[File:Konkani languages.png|thumb|Venn diagram of the ISO codes of the Konkani languages]] ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱱᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱞᱠᱟᱨ|ᱮᱱ ᱡᱤ ᱠᱮᱞᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ * '''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ''': ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ''': ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ''': ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱲᱜᱳᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ (ᱢᱟᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱲ, ᱩᱫᱩᱯᱤ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱩᱞᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline, Karthik Malli (Firstpost)] {{Commons category|ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ}} {{Wiktionary|ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ}} {{Wikivoyage|ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ phrasebook}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170916054056/http://v-ixtt.com/ Vauraddeancho Ixtt], Konkani language site * [http://www.konkaninews.com Konkani News]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Konkani language site * [http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php Kital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115202356/http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php |date=15 November 2014 }}, Konkani language site * [http://konkani.chilume.com/ Chilume.com], Konkani Literature * [http://www.nizgoenkar.org/ Niz Goenkar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802235326/http://www.nizgoenkar.org/ |date=2 August 2020 }}, Konkani-English bilingual site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208104244/http://goa-world.com/GOA/konkani/ Learn Goan Konkani online] * [http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/ Read Konkani News online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623021734/http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/ |date=23 June 2017 }} * [http://www.ourkarnataka.com/learn_konkani/learn_konkani_main.htm Learn Mangalorean GSB Konkani online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022341/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/learn_konkani/learn_konkani_main.htm |date=28 March 2014 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060618141228/http://www.mangalorean.com/konkani/archive.php?ltype=Lesson Learn Mangalorean Catholic Konkani online] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171254/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm An excellent article on Konkani history and literature by Goa Konkani Academi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110502055206/http://manglorean.net/konkani/ Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070112230100/http://www.savemylanguage.org/ Online Konkani (GSB) dictionary] * [http://www.vishwakonkani.org/ World Konkani Centre, Mangalore] * [http://www.konkanverter.com Konkanverter-Konkani script conversion utility] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱚᱬᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] cyifgonj9ia31idde0ulsi8l5x0nihm 0 23516 190977 131085 2026-04-22T14:16:46Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱥᱚᱱ | image = Tiger Tyson.JPG | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = Tyson in 2005 | pronunciation = | birth_date = | birth_place = | nationality = American | other_names = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = | height = | partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --> | children = | awards = [[GayVN Hall of Fame]] (2008)<br> Blatino Erotica Awards Lifetime Achievement award (2008)<ref name=blatino/> | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱥᱚᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱯᱳᱨᱱᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":15">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2011/04/28/porn-stars-story-explored-in-new-play/|title=Porn star's story explored in new play|date=April 28, 2011|work=[[Washington Blade]]|access-date=December 5, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Darnell L. |date=July 7, 2016 |title=Catch a Tiger By His Toe: An Interview with James Earl Hardy by Darnell L. |url=https://medium.com/@SonofBaldwin/from-the-archives-catch-a-tiger-by-his-toe-an-interview-with-james-earl-hardy-by-darnell-l-dbfbbfc584e1 |access-date=December 5, 2019 |website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205185514/https://medium.com/@SonofBaldwin/from-the-archives-catch-a-tiger-by-his-toe-an-interview-with-james-earl-hardy-by-darnell-l-dbfbbfc584e1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="jdferguson">{{Cite web |last=Ferguson |first=JD |date=July 27, 2007 |title=JD Ferguson Presents: Tiger Tyson |url=https://www.papermag.com/jd-ferguson-presents-tiger-tyson-1425300590.amp.html |access-date=December 6, 2019 |website=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]]}}</ref><ref name="Jcadams">{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=JC |date=May 24, 2009 |title=From Thugz to Glamour |url=https://www.xbiz.com/features/126355/from-thugz-to-glamour |access-date=December 7, 2019 |website=[[XBIZ]] |language=en |ref=Jcadams}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Byrne |date=June 16, 2010 |title=Gay Theatre NYC Review: Interview - Johnathan Cedano of Confessions of Homo Thug Porn Star |url=http://gaytheatrenyc.blogspot.com/2010/06/interview-johnathan-cedano-of.html |access-date=December 5, 2019 |website=Gay Theatre NYC Review}}</ref><ref name="Cedano">{{Cite web |last=Bacalzo |first=Dan |date=June 15, 2010 |title=Johnathan Cedano to Star in Confessions of a Homo Thug Porn Star on Fire Island |url=https://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city-theater/news/johnathan-cedano-to-star-in-confessions-of-a-homo-_28170.html |access-date=December 5, 2019 |website=Theater Mania |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Boardman |first=Mickey |date=October 12, 2005 |title=Tiger, Tiger, Burning Bright |url=https://www.papermag.com/tiger-tiger-burning-bright-1425201060.html |access-date=December 6, 2019 |website=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sneak Peek {{!}} Tiger's Eiffel Tower: Paris Is Mine AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/gay/sneak-peek-i-tiger-s-eiffel-tower-paris-is-mine-i-25063.html |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=AVN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2010 |title=Dial, Hardy & Goins Win Top Honors At Downtown Urban Theatre Festival |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/off-off-broadway/article/Dial-Hardy-Goins-Win-Top-Honors-At-Downtown-Urban-Theatre-Festival-20100510 |access-date=December 5, 2019 |website=[[Broadway World News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Colbert |first=Chuck |date=May 1, 2012 |title=HBGC Event: Black and Latino Gay Men on Pornography |url=https://www.therainbowtimesmass.com/hbgc-event-black-and-latino-gay-men-on-pornography/ |access-date=December 6, 2019 |website=[[The Rainbow Times]] |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Colbert |first=Chuck |date=March 23, 2013 |title=A Weekend with Tiger Tyson hosted by the HBGC |url=https://www.therainbowtimesmass.com/a-weekend-with-tiger-tyson-hosted-by-the-hbgc/ |access-date=December 6, 2019 |website=[[The Rainbow Times]] |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱱᱤ == ===ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱤᱠᱤ=== ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱱᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱠᱞᱤᱱ, ᱱᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟ. ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱱᱳᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱰᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ । ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱑᱑ ᱤᱸᱪ (᱑.᱘᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ (᱑᱗᱖ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱾ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱥᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱒ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱭᱴ, ᱣᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱔᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱖ ᱤᱱᱪ (᱑.᱖᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱱᱮᱴ ᱣᱚᱨᱛᱷ=== ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱭᱩ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵ᱐ᱛ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱠᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱰᱟᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ-ᱜᱟ. ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ Dating & Relationship status He is currently single. He is not dating anyone. We don't have much information about He's past relationship and any previous engaged. According to our Database, He has no children. == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Ceremony !Result !Category !Film/Work |- |'''2007''' |GayVN Award|| {{won}} |Best Ethic Film |''The Show, Part 1'', and ''Part 2''<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2008 |title=Pitbull Productions Wins Best Ethnic-Themed GAYVN For 2nd Year in a Row |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/90494/pitbull-productions-wins-best-ethnic-themed-gayvn-for-2nd-year-in-a-row |access-date=December 7, 2019 |website=[[XBIZ]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="16" |'''2008''' | rowspan="7" |GayVN Award|| {{won}} |Best Ethic Film |''Tiger's Eiffel Tower: Paris Is Mine''<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Jansen |first=Brady |date=November 19, 2008 |title=Pitbull Productions AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/gay/pitbull-productions-55743.html |access-date=December 6, 2019 |website=[[Adult Video News]]}}</ref> |- | {{nom}} |Best Actor |''Tiger's Eiffel Tower: Paris Is Mine''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=G. Zisk |date=January 12, 2008 |title=GAYVN Announces 10th Annual GAYVN Awards Nominations! AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/gay/gayvn-announces-10th-annual-gayvn-awards-nominations-25062.html |access-date=December 6, 2019 |website=[[Adult Video News]]}}</ref> |- | {{nom}} |Best Non-European Film<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=G. Zisk |date=April 28, 2008 |title=European Gay Porn Awards Finalists Announced AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/gay/european-gay-porn-awards-finalists-announced-52414.html |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=AVN}}</ref>|| {{n/a}} |- | {{nom}} |Best Top<ref name=":9" />|| {{n/a}} |- | {{nom}} |Best DVD Extras/Special Edition |''Tiger's Eiffel Tower: Paris Is Mine''<ref name=":9" /> |- | {{nom}} |Best Picture |''Tiger's Eiffel Tower: Paris Is Mine''<ref name=":9" /> |- | {{nom}} |Performer of the Year<ref name=":9" />|| {{n/a}} |- |Blatino Erotica Awards|| {{won}} |Lifetime Achievement<ref name="blatino">{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=JC |date=January 23, 2009 |title=Blatino Erotica Awards Name '09 Winners |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/104070/blatino-erotica-awards-name-09-winners |access-date=December 7, 2019 |website=[[XBIZ]] |language=en}}</ref>|| {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="2" |Grabby Awards|| {{nom}} |Best Performers<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=G. Zisk |date=March 14, 2008 |title=Grabby Nominations Announced AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/gay/grabby-nominations-announced-27315.html |access-date=December 6, 2019 |website=[[Adult Video News]]}}</ref>|| {{n/a}} |- | {{nom}} |Best DVD Extras |''Tiger's Eiffel Tower: Paris Is Mine''<ref name=":14" /> |- |CyberSocket Web Awards|| {{nom}} |Best Porn Star Site |Tiger-Tyson.com<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=G. Zisk |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Voting Begins for 8th Annual Cybersocket Web Awards AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/gay/voting-begins-for-8th-annual-cybersocket-web-awards-28020.html |access-date=December 6, 2019 |website=[[Adult Video News]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |XBIZ Awards|| {{nom}} |GLBT Performer of the Year<ref name=":11" />|| {{n/a}} |- | {{nom}} |GLBT Studio of the Year |Pitbull Productions<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=G. Zisk |date=January 8, 2008 |title=Gay Companies Earn XBiz Awards Nominations AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/gay/gay-companies-earn-xbiz-awards-nominations-25370.html |access-date=December 6, 2019 |website=[[Adult Video News]]}}</ref> |- | {{nom}} |GLBT Feature Movie of the Year |''Tiger's Eiffel Tower: Paris Is Mine''<ref name=":11" /> |- | rowspan="2" |European Gay Porn Awards|| {{won}} |Best Black/Latino Porn Site |Tiger-Tyson.com<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=G. Zisk |date=October 14, 2008 |title=EGPA Web Awards Announced AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/gay/egpa-web-awards-announced-55304.html |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=AVN}}</ref> |- | {{nom}} |Best Top |''Tiger's Eiffel Tower: Paris Is Mine''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cachapero |first=Joanne |date=April 22, 2008 |title=European Gay Porn Awards Short Lists Tops and Bottoms |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/92837/european-gay-porn-awards-short-lists-tops-and-bottoms |access-date=December 7, 2019 |website=[[XBIZ]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |'''2011''' | rowspan="3" |CyberSocket Web Awards|| {{nom}} |Best Video Company |Pitbull Productions<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Ariana |date=November 3, 2010 |title=Cybersocket Awards Finalists Announced, Voting Has Begun |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/127063/cybersocket-awards-finalists-announced-voting-has-begun |access-date=December 7, 2019 |website=[[XBIZ]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | {{nom}} |Best Porn Blog |Tiger Tyson Blog<ref name=":0" /> |- | {{nom}} |Best Black Theme Site |Tiger-Tyson.com<ref name=":0" /> |} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱰᱟᱞᱴ ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱰᱟᱞᱴ ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] 5cikh3l8kgg65pazmxfqmter6uk0s2g 0 23896 191001 177566 2026-04-22T21:14:27Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox comics character<!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics-->|character_name=Luke Cage|image=Luke Cage by Stuart Immonen.png|caption=Luke Cage<br/>Art by [[Stuart Immonen]]|real_name=Lucas Cage (legally changed from Carl Lucas)<ref>''[[Power Man and Iron Fist|Power Man]]'' #50</ref><ref>''[[Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe|Marvel Legacy: The 1970s Handbook]]''</ref>|publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]|debut=''Luke Cage, Hero for Hire'' #1 (June 1972)|creators={{ubl|[[Archie Goodwin (comics)|Archie Goodwin]]|[[George Tuska]]|[[Roy Thomas]]|[[John Romita Sr.]]}}|alliances={{ubl|[[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]]|[[The New Avengers (comics)|New Avengers]]|[[Heroes for Hire]]|[[Defenders (comics)|Defenders]]|[[Fantastic Four]]|[[Marvel Knights#Team|Marvel Knights]]|[[Thunderbolts (comics)|Thunderbolts]]}}|partners={{ubl|[[Iron Fist (character)|Iron Fist]]|[[Misty Knight]]|[[Colleen Wing]]|[[Jessica Jones]]}}|aliases=Power Man|species=Human mutate|supports=|powers=*Superhuman strength, stamina, and durability *Regenerative healing factor *Nigh-[[invulnerability]] *Skilled hand-to-hand combatant}} ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱥ ᱞᱩᱠ '''ᱠᱮᱡᱽ''' , ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱞ '''ᱞᱩᱠᱮᱥ''' ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ , ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱳᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱪᱤ ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱡᱳᱨᱡ ᱴᱚᱥᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱳᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ''ᱞᱩᱠ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ'' ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱨ #1 (ᱡᱩᱱ 1972) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.comics.org/issue/25193/ ''Hero for Hire'' #1 (June 1972)] at the [[Grand Comics Database]]. Retrieved on February 14, 2018. "Out of Hell -- A Hero! / Luke Cage / comic story / 23 pages / Script: Roy Thomas; John Romita; Archie Goodwin."</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱳᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨᱳᱭᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/sep/30/luke-cage-netflix-marvel-a-bulletproof-black-man-the-superhero-america-needs-now|title=A bulletproof black man: Luke Cage is the superhero America needs now|last=Child|first=Ben|date=September 30, 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=November 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930122202/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/sep/30/luke-cage-netflix-marvel-a-bulletproof-black-man-the-superhero-america-needs-now|archive-date=September 30, 2016|location=UK|quote=He was the first black superhero to get his own comic book. Now, Luke Cage is the first black superhero with his own TV show.}}</ref> ᱵᱞᱮᱠᱥᱯᱞᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱡᱮᱱᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱞᱩᱠ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨ ᱦᱳᱭᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱴᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨ ᱦᱳᱭᱢᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱨᱚ" (hero for hire) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱞ (ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱠ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ, ᱯᱚᱣᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱ (Luke Cage, Power Man) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱑᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱾ ᱕᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱚ ᱟᱭᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱥᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱢ-ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱴᱟᱨ ᱰᱩᱣᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱣᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱥᱴ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱰᱤᱴᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱡᱮᱥᱤᱠᱟ ᱡᱳᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱸᱰᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱠ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱮᱵᱷᱮᱱᱡᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱵᱷᱮᱱᱡᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱴᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱵᱚᱞᱴᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱨᱢᱮᱰ ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱵᱤᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱞᱤᱰᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱑-᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱳᱥᱳᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱᱰᱤᱥ "ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱞᱥ ᱨᱤᱝᱰᱤᱝ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱝᱯᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟ.ᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ। ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱮᱞ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ (MCU) ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱭᱠ ᱠᱚᱞᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱴᱯᱷᱞᱤᱠᱥ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱡᱮᱥᱥᱤᱠᱟ ᱡᱳᱱᱥ (᱒᱐᱑᱕-᱒᱐᱑᱙), ᱞᱩᱠ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ (᱒᱐᱑᱖-᱒᱐᱑᱘) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤ ᱰᱤᱯᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱥ (᱒᱐᱑᱗) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱴᱯᱷᱞᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ == ᱨᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ " ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ ᱞᱤ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ , ᱵᱮᱠᱞᱟᱠ ᱯᱮᱱᱛᱷᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱚᱞᱠᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱠᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱪ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱠᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱚᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱼᱟᱢᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱢᱤᱠᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱩᱱᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱤᱧ ᱚᱞᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱟᱡᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱪᱤ ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱱᱳᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱳᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱧ (ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱪᱤ ᱥᱴᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱧ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱳᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ , ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱞᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱫ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱨᱳᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ 1970 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱛᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱤᱧ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱭᱮᱱ ᱤᱧ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱪᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ' ᱞᱩᱠᱮ ' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨᱼᱦᱤᱭᱳᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ " ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱮ " ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱵᱷᱮᱱᱡᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱩᱨᱩᱯᱷ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱞᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱳᱣᱮᱞᱴ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱳᱭᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱞᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱹᱱ , ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱧ ᱢᱤᱫᱢᱟᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ , ᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱜᱳ ᱰᱮᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱯᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ , ᱟᱨᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱦᱤᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲᱼᱟᱱᱼᱡᱟᱥᱤᱼᱡᱟᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ (4ᱼ4 ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱳᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱮᱪ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ' ᱦᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱱ ' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱤᱭᱩᱠ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cimino |first=John |date=2020-01-01 |title="Hero Envy" The Blog Adventures: THE ROY THOMAS MARVEL COMICS CHARACTERS, CONCEPTS AND CREATIONS PART 2 |url=http://hero-envy.blogspot.com/2020/01/the-roy-thomas-marvel-comics-characters.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |publisher=Hero-envy.blogspot.com}}</ref> ᱨᱳᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ , " ᱟᱢ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱝᱜᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱞᱚᱠ ᱥᱚᱨᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱰᱮᱵᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱪ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱚ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱠ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱾ == [[File:Luke_Cage,_Hero_For_Hire_v1_1.jpg|left|thumb|''Luke Cage, Hero for Hire'' #1 (cover-dated June 1972), the debut of Luke Cage. Cover art by John Romita Sr.]] ᱞᱩᱠ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱪᱤ ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱼᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ , ᱵᱞᱮᱠᱥᱯᱚᱞᱳᱭᱮᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱩᱥᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="back45">{{Cite journal|last=Callahan|first=Timothy|date=December 2010|title=Power Man and Iron Fist|journal=[[Back Issue!]]|publisher=[[TwoMorrows Publishing]]|issue=45|pages=3–11}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ''ᱞᱤᱭᱩᱠ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ'' ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ''ᱦᱤᱨᱳ''<ref>[https://www.comics.org/series/2051/ ''Hero for Hire'' (Marvel, 1972 series)] at the Grand Comics Database. Retrieved on February 14, 2018.</ref> ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱳᱨᱡ ᱴᱟᱥᱠᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱨᱳᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱠᱟᱹᱞᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨᱳ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱢᱤᱠᱼᱵᱩᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ''ᱞᱤᱭᱩᱠ'' ᱠᱮᱜᱽᱳ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ #17 ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Avila |first=Mike |date=August 18, 2017 |title=Watch: John Romita Sr. on why he has mixed emotions about Luke Cage's original costume |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/watch-john-romita-sr-on-why-he-has-mixed-emotions-about-luke-cages-original-costume |website=Syfy Wire |access-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033721/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/watch-john-romita-sr-on-why-he-has-mixed-emotions-about-luke-cages-original-costume |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="guardian"/><ref>[https://www.comics.org/series/2186/ ''Power Man'' (Marvel, 1974 series)] at the Grand Comics Database. Retrieved on February 14, 2018.</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱹᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱼᱟᱱ [[ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ|ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱨᱠ]] ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="back45" /> ᱵᱞᱮᱠᱥᱯᱚᱞᱳᱭᱮᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨᱦᱳᱨᱳ ᱟᱭᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱥᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱡᱳᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ|ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ]] ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="back45"/> ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ' ᱯᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱱ ' , ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ #50 (ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 1978) ᱨᱮ ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ' ᱯᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱥᱴ ' , ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ' ᱮᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ' (ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 1986) ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱳᱣᱥᱞᱤ (ᱼᱟ. ᱠᱮ. ᱮ.) ᱾ ᱠᱤᱥᱴᱳᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱪᱯᱷᱨᱮᱡ " ᱥᱩᱤᱴ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ " ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="back45" /> 1992 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ' ''ᱠᱮᱡᱽ'' ' ᱫᱚ ' ᱠᱮᱡᱽᱼ ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱩᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ' ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ' ᱼ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱢᱮᱠᱞᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ 20 ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ' ''ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱳᱢᱤᱠᱥ'' ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴᱥ ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱾ ' ᱟᱱᱥᱞᱟᱴ ' ᱟᱨ ' ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱵᱚᱨᱱ ' ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱛᱮ , ᱡᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱳᱥᱴᱨᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ' ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱹᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱮ ' ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ 19 ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱽᱡᱟᱨᱮᱞᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱠᱚᱨᱵᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱱᱤ-ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱱᱤ-ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱠᱥ (Marvel MAX) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ, ᱡᱩᱣᱟ.ᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱛᱤᱼᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2016 |title=How Luke Cage Went From Cutting Edge to Caricature, and Then Back Again |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/09/brian-michael-bendis-luke-cage.html |website=Vulture}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱟᱭᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱚᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ''ᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥ'' ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱨᱮᱴ ᱳᱣᱟᱨ ''ᱫᱟ'' ᱯᱚᱞᱥᱮ ᱰᱮᱨᱮᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ''ᱫᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱭ ᱮᱵᱷᱮᱧᱡᱟᱨ'' ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱵᱚᱞᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱡᱩᱞᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱮᱨᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔᱔ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱗᱕ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱵᱮᱱᱡᱚᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱵᱚᱞᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱰᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arrant |first=Chris |date=February 9, 2010 |title=Luke Cage Powers Into Thunderbolts as Heroic Age Leader |url=http://www.newsarama.com/comics/Thunderbolts-Luke-Cage-100209.html |access-date=29 July 2014 |website=Newsarama |archive-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924051350/http://www.newsarama.com/comics/Thunderbolts-Luke-Cage-100209.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''ᱫᱟ ᱱᱤᱭ ᱮᱵᱷᱮᱧᱡᱟᱨ'' ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2010 |title=Luke Cage Is a New Avenger Again |url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=25026 |access-date=29 July 2014 |website=Comic Book Resources |archive-date=26 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026235244/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱼᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ|30em}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ]] jxfrh7inx39titdfmltqycrgmn3u443 0 24485 190979 125418 2026-04-22T14:26:27Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=ᱴᱮᱠ ᱤᱴ ᱟᱣᱩᱴ ᱤᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ|image=|caption=|director=[[Ed Wood]]|producer=Edward Ashdown<br>[[Richard Gonzalez (producer)|Richard Gonzalez]]|writer=Ed Wood|narrator=|starring=Ed Wood<br>[[Duke Moore]]<br />Nona Carver<br />Michael Donovan O'Donnell<br />Linda Colpin|music=|cinematography=Hal Guthu|editing=Ed Wood|distributor=Ashdown-Gonzalez Productions|released=1970|runtime=80 minutes|country=United States|language=English|budget=}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> ᱴᱮᱠ ᱤᱴ ᱟᱣᱩᱴ ᱤᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴᱠᱚᱨ ᱯᱳᱨᱱᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱮᱰ ᱳᱰ ᱦᱚᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱨᱤᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱮᱥᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱳᱯᱷᱴᱼᱠᱳᱨ ᱠᱩᱯᱚᱞᱤᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱰ ᱳᱰ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱥᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱰ ᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱹᱫᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱤ 1992 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ " ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱤᱭᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱳᱨᱥᱳᱯᱳᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱱ ᱰᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱳᱨᱳ ᱥᱞᱤᱡᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱡᱤ ᱨᱩᱢᱯᱞᱤᱰᱤᱱᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>Rudolph Grey, Nightmare of Ecstasy: The Life and Art of Edward D. Wood, Jr. (1992). pg. 131. ISBN 978-0-922915-24-8.</ref> ᱱᱳᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ "Lakewood ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ... ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱱᱳᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ... ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱧ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟᱧ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ-ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱳᱱ ᱟᱥᱠᱨᱚᱯᱷᱴ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱩᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>Rudolph Grey, Nightmare of Ecstasy: The Life and Art of Edward D. Wood, Jr. (1992). pg. 113. ISBN 978-0-922915-24-8.</ref> ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱛᱤᱝ ᱳᱭᱤᱨᱰ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮᱵᱷ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ 80 ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱖ ᱮᱢᱢᱤ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴ ᱰᱤᱡᱴᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱠᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ 2018 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱽᱞᱩᱼᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="den">{{Cite web |last=Sokol |first=Tony |date=28 August 2018 |title=Ed Wood's Last Film Take It Out in Trade Gets Release Date |url=http://www.denofgeek.com/us/movies/ed-wood/275970/ed-woods-last-film-take-it-out-in-trade-gets-release-date |access-date=7 October 2018 |website=Den of Geek |publisher=DoG Tech LLC |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829022111/http://www.denofgeek.com/us/movies/ed-wood/275970/ed-woods-last-film-take-it-out-in-trade-gets-release-date |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ᱱᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱨᱼ ᱥᱞᱮᱡᱤ ᱢᱮᱭᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱢᱯᱞᱤᱰᱤᱱᱠ * ᱰᱤᱭᱩᱠ ᱢᱳᱨᱼᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱞᱤ * ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱰᱚᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱳ ' ᱰᱳᱱᱮᱞᱼ ᱢᱮᱠᱠᱜᱨᱤᱜᱳᱨ * ᱰᱩᱱᱱᱟ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱞᱤᱼᱥᱟᱨᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱞᱮ * ᱮᱰ ᱳᱰᱼᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱼ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱥᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱴ * ᱞᱤᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱯᱤᱱ * ᱢᱳᱱᱤᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱭᱮᱞ ᱫᱟ ᱮᱢᱮᱡᱤᱝ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ' ᱳᱨᱤᱜᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱰᱮᱰ ' ᱼᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ) ᱰᱤᱭᱩᱠ ᱢᱳᱨ ᱫᱚ 1950 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲᱜᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱱ ᱰᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱾ == ᱴᱮᱠ ᱤᱤᱴ ᱟᱣᱩᱴ ᱤᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱳᱞᱥ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ , ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ 2014 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱣᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱡᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱨᱮᱵᱷᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ 80 ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthology Film Archives : Film Screenings |url=http://anthologyfilmarchives.org/film_screenings/calendar?view=list&month=09&year=2014#showing-43174}}</ref> 1992 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱰ ᱳᱰ ᱨᱩᱫᱳᱞᱯᱷ ᱜᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ' ᱱᱮᱴᱢᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ''ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱮᱥᱤ'' ' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ , ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ' ᱢᱚᱱᱳᱠᱷᱚᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱯᱚᱨ ' ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ , ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱢᱮᱛᱷᱤᱝ ᱳᱭᱤᱭᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱳᱭᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱳᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="swv">{{Cite web |title=TAKE IT OUT IN TRADE: The Outtakes |url=https://www.somethingweird.com/product_info.php?products_id=23269 |access-date=7 October 2018 |website=Something Weird Video}}</ref> 1990 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱢᱳᱱᱤᱠᱟ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱳᱛᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱩᱯᱟᱨ , ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱮᱡ , ᱰᱤᱞᱤᱴ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 1995 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱹᱪ ᱮᱭᱤᱪ ᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱟᱢᱤᱝ ᱳᱭᱤᱭᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ''ᱴᱮᱠ'' ᱤᱩᱴ ᱟᱣᱩᱴ ᱤᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱼ ᱫᱟ ᱳᱣᱩᱴ ᱴᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱᱞᱳᱰ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="swv" /> ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒᱕ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱴᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ " ᱥᱤᱠᱨᱮᱴ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱᱤᱝ " ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 2K ᱴᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="2017showing">{{Cite web |last=Rife |first=Katie |date=September 25, 2017 |title=An Unseen Ed Wood Movie Ignites a Firestorm of Controversy at Fantastic Fest |url=https://www.avclub.com/an-unseen-ed-wood-movie-ignites-a-firestorm-of-controve-1818767773 |publisher=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> == ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ == 2018 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 31 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱴᱮᱠ ᱤᱚᱴ ᱟᱣᱩᱴ ᱤᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱨᱠᱟᱭᱵᱷ (ᱮᱡᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ) ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱞᱩᱼᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ 2K ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱮᱱᱠ ᱦᱮᱱᱮᱞᱳᱴᱴᱟᱨ ᱮᱰ ᱳᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱᱤ ᱨᱩᱫᱳᱞᱯᱷ ᱜᱨᱮᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱡᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱳᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱮᱹ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ 70 ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱳᱣᱚᱴ ᱴᱮᱠ ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱨ ᱱᱳᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱨᱮᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱳᱱᱚᱥ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱯᱷᱤᱥᱴ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ 2K ᱴᱟᱨᱟᱱᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱭᱟᱨᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱓ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2018 |title=AGFA: 2K Restoration of Ed Wood's Take it Out in Trade Coming to Blu-ray |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=23714 |access-date=3 August 2018 |publisher=Blu-ray.com}}</ref><ref name="den"/> == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * ᱮᱰ ᱳᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱳᱯᱷᱚᱨᱤ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> jjpwiognt0kpkcu60pp43mv18myu98g 3 24697 191044 186203 2026-04-23T11:50:26Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 ᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ 191044 wikitext text/x-wiki == ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱻᱨ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱸᱨ == {{Invitation to join PVC edit-a-thon}} [[ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ:R Ashwani Banjan Murmu|R Ashwani Banjan Murmu]] ([[ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ:R Ashwani Banjan Murmu|ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ]]) ᱐᱑:᱑᱗, ᱑᱖ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ (UTC) == Feminism and Folklore 2025: Important Updates for Organizers & Jury == Hello Community Organizers and Jury, Thank you for organising Feminism and Folklore writing competition on your wiki. Feminism and Folklore is the largest Wikipedia contest organized by community members. We congratulate you in joining and celebrating our cultural heritage and promoting gender equality on Wikipedia. To encourage boost for the contributions of the participants, we're offering prizes for Feminism and Folklore local prizes. Each Wikipedia will have three local winners: # First Prize: $25 USD # Second Prize: $20 USD # Best Jury Article: $15 USD All this will be in '''gift voucher format only'''. Prizes will only be given to users who have more than 5 accepted articles. No prizes will be given for users winning below 5 accepted articles. Kindly inform your local community regarding these prizes and post them on the local project page The Best Jury Article will be chosen by the jury based on how unique the article is aligned with the theme. The jury will review all submissions and decide the winner together, making sure it's fair. These articles will also be featured on our social media handles. We're also providing internet and childcare support to the first 75 organizers and Jury members for those who request for it. Remember, only 75 organizers will get this support, and it's given on a first-come, first-served basis. The registration form will close after 75 registrations, and the deadline is <nowiki>'''</nowiki>March 5, 2025<nowiki>'''</nowiki>. This support is optional and not compulsory, so if you're interested, fill out the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeum8md6FqHY1ISWRLW5bqOAv_lcd1tpVtMMZfWKRDU_IffLQ/viewform?usp=dialog Form] Each organizer/jury who gets support will receive $40 USD in gift voucher format, even if they're involved in more than one wiki. No dual support will be provided if you have signed up in more than one language. This support is meant to appreciate your volunteer support for the contest. We also invite all organizers and jury members to join us for Advocacy session on '''Saturday, Feb 28, 2025'''. This session will help you understand the jury process for both contests and give you a chance to ask questions. More details are on [[meta:Event:Telling untold stories: How to document gendered narratives in Folklore on Wikipedia|Event:Telling untold stories: How to document gendered narratives in Folklore on Wikipedia - Meta]] Let's celebrate our different cultures and work towards gender equality on Wikipedia! Best regards, Stella and Tiven Wiki loves folklore international team [[User:SAgbley|SAgbley]] ([[User talk:SAgbley|talk]]) 04:39, 25 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/Community_Prizes&oldid=28309519 --> == Follow-Up: Support for Feminism and Folklore 2025 Contributions == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}} Dear {{PAGENAME}}, I hope this message finds you well. We noticed that your community has signed up for the [[meta:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore Writing Contest]], but there have been only a few contributions submitted via the [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/campwiz/ Campwiz tool] so far. We completely understand that challenges may arise, and we’d love to support you and your participants in streamlining the submission process. To assist your community, here’s a step-by-step guide to adding articles to the campaign. Feel free to share these instructions with your participants: === How to Submit Articles via Campwiz === '''Tool link:''' https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/campwiz/ # Access the Tool #* Visit Campwiz and log in with your Wikimedia account (same as your Wikipedia credentials). # Select the Campaign #* Scroll through the list of campaigns and click on your campaign. # Add Your Article #* Click on "'''+ SUBMIT NEW ARTICLE'''" button. #* Enter the exact title of your article in the “Tiltle” field. #* Click on "'''CHECK'''" button. #* If you have more articles to submit, click on the '''"SUBMIT ANOTHER"''' button. # Check your submissions. #* To check if your submissions went through please click on the '''"DETAILS"''' button #* Click on the '''SUBMISSIONS''' Button to see the list of your submissions. === Need Help? === * Technical issues? Ensure article titles are spelled correctly and meet the campaign’s theme (feminism, folklore, or gender-related topics). * Eligibility questions? New articles must follow Wikipedia’s notability guidelines. * Still stuck? Send an email to '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''! You can also reach out on the campaign’s Talk page. Your commitment to amplifying untold gendered narratives in folklore is invaluable, and we’re excited to see your community’s contributions come to life. Let’s work together to make this campaign a success! Looking forward to your response, Best regards,<br> Stella<br> Feminism and Folklore Organizer -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 07:29, 17 March 2025 (UTC) </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF2&oldid=28410476 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 Jury Evaluation Guidelines & Results Submission == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}} Dear {{PAGENAME}}, Thank you once again for your commitment and dedication to the [[meta:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]] campaign! As we near the conclusion of this year’s contest, please follow the official jury guidelines when evaluating submissions: ===Jury Guidelines:=== * Articles must be created or expanded between 1st February and 31st March 2025. * Minimum article size: 3000 bytes and at least 300 words. * No poor or machine-translated content. * Articles must align with the Feminism and Folklore themes (feminism, gender, culture, folklore). * Articles should not be orphaned – they must be linked to at least one other article. * Submissions must not violate copyright rules and should follow local notability guidelines. * All articles must include proper references according to your local Wikipedia’s citation policies. * Once your local jury process is complete, kindly submit only the top 3 winners on the official results page: ===Submission Link:=== https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Results Please include the following for each winner: * Username * Link to the local user talkpage * Their ranking (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) For more information, you can also refer to the main contest page: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025 If you need help or have any questions, feel free to reach out. Warm regards, <br> Stella Sessy Agbley<br> Coordinator, Feminism and Folklore -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 10:48, 10 April 2025 (UTC) </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF2&oldid=28410476 --> == Invitation: Gendering the Archive - Building Inclusive Folklore Repositories (April 30th) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}} Dear {{PAGENAME}}, You are invited to a hands-on session focused on [[meta:Gendering the Archive: Building Inclusive Repositories for Folklore Documentation | Gendering the Archive: Building Inclusive Repositories for Folklore Documentation]]. This online workshop will guide participants on how to create, edit, and expand gender-inclusive folklore articles and multimedia archives on Wikipedia and Wikidata. The session will be led by Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu. === Objectives === * '''Design Inclusive Repositories:''' Learn best practices for structuring folklore archives that foreground gender perspectives. * '''Hands-On Editing:''' Practice creating and improving articles and items on Wikipedia and Wikidata with a gender-inclusive lens. * '''Collaborative Mapping:''' Work in small groups to plan new entries and multimedia uploads that document underrepresented voices. * '''Advocacy & Outreach:''' Discuss strategies to promote and sustain these repositories within your local and online communities. === Details === * '''Date:''' 30th April 2025 * '''Day:''' Wednesday * '''Time:''' 16:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746028800 Check your local time zone]) * '''Venue:''' Online (Zoom) * '''Speaker:''' Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu (Co-founder, Wikimedia Rwanda & Community Engagement Director) === How to Join === * '''Zoom Link:''' [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/89158738825?pwd=ezEgXbAqwq9KEr499DvJxSzZyXSVQX Join here] * '''Meeting ID:''' 891 5873 8825 * '''Passcode:''' FNF@2025 * '''Add to Calendar:''' [https://zoom.us/meeting/tZ0scuGvrTMiGNH4I3T7EEQmhuFJkuCHL7Ci/ics?meetingMasterEventId=Xv247OBKRMWeJJ9LSbX2hA Add to your calendar] '''' === Agenda === # Welcome & Introductions: Opening remarks and participant roll-call. # Presentation: Overview of gender-inclusive principles and examples of folklore archives. # Hands-On Workshop: Step-by-step editing on Wikipedia and Wikidata—create or expand entries. # Group Brainstorm: Plan future repository items in breakout groups. # Q&A & Discussion: Share challenges, solutions, and next steps. # Closing Remarks: Summarise key takeaways and outline follow-up actions. We look forward to seeing you there! Best regards,<br> Stella<br> Feminism and Folklore Organiser -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 10:28, 24 April 2025 (UTC) </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF2&oldid=28410476 --> == Reminder: Submit Your Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May == Dear ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ, Thank you for your valuable contributions to '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' in your communities! This is a kind reminder that the '''deadline to submit your local results is 15 May 2025'''. Please make sure to submit the '''complete and detailed results''' of your local contest on the following Meta-Wiki page: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]''' Additionally, feel free to add a brief summary of your local event under the '''Results''' section in your country/region’s row on the participants page: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]''' If you need any assistance during this process, don’t hesitate to reach out. Thank you for your continued dedication and support! For, Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team ᱑᱑:᱕᱑, ᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&oldid=28651179 --> == Final Reminder – Submit Full Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May EOD == Dear ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ, This is a final reminder that the deadline to submit your '''full and detailed local results''' for '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' is '''15 May 2025''' EOD. Please ensure you complete the following as soon as possible: * Submit your full results on Meta-Wiki here: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]''' * Add a brief summary of your local event under the "Results" column on: '''[[Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]''' Failure to submit by the deadline may result in exclusion from the international jury consideration. If you need help or encounter any issues, feel free to contact the international team. Thank you once again for your dedication and hard work! ''Warm regards,''<br/> '''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team''', ᱐᱒:᱓᱙, ᱑᱕ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&oldid=28651179 --> == Share Your Feedback – Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 == Dear ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ Thank you for being a part of '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]''' — whether as a contributor, jury member, or local organizer. Your efforts helped make this campaign a meaningful celebration of culture, heritage, and community on Wikimedia platforms. To help us improve and grow this initiative in future years, we kindly ask you to complete a short '''feedback form'''. Your responses are valuable in shaping how we support contributors like you. * '''Feedback Form:''' [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform Submit your feedback here] * '''Deadline to submit:''' 31 May 2025 It will only take a few minutes to complete, and your input will directly impact how we plan, communicate, and collaborate in the future. Thank you again for your support. We look forward to having you with us in future campaigns! Warm regards,<br/> ''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team'' ᱐᱘:᱕᱑, ᱑᱙ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Participants&oldid=28751574 --> == Final reminder that the deadline for submitting your Feminism and Folklore 2025 results == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> Hello {{PAGENAME}} [[File:Feminism and Folklore logo.svg | right | frameless]] I hope this message finds you well. This is a final reminder that the deadline for submitting your Feminism and Folklore 2025 results on Meta has elapsed. For participant prizes to be processed, your community must submit the necessary information as soon as possible. Please use the following link to submit your results: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Results Submit your results] We have extended the {{font color||yellow|'''submission deadline to 12 June 2025'''.}} Kindly note that failure to submit by this date will result in your group’s participants not receiving any prizes from us. Thank you for your attention to this important matter and for your continued contributions to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Warm regards,<br> Stella<br> On behalf of Feminism and Folklore Team<br> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 12:39, 08 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:FnF_2025_reminder_list&oldid=28842648 --> == Please Fill Feedback Form to Receive Your WLR 2025 Digital Certificate 🌙 == Dear ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ, Greetings from the Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 International Organizing Team! Thank you once again for your valuable support and contribution as a '''Local Organizer / Jury Member''' for [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]. Your dedication played a vital role in making this global campaign a meaningful success across communities. As part of our post-event documentation and appreciation process, we kindly request you to complete the Participant Feedback Form. This will help us understand your experience and improve future campaigns: 📋 Feedback Form: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform After submitting the feedback, you’ll be able to request your personalized Digital Certificate of Appreciation through this quick form: 📄 Certificate Request Form: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc0yv5KHfUY21SpHkIpX_fJ9npsrfK4rWM4onDEkfnFtarcDw/viewform We highly appreciate your time in completing these forms. Should you need any assistance, feel free to reach out. Warm regards,<br/> Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/2025_Local_Team&oldid=28893397 --> == ᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ WAM ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱥᱴᱟᱨ! == {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:{{#if:2025}} Wikipedia Asian Month Barnstar.png|150px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱨ '''ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ''' [[ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ:ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱕|ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱕]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ᱾ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ [[ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ:ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱕/ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ|᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ]] ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ! ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱨ, [[ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ:ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ|ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ]] ([[ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ:ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ|ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ]]) ᱐᱔:᱑᱗, ᱘ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ (UTC) |} == ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ: ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱒᱕ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == <div style="background-color:#f0f8ff; border:1px solid #a2c1f0; border-radius:10px; padding:15px; margin:10px 0;"> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold;"> [[File:WP25 potential birthday logo.svg|center|class=skin-invert|link=ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ:ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱒᱕/ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]] 🎉 ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ! 🎉 </div> ᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ '''᱑᱕ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱖''' ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ '''᱒᱕ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ''' ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, '''ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱝᱜᱽᱣᱮᱡᱽ ᱭᱩᱡᱚᱨ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ''' ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ '''ᱮᱰᱤᱴ-ᱟ-ᱛᱷᱚᱱ''' ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱢ ᱞᱮ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱭᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ * 🗓️ '''ᱚᱠᱛᱚ:''' ᱑᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ - ᱑᱗ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ * 🎁 '''ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ:''' ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱮᱱᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱾ '''ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱱ ᱢᱮ:''' <div style="text-align:center; margin-top:10px;"> <span style="background-color:#3366cc; border-radius:5px; padding:8px 15px;">'''[[ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ:ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱒᱕/ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ|<span style="color:white;">👉 ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱒᱕ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ</span>]]'''</span> </div> ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱺᱜᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱭᱮᱱᱟ! ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱝᱜᱽᱣᱮᱡᱽ ᱭᱩᱡᱚᱨ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ, ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ<br> [[ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ:ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ|ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ]] ([[ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ:ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ|ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ]]) ᱑᱕:᱔᱑, ᱑᱐ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ (UTC) </div> == ᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ == ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱨ, [[ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ:ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ|ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ! ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱮᱹᱟᱭ. ᱛᱮᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱧ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱢᱮ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱢᱮ᱾ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ! [[ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ:ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ|ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ]] ([[ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ:ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ|ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ]]) ᱑᱑:᱕᱐, ᱒᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ (UTC) h6n417jv8s32yfv7ratmjvtkbonpdr1 0 26202 190999 156501 2026-04-22T19:40:24Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190999 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱜᱨᱮᱥᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India |last=Natarajan |first=Nalini |author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson |pages=198–199 |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-28778-7 }}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ''ᱯᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱨᱚᱝᱜᱤᱯᱳᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱤ'' ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |title=Growing up as a woman writer |last=Jain |first=Jasbir |page=352 |year=2007 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-2547-3 }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱷᱚᱢᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨᱡᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱙᱕), ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱙᱗), ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱙᱘) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱒᱐᱐᱐) ᱾<ref>{{cite book |title=Katha prize stories, Volume 8 |last=Dharmarajan |first=Geeta |page=305 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Katha Books]] |isbn=978-81-85586-85-4 }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱚᱠᱣᱟᱛᱷᱤᱞ, ᱨᱟᱱᱫᱩ ᱥᱣᱚᱯᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚᱞ, ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱩᱰ ᱱᱮᱨᱩ, ᱤᱮᱡᱵᱩ ᱯᱮᱱᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠᱚᱞ, ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ, ᱜᱨᱟᱡᱤᱭᱩᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]], [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱟᱞ-ᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ, ᱮᱰᱟᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ, ᱟᱞᱩᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ, "ᱵᱮᱵᱤ ᱰᱚᱞ", ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱞᱳᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|first=Latha |last=Anantharaman |location=New Delhi|date=14 May 2021|title=Book review: 'Baby Doll' by Gracy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20210524-book-review-baby-doll-by-gracy-1802653-2021-05-14|access-date=2021-10-02|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ == # ᱑᱙᱙᱕: ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨᱡᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱙᱕) # ᱑᱙᱙᱗: ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ - ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱱᱛᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱠᱚᱞ # ᱑᱙᱙᱘: ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ - "ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱞᱤ" # ᱒᱐᱐᱐: ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ) - ᱨᱟᱱᱫᱩ ᱥᱣᱚᱯᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚᱞ<ref>{{cite web |title=---::: KERALA SAHITYA AKADEMI :::--- |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw1.htm |website=www.keralasahityaakademi.org}}</ref> # ᱒᱐᱒᱐: ᱠᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "ᱵᱚᱡᱽᱛᱷᱟᱯᱮᱴᱟ ᱯᱩᱪᱟ" (Translation: "Blessed Cat")<ref>{{cite web |title=Gracy bags Bal Sahitya Puraskar; Abin Joseph wins Yuva Puraskar. |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/gracy-bags-bal-sahitya-puraskar-abin-joseph-wins-yuva-puraskar-1.5836738 |website=www.english.mathrubhumi.com |date=17 July 2021 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=അബിന്‍ ജോസഫിന് കേന്ദ്ര സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി യുവ പുരസ്‌കാരം |url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/07/16/424545.html |work=Kairali News {{!}} Kairali News Live l Latest Malayalam News |date=16 July 2021 |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717053822/https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/07/16/424545.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ/ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ == * ᱯᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱨᱚᱝᱜᱤᱯᱳᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱑) * ᱱᱚᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱟᱛᱤᱞ * ᱨᱟᱱᱫᱩ ᱥᱣᱚᱯᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚᱞ * ᱵᱨᱚᱸᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱠᱚᱞ * ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱩᱰ ᱱᱮᱨᱩ * ᱤᱮᱡᱩ ᱯᱮᱱᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠᱚᱞ (ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ) * ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩ * ᱜᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱩᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠᱚᱞ * ᱢᱩᱛᱷᱨᱚᱛᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟ * ᱳᱨᱩ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱵᱤᱛᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱱᱴᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱳᱨᱮᱠᱷᱚᱞ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ) * ᱩᱫᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱤᱠᱚᱞ (ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ) * Apadha Sancharikalkku oru kaipusthakam (ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ) * ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱛᱟᱯᱮᱴᱟ ᱯᱩᱪᱟ (ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱷᱭᱟᱢ) == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} s8tdjnif4xd3sy3aevnbd6pe5yafusl 0 28799 190978 187299 2026-04-22T14:20:52Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ | logo = | logo_size = 250px | logo_alt = ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱞᱳᱜᱳ | image = File:TCS SIPCOT Building.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_alt = ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱥᱤᱯᱠᱚᱴ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ | image_caption = [[ᱥᱤᱯᱠᱚᱴ ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱴᱤ. ᱯᱟᱨᱠ|ᱥᱤᱯᱠᱚᱴ]], [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮ ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱟᱥ | type = [[ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ|ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ]] | traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|532540}}|{{NSE|TCS}}|[[BSE SENSEX]] constituent|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}} | ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE467B01029}} | industry = [[ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]]<br>[[ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱟᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ]]<br>[[ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] | founder = [[ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱤᱨ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱟᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ|ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱨ. ᱰᱤ. ᱴᱟᱴᱟ]] | area_served = ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ | key_people = [[ᱱᱚᱴᱚᱨᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱥᱮᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱱ]]<br/>{{small|(ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ)}}<br/>ᱠᱮ. ᱠᱨᱤᱛᱷᱤᱵᱟᱥᱟᱱ<br/>{{small|(ᱮᱢ.ᱰᱤ. ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤ.ᱤ.ᱳ.)}} | services = | revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|245315|c}}<ref name=pnl>{{cite web|title=Tata Consultancy Services Consolidated Profit & Loss account, Tata Consultancy Services Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/fe8ba7b5-8932-429c-8665-e822ae3a4d0f.pdf|website=www.tcs.com|access-date=2024-10-08|archive-date=2024-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606153656/https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/fe8ba7b5-8932-429c-8665-e822ae3a4d0f.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | revenue_year = ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|61997|c}}<ref name=pnl/> | income_year = ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|46099|c}}<ref name=pnl/> | net_income_year = ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|146449|c}}<ref name=blsh>{{cite web|title=Tata Consultancy Services Consolidated Balance Sheet, Tata Consultancy Services Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/fe8ba7b5-8932-429c-8665-e822ae3a4d0f.pdf|access-date=12 April 2024|website=www.tcs.com|archive-date=6 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606153656/https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/fe8ba7b5-8932-429c-8665-e822ae3a4d0f.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | assets_year = ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|91319|c}}<ref name=blsh/> | equity_year = ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | num_employees = ᱖᱐᱑,᱕᱔᱖<ref name="Mint">{{cite news |title=TCS reports dip in Q4 hiring |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-reports-dip-in-q4-hiring-attrition-cools-to-12-5/articleshow/109245708.cms|access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> | num_employees_year = ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | parent = [[ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ]] | subsid = {{Unbulleted list|[[TRDDC]]}} | foundation = ᱑᱙᱖᱘ | location = [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | homepage = {{url|https://www.tcs.com/}} | footnotes = <ref name="AR1213IFRS">{{cite web |url= https://www.tcs.com/content/dam/tcs/investor-relations/financial-statements/2018-19/q4/IFRS/Press%20Release%20-%20USD.pdf |title=Press Release - USD |publisher=Tata Consultancy Services |date=12 April 2019 |access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandrashekhar |first1=Anandi |title=TCS management takes home smaller pay packets due to COVID-19 impact |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/tcs-ceo-pay-package-reduces-16pc-to-rs-13-3-cr-in-fy20/articleshow/75845798.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> }} '''ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ''' ('''ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ.''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱥᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱔᱖ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="TCS2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.tcs.com/about-tcs/company-profile|title=Company Profile|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services|access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱪᱭᱩᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/tata-consultancy-services?year=2024|title=Tata Consultancy Services - Fortune 500 List 2024 - Fortune India|website=www.fortuneindia.com|access-date=16 August 2024}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱴᱤ. ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tcs-2nd-indian-co-to-hit-200bn-mcap-after-ril/articleshow/86245377.cms|title=TCS 2nd Indian company to hit $200 billion mcap after RIL|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/tcs-market-capitalisation-hits-200-billion-as-shares-jump-to-fresh-highs-2542286|title=TCS Market Capitalization Hits $200 Billion As Shares Jump To Fresh Highs|date=15 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-first-indian-tech-company-to-cross-200-billion-market-cap/articleshow/86232295.cms|title=TCS first Indian tech company to cross $200 billion market cap|newspaper=The Economic Times |date= 15 September 2021|last1=Krishnan |first1=Raghu }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top 100 stocks by Market Capitalization {{!}} BSE Listed stocks Market Capitalization |url=https://www.bseindia.com/markets/equity/eqreports/topmarketcapitalisation.aspx |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.bseindia.com }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 stocks by Market Capitalization {{!}} BSE Listed stocks Market Capitalization |url=https://mock.bseindia.com/markets/equity/EQReports/TopMarketCapitalization.aspx |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=mock.bseindia.com |archive-date=2023-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121092531/https://mock.bseindia.com/markets/equity/EQReports/TopMarketCapitalization.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ. H-1B ᱵᱤᱡᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=CW2013>{{cite web |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/1528496/technology-law-regulation-the-data-shows-top-h-1b-users-are-offshore-outsourcers.html |title=The data shows: Top H-1B users are offshore outsourcers |publisher=ComputerWorld |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱑.᱗᱔% ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Nikhil |title=Tata Sons confirms selling 2.34 crore shares of TCS in block deal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/tata-sons-confirms-selling-2-34-crore-shares-of-tcs-in-block-deal/articleshow/108670045.cms |access-date=13 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=21 March 2024}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘᱐% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Sons repays Rs 20,000-crore debt to 'avoid' going public: Reduces stake in TCS and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/tata-sons-repays-rs-20000-crore-debt-to-avoid-going-public-reduces-stake-in-tcs-and-more/articleshow/113071511.cms |access-date=13 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=7 September 2024}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ===᱑᱙᱖᱘-᱒᱐᱐᱕=== ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱥ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcs.com/about/corp_facts/Pages/default.aspx |title=Corporate Facts |publisher=TCS |access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱴᱤᱥᱠᱳ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱴᱤᱞ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱸᱪ ᱠᱟᱨᱰ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢ, ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨ-ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱦᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ,<ref name="ICMR">{{cite web |url=http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy2/Tata%20Consultancy%20Services%20Limited%20The%20Pioneer%20in%20the%20Indian%20IT%20Industry.htm |title=Tata Consultancy Services Limited: The Pioneer in the Indian IT Industry |work=Case Study |publisher=ICMR |date=1 January 1990 |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927060443/http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy2/Tata%20Consultancy%20Services%20Limited%20The%20Pioneer%20in%20the%20Indian%20IT%20Industry.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱳ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ|ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱥ]] ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱥ ᱥᱮᱜᱟ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱴᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱠᱳᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱰᱤᱯᱚᱡᱤᱴᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱤᱝ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱤᱯᱚᱡᱤᱴᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱠᱥ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱱᱥᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱥᱪᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱚᱴᱚᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/archive.html?siteSect=883&sid=957178&ty=st |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912080537/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/archive.html?siteSect=883&sid=957178&ty=st |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |title=Indian software keeps Swiss securities safe |publisher=Swissinfo.com |date=14 January 2002}}</ref> ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱴᱤ.ᱠᱮ.ᱮᱥ. ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tcs-acquires-swiss-firm-tksteknosoft/182435/ |title=TCS acquires TKS Teknosoft |work=The Financial Express |date=11 January 2006}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱪ ᱰᱮᱵᱽᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱮᱸᱰ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ (TRDDC) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱪ ᱮᱸᱰ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanavi |first=Shivanand |title=Megasoft |journal=Business India |pages=46–54 |date=20 June 2004}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱘᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱞᱟᱭᱮᱱᱴ-ᱰᱮᱰᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷᱥᱚᱨ ᱰᱮᱵᱽᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ===᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖=== ᱒᱕ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤᱰ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/with-100-billion-m-cap-tcs-is-an-outlier/articleshow/63891810.cms|title=With $100 billion m-cap, TCS is an outlier|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=24 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/15/stories/2004061502001000.htm |title=Star Performer Goes Public |work=Editorial |publisher=The Hindu |date=14 June 2004 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=13 February 2009 |archive-date=18 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040618043309/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/15/stories/2004061502001000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ-ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱴᱤ. ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20040802/indianews03.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040816185800/http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20040802/indianews03.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 August 2004 |title=TCS launches the country's first bioinformatics product |work=The Indian Express |date=8 February 2004 }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ "ᱵᱤᱭᱚᱸᱰ ᱫᱟ ᱚᱵᱽᱵᱤᱭᱚᱥ" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ "ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥ ᱠᱩᱥᱴᱤ" ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/brands/article/tcs-cmo-shares-all-the-work-behind-the-software-giants-new-look/articleshow/81763624.cms |title=Business Insider India – 10 months, 100 clients, and last minute course corrections — TCS CMO shares all the work behind the software giant's new look |website=www.businessinsider.in |access-date=2022-06-16 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟᱱᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤ.ᱟᱨ.ᱯᱤ. ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egovonline.net/interview/interview-details.asp?interviewid=808 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927011559/http://egovonline.net/interview/interview-details.asp?interviewid=808 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2011 |title=ICT helps IRCTC book 3.5 lakh e-Tickets in a day |work=E-GovOnline.net |date=11 July 2011}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤ-ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱜᱽᱣᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanavi |first=Shivanand |title=Megasoft |journal=Business India |page=52 |date=20 June 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com |title=Eye on future, TCS in revamp mode |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 February 2008}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱠᱞᱟᱩᱰ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱣᱚᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2011/02/15/245449/TCS-targets-SME-market-with-cloud-computing.htm |title=TCS targets SME market with cloud computing |work=Computer Weekly |date=15 February 2011}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ RIL ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tcs-overtakes-ril-as-countrys-most-valued-firm_641999.html |title=TCS overtakes RIL as country's most valued firm – PTI |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=30 December 2011 |access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑-᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱑᱐ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/tcs-beats-10-bn-revenue-mark-in-fy12-112042400081_1.html |title=TCS beats $10-bn revenue mark in FY12 |newspaper=Business Standard |date=24 April 2012 |access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref> ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱥᱴᱮᱞ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (US$᱑᱓᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱠᱴ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>[http://www.tcs.com/news_events/press_releases/Pages/Department-Posts-Core-System-Integrator-project-TCS.aspx TCS News & Events: Press Release: Department of Posts Awards Core System Integrator project to TCS]. TCS.com. Retrieved 6 December 2013.</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱴᱚᱯ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱴᱤ. ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ'' ᱨᱮ ᱑᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/TCS-joins-top-10-global-IT-services-companies-club/articleshow/34067479.cms|title=TCS joins top 10 global IT services companies club|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ₹᱕ ᱴᱨᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ ₹᱘.᱐ ᱴᱨᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ US$᱙᱖ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ) ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/TCS-first-Indian-company-to-top-Rs-5-lakh-crore-market-cap/articleshow/38940093.cms|title=TCS first Indian company to top Rs 5 lakh crore market cap|date=24 July 2014 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8117/tcs-crosses-rs.5-lk-cr-market-cap|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195221/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8117/tcs-crosses-rs.5-lk-cr-market-cap|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 September 2015|title=TCS Crosses Rs.5 Lk Cr Market Cap|date=24 July 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg TV India}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱟᱭᱮᱱᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/TCS-ends-RILs-23-year-run-as-most-profitable-firm/articleshow/45947297.cms|title=TCS ends RIL's 23-year run as most profitable firm|date=20 January 2014 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ== ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱕᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Integrated Annual Report 2020-21|url=https://www.tcs.com/content/dam/tcs/investor-relations/financial-statements/2020-21/ar/annual-report-2020-2021.pdf|website=TCS|page=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Tata Consultancy Services' Subsidiaries Worldwide |url=https://www.tcs.com/investor-relations/subsidiaries |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.tcs.com |language=en}}</ref> ==ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ== ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ (ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ.) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcs.com/locations|title=TCS Locations|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services|access-date=2024-08-16}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ, ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ, ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱤᱞᱤᱵᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcs.com/india|title=TCS in India|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services|access-date=2024-08-16}}</ref> ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ, ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ, [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcs.com/global-presence|title=TCS Global Presence|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services|access-date=2024-08-16}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱮᱞᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-25/business/28285556_1_tcs-bets-tata-consultancy-services-bpo|title=TCS bets on growing economy of Peru|publisher=Times of India|date=25 July 2010|access-date=11 May 2017|archive-date=16 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516123915/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-25/business/28285556_1_tcs-bets-tata-consultancy-services-bpo|url-status=dead}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> File:TCS synergy park.jpg|ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱨᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱟᱥ [[ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] File:Tata Consultancy Services - Ring Road Sector V - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2017-06-21 2869.JPG|ᱥᱟᱞᱴ ᱞᱮᱠ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ-V ᱨᱮ ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱰᱮᱞᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ, [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱜᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ]] [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] File:TCS-Siruseri-Building.jpg|ᱥᱤᱯᱠᱚᱴ, ᱥᱤᱨᱩᱥᱮᱨᱤ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ File:TCS Centre, Infopark.jpg|ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱳᱯᱟᱨᱠ, [[ᱠᱚᱪᱤ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ File:Tata Consultancy Services Madhapur Hyderabad.jpg|ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱰᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] File:TCE BUILDING.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱪᱤ, [[ᱡᱟᱢᱥᱮᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ </gallery> ===ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱵᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱥ.=== ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱵᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱥ. (ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱴᱤ. ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱥᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasscom.in/industry-ranking |title=Top 15 BPO companies |publisher=NASSCOM |access-date=6 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511200026/http://www.nasscom.in/industry-ranking |archive-date=11 May 2012 }} </ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱒-᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱔᱔ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱒.᱕% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="PRQ41213">{{cite web |url=http://www.tcs.com/investors/Documents/Press%20Releases/TCS_PressRelease_IndianGAAP_Q4_13.PDF |title=Press Release Indian GAAP Q4 2012-13 |publisher=TCS |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TCS Institutional Ownership - TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES LTD. Stock |url=https://fintel.io/so/in/tcs |website=fintel.io |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927124343/https://fintel.io/so/in/tcs |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱵᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱨᱮ ᱔᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱒-᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙.᱕% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sites.tcs.com/investorsdocs/TCS_Data_Sheet.xlsx |title=Consolidated Historical Financials |publisher=TCS |access-date=3 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927181406/http://sites.tcs.com/investorsdocs/TCS_Data_Sheet.xlsx |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱥᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/88322/20101203/tata-consultancy-services-bpo-shop-in-manila-philippines.htm |title=India's TCS opens BPO shop in Manila, Philippines&nbsp;– Jobs & Hire |publisher=Ibtimes.com |date=3 December 2010 |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208060234/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/88322/20101203/tata-consultancy-services-bpo-shop-in-manila-philippines.htm |archive-date=8 December 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ=== ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱠᱴ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱡᱟᱨ, ᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱤᱞᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱥᱤᱯᱴ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/tcs-named-leader-life-science-143000155.html |title=TCS Named as a Leader in Life Science Drug Safety Services by Leading Industry Research Firm |publisher=Yahoo! Finance |date=28 February 2013 |access-date=3 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927213246/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/tcs-named-leader-life-science-143000155.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-11-13/news/27444972_1_clinical-trial-tcs-tata-consultancy-services|title=TCS wins $35 mn Eli Lilly contract|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2 July 2015|date=13 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703111225/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-11-13/news/27444972_1_clinical-trial-tcs-tata-consultancy-services|archive-date=3 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/15/tcs-with-us-based-eli-lilly-for-advance-clinical-research-1163595890.html|title=TCS with US-based Eli Lilly for advance clinical research|work=www.oneindia.com|access-date=2 July 2015|date=15 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703170856/http://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/15/tcs-with-us-based-eli-lilly-for-advance-clinical-research-1163595890.html|archive-date=3 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱳᱪ, ᱱᱳᱵᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱴᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱥᱴᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱥ, ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢᱤᱝ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱠᱳᱵᱤᱜᱤᱞᱮᱱᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱰᱨᱚᱜ ᱰᱮᱵᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ RWE ᱥᱟᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outsourcing-pharma.com/Commercial-Services/Tata-bags-major-BPO-deal-with-Roche|title=Tata bags major BPO deal with Roche|work=Outsourcing-Pharma.com|date=4 September 2007 |access-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616232239/http://www.outsourcing-pharma.com/Commercial-Services/Tata-bags-major-BPO-deal-with-Roche|archive-date=16 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/tcs-to-support-roches-initiative/article1905634.ece|title=TCS to support Roche's initiative|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 July 2015|location=Chennai, India|date=5 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-09-05/news/28468976_1_j-rajagopal-tcs-roche|title=TCS in multi-million dollar deal with Swiss firm|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2 July 2015|date=5 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703110133/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-09-05/news/28468976_1_j-rajagopal-tcs-roche|archive-date=3 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ==ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱯᱟᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ== ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱤᱥ (ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ.) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="TCS">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/software-services/38614630_1_march-31-net-profit-new-growth-engines|title=TCS Q4 net profit jumps 22% to Rs 3,597 crore|publisher=Times of India|date=17 April 2013|access-date=3 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115606/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/software-services/38614630_1_march-31-net-profit-new-growth-engines|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/indias-eight-biggest-employers/slideshow/47861071.cms|title=India's eight biggest employers|website=The Economic Times|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014858/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/indias-eight-biggest-employers/slideshow/47861071.cms|archive-date=10 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱘ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱨᱮ ᱖᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="AnnualReport1213">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2012–2013|url=http://www.tcs.com/investors/Documents/Annual%20Reports/TCS_Annual_Report_2012-2013.pdf|access-date=3 September 2013|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/top-five-takeaways-what-powered-tcs-to-beat-street-estimates-on-q3-earnings/articleshow/56498799.cms|title=Top five takeaways: What powered TCS to beat Street estimates on Q3 earnings|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=12 January 2017|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112151454/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/top-five-takeaways-what-powered-tcs-to-beat-street-estimates-on-q3-earnings/articleshow/56498799.cms|archive-date=12 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/corporate-business/can-tcs-grow-to-500000-employees-or-will-linear-staff-growth-start-impacting-results-1968129.html|title=Can TCS grow to 5,00,000 employees? Or will linear staff growth start impacting results? - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/bkMCAhvRg2xJvLqsLQh88I/TCS-behind-only-IBM-in-employee-strength.html|title=TCS behind only IBM in employee strength|first1=Arundhati|last1=Ramanthan|first2=Anirban|last2=Sen|date=31 March 2013|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113170639/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/bkMCAhvRg2xJvLqsLQh88I/TCS-behind-only-IBM-in-employee-strength.html|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=TCS crosses 500,000 headcount|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-crosses-500000-headcount/articleshow/84237887.cms|access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref> ᱓᱑ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑,᱒᱘᱒ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱗.᱗% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="AnnualReport1213" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tcs-non-indian-employee-number-crosses-21-000-113060700770_1.html|title=TCS non-Indian employee number crosses 21,000|newspaper=Business Standard|date=7 June 2013|access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ}} * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱤᱥ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱤ. ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱮᱠᱥ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱩᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ]] qrlr3svadjy6p1ka7k3zww51iix4spu 0 29209 190973 160049 2026-04-22T12:43:53Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|name=ᱯᱷᱩᱥᱩᱞᱩᱱ ᱯᱷᱤ ᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱤᱱᱰ, ᱟᱞ-ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱩ, ᱣᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱴᱩ, ᱣᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱱᱤᱭᱟᱴᱩ, ᱣᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱟᱠᱟᱴᱩᱴ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱣᱩᱯᱷᱤ ᱵᱤᱦᱟ| title_orig = فصول في أديان الهند الهندوسية والبوذية والجينية والسيخية وعلاقة التصوف بها|author=[[ᱡᱤᱭᱩᱨ ᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱢᱤ]]|country=ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱰᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤᱭᱟ|language=ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤ|genre=[[ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]]<br />[[ᱦᱤᱸᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]]<br />[[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]]<br />[[ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]]|publisher=Darul Bukhari<br />ᱫᱟᱨᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱠᱦᱟᱨᱤ<br />ᱢᱟᱠᱛᱟᱵᱩᱨ ᱨᱩᱥᱰ|isbn=|published=1997|pages=216 (ᱫᱟᱨᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱠᱟᱨᱤ, ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ)}} '''ᱯᱷᱩᱥᱩᱞᱩᱱ ᱯᱷᱤ ᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱤᱱᱰ, ᱟᱞ-ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩ, ᱣᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩ, ᱣᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱱᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩ, ᱣᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱟᱠᱟᱴᱩ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱣᱯᱷᱤ ᱵᱤᱦᱟ''' (فصول في أديان الهند الهندوسية والبوذية والجينية والسيخية وعلاقة التصوف بها, ᱦᱤᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱩᱛ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱡᱟᱭᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ’) ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱤᱭᱩᱨ ᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱢᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=غازي ،الدكتور |first1=محمود أحمد |title=محاضرات في علوم القرآن الكريم |date=1 January 2019 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |isbn=978-2-7451-9409-1 |page=222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x46wDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%8A&pg=PT221 |access-date=24 December 2023 |lang=ar}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱠᱟᱨᱤ, ᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱟᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱠᱛᱟᱵᱩᱨ ᱨᱩᱥᱫᱷ, ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱰᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=ابراهيم |first1=د سفيان ياسين |title=( الهند في المصادر البلدانية (3 -7 ه ، 9-13 ه |date = 7 February 2018 |publisher=دار المعتز للنشر والتوزيع |isbn=978-9957-65-009-4 |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cO1KDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%8A&pg=PA59 |access-date=24 December 2023 |lang=ar}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱡᱟᱭᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱜᱽᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱵᱟᱹᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱰᱤᱱᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱢᱟᱜᱞᱟᱴ ᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱴ ᱟᱞ-ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱰᱤᱱᱟ ᱟᱞ ᱢᱩᱱᱟᱣᱟᱨᱟ (ᱢᱟᱰᱤᱱᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ)"᱾<ref name="AHWT"/> ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱰᱤᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱞ-ᱟᱞᱟᱢ (ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ)" ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ "ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="AHWT"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=الهاشمي |first1=الإمام القاضي أبي البقاء صالح بن الحسين الجعفري |title=تخجيل من حرّف التوراة والإنجيل: الجزء الأول |date = 20 February 1998 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |isbn=978-9960-02-028-0 |page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C6LDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%8A&pg=PT10 |access-date=24 December 2023 |lang=ar}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱛ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" (دراست في اليهودية و أديان النصرانية) ᱟᱨ "ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱤᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ| ᱫᱤᱨᱟᱥᱟᱛ ᱯᱷᱤᱞ ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴ ᱣᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱥᱤᱦᱤᱭᱟᱴ ᱣᱟᱞ ᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱤᱱᱰ]] (دراسات في اليهودية ᱡᱩᱫᱽ, ᱤᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ/ ᱡᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱤᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱱᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ<ref name=SG/>), ᱗᱘᱔ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="AHWT"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱰᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱠᱴᱟᱵᱟᱴ ᱟᱞ-ᱨᱩᱥᱰ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ<, ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ<ref name="AHWT"/> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=الفرّاك |first1=أحمد |title=المسلمون والغرب: والتأسيس القرآني للمشترك الإنساني |date=1 June 2021 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |isbn=978-1-64205-563-4 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqoxEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88+%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF+%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF&pg=PT45 |access-date= 23 December 2023 |lang=ar}}</ref> ᱥᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ<ref name=SG>{{cite news |last1=Azmi |first1=Zakir |title=Journey from Hinduism to Islam to professor of Hadith in Madinah |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/174057 |accessdate=23 February 2024 |work=[[Saudi Gazette]] |date=3 March 2017 |language=English}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite book |title=مانع بن حماد الجهنى - الموسوعه الميسره فى الاديان و المذاهب و الاحزاب المعاصره - 2 |publisher=IslamKotob |page=943 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BUVICwAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%8A&pg=PT374 |access-date=24 December 2023 |lang=ar}}</ref><ref name="AHWT"/> ==ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ== ===ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ=== ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱢᱤ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, [[ᱠᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱠᱚᱞ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱡᱳᱰᱟᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱛᱩᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱫᱨᱟᱣᱤᱰ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱡᱳᱫᱟᱨᱳ]] ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱯᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱢ, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ᱾<ref name="AHWT">{{cite book |title=الهندوسية وتأثر بعض الفرق الاسلامية بها |date=2016|last1=Zakaria|first1=abu Bakar Muhammad|author-link1=Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria |publisher=Dār al-Awrāq al-Thaqāfīyah |isbn=978-603-90755-6-1 |pages=17, 63, 95-96, 102, 156, 188-189, 554-558, 698-99, 825, 990-991, 1067-1068, 1071, 1159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLGztAEACAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7 |access-date=28 July 2023 |language=ar}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷ) ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱝᱜᱚᱪ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱮᱰᱤᱠ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱠᱨᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱳᱨᱳᱯ [[ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱠᱨᱛ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="AHWT"/> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱛᱤᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱝᱜᱚᱪ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱮᱰᱤᱠ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱠᱨᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱳᱨᱳᱯ [[ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱠᱨᱛ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="AHWT"/>ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ|ᱯᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱪ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤᱱ]] (ᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱭᱡᱤᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ), [[ᱠᱥᱟᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ([[ᱨᱟᱡᱯᱩᱴ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ), [[ ᱵᱟᱭᱥᱭᱟ]] (ᱛᱩᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱠᱚ) ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱩᱫᱨᱟ]] (ᱛᱩᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱠᱚ), ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱟᱡᱢᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ 20 ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱟᱞᱤᱴ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱢᱤ [[ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱥᱟᱦᱮᱵ ᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮᱰᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱛᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="AHWT"/> ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱲᱮ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ:<ref name=A/> # ᱯᱩᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱢᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱮᱫᱷᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱵᱷᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱯᱷᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ᱾<ref name="AHWT"/> # ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱚᱥᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱯᱟᱱᱤᱥᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱩᱯᱷᱤᱡᱽᱢ]] ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱣᱩᱯᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱩᱨ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱡᱽ]], [[ᱤᱵᱷᱱ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱨᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱱᱤ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱢ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱣᱟᱦᱫᱟᱴ ᱟᱞ-ᱚᱡᱩᱰ]], ᱦᱚᱸ ᱤᱵᱷᱱ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱴ, ᱟᱦᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱤᱵᱷᱱ ᱱᱟᱢᱥ, [[ᱟᱵᱩ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ|ᱟᱵᱩ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱟᱥᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱤ|ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ ᱤᱵᱷᱱ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾< ref name="AHWT"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱟᱱᱤᱥᱟᱰ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱩᱯᱟᱱᱤᱥᱟᱰ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱩᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱵᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ # ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ # ᱯᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱨᱚ]] ᱵᱷᱩᱰ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱜᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱝᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱟᱨᱩᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱩᱥᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ]] ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱣᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱨᱚᱢᱦᱟᱱᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤ [[Saint Paul]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱴᱨᱤᱱᱤᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ , ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱣᱟ (ᱥᱤᱣᱟ)᱾ <ref ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ="AHWT"/> # ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱛᱟ]], [[ᱜᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name=A/ > ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱩ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱠᱤ ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱰ|ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱡ]], ᱚᱠᱟ [[ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱢ ᱤᱵᱷᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ ᱢᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱠᱚᱴᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟᱦ ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="AHWT"/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱩ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱠᱤ ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱰ|ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱡ]], ᱚᱠᱟ [[ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱢ ᱤᱵᱷᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ ᱢᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱠᱚᱴᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟᱦ ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ᱾<ref name="AHWT"/> ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱡᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ [[ᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱤᱴᱟᱵ]] ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, [[ᱤᱵᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ]] ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱚᱨᱴ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱵᱷᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ᱾<ref name ="AHWT"/><ref name=A/><ref name=Ab>{{cite journal |last1=الحافي |first1=د عمر |last2=البصول |first2=السيد علي |title=البشارات بنبؤة محمد في الكتب الهندوسية المقدسة |journal=The Jordanian Journal of Islamic Studies |date=24 June 2010 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=2, 12 |url=http://repository.aabu.edu.jo/jspui/handle/123456789/363 |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=[[Al al-Bayt University]] |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711120515/http://repository.aabu.edu.jo/jspui/handle/123456789/363 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱢᱤ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, {{quote|ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱚᱥᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ [[ᱜᱟᱸᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, “ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱤᱧ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱧᱟ, ᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ - ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱛᱨᱮ, ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ, 'ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩᱨᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱞᱦᱚᱸᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="AHWT"/> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ - ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ - ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ᱾<ref name=A/>}} ᱟᱡᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱜᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, {{quote|ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱣᱦᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ [[Sufism]] ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ- ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱢᱟᱢ ᱟᱦᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱤᱵᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱱᱵᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱟᱠᱤᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱩᱞ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱤᱵᱷᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱦᱞᱩᱥ ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱴ ᱣᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱤᱢᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱥᱩᱯᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ [[ᱟᱠᱤᱰᱟᱦ]] ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ [[ᱠᱚᱵᱚᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱯ, ᱥᱤᱡᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱤᱨ]] ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱦᱤᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱟᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱥᱩᱞ صلى الله عليه وسلم ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱷᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱩᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱩᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱵᱮᱫᱷᱟᱣ, ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱛᱤᱛᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ, ᱦᱟᱰᱤᱥ, ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱠᱨᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="AHWT"/> ᱤᱧ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱱᱰᱤ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱹᱧ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱤᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="AHWT"/><ref name=A>{{cite book |last1=আজমি |first1=জিয়াউর রহমান |author2=মহিউদ্দিন কাসেমী (অনুবাদক) |title=হিন্দু, বৌদ্ধ, জৈন, শিখ ধর্মের ইতিহাস |date = 5 June 2021 |publisher=কালান্তর প্রকাশনী |isbn=978-984-95932-8-7 |pages = 20, 21-30, 36-39, 101-102, 105-106, 173-174 |lang=bn}}</ref>}} ==ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫ== [[ᱟᱵᱩᱵᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ "ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴ ᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱥᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱰ ᱟᱞ-ᱯᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱟᱞ-ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱴ ᱵᱤᱦᱟ" ({{lang-ar|الهندوسية وتأثر بعض الفرق الإسلامية بها}}) (ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱱᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱜᱚ [[ᱡᱤᱭᱩᱨ ᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱢᱤ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱽᱢᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ "ᱯᱷᱩᱥᱩᱞᱩᱱ ᱯᱷᱤ ᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱤᱱᱰ" ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ==ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== * [[ᱢᱟᱦᱤᱥᱟᱥᱩᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤ]] * [[ᱦᱩᱫᱩᱨ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ]] * [[ᱟᱞ-ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴ ᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱥᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱰ ᱟᱞ-ᱯᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱟᱞ-ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱴ ᱵᱤᱦᱟ]] ==ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱮᱨᱮᱱᱥ== {{reflist}} ==ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ== * [https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/ar/ih_books/single_010/ar-adyan-alhind.pdf Fusulun Fi Adianil Hind in Islamhouse.com] {{ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ]] [[ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ:ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱤᱪᱟᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱣᱨ ᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ]] nzuiju7bz4e319hrrj0tualkp5zgkh9 0 29473 190990 162249 2026-04-22T17:57:07Z Symphonicallyu 10592 190990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writing system | altname = {{Script|Dogr|𑠝𑠢𑠳𑠷 𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠬 𑠀𑠊𑠹𑠋𑠤}} | fam1 = Proto-Sinaitic alphabet | fam2 = Phoenician alphabet | fam3 = Aramaic alphabet | fam4 = Brāhmī script|Brāhmī | fam5 = Gupta script | fam6 = Śāradā script | fam7 = Devashesha-Takri | languages = [[ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] | region = ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ | type = [[ᱟᱹᱵᱩᱜᱤᱰᱟ]] | sample = Dogri Varnamala.png | iso15924 = Dogr | unicode = [https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11800.pdf U+11800&ndash;U+1184F] }} '''ᱰᱳᱜᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱢᱤᱨ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="L215234">{{cite web|last=Pandey|first=Anshuman|date=2015-11-04|title=L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[File:Dogra.png|thumb|ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] ᱡᱟᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱚᱱᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Veena |title=Dogri Vyakaran |publisher=J&K Academy of Art, Culture & Languages |year=2020 |edition=5th |location=Bari Brahmana, Jammu |language=Dogri}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱰᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱮᱰ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱠᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱢᱩ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱛᱚᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2018-05-04 |title=Dogri script finds place on signposts at Jammu railway station |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/dogri-script-finds-place-on-signposts-at-jammu-railway-station-1502631179.html |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱰᱳᱜᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ==ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ== ᱡᱩᱱ, ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ (ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱑᱑.᱐) ᱨᱮ ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, U+11800 ⁇ U+1184F ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: {| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center" | colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" | '''[[:en:Dogra (Unicode block)|ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ]]'''{{ref label|U11800_as_of_Unicode_version|1}}{{ref label|U11800_grey|2}}<br />[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11800.pdf ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱨᱴᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱳᱰ ᱪᱟᱨᱴ] (ᱯᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱮᱯᱷ)᱾ |- style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" | style="width:45pt" | &nbsp; || style="width:20pt" | 0 || style="width:20pt" | 1 || style="width:20pt" | 2 || style="width:20pt" | 3 || style="width:20pt" | 4 || style="width:20pt" | 5 || style="width:20pt" | 6 || style="width:20pt" | 7 || style="width:20pt" | 8 || style="width:20pt" | 9 || style="width:20pt" | A || style="width:20pt" | B || style="width:20pt" | C || style="width:20pt" | D || style="width:20pt" | E || style="width:20pt" | F |- | style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" | U+1180x | title="U+11800: DOGRA LETTER A" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11800;}} | title="U+11801: DOGRA LETTER AA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11801;}} | title="U+11802: DOGRA LETTER I" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11802;}} | title="U+11803: DOGRA LETTER II" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11803;}} | title="U+11804: DOGRA LETTER U" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11804;}} | title="U+11805: DOGRA LETTER UU" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11805;}} | title="U+11806: DOGRA LETTER E" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11806;}} | title="U+11807: DOGRA LETTER AI" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11807;}} | title="U+11808: DOGRA LETTER O" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11808;}} | title="U+11809: DOGRA LETTER AU" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11809;}} | title="U+1180A: DOGRA LETTER KA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1180A;}} | title="U+1180B: DOGRA LETTER KHA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1180B;}} | title="U+1180C: DOGRA LETTER GA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1180C;}} | title="U+1180D: DOGRA LETTER GHA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1180D;}} | title="U+1180E: DOGRA LETTER NGA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1180E;}} | title="U+1180F: DOGRA LETTER CA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1180F;}} |- | style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" | U+1181x | title="U+11810: DOGRA LETTER CHA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11810;}} | title="U+11811: DOGRA LETTER JA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11811;}} | title="U+11812: DOGRA LETTER JHA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11812;}} | title="U+11813: DOGRA LETTER NYA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11813;}} | title="U+11814: DOGRA LETTER TTA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11814;}} | title="U+11815: DOGRA LETTER TTHA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11815;}} | title="U+11816: DOGRA LETTER DDA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11816;}} | title="U+11817: DOGRA LETTER DDHA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11817;}} | title="U+11818: DOGRA LETTER NNA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11818;}} | title="U+11819: DOGRA LETTER TA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11819;}} | title="U+1181A: DOGRA LETTER THA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1181A;}} | title="U+1181B: DOGRA LETTER DA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1181B;}} | title="U+1181C: DOGRA LETTER DHA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1181C;}} | title="U+1181D: DOGRA LETTER NA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1181D;}} | title="U+1181E: DOGRA LETTER PA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1181E;}} | title="U+1181F: DOGRA LETTER PHA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1181F;}} |- | style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" | U+1182x | title="U+11820: DOGRA LETTER BA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11820;}} | title="U+11821: DOGRA LETTER BHA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11821;}} | title="U+11822: DOGRA LETTER MA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11822;}} | title="U+11823: DOGRA LETTER YA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11823;}} | title="U+11824: DOGRA LETTER RA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11824;}} | title="U+11825: DOGRA LETTER LA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11825;}} | title="U+11826: DOGRA LETTER VA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11826;}} | title="U+11827: DOGRA LETTER SHA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11827;}} | title="U+11828: DOGRA LETTER SSA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11828;}} | title="U+11829: DOGRA LETTER SA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11829;}} | title="U+1182A: DOGRA LETTER HA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1182A;}} | title="U+1182B: DOGRA LETTER RRA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1182B;}} | title="U+1182C: DOGRA VOWEL SIGN AA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1182C;}} | title="U+1182D: DOGRA VOWEL SIGN I" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1182D;}} | title="U+1182E: DOGRA VOWEL SIGN II" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1182E;}} | title="U+1182F: DOGRA VOWEL SIGN U" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1182F;}} |- | style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" | U+1183x | title="U+11830: DOGRA VOWEL SIGN UU" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11830;}} | title="U+11831: DOGRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11831;}} | title="U+11832: DOGRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11832;}} | title="U+11833: DOGRA VOWEL SIGN E" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11833;}} | title="U+11834: DOGRA VOWEL SIGN AI" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11834;}} | title="U+11835: DOGRA VOWEL SIGN O" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11835;}} | title="U+11836: DOGRA VOWEL SIGN AU" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11836;}} | title="U+11837: DOGRA SIGN ANUSVARA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11837;}} | title="U+11838: DOGRA SIGN VISARGA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11838;}} | title="U+11839: DOGRA SIGN VIRAMA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x11839;}} | title="U+1183A: DOGRA SIGN NUKTA" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1183A;}} | title="U+1183B: DOGRA ABBREVIATION SIGN" | {{Script|Dogr|&#x1183B;}} | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | |- | style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small" | U+1184x | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | | title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;" | |- | colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left" | '''Notes''' :1.{{note|U11800_as_of_Unicode_version}}{{Unicode version|prefix=Asof|version=16.0}} :2.{{note|U11800_grey}}ᱠᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱰ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫᱟ |} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 2pfxycjm0o99l1bhzs1i0kjoye27zm1 0 33439 190980 184132 2026-04-22T15:21:35Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = ᱵᱟᱫᱤ/ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤ | native_name = बादी/वादी | native_name_lang = nep | image = | image_caption = | poptime = | population = | region1 = {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] | pop1 = ᱓᱘,᱖᱐᱓ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱱᱥᱚᱝᱠᱷᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱐.᱑%)<ref name="cbs"/> | region2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱟ]] | langs = [[ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] (ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱠᱩᱨᱟ) | rels = [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱙᱕.᱙᱕% (᱒᱐᱑᱑), [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱓.᱒᱒% (᱒᱐᱑᱑)<ref>{{cite report |date=2014 |title=Population monograph of Nepal |volume=II |author=Central Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Government of Nepal |url=https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf}}</ref> | related = [[ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ]], [[ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱭ]], [[ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱤ (ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ)|ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱤ]], [[ᱠᱟᱢᱤ (ᱡᱟᱹᱛ)|ᱠᱟᱢᱤ]], [[ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ|ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ/ᱜᱟᱭᱱᱮ]] }} '''ᱵᱟᱫᱤ''' (बादी) ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ [[ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱛ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱛ#ᱢᱩᱞᱩᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱤᱱ (᱑᱘᱕᱔)|᱑᱘᱕᱔ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱩᱞᱩᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱤᱱ (ᱠᱟᱹᱱᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱰ)]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ "ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ (''ᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱱᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱱᱮ'')" ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref>Gurung, Harka (2005) "Social Exclusion and Maoist Insurgency". Paper presented at National Dialogue Conference at ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal people, Kathmandu, 19–20 January 2005.</ref> ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱭ]], [[ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱤ (ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ)|ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱤ]], [[ᱠᱟᱢᱤ (ᱡᱟᱹᱛ)|ᱠᱟᱢᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ|ᱜᱟᱭᱱᱮ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱩᱨᱩ [[ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱛ]]" ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="cbs">{{Cite web|title=Nepal Census 2011|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsD/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf}}</ref> [[ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱨᱮ 'ᱵᱟᱫᱤ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱟᱫᱭᱟᱵᱟᱫᱟᱠ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱨᱩᱼᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱚ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ "ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱨᱟᱛᱤ" ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ, ᱠᱟᱴ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱼᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟ᱾ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ-ᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ [[Anno Domini|A.D.]] ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱱᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ-ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ "[[ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱴᱚᱫ]]" (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ-ᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Nepal: Deadly caste-based attacks spur outcry over social discrimination {{!}} DW {{!}} 16.06.2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nepal-deadly-caste-based-attacks-spur-outcry-over-social-discrimination/a-53827719|access-date=2021-02-28|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱽ-ᱯᱟᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱱᱤᱨᱯᱮᱠᱷ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{cite news|date=18 May 2006|title=Nepal king stripped of most powers|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/nepal.king/|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=23 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123080202/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/nepal.king/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱒᱘ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱱᱟ ᱭᱮᱱᱟ,<ref name="Abolish">{{cite news|date=28 May 2008|title=Nepal votes to abolish monarchy|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7424302.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107130737/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7424302.stm|archive-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ-ᱵᱷᱟᱣ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱪᱚᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|author-link=Barbara Crossette|date=3 June 2001|title=Birenda, 55, Ruler of Nepal's Hindu Kingdom|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/03/world/birenda-55-ruler-of-nepal-s-hindu-kingdom.html|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱛ|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ]] [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱚ᱾ ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ (ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢᱤᱱ, [[ᱪᱷᱮᱛᱨᱤ]], ᱥᱮ [[ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱠᱩᱨ]]) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱠᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ "ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱧ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ," ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ᱾ "ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱹᱧ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾"<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-nepal-prostitutes-20110612,0,6459509.story ''Los Angeles Times'': "Badi women of Nepal are trapped in a life of degradation"] June 12, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.advocacynet.org/page/badi The Advocacy Project: "Born Into Prostitution – The Badi Women"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619033907/http://www.advocacynet.org/page/badi |date=2011-06-19 }}</ref><ref>[http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1701&context=himalaya Cox, Thomas E. (2000) "The Intended and Unintended Consequences of AIDS Prevention Among Badi in Tulispur"] ''Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies'': Vol. 20: No. 1, Article 8.</ref> ==ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== [[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱓᱘,᱖᱐᱓ ᱦᱚᱲ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱱᱥᱚᱝᱠᱷᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱐.᱑%) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |title=2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report |access-date=2023-03-17 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ: * [[ᱥᱩᱫᱩᱨᱯᱟᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] (᱐.᱔%) * [[ᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟᱠᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] (᱐.᱓%) * [[ᱠᱟᱨᱱᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] (᱐.᱓%) * [[ᱵᱟᱜᱢᱟᱛᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] (᱐.᱑%) * [[ᱠᱳᱥᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] (᱐.᱑%) * [[ᱞᱩᱢᱵᱤᱱᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] (᱐.᱑%) * [[ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] (᱐.᱐%) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ: * [[ᱵᱟᱡᱩᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱟᱡᱩᱨᱟ]] (᱑.᱔%) * [[ᱰᱳᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱰᱳᱴᱤ]] (᱑.᱔%) * [[ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱤ]] (᱐.᱘%) * [[ᱡᱟᱡᱟᱨᱠᱳᱴ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱟᱡᱟᱨᱠᱳᱴ]] (᱐.᱗%) * [[ᱥᱩᱨᱠᱷᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱩᱨᱠᱷᱮᱛ]] (᱐.᱕%) * [[ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱦᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱦᱩᱱ]] (᱐.᱕%) * [[ᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟᱞᱤ]] (᱐.᱔%) * [[ᱟᱪᱷᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱟᱪᱷᱟᱢ]] (᱐.᱓%) * [[ᱫᱟᱭᱞᱮᱠᱷ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱫᱟᱭᱞᱮᱠᱷ]] (᱐.᱓%) * [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱩᱢ]] (᱐.᱓%) * [[ᱠᱟᱧᱪᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱟᱧᱪᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ]] (᱐.᱓%) * [[ᱢᱩᱥᱛᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱩᱥᱛᱟᱝ]] (᱐.᱓%) * [[ᱥᱟᱞᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ|ᱥᱟᱞᱭᱟᱱ]] (᱐.᱓%) * [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ]] (᱐.᱓%) * [[ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱩᱢ]] (᱐.᱓%) * [[ᱵᱟᱡᱷᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱟᱡᱷᱟᱝ]] (᱐.᱒%) * [[ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱤᱭᱟ]] (᱐.᱒%) * [[ᱫᱟᱫᱮᱞᱫᱷᱩᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱫᱟᱫᱮᱞᱫᱷᱩᱨᱟ]] (᱐.᱒%) * [[ᱦᱩᱢᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱦᱩᱢᱞᱟ]] (᱐.᱒%) * [[ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨ]] (᱐.᱒%) * [[ᱯᱭᱩᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱯᱭᱩᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] (᱐.᱒%) ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱣ== ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱥᱣᱟᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱤᱠᱥᱷᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ '[[ᱱᱟᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟ (ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ)|ᱱᱟᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟ(नथीया)]]' ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱴᱤᱯᱯᱚᱱᱤ== {{reflist}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{cite journal | title= The Badi: Prostitution as a Social Norm among an Untouchable Caste of West Nepal | journal= Kailash | year= 1990 | volume= 16 | issue= 3–4 | pages= 165–186 | last= Cox | first= Thomas | url= http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_16_0304_02.pdf | access-date= 2025-11-10 | archive-date= 2024-12-04 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241204192925/https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_16_0304_02.pdf | url-status= dead }} {{Cite web | first= Thomas L. | last= Kelly | authorlink= | url= http://www.fotyart.org/travel/maleta/tom-kelly/Fallen_Angels-2.pdf | title= Fallen Angels }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Photos of badis at plates 38–30, 41, 48, 50, 51. {{Cite book | title = Fallen Angels: the Sex Workers of South Asia |last=Kelly |first=Thomas L. | year = 2000 | url = http://thomaslkelly.smugmug.com/Books-Published/FALLEN-ANGELS/7107725_MLYup#455732279_VT | publisher = Roli Books | location = New Delhi}} Photojournalism. [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] d0l9h5u1s6f48s3ah3gonlqezqv8k8x 0 33442 191000 182790 2026-04-22T20:50:04Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ |image = Grjoshi.JPG |image_size = |caption = |birth_name = |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1949|08|12}} |birth_place = ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ, ᱛᱟᱱᱦᱩᱱ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ |residence = ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ |nationality = ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ |citizenship = ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ |education = ᱮᱢ.ᱮ., ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱞ., ᱵᱤ.ᱤᱮᱰ |occupation = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ |party = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] |spouse = ᱦᱮᱢ ᱠᱮ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ |children = ᱓ |website = [http://www.grjoshi.com.np www.grjoshi.com.np] |alma_mater = [[ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] |footnotes = |box_width = }} '''ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱱᱦᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯᱠᱳᱴ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱣᱟᱨᱜᱤᱭ ᱵᱤ.ᱯᱤ. ᱠᱳᱭᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ (ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱰᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱱᱦᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱚᱨᱩᱱ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱱᱦᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ, ᱛᱟᱱᱦᱩᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-07-07 |title=Nepali Congress divided over action against Govinda Raj Joshi |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/nepali-congress-divided-over-action-against-govinda-raj-joshi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622132719/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/nepali-congress-divided-over-action-against-govinda-raj-joshi.html |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=OnlineKhabar |publisher=}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱭᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, ᱛᱟᱱᱦᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱯᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱱᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱱᱦᱩᱸ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱣᱚᱸᱥᱮᱵᱟᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱟ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡᱤᱝ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱦᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱩᱵᱚᱠᱛᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱯᱳᱠᱷᱨᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱱᱮᱥᱴᱤ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱑, ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱭᱩ.ᱥᱤ. ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱯ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ: ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱑-᱑᱙᱙᱔), ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱕-᱑᱙᱙᱖),<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-09-15 |title=GOVINDA RAJ JOSHI Light of Education |url=https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2016/09/15/govinda-raj-joshi-light-of-education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622132721/https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2016/09/15/govinda-raj-joshi-light-of-education/ |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=15 September 2016 |website=New Spotlight Magazine |publisher=}}</ref> ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱘), ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱘), ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱙), ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱒᱐᱐᱐), ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱒᱐᱐᱑) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱒᱐᱐᱑) ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱳᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱳ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱥᱨᱤ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: - ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱑, ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱒, ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱓, ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱫᱟᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱢ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ (ᱵᱤᱜᱚᱴ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱤᱥᱭᱟ) ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱱᱟᱞᱤ) ᱤᱥᱨᱤ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ|ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ]], ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱮᱢᱤᱨᱮᱴ, ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ, [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]], [[ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ]], ᱰᱮᱱᱢᱟᱨᱠ, ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, [[ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨ, ᱥᱟᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱰᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱯᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱣᱳᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱱᱦᱩᱸ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱱᱦᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱟ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱦᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱩᱵᱚᱠᱛᱟ ᱢᱚᱞᱴᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱱᱮᱥᱴᱤ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱸᱴᱥ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ, ᱞᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grjoshi.com.np/bio/ |title=Personal web site of Govinda Raj Joshi |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-date=28 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628052632/http://grjoshi.com.np/bio/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ᱥᱟᱞ ᱑᱙᱙᱑, ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ: ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ,<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-07-27 |title="Education Should Meet 21st Century Needs" Govinda Raj Joshi |url=http://www.spotlightnepal.com/News/Article/Govinda-Joshi-education-Nepal-private |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108010620/http://www.spotlightnepal.com/News/Article/Govinda-Joshi-education-Nepal-private |archive-date=8 January 2015 |access-date=7 January 2015 |website=New Spotlight Magazine }}</ref> ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱑-᱑᱙᱙᱔), ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱕-᱑᱙᱙᱖), ᱚᱲᱟᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱘),<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=NC leader Govinda Raj Goshi hospitalized |url=http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=71549 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108015626/http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=71549 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |access-date=25 March 2014 |website=myRepublica.com |publisher=}}</ref> ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱒᱐᱐᱕), ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱙), ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱲᱟᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱒᱐᱐᱑) ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱳ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, [[ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ]], ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱮᱢᱤᱨᱮᱴᱥ, ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ, ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ, ᱰᱮᱱᱢᱟᱨᱠ, ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ, ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨ, ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱮᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱰᱮᱞᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱱᱟᱱᱫᱳᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱣᱤᱥᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱯᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱱᱦᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Grjoshi.jpg|thumb|right|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱡᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱴᱳ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ]] [[File:Khalte.jpg|thumb|right|ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱦᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ==ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ== *ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ -᱑᱙᱖᱗ *ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱵᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ:-᱑᱙᱗᱐ *ᱨᱟᱡᱠᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱟᱭᱤᱱ ​​-᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ *ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱮᱨᱮᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱱ -᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ *᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ *᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ== * [http://www.info-nepal.com/politics/elections/general2051/ ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928143948/http://www.info-nepal.com/politics/elections/general2051/ |date=2007-09-28 }} *[http://grjoshi.com.np ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.nepalicongress.org/ Nepali congress] *[http://www.nepalnews.com.np/deshantar.htm Deshanter interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503082735/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/deshantar.htm |date=2009-05-03 }} *[http://www.telegraphnepal.com/backup/test/news_det.php?news_id=4003 http://www.telegraphnepal.com Nepal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092915/http://www.telegraphnepal.com/backup/test/news_det.php?news_id=4003 |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://www.nepalnews.com/contents/2010/englishweekly/spotlight/feb/feb19/encounter.php My memories Published in Spotlight]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *http://www.telegraphnepal.com/news_det.php?news_id=4003 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129072226/http://telegraphnepal.com/news_det.php?news_id=4003 |date=2010-11-29 }} *[http://202.52.255.34/contents/2011/englishweekly/spotlight/jan/jan21/forum.php#1 For Post-UNMIN Consensus]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=govinda+raj+joshi&aq=f ᱭᱩᱴᱭᱩᱵᱽ] {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱡᱳᱥᱤ, ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱦᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱟᱠᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱑–᱑᱙᱙᱔]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱔–᱑᱙᱙᱙]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱒]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] ee2e1noxe19oikkn0r5cxmotuc2qotk 0 35248 191029 189643 2026-04-23T07:05:08Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ (Kalenjin)|native_name=Biikap Kuutiit ('[[ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ]]'), Miot|image=A Kalenjin Kipsigis Lady.webp|image_caption=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱯᱥᱤᱜᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ|total=ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱗.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ)|total_ref=<ref name="KNBS2019">{{cite web |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-results/}}</ref>|regions=[[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ([[ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ]])|pop1=᱖,᱓᱕᱘,᱑᱑᱓ (᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ)|langs=[[ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]], [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱳᱭᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱳᱭᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ]]|rels=[[ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ|ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]], [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]], [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]]}} '''ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟᱼᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱖,᱓᱕᱘,᱑᱑᱓ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱞᱤᱩᱰ ᱠᱤᱯᱪᱳᱜᱮ, ᱯᱷᱮᱛᱷ ᱠᱤᱯᱭᱮᱜᱳᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱴᱨᱤᱥ ᱪᱮᱵᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Rift_Valley_in_Kenya_(+Ilemi_Triangle).svg|thumb|253x253px|ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ (ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ) ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱥᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ''ᱤᱥᱤᱥ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ, ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱴᱤᱠᱼᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱼᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ, ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kalenjin People {{!}} History, Culture & Subdivisions|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/kalenjin-history-culture-subdivisions.html}}</ref> ᱠᱤᱯᱥᱤᱜᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱣᱳ, ᱜᱩᱥᱤ (ᱠᱤᱥᱤ), ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱯᱥᱤᱜᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱛᱭᱟᱨ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=A HISTORY OF THE KIPSIGIS By Henry A. Mwanzi|url=https://www.mathaga.com/products/a-history-oof-the-kipsigis-by-henry-a-mwanzi}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ 'ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱨᱤ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱨ. ᱠᱤᱯᱠᱳᱭᱮᱪ ᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱛᱼᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱤᱢᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalenjin: Another lost tribe of Israel?|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/kalenjin-another-lost-tribe-of-israel--1298692}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Kenyan_National_Library_Service_visit_during_Wikimania_2025_20.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱳᱭᱴᱟᱞᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱭᱮ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱪᱳ, ᱱᱟᱱᱰᱤ, ᱵᱳᱢᱮᱴ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱱᱜᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱᱴ ᱮᱞᱜᱳᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢᱳᱡᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓,᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔,᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda people groups|url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/UG}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱴᱳᱜᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒,᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania people groups|url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/TZ}}</ref> == ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ == === ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ === ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠᱼᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱳᱞᱳᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱐᱐᱐᱐ᱼ᱖᱐᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Becker 2011">Becker, E. (2011). ''The prehistoric inhabitants of the Wadi Howar''. Germany.</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ, ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Nile_Map_Sudan.png|left|thumb|252x252px|ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ, ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱾]] ᱔᱐᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠᱼᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Citation|title=North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1979}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱱᱮᱦᱮᱥᱤ' ( ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ), ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ 'ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥ' ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ 'ᱠᱩᱥᱤ' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:The_name_of_Egypt_name_in_ancient_egyptian_and_arabic.png|thumb|228x228px|'ᱠᱮᱢᱮᱛ' (Kemet) ᱥᱮ "ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾]] ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱨᱤ" ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱳ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱕᱒᱕ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ == ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱥᱨᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱾<ref name="Ehret 1998">Ehret, Christopher. An African Classical Age, 1998, p.7</ref> ᱠᱟᱰᱮᱨᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱛᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ, ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱳᱯᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ === ᱑᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱠᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ (ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱤ.ᱤ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ (c. ᱙ᱼ᱑᱐ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱾{{sfn|Robertshaw|1987|pp=177–189}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ, ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱥ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ#Pastoral iron age|ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ehret 1998" /><ref name="books.google.co.ke">Clark, J., & Brandt, St, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dftPHu1o2s8C&dq=southern+nilotic+origin&pg=PA234 From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa]. University of California Press, 1984, p.234</ref> == ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟᱼᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ == ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱᱼᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟᱼᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref name =Census2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics }}</ref><ref name="JoshuaProject">{{cite web|title=Kalenjin Cluster|url=https://joshuaproject.net}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟᱼᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱯᱥᱤᱜᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA429 |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |last2=Gates (Jr.) |first2=Henry Louis |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517055-9 |page=429 |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ === ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱪᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱟᱠᱤ) ᱟᱨ ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱠᱩᱯᱥᱟᱵᱤᱱᱤ) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱳᱭᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ === ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ === '''ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱮᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ 'ᱟᱨᱟᱯ' ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱭᱮᱞ ᱴᱳᱨᱳᱭᱴᱤᱪ ᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱢᱳᱭ ᱾ === ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ === ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ === ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ 'ᱪᱮᱢᱳᱥᱤᱛ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱥᱟᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱡᱟ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ === ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱵᱤ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Kipsigis_Gourd.jpg|alt=Sotet – Kalenjin gourd|right|thumb|ᱥᱳᱛᱮᱛ ]] ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Nandi and Other Kalenjin Peoples, Encyclopedia</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱴᱼᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱳᱛᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱝᱼᱵᱮᱨᱚᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱳᱛᱮᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱥᱤᱠ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>Gall, T. and Hobby, J., Kalenjin, Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Everyday Life</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} * Evans-Pritchard, E.E. (1965) 'The political structure of the Nandi-speaking peoples of Kenya'. * Kipchumba Foundation (2017) ''Aspects of Indigenous Religion among the Marakwet of Kenya'', Nairobi: Kipchumba Foundation. * {{cite journal|last1=Omosule|first1=Monone|year=1989|title=Kalenjin: the emergence of a corporate name for the 'Nandi-speaking tribes' of East Africa|journal=Genève-Afrique}} * Sutton, J.E.G. (1978) 'The Kalenjin', in Ogot, B.A. (ed.) ''Kenya before 1900''. * Tanser, Toby (2008) ''More Fire. How to Run the Kenyan Way''. == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000017306&pageNo=2 ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ: ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070428050744/http://www.biikabkutit.com/ Biikabkutit] iinze1iwxz132xkkw4qqdsgoor0y90j 0 35402 190976 190110 2026-04-22T13:54:52Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Village in Orissa, India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}} '''ᱱᱩᱫᱟᱫᱤᱦᱟ''' ('''ᱱᱳᱫᱷᱟᱫᱤᱦᱟ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱚᱭᱩᱨᱵᱷᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱯᱴᱤᱯᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱑᱑᱖᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=21&district_code=07|title=Population Data: Kaptipada Block|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|pages=4|accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱫᱟᱫᱤᱦᱟ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱᱟᱜᱷᱟᱴᱤ, ᱱᱩᱣᱟᱜᱟᱱ, ᱠᱩᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱢᱟ, ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱱᱟᱱᱫᱩᱨᱥᱟᱦᱤ, ᱯᱳᱛᱟᱞᱫᱤᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱥᱤᱝᱵᱮᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=120621&rlbtype=V|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory|publisher=National Panchayat Portal, Panchayat Informatics Division, Government of India|accessdate=6 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱞ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ), ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱩᱱᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱠᱩᱢ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱱᱟᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱠᱥᱮᱛᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱜᱚᱱᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱨᱤᱱᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱓ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱢᱮᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱟᱲᱳ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱾{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Coord |21.554935|86.493848|display=title}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱭᱩᱨᱵᱷᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] mqxtsj5xokg4wypr6lrz8iuyfo824lz 0 35427 190969 190247 2026-04-22T12:00:44Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox astronaut | name = ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ | honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|KC}} | image = Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair.jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ | type = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ|ISRO ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ]] | selection = [[List of astronauts by year of selection#2019|ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱱᱭᱟᱛᱨᱤ ᱜᱽᱨᱩᱯ (᱒᱐᱑᱙)]] | missions = | insignia = | nationality = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|26 August 1976}} | birth_place = [[ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱰ]], ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | occupation = {{hlist|[[ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ]]|[[ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ]]|[[ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ]]}} | module = {{Infobox military person| embed = yes | allegiance = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | branch = {{air force|India}} | rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-6.svg|20px]] [[Indian Air Force ranks and insignia|ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱳᱰᱳᱨ]] | serviceyears = ᱑᱙᱙᱘–ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/25284|title=Service Record for Group Captain Prashanth Balakrishnan Nair |work=[[Bharat Rakshak]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> | servicenumber = ᱒᱕᱒᱘᱔ | spouse= {{marriage|[[Lenaa]]|᱒᱐᱒᱔}} | children= | awards = [[File:Kirti Chakra ribbon.svg|30px]] [[ᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ]] }} | alma_mater = {{ubl | [[ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]]) | [[ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]] | [[ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]] | [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ([[M.S.]]) | [[ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱴᱟᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ]] | [[ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱨᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱨᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ]] }} }} '''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ''' [[ᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ|KC]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱳᱰᱳᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] (ISRO) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ|ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱱᱭᱟᱛᱨᱤ]] (ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ISRO ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''[[ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱱᱭᱟᱱ]]'' ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ''[[Axiom Mission 4]]'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱩᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥᱩ ᱥᱩᱠᱞᱟ]] ᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱠ-ᱟᱯ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱖ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱰ|ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱰ, ᱱᱮᱢᱢᱟᱨᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=Astronaut pick from Kerala's Palakkad is son of engineer; Malayalam actress Lena says they married earlier this month |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/prasanth-balakrishnan-nair-astronaut-from-kerala-gaganyaan-9184037/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |date=27 February 2024 |title=Astronaut-designate Prashant Nair brings cheer to his native Nenmara |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/astronaut-prashant-nair-brings-cheer-to-his-native-nenmara/article67892549.ece |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱩᱣᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱨᱮ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱣᱮᱛ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱟᱵᱷᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱪᱤᱱᱢᱚᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ NSS ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ]] ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair: From Nenmara school's Wall of Excellence to the captain of Gaganyaan Mission |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2024/02/28/prasanth-b-nair-malayali-astronaut-gaganyaan-school-topper.html |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ [[Lenaa]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lenaa-kumars-marriage-proposal-with-gaganyaan-astronaut-prasanth-nair/articleshow/108094770.cms|title=Here's how Lenaa received her marriage proposal with Gaganyaan astronaut Prashant Nair|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 February 2024|access-date=31 July 2024|archive-date=31 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731081358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lenaa-kumars-marriage-proposal-with-gaganyaan-astronaut-prasanth-nair/articleshow/108094770.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/gaganyaan-astronaut-prasanth-nair-my-husband-malayalam-actor-lena-2507867-2024-02-27|title=Malayalam actor Lena announces she is married to Gaganyaan astronaut Prasanth Nair|work=[[India Today]]|date=28 February 2024|accessdate=31 July 2024|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320041258/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/gaganyaan-astronaut-prasanth-nair-my-husband-malayalam-actor-lena-2507867-2024-02-27|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱮᱯᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱳᱰᱳᱨ ᱨᱮᱸᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu |date=2026-04-07 |title=Astronaut P Balakrishnan Nair promoted to the rank of Air Commodore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/astronaut-p-balakrishnan-promoted-isro-rank-air-commodore-india-todya-exclusive-2892613-2026-04-07 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> == ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ [[ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱮᱰᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱥᱣᱳᱨᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱚᱱᱚᱨ' (Sword of Honour) ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ]] (IAF) ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ (experience) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Antonov An-32]], [[Dornier Do 228]], [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]], [[Mikoyan MiG-29]], ᱟᱨ [[Sukhoi Su-30 MKI]] ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-4-gaganyaan-astronauts-5136912|title=All you need to know about the Gaganyaan astronauts|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Prashanth Nair, the Kerala test pilot on Gaganyaan mission? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/02/27/prashanth-nair-test-pilot-gaganyaan-isro-atronaut-space-mission-narendra-modi.html |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305025338/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/02/27/prashanth-nair-test-pilot-gaganyaan-isro-atronaut-space-mission-narendra-modi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ IAF ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱰ [[ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱴᱟᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱨᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱨᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet ISRO's 'Gaganyaan' Astronauts: From President's Gold Medalist To IAF Fighter Leader |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/meet-isros-gaganyaan-astronauts-from-presidents-gold-medalist-to-iaf-fighter-leader |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=Free Press Journal}}</ref> == ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == [[File:Gaganyaan crew at Russia.jpg|thumb|left|ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ) [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] ᱨᱮ]] ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] (ISRO) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''[[ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱱᱭᱟᱱ]]'' ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱭᱨᱳᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |date=27 February 2024 |title=Gaganyaan: India names astronauts for maiden space flight |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68411095 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |date=14 March 2021 |title=ISRO's astronaut trainees return after completing training in Russia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-astronauts-complete-russia-training-101613658020316.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=1 June 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ISRO ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱤᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ-ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱮᱭᱨᱳᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ]] ᱨᱮ [[Master of Engineering]] ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |title=Nair, Prathap, Krishnan and Chauhan listed for Gaganyaan mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nair-prathap-krishnan-and-chauhan-listed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/108022351.cms |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> ᱒᱗ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ, ISRO ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ''[[Gaganyaan-4]]'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2024 |title=Kerala celebrates as local son Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair gears up for Gaganyaan space mission |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kerala-celebrates-as-local-son-prasanth-balakrishnan-nair-gears-up-for-gaganyaan-space-mission/cid/2003321 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] }}</ref> ᱒ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ, ISRO ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] (ISS) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''[[Axiom Mission 4]]'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱩᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥᱩ ᱥᱩᱠᱞᱟ]] ᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱠ-ᱟᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱣᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[NASA]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Johnson Space Center]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/indian-astronauts-to-start-training-for-iss-mission/|title=Indian astronauts to start training for ISS mission|date=2 August 2024|access-date=2 August 2024|work=[[SpaceNews]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=5 August 2024 |title=Hungary and Poland to join India on Ax-4 |url=https://spacenews.com/hungary-and-poland-to-join-india-on-ax-4/ |access-date=9 August 2024 |work=[[SpaceNews]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Who is Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, the 'prime astronaut' for Indo-US mission to space? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/who-is-shubhanshu-shukla-indo-us-space-mission-9492109/ |access-date=3 August 2024|work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803030456/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/who-is-shubhanshu-shukla-indo-us-space-mission-9492109/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱰᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱰ|ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ '''[[ᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ]]''' ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite press release |date=25 January 2026 |title=77th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry awards to 70 Armed Forces personnel, including six posthumous, also clears military decorations to 301 personnel |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218540&reg=3&lang=1|work=[[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" |+ | colspan="4" |[[File:IAF Pilot bagde.png|center|300x300px]] |- | colspan="4" |[[File:Kirti Chakra ribbon.svg|center|150x150px]] |- | colspan="2" |[[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|center|105x105px]] | colspan="2" |[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|center|105x105px]] |- |[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|center|105x105px]] | colspan="2" |[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|center|105x105px]] |[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|center|105x105px]] |- |[[File:IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|center|105x105px]] |[[File:75yearmedal.svg|center|105x105px]] |[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|center|105x105px]] |[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|center|105x105px]] |- | colspan="4" |[[File:COAS Commendation (India).png|center|150x150px]] |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" |+ | colspan="5" |{{center| [[ᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ]]}} |- | colspan="2" |{{center|[[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱭᱚ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ]]}} | colspan="3" |[[ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)]] |- | {{center|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]}} | colspan="2" |{{center|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]}} | colspan="2" |[[ᱥᱟᱭᱱᱭᱚ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ]] |- |{{center|[[High Altitude Medal]]}} |{{center|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]}} |colspan="2" |{{center|[[20 Years Long Service Medal]]}} |{{center|[[9 Years Long Service Medal]]}} |- | colspan="5" |{{center|[[Commendation Card (Indian Army)|Commedation Card]]}} |} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{commons category}} [[Category:᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱞᱩᱢᱱᱤ]] [[Category:ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱴᱟᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱞᱩᱢᱱᱤ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱞᱩᱢᱱᱤ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ISRO ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[Category:ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[Category:ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱞᱩᱢᱱᱤ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱰ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[Category:ᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] 1twow75n3dxc4pgilzh4e0rs0g1mwe0 0 35428 191002 190248 2026-04-22T21:27:25Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox astronaut | name = ᱟᱝᱜᱚᱫᱽ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ | image = Group Captain Angad Pratap.jpg | caption = ᱒᱐y᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ]] [[ᱱᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱢᱳᱫᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ | type = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ|ISRO ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|7|17|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[ᱯᱨᱚᱭᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱡᱽ]], ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | alma_mater = {{Unbulleted indent list | [[ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]]) | [[ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]] | [[ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]] | [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ([[Master of Engineering|M.Tech.]]) }} | occupation = {{hlist|[[ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ]]|[[ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ]]}} | selection = [[List of astronauts by year of selection#2019|ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱱᱭᱟᱛᱨᱤ ᱜᱽᱨᱩᱯ (᱒᱐᱑᱙)]] | module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | branch = {{air force|India}} | rank = [[Group captain (India)|ᱜᱽᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱮᱯᱴᱮᱱ]] | serviceyears = ᱒᱐᱐᱔–ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ }} }} '''ᱟᱝᱜᱚᱫᱽ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱗ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱘᱒) ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Group captain (India)|ᱜᱽᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱮᱯᱴᱮᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] (ISRO) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ|ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱱᱭᱟᱛᱨᱤ]] (ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ISRO ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''[[ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱱᱭᱟᱱ]]'' ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱨᱚᱭᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Prayagraj Boy To IAF Pilot: Meet Group Captain Angad Prathap|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/who-is-group-captain-angadh-prathap-one-of-the-astronauts-of-gaganyaan-mission-article-108051317|date=27 February 2024|work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱨᱤᱝᱰᱮᱞᱥ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ (Springdales School) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Brit">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Angad Pratap – Biography|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Angad-Pratap|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> == ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[fighter aircraft|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[Group captain (India)|ᱜᱽᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱮᱯᱴᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱒,᱙᱐᱐ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ (experience) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Antonov An-32]], [[Dornier Do 228]], [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]], [[Mikoyan MiG-29]], ᱟᱨ [[Sukhoi Su-30 MKI]] ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ [[ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-4-gaganyaan-astronauts-5136912|title=All you need to know about the Gaganyaan astronauts|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gaganyaan astronaut completes mountaineering course|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/gaganyaan-astronaut-completes-56-day-mountaineering-course-in-just-10-days/articleshow/115363174.cms|date=16 November 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Who Are The Four Astronauts Selected For India's Crewed Space Mission Gaganyaan?|url=https://www.news18.com/india/who-are-the-four-astronauts-selected-for-indias-crewed-space-mission-gaganyaan-details-here-8794550.html|work=[[News18]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> == ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == [[File:Gaganyaan crew at Russia.jpg|thumb|left|ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ) [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] ᱨᱮ]] ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] (ISRO) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''[[ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱱᱭᱟᱱ]]'' ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱭᱨᱳᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |date=27 February 2024 |title=Gaganyaan: India names astronauts for maiden space flight |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68411095 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rajwi |first=Tiki |date=27 February 2024 |title=ISRO's Gaganyaan mission: PM Modi announces Indian astronaut designates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-meets-gaganyaan-astronaut-designates/article67890939.ece |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ invaders ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |date=14 March 2021 |title=ISRO's astronaut trainees return after completing training in Russia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-astronauts-complete-russia-training-101613658020316.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=1 June 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ISRO ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱤᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ-ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |title=Nair, Prathap, Krishnan and Chauhan listed for Gaganyaan mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nair-prathap-krishnan-and-chauhan-listed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/108022351.cms |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> ᱒᱗ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ, ISRO ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ''ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱱᱭᱟᱱ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=PM announces Gaganyaan astronauts|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68411095|work=[[BBC News]]|date=27 February 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱱᱭᱟᱱ'' ᱠᱨᱩᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=6 May 2025 |title=Gaganyaan mission moved to first quarter of 2027 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-slated-for-first-quarter-of-2027-isro-chief-narayanan/article69544954.ece |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2024 |title=Gaganyaan: India names astronauts for maiden space flight |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68411095 |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{commons}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{Official website|https://www.britannica.com/biography/Angad-Pratap}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pratap, Angad}} [[Category:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ISRO ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱱᱭᱟᱱ]] s5gl62x87jwpcj06uo4vnnrdk3mvhbg 0 35431 191008 190252 2026-04-23T00:40:07Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱟᱨ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱒᱐᱐᱔)}} {{Infobox cricketer | name = ᱡᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ | image = | fullname = ᱡᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|11|10|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ]], [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] | batting = ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ-ᱛᱤᱛᱮ | bowling = ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱵᱨᱮᱠ | role = ᱵᱮᱴᱴᱤᱝ [[ᱚᱞᱞᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱚᱨ]] | family = [[ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱤᱨ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ (ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱗᱓)|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱤᱨ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ]] (ᱵᱟᱵᱟ)<br>[[ᱥᱳᱦᱮᱞ ᱦᱳᱥᱥᱮᱭᱱ]] (ᱠᱟᱠᱟ) | country = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] | international = | columns = ᱓ | column1 = [[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥ-ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ|ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱥᱤ]] | matches1 = ᱔ | runs1 = ᱓᱔᱙ | bat avg1 = ᱔᱙.᱘᱕ | 100s/50s1 = ᱐/᱓ | top score1 = ᱙᱗ | catches/stumpings1 = ᱓/᱐ | column2 = ᱮᱞ.ᱮ | matches2 = ᱓᱘ | runs2 = ᱙᱗᱕ | bat avg2 = ᱒᱗.᱐᱘ | 100s/50s2 = ᱐/᱖ | top score2 = ᱙᱘ | catches/stumpings2 = ᱑᱘/᱐ | column3 = ᱴᱤ᱒᱐ | matches3 = ᱑᱙ | runs3 = ᱔᱔᱑ | bat avg3 = ᱒᱓.᱒᱑ | 100s/50s3 = ᱑/᱒ | top score3 = ᱑᱐᱐ | catches/stumpings3 = ᱖/᱐ | deliveries3 = ᱑᱘᱐ | wickets3 = ᱗ | bowl avg3 = ᱓᱔.᱒᱘ | fivefor3 = ᱐ | tenfor3 = ᱐ | best bowling3 = ᱑/᱖ | deliveries2 = ᱕᱖᱘ | wickets2 = ᱖ | bowl avg2 = ᱙᱐.᱐᱐ | fivefor2 = ᱐ | tenfor2 = ᱐ | best bowling2 = ᱒/᱔᱔ | deliveries1 = ᱑᱘ | wickets1 = ᱐ | bowl avg1 = – | fivefor1 = – | tenfor1 = – | best bowling1 = – | date = ᱔ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ | year = ᱒᱐᱒᱕ | source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/jishan-alam-1293280 ESPNcricinfo | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}} {{MedalCountry |{{BAN}} }} {{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Cricket World Cup|U-19 World Cup]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2020 South Africa]]|}} |club1=[[ᱫᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱥᱟᱦᱤ]]|year1=᱒᱐᱒᱕ |club2=[[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱣᱚᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨᱥ]]|year2=᱒᱐᱒᱖}} '''ᱡᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ''' ([[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]: জিসান আলম; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱐ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ|ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ-ᱛᱤᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱴᱥᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱵᱨᱮᱠ ᱵᱚᱣᱞᱚᱨ, ᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱚᱞᱞᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ-᱑᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/u19cricketworldcup/teams/1155/players/90266/jishan-alam|title=Jishan Alam - Bangladesh Under-19|website=www.icc-cricket.com}}</ref> ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ== ᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱤᱨ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ (ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱗᱓)|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱤᱨ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ]]ᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/jishan-alam-1293280|title=Jishan Alam Profile - Cricket Player Bangladesh &#124; Stats, Records, Video|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> ==ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱩᱞᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱯᱩᱠᱩᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱮ ᱰᱮᱵᱩᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱗᱕ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱘ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/players/115129-jishan-alam-playerprofile|title=Jishan Alam Profile - Cricket Player, Bangladesh &#124; News, Photos, Stats, Ranking, Records - NDTV Sports|website=NDTVSports.com}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱔᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱖᱗ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto1"/> ᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱣᱮᱱᱴᱤ ᱒᱐ (T20) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ ᱴᱣᱮᱱᱴᱤ ᱒᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱪᱚᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱒.᱘᱘ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱕᱑.᱗᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱭᱠ ᱨᱮᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱙᱖ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto1"/> ==ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱚᱱᱰ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ== ᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱨᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱵᱮᱴᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱯᱷᱵᱨᱮᱠ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱞ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱰᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱴᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bdcrictime.com/jishan-alams-explosive-knock-guides-sylhet-to-second-win-in-ncl-t20|title=Jishan Alam's explosive knock guides Sylhet to second win in NCL T20|first=Khan Mutasim Billah|last=Life|website=BDCricTime}}</ref> ==ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ== ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ:<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bn.bdcrictime.com/player/profile/112606/jishan-alam|title=Jishan Alam's Career, Biography & More|website=BDCricTime}}</ref> ===ᱵᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ=== {| class="wikitable" |+ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Jishan Alam Profile - Cricket Player Bangladesh {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/jishan-alam-1293280 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> ! ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱴ !! ᱢᱮᱪᱥ !! ᱤᱱᱤᱝᱥ !! ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ !! ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ !! ᱑᱐᱐ᱮᱥ/᱕᱐ᱮᱥ !! ᱴᱚᱯ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ !! ᱠᱮᱪᱴᱥ |- | ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱴ-ᱠᱞᱟᱥ (FC) || ᱒ || ᱓ || ᱖᱗ || ᱒᱒.᱓᱓ || ᱐/᱐ || ᱔᱔ || ᱐/᱐ |- | ᱞᱤᱥᱴ A || ᱒᱓ || ᱒᱓ || ᱕᱗᱕ || ᱒᱖.᱑᱓ || ᱐/᱔ || ᱙᱘ || ᱑᱕/᱐ |- | ᱴᱤ᱒᱐ || ᱙ || ᱙ || ᱒᱙᱖ || ᱓᱒.᱘᱘ || ᱑/᱒ || ᱑᱐᱐ || ᱔/᱐ |} === ᱵᱚᱣᱞᱤᱝ === {| class="wikitable" |+ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ<ref name="auto"/> ! ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱴ !! ᱢᱮᱪᱥ !! ᱵᱚᱞ !! ᱣᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ !! ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ !! ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ !! ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱚᱣᱞᱤᱝ |- | ᱞᱤᱥᱴ A || ᱒᱓ || ᱔᱖᱒ || ᱔ || ᱑᱐᱙.᱒᱕ || ᱕.᱖᱗ || ᱒/᱔᱔ |- | ᱴᱤ᱒᱐ || ᱙ || ᱒᱔ || ᱒ || ᱑᱘.᱕᱐ || ᱙.᱒᱕ || ᱑/᱑᱐ |} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/jishan-alam-1293280 ᱡᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱢ] ᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱱ.ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱤᱱᱯᱳ ᱨᱮ {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱟᱞᱚᱢ, ᱡᱤᱥᱟᱱ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] l6i81t50iyw9l2qoa8emrml8q3n7o4d 0 35449 191006 190285 2026-04-22T22:45:03Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization |formation = 1960 |name = ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱠᱚᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ |abbreviation = CKP (ᱥᱤ.ᱠᱮ.ᱯᱤ) | founder = ᱮᱥ. ᱮᱥ. ᱠᱩᱠᱠᱮ, ᱮᱢ. ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱥ. ᱱᱚᱱᱡᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ |location = [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] |website = [http://www.karnatakachitrakalaparishath.com/index.php#gallery ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱠᱚᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ] <br /> [https://thecfa.art/ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ]<br /> [https://thebsva.art/about/ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ (ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ)] }} [[File:Citrakala Parishat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱪ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ, ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱠᱚᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱟᱥ]] '''ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱠᱚᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ''' (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಚಿತ್ರಕಲಾ ಪರಿಷತ್) ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ, ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱳᱜᱟᱞᱩ ᱜᱳᱢᱵᱮᱭᱟᱛᱟ|ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ]] ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ, ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ|ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ]], ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱮ'' ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱴ"᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[File:ChitrakalaParishatCampus.jpg|thumb|right|200px|ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱠᱚᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱟᱥ]] ''ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ'' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱟᱨ-ᱚᱫᱷᱟ ᱮᱠᱚᱲ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱮᱪ. ᱠᱮ. ᱠᱮᱡᱽᱨᱤᱣᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱥᱵᱷᱮᱛᱚᱥᱞᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱳᱭᱮᱨᱤᱪ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ [[ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟᱥ ᱨᱳᱭᱮᱨᱤᱪ]] ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ''ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ'' ᱨᱮᱭ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Chitrasanthe">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Chitra Santhe to be held in Bengaluru on 27 March |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/chitra-santhe-to-be-held-in-bengaluru-on-27-march-101646052566983.html |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324092733/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/chitra-santhe-to-be-held-in-bengaluru-on-27-march-101646052566983.html |archive-date=24 March 2026 }}</ref> ᱑᱙᱖᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱱᱡᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ''ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱠᱚᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟᱞᱚᱭ'' ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ''[[ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]]'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱴ-ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾ ''ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ'' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ''ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ'' ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱮᱡᱽᱨᱤᱣᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱘-᱙᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ'' ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱤᱝ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱯᱮᱱ-ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ==''ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱮ''== ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ''ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱮ'', ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱮᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitra Santhe |url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/chitra-santhe |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=utsav.gov.in |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210092910/https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/chitra-santhe |archive-date=10 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="Santhe2004">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/chitra-santhe-turns-15-this-year/article22347610.ece|title=Chitra Santhe turns 15 this year|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 January 2018|via=thehindu.com|access-date=24 March 2026 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507082248/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/chitra-santhe-turns-15-this-year/article22347610.ece |archive-date=7 May 2023}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱣᱤᱱᱰᱥᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱴᱮᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱘ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱘ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2026 |title=Chitra Santhe to be held in Bengaluru on 27 March |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/siddaramaiah-inaugurates-23rd-edition-of-chitra-santhe-in-bengaluru-with-environment-as-theme-enn26010402894 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=ETV Bharat |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324150542/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/siddaramaiah-inaugurates-23rd-edition-of-chitra-santhe-in-bengaluru-with-environment-as-theme-enn26010402894 |archive-date=24 March 2026 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱒૦ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱑,᱕᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱕ [[ᱞᱟᱠᱷ]] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Santhe2025">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/chitra-santhe-2026-will-focus-on-environment/article70453675.ece|title=Chitra Santhe 2026 will focus on environment |newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 December 2025|via=thehindu.com|access-date=24 March 2026 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324140712/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/chitra-santhe-2026-will-focus-on-environment/article70453675.ece|archive-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ == ''ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ'' ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Results for 'kw:Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath' [WorldCat.org]|url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=kw:Karnataka+Chitrakala+Parishath&fq=&dblist=638&qt=sort&se=yr&sd=asc&qt=sort_yr_asc|access-date=2020-11-14|website=www.worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: * ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱢᱟᱞᱟ : ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Formats and Editions of Mysore chitramālā : traditional paintings [WorldCat.org]|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mysore-chitramala-traditional-paintings/oclc/966375634/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br|access-date=2020-11-14|website=www.worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref> * ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rerikh|first1=S. N|title=Humanism in art|last2=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|date=1991|publisher=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|location=Bangalore|language=English|oclc=62872640}}</ref> * ᱜᱚᱬᱯᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱩᱯᱚᱜᱚᱞᱩ<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ramachandra Rao|first1=Saligrama Krishna|title=Gaṇapatīya rūpagaḷu|last2=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|date=1989|publisher=Karnāṭaka Citrakalā Parishattu|location=Beṅgalūru|language=English|oclc=863420889}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱬᱯᱚᱛᱤ : ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱠᱨᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ramachandra Rao|first1=Saligrama Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SkwgAAAAIAAJ|title=Gaṇapati: 32 drawings from a 19th cent. scroll|last2=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|date=1989|publisher=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|location=Bangalore|language=English|oclc=614838944}}</ref> * ᱣᱟᱭ. ᱥᱩᱵᱽᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱩ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ : [ᱥᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱭ. ᱥᱩᱵᱽᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱞᱚᱜᱽ]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Subramaṇya Rāju|first1=Vai|title=Y. Subramanya Raju centenary celebration: [catalogue of paintings on occasion of Sri Y. Subramanya Raju centenary celebration|last2=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|date=2008|publisher=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|location=Bangalore|language=English|oclc=436311882}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * [http://www.karnatakachitrakalaparishath.com/ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱠᱚᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222035415/http://karnatakachitrakalaparishath.com/ |date=2020-02-22 }} * [http://collegeoffineartskcpbengaluru.com/ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ] {{Authority control}} {{Coord|12.98918|77.58053|display=title}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] tmllbrfvwlov4xm3kkwxctrqbq74i5b 0 35450 190970 190287 2026-04-22T12:09:57Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱴ | image = A portrait of Shri Puran Bhaat who will be presented with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Puppetry - Rajasthan by the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam in New Delhi on October 26, 2004.jpg | caption = ᱒᱖ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱰᱨ. ᱮ.ᱯᱤ.ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ - ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱤᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ | birth_date = | birth_place = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | occupation = [[ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | awards = [[ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱤᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ]] (᱒᱐᱐᱓) | notable_works = ᱴᱩᱢᱚᱨᱚ ᱣᱤ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱯᱤᱭᱚᱨ (Tomorrow We Disappear) | known_for = | website = }} '''ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱴ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱯᱩᱛᱞᱤ ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | title = With strings attached|date=21 February 2014|newspaper= The Hindu | url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/with-strings-attached/article5713395.ece | accessdate = 18 January 2019 | first = Swati | last = Daftuar }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱤᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ]] ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ, [[ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱤᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm|title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees|publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Official website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204253/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archivedate=2015-05-30}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ''ᱴᱩᱢᱚᱨᱚ ᱣᱤ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱯᱤᱭᱚᱨ'' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱯᱩᱛᱞᱤ ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱯᱩᱛᱞᱤ (ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ)]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱴ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ PuppetIndia ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ [http://www.puppetindia.com/contribute3.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233410/http://www.puppetindia.com/contribute3.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱤᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱧᱟᱢᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ (ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ)]] ji7r6z9udh9qvvzj2mnylm4ayal6tjw 0 35463 191026 190318 2026-04-23T07:00:34Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ}} [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Newport_ship.jpg|thumb|᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱣᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱣᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱡᱽ]] '''ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ''' (CHM) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CRM) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ, ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱟᱨᱠᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ "ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ "ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ CHM ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ == CHM ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱭᱩ ᱟᱨᱠᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱡᱤ ᱑᱖ (PPG 16) ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱾ === ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CHM) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱼᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱤᱛ" ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ" ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ "ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ" ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱳᱢᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱾<ref name="Reza2026">{{cite journal|last1=Reza|first1=Mohammad Habib|last2=Rahman|first2=Athena|title=Re-establishing the Sacredness of Somapura Mahavihara: A New Contextual Heritage Management of a Buddhist Sacred Land|journal=EdA Esempi di Architettura|date=2026|volume=13|issue=2|publisher=Aracne editrice|url=https://www.aracneeditrice.eu/it/pubblicazioni/esempi-di-architettura-olimpia-niglio-rana-p-b-singh-9791221824766.html|editor1-last=Niglio|editor1-first=Olimpia|editor2-last=Singh|editor2-first=Rana P. B.}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ == ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CHM) ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱦᱤᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱬᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ" (TCP) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱼᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ == ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ" ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ:ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱾ * ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟ:ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱾ * ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ:ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ * ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ :ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱠᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == CHM ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱢᱮᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱥᱤᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤᱣ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱰᱟᱠᱨᱟ" ᱛᱚᱝᱜᱮ᱾ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱷᱫᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Seaton carew interpretation board.jpg|alt=|thumb|ᱥᱤᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱡᱽ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ]] ᱠᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ: ᱑. ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ:ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱸᱪ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒. ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ:ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱽᱞᱩ ᱯᱞᱟᱠ" (Blue Plaques) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Heritage.rail.750pix.jpg|left|thumb|ᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱨᱥᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱝ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱳᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ '''ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ''' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Bronze_age_dwelling_at_Flag_Fen.JPG|thumb|ᱯᱞᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱳᱸᱡᱽ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ]] '''ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ''' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱨᱟᱦᱟ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references group="<ref name=&quot;Reza2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reza |first1=Mohammad Habib |last2=Rahman |first2=Athena |title=Re-establishing the Sacredness of Somapura Mahavihara: A New Contextual Heritage Management of a Buddhist Sacred Land |journal=EdA Esempi di Architettura |date=2026 |volume=13 |issue=2 |publisher=Aracne editrice |url=https://www.aracneeditrice.eu/it/pubblicazioni/esempi-di-architettura-olimpia-niglio-rana-p-b-singh-9791221824766.html |editor1-last=Niglio |editor1-first=Olimpia |editor2-last=Singh |editor2-first=Rana P. B.}}</ref&gt;" /> tkbw1giepb341hqa7vaunchr8l7j28u 191027 191026 2026-04-23T07:03:02Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ */ 191027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ}} [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Newport_ship.jpg|thumb|᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱣᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱣᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱡᱽ]] '''ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ''' (CHM) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CRM) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ, ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱟᱨᱠᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ "ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ "ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ CHM ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ == CHM ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱭᱩ ᱟᱨᱠᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱡᱤ ᱑᱖ (PPG 16) ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱾ === ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CHM) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱼᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱤᱛ" ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ" ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ "ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ" ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱳᱢᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱾<ref name="Reza2026">{{cite journal|last1=Reza|first1=Mohammad Habib|last2=Rahman|first2=Athena|title=Re-establishing the Sacredness of Somapura Mahavihara: A New Contextual Heritage Management of a Buddhist Sacred Land|journal=EdA Esempi di Architettura|date=2026|volume=13|issue=2|publisher=Aracne editrice|url=https://www.aracneeditrice.eu/it/pubblicazioni/esempi-di-architettura-olimpia-niglio-rana-p-b-singh-9791221824766.html|editor1-last=Niglio|editor1-first=Olimpia|editor2-last=Singh|editor2-first=Rana P. B.}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ == ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CHM) ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱦᱤᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱬᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ" (TCP) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱼᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ == ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ" ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ:ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱾ * ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟ:ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱾ * ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ:ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ * ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ :ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱠᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == CHM ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱢᱮᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱥᱤᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤᱣ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱰᱟᱠᱨᱟ" ᱛᱚᱝᱜᱮ᱾ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱷᱫᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Seaton carew interpretation board.jpg|alt=|thumb|ᱥᱤᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱡᱽ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ]] ᱠᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ: ᱑. ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ:ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱸᱪ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒. ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ:ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱽᱞᱩ ᱯᱞᱟᱠ" (Blue Plaques) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Heritage.rail.750pix.jpg|left|thumb|ᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱨᱥᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱝ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱳᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ '''ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ''' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Bronze_age_dwelling_at_Flag_Fen.JPG|thumb|ᱯᱞᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱳᱸᱡᱽ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ]] '''ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ''' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱨᱟᱦᱟ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references group="<ref name=&quot;Reza2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reza |first1=Mohammad Habib |last2=Rahman |first2=Athena |title=Re-establishing the Sacredness of Somapura Mahavihara: A New Contextual Heritage Management of a Buddhist Sacred Land |journal=EdA Esempi di Architettura |date=2026 |volume=13 |issue=2 |publisher=Aracne editrice |url=https://www.aracneeditrice.eu/it/pubblicazioni/esempi-di-architettura-olimpia-niglio-rana-p-b-singh-9791221824766.html |editor1-last=Niglio |editor1-first=Olimpia |editor2-last=Singh |editor2-first=Rana P. B.}}</ref&gt;" /> <references /> == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱠᱚ == 6b2eblqbsn2tx0di486q9rlhqw2t6et 191028 191027 2026-04-23T07:03:21Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱠᱚ */ 191028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ}} [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Newport_ship.jpg|thumb|᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱣᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱣᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱡᱽ]] '''ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ''' (CHM) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CRM) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ, ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱟᱨᱠᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ "ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ "ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ CHM ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ == CHM ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱭᱩ ᱟᱨᱠᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱡᱤ ᱑᱖ (PPG 16) ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱾ === ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CHM) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱼᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱤᱛ" ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ" ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ "ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ" ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱳᱢᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱾<ref name="Reza2026">{{cite journal|last1=Reza|first1=Mohammad Habib|last2=Rahman|first2=Athena|title=Re-establishing the Sacredness of Somapura Mahavihara: A New Contextual Heritage Management of a Buddhist Sacred Land|journal=EdA Esempi di Architettura|date=2026|volume=13|issue=2|publisher=Aracne editrice|url=https://www.aracneeditrice.eu/it/pubblicazioni/esempi-di-architettura-olimpia-niglio-rana-p-b-singh-9791221824766.html|editor1-last=Niglio|editor1-first=Olimpia|editor2-last=Singh|editor2-first=Rana P. B.}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ == ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CHM) ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱦᱤᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱬᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ" (TCP) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱼᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ == ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ" ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ:ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱾ * ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟ:ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱾ * ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ:ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ * ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ :ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱠᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == CHM ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱢᱮᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱥᱤᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤᱣ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱰᱟᱠᱨᱟ" ᱛᱚᱝᱜᱮ᱾ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱷᱫᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Seaton carew interpretation board.jpg|alt=|thumb|ᱥᱤᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱡᱽ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ]] ᱠᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ: ᱑. ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ:ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱸᱪ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒. ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ:ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱽᱞᱩ ᱯᱞᱟᱠ" (Blue Plaques) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Heritage.rail.750pix.jpg|left|thumb|ᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱨᱥᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱝ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱳᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ '''ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ''' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Bronze_age_dwelling_at_Flag_Fen.JPG|thumb|ᱯᱞᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱳᱸᱡᱽ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ]] '''ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ''' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱨᱟᱦᱟ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references group="<ref name=&quot;Reza2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reza |first1=Mohammad Habib |last2=Rahman |first2=Athena |title=Re-establishing the Sacredness of Somapura Mahavihara: A New Contextual Heritage Management of a Buddhist Sacred Land |journal=EdA Esempi di Architettura |date=2026 |volume=13 |issue=2 |publisher=Aracne editrice 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''Norwegian Archaeological Review'' 34(2): 97–105. [https://www.academia.edu/413668/Archaeology_and_the_Governance_of_material_culture] *Smith, Laurajane. 2000. A History of Aboriginal Heritage Legislation in South-Eastern Australia. ''Australian Archaeology'' 50: 109–18. [https://www.academia.edu/2011254/A_history_of_Aboriginal_heritage_legislation_in_south-eastern_Australia] *Stapp, Darby and Julia J. Longenecker. 2009. ''Avoiding Archaeological Disasters: A Risk Management Approach''. Left Coast Press. *White, Gregory G. and Thomas F. King. 2007. ''The Archaeological Survey Manual''. Left Coast Press. *Zorzin, Nicolas. 2014. Heritage Management and Aboriginal Australians: Relations in a Global, Neoliberal Economy—A Contemporary Case Study from Victoria. ''Archaeologies: The Journal of the World Archaeological Congress'' 10(2): 132–67. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11759-014-9253-8] *Zorzin, Nicolas. 2011. Contextualising Contract Archaeology in Quebec: Political Economy and Economic Dependencies. ''Archaeological Review from Cambridge'' 26(1): 119–35. [https://www.academia.edu/698726/Contextualising_Contract_Archaeology_in_Quebec_Political-economy_and_economic_dependencies] *[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] et al. 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160330114112/http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/linguistics/guide.pdf ''ENGAGING - A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property''], Australian Government: Indigenous Culture Support. 5c2gpgoec4fyjohfbuj6hgsnhqzntfo 0 35465 191022 190395 2026-04-23T06:44:13Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ}}{{Infobox organization|name=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ|full_name=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ|UNESCO]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ|native_name=World Heritage Site|native_name_lang=en|logo=World Heritage Logo global.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|logo_size=200px|logo_caption=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ|formation={{start date and age|1972|11|16}}|founding_location=[[ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱜᱳᱥ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ]]|type=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ|UNESCO]] ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ|purpose=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ|UNESCO]] ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ|region_served=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ|main_organ=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ|UNESCO]]}} '''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ''' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="about" /> ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ, ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ,{{efn|᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Quito|ᱠᱤᱴᱳ]], ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Kraków|ᱠᱨᱟᱠᱳᱣ]] ᱾}} ᱛᱷᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱸᱭ, ᱵᱤᱨᱼᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ, ᱢᱳᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱵᱩᱨᱩ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Ann Marie|last1=Sullivan|title=Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱼᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="SelectionCriteria" /> {{As of|2025|July}} ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, ᱑᱗᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑,᱒᱔᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="WHList" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ 'ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="about" /> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ, ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱼᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>The World Heritage Committee, UNESCO</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:تابلو_میراث_جهانی_یونسکو_تخت_سلیمان.jpg|thumb|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱷᱛᱼᱮ ᱥᱩᱞᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱠ (plaque)]] ᱑᱙᱕᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱥᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱼᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱰᱩᱵᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨᱼᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="NubiaCampaign" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱩᱵᱩᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱥᱤᱢᱵᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ: ᱰᱮᱱᱰᱩᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱣᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱟᱱ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱯ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱘᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱔０ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱕０ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="WHC-history" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱥ (ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ), ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱡᱚᱼᱫᱟᱨᱳ (ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱵᱩᱫᱩᱨ (ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ === ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ (ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ) ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (᱑᱙᱖᱕ᱼ᱑᱙᱗᱒) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱢᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱣᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ" ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯ ᱱᱮᱪᱟᱨ (IUCN) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱚᱠᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱢᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="convention1"/> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="convention1"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱑᱙᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱞᱤᱠᱴᱮᱱᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="unesco" /> == ᱡᱚᱥ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ" ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱼᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱡᱷᱚᱨᱱᱟ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="about" /> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱠᱟᱹᱣ, ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ, ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱮᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ 'ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ: ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱝᱠᱳᱨ, ᱠᱨᱳᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱩᱵᱽᱨᱳᱵᱷᱱᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱠᱡᱽᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱜᱳᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳᱨᱳ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱱᱳᱢᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ' ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ (ICOMOS) ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯ ᱱᱮᱪᱟᱨ (IUCN) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ == ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ "ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="SelectionCriteria" /> === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ === [[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, UP, India.jpg|thumb|Site No. 252: ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱟᱡᱽᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ]], ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ]] # "ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ" # "ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ" # "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ" # "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ" # "ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱥᱠᱚᱫ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ" # "ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ, ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ" === ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ === [[File:Zerbras drinking.jpg|thumb|Site No. 156: ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱱᱜᱮᱴᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] # "ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ" # "ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ" # "ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" # "ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ" ==ᱱᱳᱴᱥ== {{notelist}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{reflist}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |first1=Ray |last1=Edmondson |first2=Lothar |last2=Jordan |first3=Anca Claudia |last3=Prodan |title=The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme: Key Aspects and Recent Developments |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer Nature Switzerland AG]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-18441-4 |isbn=978-3-030-18440-7 |s2cid=243052987}} * {{cite book |first1=Roger |last1=O'Keefe |first2=Camille |last2=Péron |first3=Tofig |last3=Musayev |first4=Gianluca |last4=Ferrari |title=Protection of Cultural Property: Military Manual |publisher=UNESCO |location=Sanremo, Italy |year=2016 |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf |isbn=978-92-3-100184-0 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108011511/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf}} {{refend}} o6p92e6u86z5umcyc4bshg33ww34e6l 191023 191022 2026-04-23T06:45:25Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱱᱳᱴᱥ */ 191023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ}}{{Infobox organization|name=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ|full_name=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ|native_name=World Heritage Site|native_name_lang=en|logo=World Heritage Logo global.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|logo_size=200px|logo_caption=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ|formation={{start date and age|1972|11|16}}|founding_location=[[ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱜᱳᱥ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ]]|type=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ|purpose=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ|region_served=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ|main_organ=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ|UNESCO]]}} '''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ''' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="about" /> ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ, ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ,{{efn|᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Quito|ᱠᱤᱴᱳ]], ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Kraków|ᱠᱨᱟᱠᱳᱣ]] ᱾}} ᱛᱷᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱸᱭ, ᱵᱤᱨᱼᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ, ᱢᱳᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱵᱩᱨᱩ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Ann Marie|last1=Sullivan|title=Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱼᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="SelectionCriteria" /> {{As of|2025|July}} ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, ᱑᱗᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑,᱒᱔᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="WHList" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ 'ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="about" /> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ, ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱼᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>The World Heritage Committee, UNESCO</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:تابلو_میراث_جهانی_یونسکو_تخت_سلیمان.jpg|thumb|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱷᱛᱼᱮ ᱥᱩᱞᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱠ (plaque)]] ᱑᱙᱕᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱥᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱼᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱰᱩᱵᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨᱼᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="NubiaCampaign" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱩᱵᱩᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱥᱤᱢᱵᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ: ᱰᱮᱱᱰᱩᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱣᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱟᱱ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱯ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱘᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱔０ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱕０ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="WHC-history" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱥ (ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ), ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱡᱚᱼᱫᱟᱨᱳ (ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱵᱩᱫᱩᱨ (ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ === ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ (ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ) ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (᱑᱙᱖᱕ᱼ᱑᱙᱗᱒) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱢᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱣᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ" ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯ ᱱᱮᱪᱟᱨ (IUCN) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱚᱠᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱢᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="convention1"/> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="convention1"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱑᱙᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱞᱤᱠᱴᱮᱱᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="unesco" /> == ᱡᱚᱥ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ" ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱼᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱡᱷᱚᱨᱱᱟ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="about" /> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱠᱟᱹᱣ, ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ, ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱮᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ 'ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ: ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱝᱠᱳᱨ, ᱠᱨᱳᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱩᱵᱽᱨᱳᱵᱷᱱᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱠᱡᱽᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱜᱳᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳᱨᱳ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱱᱳᱢᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ' ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ (ICOMOS) ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯ ᱱᱮᱪᱟᱨ (IUCN) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ == ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ "ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="SelectionCriteria" /> === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ === [[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, UP, India.jpg|thumb|Site No. 252: ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱟᱡᱽᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ]], ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ]] # "ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ" # "ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ" # "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ" # "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ" # "ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱥᱠᱚᱫ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ" # "ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ, ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ" === ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ === [[File:Zerbras drinking.jpg|thumb|Site No. 156: ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱱᱜᱮᱴᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] # "ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ" # "ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ" # "ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" # "ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ" ==ᱱᱳᱴᱥ== {{notelist}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{reflist}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |first1=Ray |last1=Edmondson |first2=Lothar |last2=Jordan |first3=Anca Claudia |last3=Prodan |title=The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme: Key Aspects and Recent Developments |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer Nature Switzerland AG]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-18441-4 |isbn=978-3-030-18440-7 |s2cid=243052987}} * {{cite book |first1=Roger |last1=O'Keefe |first2=Camille |last2=Péron |first3=Tofig |last3=Musayev |first4=Gianluca |last4=Ferrari |title=Protection of Cultural Property: Military Manual |publisher=UNESCO |location=Sanremo, Italy |year=2016 |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf |isbn=978-92-3-100184-0 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108011511/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf}} {{refend}} 6v4uc51ech9a5fcxf5a7z0bhwzngohu 191024 191023 2026-04-23T06:53:54Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ */ 191024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ}}{{Infobox organization|name=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ|full_name=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ|native_name=World Heritage Site|native_name_lang=en|logo=World Heritage Logo global.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|logo_size=200px|logo_caption=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ|formation={{start date and age|1972|11|16}}|founding_location=[[ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱜᱳᱥ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ]]|type=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ|purpose=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ|region_served=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ|main_organ=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ|UNESCO]]}} '''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ''' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="about" /> ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ, ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ,{{efn|᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Quito|ᱠᱤᱴᱳ]], ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Kraków|ᱠᱨᱟᱠᱳᱣ]] ᱾}} ᱛᱷᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱸᱭ, ᱵᱤᱨᱼᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ, ᱢᱳᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱵᱩᱨᱩ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Ann Marie|last1=Sullivan|title=Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱼᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="SelectionCriteria" /> {{As of|2025|July}} ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, ᱑᱗᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑,᱒᱔᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="WHList" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ 'ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="about" /> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ, ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱼᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>The World Heritage Committee, UNESCO</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:تابلو_میراث_جهانی_یونسکو_تخت_سلیمان.jpg|thumb|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱷᱛᱼᱮ ᱥᱩᱞᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱠ (plaque)]] ᱑᱙᱕᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱥᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱼᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱰᱩᱵᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨᱼᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="NubiaCampaign" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱩᱵᱩᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱥᱤᱢᱵᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ: ᱰᱮᱱᱰᱩᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱣᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱟᱱ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱯ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱘᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱔０ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱕０ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="WHC-history" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱥ (ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ), ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱡᱚᱼᱫᱟᱨᱳ (ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱵᱩᱫᱩᱨ (ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ === ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ (ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ) ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (᱑᱙᱖᱕ᱼ᱑᱙᱗᱒) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱢᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱣᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ" ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯ ᱱᱮᱪᱟᱨ (IUCN) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱚᱠᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱢᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="convention1"/> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="convention1"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱑᱙᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱞᱤᱠᱴᱮᱱᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="unesco" /> == ᱡᱚᱥ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ" ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱼᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱡᱷᱚᱨᱱᱟ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="about" /> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱠᱟᱹᱣ, ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ, ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱮᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ 'ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ: ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱝᱠᱳᱨ, ᱠᱨᱳᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱩᱵᱽᱨᱳᱵᱷᱱᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱠᱡᱽᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱜᱳᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳᱨᱳ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱱᱳᱢᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ' ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ (ICOMOS) ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯ ᱱᱮᱪᱟᱨ (IUCN) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ == ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ "ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="SelectionCriteria" /> === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ === [[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, UP, India.jpg|thumb|Site No. 252: ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱟᱡᱽᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ]], ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ]] # "ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ" # "ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ" # "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ" # "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ" # "ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱥᱠᱚᱫ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ" # "ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ, ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ" === ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ === [[File:Zerbras drinking.jpg|thumb|Site No. 156: ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱱᱜᱮᱴᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] # "ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ" # "ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ" # "ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" # "ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ" ==ᱱᱳᱴᱥ== {{notelist}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{reflist| <ref name="about">{{cite web |title=World Heritage |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131353/https://whc.unesco.org/en/about/ |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> <ref name="SelectionCriteria">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/ |title=Criteria for Selection |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=14 October 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612152223/https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/ |archive-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="WHList" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Countries - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ |access-date=13 October 2023|website=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730065051/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="NubiaCampaign">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/ |title=Monuments of Nubia-International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131757/https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/ |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> <ref name="WHC-history">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |title=The World Heritage Convention – Brief History / Section "Preserving cultural heritage" |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200434/https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> <ref name="convention1">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |title=The World Heritage Convention – Brief History / Section "Linking the protection of cultural and natural heritage" |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200434/https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> <ref name="unesco">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|title=States Parties – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=1 November 2024|archive-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |first1=Ray |last1=Edmondson |first2=Lothar |last2=Jordan |first3=Anca Claudia |last3=Prodan |title=The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme: Key Aspects and Recent Developments |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer Nature Switzerland AG]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-18441-4 |isbn=978-3-030-18440-7 |s2cid=243052987}} * {{cite book |first1=Roger |last1=O'Keefe |first2=Camille |last2=Péron |first3=Tofig |last3=Musayev |first4=Gianluca |last4=Ferrari |title=Protection of Cultural Property: Military Manual |publisher=UNESCO |location=Sanremo, Italy |year=2016 |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf |isbn=978-92-3-100184-0 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108011511/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf}} {{refend}} 0wqi5t20asinvkjrdhdq4lp6wzxaecy 191025 191024 2026-04-23T06:55:36Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ */ 191025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ}}{{Infobox organization|name=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ|full_name=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ|native_name=World Heritage Site|native_name_lang=en|logo=World Heritage Logo global.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|logo_size=200px|logo_caption=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ|formation={{start date and age|1972|11|16}}|founding_location=[[ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱜᱳᱥ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ]]|type=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ|purpose=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ|region_served=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ|main_organ=[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ|UNESCO]]}} '''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ''' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="about" /> ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ, ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ,{{efn|᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Quito|ᱠᱤᱴᱳ]], ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Kraków|ᱠᱨᱟᱠᱳᱣ]] ᱾}} ᱛᱷᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱸᱭ, ᱵᱤᱨᱼᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ, ᱢᱳᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱵᱩᱨᱩ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Ann Marie|last1=Sullivan|title=Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱼᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="SelectionCriteria" /> {{As of|2025|July}} ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, ᱑᱗᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑,᱒᱔᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="WHList" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ 'ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="about" /> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ, ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱼᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>The World Heritage Committee, UNESCO</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:تابلو_میراث_جهانی_یونسکو_تخت_سلیمان.jpg|thumb|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱷᱛᱼᱮ ᱥᱩᱞᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱠ (plaque)]] ᱑᱙᱕᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱥᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱼᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱰᱩᱵᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨᱼᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="NubiaCampaign" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱩᱵᱩᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱥᱤᱢᱵᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ: ᱰᱮᱱᱰᱩᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱣᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱟᱱ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱯ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱘᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱔０ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱕０ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="WHC-history" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱥ (ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ), ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱡᱚᱼᱫᱟᱨᱳ (ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱵᱩᱫᱩᱨ (ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ === ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ (ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ) ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (᱑᱙᱖᱕ᱼ᱑᱙᱗᱒) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱢᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱣᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ" ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯ ᱱᱮᱪᱟᱨ (IUCN) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱚᱠᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱢᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="convention1"/> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="convention1"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱑᱙᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱞᱤᱠᱴᱮᱱᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="unesco" /> == ᱡᱚᱥ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ" ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱼᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱡᱷᱚᱨᱱᱟ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="about" /> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱠᱟᱹᱣ, ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ, ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱮᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ 'ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ: ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱝᱠᱳᱨ, ᱠᱨᱳᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱩᱵᱽᱨᱳᱵᱷᱱᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱠᱡᱽᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱜᱳᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳᱨᱳ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱱᱳᱢᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ' ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ (ICOMOS) ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯ ᱱᱮᱪᱟᱨ (IUCN) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ == ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ "ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱸᱰ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="SelectionCriteria" /> === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ === [[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, UP, India.jpg|thumb|Site No. 252: ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱟᱡᱽᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ]], ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ]] # "ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ" # "ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ" # "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ" # "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ" # "ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱥᱠᱚᱫ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ" # "ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ, ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ" === ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ === [[File:Zerbras drinking.jpg|thumb|Site No. 156: ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱱᱜᱮᱴᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] # "ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ" # "ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ" # "ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" # "ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ" ==ᱱᱳᱴᱥ== {{notelist}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{reflist| <ref name="about">{{cite web |title=World Heritage |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131353/https://whc.unesco.org/en/about/ |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> <ref name="SelectionCriteria">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/ |title=Criteria for Selection |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=14 October 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612152223/https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/ |archive-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="WHList">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |title=World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date =13 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/stat |title=World Heritage List Statistics |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002820/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/stat |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="NubiaCampaign">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/ |title=Monuments of Nubia-International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131757/https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/ |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> <ref name="WHC-history">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |title=The World Heritage Convention – Brief History / Section "Preserving cultural heritage" |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200434/https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> <ref name="convention1">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |title=The World Heritage Convention – Brief History / Section "Linking the protection of cultural and natural heritage" |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200434/https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> <ref name="unesco">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|title=States Parties – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=1 November 2024|archive-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |first1=Ray |last1=Edmondson |first2=Lothar |last2=Jordan |first3=Anca Claudia |last3=Prodan |title=The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme: Key Aspects and Recent Developments |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer Nature Switzerland AG]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-18441-4 |isbn=978-3-030-18440-7 |s2cid=243052987}} * {{cite book |first1=Roger |last1=O'Keefe |first2=Camille |last2=Péron |first3=Tofig |last3=Musayev |first4=Gianluca |last4=Ferrari |title=Protection of Cultural Property: Military Manual |publisher=UNESCO |location=Sanremo, Italy |year=2016 |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf |isbn=978-92-3-100184-0 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108011511/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf}} {{refend}} 2w44mkjb131c15k7zhw4j1g4ttlfiyh 0 35473 190998 190345 2026-04-22T19:17:06Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190998 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ''' (᱑᱙᱒᱘ - ᱒᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱙᱑)<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Ganga Devi - Library of Congress |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n97920932 |website=id.loc.gov |publisher= |access-date=10 December 2022 |language= |date=}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Ganga Devi: Tradition and expression in Madhubani painting">{{cite journal | title=Ganga Devi: Tradition and expression in Madhubani painting | author=Jyotindra Jain | journal= Third Text| year=1989 | volume=3 | issue=6 |pages = 43–50| doi=10.1080/09528828908576213}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Riding the Rollercoaster with Ganga Devi">{{cite web | url=http://50watts.com/Riding-the-Rollercoaster-with-Ganga-Devi | title=Riding the Rollercoaster with Ganga Devi | publisher=50 Watts | date=2015 | access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Madhubani Magic of Gangadevi">{{cite web | url=http://www.pitara.com/non-fiction-for-kids/features-for-kids/madhubani-magic-of-gangadevi/ | title=Madhubani Magic of Gangadevi | publisher=Pitara | date=2015 | access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱚᱥᱛᱷᱚ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱪᱱᱤ'' (ᱜᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ) ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ganga Devi - Artist Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.mithilapaintings.com/artist-profiles/52-ganga-devi-artist-profile.html | title=Ganga Devi - Artist Profile | publisher=Mithila Paintings | date=2015 | access-date=9 September 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074435/http://www.mithilapaintings.com/artist-profiles/52-ganga-devi-artist-profile.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Madhubani Magic of Gangadevi" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ''ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ''ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱳ ᱦᱚᱴᱮᱞ'', ''ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱳᱠ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱷ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Riding the Rollercoaster with Ganga Devi" /> [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ''ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴᱥᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ<ref name="Madhubani Magic of Gangadevi" /> ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚᱥᱨᱤ]] ᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴᱥ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱳᱦᱵᱚᱨ ᱜᱷᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱢᱳᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/museum-art-erased/cid/1481349|title=Museum art erased|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ (ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ) ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Crafts-museum-renovation-wipes-out-famed-Madhubani-murals/articleshow/48893039.cms|title=Crafts museum 'renovation' wipes out famed Madhubani murals - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱭᱟᱨ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱭᱟᱨ (The Wire)]] ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ''ᱠᱳᱦᱵᱚᱨ ᱜᱷᱚᱨ'' ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Artists Lifework Painted Over by the Brushstrokes of Bureaucracy |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/culture/an-artists-lifework-painted-over-by-the-brushstrokes-of-bureaucracy |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> == ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ == ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱨᱚᱥ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱲᱩ ᱵᱩᱥᱩᱵ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] ᱟᱸᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱞᱦᱟᱹ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱢᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱩᱨᱤᱡ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱦᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱡᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱪᱟᱜ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱸᱫᱽ, ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱠᱤ/ᱢᱟᱢᱚ ᱢᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱠᱤ/ᱢᱟᱢᱚ ᱠᱚ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱰᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱱᱵᱷᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱨᱮᱠᱴᱤᱥ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pitara.com/non-fiction-for-kids/features-for-kids/madhubani-magic-of-gangadevi/|title=Madhubani Magic of Gangadevi {{!}} Pitara Kids Network|last=De|first=Aditi|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.realbharat.org/ganga-devi-madhubani-art-culture-of-india-145/|title=Contribution of Ganga Devi– Synonym of Madhubani Art to Culture of India|last=shampasaid|website=Realbharat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱜᱮ [[ᱠᱤᱢᱳᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ]] ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.inditales.com/madhubani-artist-ganga-devi-mithila/|title=Mithila's Madhubani Artist Ganga Devi & Her Paintings|last=Goyal|first=Anuradha|date=2015-05-04|website=Inditales|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> === ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ === ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱠᱟᱵᱽᱭᱚ, ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ === ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱵᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ === ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ|ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ]] ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ === ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱭ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] {{Portal|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱟᱨᱴᱥ}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * {{cite journal | title=Ganga Devi: Tradition and expression in Madhubani painting | author=Jyotindra Jain | journal= Third Text| year=1989 | volume=3 | issue=6 | pages=43–50 | doi=10.1080/09528828908576213}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱟᱢᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱒᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]]``` 3mzfcj48j8wzujgn4iup5cq3iro758j 0 35493 190971 190393 2026-04-22T12:22:40Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞᱟᱨ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱒᱐᱐᱔)}} {{Infobox football biography | name = ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱵᱚᱱᱰᱳ | full_name = ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱵᱚᱱᱰᱳ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱠᱳ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|11|16|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ | height = 1.72m | currentclub = [[ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱥᱤ. ᱯᱷᱟᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱳ|ᱯᱷᱟᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱳ]] | clubnumber = ᱒᱘ | position = [[ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ-ᱵᱮᱠ]] | youthyears1 = ᱒᱐᱑᱙–᱒᱐᱒᱐ | youthclubs1 = [[ᱟᱴᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠᱳ ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱳᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱰᱤ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ|ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ]] | years1 = ᱒᱐᱒᱐–᱒᱐᱒᱕ | clubs1 = [[ᱟᱴᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠᱳ ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱳᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱰᱤ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ|ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ]] | caps1 = ᱗᱕ | goals1 = ᱑ | years2 = ᱒᱐᱒᱓–᱒᱐᱒᱔ | clubs2 = → [[ᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ. ᱵᱤ]] (ᱞᱳᱱ) | caps2 = ᱒᱓ | goals2 = ᱑ | years3 = ᱒᱐᱒᱕– | clubs3 = [[ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱥᱤ. ᱯᱷᱟᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱳ|ᱯᱷᱟᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱳ]] | caps3 = ᱒᱒ | goals3 = ᱑ | nationalyears1 = ᱒᱐᱒᱔– | nationalteam1 = [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱞ|ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]] | nationalcaps1 = ᱑᱑ | nationalgoals1 = ᱑ | pcupdate = ᱑᱗ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ | ntupdate = ᱐᱑:᱑᱙, ᱒᱗ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ (UTC) }} '''ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱵᱚᱱᱰᱳ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱠᱳ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱖ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ-ᱵᱮᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱤᱨᱟ ᱞᱤᱜᱟ ᱠᱞᱟᱵᱽ ᱯᱷᱟᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱳ ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱝᱜᱴᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱞ|ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱤᱢ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱵᱚᱱᱰᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱨᱵᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱴᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠᱳ ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱳᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱰᱤ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ|ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱨᱵᱳᱞᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱠᱟ ᱰᱤ ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱛᱟᱠᱟ ᱰᱤ ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱤᱜᱟ ᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱵᱤ. ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bolanarede.pt/especial-bola-na-rede/atualidade/pedro-bondo-e-reforco-do-sporting/|title=Pedro Bondo é reforço do Sporting|first=Ricardo João|last=Lopes|date=12 July 2023|website=Bola na Rede}}</ref> ᱒᱓ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱙ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱠᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱤᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opais.ao/desporto/pedro-bondo-deixa-petro-de-luanda-e-ruma-ao-famalicao/|title=Pedro Bondo deixa Petro de Luanda e ruma ao Famalicão – Jornal OPaís}}</ref> ==ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱳ [[ᱟᱝᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱞ|ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱠᱳᱥᱟᱯᱟ ᱠᱟᱯ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ - ᱗ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱞ|ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱕-᱐ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="p074">{{cite web | title=EN, FR, PR: Angola storm to HOLLYWOODBETS COSAFA Cup 2024 title | website=COSAFA | date=2024-07-07 | url=https://cosafa.com/en-fr-pr-angola-storm-to-hollywoodbets-cosafa-cup-2024-title/ | access-date=2025-04-02}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footboom1.com/en/news/football/2294190-pedro-goncalves-to-announce-chan-2025-squad-this-thursday|title=Pedro Gonçalves to Announce CHAN'2025 Squad This Thursday|website=www.footboom1.com}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱓ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱯ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/angola-name-final-28-man-squad-for-totalenergies-caf-afcon-2025-as-beaumelle-targets-historic-breakthrough/|title=Angola name final 28-man squad for TotalEnergies CAF AFCON 2025 as Beaumelle targets historic breakthrough|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=3 December 2025|access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref> ==ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱑᱙ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱚᱱᱰᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱰᱤᱱᱮᱛᱷ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱰᱳ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://platinaline.com/aos-19-anos-futebolista-angolano-pedro-bondo-casa-ses-com-idineth-ricardo/|title=Aos 19 anos, futebolista angolano Pedro Bondo casa-ses com Idineth Ricardo - PlatinaLine|first=Platina|last=Line|date=1 July 2024}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ== ;ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ *[[ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱵᱚᱞᱟ]]: [[᱒᱐᱒᱑–᱒᱒ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱵᱚᱞᱟ|᱒᱐᱒᱑-᱒᱒]], [[᱒᱐᱒᱒–᱒᱓ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱵᱚᱞᱟ|᱒᱐᱒᱒-᱒᱓]] *[[ᱛᱟᱠᱟ ᱰᱤ ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]]: [[ᱛᱟᱠᱟ ᱰᱤ ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ|᱒᱐᱒᱑–᱒᱒]], [[᱒᱐᱒᱒–᱒᱓ ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱯ|᱒᱐᱒᱒-᱒᱓]] *[[ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱛᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]]: [[ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱛᱟᱠᱟ ᱰᱤ ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ|᱒᱐᱒᱓]] ;ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ *[[ᱠᱳᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱯ]]: [[᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱠᱳᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱯ|᱒᱐᱒᱔]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱵᱚᱱᱰᱳ, ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱯᱷᱩᱞ-ᱵᱮᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱴᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠᱳ ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱳᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱰᱤ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱤ ᱯᱤ ᱵᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱥᱤ. ᱯᱷᱟᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱵᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱤᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱞᱤᱜᱟ ᱓ (ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱟᱞ) ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱮᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱯ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱥ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] tchw91daggl4fpv4qs7rbej8rjfn47y 0 35530 190983 190568 2026-04-22T15:42:53Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (Genus)}} {{automatic taxobox |image = Tamarix_aphylla.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Tamarix aphylla]]'' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[ᱨᱮᱵᱷᱤᱵᱷᱤᱢ]], [[ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] ᱨᱮ |taxon = Tamarix |authority = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥ|L.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11855 |title=Genus: ''Tamarix'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1998-04-28 |access-date=2011-02-18 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221640/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11855 |url-status=live }}</ref> |subdivision_ranks = ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (Species) |subdivision = ᱚᱞ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ }} '''''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ''''' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ('''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ''', ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱐-᱖᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Baum, Bernard R. (1978), "The Genus ''Tamarix''", The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱠᱳᱱᱮᱱᱥᱤᱥ ([[ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names |volume=4 R–Z |year=2000 |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |isbn=978-0-8493-2678-3 |page=2628 |access-date=2020-12-03 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302193550/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱬ == ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱮᱥᱤᱰᱩᱣᱟᱥ (deciduous) ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1-18|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ''[[:en:Tamarix_aphylla|ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱟ]]'', ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="fireflyforest"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ppm ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="knowhow">{{cite web |last1=Dyer |first1=Mary H. |title=Is ''Tamarix'' Invasive: Helpful ''Tamarix'' Information |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tamarix/tamarix-information.htm |website=www.gardeningknowhow.com |date=6 May 2016 |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129170507/https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tamarix/tamarix-information.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱩᱸᱫᱽᱞᱩ-ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ-ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱩᱸᱫᱽᱞᱩ-ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢᱤ, ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱚ-ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="fireflyforest" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ,<ref>{{Citation |last=Dirr| first=Michael A. |title=Dirr's Hardy Trees and Shrubs, an illustrated encyclopedia |year=1997| page=392}}.</ref> {{convert|1-2|mm|in|frac=20|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="fireflyforest" /> ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ {{convert|5-10|cm|in|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="fireflyforest">{{cite web |title=''Tamarix'' spp. - Tamarisk, Saltcedar, Salt Cedar - Southeastern Arizona Wildflowers and Plants |date=16 March 2010 |url=https://www.fireflyforest.com/flowers/2434/tamarix-spp-tamarisk/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |archive-date=2022-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523230239/https://www.fireflyforest.com/flowers/2434/tamarix-spp-tamarisk/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TAMARISK |url=https://www.southernliving.com/plants/tamarisk |website=Southern Living |access-date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516183940/https://www.southernliving.com/plants/tamarisk |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Plants of the Bible {{!}} ''Tamarix aphylla'' |url=http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Tamarixaphylla_page.htm |website=[suspicious link removed] |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130062427/http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Tamarixaphylla_page.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱬ == [[Image:Tamarix gallica bloemen.jpg|right|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'']] [[Image:Tamaris3.jpg|right|thumb|[[ᱟᱞᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Tamarix stricta, Ateybeh, March 2014.jpg|right|thumb|[[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱥᱮᱦᱨ, ᱟᱛᱮᱭᱵᱮᱦ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'']] ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ [[:en:Vegetative_reproduction|ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱤᱴᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ]], ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[:en:Adventitiousness|ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴᱤᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ (᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ; ᱑/᱒᱐" ᱵᱮᱥ) ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱯᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=texasinvasives>{{cite web |url=https://www.texasinvasives.org/plant_database/detail.php?symbol=TAAP |website=Texas Invasive |title=Invasives Database: Invasive Plants, ''Tamarix aphylla'', Athel tamarisk |access-date=2017-12-22 |archive-date=2017-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804235212/http://www.texasinvasives.org/plant_database/detail.php?symbol=TAAP |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huxley |first1=A. |title=The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening |date=1992 |publisher=MacMillan Press |location=London |isbn=0-333-47494-5}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱚ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ''Populus'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱭᱛᱚ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱞᱚ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Zouhar2003">Zouhar, Kris. 2003. [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/tamspp/all.html ''Tamarix'' spp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320090103/https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/tamspp/all.html |date=2021-03-20 }} In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.</ref> ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ Lepidoptera ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''Coleophora asthenella'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''T. africana'' ᱜᱮᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/coleophoridae/coleophora/coleophora-asthenella/ |title=''Coleophora asthenella'' |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=Plant Parasites of Europe |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030440/https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/coleophoridae/coleophora/coleophora-asthenella/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ === ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ''Tamarix ramosissima'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (invasive plant) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Zouhar2003" /> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱵᱚᱨᱚᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾<ref name="Impact, Biology, and Ecology of Sal">{{cite journal |last1=Di Tomaso |first1=Joseph |date=1998 |title=Impact, Biology, and Ecology of Saltcedar (''Tamarix'' spp.) in the Southwestern United States |journal=Weed Technology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=326–336 |doi=10.1017/S0890037X00043906 |bibcode=1998WeedT..12..326D |s2cid=251573113}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ''Tamarix ramosissima'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ willow, cottonwood, ᱟᱨ box elder ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Wolf2016">{{cite web |author=Wolf, E. |date=June 6, 2016 |title=Science driving a new management strategy for ''Tamarix'' |url=https://cwseducation.ucdavis.edu/class/106/science-driving-new-management-strategy-tamarix}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Shifting dominance of riparian Populus and Tamarix along gradients of flow alteration in western North American rivers|author1=David Merritt|author2=LeRoy Poff|journal=Ecological Applications|volume=20|pages=135–152|year=2010|issue=1 |doi=10.1890/08-2251.1 |pmid=20349836 |bibcode=2010EcoAp..20..135M |url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/08-2251.1|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ==== ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Tamarix'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sher |first1=Anna A. |author1-link=Anna Sher |last2=Marshall |first2=Diane L. |last3=Gilbert |first3=Steven A. |year=2000 |title=Competition between native ''Populus deltoides'' and invasive ''Tamarix ramosissima'' and the implications of reestablishing flooding disturbance |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=1744–1754 |bibcode=2000ConBi..14.1744S |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99306.x |pmid=35701936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sher |first1=A.A. |last2=Marshall |first2=D.L. |last3=Taylor |first3=J.P. |date=June 2002 |title=Establishment patterns of native ''Populus'' and ''Salix'' in the presence of invasive, non-native ''Tamarix'' |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=760–772 |doi=10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0760:eponpa]2.0.co;2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sher |first1=A. A. |last2=Marshall |first2=D. L. |year=2003 |title=Competition between native and exotic floodplain tree species across water regimes and soil textures |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=413–422 |doi=10.3732/ajb.90.3.413 |pmid=21659134 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Busch, David E. |author2=Smith, Stanley D. |year=1995 |title=Mechanisms associated with decline of woody species in riparian ecosystems of the southwestern U.S. |journal=Ecological Monographs |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=347–370 |bibcode=1995EcoM...65..347B |doi=10.2307/2937064 |jstor=2937064}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=J. |last2=McDaniel |first2=K. |date=1998 |title=Restoration of saltcedar (''Tamarix'' spp.)-infested floodplains on the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge |journal=Weed Technology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=345–352 |doi=10.1017/S0890037X0004392X |bibcode=1998WeedT..12..345T |s2cid=88903153}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, box elder ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ (''Acer negundo'', ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ''Tamarix'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==== ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ==== ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ''Tamarix'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱸ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ-ᱵᱤᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==== ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ==== ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ, [[herbicide|ᱵᱤᱥ]] ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (''Diorhabda carinulata'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Adams1">{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Aaron |date=2021 |title=Treating Invasive Tamarisk as an Intern at San Andres National Wildlife Refuge |url=https://gammathetaupsilon.org/the-geographical-bulletin/2020s/volume62-2/B/article3.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Geographical Bulletin |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302193602/https://gammathetaupsilon.org/the-geographical-bulletin/2020s/volume62-2/B/article3.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == * ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ''T. ramosissima''<ref name="Zouhar2003" /> ᱟᱨ ''T. tetrandra'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamarisk Shrub |url=https://www.best4hedging.co.uk/tamarisk-hedge-plants-p184 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215656/https://www.best4hedging.co.uk/tamarisk-hedge-plants-p184 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=www.best4hedging.co.uk}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ (windbreaks), ᱟᱨ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2018 |title=Invasive Species Profile: Tamarisk |url=https://cirweb.org/blog/2018/7/3/invasive-species-profile-tamarisk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214130/https://cirweb.org/blog/2018/7/3/invasive-species-profile-tamarisk |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=Channel Islands Restoration}}</ref> * ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱭ (erosion) ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Everitt |first1=Benjamin |date=1998 |title=Chronology of the spread of tamarisk in the central Rio Grande |journal=Wetlands |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=658–668 |bibcode=1998Wetl...18..658E |doi=10.1007/BF03161680 |s2cid=33405892}}</ref> * ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱥ (steppes) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱭᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱠᱟᱴᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karpowicz |first1=Adam |last2=Selby |first2=Stephen |date=2010 |title=Scythian Bow From Xinjang |url=http://www.atarn.org/chinese/Yanghai/Scythian_bow_ATARN.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Soc. Of Archer-Antiquaries |volume=53 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518165726/http://atarn.org/chinese/Yanghai/Scythian_bow_ATARN.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-18 |access-date=2019-03-01 |quote=The materials used in the construction of the original bows have not been established, however. The wood could be tentatively identified as that of tamarisk, which is available abundantly in the region and is known to have been the material used to make bows in other periods.}}</ref> * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ (carpentry) ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=10274 Tamarix aphylla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215011230/http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=10274|date=2009-02-15}}, in Ecocrop.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Abigail Klein Leichman |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Growing forests in the desert |url=http://israel21c.org/environment/growing-forests-in-the-desert |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110101541/http://www.israel21c.org/environment/growing-forests-in-the-desert |archive-date=November 10, 2011 |access-date=November 23, 2011 |website=israel21c.org}}</ref> * ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (scale insects) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱤᱰᱤᱣ (honeydew) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ "ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ" (manna) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bodenheimer |first1=F.S. |date=Feb 1947 |title=The Manna of Sinai |url=[suspicious link removed] |url-status=live |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=2–6 |doi=10.2307/3209227 |jstor=3209227 |s2cid=165249625 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118215400/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209227 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=2022-01-18|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ (desertification) ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.ambchine.mu/eng/xwdt/t369657.htm Tree by Tree, China Rolls Back Deserts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517044251/http://www.ambchine.mu/eng/xwdt/t369657.htm|date=2015-05-17}}.</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2024}}<ref>[http://www.asiawaterwire.net/node/466 Taklamakan – Where Oil and Water Don't Mix] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029131108/http://www.asiawaterwire.net/node/466|date=2008-10-29}} - "A green belt of anti-desertification plant species such as Chinese tamarisk, honey tree and sacsaoul, was planted in 2003 all along the 466 km of the road's desert stretch to hold off the sands."</ref> === ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ === ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ (Great Depression) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱞᱴ ᱥᱤᱰᱟᱨ (salt cedars) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |first=Kirk |last=Johnson |title=War With Riverbank Invader, Waged by Muscle and Munching |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/27/us/27tamarisk.html?hp |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 26, 2008 |access-date=2008-12-27 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302193627/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/27/us/27tamarisk.html?hp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/saltcedar |title=Saltcedar_USDA National Agricultural Library |access-date=2019-08-21 |archive-date=2019-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821110235/https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/saltcedar |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱸ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ:<ref name=texasinvasives/> ; ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱟ'' (Athel tree) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬᱠᱟᱨᱤ (invasive) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=texasinvasives/> ᱟᱴᱷᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>Sharma, U., Kataria, V., & Shekhawat, N. S. (2017) Aeroponics for adventitious rhizogenesis in evergreen haloxeric tree ''Tamarix aphylla'' (L.) Karst.: influence of exogenous auxins and cutting type. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 24(1):167–174 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-017-0493-0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302193559/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12298-017-0493-0 |date=2023-03-02 }}</ref> ; ᱰᱮᱥᱤᱰᱩᱣᱟᱥ (Deciduous) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱥᱤᱰᱩᱣᱟᱥ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ) ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ "ᱥᱟᱞᱴ ᱥᱤᱰᱟᱨ" (saltcedars) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ''T. pentandra'', ''T. tetrandra'', ''T. gallica'', ''T. chinensis'', ''T. ramosissima'' ᱟᱨ ''T. parviflora'' ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=texasinvasives/> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == [[File:Almirithra.JPG|thumb|ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱞᱳᱥ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (almyriki)]] * ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BC ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ, ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱢ, ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱡᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jiménez |first=Enrique |title=The Babylonian disputation poems |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33625-4 |series= |location= |pages=23–28}}</ref> * ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱥᱤᱥ ᱒᱑:᱓᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ "ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱨ-ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ" ᱾<ref>KJV ᱨᱮ "grove" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ NKJV ᱨᱮ "tamarisk" ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱵᱽᱨᱩ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ KJV ᱳᱞᱰ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ "grove" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Tyndale">Tyndale New Living Translation.{{full citation needed|date=March 2021}}</ref> ᱑ ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱒᱒:᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱟᱣᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱰᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tyndale" /> * ᱑ ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱓᱑:᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tyndale" /> * ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ ᱓᱔:᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱵᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ "[ᱟᱞᱞᱟ] ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ..." ᱾<ref name="Adams1" /> * ᱣᱮᱡᱽᱣᱩᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ" ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Wedgwood, Tamarisk |publisher=Replacements, Ltd. |url=https://www.replacements.com/china-wedgwood-tamarisk/c/114437 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214701/https://www.replacements.com/china-wedgwood-tamarisk/c/114437 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱰ ᱑᱐:᱔᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚᱪᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ [[ᱮᱛᱷᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ * ᱡᱮᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱢᱩᱨᱱᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱚᱞ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱨᱳ'' (Tamarisk Row) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{Reflist}} n0bmwhcvmshwn3ytw0w785kz3wvijc4 191021 190983 2026-04-23T06:36:06Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱬ */ 191021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (Genus)}} {{automatic taxobox |image = Tamarix_aphylla.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Tamarix aphylla]]'' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[ᱨᱮᱵᱷᱤᱵᱷᱤᱢ]], [[ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] ᱨᱮ |taxon = Tamarix |authority = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥ|L.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11855 |title=Genus: ''Tamarix'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1998-04-28 |access-date=2011-02-18 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221640/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11855 |url-status=live }}</ref> |subdivision_ranks = ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (Species) |subdivision = ᱚᱞ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ }} '''''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ''''' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ('''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ''', ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱐ᱼ᱖᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Baum, Bernard R. (1978), "The Genus ''Tamarix''", The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱠᱳᱱᱮᱱᱥᱤᱥ ([[ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names |volume=4 R–Z |year=2000 |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |isbn=978-0-8493-2678-3 |page=2628 |access-date=2020-12-03 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302193550/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱬ == ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱮᱥᱤᱰᱩᱣᱟᱥ (deciduous) ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1-18|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ''[[:en:Tamarix_aphylla|ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱟ]]'', ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="fireflyforest"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ppm ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="knowhow">{{cite web |last1=Dyer |first1=Mary H. |title=Is ''Tamarix'' Invasive: Helpful ''Tamarix'' Information |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tamarix/tamarix-information.htm |website=www.gardeningknowhow.com |date=6 May 2016 |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129170507/https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tamarix/tamarix-information.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱩᱸᱫᱽᱞᱩᱼᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱩᱸᱫᱽᱞᱩᱼᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢᱤ, ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱚᱼᱠᱷᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="fireflyforest" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ,<ref>{{Citation |last=Dirr| first=Michael A. |title=Dirr's Hardy Trees and Shrubs, an illustrated encyclopedia |year=1997| page=392}}.</ref> {{convert|1-2|mm|in|frac=20|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="fireflyforest" /> ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ {{convert|5-10|cm|in|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="fireflyforest">{{cite web |title=''Tamarix'' spp. - Tamarisk, Saltcedar, Salt Cedar - Southeastern Arizona Wildflowers and Plants |date=16 March 2010 |url=https://www.fireflyforest.com/flowers/2434/tamarix-spp-tamarisk/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |archive-date=2022-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523230239/https://www.fireflyforest.com/flowers/2434/tamarix-spp-tamarisk/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TAMARISK |url=https://www.southernliving.com/plants/tamarisk |website=Southern Living |access-date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516183940/https://www.southernliving.com/plants/tamarisk |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Plants of the Bible {{!}} ''Tamarix aphylla'' |url=http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Tamarixaphylla_page.htm |website=[suspicious link removed] |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130062427/http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Tamarixaphylla_page.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱬ == [[Image:Tamarix gallica bloemen.jpg|right|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'']] [[Image:Tamaris3.jpg|right|thumb|[[ᱟᱞᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Tamarix stricta, Ateybeh, March 2014.jpg|right|thumb|[[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱥᱮᱦᱨ, ᱟᱛᱮᱭᱵᱮᱦ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'']] ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ [[:en:Vegetative_reproduction|ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱤᱴᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ]], ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[:en:Adventitiousness|ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴᱤᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ (᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ; ᱑/᱒᱐" ᱵᱮᱥ) ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱯᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=texasinvasives>{{cite web |url=https://www.texasinvasives.org/plant_database/detail.php?symbol=TAAP |website=Texas Invasive |title=Invasives Database: Invasive Plants, ''Tamarix aphylla'', Athel tamarisk |access-date=2017-12-22 |archive-date=2017-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804235212/http://www.texasinvasives.org/plant_database/detail.php?symbol=TAAP |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huxley |first1=A. |title=The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening |date=1992 |publisher=MacMillan Press |location=London |isbn=0-333-47494-5}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱚ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ''ᱯᱚᱯᱩᱞᱚᱥ (Populus)'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱭᱛᱚ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱞᱚ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Zouhar2003">Zouhar, Kris. 2003. [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/tamspp/all.html ''Tamarix'' spp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320090103/https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/tamspp/all.html |date=2021-03-20 }} In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.</ref> ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱯᱤᱰᱚᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ (Lepidoptera) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱭᱚᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱥᱛᱷᱮᱱᱤᱞᱟ (Coleophora asthenella)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱᱟ'' (''T. africana)'' ᱜᱮᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/coleophoridae/coleophora/coleophora-asthenella/ |title=''Coleophora asthenella'' |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=Plant Parasites of Europe |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030440/https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/coleophoridae/coleophora/coleophora-asthenella/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ === ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ''ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥᱤᱥᱤᱢᱟ (Tamarix ramosissima)'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (invasive plant) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Zouhar2003" /> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱵᱚᱨᱚᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾<ref name="Impact, Biology, and Ecology of Sal">{{cite journal |last1=Di Tomaso |first1=Joseph |date=1998 |title=Impact, Biology, and Ecology of Saltcedar (''Tamarix'' spp.) in the Southwestern United States |journal=Weed Technology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=326–336 |doi=10.1017/S0890037X00043906 |bibcode=1998WeedT..12..326D |s2cid=251573113}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ''ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥᱤᱥᱤᱢᱟ (Tamarix ramosissima)'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱣᱤᱞᱚ (willow), ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱱᱩᱰ (cottonwood), ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱮᱞᱰᱮᱨ (box elder) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Wolf2016">{{cite web |author=Wolf, E. |date=June 6, 2016 |title=Science driving a new management strategy for ''Tamarix'' |url=https://cwseducation.ucdavis.edu/class/106/science-driving-new-management-strategy-tamarix}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Shifting dominance of riparian Populus and Tamarix along gradients of flow alteration in western North American rivers|author1=David Merritt|author2=LeRoy Poff|journal=Ecological Applications|volume=20|pages=135–152|year=2010|issue=1 |doi=10.1890/08-2251.1 |pmid=20349836 |bibcode=2010EcoAp..20..135M |url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/08-2251.1|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ==== ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱥ (Tamarix)'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sher |first1=Anna A. |author1-link=Anna Sher |last2=Marshall |first2=Diane L. |last3=Gilbert |first3=Steven A. |year=2000 |title=Competition between native ''Populus deltoides'' and invasive ''Tamarix ramosissima'' and the implications of reestablishing flooding disturbance |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=1744–1754 |bibcode=2000ConBi..14.1744S |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99306.x |pmid=35701936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sher |first1=A.A. |last2=Marshall |first2=D.L. |last3=Taylor |first3=J.P. |date=June 2002 |title=Establishment patterns of native ''Populus'' and ''Salix'' in the presence of invasive, non-native ''Tamarix'' |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=760–772 |doi=10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0760:eponpa]2.0.co;2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sher |first1=A. A. |last2=Marshall |first2=D. L. |year=2003 |title=Competition between native and exotic floodplain tree species across water regimes and soil textures |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=413–422 |doi=10.3732/ajb.90.3.413 |pmid=21659134 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Busch, David E. |author2=Smith, Stanley D. |year=1995 |title=Mechanisms associated with decline of woody species in riparian ecosystems of the southwestern U.S. |journal=Ecological Monographs |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=347–370 |bibcode=1995EcoM...65..347B |doi=10.2307/2937064 |jstor=2937064}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=J. |last2=McDaniel |first2=K. |date=1998 |title=Restoration of saltcedar (''Tamarix'' spp.)-infested floodplains on the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge |journal=Weed Technology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=345–352 |doi=10.1017/S0890037X0004392X |bibcode=1998WeedT..12..345T |s2cid=88903153}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, box elder ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ (''Acer negundo'', ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ''ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱥ (Tamarix)'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==== ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ==== ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ''ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱥ (Tamarix)'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱸ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚᱼᱵᱤᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==== ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ==== ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ, [[:en:Herbicide|ᱵᱤᱥ]] ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (''Diorhabda carinulata'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Adams1">{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Aaron |date=2021 |title=Treating Invasive Tamarisk as an Intern at San Andres National Wildlife Refuge |url=https://gammathetaupsilon.org/the-geographical-bulletin/2020s/volume62-2/B/article3.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Geographical Bulletin |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302193602/https://gammathetaupsilon.org/the-geographical-bulletin/2020s/volume62-2/B/article3.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == * ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥᱤᱥᱤᱢᱟ (T. ramosissima)''<ref name="Zouhar2003" /> ᱟᱨ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱱᱰᱮᱨᱟ (T. tetrandra)'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamarisk Shrub |url=https://www.best4hedging.co.uk/tamarisk-hedge-plants-p184 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215656/https://www.best4hedging.co.uk/tamarisk-hedge-plants-p184 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=www.best4hedging.co.uk}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ (windbreaks), ᱟᱨ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2018 |title=Invasive Species Profile: Tamarisk |url=https://cirweb.org/blog/2018/7/3/invasive-species-profile-tamarisk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214130/https://cirweb.org/blog/2018/7/3/invasive-species-profile-tamarisk |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=Channel Islands Restoration}}</ref> * ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ (erosion) ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Everitt |first1=Benjamin |date=1998 |title=Chronology of the spread of tamarisk in the central Rio Grande |journal=Wetlands |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=658–668 |bibcode=1998Wetl...18..658E |doi=10.1007/BF03161680 |s2cid=33405892}}</ref> * ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱥ (steppes) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱭᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱠᱟᱴᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karpowicz |first1=Adam |last2=Selby |first2=Stephen |date=2010 |title=Scythian Bow From Xinjang |url=http://www.atarn.org/chinese/Yanghai/Scythian_bow_ATARN.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Soc. Of Archer-Antiquaries |volume=53 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518165726/http://atarn.org/chinese/Yanghai/Scythian_bow_ATARN.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-18 |access-date=2019-03-01 |quote=The materials used in the construction of the original bows have not been established, however. The wood could be tentatively identified as that of tamarisk, which is available abundantly in the region and is known to have been the material used to make bows in other periods.}}</ref> * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ (carpentry) ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=10274 Tamarix aphylla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215011230/http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=10274|date=2009-02-15}}, in Ecocrop.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Abigail Klein Leichman |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Growing forests in the desert |url=http://israel21c.org/environment/growing-forests-in-the-desert |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110101541/http://www.israel21c.org/environment/growing-forests-in-the-desert |archive-date=November 10, 2011 |access-date=November 23, 2011 |website=israel21c.org}}</ref> * ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (scale insects) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱤᱰᱤᱣ (honeydew) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ "ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ" (manna) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bodenheimer |first1=F.S. |date=Feb 1947 |title=The Manna of Sinai |url=[suspicious link removed] |url-status=live |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=2–6 |doi=10.2307/3209227 |jstor=3209227 |s2cid=165249625 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118215400/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209227 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=2022-01-18|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ (desertification) ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.ambchine.mu/eng/xwdt/t369657.htm Tree by Tree, China Rolls Back Deserts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517044251/http://www.ambchine.mu/eng/xwdt/t369657.htm|date=2015-05-17}}.</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2024}}<ref>[http://www.asiawaterwire.net/node/466 Taklamakan – Where Oil and Water Don't Mix] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029131108/http://www.asiawaterwire.net/node/466|date=2008-10-29}} - "A green belt of anti-desertification plant species such as Chinese tamarisk, honey tree and sacsaoul, was planted in 2003 all along the 466 km of the road's desert stretch to hold off the sands."</ref> === ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ === ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ (Great Depression) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱞᱴ ᱥᱤᱰᱟᱨ (salt cedars) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |first=Kirk |last=Johnson |title=War With Riverbank Invader, Waged by Muscle and Munching |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/27/us/27tamarisk.html?hp |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 26, 2008 |access-date=2008-12-27 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302193627/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/27/us/27tamarisk.html?hp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/saltcedar |title=Saltcedar_USDA National Agricultural Library |access-date=2019-08-21 |archive-date=2019-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821110235/https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/saltcedar |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱸ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ:<ref name=texasinvasives/> ; ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱟ'' (Athel tree) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬᱠᱟᱨᱤ (invasive) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=texasinvasives/> ᱟᱴᱷᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>Sharma, U., Kataria, V., & Shekhawat, N. S. (2017) Aeroponics for adventitious rhizogenesis in evergreen haloxeric tree ''Tamarix aphylla'' (L.) Karst.: influence of exogenous auxins and cutting type. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 24(1):167–174 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-017-0493-0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302193559/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12298-017-0493-0 |date=2023-03-02 }}</ref> ; ᱰᱮᱥᱤᱰᱩᱣᱟᱥ (Deciduous) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱥᱤᱰᱩᱣᱟᱥ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ) ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ "ᱥᱟᱞᱴ ᱥᱤᱰᱟᱨ" (saltcedars) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱯᱮᱱᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟ (T. pentandra)'', ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟ (T. tetrandra)'', ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ (T. gallica)'', ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱠᱤᱱᱮᱱᱥᱤᱥ'' (''T. chinensis)'', ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥᱤᱥᱤᱢᱟ (T. ramosissima)'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱯᱷᱞᱚᱨᱟ (T. parviflora)'' ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=texasinvasives/> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == [[File:Almirithra.JPG|thumb|ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱞᱳᱥ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (almyriki)]] * ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ (BC) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ, ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱢ, ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱡᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jiménez |first=Enrique |title=The Babylonian disputation poems |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33625-4 |series= |location= |pages=23–28}}</ref> * ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱥᱤᱥ ᱒᱑:᱓᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ "ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱨᱼᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ" ᱾<ref>KJV ᱨᱮ "grove" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ NKJV ᱨᱮ "tamarisk" ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱵᱽᱨᱩ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ KJV ᱳᱞᱰ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ "grove" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Tyndale">Tyndale New Living Translation.{{full citation needed|date=March 2021}}</ref> ᱑ ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱒᱒:᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱟᱣᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱰᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tyndale" /> * ᱑ ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱓᱑:᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tyndale" /> * ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ ᱓᱔:᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱵᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ "ᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ..." ᱾<ref name="Adams1" /> * ᱣᱮᱡᱽᱣᱩᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ" ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Wedgwood, Tamarisk |publisher=Replacements, Ltd. |url=https://www.replacements.com/china-wedgwood-tamarisk/c/114437 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214701/https://www.replacements.com/china-wedgwood-tamarisk/c/114437 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱰ ᱑᱐:᱔᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚᱪᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ [[ᱮᱛᱷᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ * ᱡᱮᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱢᱩᱨᱱᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱚᱞ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱨᱳ'' (Tamarisk Row) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{Reflist}} q2rypjixhd7138avg7s2gix7mt2yp1b 0 35546 191018 190872 2026-04-23T06:06:10Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ */ 191018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ (Teak) | image = Starr 010304-0485 Tectona grandis.jpg | image_caption = ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=Gua |first1=B. |last2=Pedersen |first2=A. |last3=Barstow |first3=M. |year=2022 |title=''Tectona grandis'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T62019830A62019832 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T62019830A62019832.en |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> | genus = Tectona | species = grandis | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]] | synonyms_ref = <ref name=powo>{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:864923-1|title=''Tectona grandis'' L.f. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=20 July 2024 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Jatus grandis'' <small>(L.f.) Kuntze</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''abludens '' <small>Koord. & Valeton</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''canescens '' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''pilosula'' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''punctata'' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''tomentella '' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona theca'' <small>Lour.</small> }} '''ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ (Lamiaceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱸᱡᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ, ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Burmese Teak: Turning a new leaf">{{cite web|url=http:// East By South East |access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> ᱢᱳᱞᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Verhaegen|first1=D.|first2=Inza Jesus|last2=Fofana|first3=Zénor A|last3=Logossa|first4=Daniel|last4=Ofori|title=What is the genetic origin of teak (''Tectona grandis'' L.) introduced in Africa and in Indonesia?|journal=Tree Genetics & Genomes |volume=6|issue=5|pages=717–733|year=2010|doi=10.1007/s11295-010-0286-x|s2cid=11220716|url=http://hal.cirad.fr/cirad-00846130/file/TGG6_5_.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|year=2015|volume=45|issue=3|pages=297–306|title=AFLP markers for analysis of genetic diversity and structure of teak (''Tectona grandis'') in India|first1=Vivek|last1=Vaishnaw|first2=Naseer|last2=Mohammad|first3=Syed Arif|last3=Wali|first4=Randhir|last4=Kumar|first5=Shashi Bhushan|last5=Tripathi|first6=Madan Singh|last6=Negi|first7=Shamim Akhtar|last7=Ansari|doi=10.1139/cjfr-2014-0279 |bibcode=2015CaJFR..45..297V }}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ == ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|40|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡᱼᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱠᱟᱨᱼᱞᱮᱠᱟ, {{convert|15|-|45|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|-|23|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|2|-|4|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="FOC">[http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019434 ''Tectona grandis'']. ''Flora of China'' 17: 16. Accessed online: 17 December 2010.</ref> ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱸᱡᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒.᱕–᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑.᱒–᱑.᱘ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FOC" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ (pollen) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tangmitcharoen and Owens">Tangmitcharoen, S. and J. N. Owens. 1996. Floral biology, pollination, pistil receptivity, and pollen tube growth of teak (''Tectona grandis'' Linn f.). ''Annals of Botany'', 79(3): 227–241.</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩᱼᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bryndum & Hedegart">Bryndum, K. and T. Hedegart. 1969. Pollination of teak (''Tectona grandis'' Linn.f.). ''Silv. Genet.'' 18: 77–80.</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱶᱟᱨ (bee) ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴᱤᱱᱱᱟ (''Ceratina)'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱾<ref name="Tangmitcharoen and Owens" /> <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, in the Mornings.JPG|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱩᱞᱚᱢ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ File:Nilambur Teak Plantation 0666.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ File:Plants of the coast of Coromandel Coast Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh India Flora Fruits Flowers (54).jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ File:Teak (Tectona grandis) flowers in Anantgiri, AP W2 IMG 8807.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱚᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ File:Flower, fruit & leaves (Tectona Grandis) I IMG 8818.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ, ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ File:U Bain Bridge1.JPG|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱨᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩ ᱵᱮᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ {{convert|1.2|km|abbr=on}} ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ File:Leaves of Tectona grandis (Teak).jpg|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ File:Hyblaea puera at Kadavoor.jpg|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱡ [[Hyblaea puera|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ]] File:Philippine Teak (Tectona philippinensis)--an endangered and endemic tree 01.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ Tectona grandis MHNT.BOT.2010.10.15.jpg|''Tectona grandis'' ᱼ [[MHNT]] </gallery> === ᱠᱟᱴ === ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱝ (rings) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱨᱚᱥ (porous) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱽ (moisture) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ: ᱑᱕% ᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ/ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ^᱓ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Brian |title=Carpentry and Joinery |date=2001 |publisher=Butterworth |isbn=978-1-138-16816-9 |pages=54 |edition=Third|volume=1}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱱᱟᱼᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yardley |first1=Kevin |title=About Teak Wood |url=https://www.diamondtropicalhardwoods.com/teak |website=DiamondTropicalHardwoods.com |publisher=Diamond Tropical Hardwoods |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pnh">{{cite book |last1=Hasluck |first1=Paul N |title=The Handyman's Guide: Essential Woodworking Tools and Techniques |date=1987 |publisher=Skyhorse |location=New York |isbn=978-1-60239-173-4 |pages=174–5}}</ref> == ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱘᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱭᱚᱝᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ''ᱥᱟᱯᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴᱚᱢ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱟᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="IPNI">{{IPNI|id=864923-1|access-date=17 December 2010}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱮᱨᱚᱞᱰ ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱨᱰᱮᱝᱠ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱛᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤᱭᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱳᱞᱰᱮᱝᱠᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱱᱟᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: ᱾ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱮᱥᱠᱮᱱᱥ'' (''T. grandis'' f. ''canescens)'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱯᱤᱞᱳᱥᱩᱞᱟ (T. grandis'' f. ''pilosula)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱯᱳᱸᱠᱴᱚᱴᱟ (T. grandis'' f. ''punctata)'' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱴᱚᱢᱮᱱᱴᱮᱞᱟ (T. grandis'' f. ''tomentella)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Moldenke">Moldenke, H. N. 1975. Notes on new and noteworthy plants. LXXVII. ''Phytologia'', 31: 28.</ref> == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ''ᱴᱤᱠ'' (teak) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'teca' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'thekku' ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ 'tekku', ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ 'teku', ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ 'tegu' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱖᱙᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/teak|title=Teak|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper|date=2025|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱴᱚᱱᱟ (''Tectona)'' ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱝ (genus) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱦᱟᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ (T. hamiltoniana)'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱱᱮᱥᱤᱥ (T. philippinensis)'' ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tewari>Tewari, D. N. 1992. ''A Monograph on Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.)''. International Book Distributors.</ref> ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FOC" /><ref name="Tangmitcharoen and Owens" /> ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ {{Convert|500|mm|abbr=on}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ {{Convert|5,000|mm|abbr=on}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱫᱽ (moist) ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ {{Convert|1,250–1,650|mm|abbr=on}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓ᱼ᱕ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kaosa-ard">Kaosa-ard, A. 1981. Teak its natural distribution and related factors. ''Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society'', 29: 55–74.</ref> == ᱪᱟᱥ == [[File:Teak plant 2024.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱤᱥ (varnish) ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ (erosion) ᱫᱚᱨ, ᱢᱟᱯ (dimensional stability) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ UV ᱛᱟᱹᱯᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|url= http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/willi01d.pdf|last1= Williams|first1=R. Sam|last2=Miller|first2=Regis|year=2001|title=Characteristics of Ten Tropical Hardwoods from Certified Forests in Bolivia |journal=Wood and Fiber Science |volume=33|issue=4|pages=618–626}}</ref> ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱦᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤ (Perum Perhutani) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Teak Museum: Nalimbur">{{cite web|url=http://www.kfri.org/html/k1000mus.htm |title=Teak Museum: Nilambur |author=KRFI.org |publisher=Web Archive |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928001233/http://www.kfri.org/html/k1000mus.htm |archive-date=28 September 2006 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱩᱨᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱮᱱᱮᱵᱩᱞ (sustainable) ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱴᱮᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥᱤᱯ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ'' (FSC) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africanarguments.org/2013/03/14/is-all-well-in-the-teak-forests-of-south-sudan-by-aly-verjee/|title=Is all well in the teak forests of South Sudan? – By Aly Verjee|date=14 March 2013}}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Investing in Teak: The Market">{{cite web|url=https://www.catf.lu/investing-in-catf/the-market/|title=Investing in Teak: The Market|author=Central American Timber Fund |publisher=Central American Timber Fund|access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> ''ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱞᱟᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱭᱮᱨᱟ (Hyblaea puera)'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱳᱞᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ' (Teak defoliator) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱴᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref> {{cite web | title=''Hyblaea puera'' | last=Herbison-Evans | first=Don | publisher=University of Technology, [[Sydney]] | url=http://linus.socs.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/hybl/puera.html | access-date=2008-03-12 | date=2007-09-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111814/http://linus.socs.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/hybl/puera.html |archive-date = 2008-07-24}} </ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Tectona grandis|ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ (Tectona grandis)}} {{NSRW poster|wstitle=Teak}} {{WestAfricanPlants|Tectona grandis}} * ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱨᱳᱰᱟᱠᱴᱥ ᱞᱮᱵᱽ: [http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_SEAsian/tectonagrandis.html USDA ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224044926/http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_SEAsian/tectonagrandis.html |date=24 February 2013 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] 1fqc9khfai4zdvjbuyoc1c61kmjywc1 191019 191018 2026-04-23T06:10:06Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱪᱟᱥ */ 191019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ | image = Starr 010304-0485 Tectona grandis.jpg | image_caption = ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=Gua |first1=B. |last2=Pedersen |first2=A. |last3=Barstow |first3=M. |year=2022 |title=''Tectona grandis'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T62019830A62019832 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T62019830A62019832.en |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> | genus = Tectona | species = grandis | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]] | synonyms_ref = <ref name=powo>{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:864923-1|title=''Tectona grandis'' L.f. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=20 July 2024 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Jatus grandis'' <small>(L.f.) Kuntze</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''abludens '' <small>Koord. & Valeton</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''canescens '' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''pilosula'' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''punctata'' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''tomentella '' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona theca'' <small>Lour.</small> }} '''ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ (Lamiaceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱸᱡᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ, ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Burmese Teak: Turning a new leaf">{{cite web|url=http:// East By South East |access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> ᱢᱳᱞᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Verhaegen|first1=D.|first2=Inza Jesus|last2=Fofana|first3=Zénor A|last3=Logossa|first4=Daniel|last4=Ofori|title=What is the genetic origin of teak (''Tectona grandis'' L.) introduced in Africa and in Indonesia?|journal=Tree Genetics & Genomes |volume=6|issue=5|pages=717–733|year=2010|doi=10.1007/s11295-010-0286-x|s2cid=11220716|url=http://hal.cirad.fr/cirad-00846130/file/TGG6_5_.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|year=2015|volume=45|issue=3|pages=297–306|title=AFLP markers for analysis of genetic diversity and structure of teak (''Tectona grandis'') in India|first1=Vivek|last1=Vaishnaw|first2=Naseer|last2=Mohammad|first3=Syed Arif|last3=Wali|first4=Randhir|last4=Kumar|first5=Shashi Bhushan|last5=Tripathi|first6=Madan Singh|last6=Negi|first7=Shamim Akhtar|last7=Ansari|doi=10.1139/cjfr-2014-0279 |bibcode=2015CaJFR..45..297V }}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ == ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|40|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡᱼᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱠᱟᱨᱼᱞᱮᱠᱟ, {{convert|15|-|45|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|-|23|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|2|-|4|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="FOC">[http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019434 ''Tectona grandis'']. ''Flora of China'' 17: 16. Accessed online: 17 December 2010.</ref> ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱸᱡᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒.᱕–᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑.᱒–᱑.᱘ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FOC" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ (pollen) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tangmitcharoen and Owens">Tangmitcharoen, S. and J. N. Owens. 1996. Floral biology, pollination, pistil receptivity, and pollen tube growth of teak (''Tectona grandis'' Linn f.). ''Annals of Botany'', 79(3): 227–241.</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩᱼᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bryndum & Hedegart">Bryndum, K. and T. Hedegart. 1969. Pollination of teak (''Tectona grandis'' Linn.f.). ''Silv. Genet.'' 18: 77–80.</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱶᱟᱨ (bee) ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴᱤᱱᱱᱟ (''Ceratina)'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱾<ref name="Tangmitcharoen and Owens" /> <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, in the Mornings.JPG|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱩᱞᱚᱢ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ File:Nilambur Teak Plantation 0666.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ File:Plants of the coast of Coromandel Coast Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh India Flora Fruits Flowers (54).jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ File:Teak (Tectona grandis) flowers in Anantgiri, AP W2 IMG 8807.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱚᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ File:Flower, fruit & leaves (Tectona Grandis) I IMG 8818.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ, ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ File:U Bain Bridge1.JPG|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱨᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩ ᱵᱮᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ {{convert|1.2|km|abbr=on}} ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ File:Leaves of Tectona grandis (Teak).jpg|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ File:Hyblaea puera at Kadavoor.jpg|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱡ [[:en:Hyblaea_puera|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ]] File:Philippine Teak (Tectona philippinensis)--an endangered and endemic tree 01.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ Tectona grandis MHNT.BOT.2010.10.15.jpg|''ᱴᱮᱠᱴᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ'' ᱼ [[:en:MHNT|MHNT]] </gallery> === ᱠᱟᱴ === ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱝ (rings) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱨᱚᱥ (porous) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱽ (moisture) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ: ᱑᱕% ᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ/ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ^᱓ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Brian |title=Carpentry and Joinery |date=2001 |publisher=Butterworth |isbn=978-1-138-16816-9 |pages=54 |edition=Third|volume=1}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱱᱟᱼᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yardley |first1=Kevin |title=About Teak Wood |url=https://www.diamondtropicalhardwoods.com/teak |website=DiamondTropicalHardwoods.com |publisher=Diamond Tropical Hardwoods |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pnh">{{cite book |last1=Hasluck |first1=Paul N |title=The Handyman's Guide: Essential Woodworking Tools and Techniques |date=1987 |publisher=Skyhorse |location=New York |isbn=978-1-60239-173-4 |pages=174–5}}</ref> == ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱘᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱭᱚᱝᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ''ᱥᱟᱯᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴᱚᱢ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱟᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="IPNI">{{IPNI|id=864923-1|access-date=17 December 2010}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱮᱨᱚᱞᱰ ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱨᱰᱮᱝᱠ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱛᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤᱭᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱳᱞᱰᱮᱝᱠᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱱᱟᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: ᱾ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱮᱥᱠᱮᱱᱥ'' (''T. grandis'' f. ''canescens)'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱯᱤᱞᱳᱥᱩᱞᱟ (T. grandis'' f. ''pilosula)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱯᱳᱸᱠᱴᱚᱴᱟ (T. grandis'' f. ''punctata)'' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱴᱚᱢᱮᱱᱴᱮᱞᱟ (T. grandis'' f. ''tomentella)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Moldenke">Moldenke, H. N. 1975. Notes on new and noteworthy plants. LXXVII. ''Phytologia'', 31: 28.</ref> == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ''ᱴᱤᱠ'' (teak) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'teca' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'thekku' ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ 'tekku', ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ 'teku', ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ 'tegu' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱖᱙᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/teak|title=Teak|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper|date=2025|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱴᱚᱱᱟ (''Tectona)'' ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱝ (genus) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱦᱟᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ (T. hamiltoniana)'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱱᱮᱥᱤᱥ (T. philippinensis)'' ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tewari>Tewari, D. N. 1992. ''A Monograph on Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.)''. International Book Distributors.</ref> ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FOC" /><ref name="Tangmitcharoen and Owens" /> ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ {{Convert|500|mm|abbr=on}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ {{Convert|5,000|mm|abbr=on}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱫᱽ (moist) ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ {{Convert|1,250–1,650|mm|abbr=on}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓ᱼ᱕ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kaosa-ard">Kaosa-ard, A. 1981. Teak its natural distribution and related factors. ''Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society'', 29: 55–74.</ref> == ᱪᱟᱥ == [[File:Teak plant 2024.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱤᱥ (varnish) ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ (erosion) ᱫᱚᱨ, ᱢᱟᱯ (dimensional stability) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱵᱷᱤ (UV) ᱛᱟᱹᱯᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|url= http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/willi01d.pdf|last1= Williams|first1=R. Sam|last2=Miller|first2=Regis|year=2001|title=Characteristics of Ten Tropical Hardwoods from Certified Forests in Bolivia |journal=Wood and Fiber Science |volume=33|issue=4|pages=618–626}}</ref> ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱦᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤ (Perum Perhutani) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Teak Museum: Nalimbur">{{cite web|url=http://www.kfri.org/html/k1000mus.htm |title=Teak Museum: Nilambur |author=KRFI.org |publisher=Web Archive |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928001233/http://www.kfri.org/html/k1000mus.htm |archive-date=28 September 2006 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱩᱨᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱮᱱᱮᱵᱩᱞ (sustainable) ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱴᱮᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥᱤᱯ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ'' (FSC) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africanarguments.org/2013/03/14/is-all-well-in-the-teak-forests-of-south-sudan-by-aly-verjee/|title=Is all well in the teak forests of South Sudan? – By Aly Verjee|date=14 March 2013}}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Investing in Teak: The Market">{{cite web|url=https://www.catf.lu/investing-in-catf/the-market/|title=Investing in Teak: The Market|author=Central American Timber Fund |publisher=Central American Timber Fund|access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> ''ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱞᱟᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱭᱮᱨᱟ (Hyblaea puera)'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱳᱞᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ' (Teak defoliator) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱴᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref> {{cite web | title=''Hyblaea puera'' | last=Herbison-Evans | first=Don | publisher=University of Technology, [[Sydney]] | url=http://linus.socs.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/hybl/puera.html | access-date=2008-03-12 | date=2007-09-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111814/http://linus.socs.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/hybl/puera.html |archive-date = 2008-07-24}} </ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Tectona grandis|ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ (Tectona grandis)}} {{NSRW poster|wstitle=Teak}} {{WestAfricanPlants|Tectona grandis}} * ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱨᱳᱰᱟᱠᱴᱥ ᱞᱮᱵᱽ: [http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_SEAsian/tectonagrandis.html USDA ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224044926/http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_SEAsian/tectonagrandis.html |date=24 February 2013 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] er6jrf0d3d6u103v3ex4ewlmra1s2e4 0 35579 191017 190962 2026-04-23T05:48:21Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox |name = ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ |image = Polyalthia_longifolia.jpg |genus = Monoon |species = longifolium |authority = [[Pierre Sonnerat|Sonn.]] B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders<ref name = POWO/> |display_parents = 4 |synonyms = {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em;| * ''Polyalthia longifolia'' <small>(Sonn.) Thwaites</small> * ''Polyalthia longifolia'' var. ''pendula Benthall'' * ''Guatteria longifolia'' <small>(Sonn.) Wall.</small> * ''Unona longifolia'' <small>(Sonn.) Dunal</small> * ''Uvaria altissima'' <small>Pennant</small> nom. illeg. * ''Uvaria longifolia'' <small>Sonn.</small> }} |synonyms_ref = <ref name = POWO/><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2407957 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> }} [[Image:AB130-Polyalthia longifolia seeds & fruit.JPG|thumb|191px|right|''ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ]] [[Image:Polyalthia longifolia var pendula - leaves 1.jpg|right|thumb|191 px|{{center|ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ }}]] ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱥ ᱟᱥᱳᱠᱟ (false ashoka) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱞᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱚᱝᱜᱤᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ (Polyalthia longifolia)'' ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱚᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ (Annonaceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = POWO>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77123022-1 ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ (POWO)]</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱲ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱮᱨ-ᱞᱟᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱳᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (''Saraca indica'') ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱮᱱᱰᱩᱲᱟ'' ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱥ ᱟᱥᱳᱠᱟ (false ashoka), ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (Buddha tree), ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱥᱴ ᱴᱨᱤ (Indian mast tree), ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱨ ᱴᱨᱤ (Indian fir tree) ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱛᱮ ''ᱟᱥᱳᱠᱟ'', ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ''ᱩᱱᱵᱚᱭ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱫᱮᱵᱟᱫᱟᱨᱩ,'' ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ''ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱫᱟᱨᱩ'', ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ''ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱫᱟᱨᱩ,'' ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ''ᱟᱥᱳᱯᱟᱞᱚᱵᱽ'' ,ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱰᱳᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱭᱟᱝ'', ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱛᱮ ''ᱟᱥᱳᱠ'', ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱛᱮ ''ᱱᱮᱴᱴᱤᱞᱤᱝᱠᱟᱢ'', ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ''ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱨᱟᱢ'', ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱢᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ === ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱥᱴ (ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱫ-ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱤᱱᱤᱰᱟᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱟᱜᱳ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ == ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱮᱨ-ᱞᱟᱦᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ 'ᱴᱮᱞᱰ ᱡᱮ' (tailed jay) ᱟᱨ 'ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱥᱣᱟᱞᱳᱴᱮᱞ' (kite swallowtail) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱦᱟ == [[File:Ashoka (Polyalthia longifolia) flowers W2 IMG_7047.jpg|thumb|190px|left|ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾]] ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐-᱒᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱜᱮᱫ-ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱥᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱥᱴ ᱴᱨᱤ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱜᱟᱯᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱯᱮᱱᱥᱤᱞ, ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱟ, ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref name="lovely plants">{{cite web|url=http://www.thelovelyplants.com/polyalthia-longifolia-the-mast-tree/|title=Polyalthia Longifolia The Mast Tree|website=The Lovely Plants|access-date=2026-04-19|archive-date=2018-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125004404/http://www.thelovelyplants.com/polyalthia-longifolia-the-mast-tree/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱴᱤ-ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱤᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="link.springer.com">{{Cite journal |last1=Atolani |first1=O. |date=2019-04-01 |title=Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-lipooxygenase, antimicrobial, anti-parasite and cytotoxic activities of Polyalthia longifolia seed oil |journal=Medicinal Chemistry Research}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱳᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ (᱒᱐᱑᱖) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ''ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱚᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Dkhil-et-al-2021">{{cite journal | last1=Dkhil | first1=Mohamed A. | title=Medicinal plants as a fight against murine blood-stage malaria | journal=[[Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences]] | year=2021}}</ref> ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱭᱵᱽ ᱡᱳᱣᱜᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱥ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Chen et al.">{{cite journal | last = Chen | first = Chung-Yi | title = Cytotoxic Constituents of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula | journal = Journal of Natural Products | year = 2000}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q42707873|from2=Q957447}} [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Monoon|longifolium]] 7gtdttbsvbbk3jpbmq3peoxdt7tiz3d 0 35592 190986 190760 2026-04-22T15:54:50Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | image = Cumaru.JPG | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucnredlist>{{Cite IUCN|author=Requena Suarez, D.K.|year=2021|title=''Dipteryx alata''|article-number=e.T32984A111305198|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T32984A111305198.en}}</ref> | status2 = LC | status2_system = CNCFlora | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |website=CNCFlora |title=''Dipteryx alata'' in Lista Vermelha da flora brasileira versão 2012.2 |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627160822/http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |url-status=dead }}</ref> | genus = Dipteryx | species = alata | authority = [[Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel|Vogel]] | synonyms = *''Coumarouna alata'' <small>(Vogel) [[Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert|Taub.]]</small> *''Dipteryx pteropus'' <small>[[Mart.]]</small> *''Dipteryx pterota'' <small>[[Benth.]]</small> }} '''''Dipteryx alata''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ legume ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, Fabaceae ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes |journal=American Journal of Botany |year=2012}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=High levels of genetic differentiation and selfing in the Brazilian cerrado fruit tree Dipteryx alata Vog. |journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology |year=2010}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="fact.mr-2022" /> == ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Santa Cruz Department|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ [[Spanish language|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tropicos>{{cite web |url=https://www.tropicos.org/Name/13000476 |title=Name – ''Dipteryx alata'' Vogel |website=Tropicos.org}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Pando Department|ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ '''''ᱟᱞᱢᱮᱱᱰᱨᱤᱞᱚ''''' ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Department of Madre de Dios|ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱦᱩᱣᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ''[[Dipteryx micrantha]]'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Ese Ejja language|ᱮᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Alexiades>{{cite thesis |last=Alexiades |first=Miguel N. |date=1999 |title=Ethnobotany of the Ese Eja}}</ref> [[Brazilian Portuguese|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''''ᱵᱟᱨᱩ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Corrêa/> ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - ᱵᱟᱨᱩᱡᱚ,ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱣ, ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱨᱩᱱᱟ, ''ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱨᱩᱨᱟᱱᱟ'', ''ᱠᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨᱩ'', ᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟ''-ᱵᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚ'', ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱣ-ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩᱱᱟ-ᱵᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚ,ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱣ''-ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱩ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''Dipteryx odorata'' (ᱴᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱐.᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=selfing>{{cite journal |title=Dipteryx alata Vogel (Fabaceae) a neotropical tree with high level of selfing |journal=Annals of Forest Research |year=2017}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020>{{cite web |url=http://servicos.jbrj.gov.br/flora/search/Dipteryx_alata |title=Brazilian Flora Checklist – Dipteryx alata Vogel |website=Flora do Brasil 2020}}</ref> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱪᱷᱳᱞᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020/> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: * ᱔᱒% ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ * ᱕᱓% ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱠᱟᱨᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ * ᱕% ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ == ᱴᱟᱠᱥᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤ == ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱜᱣᱟᱱ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱜᱣᱟᱱ [[Petiole (botany)|ᱰᱟᱹᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[Fabaceae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ, ᱪᱷᱳᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱡᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ, ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[Bolivia|ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[Brazil|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[Paraguay|ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[Peru|ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tropicos/><ref name=CNCFlora/><ref name=Brazil2020/> '''ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ''': ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱮᱞ ᱤᱛᱩᱨᱟᱞᱰᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Chiquitania]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ''': ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱠᱟᱱᱴᱤᱱᱥ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱟᱡᱳᱱᱟᱥ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱥ ᱡᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱣᱞᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱠᱮᱭᱨᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ (᱑᱙᱙᱒) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ''': ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱟᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱯᱥᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Conosur/> '''ᱯᱮᱨᱩ''': ᱯᱮᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱱᱩᱠᱳ, ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱴᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱤᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ == [[File:Flores de Baru.JPG|thumb|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱾]] === ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ''[[Dipteryx]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱸᱡ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Corrêa/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ, [[ᱠᱟᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟ|Caatinga]] ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ 'ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020/> ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ''' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Response of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) seedlings to liming and NPK application |journal=Journal of Plant Nutrition |year=2017}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱤᱸᱫᱽ ᱢᱩᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ == IUCN (᱒᱐᱒᱑) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱱᱮᱨᱮᱵᱚᱞ (ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - ᱠᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ CITES ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Appendix II ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Dipteryx alata fruits.jpg|thumb|right|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱾]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤᱠᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤᱭᱟᱰᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[Ese Ejja people|ᱮᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱡᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ "ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱥᱚᱛ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ: {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" ! ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ !! ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ !! ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ |- ! rowspan="4" | ᱡᱤᱞ | ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱤᱞ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |- | ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱞ || ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ |- | ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ/ᱦᱟᱺᱰᱤ || ᱧᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ |- | ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ || ᱡᱮᱭᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱨ |- ! rowspan="5" | ᱡᱟᱝ | ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱟᱝ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱪᱟᱥ (ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) |- | ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ/ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱝ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ |- | ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ || ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ |- | ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱞᱤ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ |- | ᱢᱟᱠᱷᱚᱱ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ |- ! rowspan="2" | ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ | ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ || ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |- | ᱠᱷᱳᱞ || ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |} === ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ === ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Seed_removal/> ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱭᱩᱜᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ === ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱢ, ᱡᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ, ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱸᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nutritional composition and protein value of the baru almond |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2010}}</ref> === ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ === [[File:Castanhas de Baru em cima de um prato.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] {{Infobox nutritional value | name=ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ | kJ=2238| protein=29 g | fat=42 g | satfat=7.6 g | monofat=21.4 g | polyfat=13.8 g | carbs=13.6 g | fiber=9.2 g | sugars=0.0 g | iron_mg=4.8 | calcium_mg=110 | magnesium_mg=164 | phosphorus_mg=832 | potassium_mg=980 | zinc_mg=4.6 | vitE_mg=21.4 }} '''ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ''' ᱫᱚ ''Dipteryx alata'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ, ᱠᱟᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ "ᱱᱳᱴ" ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ "ᱠᱟᱥᱛᱟᱱᱦᱟ" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ "ᱱᱳᱴ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Daniela C |title=Nutritional composition and protein value of the baru almond |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2010}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ: [[antioxidant|ᱮᱱᱴᱤ-ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ]] (ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱳᱠᱳᱯᱷᱮᱨᱳᱞ), [[protein|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]], [[dietary fiber|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ]], [[omega-6 fatty acid|ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟ-᱖]] ᱟᱨ [[omega-3 fatty acid|ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟ-᱓]] ᱯᱷᱮᱴᱤ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ, [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[zinc|ᱡᱤᱸᱠ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱮᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱦᱤᱵᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱡᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siqueira |first1=Egle Machado de Almeida |title=Consumption of baru seeds prevents iron-induced oxidative stress in rats |journal=Food Research International |year=2012}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱦᱤᱵᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalume |first1=Dário E. |title=Purification, characterization, and sequence determination of a trypsin inhibitor from seeds of Dipteryx alata |journal=Journal of Protein Chemistry |year=1995}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="review-nfs" /> ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="fact.mr-2022">{{Cite press release |date=2022-11-07 |title=Baru Nuts Market to Register Double-Digit Growth |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/11/07/2549393/0/en/Baru-Nuts-Market-to-Register-Double-Digit-Growth-at-24-8-CAGR-Surpassing-US-47-Million-through-2032-Report-Fact-MR.html |website=Fact.MR}}</ref> ==== ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ==== ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ (legumes) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ (Dipterygeae) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ, ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes |journal=South African Journal of Botany |year=2013}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ "ᱴᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱴᱥ" (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱷᱨᱳᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱩ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Tree nut allergens |journal=Molecular Immunology |year=2018}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱳᱥᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[cashew|ᱠᱟᱡᱩ]] ᱥᱮ [[Brazil nut|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cross-contamination |website=Gov.mb.ca}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist| <ref name=Corrêa>{{cite thesis |last=Corrêa |first=Gilmarcos de Carvalho |date=1999 |title=Avaliação comportamental de plantas de baru (''Dipteryx alata'' Vog.) nos cerrados do Estado de Goiás |type=Sc.D. |publisher=Universidade Federal de Goiás |docket=582.825:581.15(817.3) |url=https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/items/e2eca206-f639-4420-be4c-fe6c89fbd81a |language=Portuguese |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name="review-nfs">{{Cite journal |last1=Alves-Santos |first1=Aline Medeiros |last2=Fernandes |first2=Daniela Canuto |last3=Naves |first3=Maria Margareth Veloso |date=2021-08-01 |title=Baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) fruit as an option of nut and pulp with advantageous nutritional and functional properties: A comprehensive review |journal=NFS Journal |language=en |volume=24 |pages=26–36 |doi=10.1016/j.nfs.2021.07.001 |issn=2352-3646|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=Seed_removal>{{cite journal |last1=Ragusa-Netto |first1=J. |title=Seed removal of Dipteryx alata Vog. (Leguminosae: Faboidae) in the edge and interior of Cerrado |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology |date=16 March 2017 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=752–761 |doi=10.1590/1519-6984.20715 |pmid=28355393 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=CNCFlora>{{cite web |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |title=''Dipteryx alata'' Vogel |last=Messina |first=Tainan |date=4 April 2012 |website=CNCFlora |publisher=Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora |language=Portuguese |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627160822/http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=Conosur>{{cite web |url=http://conosur.floraargentina.edu.ar/species/details/113998 |title=Flora del Conosur |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2018 |website= |publisher=Instituto de Botánica Darwinion |language=Spanish |access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> }} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == {{Commons-inline}} *{{cite journal |title=Effects of Baru Almond and Brazil Nut Against Hyperlipidemia |journal=Journal of Food Research |year=2015}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2715516}} [[Category:Dipteryx|alata]] [[Category:Vulnerable plants]] [[Category:Trees of Brazil]] [[Category:Trees of Bolivia]] [[Category:Trees of Peru]] 29rxfigjfb9mckcnh4otgm6qlmtohsh 190992 190986 2026-04-22T18:28:15Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | image = Cumaru.JPG | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucnredlist>{{Cite IUCN|author=Requena Suarez, D.K.|year=2021|title=''Dipteryx alata''|article-number=e.T32984A111305198|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T32984A111305198.en}}</ref> | status2 = LC | status2_system = CNCFlora | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |website=CNCFlora |title=''Dipteryx alata'' in Lista Vermelha da flora brasileira versão 2012.2 |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627160822/http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |url-status=dead }}</ref> | genus = Dipteryx | species = alata | authority = [[Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel|Vogel]] | synonyms = *''Coumarouna alata'' <small>(Vogel) [[Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert|Taub.]]</small> *''Dipteryx pteropus'' <small>[[Mart.]]</small> *''Dipteryx pterota'' <small>[[Benth.]]</small> }} '''''ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ ('''Dipteryx alata)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ (legume) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ (Fabaceae) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes |journal=American Journal of Botany |year=2012}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=High levels of genetic differentiation and selfing in the Brazilian cerrado fruit tree Dipteryx alata Vog. |journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology |year=2010}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="fact.mr-2022" /> == ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Santa_Cruz_Department|ᱥᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱯᱟᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tropicos>{{cite web |url=https://www.tropicos.org/Name/13000476 |title=Name – ''Dipteryx alata'' Vogel |website=Tropicos.org}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pando_Department|ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ '''''ᱟᱞᱢᱮᱱᱰᱨᱤᱞᱚ''''' ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Department_of_Madre_de_Dios|ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ ᱰᱤᱭᱳᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱦᱩᱣᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Dipteryx_micrantha|ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]]'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Ese_Ejja_language|ᱮᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Alexiades>{{cite thesis |last=Alexiades |first=Miguel N. |date=1999 |title=Ethnobotany of the Ese Eja}}</ref> [[:en:Brazilian_Portuguese|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''''ᱵᱟᱨᱩ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Corrêa/> ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱵᱟᱨᱩᱡᱚ,ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱣ, ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱨᱩᱱᱟ, ''ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱨᱩᱨᱟᱱᱟ'', ''ᱠᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨᱩ'', ᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟ''ᱼᱵᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚ'', ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱣᱼᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩᱱᱟᱼᱵᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚ,ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱣ''ᱼᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱩ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱚᱰᱚᱨᱮᱴᱟ'' (''Dipteryx odorata)'' (ᱴᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱐.᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=selfing>{{cite journal |title=Dipteryx alata Vogel (Fabaceae) a neotropical tree with high level of selfing |journal=Annals of Forest Research |year=2017}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020>{{cite web |url=http://servicos.jbrj.gov.br/flora/search/Dipteryx_alata |title=Brazilian Flora Checklist – Dipteryx alata Vogel |website=Flora do Brasil 2020}}</ref> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱪᱷᱳᱞᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020/> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: * ᱔᱒% ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ * ᱕᱓% ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱠᱟᱨᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ * ᱕% ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ == ᱴᱟᱠᱥᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤ == ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[:en:Julius_Rudolph_Theodor_Vogel|ᱡᱩᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱳᱰᱞᱚᱯᱷ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱰᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱮᱞ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱜᱣᱟᱱ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱜᱣᱟᱱ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱰᱟᱹᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ, ᱪᱷᱳᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱡᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ, ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭ|ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tropicos/><ref name=CNCFlora/><ref name=Brazil2020/> '''ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ''': ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱮᱞ ᱤᱛᱩᱨᱟᱞᱰᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Chiquitania|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱴᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ''': ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱠᱟᱱᱴᱤᱱᱥ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱟᱡᱳᱱᱟᱥ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱥ ᱡᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱣᱞᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱠᱮᱭᱨᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ (᱑᱙᱙᱒) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ''': ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱟᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱯᱥᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Conosur/> '''ᱯᱮᱨᱩ''': ᱯᱮᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱱᱩᱠᱳ, ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱴᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱤᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ == [[File:Flores de Baru.JPG|thumb|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱾]] === ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ''[[:en:Dipteryx|ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱸᱡ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Corrêa/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ, ᱠᱟᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟ (Caatinga) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ 'ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020/> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ''' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Response of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) seedlings to liming and NPK application |journal=Journal of Plant Nutrition |year=2017}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱤᱸᱫᱽ ᱢᱩᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ == ᱟᱭᱤᱭᱩᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱ (IUCN) (᱒᱐᱒᱑) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱱᱮᱨᱮᱵᱚᱞ (ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭᱴᱮᱥ (CITES) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠᱥ ᱒ (Appendix II) ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Dipteryx alata fruits.jpg|thumb|right|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱾]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤᱠᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤᱭᱟᱰᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[:en:Ese_Ejja_people|ᱮᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ "ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱥᱚᱛ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ: {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" ! ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ !! ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ !! ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ |- ! rowspan="4" | ᱡᱤᱞ | ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱤᱞ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |- | ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱞ || ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ |- | ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ/ᱦᱟᱺᱰᱤ || ᱧᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ |- | ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ || ᱡᱮᱭᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱨ |- ! rowspan="5" | ᱡᱟᱝ | ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱟᱝ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱪᱟᱥ (ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) |- | ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ/ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱝ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ |- | ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ || ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ |- | ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱞᱤ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ |- | ᱢᱟᱠᱷᱚᱱ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ |- ! rowspan="2" | ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ | ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ || ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |- | ᱠᱷᱳᱞ || ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |} === ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ === ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Seed_removal/> ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱭᱩᱜᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ === ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱢ, ᱡᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ, ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱸᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nutritional composition and protein value of the baru almond |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2010}}</ref> === ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ === [[File:Castanhas de Baru em cima de um prato.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] {{Infobox nutritional value | name=ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ | kJ=2238| protein=29 g | fat=42 g | satfat=7.6 g | monofat=21.4 g | polyfat=13.8 g | carbs=13.6 g | fiber=9.2 g | sugars=0.0 g | iron_mg=4.8 | calcium_mg=110 | magnesium_mg=164 | phosphorus_mg=832 | potassium_mg=980 | zinc_mg=4.6 | vitE_mg=21.4 }} '''ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ''' ᱫᱚ ''Dipteryx alata'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ, ᱠᱟᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ "ᱱᱳᱴ" ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ "ᱠᱟᱥᱛᱟᱱᱦᱟ" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ "ᱱᱳᱴ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Daniela C |title=Nutritional composition and protein value of the baru almond |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2010}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ: [[antioxidant|ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱚᱠᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ]] (ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱳᱠᱳᱯᱷᱮᱨᱳᱞ), [[protein|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]], [[dietary fiber|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ]], [[omega-6 fatty acid|ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟᱼ᱖]] ᱟᱨ [[omega-3 fatty acid|ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟᱼ᱓]] ᱯᱷᱮᱴᱤ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ, [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[zinc|ᱡᱤᱸᱠ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱮᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱦᱤᱵᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱡᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siqueira |first1=Egle Machado de Almeida |title=Consumption of baru seeds prevents iron-induced oxidative stress in rats |journal=Food Research International |year=2012}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱦᱤᱵᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalume |first1=Dário E. |title=Purification, characterization, and sequence determination of a trypsin inhibitor from seeds of Dipteryx alata |journal=Journal of Protein Chemistry |year=1995}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="review-nfs" /> ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱼ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="fact.mr-2022">{{Cite press release |date=2022-11-07 |title=Baru Nuts Market to Register Double-Digit Growth |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/11/07/2549393/0/en/Baru-Nuts-Market-to-Register-Double-Digit-Growth-at-24-8-CAGR-Surpassing-US-47-Million-through-2032-Report-Fact-MR.html |website=Fact.MR}}</ref> ==== ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ==== ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ (legumes) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ (Dipterygeae) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ, ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes |journal=South African Journal of Botany |year=2013}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ "ᱴᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱴᱥ" (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱷᱨᱳᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱩ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Tree nut allergens |journal=Molecular Immunology |year=2018}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱳᱥᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[cashew|ᱠᱟᱡᱩ]] ᱥᱮ [[Brazil nut|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cross-contamination |website=Gov.mb.ca}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist| <ref name=Corrêa>{{cite thesis |last=Corrêa |first=Gilmarcos de Carvalho |date=1999 |title=Avaliação comportamental de plantas de baru (''Dipteryx alata'' Vog.) nos cerrados do Estado de Goiás |type=Sc.D. |publisher=Universidade Federal de Goiás |docket=582.825:581.15(817.3) |url=https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/items/e2eca206-f639-4420-be4c-fe6c89fbd81a |language=Portuguese |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name="review-nfs">{{Cite journal |last1=Alves-Santos |first1=Aline Medeiros |last2=Fernandes |first2=Daniela Canuto |last3=Naves |first3=Maria Margareth Veloso |date=2021-08-01 |title=Baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) fruit as an option of nut and pulp with advantageous nutritional and functional properties: A comprehensive review |journal=NFS Journal |language=en |volume=24 |pages=26–36 |doi=10.1016/j.nfs.2021.07.001 |issn=2352-3646|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=Seed_removal>{{cite journal |last1=Ragusa-Netto |first1=J. |title=Seed removal of Dipteryx alata Vog. (Leguminosae: Faboidae) in the edge and interior of Cerrado |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology |date=16 March 2017 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=752–761 |doi=10.1590/1519-6984.20715 |pmid=28355393 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=CNCFlora>{{cite web |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |title=''Dipteryx alata'' Vogel |last=Messina |first=Tainan |date=4 April 2012 |website=CNCFlora |publisher=Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora |language=Portuguese |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627160822/http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=Conosur>{{cite web |url=http://conosur.floraargentina.edu.ar/species/details/113998 |title=Flora del Conosur |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2018 |website= |publisher=Instituto de Botánica Darwinion |language=Spanish |access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> }} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == {{Commons-inline}} *{{cite journal |title=Effects of Baru Almond and Brazil Nut Against Hyperlipidemia |journal=Journal of Food Research |year=2015}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2715516}} [[Category:Dipteryx|alata]] [[Category:Vulnerable plants]] [[Category:Trees of Brazil]] [[Category:Trees of Bolivia]] [[Category:Trees of Peru]] 621txryllvy44iw2mhr182bx30lbjrd 190993 190992 2026-04-22T18:33:50Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ */ 190993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | image = Cumaru.JPG | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucnredlist>{{Cite IUCN|author=Requena Suarez, D.K.|year=2021|title=''Dipteryx alata''|article-number=e.T32984A111305198|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T32984A111305198.en}}</ref> | status2 = LC | status2_system = CNCFlora | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |website=CNCFlora |title=''Dipteryx alata'' in Lista Vermelha da flora brasileira versão 2012.2 |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627160822/http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |url-status=dead }}</ref> | genus = Dipteryx | species = alata | authority = [[Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel|Vogel]] | synonyms = *''Coumarouna alata'' <small>(Vogel) [[Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert|Taub.]]</small> *''Dipteryx pteropus'' <small>[[Mart.]]</small> *''Dipteryx pterota'' <small>[[Benth.]]</small> }} '''''ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ ('''Dipteryx alata)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ (legume) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ (Fabaceae) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes |journal=American Journal of Botany |year=2012}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=High levels of genetic differentiation and selfing in the Brazilian cerrado fruit tree Dipteryx alata Vog. |journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology |year=2010}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="fact.mr-2022" /> == ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Santa_Cruz_Department|ᱥᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱯᱟᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tropicos>{{cite web |url=https://www.tropicos.org/Name/13000476 |title=Name – ''Dipteryx alata'' Vogel |website=Tropicos.org}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pando_Department|ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ '''''ᱟᱞᱢᱮᱱᱰᱨᱤᱞᱚ''''' ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Department_of_Madre_de_Dios|ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ ᱰᱤᱭᱳᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱦᱩᱣᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Dipteryx_micrantha|ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]]'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Ese_Ejja_language|ᱮᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Alexiades>{{cite thesis |last=Alexiades |first=Miguel N. |date=1999 |title=Ethnobotany of the Ese Eja}}</ref> [[:en:Brazilian_Portuguese|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''''ᱵᱟᱨᱩ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Corrêa/> ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱵᱟᱨᱩᱡᱚ,ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱣ, ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱨᱩᱱᱟ, ''ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱨᱩᱨᱟᱱᱟ'', ''ᱠᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨᱩ'', ᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟ''ᱼᱵᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚ'', ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱣᱼᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩᱱᱟᱼᱵᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚ,ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱣ''ᱼᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱩ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱚᱰᱚᱨᱮᱴᱟ'' (''Dipteryx odorata)'' (ᱴᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱐.᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=selfing>{{cite journal |title=Dipteryx alata Vogel (Fabaceae) a neotropical tree with high level of selfing |journal=Annals of Forest Research |year=2017}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020>{{cite web |url=http://servicos.jbrj.gov.br/flora/search/Dipteryx_alata |title=Brazilian Flora Checklist – Dipteryx alata Vogel |website=Flora do Brasil 2020}}</ref> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱪᱷᱳᱞᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020/> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: * ᱔᱒% ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ * ᱕᱓% ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱠᱟᱨᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ * ᱕% ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ == ᱴᱟᱠᱥᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤ == ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[:en:Julius_Rudolph_Theodor_Vogel|ᱡᱩᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱳᱰᱞᱚᱯᱷ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱰᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱮᱞ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱜᱣᱟᱱ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱜᱣᱟᱱ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱰᱟᱹᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ, ᱪᱷᱳᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱡᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ, ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭ|ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tropicos/><ref name=CNCFlora/><ref name=Brazil2020/> '''ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ''': ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱮᱞ ᱤᱛᱩᱨᱟᱞᱰᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Chiquitania|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱴᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ''': ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱠᱟᱱᱴᱤᱱᱥ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱟᱡᱳᱱᱟᱥ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱥ ᱡᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱣᱞᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱠᱮᱭᱨᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ (᱑᱙᱙᱒) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ''': ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱟᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱯᱥᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Conosur/> '''ᱯᱮᱨᱩ''': ᱯᱮᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱱᱩᱠᱳ, ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱴᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱤᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ == [[File:Flores de Baru.JPG|thumb|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱾]] === ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ''[[:en:Dipteryx|ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱸᱡ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Corrêa/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ, ᱠᱟᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟ (Caatinga) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ 'ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020/> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ''' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Response of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) seedlings to liming and NPK application |journal=Journal of Plant Nutrition |year=2017}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱤᱸᱫᱽ ᱢᱩᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ == ᱟᱭᱤᱭᱩᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱ (IUCN) (᱒᱐᱒᱑) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱱᱮᱨᱮᱵᱚᱞ (ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭᱴᱮᱥ (CITES) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠᱥ ᱒ (Appendix II) ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Dipteryx alata fruits.jpg|thumb|right|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱾]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤᱠᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤᱭᱟᱰᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[:en:Ese_Ejja_people|ᱮᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ "ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱥᱚᱛ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ: {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" ! ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ !! ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ !! ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ |- ! rowspan="4" | ᱡᱤᱞ | ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱤᱞ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |- | ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱞ || ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ |- | ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ/ᱦᱟᱺᱰᱤ || ᱧᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ |- | ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ || ᱡᱮᱭᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱨ |- ! rowspan="5" | ᱡᱟᱝ | ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱟᱝ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱪᱟᱥ (ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) |- | ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ/ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱝ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ |- | ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ || ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ |- | ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱞᱤ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ |- | ᱢᱟᱠᱷᱚᱱ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ |- ! rowspan="2" | ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ | ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ || ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |- | ᱠᱷᱳᱞ || ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |} === ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ === ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Seed_removal/> ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱭᱩᱜᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ === ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱢ, ᱡᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ, ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱸᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nutritional composition and protein value of the baru almond |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2010}}</ref> === ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ === [[File:Castanhas de Baru em cima de um prato.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] {{Infobox nutritional value | name=ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ | kJ=2238| protein=29 g | fat=42 g | satfat=7.6 g | monofat=21.4 g | polyfat=13.8 g | carbs=13.6 g | fiber=9.2 g | sugars=0.0 g | iron_mg=4.8 | calcium_mg=110 | magnesium_mg=164 | phosphorus_mg=832 | potassium_mg=980 | zinc_mg=4.6 | vitE_mg=21.4 }} '''ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ''' ᱫᱚ '''''ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ''' (ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ, ᱠᱟᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ "ᱱᱳᱴ" ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ "ᱠᱟᱥᱛᱟᱱᱦᱟ" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ "ᱱᱳᱴ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Daniela C |title=Nutritional composition and protein value of the baru almond |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2010}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ: [[:en:Antioxidant|ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱚᱠᱥᱤᱰᱟᱱᱴ]] (ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱳᱠᱳᱯᱷᱮᱨᱳᱞ), [[:en:Protein|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Dietary_fiber|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ]], [[:en:Omega-6_fatty_acid|ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟᱼ᱖]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Omega-3_fatty_acid|ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟᱼ᱓]] ᱯᱷᱮᱴᱤ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ, [[:en:Magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ]], [[:en:Potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ]], [[:en:Phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Zinc|ᱡᱤᱸᱠ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱮᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱦᱤᱵᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱡᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siqueira |first1=Egle Machado de Almeida |title=Consumption of baru seeds prevents iron-induced oxidative stress in rats |journal=Food Research International |year=2012}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱦᱤᱵᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalume |first1=Dário E. |title=Purification, characterization, and sequence determination of a trypsin inhibitor from seeds of Dipteryx alata |journal=Journal of Protein Chemistry |year=1995}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="review-nfs" /> ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱼ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="fact.mr-2022">{{Cite press release |date=2022-11-07 |title=Baru Nuts Market to Register Double-Digit Growth |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/11/07/2549393/0/en/Baru-Nuts-Market-to-Register-Double-Digit-Growth-at-24-8-CAGR-Surpassing-US-47-Million-through-2032-Report-Fact-MR.html |website=Fact.MR}}</ref> ==== ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ==== ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ (legumes) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ (Dipterygeae) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ, ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes |journal=South African Journal of Botany |year=2013}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ "ᱴᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱴᱥ" (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱷᱨᱳᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱩ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Tree nut allergens |journal=Molecular Immunology |year=2018}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱳᱥᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱡᱩ ᱥᱮ [[:en:Brazil_nut|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cross-contamination |website=Gov.mb.ca}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist| <ref name=Corrêa>{{cite thesis |last=Corrêa |first=Gilmarcos de Carvalho |date=1999 |title=Avaliação comportamental de plantas de baru (''Dipteryx alata'' Vog.) nos cerrados do Estado de Goiás |type=Sc.D. |publisher=Universidade Federal de Goiás |docket=582.825:581.15(817.3) |url=https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/items/e2eca206-f639-4420-be4c-fe6c89fbd81a |language=Portuguese |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name="review-nfs">{{Cite journal |last1=Alves-Santos |first1=Aline Medeiros |last2=Fernandes |first2=Daniela Canuto |last3=Naves |first3=Maria Margareth Veloso |date=2021-08-01 |title=Baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) fruit as an option of nut and pulp with advantageous nutritional and functional properties: A comprehensive review |journal=NFS Journal |language=en |volume=24 |pages=26–36 |doi=10.1016/j.nfs.2021.07.001 |issn=2352-3646|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=Seed_removal>{{cite journal |last1=Ragusa-Netto |first1=J. |title=Seed removal of Dipteryx alata Vog. (Leguminosae: Faboidae) in the edge and interior of Cerrado |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology |date=16 March 2017 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=752–761 |doi=10.1590/1519-6984.20715 |pmid=28355393 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=CNCFlora>{{cite web |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |title=''Dipteryx alata'' Vogel |last=Messina |first=Tainan |date=4 April 2012 |website=CNCFlora |publisher=Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora |language=Portuguese |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627160822/http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=Conosur>{{cite web |url=http://conosur.floraargentina.edu.ar/species/details/113998 |title=Flora del Conosur |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2018 |website= |publisher=Instituto de Botánica Darwinion |language=Spanish |access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> }} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == {{Commons-inline}} *{{cite journal |title=Effects of Baru Almond and Brazil Nut Against Hyperlipidemia |journal=Journal of Food Research |year=2015}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2715516}} [[Category:Dipteryx|alata]] [[Category:Vulnerable plants]] [[Category:Trees of Brazil]] [[Category:Trees of Bolivia]] [[Category:Trees of Peru]] dk4n0sz8vrck75blxozdxl728ikuep1 190994 190993 2026-04-22T18:35:35Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | image = Cumaru.JPG | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucnredlist>{{Cite IUCN|author=Requena Suarez, D.K.|year=2021|title=''Dipteryx alata''|article-number=e.T32984A111305198|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T32984A111305198.en}}</ref> | status2 = LC | status2_system = CNCFlora | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |website=CNCFlora |title=''Dipteryx alata'' in Lista Vermelha da flora brasileira versão 2012.2 |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627160822/http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |url-status=dead }}</ref> | genus = Dipteryx | species = alata | authority = [[Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel|Vogel]] | synonyms = *''Coumarouna alata'' <small>(Vogel) [[Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert|Taub.]]</small> *''Dipteryx pteropus'' <small>[[Mart.]]</small> *''Dipteryx pterota'' <small>[[Benth.]]</small> }} '''''ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ ('''Dipteryx alata)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ([[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ) ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ (legume) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ (Fabaceae) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes |journal=American Journal of Botany |year=2012}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=High levels of genetic differentiation and selfing in the Brazilian cerrado fruit tree Dipteryx alata Vog. |journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology |year=2010}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="fact.mr-2022" /> == ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Santa_Cruz_Department|ᱥᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱯᱟᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tropicos>{{cite web |url=https://www.tropicos.org/Name/13000476 |title=Name – ''Dipteryx alata'' Vogel |website=Tropicos.org}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pando_Department|ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ '''''ᱟᱞᱢᱮᱱᱰᱨᱤᱞᱚ''''' ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Department_of_Madre_de_Dios|ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ ᱰᱤᱭᱳᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱦᱩᱣᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Dipteryx_micrantha|ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]]'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Ese_Ejja_language|ᱮᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Alexiades>{{cite thesis |last=Alexiades |first=Miguel N. |date=1999 |title=Ethnobotany of the Ese Eja}}</ref> [[:en:Brazilian_Portuguese|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''''ᱵᱟᱨᱩ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Corrêa/> ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱵᱟᱨᱩᱡᱚ,ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱣ, ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱨᱩᱱᱟ, ''ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱨᱩᱨᱟᱱᱟ'', ''ᱠᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨᱩ'', ᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟ''ᱼᱵᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚ'', ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱣᱼᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩᱱᱟᱼᱵᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚ,ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱣ''ᱼᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱩ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱚᱰᱚᱨᱮᱴᱟ'' (''Dipteryx odorata)'' (ᱴᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱐.᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=selfing>{{cite journal |title=Dipteryx alata Vogel (Fabaceae) a neotropical tree with high level of selfing |journal=Annals of Forest Research |year=2017}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020>{{cite web |url=http://servicos.jbrj.gov.br/flora/search/Dipteryx_alata |title=Brazilian Flora Checklist – Dipteryx alata Vogel |website=Flora do Brasil 2020}}</ref> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱪᱷᱳᱞᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020/> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: * ᱔᱒% ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ * ᱕᱓% ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱠᱟᱨᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ * ᱕% ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ == ᱴᱟᱠᱥᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤ == ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[:en:Julius_Rudolph_Theodor_Vogel|ᱡᱩᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱳᱰᱞᱚᱯᱷ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱰᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱮᱞ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱜᱣᱟᱱ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱜᱣᱟᱱ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱰᱟᱹᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ, ᱪᱷᱳᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱡᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ, ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭ|ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tropicos/><ref name=CNCFlora/><ref name=Brazil2020/> '''ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ''': ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱮᱞ ᱤᱛᱩᱨᱟᱞᱰᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Chiquitania|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱴᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ''': ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱠᱟᱱᱴᱤᱱᱥ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱟᱡᱳᱱᱟᱥ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱥ ᱡᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱣᱞᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱠᱮᱭᱨᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ (᱑᱙᱙᱒) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ''': ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱟᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱯᱥᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Conosur/> '''ᱯᱮᱨᱩ''': ᱯᱮᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱱᱩᱠᱳ, ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱴᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱤᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ == [[File:Flores de Baru.JPG|thumb|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱾]] === ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ''[[:en:Dipteryx|ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱸᱡ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Corrêa/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ, ᱠᱟᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟ (Caatinga) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ 'ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020/> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ''' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Response of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) seedlings to liming and NPK application |journal=Journal of Plant Nutrition |year=2017}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱤᱸᱫᱽ ᱢᱩᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ == ᱟᱭᱤᱭᱩᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱ (IUCN) (᱒᱐᱒᱑) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱱᱮᱨᱮᱵᱚᱞ (ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭᱴᱮᱥ (CITES) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠᱥ ᱒ (Appendix II) ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Dipteryx alata fruits.jpg|thumb|right|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱾]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤᱠᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤᱭᱟᱰᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[:en:Ese_Ejja_people|ᱮᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ "ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱥᱚᱛ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ: {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" ! ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ !! ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ !! ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ |- ! rowspan="4" | ᱡᱤᱞ | ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱤᱞ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |- | ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱞ || ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ |- | ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ/ᱦᱟᱺᱰᱤ || ᱧᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ |- | ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ || ᱡᱮᱭᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱨ |- ! rowspan="5" | ᱡᱟᱝ | ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱟᱝ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱪᱟᱥ (ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) |- | ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ/ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱝ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ |- | ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ || ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ |- | ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱞᱤ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ |- | ᱢᱟᱠᱷᱚᱱ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ |- ! rowspan="2" | ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ | ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ || ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |- | ᱠᱷᱳᱞ || ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |} === ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ === ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Seed_removal/> ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱭᱩᱜᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ === ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱢ, ᱡᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ, ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱸᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nutritional composition and protein value of the baru almond |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2010}}</ref> === ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ === [[File:Castanhas de Baru em cima de um prato.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] {{Infobox nutritional value | name=ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ | kJ=2238| protein=29 g | fat=42 g | satfat=7.6 g | monofat=21.4 g | polyfat=13.8 g | carbs=13.6 g | fiber=9.2 g | sugars=0.0 g | iron_mg=4.8 | calcium_mg=110 | magnesium_mg=164 | phosphorus_mg=832 | potassium_mg=980 | zinc_mg=4.6 | vitE_mg=21.4 }} '''ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ''' ᱫᱚ '''''ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ''' (ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ, ᱠᱟᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ "ᱱᱳᱴ" ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ "ᱠᱟᱥᱛᱟᱱᱦᱟ" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ "ᱱᱳᱴ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Daniela C |title=Nutritional composition and protein value of the baru almond |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2010}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ: [[:en:Antioxidant|ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱚᱠᱥᱤᱰᱟᱱᱴ]] (ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱳᱠᱳᱯᱷᱮᱨᱳᱞ), [[:en:Protein|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Dietary_fiber|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ]], [[:en:Omega-6_fatty_acid|ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟᱼ᱖]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Omega-3_fatty_acid|ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟᱼ᱓]] ᱯᱷᱮᱴᱤ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ, [[:en:Magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ]], [[:en:Potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ]], [[:en:Phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Zinc|ᱡᱤᱸᱠ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱮᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱦᱤᱵᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱡᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siqueira |first1=Egle Machado de Almeida |title=Consumption of baru seeds prevents iron-induced oxidative stress in rats |journal=Food Research International |year=2012}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱦᱤᱵᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalume |first1=Dário E. |title=Purification, characterization, and sequence determination of a trypsin inhibitor from seeds of Dipteryx alata |journal=Journal of Protein Chemistry |year=1995}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="review-nfs" /> ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱼ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="fact.mr-2022">{{Cite press release |date=2022-11-07 |title=Baru Nuts Market to Register Double-Digit Growth |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/11/07/2549393/0/en/Baru-Nuts-Market-to-Register-Double-Digit-Growth-at-24-8-CAGR-Surpassing-US-47-Million-through-2032-Report-Fact-MR.html |website=Fact.MR}}</ref> ==== ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ==== ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ (legumes) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ (Dipterygeae) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ, ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes |journal=South African Journal of Botany |year=2013}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ "ᱴᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱴᱥ" (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱷᱨᱳᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱩ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Tree nut allergens |journal=Molecular Immunology |year=2018}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱳᱥᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱡᱩ ᱥᱮ [[:en:Brazil_nut|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cross-contamination |website=Gov.mb.ca}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist| <ref name=Corrêa>{{cite thesis |last=Corrêa |first=Gilmarcos de Carvalho |date=1999 |title=Avaliação comportamental de plantas de baru (''Dipteryx alata'' Vog.) nos cerrados do Estado de Goiás |type=Sc.D. |publisher=Universidade Federal de Goiás |docket=582.825:581.15(817.3) |url=https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/items/e2eca206-f639-4420-be4c-fe6c89fbd81a |language=Portuguese |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name="review-nfs">{{Cite journal |last1=Alves-Santos |first1=Aline Medeiros |last2=Fernandes |first2=Daniela Canuto |last3=Naves |first3=Maria Margareth Veloso |date=2021-08-01 |title=Baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) fruit as an option of nut and pulp with advantageous nutritional and functional properties: A comprehensive review |journal=NFS Journal |language=en |volume=24 |pages=26–36 |doi=10.1016/j.nfs.2021.07.001 |issn=2352-3646|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=Seed_removal>{{cite journal |last1=Ragusa-Netto |first1=J. |title=Seed removal of Dipteryx alata Vog. (Leguminosae: Faboidae) in the edge and interior of Cerrado |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology |date=16 March 2017 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=752–761 |doi=10.1590/1519-6984.20715 |pmid=28355393 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=CNCFlora>{{cite web |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |title=''Dipteryx alata'' Vogel |last=Messina |first=Tainan |date=4 April 2012 |website=CNCFlora |publisher=Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora |language=Portuguese |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627160822/http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=Conosur>{{cite web |url=http://conosur.floraargentina.edu.ar/species/details/113998 |title=Flora del Conosur |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2018 |website= |publisher=Instituto de Botánica Darwinion |language=Spanish |access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> }} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == {{Commons-inline}} *{{cite journal |title=Effects of Baru Almond and Brazil Nut Against Hyperlipidemia |journal=Journal of Food Research |year=2015}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2715516}} [[Category:Dipteryx|alata]] [[Category:Vulnerable plants]] [[Category:Trees of Brazil]] [[Category:Trees of Bolivia]] [[Category:Trees of Peru]] tlhixucca6mqqw5m8m0v22drcwt9n93 190995 190994 2026-04-22T18:37:42Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | image = Cumaru.JPG | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucnredlist>{{Cite iucn|author=Requena Suarez, D.K.|year=2021|title=''Dipteryx alata''|article-number=e.T32984A111305198|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T32984A111305198.en}}</ref> | status2 = LC | status2_system = CNCFlora | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |website=CNCFlora |title=''Dipteryx alata'' in Lista Vermelha da flora brasileira versão 2012.2 |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627160822/http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |url-status=dead }}</ref> | genus = Dipteryx | species = alata | authority = [[Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel|Vogel]] | synonyms = *''Coumarouna alata'' <small>(Vogel) [[Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert|Taub.]]</small> *''Dipteryx pteropus'' <small>[[Mart.]]</small> *''Dipteryx pterota'' <small>[[Benth.]]</small> }} '''''ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ ('''Dipteryx alata)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ([[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ) ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ (legume) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ (Fabaceae) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes |journal=American Journal of Botany |year=2012}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=High levels of genetic differentiation and selfing in the Brazilian cerrado fruit tree Dipteryx alata Vog. |journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology |year=2010}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="fact.mr-2022" /> == ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Santa_Cruz_Department|ᱥᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱯᱟᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tropicos>{{cite web |url=https://www.tropicos.org/Name/13000476 |title=Name – ''Dipteryx alata'' Vogel |website=Tropicos.org}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pando_Department|ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ '''''ᱟᱞᱢᱮᱱᱰᱨᱤᱞᱚ''''' ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Department_of_Madre_de_Dios|ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ ᱰᱤᱭᱳᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱦᱩᱣᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Dipteryx_micrantha|ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]]'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Ese_Ejja_language|ᱮᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Alexiades>{{cite thesis |last=Alexiades |first=Miguel N. |date=1999 |title=Ethnobotany of the Ese Eja}}</ref> [[:en:Brazilian_Portuguese|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''''ᱵᱟᱨᱩ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Corrêa/> ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱵᱟᱨᱩᱡᱚ,ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱣ, ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱨᱩᱱᱟ, ''ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱨᱩᱨᱟᱱᱟ'', ''ᱠᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨᱩ'', ᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟ''ᱼᱵᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚ'', ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱣᱼᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩᱱᱟᱼᱵᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚ,ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱣ''ᱼᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱩ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱚᱰᱚᱨᱮᱴᱟ'' (''Dipteryx odorata)'' (ᱴᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱐.᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=selfing>{{cite journal |title=Dipteryx alata Vogel (Fabaceae) a neotropical tree with high level of selfing |journal=Annals of Forest Research |year=2017}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020>{{cite web |url=http://servicos.jbrj.gov.br/flora/search/Dipteryx_alata |title=Brazilian Flora Checklist – Dipteryx alata Vogel |website=Flora do Brasil 2020}}</ref> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱪᱷᱳᱞᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020/> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: * ᱔᱒% ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ * ᱕᱓% ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱠᱟᱨᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ * ᱕% ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ == ᱴᱟᱠᱥᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤ == ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[:en:Julius_Rudolph_Theodor_Vogel|ᱡᱩᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱳᱰᱞᱚᱯᱷ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱰᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱮᱞ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱜᱣᱟᱱ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱜᱣᱟᱱ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱰᱟᱹᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ, ᱪᱷᱳᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱡᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ, ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭ|ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tropicos/><ref name=CNCFlora/><ref name=Brazil2020/> '''ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ''': ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱮᱞ ᱤᱛᱩᱨᱟᱞᱰᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Chiquitania|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱴᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ''': ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱠᱟᱱᱴᱤᱱᱥ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱟᱡᱳᱱᱟᱥ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱥ ᱡᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱣᱞᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱠᱮᱭᱨᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ (᱑᱙᱙᱒) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ''': ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱟᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱯᱥᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Conosur/> '''ᱯᱮᱨᱩ''': ᱯᱮᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱱᱩᱠᱳ, ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱴᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱤᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ == [[File:Flores de Baru.JPG|thumb|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱾]] === ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ''[[:en:Dipteryx|ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱸᱡ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Corrêa/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ, ᱠᱟᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟ (Caatinga) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ 'ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020/> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ''' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Response of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) seedlings to liming and NPK application |journal=Journal of Plant Nutrition |year=2017}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱤᱸᱫᱽ ᱢᱩᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ == ᱟᱭᱤᱭᱩᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱ (IUCN) (᱒᱐᱒᱑) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱱᱮᱨᱮᱵᱚᱞ (ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭᱴᱮᱥ (CITES) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠᱥ ᱒ (Appendix II) ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Dipteryx alata fruits.jpg|thumb|right|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱾]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤᱠᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤᱭᱟᱰᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[:en:Ese_Ejja_people|ᱮᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ "ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱥᱚᱛ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ: {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" ! ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ !! ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ !! ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ |- ! rowspan="4" | ᱡᱤᱞ | ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱤᱞ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |- | ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱞ || ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ |- | ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ/ᱦᱟᱺᱰᱤ || ᱧᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ |- | ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ || ᱡᱮᱭᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱨ |- ! rowspan="5" | ᱡᱟᱝ | ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱟᱝ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱪᱟᱥ (ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) |- | ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ/ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱝ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ |- | ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ || ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ |- | ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱞᱤ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ |- | ᱢᱟᱠᱷᱚᱱ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ |- ! rowspan="2" | ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ | ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ || ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |- | ᱠᱷᱳᱞ || ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |} === ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ === ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Seed_removal/> ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱭᱩᱜᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ === ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱢ, ᱡᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ, ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱸᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nutritional composition and protein value of the baru almond |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2010}}</ref> === ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ === [[File:Castanhas de Baru em cima de um prato.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] {{Infobox nutritional value | name=ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ | kJ=2238| protein=29 g | fat=42 g | satfat=7.6 g | monofat=21.4 g | polyfat=13.8 g | carbs=13.6 g | fiber=9.2 g | sugars=0.0 g | iron_mg=4.8 | calcium_mg=110 | magnesium_mg=164 | phosphorus_mg=832 | potassium_mg=980 | zinc_mg=4.6 | vitE_mg=21.4 }} '''ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ''' ᱫᱚ '''''ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ''' (ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ, ᱠᱟᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ "ᱱᱳᱴ" ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ "ᱠᱟᱥᱛᱟᱱᱦᱟ" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ "ᱱᱳᱴ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Daniela C |title=Nutritional composition and protein value of the baru almond |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2010}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ: [[:en:Antioxidant|ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱚᱠᱥᱤᱰᱟᱱᱴ]] (ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱳᱠᱳᱯᱷᱮᱨᱳᱞ), [[:en:Protein|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Dietary_fiber|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ]], [[:en:Omega-6_fatty_acid|ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟᱼ᱖]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Omega-3_fatty_acid|ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟᱼ᱓]] ᱯᱷᱮᱴᱤ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ, [[:en:Magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ]], [[:en:Potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ]], [[:en:Phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Zinc|ᱡᱤᱸᱠ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱮᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱦᱤᱵᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱡᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siqueira |first1=Egle Machado de Almeida |title=Consumption of baru seeds prevents iron-induced oxidative stress in rats |journal=Food Research International |year=2012}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱦᱤᱵᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalume |first1=Dário E. |title=Purification, characterization, and sequence determination of a trypsin inhibitor from seeds of Dipteryx alata |journal=Journal of Protein Chemistry |year=1995}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="review-nfs" /> ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱼ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="fact.mr-2022">{{Cite press release |date=2022-11-07 |title=Baru Nuts Market to Register Double-Digit Growth |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/11/07/2549393/0/en/Baru-Nuts-Market-to-Register-Double-Digit-Growth-at-24-8-CAGR-Surpassing-US-47-Million-through-2032-Report-Fact-MR.html |website=Fact.MR}}</ref> ==== ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ==== ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ (legumes) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ (Dipterygeae) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ, ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes |journal=South African Journal of Botany |year=2013}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ "ᱴᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱴᱥ" (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱷᱨᱳᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱩ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Tree nut allergens |journal=Molecular Immunology |year=2018}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱳᱥᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱡᱩ ᱥᱮ [[:en:Brazil_nut|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cross-contamination |website=Gov.mb.ca}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist| <ref name=Corrêa>{{cite thesis |last=Corrêa |first=Gilmarcos de Carvalho |date=1999 |title=Avaliação comportamental de plantas de baru (''Dipteryx alata'' Vog.) nos cerrados do Estado de Goiás |type=Sc.D. |publisher=Universidade Federal de Goiás |docket=582.825:581.15(817.3) |url=https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/items/e2eca206-f639-4420-be4c-fe6c89fbd81a |language=Portuguese |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name="review-nfs">{{Cite journal |last1=Alves-Santos |first1=Aline Medeiros |last2=Fernandes |first2=Daniela Canuto |last3=Naves |first3=Maria Margareth Veloso |date=2021-08-01 |title=Baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) fruit as an option of nut and pulp with advantageous nutritional and functional properties: A comprehensive review |journal=NFS Journal |language=en |volume=24 |pages=26–36 |doi=10.1016/j.nfs.2021.07.001 |issn=2352-3646|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=Seed_removal>{{cite journal |last1=Ragusa-Netto |first1=J. |title=Seed removal of Dipteryx alata Vog. (Leguminosae: Faboidae) in the edge and interior of Cerrado |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology |date=16 March 2017 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=752–761 |doi=10.1590/1519-6984.20715 |pmid=28355393 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=CNCFlora>{{cite web |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |title=''Dipteryx alata'' Vogel |last=Messina |first=Tainan |date=4 April 2012 |website=CNCFlora |publisher=Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora |language=Portuguese |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627160822/http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=Conosur>{{cite web |url=http://conosur.floraargentina.edu.ar/species/details/113998 |title=Flora del Conosur |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2018 |website= |publisher=Instituto de Botánica Darwinion |language=Spanish |access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> }} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == {{Commons-inline}} *{{cite journal |title=Effects of Baru Almond and Brazil Nut Against Hyperlipidemia |journal=Journal of Food Research |year=2015}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2715516}} [[Category:Dipteryx|alata]] [[Category:Vulnerable plants]] [[Category:Trees of Brazil]] [[Category:Trees of Bolivia]] [[Category:Trees of Peru]] mnb3xb3pycbf3zx4wnomocolb8mlim0 190996 190995 2026-04-22T18:42:41Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | image = Cumaru.JPG | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucnredlist>{{Cite iucn|author=Requena Suarez, D.K.|year=2021|title=''Dipteryx alata''|article-number=e.T32984A111305198|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T32984A111305198.en}}</ref> | status2 = LC | status2_system = CNCFlora | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |website=CNCFlora |title=''Dipteryx alata'' in Lista Vermelha da flora brasileira versão 2012.2 |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627160822/http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |url-status=dead }}</ref> | genus = Dipteryx | species = alata | authority = [[Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel|Vogel]] | synonyms = *''Coumarouna alata'' <small>(Vogel) [[Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert|Taub.]]</small> *''Dipteryx pteropus'' <small>[[Mart.]]</small> *''Dipteryx pterota'' <small>[[Benth.]]</small> }} '''''ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ ('''Dipteryx alata)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ([[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ) ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ (legume) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ (Fabaceae) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes |journal=American Journal of Botany |year=2012}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=High levels of genetic differentiation and selfing in the Brazilian cerrado fruit tree Dipteryx alata Vog. |journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology |year=2010}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="fact.mr-2022" /> == ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Santa_Cruz_Department|ᱥᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱯᱟᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tropicos>{{cite web |url=https://www.tropicos.org/Name/13000476 |title=Name – ''Dipteryx alata'' Vogel |website=Tropicos.org}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pando_Department|ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ '''''ᱟᱞᱢᱮᱱᱰᱨᱤᱞᱚ''''' ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Department_of_Madre_de_Dios|ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ ᱰᱤᱭᱳᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱦᱩᱣᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Dipteryx_micrantha|ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]]'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Ese_Ejja_language|ᱮᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Alexiades>{{cite thesis |last=Alexiades |first=Miguel N. |date=1999 |title=Ethnobotany of the Ese Eja}}</ref> [[:en:Brazilian_Portuguese|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''''ᱵᱟᱨᱩ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Corrêa/> ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱵᱟᱨᱩᱡᱚ,ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱣ, ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱨᱩᱱᱟ, ''ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱨᱩᱨᱟᱱᱟ'', ''ᱠᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨᱩ'', ᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟ''ᱼᱵᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚ'', ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱣᱼᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩᱱᱟᱼᱵᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚ,ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱣ''ᱼᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱩ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱚᱰᱚᱨᱮᱴᱟ'' (''Dipteryx odorata)'' (ᱴᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱐.᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=selfing>{{cite journal |title=Dipteryx alata Vogel (Fabaceae) a neotropical tree with high level of selfing |journal=Annals of Forest Research |year=2017}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020>{{cite web |url=http://servicos.jbrj.gov.br/flora/search/Dipteryx_alata |title=Brazilian Flora Checklist – Dipteryx alata Vogel |website=Flora do Brasil 2020}}</ref> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱪᱷᱳᱞᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020/> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: * ᱔᱒% ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ * ᱕᱓% ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱠᱟᱨᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ * ᱕% ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ == ᱴᱟᱠᱥᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤ == ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[:en:Julius_Rudolph_Theodor_Vogel|ᱡᱩᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱳᱰᱞᱚᱯᱷ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱰᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱮᱞ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱜᱣᱟᱱ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱜᱣᱟᱱ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱰᱟᱹᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ, ᱪᱷᱳᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱡᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ, ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭ|ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tropicos/><ref name=CNCFlora/><ref name=Brazil2020/> '''ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ''': ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱮᱞ ᱤᱛᱩᱨᱟᱞᱰᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Chiquitania|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱴᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ''': ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱠᱟᱱᱴᱤᱱᱥ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱟᱡᱳᱱᱟᱥ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱥ ᱡᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱣᱞᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱠᱮᱭᱨᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ (᱑᱙᱙᱒) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ''': ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱟᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱯᱥᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Conosur/> '''ᱯᱮᱨᱩ''': ᱯᱮᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱱᱩᱠᱳ, ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱴᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱭᱳᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱤᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ == [[File:Flores de Baru.JPG|thumb|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱾]] === ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ''[[:en:Dipteryx|ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱸᱡ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Corrêa/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ, ᱠᱟᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟ (Caatinga) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ 'ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brazil2020/> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ''' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Response of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) seedlings to liming and NPK application |journal=Journal of Plant Nutrition |year=2017}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱤᱸᱫᱽ ᱢᱩᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ == ᱟᱭᱤᱭᱩᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱ (IUCN) (᱒᱐᱒᱑) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱱᱮᱨᱮᱵᱚᱞ (ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭᱴᱮᱥ (CITES) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠᱥ ᱒ (Appendix II) ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Dipteryx alata fruits.jpg|thumb|right|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱾]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤᱠᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤᱭᱟᱰᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[:en:Ese_Ejja_people|ᱮᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ "ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱥᱚᱛ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ: {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" ! ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ !! ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ !! ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ |- ! rowspan="4" | ᱡᱤᱞ | ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱤᱞ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |- | ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱞ || ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ |- | ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ/ᱦᱟᱺᱰᱤ || ᱧᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ |- | ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ || ᱡᱮᱭᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱨ |- ! rowspan="5" | ᱡᱟᱝ | ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱟᱝ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱪᱟᱥ (ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) |- | ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ/ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱝ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ |- | ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ || ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ |- | ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱞᱤ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ |- | ᱢᱟᱠᱷᱚᱱ || ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ |- ! rowspan="2" | ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ | ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ || ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |- | ᱠᱷᱳᱞ || ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ |} === ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ === ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Seed_removal/> ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱭᱩᱜᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ === ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱢ, ᱡᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ, ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱸᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nutritional composition and protein value of the baru almond |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2010}}</ref> === ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ === [[File:Castanhas de Baru em cima de um prato.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] {{Infobox nutritional value | name=ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ | kJ=2238| protein=29 g | fat=42 g | satfat=7.6 g | monofat=21.4 g | polyfat=13.8 g | carbs=13.6 g | fiber=9.2 g | sugars=0.0 g | iron_mg=4.8 | calcium_mg=110 | magnesium_mg=164 | phosphorus_mg=832 | potassium_mg=980 | zinc_mg=4.6 | vitE_mg=21.4 }} '''ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ''' ᱫᱚ '''''ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ''' (ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱞᱟᱴᱟ)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ, ᱠᱟᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ "ᱱᱳᱴ" ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ "ᱠᱟᱥᱛᱟᱱᱦᱟ" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ "ᱱᱳᱴ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Daniela C |title=Nutritional composition and protein value of the baru almond |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2010}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ: [[:en:Antioxidant|ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱚᱠᱥᱤᱰᱟᱱᱴ]] (ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱳᱠᱳᱯᱷᱮᱨᱳᱞ), [[:en:Protein|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Dietary_fiber|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ]], [[:en:Omega-6_fatty_acid|ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟᱼ᱖]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Omega-3_fatty_acid|ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟᱼ᱓]] ᱯᱷᱮᱴᱤ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ, [[:en:Magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ]], [[:en:Potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ]], [[:en:Phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Zinc|ᱡᱤᱸᱠ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱮᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱦᱤᱵᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱡᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siqueira |first1=Egle Machado de Almeida |title=Consumption of baru seeds prevents iron-induced oxidative stress in rats |journal=Food Research International |year=2012}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱦᱤᱵᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalume |first1=Dário E. |title=Purification, characterization, and sequence determination of a trypsin inhibitor from seeds of Dipteryx alata |journal=Journal of Protein Chemistry |year=1995}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="review-nfs" /> ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱼ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="fact.mr-2022">{{Cite press release |date=2022-11-07 |title=Baru Nuts Market to Register Double-Digit Growth |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/11/07/2549393/0/en/Baru-Nuts-Market-to-Register-Double-Digit-Growth-at-24-8-CAGR-Surpassing-US-47-Million-through-2032-Report-Fact-MR.html |website=Fact.MR}}</ref> ==== ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ==== ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ (legumes) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ (Dipterygeae) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱮᱪ, ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes |journal=South African Journal of Botany |year=2013}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ "ᱴᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱴᱥ" (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱷᱨᱳᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱩ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |title=Tree nut allergens |journal=Molecular Immunology |year=2018}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱳᱥᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱡᱩ ᱥᱮ [[:en:Brazil_nut|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cross-contamination |website=Gov.mb.ca}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist| <ref name=Corrêa>{{cite thesis |last=Corrêa |first=Gilmarcos de Carvalho |date=1999 |title=Avaliação comportamental de plantas de baru (''Dipteryx alata'' Vog.) nos cerrados do Estado de Goiás |type=Sc.D. |publisher=Universidade Federal de Goiás |docket=582.825:581.15(817.3) |url=https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/items/e2eca206-f639-4420-be4c-fe6c89fbd81a |language=Portuguese |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name="review-nfs">{{Cite journal |last1=Alves-Santos |first1=Aline Medeiros |last2=Fernandes |first2=Daniela Canuto |last3=Naves |first3=Maria Margareth Veloso |date=2021-08-01 |title=Baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) fruit as an option of nut and pulp with advantageous nutritional and functional properties: A comprehensive review |journal=NFS Journal |language=en |volume=24 |pages=26–36 |doi=10.1016/j.nfs.2021.07.001 |issn=2352-3646|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=Seed_removal>{{cite journal |last1=Ragusa-Netto |first1=J. |title=Seed removal of Dipteryx alata Vog. (Leguminosae: Faboidae) in the edge and interior of Cerrado |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology |date=16 March 2017 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=752–761 |doi=10.1590/1519-6984.20715 |pmid=28355393 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=CNCFlora>{{cite web |url=http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |title=''Dipteryx alata'' Vogel |last=Messina |first=Tainan |date=4 April 2012 |website=CNCFlora |publisher=Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora |language=Portuguese |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627160822/http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal/pt-br/profile/Dipteryx%20alata |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=Conosur>{{cite web |url=http://conosur.floraargentina.edu.ar/species/details/113998 |title=Flora del Conosur |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2018 |website= |publisher=Instituto de Botánica Darwinion |language=Spanish |access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> }} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == {{Commons-inline}} *{{cite journal |title=Effects of Baru Almond and Brazil Nut Against Hyperlipidemia |journal=Journal of Food Research |year=2015}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2715516}} [[Category:Dipteryx|alata]] [[Category:Vulnerable plants]] [[Category:Trees of Brazil]] [[Category:Trees of Bolivia]] [[Category:Trees of Peru]] p1jzcw4tgwp5g0nltxiyvff958un86l 0 35614 190985 190844 2026-04-22T15:46:20Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox |name = ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ |image = Vitex negundo 415167855.jpg |genus = Vitex |species = negundo |authority = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|L.]]<ref name="GRIN"/> |synonyms= *''Vitex cannabifolia'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small> *''Vitex incisa'' <small>Lam.</small> *''Vitex incisa'' var. ''heterophylla'' <small>Franch.</small> *''Vitex negundo'' var. ''heterophylla'' <small>(Franch.) Rehder</small> }} [[File:Vitex negundo heterophylla 306091219.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ]] [[File:Vitex negundo flowering inside the test tube.jpg|thumb|ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ''ᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱨᱳ'' ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[File:Vitex negundo NP.JPG|thumb|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱪᱠᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ]] '''''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Vitex negundo)''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹᱛᱮ ''ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱭ (ᱪᱮᱥᱴ) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=VINE2|taxon=Vitex negundo|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref>'', ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱼᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ''ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢᱡᱚᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱴᱮᱠᱥ'' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ''ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱰᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱳᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ''ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ'' ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ-ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ (ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="bpi">{{cite book|title =''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Fact Sheet|publisher =Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|url =http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/l/lagundi.pdf}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="bpi" /> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Vitex negundo'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱛᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="GRIN"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ, ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱳᱡᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ, ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="GRIN"/> ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ, ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="prosea"/> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ'' (''Vitex negundo)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Common_name|ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref>Vitex negunda in Dr. K. M. Madkarni's Indian Materia Medica; Edited by A. K. Nadkarni, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1976, pp: 1278-80.</ref> {{div col}}* [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ]]: '''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ''' * [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ]]: ''Posotiya'' (ᱯᱚᱥᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ) * [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Nishinda'' (ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱫᱟ) * [[ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ]]: ''Huáng jīng'' (黄荆) * [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]: ''Five-leaved chaste tree''; ''Chinese chaste tree'' * [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ]]: ''Lagundî'' * [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]]: ''Nagoda'' * [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Nisinda''; ''Sambhalu'' (ᱱᱤᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ) * [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ]]: ''Biḷi nekki'' (ಬಿಳಿ ನೆಕ್ಕಿ) * [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]]: ''Karinochi'' (കരിനൊച്ചി) * [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]]: ''Nirgudi'' (निरगुडी) * [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]]: ''Simali'' (ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱞᱤ) * [[ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ]]: ''Banna''; ''Marwan'' * [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Sindhuvara'' (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩᱣᱚᱨᱚ) * [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]]: ''Nochchi'' (நொச்சி) * [[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]]: ''Vavili''; ''Sindhuvara'' (వావిಲಿ) * [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]]: ''Sumbaloo'' * [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]: ''Begunia'' (ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ) {{div col end}} == ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ == ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Casticin|ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱮᱥᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Isoorientin|ᱟᱭᱥᱚᱣᱚᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Chrysophanol|ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱥᱚᱯᱷᱮᱱᱚᱞ ᱰᱤ]], [[:en:Luteolin|ᱞᱤᱣᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱱ]], [[:en:P–hydroxybenzoic_acid|ᱯᱤᱼᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱚᱵᱮᱱᱡᱚᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱼ[[:en:Fructose|ᱯᱷᱨᱩᱠᱴᱚᱡᱽ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[:en:Sabinene|ᱥᱮᱵᱤᱱᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Linalool|ᱞᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱩᱞ]], [[:en:Terpinen-4-ol|ᱴᱮᱨᱯᱟᱭᱱᱮᱱᱼ᱔ᱼᱳᱞ]], [[:en:Β-caryophyllene|β-ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ]], α-[[:en:Guaiene|ᱜᱽᱣᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱞᱚᱵᱩᱞᱚᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖᱑.᱘% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zheng|title=Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Vitex negundo|journal=Phytotherapy Research|year=2015}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ'' ᱛᱤᱡᱩ-ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱳᱜ (cough) ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱭᱵᱽ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Herbs {{!}} PITAHC |url=https://pitahc.gov.ph/directory-of-herbs/ |website=Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="pest">{{cite web|url=http://pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715001825/http://www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2007|title=Lagundi leaves as effective control against storage pests of garlic|publisher=Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), Department of Science and Technology, Republic of the Philippines|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ (menstrual cycle) ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | first=W.E. | last=Wan Hassan | date=2010 | title=Ulam: Salad Herbs of Malaysia | pages=106–107 | publisher=Masbe Sdn. Bhd. | isbn=9789834466404 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist| <ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | name =''Vitex negundo'' L.| id =41831 | access-date = September 7, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="prosea">{{cite web|url=http://hrdc.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/prosea/proseaherbal/lagundi_doc.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221063833/http://hrdc.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/prosea/proseaherbal/lagundi_doc.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 21, 2012|title=''Vitex negundo'' L. - Lagundi|publisher=Prosea Herbal Techno-Catalog|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> }} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby}} - ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Nirgundi) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Taxonbar|from=Q14807863}} [[Category:Vitex|negundo]] [[Category:Flora of the Philippines]] [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] [[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] 04fovyykfe585vf39w43awgvo5azylo 191016 190985 2026-04-23T05:43:26Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ */ 191016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox |name = ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ |image = Vitex negundo 415167855.jpg |genus = Vitex |species = negundo |authority = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|L.]]<ref name="GRIN"/> |synonyms= *''Vitex cannabifolia'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small> *''Vitex incisa'' <small>Lam.</small> *''Vitex incisa'' var. ''heterophylla'' <small>Franch.</small> *''Vitex negundo'' var. ''heterophylla'' <small>(Franch.) Rehder</small> }} [[File:Vitex negundo heterophylla 306091219.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ]] [[File:Vitex negundo flowering inside the test tube.jpg|thumb|ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ''ᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱨᱳ'' ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[File:Vitex negundo NP.JPG|thumb|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱪᱠᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ]] '''''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Vitex negundo)''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹᱛᱮ ''ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱭ (ᱪᱮᱥᱴ) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=VINE2|taxon=Vitex negundo|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref>'', ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱼᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ''ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢᱡᱚᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱴᱮᱠᱥ'' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ''ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱰᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱳᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ''ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ'' ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ-ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ (ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="bpi">{{cite book|title =''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Fact Sheet|publisher =Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|url =http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/l/lagundi.pdf}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="bpi" /> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Vitex negundo'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱛᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="GRIN"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ, ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱳᱡᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ, ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="GRIN"/> ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ, ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="prosea"/> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ'' (''Vitex negundo)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Common_name|ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref>Vitex negunda in Dr. K. M. Madkarni's Indian Materia Medica; Edited by A. K. Nadkarni, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1976, pp: 1278-80.</ref> {{div col}}* [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ]]: '''ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ''' * [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ]]: ''Posotiya'' (ᱯᱚᱥᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ) * [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Nishinda'' (ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱫᱟ) * [[ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ]]: ''Huáng jīng'' (黄荆) * [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]: ''Five-leaved chaste tree''; ''Chinese chaste tree'' * [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ]]: ''Lagundî'' * [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]]: ''Nagoda'' * [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Nisinda''; ''Sambhalu'' (ᱱᱤᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ) * [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ]]: ''Biḷi nekki'' (ಬಿಳಿ ನೆಕ್ಕಿ) * [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]]: ''Karinochi'' (കരിനൊച്ചി) * [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]]: ''Nirgudi'' (निरगुडी) * [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]]: ''Simali'' (ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱞᱤ) * [[ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ]]: ''Banna''; ''Marwan'' * [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Sindhuvara'' (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩᱣᱚᱨᱚ) * [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]]: ''Nochchi'' (நொச்சி) * [[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]]: ''Vavili''; ''Sindhuvara'' (వావిಲಿ) * [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]]: ''Sumbaloo'' * [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]: ''Begunia'' (ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ) {{div col end}} == ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ == ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Casticin|ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱮᱥᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Isoorientin|ᱟᱭᱥᱚᱣᱚᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Chrysophanol|ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱥᱚᱯᱷᱮᱱᱚᱞ ᱰᱤ]], [[:en:Luteolin|ᱞᱤᱣᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱱ]], [[:en:P–hydroxybenzoic_acid|ᱯᱤᱼᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱚᱵᱮᱱᱡᱚᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱼ[[:en:Fructose|ᱯᱷᱨᱩᱠᱴᱚᱡᱽ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[:en:Sabinene|ᱥᱮᱵᱤᱱᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Linalool|ᱞᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱩᱞ]], [[:en:Terpinen-4-ol|ᱴᱮᱨᱯᱟᱭᱱᱮᱱᱼ᱔ᱼᱳᱞ]], [[:en:Β-caryophyllene|β-ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ]], α-[[:en:Guaiene|ᱜᱽᱣᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱞᱚᱵᱩᱞᱚᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖᱑.᱘% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zheng|title=Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Vitex negundo|journal=Phytotherapy Research|year=2015}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ'' ᱛᱤᱡᱩ-ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱳᱜ (cough) ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱭᱵᱽ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Herbs {{!}} PITAHC |url=https://pitahc.gov.ph/directory-of-herbs/ |website=Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="pest">{{cite web|url=http://pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715001825/http://www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2007|title=Lagundi leaves as effective control against storage pests of garlic|publisher=Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), Department of Science and Technology, Republic of the Philippines|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ (menstrual cycle) ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | first=W.E. | last=Wan Hassan | date=2010 | title=Ulam: Salad Herbs of Malaysia | pages=106–107 | publisher=Masbe Sdn. Bhd. | isbn=9789834466404 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist| <ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | name =''Vitex negundo'' L.| id =41831 | access-date = September 7, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="prosea">{{cite web|url=http://hrdc.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/prosea/proseaherbal/lagundi_doc.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221063833/http://hrdc.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/prosea/proseaherbal/lagundi_doc.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 21, 2012|title=''Vitex negundo'' L. - Lagundi|publisher=Prosea Herbal Techno-Catalog|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> }} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby}} - ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱽᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Nirgundi) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Taxonbar|from=Q14807863}} [[Category:Vitex|negundo]] [[Category:Flora of the Philippines]] [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] [[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] 9fba8irh7iywvmartcsqyyhecbxdcvs 0 35629 190972 190803 2026-04-22T12:37:30Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{about|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{Use Philippine English|date=April 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}} {{Infobox language | name = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ | nativename = {{lang|fil|Wikang Filipino}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|tl|ˈwikɐŋ filiˈpino|}} | states = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | speakers = [[ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|L1]]: {{sigfig|29.211970|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱐) | familycolor = Austronesian | fam2 = [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱳ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱳ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam3 = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | fam4 = [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | fam5 = [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | fam6 = [[ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱜᱩᱨᱟᱱᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱜᱩᱨᱟᱱᱤᱱ]]–[[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] | fam7 = [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] | script = [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ([[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]])<br />[[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱞ]]<br /> | dia1 = | nation = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | minority = | ethnicity = | agency = {{Lang|fil|[[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]|italic=no}} | iso2 = fil | iso3 = fil | lingua = 31-CKA-aa | mapcaption = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ-ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ | map2 = Tagalosphere.png | mapsize = | mapcaption2 = {{legend|#FF0000|᱕᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ}} {{legend|#FA8077|᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐–᱕᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ}} {{legend|#FFC0CB|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ}} | notice = IPA | glotto = fili1244 | glottorefname = Filipino | speakers2 = [[ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|L2]]: {{sigfig|54.146000|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱒᱐)<br/>ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱮ: {{sigfig|83.357970|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ | altname = ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ | region = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ | ancestor = [[ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱚᱼᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] | ancestor2 = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] | ancestor3 = [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] }} '''ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|audio=En-us-Filipino.ogg|ˌ|f|ɪ|l|ɪ|ˈ|p|iː|n|oʊ}} {{respelling|FIL|ih|PEE|noh}};<ref name="Cambridge Dictionary English pronunciation"/> {{lang|fil|Wikang Filipino}} {{IPA|tl|ˈwikɐŋ filiˈpino|}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ''' (Standard Tagalog) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[national language|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ [[lingua franca|ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱟ]] (ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[Philippine English|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[official language|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="1987 constitution art 14 sec 6-7"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ''[[de facto]]'' [[standard language|ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Filipino-Tagalog-Not-So-Simple"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Metro Manila|ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Resolution-92-1"/> ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ '''ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ''' ([[Verb–subject–object|verb-subject-object]]) ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ '''ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ-ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ''' (subject-verb-object) ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[agglutinative language|ᱮᱜᱽᱞᱩᱴᱤᱱᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ]] (agglutinative) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ (root) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱭᱟᱹᱜ (affixes) ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱱᱟᱞ (tonal) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ([[Part of speech|parts of speech]]) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ (Background) == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ (migration) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ [[Malayo-Polynesian language|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱳ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱳ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (lingua franca) ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ [[Japanese language|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]], [[Hokkien|ᱦᱳᱠᱠᱤᱭᱮᱱ]], [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[Arabic|ᱟᱨᱵᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱕᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Cebu|ᱥᱮᱵᱩ]] ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ [[Manila|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ-ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱞᱩᱡᱳᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ-ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ [[Tondo (historical polity)|ᱛᱳᱱᱰᱳ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱩᱱ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱪ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish Colony 1565 - 1898 |url=https://sites.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw2.html |access-date=April 20, 2026 |archive-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130150/https://sites.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ (dictionary) ᱫᱚ {{Lang|fil|Vocabulario de la lengua tagala}} ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟᱵᱷᱮᱱᱛᱩᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="vocabularioAmbeth"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ "ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ" [[Tomas Pinpin|ᱴᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱯᱤᱱᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱩᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱠ (Czech) ᱡᱮᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ [[Pablo Clain|ᱯᱟᱣᱞᱳ ᱠᱞᱮᱱ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱞᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱮ ᱱᱳᱥᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱞᱩᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱗᱕᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Juan José de Noceda, Pedro de Sanlúcar, ''Vocabulario de la lengua tagala'', Manila 2013, Komision sa Wikang Filipino</ref> ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[Spanish language|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱗,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱫᱤᱯ (islands) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ, ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱥᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[History of the Philippines#American rule (1898–1946)|ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[English language|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Educadores y sabios adredemente olvidados |url=http://lgpolar.com/page/read/119 }}</ref> ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ (optional) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ == ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ "ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ "ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[1935 Constitution of the Philippines|᱑᱙᱓᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ XIII, ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: {{blockquote|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ (National Assembly) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾}} ᱑᱓ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱙᱓᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱔' ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ 'ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ' (Institute of National Language ᱥᱮ SWP) ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱾<ref>{{cite PH act |url = https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/11/13/commonwealth-act-no-184/ |title = AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL LANGUAGE INSTITUTE AND DEFINE ITS POWERS AND DUTIES |chamber = CA |number = 184 |publisher = Official Gazette of the Philippine Government |date = 13 November 1936 |access-date = May 22, 2020 |archive-date = April 9, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230409062012/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/11/13/commonwealth-act-no-184/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ [[Manuel L. Quezon|ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱣᱮᱞ ᱮᱞ. ᱠᱩᱭᱮᱡᱳᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Waray language|ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱭ]], [[Ilocano language|ᱤᱞᱳᱠᱟᱱᱳ]], [[Cebuano language|ᱥᱮᱵᱩᱣᱟᱱᱳ]], [[Bikol languages|ᱵᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟᱱᱳ]], [[Hiligaynon language|ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱜᱟᱭᱱᱳᱱ]], ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Tagalog language|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=aspillera/> ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ (Institute of National Language) ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱐ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱠᱩᱭᱮᱡᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ 'ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠިއᱩᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱚᱨᱰᱚᱨ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱓᱔' ᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite PH act |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937 |title=Proclaming the national language of the Philippines based on the "Tagalog" language |chamber=EO |number=134 |publisher=Official Gazette of the Philippine Government |date=December 30, 1937 |access-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924180022/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱠᱩᱭᱮᱡᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ:<ref name=aspillera /> # ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱭᱟᱱ (Visayan) ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱠᱳᱞ (Bikol) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱕ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # ᱠᱟᱛᱤᱯᱩᱱᱟᱱ (Katipunan) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱞ (Philippine Revolution) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱛᱤᱯᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱗ ᱡᱩᱱ, ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ (National Assembly) ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱕᱗᱐' ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ, ᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref name="Presidential Proclamations"/> (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ (grammarian) [[Lope K. Santos|ᱞᱳᱯᱮ ᱠᱮ. ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱳᱥ]] ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ''Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ'' (ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ '''[[Abakada alphabet|ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]''' ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ebolusyon"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ-ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱦᱚᱨᱚᱬ (Example) == [[File:WIKITONGUES- James speaking Filipino, English, and Spanish.webm|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱦᱚᱲ, [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-10-06|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (diacritics) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ [[Tagalog language|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ (English) ! ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ (Filipino) |- |'''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''' |'''Pangkalahatáng Pagpapahayág ng Karapatáng Pantáo''' |- |''Now, therefore,'' '''''the General Assembly proclaims''''' ''this '''UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS''' as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations...'' |''Ngayón, samakatuwíd,'' '''''ang Pangkalahatáng Kapulungán ay nagpapahayág ng''''' '''''PANGKALAHATÁNG PAGPAPAHAYÁG''' NA ITÓ '''NG MGÁ KARAPATÁN NG TÁO''' bílang pangkalahatáng pamantáyang maisasagawâ pára sa lahát ng táo at bansâ...'' |- |'''Article 1''' |'''Únang Artíkulo''' |- |''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' |''Báwat táo'y isinílang na may láyà at magkakapantáy ang tagláy na dangál at karapatán. Silá'y pinagkaloóban ng pangangatwíran at budhî na kailángang gamítin nilá sa pagtuturíngan nilá sa díwà ng pagkakapatíran.'' |} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== === ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛᱠᱚ === {{reflist| <ref name="Cambridge Dictionary English pronunciation">{{cite web|title= English pronunciation of Filipino|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/filipino}}</ref> <ref name="1987 constitution art 14 sec 6-7">{{Harvnb|Constitution of the Philippines|1987|loc=Article XIV, Sections 6 and 7|ref={{harvid|1987 constitution art 14 sec 6–7}}}}</ref> <ref name="Filipino-Tagalog-Not-So-Simple">{{cite web |last=Nolasco |first=Ricardo Ma. |title=Filipino and Tagalog, Not So Simple |url=http://svillafania.philippinepen.ph/2007/08/articles-filipino-and-tagalog-not-so.html |website=Santiago Villafania |date=August 24, 2007 |access-date=January 16, 2019 |archive-date=May 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522052247/http://svillafania.philippinepen.ph/2007/08/articles-filipino-and-tagalog-not-so.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Resolution-92-1">{{cite web |last1=Pineda |first1=Ponciano B.P. |last2=Cubar |first2=Ernesto H. |last3=Buenaobra |first3=Nita P. |last4=Gonzalez |first4=Andrew B. |last5=Hornedo |first5=Florentino H. |last6=Sarile |first6=Angela P. |last7=Sibayan |first7=Bonifacio P. |title=Resolusyon Blg 92-1 |trans-title=Resolution No. 92-1 |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/w/page/8021710/Resolusyon%20Blg%2092-1 |website=Commission on the Filipino Language |quote=Ito ay ang katutubong wika, pasalita at pasulat, sa Metro Manila, ang Pambansang Punong Rehiyon, at sa iba pang sentrong urban sa arkipelago, na ginagamit bilang. |date=May 13, 1992 |access-date=May 22, 2014 |language=tl}}</ref> <ref name="vocabularioAmbeth">{{cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/77034/vocabulario-de-la-lengua-tagala|title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala|author=Ambeth Ocampo|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=August 1, 2014}}</ref> <ref name=aspillera>{{cite book|title=Basic Tagalog|author=Aspillera, P.|publisher=M. and Licudine Ent.|location=Manila|date=1981}}</ref> <ref name="Presidential Proclamations">{{cite web|url=http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/7/77471|title=- Presidential Proclamations|website=elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph}}</ref> <ref name="ebolusyon">{{cite web |title =Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |access-date = June 22, 2010}}</ref> }} === ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱠᱚ=== {{refbegin}} * {{citation |date = August 14, 1991 |title = Commission on the Filipino Language Act |url = http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7104_1991.html |ref = {{harvid|Commission on the Filipino Language Act|1991}} }} * {{citation |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |work=Official Gazette |publisher=Government of the Philippines |ref={{harvid|Constitution of the Philippines|1973}} |access-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-amended-1973-constitution-2/ |title=The Amended 1973 Constitution |work=Official Gazette |publisher=Government of the Philippines |ref={{harvid|Amended Constitution of the Philippines|1976}} |access-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154627/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-amended-1973-constitution-2/ |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |date = February 2, 1987 |title = Constitution of the Philippines |url = https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/ |ref = {{harvid|Constitution of the Philippines|1987}} }} * {{citation | url = http://www.chanrobles.com/article14language.htm | title = The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines | date = February 2, 1987 | access-date = February 12, 2017 | publisher = Chanrobles Law Library | ref = {{harvid|1987 constitution art 14 sec 6–7}} }} * {{citation |author-last = Tabbada |author-first = Emil V. |editor-last = Gripaldo |editor-first = Rolando M. |editor2-last = McLean |editor2-first = George F. |year = 2005 |work = Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change |series = IIID, Southeast Asia |volume = 4 |title = Filipino Cultural Traits: Claro R. Ceniza Lectures |publisher = The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location = Washington, D.C. |isbn = 1-56518-225-1 }} * {{citation |author-last = Kaplan |author-first = Robert B. |author2-last = Baldauf |author2-first = Richard B. Jr. |year = 2003 |title = Language and Language-in-Education Planning in the Pacific Basin |publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers |place = Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn = 1-4020-1062-1 |ref = {{harvid|Kaplan|2003}} }} * {{citation |author-last = Manipon |author-first = Rene Sanchez |date = January–February 2013 |work = Balanghay: The Philippine Factsheet |title = The Filipíno Language |url = http://www.ncca.gov.ph/downloads/balanghay.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131012073429/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/downloads/balanghay.pdf |archive-date = October 12, 2013 }} * {{citation |author-last = Patke |author-first = Rajeev S. |author2-last = Holden |author2-first = Philip |year = 2010 |title = The Routledge Concise History of Southeast Asian Writing in English |publisher = Routledge |place = Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom |isbn = 978-0-203-87403-5 |ref = {{harvid| Patke|2010}} }} * {{citation |author-last = Paz |author-first = Leo |author2-last = Juliano |author2-first = Linda |editor-last = Hudson |editor-first = Thom |editor2-last = Clark |editor2-first = Martyn |year = 2008 |work = Case Studies in Foreign Language Placement: Practices and Possibilities |title = Filipino (Tagalog) Language Placement Testing in Selected Programs in the United States |pages = 7–16 |place = Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher = University of Hawaii, National Language Resource Center |isbn = 978-0-9800459-0-1 |ref = {{harvid|Paz|2008}} }} * {{citation |author-last = Rubrico |author-first = Jessie Grace U. |year = 2012 |title = Indigenization of Filipino: The Case of the Davao City Variety |publisher = University of Malaya |place = Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |url = https://www.academia.edu/2283970 }} {{refend}} ==ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱠᱚ== <!-- NOTE: Because it is often hard to physically obtain these books, one must be careful in taking information from the Internet. One way to do so to note, beside each book, whether the details, particularly the ISBN, have been taken from a second-hand source, such as the Internet, or a first-hand source, such as having a physic copy of the book. For books that are generally available in online shops, that is less important, since there is a sure way to confirm something. --> *''New Vicassan's English–Pilipino Dictionary'' by Vito C. Santos, {{ISBN|971-27-0349-5}} *''Learn Filipino: Book One'' by Victor Eclar Romero {{ISBN|1-932956-41-7}} *''Lonely Planet Filipino/Tagalog (Travel Talk)'' {{ISBN|1-59125-364-0}} *''Lonely Planet Pilipino Phrasebook'' {{ISBN|0-86442-432-9}} *''[[UP Diksyonaryong Filipino]]'' by [[Virgilio S. Almario]] (ed.) {{ISBN|971-8781-98-6}}, and {{ISBN|971-8781-99-4}} *''English–Pilipino Dictionary'', Consuelo T. Panganiban, {{ISBN|971-08-5569-7}} <!-- 1st-hand, see NOTE above --> *''Diksyunaryong Filipino–English'', Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, {{ISBN|971-8705-20-1}} *''New English–Filipino Filipino–English Dictionary'', by [[Maria Odulio de Guzman]] {{ISBN|971-08-1776-0}} *''[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=xyYkxBmiA7AC |page=479 }} "When I was a child I spoke as a child": Reflecting on the Limits of a Nationalist Language Policy]'' by Danilo Manarpaac. In: ''[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=xyYkxBmiA7AC }} The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies]'' by Christian Mair. Rodopi; 2003 {{ISBN|978-90-420-0876-2}}. p.&nbsp;479–492. == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ == {{InterWiki|code=tl}} {{Wikivoyage|Filipino phrasebook|Filipino|a phrasebook}} *[http://www.kwf.gov.ph Commission on the Filipino Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412182142/http://www.kwf.gov.ph/ |date=April 12, 2020 }} *[http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/plenary_papers/andrew_gonzales.pdf Language planning in multilingual countries: The case of the Philippines], discussion by linguist and educator Andrew Gonzalez *{{cite news|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590|title=The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off|first=Alan|last=Weedon|date=August 10, 2019}} "...a third of the Filipino language is derived from Spanish words, constituting some 4,000 'loan words'". *{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277951403|title=The Politics of "P" and "F": A Linguistic History of Nation-Building in the Philippines|last=Tupas|first=Ruanni|journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development|volume=36|issue=6|pages=587–597|year=2015|doi=10.1080/01434632.2014.979831|s2cid=143332545}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/2284011|title=Indigenization of Filipino: The Case of the Davao City Variety|first=Jessie Grace U. |last=Rubrico|year=2012|publisher=Language Links Foundation, Incorporated|via=academia.edu}} * {{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/2154046|title=Drafting the 1987 Constitution : The Politics of Language|last=Atienza|first=Ela L.|journal=Philippine Political Science Journal|year=1994|volume=18|issue=37–38|pages=79–101|doi=10.1080/01154451.1994.9754188}} Published online: April 18, 2012 {{Philippine languages}} {{Languages of the Philippines}} {{Symbols of the Philippines}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Filipino language}} [[Category:Filipino language| ]] [[Category:Standard languages]] [[Category:Tagalog dialects]] [[Category:National symbols of the Philippines]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] irb0m2b9nqtjmk5rwopynycnnawcnps 0 35656 190974 190893 2026-04-22T13:45:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 190974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Azadirachta|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Native_species|ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Subtropics|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Hindustani_language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[:en:Pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[:en:Axillary_bud|ᱠᱷᱟᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[:en:Inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[:en:Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Drupe|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080006/https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ (Melia azedarach)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[:en:Adrien-Henri_de_Jussieu|ᱮᱰᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱼᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱣ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' (''Melia azadirachta)'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azedarach') ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azédarac') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛᱼᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[:en:Groundwater|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Middle_East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[:en:Northern_Territory|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱥᱤ' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[:en:Top_End|ᱪᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[:en:Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱤᱱᱳᱞ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[:en:Triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Β-Sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟᱼᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱩᱬ|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Catechin|ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Vitamin_C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱩᱜᱟᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[:en:Rasam_(dish)|ᱨᱮᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ|ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳᱼᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Desert_greening|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱚᱨᱯᱚᱫ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥᱼᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Teeth-cleaning_twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[:en:Expressed_sequence_tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ [[:en:International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Grace_(company)|W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[:en:Prior_art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹᱼᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[:en:Cell_suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱼᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] h4pvuzc38ejxmxmpyqsorxtec1tge17 190984 190974 2026-04-22T15:43:55Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Azadirachta|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Native_species|ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Subtropics|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Hindustani_language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[:en:Pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[:en:Axillary_bud|ᱠᱷᱟᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[:en:Inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[:en:Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Drupe|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080006/https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ (Melia azedarach)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[:en:Adrien-Henri_de_Jussieu|ᱮᱰᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱼᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱣ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' (''Melia azadirachta)'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azedarach') ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azédarac') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛᱼᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[:en:Groundwater|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Middle_East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[:en:Northern_Territory|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱥᱤ' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[:en:Top_End|ᱪᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[:en:Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱤᱱᱳᱞ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[:en:Triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Β-Sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟᱼᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱩᱬ|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Catechin|ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Vitamin_C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱩᱜᱟᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ]] ᱾'' === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[:en:Rasam_(dish)|ᱨᱮᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ|ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳᱼᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Desert_greening|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱚᱨᱯᱚᱫ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥᱼᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Teeth-cleaning_twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[:en:Expressed_sequence_tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ [[:en:International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Grace_(company)|W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[:en:Prior_art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹᱼᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[:en:Cell_suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱼᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] iqu6bt8uqen54runb5txvhsbprn0j8a 190991 190984 2026-04-22T17:59:11Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ */ 190991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Azadirachta|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Native_species|ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Subtropics|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Hindustani_language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[:en:Pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[:en:Axillary_bud|ᱠᱷᱟᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[:en:Inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[:en:Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Drupe|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080006/https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ (Melia azedarach)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[:en:Adrien-Henri_de_Jussieu|ᱮᱰᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱼᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱣ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' (''Melia azadirachta)'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azedarach') ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azédarac') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛᱼᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[:en:Groundwater|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Middle_East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[:en:Northern_Territory|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱥᱤ' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[:en:Top_End|ᱪᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[:en:Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱤᱱᱳᱞ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[:en:Triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Β-Sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟᱼᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱩᱬ|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Catechin|ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Vitamin_C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱩᱜᱟᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'' ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[:en:Rasam_(dish)|ᱨᱮᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ|ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ {{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}} ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳᱼᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Desert_greening|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱚᱨᱯᱚᱫ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥᱼᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Teeth-cleaning_twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[:en:Expressed_sequence_tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ [[:en:International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness|ISKCON]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, European Patent Office (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Grace_(company)|W. R. Grace and Company]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, EPO ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ W. R. Grace ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[:en:Prior_art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ EPO ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹᱼᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[:en:Cell_suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱼᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] 0xi9kafi657xwtstut5y0572ppwmq7c 191015 190991 2026-04-23T05:41:20Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ */ 191015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Azadirachta|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Native_species|ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Subtropics|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Hindustani_language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[:en:Pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[:en:Axillary_bud|ᱠᱷᱟᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[:en:Inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[:en:Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Drupe|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080006/https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ (Melia azedarach)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[:en:Adrien-Henri_de_Jussieu|ᱮᱰᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱼᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱣ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' (''Melia azadirachta)'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azedarach') ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azédarac') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛᱼᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[:en:Groundwater|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Middle_East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[:en:Northern_Territory|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱥᱤ' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[:en:Top_End|ᱪᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[:en:Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱤᱱᱳᱞ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[:en:Triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Β-Sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟᱼᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱩᱬ|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Catechin|ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Vitamin_C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱩᱜᱟᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱤᱯᱚᱢ ᱯᱳ ᱠᱟᱨᱩ'' (''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'') ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[:en:Rasam_(dish)|ᱨᱮᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ|ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱟᱶ ({{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱟᱶ ({{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}}) ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳᱼᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱠᱥ'' ᱜᱩᱭᱤᱝᱣᱮᱯᱷᱮᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱥ (''Culex quinquefasciatus)'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Desert_greening|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱚᱨᱯᱚᱫ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥᱼᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Teeth-cleaning_twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[:en:Expressed_sequence_tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ [[:en:International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness|ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱳᱯᱷᱤᱥ (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Grace_(company)|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱳᱯᱷᱤᱥ (EPO) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱵᱽᱞᱚᱹ ᱟᱨᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[:en:Prior_art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱳᱯᱷᱤᱥ (EPO) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹᱼᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[:en:Cell_suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱼᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] af1ysygcwy0pyxea384w4epfgvmswmf 0 35691 190982 190911 2026-04-22T15:37:12Z Sunia Marndi 8165 190982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Fruit I IMG 9577.jpg |image_caption = ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱡᱚ |image2 = Flowers with Sykes's warbler I IMG 1880.jpg |image2_caption = ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Sykes's warbler|ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮᱥ ᱣᱟᱨᱵᱽᱞᱟᱨ]] |status_ref = |genus = Terminalia |species = arjuna |authority = (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. }} '''''ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ (Terminalia arjuna)'''''ᱫᱚ ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'' [[genus|ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱᱟ<ref name=Biswas /> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=ecoindia /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Flora |author=M Iqbal Zuberi}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ == ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒᱐-᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱒.᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱬᱟᱹᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Biswas">{{cite journal |last1=Biswas |first1=Moulisha |last2=Biswas |first2=Kaushik |last3=Karan |first3=Tarun K |last4=Bhattacharya |first4=Sanjib |last5=Ghosh |first5=Ashoke K |last6=Haldar |first6=Pallab K |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ''Terminalia arjuna'' leaf |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267427155_Evaluation_of_analgesic_and_anti-inflammatory_activities_of_Terminalia_arjuna_leaf |journal=Journal of Phytology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=33–8}}</ref><ref name="ecoindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecoindia.com/flora/trees/arjun-tree.html|title=Arjun Tree |publisher=Eco India}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Phyllactinia terminale]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[polystictus affinis]]'' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱣᱲᱟ (rot) ᱛᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=CABI/> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ == ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱪᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Biswas /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rastogī|first1=Rekhā|title=Let Us Identify The Useful Trees(New)|date=2008|publisher=Children's Book Trust|page=7,8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eL8RlQBNRjoC&dq=terminalia+arjuna&pg=PA7|isbn=978-81-7011-919-7}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=CABI>{{cite book|title=The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees|year = 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBf4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA464|page=464|isbn = 9781780642369}}</ref> == ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ == === ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ === ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''[[Antheraea paphia]]'' (ᱛᱤᱨᱭᱟᱹ) ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="fao">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ab598e/AB598E13.htm|title=Non-wood forest products In 15 countries of Tropical Asia|author=M.P. Shiva|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> === ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ === ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱥᱴᱳᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱᱴ ᱥᱠᱩᱭᱨᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱰᱮᱜᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Journal of Wildlife Science | title=Status and ecological significance of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., a keystone species in the riparian forest of Moyar River valley in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Southern India. | last=Sekar | first=Iyanar |last2=Vedagiri |first2=Thirumurugan | display-authors=etal | url=https://jwls.in/rkvl6975/ | date=2025 }}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Terminalia_arjuna_trunk_03_by_Line1.JPG|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ File:Terminalia arjuna.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ File:Terminalia arjuna trunk 01 by Line1.JPG|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱤᱥ File:Inflorescence of Terminalia arjuna.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ File:Pollen grains of Terminalia arjuna.jpg|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱥ File:Arjuna fruits(Dried).jpg|ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ File:Terminalia arjuna DSC 0267.JPG|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|2}} *{{Commons category-inline}} *{{Wikispecies-inline}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2719381}} [[Category:ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ|ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] 6100c4ojstc6flsbus02djz5gnod0ik 191014 190982 2026-04-23T05:16:17Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Fruit I IMG 9577.jpg |image_caption = ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱡᱚ |image2 = Flowers with Sykes's warbler I IMG 1880.jpg |image2_caption = ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Sykes's warbler|ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮᱥ ᱣᱟᱨᱵᱽᱞᱟᱨ]] |status_ref = |genus = Terminalia |species = arjuna |authority = (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. }} '''''ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ''' (Terminalia arjuna)'' ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Terminalia_(plant)|ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ]]'' [[:en:Genus|ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱᱟ<ref name=Biswas /> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=ecoindia /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Flora |author=M Iqbal Zuberi}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ == ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒᱐-᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱒.᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱬᱟᱹᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Biswas">{{cite journal |last1=Biswas |first1=Moulisha |last2=Biswas |first2=Kaushik |last3=Karan |first3=Tarun K |last4=Bhattacharya |first4=Sanjib |last5=Ghosh |first5=Ashoke K |last6=Haldar |first6=Pallab K |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ''Terminalia arjuna'' leaf |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267427155_Evaluation_of_analgesic_and_anti-inflammatory_activities_of_Terminalia_arjuna_leaf |journal=Journal of Phytology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=33–8}}</ref><ref name="ecoindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecoindia.com/flora/trees/arjun-tree.html|title=Arjun Tree |publisher=Eco India}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Phyllactinia_terminale|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[:en:Polystictus_affinis|ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱴᱚᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱤᱱᱤᱥ]]'' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱭᱟ (rot) ᱛᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=CABI/> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ == ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱪᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Biswas /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rastogī|first1=Rekhā|title=Let Us Identify The Useful Trees(New)|date=2008|publisher=Children's Book Trust|page=7,8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eL8RlQBNRjoC&dq=terminalia+arjuna&pg=PA7|isbn=978-81-7011-919-7}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=CABI>{{cite book|title=The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees|year = 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBf4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA464|page=464|isbn = 9781780642369}}</ref> == ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ == === ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ === ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''[[:en:Antheraea_paphia|ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱮᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟ]]'' (ᱛᱤᱨᱭᱟᱹ) ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="fao">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ab598e/AB598E13.htm|title=Non-wood forest products In 15 countries of Tropical Asia|author=M.P. Shiva|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> === ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ === ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱥᱴᱳᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱᱴ ᱥᱠᱩᱭᱨᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱰᱮᱜᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Journal of Wildlife Science | title=Status and ecological significance of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., a keystone species in the riparian forest of Moyar River valley in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Southern India. | last=Sekar | first=Iyanar |last2=Vedagiri |first2=Thirumurugan | display-authors=etal | url=https://jwls.in/rkvl6975/ | date=2025 }}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Terminalia_arjuna_trunk_03_by_Line1.JPG|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ File:Terminalia arjuna.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ File:Terminalia arjuna trunk 01 by Line1.JPG|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱤᱥ File:Inflorescence of Terminalia arjuna.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ File:Pollen grains of Terminalia arjuna.jpg|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱥ File:Arjuna fruits(Dried).jpg|ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ File:Terminalia arjuna DSC 0267.JPG|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|2}} *{{Commons category-inline}} *{{Wikispecies-inline}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2719381}} [[Category:ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ|ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱹ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] bppdfwookl2e8ghzo0j6kolf4a4o0t9 0 35698 190981 190952 2026-04-22T15:33:39Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}} {{Infobox book | image = Lost in Living (Book Cover).jpg | name = ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ | title_orig = {{lang|uk|Втрачаючи, жити}} | author = ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ | translator = ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ (Ali Kinsella)<br />ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ (Dzvinia Orlowsky) | country = [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | language = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] (ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) | genre = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ | publisher = Lost Horse Press | pub_date = ᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | pages = | isbn = 979-8-9865715-7-7 }} '''''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ''' (Lost in Living)'' ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[:en:Halyna_Kruk|ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ (Lost Horse Press) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lost in Living {{!}} WSU Press {{!}} Washington State University |url=https://wsupress.wsu.edu/product/lost-in-living/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=wsupress.wsu.edu}}</ref> == ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ, ''[[:en:PEN_America|ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ''ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' (PEN Award for Poetry in Translation) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ (finalists) ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜᱼᱮ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Iryna |first=Savyuk |date=9 August 2024 |title=The War & The Self in All Their Iterations: A Review of Halyna Kruk’s Lost in Living |url=https://chytomo.com/en/the-war-the-self-in-all-their-iterations-a-review-of-halyna-kruk-s-lost-in-living/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱢᱯᱚᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ (Lost Horse Press Contemporary Poetry Series) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=lpierson3@ku.edu |first=Logan Pierson {{!}} |date=19 November 2024 |title=Ukrainian poet uplifts the power of poetry during the Russia-Ukraine war |url=https://www.kansan.com/arts_and_culture/ukrainian-poet-uplifts-the-power-of-poetry-during-the-russia-ukraine-war/article_89a8b2fe-a6bb-11ef-b51a-03251a6623fb.html |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=The University Daily Kansan |language=en}}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱚ == * ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ, ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ''ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=PEN Award / Newman Prize / Poet Inspired Walk – Poetry News Roundup April 11th > My poetic side |url=https://mypoeticside.com/news/poetry-news-roundup-april-11th-3 |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=mypoeticside.com}}</ref> * ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ([[:en:PEN_America|PEN America]] Literary Awards) (ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴᱮᱰ (Longlisted), ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱴᱚᱢᱚ'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto"/> * ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱞᱮᱢᱯᱤ (CLMP) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣᱟᱜ (ALTA) ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (National Translation Award in Poetry) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱰᱨᱟᱦᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (Drahomán Prize) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ (ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ) ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[Category:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ]] {{poetry-collection-stub}} 4wo811y1dlzud6bfc8m5ow6ns2q6zxu 190987 190981 2026-04-22T16:32:38Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 190987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}} {{Infobox book | image = Lost in Living (Book Cover).jpg | name = ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ | title_orig = {{lang|uk|Втрачаючи, жити}} | author = ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ | translator = ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ (Ali Kinsella)<br />ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ (Dzvinia Orlowsky) | country = [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | language = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] (ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) | genre = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ | publisher = Lost Horse Press | pub_date = ᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | pages = | isbn = 979-8-9865715-7-7 }} '''''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ''' (Lost in Living)'' ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[:en:Halyna_Kruk|ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ (Lost Horse Press) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lost in Living {{!}} WSU Press {{!}} Washington State University |url=https://wsupress.wsu.edu/product/lost-in-living/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=wsupress.wsu.edu}}</ref> == ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ, ''[[:en:PEN_America|ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ''ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' (PEN Award for Poetry in Translation) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ (finalists) ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜᱼᱮ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Iryna |first=Savyuk |date=9 August 2024 |title=The War & The Self in All Their Iterations: A Review of Halyna Kruk’s Lost in Living |url=https://chytomo.com/en/the-war-the-self-in-all-their-iterations-a-review-of-halyna-kruk-s-lost-in-living/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱢᱯᱚᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ (Lost Horse Press Contemporary Poetry Series) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=lpierson3@ku.edu |first=Logan Pierson {{!}} |date=19 November 2024 |title=Ukrainian poet uplifts the power of poetry during the Russia-Ukraine war |url=https://www.kansan.com/arts_and_culture/ukrainian-poet-uplifts-the-power-of-poetry-during-the-russia-ukraine-war/article_89a8b2fe-a6bb-11ef-b51a-03251a6623fb.html |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=The University Daily Kansan |language=en}}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱚ == * ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ, ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ''ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=PEN Award / Newman Prize / Poet Inspired Walk – Poetry News Roundup April 11th > My poetic side |url=https://mypoeticside.com/news/poetry-news-roundup-april-11th-3 |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=mypoeticside.com}}</ref> * ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ([[:en:PEN_America|PEN America]] Literary Awards) (ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴᱮᱰ (Longlisted), ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱴᱚᱢᱚ'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto"/> * ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱞᱮᱢᱯᱤ (CLMP) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣᱟᱜ (ALTA) ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (National Translation Award in Poetry) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱰᱨᱟᱦᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (Drahomán Prize) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ (ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ) ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[Category:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ]] {{poetry-collection-stub}} g65zrqmuw4q2a8dacewn8xqs4i8vs4c 0 35704 190975 2026-04-22T13:48:38Z MT731 2184 "{{Image frame|content={{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 2 | image1 = Лавра.jpg | image2 = Okean elzy moscow 11-02-2012 nazipov2.jpg | image3 = Cernauti Residentia 04.jpg | image4 = Uruk-hai borscht.png | image5 = Національний музей історії України у Другій світовій війні 01.jpg |..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|content={{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 2 | image1 = Лавра.jpg | image2 = Okean elzy moscow 11-02-2012 nazipov2.jpg | image3 = Cernauti Residentia 04.jpg | image4 = Uruk-hai borscht.png | image5 = Національний музей історії України у Другій світовій війні 01.jpg | image6 = 1840 - Kobzar - page 3 - page 1 (Title) -.jpg | image7 = Pysanka.png | image8 = Duke ric.jpg | image9 = Independence Square in Kyiv.png | image10 = Vyshyvanka.png }}|width=300|align=right|caption=ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ: ᱑. [[ᱠᱭᱤᱵᱷ ᱯᱮᱪᱮᱨᱥᱠ ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱨᱟ|ᱠᱭᱤᱵᱷ ᱯᱮᱪᱮᱨᱥᱠ ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱨᱟ]], ᱒. [[ᱳᱠᱮᱱ ᱮᱞᱡᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱟᱨᱴ,, ᱓. [[ᱪᱮᱨᱱᱤᱵᱷᱛᱥᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ|ᱪᱮᱨᱱᱤᱵᱷᱛᱥᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]], ᱔. [[ᱵᱳᱨᱥᱴ]], ᱕. [[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ|ᱟᱭᱳ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ]], ᱖. [[ᱠᱚᱵᱽᱡᱟᱨ (ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ)|ᱠᱚᱵᱽᱡᱟᱨ]], ᱗. [[ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱱᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ|ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱠᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱱᱠᱟ]], ᱘. [[ᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱮᱢᱢᱟᱱᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱜᱽᱱᱮᱨᱚᱴ ᱰᱭᱩᱠ ᱯᱞᱮᱥᱤᱥ, ᱕ ᱟᱱ ᱰᱭᱩᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱨᱤᱥᱮᱞᱤᱭᱩ ᱰᱩᱠ|ᱳᱰᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱭᱩᱠ ᱨᱤᱪᱮᱞᱤᱭᱩ ᱢᱚᱱᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ]], ᱙. [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|ᱠᱤᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ]], ᱑᱐. [[ᱵᱤᱥᱭᱟᱵᱷᱚᱝᱠᱟ]]}}<!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> '''ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ''' ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱵᱚᱯᱷᱟᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱠᱤᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱨᱪ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiev: 1,500 years of culture |url=https://courier.unesco.org/en/articles/kiev-1500-years-culture|website=UNESCO Courier|date=1 April 1982}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Kyiv&#x3a; Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512015925/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Unique Blend: How Ukraine Shaped Its Own Baroque Vision |url=https://ukraineworld.org/en/articles/basics/ukraine-baroque-vision |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=ukraineworld.org |language=en}}</ref> ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potvorszki |first=Gábor |date=2018-12-15 |title=State Aid in the Visegrad Countries: Similarities and Differences |journal=Theory, Methodology, Practice |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=57–70 |doi=10.18096/tmp.2018.02.05 |issn=2415-9883|doi-access=free }}</ref>; ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱸᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ (ᱵᱤᱥᱭᱟᱵᱷᱚᱝᱠᱟ), ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (ᱯᱤᱥᱚᱝᱠᱤ), ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ (ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱠᱟ) ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞ-ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyivan Rus' |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm#:~:text=Varangian%20%20mercenaries%20and%20killed,and%20cultural%20cohesion%20of%20Rus%E2%80%99 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com |archive-date=2023-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528165919/https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm#:~:text=Varangian%20%20mercenaries%20and%20killed,and%20cultural%20cohesion%20of%20Rus%E2%80%99 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Art |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArt.htm#:~:text=in%20the%20Neolithic%20Period%20,,produced%20gold%20jewelry |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱛᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ-ᱞᱤᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱚ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱟᱨᱤ, ᱨᱩᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱟᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm#:~:text=times,%20also%20had%20an%20impact,Polish%20culture%20left%20its%20mark |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com |archive-date=2026-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202071757/https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm#:~:text=times,%20also%20had%20an%20impact,Polish%20culture%20left%20its%20mark |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=L&#x27;viv &ndash; the Ensemble of the Historic Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/865/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516173840/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/865/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1330/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519121113/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1330 |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱱᱷᱟᱛᱮ, ᱞᱣᱤᱵᱷ, ᱳᱰᱮᱥᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱠᱤᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱟᱞ, ᱮᱥᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Border of East and West: Searching for Icons in Lviv |url=https://imagejournal.org/article/on-the-border-of-east/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Image Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715171751/https://imagejournal.org/article/on-the-border-of-east/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=The Historic Centre of Odesa |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1703/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125231606/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1703/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kharkiv {{!}} History, Map, & Population {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130134002/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine |archive-date=2026-01-30 |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ== * Dubrovskiy Visnyk. 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"...I ne pereshkoda letu lita" * {{cite book |editor-last=Kurkov|editor-first=Andrey|editor-link=Andrey Kurkov|title=Treasures of Ukraine: A Nation's Cultural Heritage |date=2022 |translator=Jane Bugaeva and Nina Murray |isbn=978-0-500-02603-8 |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson|Thames and Hudson]]|location=London |oclc=}} ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ== * {{Cite web |date=2025-09-19 |title=Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania Seek UNESCO World Heritage Status for Trypillia Culture |url=https://united24media.com/latest-news/ukraine-moldova-and-romania-seek-unesco-world-heritage-status-for-trypillia-culture-11771 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=UNITED24 Media |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212044952/https://united24media.com/latest-news/ukraine-moldova-and-romania-seek-unesco-world-heritage-status-for-trypillia-culture-11771 |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |last=Kiosak |first=Dmytro |last2=Bodean |first2=Sergiu |last3=Kotova |first3=Nadiia |last4=Szidat |first4=Sönke |last5=Tinner |first5=Willy |date=August 2024 |title=The chronology of the Early Trypillian expansion |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033822224000882/type/journal_article |journal=Radiocarbon |language=en |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=650–663 |doi=10.1017/RDC.2024.88 |issn=0033-8222|doi-access=free }} * {{Cite news |title=Trypillya culture {{!}} Neolithic, Ukraine, Eneolithic {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Trypillya-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802180533/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Trypillya-culture |archive-date=2025-08-02 |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |last=Nikitin |first=Alexey G. |last2=Potekhina |first2=Inna |last3=Rohland |first3=Nadin |last4=Mallick |first4=Swapan |last5=Reich |first5=David |last6=Lillie |first6=Malcolm |date=2017-02-24 |editor-last=Capelli |editor-first=Cristian |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots |url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172952 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |article-number=e0172952 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0172952 |doi-access=free|issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5325568 |pmid=28235025}} * {{Cite journal |last=Arrignon |first=Jean-Pierre |date=2014-04-03 |title=Christian Raffensperger, Reimagining Europe, Kievan Rus' in the Medieval World , Cambridge (Mass.), Londres, Harvard University Press, 2012, 330 p. |journal=Revue historique |volume=670 |issue=2 |pages=385e–395e |doi=10.3917/rhis.142.0385e |issn=0035-3264}} * {{Cite journal |last=Worth |first=Dean S. |date=1995 |title=The Hagiography of Kievan Rus'. 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Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992. xcvi, 267 pp. $25.00, hard bound; $17.00, paper. |journal=Slavic Review |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=529–531 |doi=10.2307/2501707 |issn=0037-6779}} * {{Cite web |title=ГАЛЕРЕЯ ВИДАТНИХ ОСОБИСТОСТЕЙ |url=https://knu.ua/ua/geninf/osobystosti/shevchenko/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=knu.ua}} * {{Cite book |last=Zaitsev |first=Pavlo |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctvfp65bv |title=Taras Shevchenko: A Life |date=1988 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4875-7328-7 |doi=10.3138/j.ctvfp65bv |archive-date=2019-05-21 |access-date=2026-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521013038/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctvfp65bv |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |last=Franko |first=Ivan |date=1924 |title=Taras Shevchenko |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4201823 |journal=The Slavonic Review |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=110–116 |issn=1471-7816}} * {{Cite web |date=2021-09-13 |title=Георгій Коваленко. «Олександра Екстер» - Kontur |url=https://kontur.media/ekster/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |language=uk }} * {{Cite web |title=Hryhorii Skovoroda Museum |url=https://ui.org.ua/en/postcard/hryhorii-skovoroda-museum-en/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Ukrainian Institute |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504173642/https://ui.org.ua/en/postcard/hryhorii-skovoroda-museum-en/ |url-status=live }} * {{Cite web |title=Hryhorii Skovoroda |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/hryhorii-skovoroda/AQVhfeSID1u7HA |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Shkandrij |first=Myroslav |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1zjg820 |title=Avant-Garde Art in Ukraine, 1910–1930: Contested Memory |date=2018 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |isbn=978-1-61811-975-9}} * {{Cite web |title=Kazimir Malevich {{!}} Artnet |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/kazimir-malevich-2/|access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Artnet}} * {{Cite web |title=Kazimir Malevich - Monoskop |url=https://monoskop.org/Kazimir_Malevich |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=monoskop.org |language=en |archive-date=2026-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260310114315/https://monoskop.org/Kazimir_Malevich |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |last=Liber |first=George O. |date=2001 |title=Adapting to the Stalinist Order: Alexander Dovzhenko's Psychological Journey, 1933-1953 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/826408 |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1097–1116 |issn=0966-8136 |archive-date=2020-03-25 |access-date=2026-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325234825/https://www.jstor.org/stable/826408 |url-status=live }} * {{Cite web |title=Subversions in Dovzhenko's Earth |url=https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/subversions-in-dovzhenkos-earth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701090418/https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/subversions-in-dovzhenkos-earth |archive-date=2025-07-01 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |language=en |url-status=live }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Igor Sikorsky |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Igor-Sikorsky |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218014920/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Igor-Sikorsky |archive-date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-02-28 |language=en |url-status=live }} * {{Cite journal |last=Vernadsky, V. I. |journal=Дружба народов |number=3 |date=1990|orig-date=1915|publisher=Archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences (f. 518, op. 1, d. 220Б). |title=Украинский вопрос и русское общество}} * {{Cite web |title=Газета «Бульвар Гордона» {{!}} Дочь знаменитого Генерального конструктора Сергея Королева Наталия: "Я не могла понять, как отец променял мою умную, красивую маму на другую женщину" |url=http://www.bulvar.com.ua/arch/2006/15/443bcc9e1eab4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116114242/http://www.bulvar.com.ua/arch/2006/15/443bcc9e1eab4/ |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.bulvar.com.ua}} * {{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Moscow Tries to Diminish a Soviet Space Hero – Because He's From Ukraine |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/fact-check-moscow-tries-to-diminish-a-soviet-space-hero-because-hes-from-ukraine/6924071.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Voice of America |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328205737/https://www.voanews.com/a/fact-check-moscow-tries-to-diminish-a-soviet-space-hero-because-hes-from-ukraine/6924071.html |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |title=Sergei Pavlovich Korolev {{!}} Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute |url=https://kpi.ua/en/about-korolyov |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=kpi.ua |archive-date=2025-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215015836/https://kpi.ua/en/about-korolyov |url-status=live }} <!-- * {{Citation |title=Vernadsky, vladimir ivanovich (1863-1945) |work=SpringerReference |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_29779 |access-date=2026-02-28 |place=Berlin/Heidelberg |publisher=Springer-Verlag}} DOI timeout --> [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] eprpcgo7xkfn9ouzabg6gk8vdjxj76h 10 35705 190989 2026-04-22T16:43:32Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Documentation subpage}} <!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --> {{High-use| 43,000 }} {{Auto italic title}} {{Tracks Wikidata|P18|cat=No local image but image on Wikidata}} {{Uses Wikidata|P136|P577|P212|P856|P1036|P1104|P1149}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:Infobox/utilities|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters|Module:Lang|Module:Wikidata|noprotcat=yes}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Infobox b..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 190989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --> {{High-use| 43,000 }} {{Auto italic title}} {{Tracks Wikidata|P18|cat=No local image but image on Wikidata}} {{Uses Wikidata|P136|P577|P212|P856|P1036|P1104|P1149}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:Infobox/utilities|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters|Module:Lang|Module:Wikidata|noprotcat=yes}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Infobox book/styles.css}} This template is used to present a consistently formatted table for use in articles about [[book]]s. == Usage == {{Generic template demo |_template={{BASEPAGENAME}}{{\sandbox}} |_display=italics |italic title=no |name |image=Example-serious.jpg |alt |caption |author |audio_read_by |title_orig='''title_orig''' |orig_lang_code=ia |title_working='''title_working''' |translator |illustrator |cover_artist |language |series |release_number |subject |genre |set_in |published |publisher |publisher2 |pub_date |pub_place |english_pub_date |media_type |pages |awards |isbn=123456789X |oclc |dewey |congress |preceded_by='''preceded_by''' |followed_by='''followed_by''' |native_wikisource=Wikisource:About |wikisource=Wikisource:About |notes }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox book | italic title = <!-- (see above) --> | name = | image = | image_size = | border = | alt = | caption = | author = | audio_read_by = | title_orig = | orig_lang_code = | title_working = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | language = | series = | release_number = | subject = | genre = | set_in = <!-- or use set_on to change the label to "Set on" --> | publisher = | publisher2 = | pub_date = | pub_place = | english_pub_date = | published = | media_type = | pages = | awards = | isbn = | isbn_note = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = <!-- for books in a series --> | followed_by = <!-- for books in a series --> | native_wikisource = | wikisource = | notes = | exclude_cover = | website = | module = }}</syntaxhighlight> == Parameters == ''Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books|WikiProject Books]] and/or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels|WikiProject Novels]] for standards on presenting names and other data.'' * Parameters can be safely left blank. Note that you may include an image with no caption, but a caption will not be shown if there is no image. * [[Help:Link#Wikilinks|Wikilinks]] can be used in any of the infobox fields. ; name: Book name or [[Title (publishing)|title]]. If parameter is left blank, ''name'' will be inherited from the [[Wikipedia:Article titles|Wikipedia page]] where this infobox is invoked. ; image: Image (prefer 1st edition where permitted), use bare filename: <code><nowiki>Example.jpg</nowiki></code><br />For a title page from a [[:Commons:|Commons]] PDF, specify the page and width in [[WP:EIS|the syntax]]: <code><nowiki>[[File:Lissagaray - Histoire de la Commune de 1871, MS.djvu|page=9|220px]]</nowiki></code> ; image_size: Uses image size set by user (default 220px). Use a number to override image size. However, this is discouraged per [[WP:THUMBSIZE]]. ; border: Inserting <code>yes</code> here will result in a 1px grey border around the image, useful for instances where the image and the background will blend together (such as a book cover with a white background). If no border is necessary, this parameter should not be used. Note: does not apply if {{para|image}} uses the full image syntax (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.jpg]]</nowiki></code>); in this case add the border in {{para|image}} (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.jpg|border=yes]]</nowiki></code>) ; caption: Image caption (should describe the edition used) ; alt: Image alternate text ; editor/editors: Editor(s) '''only when they are the primary contributor''', e.g. dictionaries, encyclopedias, anthologies ; author/authors: Author(s) ; audio_read_by: For [[audiobook]]s ; title_orig: Original title, if not in English; recommended if using {{para|native_external_url}} or {{para|native_wikisource}}, unless {{para|name}} (or the article's title if {{para|name}} is not used) is the original non-English title ; orig_lang_code: [[ISO 639|ISO 639 code]] of original language, required if using {{para|title_orig}}, {{para|native_wikisource}} or {{para|native_external_url}} ; working_title: [[Working title]], when different from published title ; translator: Translator(s), if original not in English ; illustrator: Illustrator (where used throughout and a major feature) ; cover_artist: Cover artist, if any ; language: Language of original book. Do not link unless it is an unusual language. ; series: Series (if any) ; release_number: The "release number" of a book within the "series" (also would be called a "volume") – n.b. only relevant for an article where "series" is populated ; subject/subjects: (for non-fiction) A word or phrase that captures the essence of the topic of the work. ''See [[index term]] and [[library classification]]''. Should not generally be combined with genre/genres (i.&nbsp;e., ''cooking'' as the subject or ''cookbook'' as the genre, but not both). ; genre/genres: ''See [[literary genre]]''. Use {{tl|hlist}} for sorting multiple entries. Should not generally be combined with subject/subjects (i.&nbsp;e., ''cooking'' as the subject or ''cookbook'' as the genre, but not both). Should be both specific (e.&nbsp;g., ''memoir'' rather than ''nonfiction'') and reliably sourced. ; set_in: can be both time and place as [[Setting (narrative)|setting]]. No need to create long lists. Use approximate dates/places if it is not clearly specified in the text. ; set_on: overrides {{para|set_in}}, and changes the label to "Set on". For use with planets and other locations where "on" is more appropriate. ; publisher: Publisher of primary publication (prefer 1st edition); also {{para|publisher2}} for additional publishers. ; pub_date: Date published (1st edition) ; pub_place: Place of original publication ; english_pub_date: Date first published in English if 1st edition is in another language. ; published: Alternate parameter, using the following composite format: year (publisher) (language, when originally written in a foreign language); use {{tl|plainlist}} when there is more than one notable edition :Note: {{para|published}} is acceptable, but no longer preferred to {{para|publisher}} and {{para|pub_date}}, which have been restored to common usage. No consensus has yet been reached regarding the migration of infoboxes to a common format, and none should be "fixed" one way or the other ''en masse'' until such consensus is reached. ; media_type: Print / Digital (then binding types etc., if relevant) ; pages: Pages (prefer 1st edition, specify edition as needed) ; award/awards: Awards(s) the book has won ; isbn: (prefer ISBN of 1st edition). Format: "1-234-56789-0" (10-digit) or "978-1-234-56789-0" (13-digit). If the book has a [[ISBN|standard book number]] (9&nbsp;digits) add a "0" to the beginning of the number. Do not change a 10-digit to a 13-digit ISBN by prefixing a "978" by hand, because the last digit is a calculated check digit, which will be wrong. Similarly, do not remove "978-" from a 13-digit ISBN to make a 10-digit ISBN. If the book was published before the use of ISBN, do not include this parameter. If the 13-digit number you have does not start with "978", "979-10", or "979-11", then it is not an ISBN and should not be used in this parameter. Change spaces in the ISBN to hyphens. The rules for hyphenating an ISBN are complex (currently 29 pages). Do not add spaces or hyphens to an unformatted ISBN which are likely to be wrong if you are guessing. However the "978" prefix of a 13-digit ISBN is always separated by a hyphen and the check digit{{spnd}}the last character{{spnd}}is always separated by a hyphen. The last character of a 10-character ISBN may be an "X". In such case, use the uppercase "X" character, not any alternate character. Do not put "ISBN" in front of the number. ISBNs are checked for validity; articles with invalid ISBNs are placed in [[:Category:Pages with ISBN errors]] and display a red error message. ; isbn_note: May be used to add a note following the ISBN. ; oclc: [[OCLC]] number (prefer 1st edition), use when book has no ISBN ; dewey: [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] ; congress: [[Library of Congress Classification]] ('''not''' to be confused with [[Library of Congress Control Number]]) ; preceded_by: Title of prior book {{em|in series}}; will be italicised by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically) ; preceded_by_quotation_marks: Title of prior work {{em|in series}} if a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use italics|minor work]]; will be surrounded with quotation marks by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically) ; followed_by: Title of subsequent book {{em|in a series or a sequel}}; will be italicised by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically) ; followed_by_quotation_marks: Title of subsequent work {{em|in a series or a sequel}} if a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use italics|minor work]]; will be surrounded with quotation marks by template code (do not use to connect separate books chronologically) ; native_wikisource: Page name of original text at a foreign language [[Wikisource]] (if applicable); use {{para|orig_lang_code}} to specify which Wikisource. Tracked in [[:Category:Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources]] ; native_external_url: [[URL]] to a site hosting the original text when in a foreign language, and in the public domain but not yet on Wikisource. Non-commercial, open and accessible sites should be used in preference, sites which rip the text from other sites should be avoided, and illegal content is never to be linked to ; native_external_host: The name of the website linked to by {{para|native_external_url}}, e.g. [[Project Gutenberg]], [[Internet Archive]]. Should be wikilinked if possible ; wikisource: Title of work if in the public domain and hosted at English [[:Wikisource:]]. Tracked in [[:Category:Articles that link to Wikisource]] ; external_url: [[URL]] to a site hosting the text in English (whether the original or a translation), when in the public domain but not yet on Wikisource. Non-commercial, open and accessible sites should be used in preference, sites which rip the text from other sites should be avoided, and illegal content is never to be linked to ; external_host: The name of the website linked to by {{para|external_url}}, e.g. [[Project Gutenberg]], [[Internet Archive]]. Should be wikilinked if possible ; exclude_cover: This template will place articles with this infobox where no image has been specified into the category [[:Category:Books with missing cover|Books with missing cover]]; where this is not desired, e.g because the cover is shown elsewhere in the article, this parameter should be set to {{para|exclude_cover|yes}}. ; website: for the publisher's or author's website about the book. ; module: for embedding other infoboxes into this one (see [[WP:IEmbed]]). == Example == {{Infobox book{{\sandbox}} | italic title = no <!--(lest the title of this template is italicised)--> | name = Anne of Green Gables | image = Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables, 1908, title page.jpg | caption = Title page of the first edition | alt = Title page | author = [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]] | title_orig = | working_title = | translator = | illustrator = M. A. and W. A. J. Claus | cover_artist = | language = English | series = | release_number = | subject = | genre = [[Children's literature|Children's novel]] | publisher = [[L. C. Page & Co.]] | pub_date = 1908 | pub_place = Boston | pages = 429 ''(first edition)'' | awards = | isbn = <!-- N/A --> | oclc = 367111 | congress = PR6025.O45 A53 | preceded_by = | followed_by = [[Anne of Avonlea]] | wikisource = Anne of Green Gables }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:3.0em 0 0;padding-right:0;overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox book | name = Anne of Green Gables | image = Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables, 1908, title page.jpg | caption = Title page of the first edition | alt = Title page | author = [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]] | title_orig = | working_title = | translator = | illustrator = M. A. and W. A. J. Claus | cover_artist = | language = English | series = | release_number = | subject = | genre = [[Children's literature|Children's novel]] | publisher = [[L. C. Page & Co.]] | pub_date = 1908 | pub_place = Boston | pages = 429 ''(first edition)'' | awards = | isbn = <!-- N/A --> | oclc = 367111 | congress = PR6025.O45 A53 | preceded_by = | followed_by = [[Anne of Avonlea]] | wikisource = Anne of Green Gables }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} == TemplateData == {{Collapse top|[[Wikipedia:TemplateData|TemplateData]] documentation used by [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] and other tools}} {{TemplateData header|noheader=1}} <templatedata> { "description": "Consistently-formatted table for presenting information about books", "format": "{{_\n| _________________ = _\n}}\n", "params": { "name": { "label": "Name", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Book title", "default": "Pagename" }, "image": { "label": "Image", "type": "wiki-file-name", "required": false, "description": "Image (prefer 1st edition where permitted). Use bare filename.", "suggested": true }, "author": { "label": "Author", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Author(s) of the book (should be link to their respective article if there is one).", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "authors" ] }, "language": { "label": "Language", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Language of (original) book. Full language name (not a language code).", "example": "English" }, "genre": { "label": "Genre(s)", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "The book's genre", "example": "Science fiction", "aliases": [ "genres" ] }, "published": { "label": "Published", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Using the following format: year (publisher) (language, when originally written in a foreign language)" }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Name of publisher." }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "type": "string", "description": "Format: \"ISBN 1-234-56789-0\" (prefer 1st edition)", "aliases": [ "ISBN" ], "suggested": true, "example": "\"1-234-56789-0\" (if 10-digit) or \"978-1-234-56789-0\" (if 13-digit)" }, "exclude_cover": { "type": "string", "description": "\"yes\" if no image is present and adding this article to \"Category:Books with missing cover\" is not desired", "label": "exclude cover?", "example": "yes" }, "series": { "label": "Series", "description": "Series the book is part of", "example": "[[The Federalist Papers]]", "type": "string" }, "image_size": { "label": "Image size", "example": "200 px", "type": "string" }, "caption": { "label": "Image caption", "description": "a caption for the image used", "type": "content", "aliases": [ "image_caption" ] }, "media_type": { "label": "Type of media", "example": "Print (hardcover), Print (paperback)", "type": "string" }, "pub_date": { "label": "Date of publication", "description": "Date the book or work was published", "example": "December 21, 1787", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "pub_place": { "label": "Place of publication", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Place of (original) publication." }, "preceded_by": { "label": "Preceded by", "description": "The previous installment in the series/from the author", "example": "[[Federalist No. 4]]", "type": "string" }, "followed_by": { "label": "Followed by", "description": "The next installment in the series/from the author", "example": "[[Federalist No. 6]]", "type": "string" }, "italic title": { "label": "Italicize title?", "description": "If set to \"no\", the title is never italicized. If set to \"force\", the title is always italicized. If not specified, the title should usually be italicized automatically.", "example": "no", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "no", "force" ] }, "editor": { "aliases": [ "editors" ], "label": "Editor(s)", "description": "Editor or editors of the book. Use this template if they are a PRIMARY contributor (eg for dictionaries or encyclopedias).", "example": "John Doe", "type": "content" }, "audio_read_by": { "label": "Audio read by", "description": "The person who read the audio, if this is an audiobook.", "example": "Jane Smith", "type": "content" }, "title_orig": { "label": "Original title", "description": "The original title of the book, if it was not in English.", "example": "Exemple d'une Livre", "type": "content" }, "title_working": { "label": "Working title", "description": "The working title of the book, if this was different from the title the book was ultimately published as.", "example": "Example Working Book Title", "type": "content" }, "translator": { "aliases": [ "translators" ], "label": "Translator(s)", "description": "The person or people who translated the book to English, if it was not originally in English.", "example": "Joe Bloggs", "type": "content" }, "illustrator": { "aliases": [ "illustrators" ], "label": "Illustrator(s)", "description": "The person or people who illustrated this book, if applicable.", "example": "John Doe", "type": "content" }, "cover_artist": { "label": "Cover artist", "description": "The person who made the cover art, if applicable.", "example": "Jane Smith", "type": "content" }, "release_number": { "label": "Release number", "description": "Ordinal index of the book, if it was released within a series", "type": "string" }, "subject": { "aliases": [ "subjects" ], "label": "Subjects", "description": "Topics discussed by the book. For non-fiction books only.", "example": "chemistry", "type": "content" }, "set_in": { "label": "Set in", "description": "The time and/or place where the book is set in, if it's a work of fiction", "example": "England", "type": "content" }, "publisher2": { "label": "Second publisher", "description": "An additional publisher that published this book (not the primary publisher).", "example": "Penguin Random House", "type": "content" }, "release_date": { "label": "Release date" }, "english_pub_date": { "label": "English publication date" }, "english_release_date": {}, "pages": { "label": "Number of pages" }, "awards": {}, "award": {}, "isbn_note": { "aliases": [ "ISBN_note" ], "label": "ISBN note", "description": "Note about the ISBN, like what edition it applies to if it is different from the rest of the infobox." }, "dewey": { "label": "Dewey Decimal class" }, "congress": { "label": "Library of Congress Class", "description": "Classification of the book in the LoC system" }, "last": {}, "first": {}, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC number", "description": "Number in the Worldcat classification system for the book. There are often multiple for the same edition; usually pick the lowest number for the first edition." }, "alt": { "label": "Image alt", "description": "Alt text for the infobox image" }, "border": {}, "orig_lang_code": { "label": "Original language code", "description": "Language code for the original language title of the book" }, "preceded_by_quotation_marks": {}, "followed_by_quotation_marks": {}, "native_wikisource": {}, "native_external_url": {}, "native_external_host": {}, "wikisource": {}, "external_url": {}, "external_host": {}, "website": {}, "homepage": {}, "URL": {}, "notes": {}, "note": {}, "nocat_wdimage": {}, "module": {} }, "paramOrder": [ "name", "image", "image_size", "caption", "alt", "author", "language", "genre", "published", "publisher", "publisher2", "pub_date", "exclude_cover", "series", "media_type", "preceded_by", "followed_by", "italic title", "editor", "audio_read_by", "title_orig", "orig_lang_code", "title_working", "translator", "illustrator", "cover_artist", "release_number", "subject", "set_in", "release_date", "pub_place", "english_pub_date", "english_release_date", "pages", "awards", "award", "isbn", "isbn_note", "oclc", "dewey", "congress", "last", "first", "border", "preceded_by_quotation_marks", "followed_by_quotation_marks", "wikisource", "native_wikisource", "native_external_url", "native_external_host", "external_url", "external_host", "website", "homepage", "URL", "notes", "note", "nocat_wdimage", "module" ] } </templatedata> {{Collapse bottom}} == Translated books == About how to handle translated books, see the [[Template talk:Infobox book/Archive 4#Translated books case study|Translated books case study]]. == COinS == {{UF-COinS}} == Tracking categories == * {{clc|Articles that link to Wikisource}} * {{clc|Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources}} * {{clc|Books with missing cover}}{{spnd}}instances without images * {{clc|Pages using infobox book with unknown parameters}} * {{clc|Pages using infobox book with conflicting parameters}} * {{clc|No local image but image on Wikidata}} – Used by [[Template:Wikidata image]] to track articles where an infobox has no image but [[Wikidata]] has an image name. To exclude articles from this category, add an image or {{para|nocat_wdimage|yes}} to the infobox. == See also == * {{tl|Infobox book series}} * {{tl|Infobox novella}} * {{tl|Infobox short story}} * [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/InfoboxCode]] * [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/ArticleTemplate#Pattern template]] <includeonly>{{basepage subpage| [[Category:Book infobox templates| ]] [[Category:WikiProject Books| {{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:WikiProject Novels| {{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Infobox templates using Wikidata]] [[Category:Templates that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> twfczem0yxsga51iig5lz7wrcur9e2l 10 35706 191009 2026-04-23T04:50:29Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ |parent=Millettieae |extinct= <!--leave blank or delete this line for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs= <!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ |parent=Millettieae |extinct= <!--leave blank or delete this line for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs= <!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} cswivorrzayfa8rl6ai926vluo1f01k 10 35707 191010 2026-04-23T04:54:23Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=tribus |link=ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Millettioids |refs={{Citation |last1=Compton |first1=James A. |last2=Schrire |first2=Brian D. |last3=Könyves |first3=Kálmán |last4=Forest |first4=Félix |last5=Malakasi |first5=Panagiota |last6=Sawai Mattapha |last7=Sirichamorn |first7=Yotsawate |date=2019 |title=The ''Callerya'' Group redefined and Tribe Wisterieae (Fabaceae)..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=tribus |link=ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Millettioids |refs={{Citation |last1=Compton |first1=James A. |last2=Schrire |first2=Brian D. |last3=Könyves |first3=Kálmán |last4=Forest |first4=Félix |last5=Malakasi |first5=Panagiota |last6=Sawai Mattapha |last7=Sirichamorn |first7=Yotsawate |date=2019 |title=The ''Callerya'' Group redefined and Tribe Wisterieae (Fabaceae) emended based on morphology and data from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences |journal=PhytoKeys |issue=125 |pages=1–112 |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.125.34877 |pmid=31303810 |pmc=6610001 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }} https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=163733 }} pfd4orw2l2bsyx6j3322syiu2hksexs 10 35708 191011 2026-04-23T04:56:28Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱚᱰᱥ |parent=Non-protein amino acid-accumulating clade |refs= <!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱚᱰᱥ |parent=Non-protein amino acid-accumulating clade |refs= <!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} fasablt39v5ubi4jh617e1nw9t5rsnf 10 35709 191012 2026-04-23T04:58:44Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=ᱱᱚᱱᱼᱯᱨᱚᱴᱤᱱ ᱮᱢᱤᱱᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱰᱼᱮᱠᱩᱢᱩᱞᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱞᱮᱰ |parent=Meso-Papilionoideae |extinct= <!--leave blank or delete this line for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs= {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017|title=Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phy..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=ᱱᱚᱱᱼᱯᱨᱚᱴᱤᱱ ᱮᱢᱤᱱᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱰᱼᱮᱠᱩᱢᱩᱞᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱞᱮᱰ |parent=Meso-Papilionoideae |extinct= <!--leave blank or delete this line for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs= {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017|title=Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature|year=2013|last1=Wojciechowski|first1=Martin F.|journal=South African Journal of Botany|volume=89|pages=85–93}}<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} 9emd6z0jrd0i8wo4swjapvxkan9fobx 10 35710 191013 2026-04-23T05:05:27Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=ᱢᱤᱡᱚᱼᱯᱚᱯᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱚᱭᱰᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Faboideae |refs={{cite journal | last=Wojciechowski | first=Martin F. | title=Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature | journal=South African Journal of Botany | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=89 | year=2013 | issn=0254-6299 | doi=1..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=ᱢᱤᱡᱚᱼᱯᱚᱯᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱚᱭᱰᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Faboideae |refs={{cite journal | last=Wojciechowski | first=Martin F. | title=Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature | journal=South African Journal of Botany | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=89 | year=2013 | issn=0254-6299 | doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017 | doi-access = free | pages=85–93}} }} 0wzjelo0fdt5pl61evuqskkcdsqtcdi 0 35711 191020 2026-04-23T06:26:59Z Sunia Marndi 8165 "{{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7633.jpg |image_caption = ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ |display_parents = 2 |genus = Pongamia |parent_authority = [[Adans.]] (1763), nom. cons. |species = pinnata |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]] (1898) |subdivision_ranks = Varieties |subdivision = *''..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7633.jpg |image_caption = ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ |display_parents = 2 |genus = Pongamia |parent_authority = [[Adans.]] (1763), nom. cons. |species = pinnata |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]] (1898) |subdivision_ranks = Varieties |subdivision = *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''minor'' {{small|([[Benth.]]) Domin}} *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''pinnata'' |subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> |synonyms = {{collapsible list | {{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | * ''Cajum pinnatum'' {{small|(L.) Kuntze (1891)}} * ''Cytisus pinnatus'' <small>L. (1753)</small> * ''Galedupa pinnata'' <small>(L.) Taub. (1894)</small> * ''Millettia pinnata'' {{small|(L.) [[Gopinath Panigrahi|Panigrahi]] (1989)}} * ''Pongamia glabra'' <small>Vent. (1803), nom. superfl.</small><ref>{{cite book |last1=Heyne |first1=K. |author1-link=Karel Heyne |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, tevens synthetische catalogus der verzamelingen van het Museum voor Technische- en Handelsbotanie te Buitenzorg |date=1913 |publisher=Museum voor Economische Botanie |location=[[Bogor|Buitenzorg]] |volume=II |page=306 |url=http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''typica'' {{small|Domin (1926), not validly publ.}} * ''Derris indica'' {{small|(Lam.) Bennet}} }} }} |synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/> }} '''''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ(Pongamia pinnata)''''' ᱫᱚ [[Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[pea|ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo">[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name=USDA>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=mipi9 |title=Plants profile for ''Millettia pinnata'' (pongame oiltree) |work=PLANTS Profile |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref><ref name="RFK8">{{cite web |author=F.A. Zich |author2=[[B.Hyland]] |author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |access-date=26 May 2021 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Pongamia_pinnata_var._pinnata.htm |title=Pongamia pinnata var. pinnata |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30023711-2 ''Pongamia'' Adans.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪ'''(Indian beech), '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚ'''(Karanja), ᱟᱨ '''ᱯᱳᱱᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' (Pongame oiltree) ᱾<ref name=USDA/><ref name="RFK8"/> == ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ == ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (legume) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ {{convert|15|-|25|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|50|-|80|cm|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱩᱼᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ (greyᱼbrown) ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=argent/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Pongamia_pinnata.pdf|title=Pongamia pinnata; Fabaceae - Papilionoideae; (L.) Pierre; pongam, karanj, karanga, kanji|author1=Orwa C. |author2=Mutua A. |author3=Kindt R. |author4=Jamnadass R. |author5=Simons A. |publisher=Agroforestry Database version 4.0 |year=2009 |access-date=2013-11-27}}</ref> ᱯᱚᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱓ᱼ᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ, ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="giesen">Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zierenand & L. Scholten (2007). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ag132e/ag132e00.pdf ''Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia'']{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}: 198-9. Bangkok :FAO and Wetlands International. ISBN 974-7946-85-8</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|15|-|18|mm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱭᱟᱞᱤᱠᱥ(calyx) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ (corolla) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="RFK8"/><ref name=daff_AU>{{cite web|url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf|title=Weed Risk Assessment : Pongamia|publisher=Daff.qld.gov.au |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> ᱔ᱼ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ [[indehiscent|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱑ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ, ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱼᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱣᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|1.5|-|2.5|cm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro/><ref name=daff_AU/><ref name=argent>Argent, G., A. Saridan, EJF. Campbell, & P. Wilkie. "Leguminosae". ''Manual of The Larger and More Important Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.'' :366. Samarinda: Forest Research Institute.</ref> ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱵᱨᱤᱰᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ(outbreeding diploid) ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱨᱳᱢᱳᱡᱳᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=daff_AU/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (Root nodules) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱤᱨᱟᱭᱡᱚᱵᱤᱭᱚᱢ(''Bradyrhizobium)''ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Gallery |mode=packed |Starr 080530-4642 Milletia pinnata.jpg|ᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩ, ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ |Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ (Inflorescence) |Pollen grains of Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱥ (Pollen grains) |PongamiaFlowersPodsSeeds (cropped).jpg|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ |PongamiaPinnataGall.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱞ (galls) |Pongam_pinnat_110716-15926_sntong.JPG |ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ, [[Gangga, Lombok|ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ]], [[North Lombok|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱳᱠ]] }} == ᱛᱷᱚᱠᱼᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (Taxonomy) == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Carl Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''Cytisus pinnatus'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo" /> ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱤᱥᱤᱸᱠ (Robert Geesink) ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Pongamia'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Millettia]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''Pongamia'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ''Millettia'' ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Millettia pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ''Millettia'' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ [[paraphyletic]] ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''Pongamia'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Cooper">Wendy E. Cooper, Darren M. Crayn, Frank A. Zich, Rebecca E. Miller, Melissa Harrison, Lars Nauheimer "A review of Austrocallerya and Pongamia (Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae) in Australia, and the description of a new monotypic genus, Ibatiria," ''Australian Systematic Botany'', 32(4), 363-384, (29 August 2019) https://doi.org/10.1071/SB18039</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, [[Malesia|ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=GRIN /><ref name="RFK8"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (humid) ᱟᱨ [[subtropical|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱓᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ [[Himalayas|ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock">[http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html Pongamia pinnata - a nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117130917/http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html |date=2016-01-17 }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ 0°C ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ 50°C ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒,᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue">{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pongamia_pinnata.html|title=Factsheet from New crops at Purdue University|publisher=Hort.purdue.edu |date=1998-01-08 |access-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[taproot|ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ (drought tolerant) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱥᱯᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[root nodules|ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[nitrogen fixation|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱵᱟᱭᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[nitrogen|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ]] (N₂) ᱫᱚ [[ammonium|ᱟᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] (NH₄⁺) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Freshwater swamp forest|ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (freshwater swamp forest) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tonlé Sap|ᱴᱳᱱᱞᱮ ᱥᱮᱯ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ''P. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ (naturalized) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Pongamia Risk Assessment |url=https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ''Pongamia pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ([[windbreak]]) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[compost|ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱽᱲᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ (gum) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[firewood|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱ]], ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[soil erosion|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱭ]] ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ (sand dunes) ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> [[Rumphius]] ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Malaparius'' (ᱢᱳᱞᱩᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''malapari''<ref name="heyne">[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, Karel]] (1987). ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 1005. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Dutch version: [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up -1916- '''II''': 306.</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[eeltail catfish]] ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱨ ([[East Seram Regency|Seram Timur]]) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ([[Banda Islands|Banda]]) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ, [[Cryptocarya massoy|ᱢᱟᱥᱳᱭ]] ᱟᱨ [[clover|ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ]] ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[beri-beri|ᱵᱮᱨᱤᱼᱵᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="rumpf">[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]] (1743). ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/301/mode/1up Pars '''III''': 183], [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/303/mode/1up Tab. cxvii]. Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Joannem Catuffe, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.</ref> ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ (᱒᱗ᱼ᱓᱙%), ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ (᱑᱗ᱼ᱓᱗%), ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ (᱖ᱼ᱗%), ᱠᱨᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ (᱕ᱼ᱗%), ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (᱑᱕ᱼ᱒᱐%), ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ (᱒ᱼ᱓%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[oleic acid|ᱳᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |title=Pongamia Factsheet |access-date=2013-09-28 |archive-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501195229/http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[pongamia oil|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Oil lamp|ᱞᱟᱢᱯ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]], [[soap|ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱱ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ [[lubricant|ᱞᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠᱮᱱᱴ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [Image of chemical structure of oleic acid] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ [[triglycerides|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱜᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ [[flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱵᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[karanjin|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱤᱱ]], ᱯᱳᱱᱜᱟᱢᱳᱞ, [[tannin|ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱱ]], ᱟᱨ [[karanjachromene|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱟᱠᱨᱳᱢᱤᱱ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ, ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[traditional medicine|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[hiragonic acid|ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱜᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shameel |first1=S. |last2=Usmanghani |first2=K. |last3=Ali |first3=M. S. |last4=Ahmad |first4=V. U. |title=Chemical constituents from the seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |journal=[[Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences]] |date=January 1996 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |pmid=16414771 |issn=1011-601X}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[rainwater harvesting|ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ (biodiesel) ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Rain water harvesting by fresh water flooded forests |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789361/Rain-Water-Harvesting-by-Freshwater-Flooded-Forests |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Degani |first1=Erika |last2=Prasad |first2=M. V. R. |last3=Paradkar |first3=Anant |last4=Pena |first4=Rodica |last5=Soltangheisi |first5=Amin |last6=Ullah |first6=Ihsan |last7=Warr |first7=Benjamin |last8=Tibbett |first8=Mark|display-authors=3 |date=2022-12-15 |title=A critical review of Pongamia pinnata multiple applications: From land remediation and carbon sequestration to socioeconomic benefits |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |language=en |volume=324 |article-number=116297 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116297 |pmid=36174475 |bibcode=2022JEnvM.32416297D |s2cid=252558634 |issn=0301-4797|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ (salinity) ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomar |first1=O. S. |last2=Gupta |first2=R. K. |date=1985-10-01 |title=Performance of some forest tree species in saline soils under shallow and saline water-table conditions |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02181900 |journal=Plant and Soil |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1007/BF02181900 |bibcode=1985PlSoi..87..329T |s2cid=12335333 |issn=1573-5036|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱒.᱕ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=K |date=1990 |title=Effect of soil salinity and sodicity on seedling growth and mineral composition of Pongamia pinnata and Araucaria cunninghamii |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19910653629 |journal=Tropical Ecology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=124–130 |via=CAB Direct}}</ref> [[Image:plantationpre.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Caboolture, Queensland|ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱣᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱟᱥ]] ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''[[Jatropha]]'' (ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱰᱟ) ᱟᱨ [[Castor oil plant|ᱵᱷᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱭᱚᱢ]] (castor) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ (third world) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[biodiesel|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (feedstock) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=15939268|year=2005|last1=Karmee|first1=SK|last2=Chadha|first2=A|title=Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata|volume=96|issue=13|pages=1425–9|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011|journal=Bioresource Technology|bibcode=2005BiTec..96.1425K }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ (biofuel) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''P. pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ (socioeconomic) ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halder |first1=P. K. |last2=Paul |first2=N. |last3=Beg |first3=M. R. A. |title=Prospect of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) in Bangladesh: A Sustainable Source of Liquid Fuel |journal=Journal of Renewable Energy |date=18 December 2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2014/647324 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kesari |first1=Vigya |last2=Rangan |first2=Latha |title=Development of Pongamia pinnata as an alternative biofuel crop — current status and scope of plantations in India |journal=Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology |date=September 2010 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=127–137 |doi=10.1007/s12892-010-0064-1 |s2cid=2790680 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225255623 |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''P. pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ, ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱼᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ (byproduct) ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐% ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s12155-008-9003-0|title=Pongamia pinnata: An Untapped Resource for the Biofuels Industry of the Future|year=2008|last1=Scott|first1=Paul T.|last2=Pregelj|first2=Lisette|last3=Chen|first3=Ning|last4=Hadler|first4=Johanna S.|last5=Djordjevic|first5=Michael A.|last6=Gresshoff|first6=Peter M.|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=1|issue=1 |page=2|bibcode=2008BioER...1....2S |s2cid=37994181}}</ref><ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Delagarde R., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Karanja (Millettia pinnata). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/636</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (citrus) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Frisaro, Freida, ''[https://apnews.com/article/pongamia-tree-citrus-florida-california-biofuel-protein-c9e781f0d1f7ea786b9748235c9dc320 Pongamia trees grow where citrus once flourished, offering renewable energy and plant-based protein]'', Associated Press, July 6, 2024</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{Bioenergy}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q2717831|from2=Q24852568|from3=Q1973585}} [[Category:Millettieae]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] tehgtsukiko1cda2p7i026sezw90mol 191030 191020 2026-04-23T07:09:25Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7633.jpg |image_caption = ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ |display_parents = 2 |genus = Pongamia |parent_authority = [[Adans.]] (1763), nom. cons. |species = pinnata |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]] (1898) |subdivision_ranks = Varieties |subdivision = *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''minor'' {{small|([[Benth.]]) Domin}} *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''pinnata'' |subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> |synonyms = {{collapsible list | {{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | * ''Cajum pinnatum'' {{small|(L.) Kuntze (1891)}} * ''Cytisus pinnatus'' <small>L. (1753)</small> * ''Galedupa pinnata'' <small>(L.) Taub. (1894)</small> * ''Millettia pinnata'' {{small|(L.) [[Gopinath Panigrahi|Panigrahi]] (1989)}} * ''Pongamia glabra'' <small>Vent. (1803), nom. superfl.</small><ref>{{cite book |last1=Heyne |first1=K. |author1-link=Karel Heyne |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, tevens synthetische catalogus der verzamelingen van het Museum voor Technische- en Handelsbotanie te Buitenzorg |date=1913 |publisher=Museum voor Economische Botanie |location=[[Bogor|Buitenzorg]] |volume=II |page=306 |url=http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''typica'' {{small|Domin (1926), not validly publ.}} * ''Derris indica'' {{small|(Lam.) Bennet}} }} }} |synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/> }} '''''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ''' (Pongamia pinnata)'' ᱫᱚ [[:en:Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pea|ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo">[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name=USDA>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=mipi9 |title=Plants profile for ''Millettia pinnata'' (pongame oiltree) |work=PLANTS Profile |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref><ref name="RFK8">{{cite web |author=F.A. Zich |author2=[[B.Hyland]] |author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |access-date=26 May 2021 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Pongamia_pinnata_var._pinnata.htm |title=Pongamia pinnata var. pinnata |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30023711-2 ''Pongamia'' Adans.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪ''' (Indian beech), '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚ''' (Karanja), ᱟᱨ '''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' (Pongame oiltree) ᱾<ref name=USDA/><ref name="RFK8"/> == ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ == ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (legume) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ {{convert|15|-|25|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|50|-|80|cm|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱩᱼᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ (greyᱼbrown) ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=argent/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Pongamia_pinnata.pdf|title=Pongamia pinnata; Fabaceae - Papilionoideae; (L.) Pierre; pongam, karanj, karanga, kanji|author1=Orwa C. |author2=Mutua A. |author3=Kindt R. |author4=Jamnadass R. |author5=Simons A. |publisher=Agroforestry Database version 4.0 |year=2009 |access-date=2013-11-27}}</ref> ᱯᱚᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱓ᱼ᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ, ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="giesen">Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zierenand & L. Scholten (2007). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ag132e/ag132e00.pdf ''Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia'']{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}: 198-9. Bangkok :FAO and Wetlands International. ISBN 974-7946-85-8</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|15|-|18|mm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱭᱟᱞᱤᱠᱥ(calyx) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ (corolla) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="RFK8"/><ref name=daff_AU>{{cite web|url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf|title=Weed Risk Assessment : Pongamia|publisher=Daff.qld.gov.au |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> ᱔ᱼ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ [[indehiscent|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱑ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ, ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱼᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱣᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|1.5|-|2.5|cm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro/><ref name=daff_AU/><ref name=argent>Argent, G., A. Saridan, EJF. Campbell, & P. Wilkie. "Leguminosae". ''Manual of The Larger and More Important Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.'' :366. Samarinda: Forest Research Institute.</ref> ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱵᱨᱤᱰᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ(outbreeding diploid) ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱨᱳᱢᱳᱡᱳᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=daff_AU/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (Root nodules) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱤᱨᱟᱭᱡᱚᱵᱤᱭᱚᱢ(''Bradyrhizobium)''ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Gallery |mode=packed |Starr 080530-4642 Milletia pinnata.jpg|ᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩ, ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ |Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ (Inflorescence) |Pollen grains of Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱥ (Pollen grains) |PongamiaFlowersPodsSeeds (cropped).jpg|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ |PongamiaPinnataGall.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱞ (galls) |Pongam_pinnat_110716-15926_sntong.JPG |ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ, [[Gangga, Lombok|ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ]], [[North Lombok|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱳᱠ]] }} == ᱛᱷᱚᱠᱼᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (Taxonomy) == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Carl Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''Cytisus pinnatus'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo" /> ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱤᱥᱤᱸᱠ (Robert Geesink) ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Pongamia'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Millettia]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''Pongamia'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ''Millettia'' ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Millettia pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ''Millettia'' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ [[paraphyletic]] ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''Pongamia'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Cooper">Wendy E. Cooper, Darren M. Crayn, Frank A. Zich, Rebecca E. Miller, Melissa Harrison, Lars Nauheimer "A review of Austrocallerya and Pongamia (Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae) in Australia, and the description of a new monotypic genus, Ibatiria," ''Australian Systematic Botany'', 32(4), 363-384, (29 August 2019) https://doi.org/10.1071/SB18039</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, [[Malesia|ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=GRIN /><ref name="RFK8"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (humid) ᱟᱨ [[subtropical|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱓᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ [[Himalayas|ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock">[http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html Pongamia pinnata - a nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117130917/http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html |date=2016-01-17 }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ 0°C ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ 50°C ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒,᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue">{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pongamia_pinnata.html|title=Factsheet from New crops at Purdue University|publisher=Hort.purdue.edu |date=1998-01-08 |access-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[taproot|ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ (drought tolerant) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱥᱯᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[root nodules|ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[nitrogen fixation|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱵᱟᱭᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[nitrogen|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ]] (N₂) ᱫᱚ [[ammonium|ᱟᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] (NH₄⁺) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Freshwater swamp forest|ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (freshwater swamp forest) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tonlé Sap|ᱴᱳᱱᱞᱮ ᱥᱮᱯ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ''P. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ (naturalized) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Pongamia Risk Assessment |url=https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ''Pongamia pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ([[windbreak]]) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[compost|ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱽᱲᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ (gum) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[firewood|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱ]], ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[soil erosion|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱭ]] ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ (sand dunes) ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> [[Rumphius]] ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Malaparius'' (ᱢᱳᱞᱩᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''malapari''<ref name="heyne">[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, Karel]] (1987). ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 1005. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Dutch version: [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up -1916- '''II''': 306.</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[eeltail catfish]] ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱨ ([[East Seram Regency|Seram Timur]]) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ([[Banda Islands|Banda]]) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ, [[Cryptocarya massoy|ᱢᱟᱥᱳᱭ]] ᱟᱨ [[clover|ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ]] ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[beri-beri|ᱵᱮᱨᱤᱼᱵᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="rumpf">[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]] (1743). ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/301/mode/1up Pars '''III''': 183], [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/303/mode/1up Tab. cxvii]. Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Joannem Catuffe, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.</ref> ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ (᱒᱗ᱼ᱓᱙%), ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ (᱑᱗ᱼ᱓᱗%), ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ (᱖ᱼ᱗%), ᱠᱨᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ (᱕ᱼ᱗%), ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (᱑᱕ᱼ᱒᱐%), ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ (᱒ᱼ᱓%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[oleic acid|ᱳᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |title=Pongamia Factsheet |access-date=2013-09-28 |archive-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501195229/http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[pongamia oil|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Oil lamp|ᱞᱟᱢᱯ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]], [[soap|ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱱ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ [[lubricant|ᱞᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠᱮᱱᱴ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [Image of chemical structure of oleic acid] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ [[triglycerides|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱜᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ [[flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱵᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[karanjin|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱤᱱ]], ᱯᱳᱱᱜᱟᱢᱳᱞ, [[tannin|ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱱ]], ᱟᱨ [[karanjachromene|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱟᱠᱨᱳᱢᱤᱱ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ, ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[traditional medicine|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[hiragonic acid|ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱜᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shameel |first1=S. |last2=Usmanghani |first2=K. |last3=Ali |first3=M. S. |last4=Ahmad |first4=V. U. |title=Chemical constituents from the seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |journal=[[Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences]] |date=January 1996 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |pmid=16414771 |issn=1011-601X}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[rainwater harvesting|ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ (biodiesel) ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Rain water harvesting by fresh water flooded forests |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789361/Rain-Water-Harvesting-by-Freshwater-Flooded-Forests |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Degani |first1=Erika |last2=Prasad |first2=M. V. R. |last3=Paradkar |first3=Anant |last4=Pena |first4=Rodica |last5=Soltangheisi |first5=Amin |last6=Ullah |first6=Ihsan |last7=Warr |first7=Benjamin |last8=Tibbett |first8=Mark|display-authors=3 |date=2022-12-15 |title=A critical review of Pongamia pinnata multiple applications: From land remediation and carbon sequestration to socioeconomic benefits |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |language=en |volume=324 |article-number=116297 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116297 |pmid=36174475 |bibcode=2022JEnvM.32416297D |s2cid=252558634 |issn=0301-4797|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ (salinity) ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomar |first1=O. S. |last2=Gupta |first2=R. K. |date=1985-10-01 |title=Performance of some forest tree species in saline soils under shallow and saline water-table conditions |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02181900 |journal=Plant and Soil |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1007/BF02181900 |bibcode=1985PlSoi..87..329T |s2cid=12335333 |issn=1573-5036|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱒.᱕ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=K |date=1990 |title=Effect of soil salinity and sodicity on seedling growth and mineral composition of Pongamia pinnata and Araucaria cunninghamii |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19910653629 |journal=Tropical Ecology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=124–130 |via=CAB Direct}}</ref> [[Image:plantationpre.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Caboolture, Queensland|ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱣᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱟᱥ]] ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''[[Jatropha]]'' (ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱰᱟ) ᱟᱨ [[Castor oil plant|ᱵᱷᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱭᱚᱢ]] (castor) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ (third world) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[biodiesel|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (feedstock) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=15939268|year=2005|last1=Karmee|first1=SK|last2=Chadha|first2=A|title=Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata|volume=96|issue=13|pages=1425–9|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011|journal=Bioresource Technology|bibcode=2005BiTec..96.1425K }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ (biofuel) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''P. pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ (socioeconomic) ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halder |first1=P. K. |last2=Paul |first2=N. |last3=Beg |first3=M. R. A. |title=Prospect of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) in Bangladesh: A Sustainable Source of Liquid Fuel |journal=Journal of Renewable Energy |date=18 December 2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2014/647324 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kesari |first1=Vigya |last2=Rangan |first2=Latha |title=Development of Pongamia pinnata as an alternative biofuel crop — current status and scope of plantations in India |journal=Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology |date=September 2010 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=127–137 |doi=10.1007/s12892-010-0064-1 |s2cid=2790680 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225255623 |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''P. pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ, ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱼᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ (byproduct) ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐% ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s12155-008-9003-0|title=Pongamia pinnata: An Untapped Resource for the Biofuels Industry of the Future|year=2008|last1=Scott|first1=Paul T.|last2=Pregelj|first2=Lisette|last3=Chen|first3=Ning|last4=Hadler|first4=Johanna S.|last5=Djordjevic|first5=Michael A.|last6=Gresshoff|first6=Peter M.|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=1|issue=1 |page=2|bibcode=2008BioER...1....2S |s2cid=37994181}}</ref><ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Delagarde R., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Karanja (Millettia pinnata). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/636</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (citrus) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Frisaro, Freida, ''[https://apnews.com/article/pongamia-tree-citrus-florida-california-biofuel-protein-c9e781f0d1f7ea786b9748235c9dc320 Pongamia trees grow where citrus once flourished, offering renewable energy and plant-based protein]'', Associated Press, July 6, 2024</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{Bioenergy}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q2717831|from2=Q24852568|from3=Q1973585}} [[Category:Millettieae]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] rxdtupivr1bemuh65w8be10uhnq8h4r 191031 191030 2026-04-23T07:11:05Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7633.jpg |image_caption = ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ |display_parents = 2 |genus = Pongamia |parent_authority = [[Adans.]] (1763), nom. cons. |species = pinnata |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]] (1898) |subdivision_ranks = Varieties |subdivision = *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''minor'' {{small|([[Benth.]]) Domin}} *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''pinnata'' |subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> |synonyms = {{collapsible list | {{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | * ''Cajum pinnatum'' {{small|(L.) Kuntze (1891)}} * ''Cytisus pinnatus'' <small>L. (1753)</small> * ''Galedupa pinnata'' <small>(L.) Taub. (1894)</small> * ''Millettia pinnata'' {{small|(L.) [[Gopinath Panigrahi|Panigrahi]] (1989)}} * ''Pongamia glabra'' <small>Vent. (1803), nom. superfl.</small><ref>{{cite book |last1=Heyne |first1=K. |author1-link=Karel Heyne |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, tevens synthetische catalogus der verzamelingen van het Museum voor Technische- en Handelsbotanie te Buitenzorg |date=1913 |publisher=Museum voor Economische Botanie |location=[[Bogor|Buitenzorg]] |volume=II |page=306 |url=http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''typica'' {{small|Domin (1926), not validly publ.}} * ''Derris indica'' {{small|(Lam.) Bennet}} }} }} |synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/> }} '''''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ''' (Pongamia pinnata)'' ᱫᱚ [[:en:Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pea|ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo">[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name=USDA>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=mipi9 |title=Plants profile for ''Millettia pinnata'' (pongame oiltree) |work=PLANTS Profile |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref><ref name="RFK8">{{cite web |author=F.A. Zich |author2=[[B.Hyland]] |author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |access-date=26 May 2021 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Pongamia_pinnata_var._pinnata.htm |title=Pongamia pinnata var. pinnata |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30023711-2 ''Pongamia'' Adans.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪ''' (Indian beech), '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚ''' (Karanja), ᱟᱨ '''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' (Pongame oiltree) ᱾<ref name=USDA/><ref name="RFK8"/> == ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ == ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (legume) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ {{convert|15|-|25|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|50|-|80|cm|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱩᱼᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ (greyᱼbrown) ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=argent/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Pongamia_pinnata.pdf|title=Pongamia pinnata; Fabaceae - Papilionoideae; (L.) Pierre; pongam, karanj, karanga, kanji|author1=Orwa C. |author2=Mutua A. |author3=Kindt R. |author4=Jamnadass R. |author5=Simons A. |publisher=Agroforestry Database version 4.0 |year=2009 |access-date=2013-11-27}}</ref> ᱯᱚᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱓ᱼ᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ, ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="giesen">Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zierenand & L. Scholten (2007). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ag132e/ag132e00.pdf ''Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia'']{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}: 198-9. Bangkok :FAO and Wetlands International. ISBN 974-7946-85-8</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|15|-|18|mm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱭᱟᱞᱤᱠᱥ(calyx) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ (corolla) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="RFK8"/><ref name=daff_AU>{{cite web|url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf|title=Weed Risk Assessment : Pongamia|publisher=Daff.qld.gov.au |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> ᱔ᱼ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Dehiscence_(botany)|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱜᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱑ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ, ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱼᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱣᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|1.5|-|2.5|cm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro/><ref name=daff_AU/><ref name=argent>Argent, G., A. Saridan, EJF. Campbell, & P. Wilkie. "Leguminosae". ''Manual of The Larger and More Important Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.'' :366. Samarinda: Forest Research Institute.</ref> ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱵᱨᱤᱰᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ (outbreeding diploid) ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱨᱳᱢᱳᱡᱳᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=daff_AU/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (Root nodules) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱤᱨᱟᱭᱡᱚᱵᱤᱭᱚᱢ (''Bradyrhizobium)'' ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Gallery |mode=packed |Starr 080530-4642 Milletia pinnata.jpg|ᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩ, ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ |Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ (Inflorescence) |Pollen grains of Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱥ (Pollen grains) |PongamiaFlowersPodsSeeds (cropped).jpg|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ |PongamiaPinnataGall.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱞ (galls) |Pongam_pinnat_110716-15926_sntong.JPG |ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ, [[Gangga, Lombok|ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ]], [[North Lombok|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱳᱠ]] }} == ᱛᱷᱚᱠᱼᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (Taxonomy) == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Carl Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''Cytisus pinnatus'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo" /> ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱤᱥᱤᱸᱠ (Robert Geesink) ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Pongamia'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Millettia]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''Pongamia'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ''Millettia'' ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Millettia pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ''Millettia'' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ [[paraphyletic]] ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''Pongamia'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Cooper">Wendy E. Cooper, Darren M. Crayn, Frank A. Zich, Rebecca E. Miller, Melissa Harrison, Lars Nauheimer "A review of Austrocallerya and Pongamia (Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae) in Australia, and the description of a new monotypic genus, Ibatiria," ''Australian Systematic Botany'', 32(4), 363-384, (29 August 2019) https://doi.org/10.1071/SB18039</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, [[Malesia|ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=GRIN /><ref name="RFK8"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (humid) ᱟᱨ [[subtropical|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱓᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ [[Himalayas|ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock">[http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html Pongamia pinnata - a nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117130917/http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html |date=2016-01-17 }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ 0°C ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ 50°C ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒,᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue">{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pongamia_pinnata.html|title=Factsheet from New crops at Purdue University|publisher=Hort.purdue.edu |date=1998-01-08 |access-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[taproot|ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ (drought tolerant) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱥᱯᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[root nodules|ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[nitrogen fixation|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱵᱟᱭᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[nitrogen|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ]] (N₂) ᱫᱚ [[ammonium|ᱟᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] (NH₄⁺) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Freshwater swamp forest|ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (freshwater swamp forest) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tonlé Sap|ᱴᱳᱱᱞᱮ ᱥᱮᱯ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ''P. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ (naturalized) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Pongamia Risk Assessment |url=https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ''Pongamia pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ([[windbreak]]) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[compost|ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱽᱲᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ (gum) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[firewood|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱ]], ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[soil erosion|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱭ]] ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ (sand dunes) ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> [[Rumphius]] ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Malaparius'' (ᱢᱳᱞᱩᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''malapari''<ref name="heyne">[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, Karel]] (1987). ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 1005. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Dutch version: [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up -1916- '''II''': 306.</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[eeltail catfish]] ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱨ ([[East Seram Regency|Seram Timur]]) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ([[Banda Islands|Banda]]) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ, [[Cryptocarya massoy|ᱢᱟᱥᱳᱭ]] ᱟᱨ [[clover|ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ]] ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[beri-beri|ᱵᱮᱨᱤᱼᱵᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="rumpf">[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]] (1743). ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/301/mode/1up Pars '''III''': 183], [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/303/mode/1up Tab. cxvii]. Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Joannem Catuffe, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.</ref> ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ (᱒᱗ᱼ᱓᱙%), ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ (᱑᱗ᱼ᱓᱗%), ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ (᱖ᱼ᱗%), ᱠᱨᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ (᱕ᱼ᱗%), ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (᱑᱕ᱼ᱒᱐%), ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ (᱒ᱼ᱓%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[oleic acid|ᱳᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |title=Pongamia Factsheet |access-date=2013-09-28 |archive-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501195229/http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[pongamia oil|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Oil lamp|ᱞᱟᱢᱯ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]], [[soap|ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱱ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ [[lubricant|ᱞᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠᱮᱱᱴ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [Image of chemical structure of oleic acid] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ [[triglycerides|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱜᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ [[flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱵᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[karanjin|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱤᱱ]], ᱯᱳᱱᱜᱟᱢᱳᱞ, [[tannin|ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱱ]], ᱟᱨ [[karanjachromene|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱟᱠᱨᱳᱢᱤᱱ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ, ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[traditional medicine|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[hiragonic acid|ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱜᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shameel |first1=S. |last2=Usmanghani |first2=K. |last3=Ali |first3=M. S. |last4=Ahmad |first4=V. U. |title=Chemical constituents from the seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |journal=[[Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences]] |date=January 1996 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |pmid=16414771 |issn=1011-601X}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[rainwater harvesting|ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ (biodiesel) ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Rain water harvesting by fresh water flooded forests |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789361/Rain-Water-Harvesting-by-Freshwater-Flooded-Forests |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Degani |first1=Erika |last2=Prasad |first2=M. V. R. |last3=Paradkar |first3=Anant |last4=Pena |first4=Rodica |last5=Soltangheisi |first5=Amin |last6=Ullah |first6=Ihsan |last7=Warr |first7=Benjamin |last8=Tibbett |first8=Mark|display-authors=3 |date=2022-12-15 |title=A critical review of Pongamia pinnata multiple applications: From land remediation and carbon sequestration to socioeconomic benefits |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |language=en |volume=324 |article-number=116297 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116297 |pmid=36174475 |bibcode=2022JEnvM.32416297D |s2cid=252558634 |issn=0301-4797|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ (salinity) ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomar |first1=O. S. |last2=Gupta |first2=R. K. |date=1985-10-01 |title=Performance of some forest tree species in saline soils under shallow and saline water-table conditions |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02181900 |journal=Plant and Soil |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1007/BF02181900 |bibcode=1985PlSoi..87..329T |s2cid=12335333 |issn=1573-5036|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱒.᱕ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=K |date=1990 |title=Effect of soil salinity and sodicity on seedling growth and mineral composition of Pongamia pinnata and Araucaria cunninghamii |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19910653629 |journal=Tropical Ecology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=124–130 |via=CAB Direct}}</ref> [[Image:plantationpre.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Caboolture, Queensland|ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱣᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱟᱥ]] ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''[[Jatropha]]'' (ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱰᱟ) ᱟᱨ [[Castor oil plant|ᱵᱷᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱭᱚᱢ]] (castor) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ (third world) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[biodiesel|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (feedstock) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=15939268|year=2005|last1=Karmee|first1=SK|last2=Chadha|first2=A|title=Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata|volume=96|issue=13|pages=1425–9|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011|journal=Bioresource Technology|bibcode=2005BiTec..96.1425K }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ (biofuel) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''P. pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ (socioeconomic) ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halder |first1=P. K. |last2=Paul |first2=N. |last3=Beg |first3=M. R. A. |title=Prospect of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) in Bangladesh: A Sustainable Source of Liquid Fuel |journal=Journal of Renewable Energy |date=18 December 2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2014/647324 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kesari |first1=Vigya |last2=Rangan |first2=Latha |title=Development of Pongamia pinnata as an alternative biofuel crop — current status and scope of plantations in India |journal=Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology |date=September 2010 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=127–137 |doi=10.1007/s12892-010-0064-1 |s2cid=2790680 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225255623 |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''P. pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ, ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱼᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ (byproduct) ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐% ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s12155-008-9003-0|title=Pongamia pinnata: An Untapped Resource for the Biofuels Industry of the Future|year=2008|last1=Scott|first1=Paul T.|last2=Pregelj|first2=Lisette|last3=Chen|first3=Ning|last4=Hadler|first4=Johanna S.|last5=Djordjevic|first5=Michael A.|last6=Gresshoff|first6=Peter M.|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=1|issue=1 |page=2|bibcode=2008BioER...1....2S |s2cid=37994181}}</ref><ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Delagarde R., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Karanja (Millettia pinnata). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/636</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (citrus) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Frisaro, Freida, ''[https://apnews.com/article/pongamia-tree-citrus-florida-california-biofuel-protein-c9e781f0d1f7ea786b9748235c9dc320 Pongamia trees grow where citrus once flourished, offering renewable energy and plant-based protein]'', Associated Press, July 6, 2024</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{Bioenergy}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q2717831|from2=Q24852568|from3=Q1973585}} [[Category:Millettieae]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] a4yudupmoyq9yebl361mhdqe2l03tzi 191032 191031 2026-04-23T07:12:55Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7633.jpg |image_caption = ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ |display_parents = 2 |genus = Pongamia |parent_authority = [[Adans.]] (1763), nom. cons. |species = pinnata |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]] (1898) |subdivision_ranks = Varieties |subdivision = *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''minor'' {{small|([[Benth.]]) Domin}} *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''pinnata'' |subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> |synonyms = * ''Cajum pinnatum'' {{small|(L.) Kuntze (1891)}} * ''Cytisus pinnatus'' <small>L. (1753)</small> * ''Galedupa pinnata'' <small>(L.) Taub. (1894)</small> * ''Millettia pinnata'' {{small|(L.) [[Gopinath Panigrahi|Panigrahi]] (1989)}} * ''Pongamia glabra'' <small>Vent. (1803), nom. superfl.</small><ref>{{cite book |last1=Heyne |first1=K. |author1-link=Karel Heyne |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, tevens synthetische catalogus der verzamelingen van het Museum voor Technische- en Handelsbotanie te Buitenzorg |date=1913 |publisher=Museum voor Economische Botanie |location=[[Bogor|Buitenzorg]] |volume=II |page=306 |url=http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''typica'' {{small|Domin (1926), not validly publ.}} * ''Derris indica'' {{small|(Lam.) Bennet}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/> }} '''''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ''' (Pongamia pinnata)'' ᱫᱚ [[:en:Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pea|ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo">[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name=USDA>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=mipi9 |title=Plants profile for ''Millettia pinnata'' (pongame oiltree) |work=PLANTS Profile |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref><ref name="RFK8">{{cite web |author=F.A. Zich |author2=[[B.Hyland]] |author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |access-date=26 May 2021 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Pongamia_pinnata_var._pinnata.htm |title=Pongamia pinnata var. pinnata |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30023711-2 ''Pongamia'' Adans.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪ''' (Indian beech), '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚ''' (Karanja), ᱟᱨ '''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' (Pongame oiltree) ᱾<ref name=USDA/><ref name="RFK8"/> == ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ == ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (legume) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ {{convert|15|-|25|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|50|-|80|cm|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱩᱼᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ (greyᱼbrown) ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=argent/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Pongamia_pinnata.pdf|title=Pongamia pinnata; Fabaceae - Papilionoideae; (L.) Pierre; pongam, karanj, karanga, kanji|author1=Orwa C. |author2=Mutua A. |author3=Kindt R. |author4=Jamnadass R. |author5=Simons A. |publisher=Agroforestry Database version 4.0 |year=2009 |access-date=2013-11-27}}</ref> ᱯᱚᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱓ᱼ᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ, ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="giesen">Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zierenand & L. Scholten (2007). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ag132e/ag132e00.pdf ''Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia'']{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}: 198-9. Bangkok :FAO and Wetlands International. ISBN 974-7946-85-8</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|15|-|18|mm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱭᱟᱞᱤᱠᱥ(calyx) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ (corolla) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="RFK8"/><ref name=daff_AU>{{cite web|url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf|title=Weed Risk Assessment : Pongamia|publisher=Daff.qld.gov.au |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> ᱔ᱼ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Dehiscence_(botany)|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱜᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱑ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ, ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱼᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱣᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|1.5|-|2.5|cm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro/><ref name=daff_AU/><ref name=argent>Argent, G., A. Saridan, EJF. Campbell, & P. Wilkie. "Leguminosae". ''Manual of The Larger and More Important Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.'' :366. Samarinda: Forest Research Institute.</ref> ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱵᱨᱤᱰᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ (outbreeding diploid) ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱨᱳᱢᱳᱡᱳᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=daff_AU/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (Root nodules) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱤᱨᱟᱭᱡᱚᱵᱤᱭᱚᱢ (''Bradyrhizobium)'' ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Gallery |mode=packed |Starr 080530-4642 Milletia pinnata.jpg|ᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩ, ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ |Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ (Inflorescence) |Pollen grains of Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱥ (Pollen grains) |PongamiaFlowersPodsSeeds (cropped).jpg|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ |PongamiaPinnataGall.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱞ (galls) |Pongam_pinnat_110716-15926_sntong.JPG |ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ, [[Gangga, Lombok|ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ]], [[North Lombok|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱳᱠ]] }} == ᱛᱷᱚᱠᱼᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (Taxonomy) == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Carl Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''Cytisus pinnatus'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo" /> ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱤᱥᱤᱸᱠ (Robert Geesink) ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Pongamia'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Millettia]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''Pongamia'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ''Millettia'' ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Millettia pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ''Millettia'' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ [[paraphyletic]] ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''Pongamia'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Cooper">Wendy E. Cooper, Darren M. Crayn, Frank A. Zich, Rebecca E. Miller, Melissa Harrison, Lars Nauheimer "A review of Austrocallerya and Pongamia (Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae) in Australia, and the description of a new monotypic genus, Ibatiria," ''Australian Systematic Botany'', 32(4), 363-384, (29 August 2019) https://doi.org/10.1071/SB18039</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, [[Malesia|ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=GRIN /><ref name="RFK8"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (humid) ᱟᱨ [[subtropical|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱓᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ [[Himalayas|ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock">[http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html Pongamia pinnata - a nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117130917/http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html |date=2016-01-17 }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ 0°C ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ 50°C ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒,᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue">{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pongamia_pinnata.html|title=Factsheet from New crops at Purdue University|publisher=Hort.purdue.edu |date=1998-01-08 |access-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[taproot|ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ (drought tolerant) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱥᱯᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[root nodules|ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[nitrogen fixation|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱵᱟᱭᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[nitrogen|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ]] (N₂) ᱫᱚ [[ammonium|ᱟᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] (NH₄⁺) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Freshwater swamp forest|ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (freshwater swamp forest) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tonlé Sap|ᱴᱳᱱᱞᱮ ᱥᱮᱯ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ''P. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ (naturalized) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Pongamia Risk Assessment |url=https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ''Pongamia pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ([[windbreak]]) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[compost|ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱽᱲᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ (gum) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[firewood|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱ]], ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[soil erosion|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱭ]] ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ (sand dunes) ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> [[Rumphius]] ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Malaparius'' (ᱢᱳᱞᱩᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''malapari''<ref name="heyne">[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, Karel]] (1987). ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 1005. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Dutch version: [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up -1916- '''II''': 306.</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[eeltail catfish]] ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱨ ([[East Seram Regency|Seram Timur]]) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ([[Banda Islands|Banda]]) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ, [[Cryptocarya massoy|ᱢᱟᱥᱳᱭ]] ᱟᱨ [[clover|ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ]] ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[beri-beri|ᱵᱮᱨᱤᱼᱵᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="rumpf">[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]] (1743). ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/301/mode/1up Pars '''III''': 183], [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/303/mode/1up Tab. cxvii]. Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Joannem Catuffe, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.</ref> ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ (᱒᱗ᱼ᱓᱙%), ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ (᱑᱗ᱼ᱓᱗%), ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ (᱖ᱼ᱗%), ᱠᱨᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ (᱕ᱼ᱗%), ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (᱑᱕ᱼ᱒᱐%), ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ (᱒ᱼ᱓%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[oleic acid|ᱳᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |title=Pongamia Factsheet |access-date=2013-09-28 |archive-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501195229/http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[pongamia oil|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Oil lamp|ᱞᱟᱢᱯ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]], [[soap|ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱱ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ [[lubricant|ᱞᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠᱮᱱᱴ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [Image of chemical structure of oleic acid] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ [[triglycerides|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱜᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ [[flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱵᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[karanjin|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱤᱱ]], ᱯᱳᱱᱜᱟᱢᱳᱞ, [[tannin|ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱱ]], ᱟᱨ [[karanjachromene|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱟᱠᱨᱳᱢᱤᱱ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ, ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[traditional medicine|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[hiragonic acid|ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱜᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shameel |first1=S. |last2=Usmanghani |first2=K. |last3=Ali |first3=M. S. |last4=Ahmad |first4=V. U. |title=Chemical constituents from the seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |journal=[[Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences]] |date=January 1996 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |pmid=16414771 |issn=1011-601X}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[rainwater harvesting|ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ (biodiesel) ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Rain water harvesting by fresh water flooded forests |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789361/Rain-Water-Harvesting-by-Freshwater-Flooded-Forests |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Degani |first1=Erika |last2=Prasad |first2=M. V. R. |last3=Paradkar |first3=Anant |last4=Pena |first4=Rodica |last5=Soltangheisi |first5=Amin |last6=Ullah |first6=Ihsan |last7=Warr |first7=Benjamin |last8=Tibbett |first8=Mark|display-authors=3 |date=2022-12-15 |title=A critical review of Pongamia pinnata multiple applications: From land remediation and carbon sequestration to socioeconomic benefits |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |language=en |volume=324 |article-number=116297 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116297 |pmid=36174475 |bibcode=2022JEnvM.32416297D |s2cid=252558634 |issn=0301-4797|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ (salinity) ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomar |first1=O. S. |last2=Gupta |first2=R. K. |date=1985-10-01 |title=Performance of some forest tree species in saline soils under shallow and saline water-table conditions |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02181900 |journal=Plant and Soil |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1007/BF02181900 |bibcode=1985PlSoi..87..329T |s2cid=12335333 |issn=1573-5036|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱒.᱕ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=K |date=1990 |title=Effect of soil salinity and sodicity on seedling growth and mineral composition of Pongamia pinnata and Araucaria cunninghamii |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19910653629 |journal=Tropical Ecology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=124–130 |via=CAB Direct}}</ref> [[Image:plantationpre.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Caboolture, Queensland|ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱣᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱟᱥ]] ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''[[Jatropha]]'' (ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱰᱟ) ᱟᱨ [[Castor oil plant|ᱵᱷᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱭᱚᱢ]] (castor) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ (third world) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[biodiesel|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (feedstock) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=15939268|year=2005|last1=Karmee|first1=SK|last2=Chadha|first2=A|title=Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata|volume=96|issue=13|pages=1425–9|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011|journal=Bioresource Technology|bibcode=2005BiTec..96.1425K }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ (biofuel) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''P. pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ (socioeconomic) ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halder |first1=P. K. |last2=Paul |first2=N. |last3=Beg |first3=M. R. A. |title=Prospect of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) in Bangladesh: A Sustainable Source of Liquid Fuel |journal=Journal of Renewable Energy |date=18 December 2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2014/647324 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kesari |first1=Vigya |last2=Rangan |first2=Latha |title=Development of Pongamia pinnata as an alternative biofuel crop — current status and scope of plantations in India |journal=Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology |date=September 2010 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=127–137 |doi=10.1007/s12892-010-0064-1 |s2cid=2790680 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225255623 |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''P. pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ, ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱼᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ (byproduct) ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐% ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s12155-008-9003-0|title=Pongamia pinnata: An Untapped Resource for the Biofuels Industry of the Future|year=2008|last1=Scott|first1=Paul T.|last2=Pregelj|first2=Lisette|last3=Chen|first3=Ning|last4=Hadler|first4=Johanna S.|last5=Djordjevic|first5=Michael A.|last6=Gresshoff|first6=Peter M.|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=1|issue=1 |page=2|bibcode=2008BioER...1....2S |s2cid=37994181}}</ref><ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Delagarde R., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Karanja (Millettia pinnata). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/636</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (citrus) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Frisaro, Freida, ''[https://apnews.com/article/pongamia-tree-citrus-florida-california-biofuel-protein-c9e781f0d1f7ea786b9748235c9dc320 Pongamia trees grow where citrus once flourished, offering renewable energy and plant-based protein]'', Associated Press, July 6, 2024</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{Bioenergy}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q2717831|from2=Q24852568|from3=Q1973585}} [[Category:Millettieae]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] 1x142eb0xx8kzaz00u7p359exohhhj6 191033 191032 2026-04-23T07:23:13Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ */ 191033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7633.jpg |image_caption = ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ |display_parents = 2 |genus = Pongamia |parent_authority = [[Adans.]] (1763), nom. cons. |species = pinnata |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]] (1898) |subdivision_ranks = Varieties |subdivision = *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''minor'' {{small|([[Benth.]]) Domin}} *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''pinnata'' |subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> |synonyms = * ''Cajum pinnatum'' {{small|(L.) Kuntze (1891)}} * ''Cytisus pinnatus'' <small>L. (1753)</small> * ''Galedupa pinnata'' <small>(L.) Taub. (1894)</small> * ''Millettia pinnata'' {{small|(L.) [[Gopinath Panigrahi|Panigrahi]] (1989)}} * ''Pongamia glabra'' <small>Vent. (1803), nom. superfl.</small><ref>{{cite book |last1=Heyne |first1=K. |author1-link=Karel Heyne |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, tevens synthetische catalogus der verzamelingen van het Museum voor Technische- en Handelsbotanie te Buitenzorg |date=1913 |publisher=Museum voor Economische Botanie |location=[[Bogor|Buitenzorg]] |volume=II |page=306 |url=http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''typica'' {{small|Domin (1926), not validly publ.}} * ''Derris indica'' {{small|(Lam.) Bennet}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/> }} '''''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ''' (Pongamia pinnata)'' ᱫᱚ [[:en:Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pea|ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo">[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name=USDA>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=mipi9 |title=Plants profile for ''Millettia pinnata'' (pongame oiltree) |work=PLANTS Profile |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref><ref name="RFK8">{{cite web |author=F.A. Zich |author2=[[B.Hyland]] |author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |access-date=26 May 2021 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Pongamia_pinnata_var._pinnata.htm |title=Pongamia pinnata var. pinnata |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30023711-2 ''Pongamia'' Adans.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪ''' (Indian beech), '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚ''' (Karanja), ᱟᱨ '''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' (Pongame oiltree) ᱾<ref name=USDA/><ref name="RFK8"/> == ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ == ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (legume) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ {{convert|15|-|25|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|50|-|80|cm|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱩᱼᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ (greyᱼbrown) ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=argent/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Pongamia_pinnata.pdf|title=Pongamia pinnata; Fabaceae - Papilionoideae; (L.) Pierre; pongam, karanj, karanga, kanji|author1=Orwa C. |author2=Mutua A. |author3=Kindt R. |author4=Jamnadass R. |author5=Simons A. |publisher=Agroforestry Database version 4.0 |year=2009 |access-date=2013-11-27}}</ref> ᱯᱚᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱓ᱼ᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ, ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="giesen">Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zierenand & L. Scholten (2007). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ag132e/ag132e00.pdf ''Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia'']{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}: 198-9. Bangkok :FAO and Wetlands International. ISBN 974-7946-85-8</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|15|-|18|mm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱭᱟᱞᱤᱠᱥ(calyx) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ (corolla) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="RFK8"/><ref name=daff_AU>{{cite web|url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf|title=Weed Risk Assessment : Pongamia|publisher=Daff.qld.gov.au |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> ᱔ᱼ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Dehiscence_(botany)|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱜᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱑ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ, ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱼᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱣᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|1.5|-|2.5|cm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro/><ref name=daff_AU/><ref name=argent>Argent, G., A. Saridan, EJF. Campbell, & P. Wilkie. "Leguminosae". ''Manual of The Larger and More Important Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.'' :366. Samarinda: Forest Research Institute.</ref> ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱵᱨᱤᱰᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ (outbreeding diploid) ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱨᱳᱢᱳᱡᱳᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=daff_AU/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (Root nodules) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱤᱨᱟᱭᱡᱚᱵᱤᱭᱚᱢ (''Bradyrhizobium)'' ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Gallery |mode=packed |Starr 080530-4642 Milletia pinnata.jpg|ᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩ, ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ |Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ (Inflorescence) |Pollen grains of Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱥ (Pollen grains) |PongamiaFlowersPodsSeeds (cropped).jpg|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ |PongamiaPinnataGall.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱞ (galls) |Pongam_pinnat_110716-15926_sntong.JPG |ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ, [[Gangga, Lombok|ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ]], [[North Lombok|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱳᱠ]] }} == ᱛᱷᱚᱠᱼᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (Taxonomy) == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Carl Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''Cytisus pinnatus'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo" /> ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱤᱥᱤᱸᱠ (Robert Geesink) ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Pongamia'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Millettia]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''Pongamia'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ''Millettia'' ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Millettia pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ''Millettia'' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ [[paraphyletic]] ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''Pongamia'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Cooper">Wendy E. Cooper, Darren M. Crayn, Frank A. Zich, Rebecca E. Miller, Melissa Harrison, Lars Nauheimer "A review of Austrocallerya and Pongamia (Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae) in Australia, and the description of a new monotypic genus, Ibatiria," ''Australian Systematic Botany'', 32(4), 363-384, (29 August 2019) https://doi.org/10.1071/SB18039</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, [[Malesia|ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=GRIN /><ref name="RFK8"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (humid) ᱟᱨ [[subtropical|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱓᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ [[Himalayas|ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock">[http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html Pongamia pinnata - a nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117130917/http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html |date=2016-01-17 }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ 0°C ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ 50°C ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒,᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue">{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pongamia_pinnata.html|title=Factsheet from New crops at Purdue University|publisher=Hort.purdue.edu |date=1998-01-08 |access-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[taproot|ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ (drought tolerant) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱥᱯᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[root nodules|ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[nitrogen fixation|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱵᱟᱭᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[nitrogen|ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ]] (N₂) ᱫᱚ [[ammonium|ᱟᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] (NH₄⁺) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Freshwater swamp forest|ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (freshwater swamp forest) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tonlé Sap|ᱴᱳᱱᱞᱮ ᱥᱮᱯ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ''P. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ''M. pinnata'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ (naturalized) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Pongamia Risk Assessment |url=https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ''Pongamia pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ([[windbreak]]) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[compost|ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱽᱲᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ (gum) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[firewood|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱ]], ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[soil erosion|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱭ]] ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ (sand dunes) ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> [[Rumphius]] ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Malaparius'' (ᱢᱳᱞᱩᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''malapari''<ref name="heyne">[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, Karel]] (1987). ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 1005. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Dutch version: [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up -1916- '''II''': 306.</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[eeltail catfish]] ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱨ ([[East Seram Regency|Seram Timur]]) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ([[Banda Islands|Banda]]) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ, [[Cryptocarya massoy|ᱢᱟᱥᱳᱭ]] ᱟᱨ [[clover|ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ]] ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[beri-beri|ᱵᱮᱨᱤᱼᱵᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="rumpf">[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]] (1743). ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/301/mode/1up Pars '''III''': 183], [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/303/mode/1up Tab. cxvii]. Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Joannem Catuffe, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.</ref> ''Pongamia pinnata'' ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ (᱒᱗ᱼ᱓᱙%), ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ (᱑᱗ᱼ᱓᱗%), ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ (᱖ᱼ᱗%), ᱠᱨᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ (᱕ᱼ᱗%), ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (᱑᱕ᱼ᱒᱐%), ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ (᱒ᱼ᱓%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[oleic acid|ᱳᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |title=Pongamia Factsheet |access-date=2013-09-28 |archive-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501195229/http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[pongamia oil|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Oil lamp|ᱞᱟᱢᱯ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]], [[soap|ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱱ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ [[lubricant|ᱞᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠᱮᱱᱴ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Oleic Acid Structural Formula V.5.svg|alt=ᱚᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱝ|thumb|ᱚᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱝ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ [[triglycerides|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱜᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ [[flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱵᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[karanjin|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱤᱱ]], ᱯᱳᱱᱜᱟᱢᱳᱞ, [[tannin|ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱱ]], ᱟᱨ [[karanjachromene|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱟᱠᱨᱳᱢᱤᱱ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ, ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[traditional medicine|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[hiragonic acid|ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱜᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shameel |first1=S. |last2=Usmanghani |first2=K. |last3=Ali |first3=M. S. |last4=Ahmad |first4=V. U. |title=Chemical constituents from the seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |journal=[[Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences]] |date=January 1996 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |pmid=16414771 |issn=1011-601X}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[rainwater harvesting|ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ (biodiesel) ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Rain water harvesting by fresh water flooded forests |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789361/Rain-Water-Harvesting-by-Freshwater-Flooded-Forests |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Degani |first1=Erika |last2=Prasad |first2=M. V. R. |last3=Paradkar |first3=Anant |last4=Pena |first4=Rodica |last5=Soltangheisi |first5=Amin |last6=Ullah |first6=Ihsan |last7=Warr |first7=Benjamin |last8=Tibbett |first8=Mark|display-authors=3 |date=2022-12-15 |title=A critical review of Pongamia pinnata multiple applications: From land remediation and carbon sequestration to socioeconomic benefits |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |language=en |volume=324 |article-number=116297 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116297 |pmid=36174475 |bibcode=2022JEnvM.32416297D |s2cid=252558634 |issn=0301-4797|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ (salinity) ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomar |first1=O. S. |last2=Gupta |first2=R. K. |date=1985-10-01 |title=Performance of some forest tree species in saline soils under shallow and saline water-table conditions |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02181900 |journal=Plant and Soil |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1007/BF02181900 |bibcode=1985PlSoi..87..329T |s2cid=12335333 |issn=1573-5036|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱒.᱕ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=K |date=1990 |title=Effect of soil salinity and sodicity on seedling growth and mineral composition of Pongamia pinnata and Araucaria cunninghamii |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19910653629 |journal=Tropical Ecology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=124–130 |via=CAB Direct}}</ref> [[Image:plantationpre.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Caboolture, Queensland|ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱣᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱟᱥ]] ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''[[Jatropha]]'' (ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱰᱟ) ᱟᱨ [[Castor oil plant|ᱵᱷᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱭᱚᱢ]] (castor) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ (third world) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[biodiesel|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (feedstock) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=15939268|year=2005|last1=Karmee|first1=SK|last2=Chadha|first2=A|title=Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata|volume=96|issue=13|pages=1425–9|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011|journal=Bioresource Technology|bibcode=2005BiTec..96.1425K }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ (biofuel) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''P. pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ (socioeconomic) ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halder |first1=P. K. |last2=Paul |first2=N. |last3=Beg |first3=M. R. A. |title=Prospect of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) in Bangladesh: A Sustainable Source of Liquid Fuel |journal=Journal of Renewable Energy |date=18 December 2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2014/647324 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kesari |first1=Vigya |last2=Rangan |first2=Latha |title=Development of Pongamia pinnata as an alternative biofuel crop — current status and scope of plantations in India |journal=Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology |date=September 2010 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=127–137 |doi=10.1007/s12892-010-0064-1 |s2cid=2790680 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225255623 |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''P. pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ, ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱼᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ (byproduct) ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐% ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s12155-008-9003-0|title=Pongamia pinnata: An Untapped Resource for the Biofuels Industry of the Future|year=2008|last1=Scott|first1=Paul T.|last2=Pregelj|first2=Lisette|last3=Chen|first3=Ning|last4=Hadler|first4=Johanna S.|last5=Djordjevic|first5=Michael A.|last6=Gresshoff|first6=Peter M.|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=1|issue=1 |page=2|bibcode=2008BioER...1....2S |s2cid=37994181}}</ref><ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Delagarde R., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Karanja (Millettia pinnata). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/636</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (citrus) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Frisaro, Freida, ''[https://apnews.com/article/pongamia-tree-citrus-florida-california-biofuel-protein-c9e781f0d1f7ea786b9748235c9dc320 Pongamia trees grow where citrus once flourished, offering renewable energy and plant-based protein]'', Associated Press, July 6, 2024</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{Bioenergy}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q2717831|from2=Q24852568|from3=Q1973585}} [[Category:Millettieae]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] mchgm2x9hn5zsmv45vnnp0n4mwrbi4s 191034 191033 2026-04-23T08:01:16Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7633.jpg |image_caption = ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ |display_parents = 2 |genus = Pongamia |parent_authority = [[Adans.]] (1763), nom. cons. |species = pinnata |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]] (1898) |subdivision_ranks = Varieties |subdivision = *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''minor'' {{small|([[Benth.]]) Domin}} *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''pinnata'' |subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> |synonyms = * ''Cajum pinnatum'' {{small|(L.) Kuntze (1891)}} * ''Cytisus pinnatus'' <small>L. (1753)</small> * ''Galedupa pinnata'' <small>(L.) Taub. (1894)</small> * ''Millettia pinnata'' {{small|(L.) [[Gopinath Panigrahi|Panigrahi]] (1989)}} * ''Pongamia glabra'' <small>Vent. (1803), nom. superfl.</small><ref>{{cite book |last1=Heyne |first1=K. |author1-link=Karel Heyne |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, tevens synthetische catalogus der verzamelingen van het Museum voor Technische- en Handelsbotanie te Buitenzorg |date=1913 |publisher=Museum voor Economische Botanie |location=[[Bogor|Buitenzorg]] |volume=II |page=306 |url=http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''typica'' {{small|Domin (1926), not validly publ.}} * ''Derris indica'' {{small|(Lam.) Bennet}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/> }} '''''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ''' (Pongamia pinnata)'' ᱫᱚ [[:en:Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pea|ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo">[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name=USDA>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=mipi9 |title=Plants profile for ''Millettia pinnata'' (pongame oiltree) |work=PLANTS Profile |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref><ref name="RFK8">{{cite web |author=F.A. Zich |author2=[[B.Hyland]] |author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |access-date=26 May 2021 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Pongamia_pinnata_var._pinnata.htm |title=Pongamia pinnata var. pinnata |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30023711-2 ''Pongamia'' Adans.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪ''' (Indian beech), '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚ''' (Karanja), ᱟᱨ '''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' (Pongame oiltree) ᱾<ref name=USDA/><ref name="RFK8"/> == ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ == ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (legume) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ {{convert|15|-|25|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|50|-|80|cm|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱩᱼᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ (greyᱼbrown) ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=argent/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Pongamia_pinnata.pdf|title=Pongamia pinnata; Fabaceae - Papilionoideae; (L.) Pierre; pongam, karanj, karanga, kanji|author1=Orwa C. |author2=Mutua A. |author3=Kindt R. |author4=Jamnadass R. |author5=Simons A. |publisher=Agroforestry Database version 4.0 |year=2009 |access-date=2013-11-27}}</ref> ᱯᱚᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱓ᱼ᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ, ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="giesen">Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zierenand & L. Scholten (2007). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ag132e/ag132e00.pdf ''Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia'']{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}: 198-9. Bangkok :FAO and Wetlands International. ISBN 974-7946-85-8</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|15|-|18|mm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱭᱟᱞᱤᱠᱥ(calyx) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ (corolla) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="RFK8"/><ref name=daff_AU>{{cite web|url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf|title=Weed Risk Assessment : Pongamia|publisher=Daff.qld.gov.au |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> ᱔ᱼ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Dehiscence_(botany)|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱜᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱑ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ, ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱼᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱣᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|1.5|-|2.5|cm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro/><ref name=daff_AU/><ref name=argent>Argent, G., A. Saridan, EJF. Campbell, & P. Wilkie. "Leguminosae". ''Manual of The Larger and More Important Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.'' :366. Samarinda: Forest Research Institute.</ref> ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱵᱨᱤᱰᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ (outbreeding diploid) ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱨᱳᱢᱳᱡᱳᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=daff_AU/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (Root nodules) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱤᱨᱟᱭᱡᱚᱵᱤᱭᱚᱢ (''Bradyrhizobium)'' ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Gallery |mode=packed |Starr 080530-4642 Milletia pinnata.jpg|ᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩ, ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ |Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ (Inflorescence) |Pollen grains of Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱥ (Pollen grains) |PongamiaFlowersPodsSeeds (cropped).jpg|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ |PongamiaPinnataGall.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱞ (galls) |Pongam_pinnat_110716-15926_sntong.JPG |ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ, [[Gangga, Lombok|ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ]], [[North Lombok|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱳᱠ]] }} == ᱛᱷᱚᱠᱼᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤᱥᱚᱥ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱚᱥ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo" /> ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱮᱥᱤᱸᱠ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ''ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ''ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱯᱟᱭᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Cooper">Wendy E. Cooper, Darren M. Crayn, Frank A. Zich, Rebecca E. Miller, Melissa Harrison, Lars Nauheimer "A review of Austrocallerya and Pongamia (Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae) in Australia, and the description of a new monotypic genus, Ibatiria," ''Australian Systematic Botany'', 32(4), 363-384, (29 August 2019) https://doi.org/10.1071/SB18039</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=GRIN /><ref name="RFK8"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱓᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock">[http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html Pongamia pinnata - a nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117130917/http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html |date=2016-01-17 }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ 0°C ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ 50°C ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒,᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue">{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pongamia_pinnata.html|title=Factsheet from New crops at Purdue University|publisher=Hort.purdue.edu |date=1998-01-08 |access-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱥᱯᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱵᱟᱭᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ (N₂) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ (NH₄⁺) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱮᱢ. ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Freshwater swamp forest|ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tonlé Sap|ᱴᱳᱱᱞᱮ ᱥᱮᱯ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ''. ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ.''ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ''. ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Pongamia Risk Assessment |url=https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱢᱦᱮᱲ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[compost|ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱽᱲᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ (gum) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[firewood|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱ]], ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[soil erosion|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱭ]] ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> ᱨᱟᱢᱯᱷᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ'' (ᱢᱳᱞᱩᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱯᱚᱨᱤ<ref name="heyne">[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, Karel]] (1987). ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 1005. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Dutch version: [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up -1916- '''II''': 306.</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱴᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱴᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱨ ([[East Seram Regency|Seram Timur]]) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ([[Banda Islands|Banda]]) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ, [[Cryptocarya massoy|ᱢᱟᱥᱳᱭ]] ᱟᱨ [[clover|ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ]] ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[beri-beri|ᱵᱮᱨᱤᱼᱵᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="rumpf">[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]] (1743). ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/301/mode/1up Pars '''III''': 183], [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/303/mode/1up Tab. cxvii]. Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Joannem Catuffe, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.</ref> ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ (᱒᱗ᱼ᱓᱙%), ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ (᱑᱗ᱼ᱓᱗%), ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ (᱖ᱼ᱗%), ᱠᱨᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ (᱕ᱼ᱗%), ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (᱑᱕ᱼ᱒᱐%), ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ (᱒ᱼ᱓%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |title=Pongamia Factsheet |access-date=2013-09-28 |archive-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501195229/http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱢᱯ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ [[lubricant|ᱞᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠᱮᱱᱴ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Oleic Acid Structural Formula V.5.svg|alt=ᱚᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱝ|thumb|ᱚᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱝ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ [[triglycerides|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱜᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ [[flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱵᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[karanjin|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱤᱱ]], ᱯᱳᱱᱜᱟᱢᱳᱞ, [[tannin|ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱱ]], ᱟᱨ [[karanjachromene|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱟᱠᱨᱳᱢᱤᱱ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ, ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[traditional medicine|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[hiragonic acid|ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱜᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shameel |first1=S. |last2=Usmanghani |first2=K. |last3=Ali |first3=M. S. |last4=Ahmad |first4=V. U. |title=Chemical constituents from the seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |journal=[[Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences]] |date=January 1996 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |pmid=16414771 |issn=1011-601X}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[rainwater harvesting|ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ (biodiesel) ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Rain water harvesting by fresh water flooded forests |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789361/Rain-Water-Harvesting-by-Freshwater-Flooded-Forests |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Degani |first1=Erika |last2=Prasad |first2=M. V. R. |last3=Paradkar |first3=Anant |last4=Pena |first4=Rodica |last5=Soltangheisi |first5=Amin |last6=Ullah |first6=Ihsan |last7=Warr |first7=Benjamin |last8=Tibbett |first8=Mark|display-authors=3 |date=2022-12-15 |title=A critical review of Pongamia pinnata multiple applications: From land remediation and carbon sequestration to socioeconomic benefits |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |language=en |volume=324 |article-number=116297 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116297 |pmid=36174475 |bibcode=2022JEnvM.32416297D |s2cid=252558634 |issn=0301-4797|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ (salinity) ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomar |first1=O. S. |last2=Gupta |first2=R. K. |date=1985-10-01 |title=Performance of some forest tree species in saline soils under shallow and saline water-table conditions |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02181900 |journal=Plant and Soil |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1007/BF02181900 |bibcode=1985PlSoi..87..329T |s2cid=12335333 |issn=1573-5036|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱒.᱕ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=K |date=1990 |title=Effect of soil salinity and sodicity on seedling growth and mineral composition of Pongamia pinnata and Araucaria cunninghamii |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19910653629 |journal=Tropical Ecology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=124–130 |via=CAB Direct}}</ref> [[Image:plantationpre.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Caboolture, Queensland|ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱣᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱟᱥ]] ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''[[Jatropha]]'' (ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱰᱟ) ᱟᱨ [[Castor oil plant|ᱵᱷᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱭᱚᱢ]] (castor) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ (third world) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[biodiesel|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (feedstock) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=15939268|year=2005|last1=Karmee|first1=SK|last2=Chadha|first2=A|title=Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata|volume=96|issue=13|pages=1425–9|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011|journal=Bioresource Technology|bibcode=2005BiTec..96.1425K }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ (biofuel) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''P. pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ (socioeconomic) ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halder |first1=P. K. |last2=Paul |first2=N. |last3=Beg |first3=M. R. A. |title=Prospect of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) in Bangladesh: A Sustainable Source of Liquid Fuel |journal=Journal of Renewable Energy |date=18 December 2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2014/647324 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kesari |first1=Vigya |last2=Rangan |first2=Latha |title=Development of Pongamia pinnata as an alternative biofuel crop — current status and scope of plantations in India |journal=Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology |date=September 2010 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=127–137 |doi=10.1007/s12892-010-0064-1 |s2cid=2790680 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225255623 |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''P. pinnata'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ, ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱼᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ (byproduct) ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐% ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s12155-008-9003-0|title=Pongamia pinnata: An Untapped Resource for the Biofuels Industry of the Future|year=2008|last1=Scott|first1=Paul T.|last2=Pregelj|first2=Lisette|last3=Chen|first3=Ning|last4=Hadler|first4=Johanna S.|last5=Djordjevic|first5=Michael A.|last6=Gresshoff|first6=Peter M.|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=1|issue=1 |page=2|bibcode=2008BioER...1....2S |s2cid=37994181}}</ref><ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Delagarde R., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Karanja (Millettia pinnata). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/636</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (citrus) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Frisaro, Freida, ''[https://apnews.com/article/pongamia-tree-citrus-florida-california-biofuel-protein-c9e781f0d1f7ea786b9748235c9dc320 Pongamia trees grow where citrus once flourished, offering renewable energy and plant-based protein]'', Associated Press, July 6, 2024</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{Bioenergy}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q2717831|from2=Q24852568|from3=Q1973585}} [[Category:Millettieae]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] bauz3z5cwx76h6mqfl2ljs04m2554fy 191035 191034 2026-04-23T08:13:48Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7633.jpg |image_caption = ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ |display_parents = 2 |genus = Pongamia |parent_authority = [[Adans.]] (1763), nom. cons. |species = pinnata |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]] (1898) |subdivision_ranks = Varieties |subdivision = *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''minor'' {{small|([[Benth.]]) Domin}} *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''pinnata'' |subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> |synonyms = * ''Cajum pinnatum'' {{small|(L.) Kuntze (1891)}} * ''Cytisus pinnatus'' <small>L. (1753)</small> * ''Galedupa pinnata'' <small>(L.) Taub. (1894)</small> * ''Millettia pinnata'' {{small|(L.) [[Gopinath Panigrahi|Panigrahi]] (1989)}} * ''Pongamia glabra'' <small>Vent. (1803), nom. superfl.</small><ref>{{cite book |last1=Heyne |first1=K. |author1-link=Karel Heyne |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, tevens synthetische catalogus der verzamelingen van het Museum voor Technische- en Handelsbotanie te Buitenzorg |date=1913 |publisher=Museum voor Economische Botanie |location=[[Bogor|Buitenzorg]] |volume=II |page=306 |url=http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''typica'' {{small|Domin (1926), not validly publ.}} * ''Derris indica'' {{small|(Lam.) Bennet}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/> }} '''''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ''' (Pongamia pinnata)'' ᱫᱚ [[:en:Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pea|ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo">[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name=USDA>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=mipi9 |title=Plants profile for ''Millettia pinnata'' (pongame oiltree) |work=PLANTS Profile |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref><ref name="RFK8">{{cite web |author=F.A. Zich |author2=[[B.Hyland]] |author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |access-date=26 May 2021 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Pongamia_pinnata_var._pinnata.htm |title=Pongamia pinnata var. pinnata |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30023711-2 ''Pongamia'' Adans.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪ''' (Indian beech), '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚ''' (Karanja), ᱟᱨ '''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' (Pongame oiltree) ᱾<ref name=USDA/><ref name="RFK8"/> == ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ == ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (legume) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ {{convert|15|-|25|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|50|-|80|cm|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱩᱼᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ (greyᱼbrown) ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=argent/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Pongamia_pinnata.pdf|title=Pongamia pinnata; Fabaceae - Papilionoideae; (L.) Pierre; pongam, karanj, karanga, kanji|author1=Orwa C. |author2=Mutua A. |author3=Kindt R. |author4=Jamnadass R. |author5=Simons A. |publisher=Agroforestry Database version 4.0 |year=2009 |access-date=2013-11-27}}</ref> ᱯᱚᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱓ᱼ᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ, ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="giesen">Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zierenand & L. Scholten (2007). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ag132e/ag132e00.pdf ''Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia'']{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}: 198-9. Bangkok :FAO and Wetlands International. ISBN 974-7946-85-8</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|15|-|18|mm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱭᱟᱞᱤᱠᱥ(calyx) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ (corolla) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="RFK8"/><ref name=daff_AU>{{cite web|url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf|title=Weed Risk Assessment : Pongamia|publisher=Daff.qld.gov.au |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> ᱔ᱼ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Dehiscence_(botany)|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱜᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱑ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ, ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱼᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱣᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|1.5|-|2.5|cm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro/><ref name=daff_AU/><ref name=argent>Argent, G., A. Saridan, EJF. Campbell, & P. Wilkie. "Leguminosae". ''Manual of The Larger and More Important Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.'' :366. Samarinda: Forest Research Institute.</ref> ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱵᱨᱤᱰᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ (outbreeding diploid) ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱨᱳᱢᱳᱡᱳᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=daff_AU/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (Root nodules) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱤᱨᱟᱭᱡᱚᱵᱤᱭᱚᱢ (''Bradyrhizobium)'' ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Gallery |mode=packed |Starr 080530-4642 Milletia pinnata.jpg|ᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩ, ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ |Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ (Inflorescence) |Pollen grains of Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱥ (Pollen grains) |PongamiaFlowersPodsSeeds (cropped).jpg|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ |PongamiaPinnataGall.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱞ (galls) |Pongam_pinnat_110716-15926_sntong.JPG |ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ, [[Gangga, Lombok|ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ]], [[North Lombok|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱳᱠ]] }} == ᱛᱷᱚᱠᱼᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤᱥᱚᱥ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱚᱥ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo" /> ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱮᱥᱤᱸᱠ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ''ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ''ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱯᱟᱭᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Cooper">Wendy E. Cooper, Darren M. Crayn, Frank A. Zich, Rebecca E. Miller, Melissa Harrison, Lars Nauheimer "A review of Austrocallerya and Pongamia (Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae) in Australia, and the description of a new monotypic genus, Ibatiria," ''Australian Systematic Botany'', 32(4), 363-384, (29 August 2019) https://doi.org/10.1071/SB18039</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=GRIN /><ref name="RFK8"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱓᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock">[http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html Pongamia pinnata - a nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117130917/http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html |date=2016-01-17 }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ 0°C ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ 50°C ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒,᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue">{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pongamia_pinnata.html|title=Factsheet from New crops at Purdue University|publisher=Hort.purdue.edu |date=1998-01-08 |access-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱥᱯᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱵᱟᱭᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ (N₂) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ (NH₄⁺) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱮᱢ. ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Freshwater swamp forest|ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Cambodia|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tonlé Sap|ᱴᱳᱱᱞᱮ ᱥᱮᱯ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ''. ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ.''ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ''. ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Pongamia Risk Assessment |url=https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱢᱦᱮᱲ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[compost|ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱽᱲᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ (gum) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[firewood|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱ]], ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[soil erosion|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱭ]] ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> ᱨᱟᱢᱯᱷᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ'' (ᱢᱳᱞᱩᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱯᱚᱨᱤ<ref name="heyne">[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, Karel]] (1987). ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 1005. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Dutch version: [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up -1916- '''II''': 306.</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱴᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱴᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ, [[Cryptocarya massoy|ᱢᱟᱥᱳᱭ]] ᱟᱨ [[clover|ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ]] ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[beri-beri|ᱵᱮᱨᱤᱼᱵᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="rumpf">[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]] (1743). ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/301/mode/1up Pars '''III''': 183], [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/303/mode/1up Tab. cxvii]. Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Joannem Catuffe, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.</ref> ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ (᱒᱗ᱼ᱓᱙%), ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ (᱑᱗ᱼ᱓᱗%), ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ (᱖ᱼ᱗%), ᱠᱨᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ (᱕ᱼ᱗%), ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (᱑᱕ᱼ᱒᱐%), ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ (᱒ᱼ᱓%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |title=Pongamia Factsheet |access-date=2013-09-28 |archive-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501195229/http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱢᱯ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ [[lubricant|ᱞᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠᱮᱱᱴ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Oleic Acid Structural Formula V.5.svg|alt=ᱚᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱝ|thumb|ᱚᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱝ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ [[triglycerides|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱜᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ [[flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱵᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[karanjin|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱤᱱ]], ᱯᱳᱱᱜᱟᱢᱳᱞ, [[tannin|ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱱ]], ᱟᱨ [[karanjachromene|ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱟᱠᱨᱳᱢᱤᱱ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ, ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[traditional medicine|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[hiragonic acid|ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱜᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shameel |first1=S. |last2=Usmanghani |first2=K. |last3=Ali |first3=M. S. |last4=Ahmad |first4=V. U. |title=Chemical constituents from the seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |journal=[[Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences]] |date=January 1996 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |pmid=16414771 |issn=1011-601X}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[rainwater harvesting|ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Rain water harvesting by fresh water flooded forests |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789361/Rain-Water-Harvesting-by-Freshwater-Flooded-Forests |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Degani |first1=Erika |last2=Prasad |first2=M. V. R. |last3=Paradkar |first3=Anant |last4=Pena |first4=Rodica |last5=Soltangheisi |first5=Amin |last6=Ullah |first6=Ihsan |last7=Warr |first7=Benjamin |last8=Tibbett |first8=Mark|display-authors=3 |date=2022-12-15 |title=A critical review of Pongamia pinnata multiple applications: From land remediation and carbon sequestration to socioeconomic benefits |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |language=en |volume=324 |article-number=116297 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116297 |pmid=36174475 |bibcode=2022JEnvM.32416297D |s2cid=252558634 |issn=0301-4797|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomar |first1=O. S. |last2=Gupta |first2=R. K. |date=1985-10-01 |title=Performance of some forest tree species in saline soils under shallow and saline water-table conditions |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02181900 |journal=Plant and Soil |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1007/BF02181900 |bibcode=1985PlSoi..87..329T |s2cid=12335333 |issn=1573-5036|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱒.᱕ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=K |date=1990 |title=Effect of soil salinity and sodicity on seedling growth and mineral composition of Pongamia pinnata and Araucaria cunninghamii |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19910653629 |journal=Tropical Ecology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=124–130 |via=CAB Direct}}</ref> [[Image:plantationpre.jpg|thumb|250px|ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱣᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱟᱥ]] ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''Jatropha'' (ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱰᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=15939268|year=2005|last1=Karmee|first1=SK|last2=Chadha|first2=A|title=Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata|volume=96|issue=13|pages=1425–9|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011|journal=Bioresource Technology|bibcode=2005BiTec..96.1425K }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱤ. ''ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halder |first1=P. K. |last2=Paul |first2=N. |last3=Beg |first3=M. R. A. |title=Prospect of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) in Bangladesh: A Sustainable Source of Liquid Fuel |journal=Journal of Renewable Energy |date=18 December 2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2014/647324 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kesari |first1=Vigya |last2=Rangan |first2=Latha |title=Development of Pongamia pinnata as an alternative biofuel crop — current status and scope of plantations in India |journal=Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology |date=September 2010 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=127–137 |doi=10.1007/s12892-010-0064-1 |s2cid=2790680 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225255623 |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱤ''. ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ, ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱼᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐% ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s12155-008-9003-0|title=Pongamia pinnata: An Untapped Resource for the Biofuels Industry of the Future|year=2008|last1=Scott|first1=Paul T.|last2=Pregelj|first2=Lisette|last3=Chen|first3=Ning|last4=Hadler|first4=Johanna S.|last5=Djordjevic|first5=Michael A.|last6=Gresshoff|first6=Peter M.|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=1|issue=1 |page=2|bibcode=2008BioER...1....2S |s2cid=37994181}}</ref><ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Delagarde R., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Karanja (Millettia pinnata). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/636</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Frisaro, Freida, ''[https://apnews.com/article/pongamia-tree-citrus-florida-california-biofuel-protein-c9e781f0d1f7ea786b9748235c9dc320 Pongamia trees grow where citrus once flourished, offering renewable energy and plant-based protein]'', Associated Press, July 6, 2024</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{Bioenergy}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q2717831|from2=Q24852568|from3=Q1973585}} [[Category:Millettieae]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] d2aj785rsq6y013kksyudp26rttnwse 191036 191035 2026-04-23T08:18:13Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) near Hyderabad W IMG_7633.jpg |image_caption = ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ |display_parents = 2 |genus = Pongamia |parent_authority = [[Adans.]] (1763), nom. cons. |species = pinnata |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]] (1898) |subdivision_ranks = Varieties |subdivision = *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''minor'' {{small|([[Benth.]]) Domin}} *''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''pinnata'' |subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> |synonyms = * ''Cajum pinnatum'' {{small|(L.) Kuntze (1891)}} * ''Cytisus pinnatus'' <small>L. (1753)</small> * ''Galedupa pinnata'' <small>(L.) Taub. (1894)</small> * ''Millettia pinnata'' {{small|(L.) [[Gopinath Panigrahi|Panigrahi]] (1989)}} * ''Pongamia glabra'' <small>Vent. (1803), nom. superfl.</small><ref>{{cite book |last1=Heyne |first1=K. |author1-link=Karel Heyne |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, tevens synthetische catalogus der verzamelingen van het Museum voor Technische- en Handelsbotanie te Buitenzorg |date=1913 |publisher=Museum voor Economische Botanie |location=[[Bogor|Buitenzorg]] |volume=II |page=306 |url=http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''Pongamia pinnata'' var. ''typica'' {{small|Domin (1926), not validly publ.}} * ''Derris indica'' {{small|(Lam.) Bennet}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/> }} '''''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ''' (Pongamia pinnata)'' ᱫᱚ [[:en:Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pea|ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo">[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515679-1 ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name=USDA>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=mipi9 |title=Plants profile for ''Millettia pinnata'' (pongame oiltree) |work=PLANTS Profile |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref><ref name="RFK8">{{cite web |author=F.A. Zich |author2=[[B.Hyland]] |author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |access-date=26 May 2021 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Pongamia_pinnata_var._pinnata.htm |title=Pongamia pinnata var. pinnata |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30023711-2 ''Pongamia'' Adans.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪ''' (Indian beech), '''ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚ''' (Karanja), ᱟᱨ '''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' (Pongame oiltree) ᱾<ref name=USDA/><ref name="RFK8"/> == ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ == ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (legume) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ {{convert|15|-|25|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|50|-|80|cm|round=5|abbr=on}} ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱩᱼᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=argent/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Pongamia_pinnata.pdf|title=Pongamia pinnata; Fabaceae - Papilionoideae; (L.) Pierre; pongam, karanj, karanga, kanji|author1=Orwa C. |author2=Mutua A. |author3=Kindt R. |author4=Jamnadass R. |author5=Simons A. |publisher=Agroforestry Database version 4.0 |year=2009 |access-date=2013-11-27}}</ref> ᱯᱚᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱓ᱼ᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ, ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="giesen">Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zierenand & L. Scholten (2007). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ag132e/ag132e00.pdf ''Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia'']{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}: 198-9. Bangkok :FAO and Wetlands International. ISBN 974-7946-85-8</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|15|-|18|mm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱭᱟᱞᱤᱠᱥ(calyx) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ (corolla) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="RFK8"/><ref name=daff_AU>{{cite web|url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf|title=Weed Risk Assessment : Pongamia|publisher=Daff.qld.gov.au |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> ᱔ᱼ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Dehiscence_(botany)|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱜᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱑ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ, ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱼᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱣᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|1.5|-|2.5|cm|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=WorldAgro/><ref name=daff_AU/><ref name=argent>Argent, G., A. Saridan, EJF. Campbell, & P. Wilkie. "Leguminosae". ''Manual of The Larger and More Important Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.'' :366. Samarinda: Forest Research Institute.</ref> ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱵᱨᱤᱰᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ (outbreeding diploid) ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱨᱳᱢᱳᱡᱳᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=daff_AU/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (Root nodules) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱤᱨᱟᱭᱡᱚᱵᱤᱭᱚᱢ (''Bradyrhizobium)'' ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Gallery |mode=packed |Starr 080530-4642 Milletia pinnata.jpg|ᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩ, ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ |Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ (Inflorescence) |Pollen grains of Pongamia pinnata.jpg|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱥ (Pollen grains) |PongamiaFlowersPodsSeeds (cropped).jpg|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ |PongamiaPinnataGall.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱞ (galls) |Pongam_pinnat_110716-15926_sntong.JPG |ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ, [[Gangga, Lombok|ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ]], [[North Lombok|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱳᱠ]] }} == ᱛᱷᱚᱠᱼᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤᱥᱚᱥ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱚᱥ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="powo" /> ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱮᱥᱤᱸᱠ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ''ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ''ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱯᱟᱭᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Cooper">Wendy E. Cooper, Darren M. Crayn, Frank A. Zich, Rebecca E. Miller, Melissa Harrison, Lars Nauheimer "A review of Austrocallerya and Pongamia (Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae) in Australia, and the description of a new monotypic genus, Ibatiria," ''Australian Systematic Botany'', 32(4), 363-384, (29 August 2019) https://doi.org/10.1071/SB18039</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=GRIN /><ref name="RFK8"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱓᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock">[http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html Pongamia pinnata - a nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117130917/http://factnet.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/P_pinnata.html |date=2016-01-17 }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ 0°C ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ 50°C ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒,᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue">{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pongamia_pinnata.html|title=Factsheet from New crops at Purdue University|publisher=Hort.purdue.edu |date=1998-01-08 |access-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱥᱯᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱵᱟᱭᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ (N₂) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ (NH₄⁺) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱮᱢ. ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱳᱱᱞᱮ ᱥᱮᱯ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ''. ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ.''ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ''. ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Pongamia Risk Assessment |url=https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/67575/IPA-Pongamia-Risk-Assessment.pdf |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱢᱦᱮᱲ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱽᱲᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ (gum) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱ, ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱚᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winrock" /> ᱨᱟᱢᱯᱷᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ''ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ'' (ᱢᱳᱞᱩᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱯᱚᱨᱤ<ref name="heyne">[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, Karel]] (1987). ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 1005. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Dutch version: [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up -1916- '''II''': 306.</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱴᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱴᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ, ᱢᱟᱥᱳᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱤᱼᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="rumpf">[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]] (1743). ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/301/mode/1up Pars '''III''': 183], [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10353#page/303/mode/1up Tab. cxvii]. Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Joannem Catuffe, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.</ref> ''ᱯᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ (᱒᱗ᱼ᱓᱙%), ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ (᱑᱗ᱼ᱓᱗%), ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ (᱖ᱼ᱗%), ᱠᱨᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ (᱕ᱼ᱗%), ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣ (᱑᱕ᱼ᱒᱐%), ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ (᱒ᱼ᱓%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |title=Pongamia Factsheet |access-date=2013-09-28 |archive-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501195229/http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/factsheets/Pongamia%20Binder1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱢᱯ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Oleic Acid Structural Formula V.5.svg|alt=ᱚᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱝ|thumb|ᱚᱞᱮᱭᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱝ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱜᱞᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱵᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱤᱱ, ᱯᱳᱱᱜᱟᱢᱳᱞ, ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱟᱠᱨᱳᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ, ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purdue" /> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱜᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shameel |first1=S. |last2=Usmanghani |first2=K. |last3=Ali |first3=M. S. |last4=Ahmad |first4=V. U. |title=Chemical constituents from the seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |journal=[[Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences]] |date=January 1996 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |pmid=16414771 |issn=1011-601X}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Rain water harvesting by fresh water flooded forests |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789361/Rain-Water-Harvesting-by-Freshwater-Flooded-Forests |access-date=2013-09-28 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Degani |first1=Erika |last2=Prasad |first2=M. V. R. |last3=Paradkar |first3=Anant |last4=Pena |first4=Rodica |last5=Soltangheisi |first5=Amin |last6=Ullah |first6=Ihsan |last7=Warr |first7=Benjamin |last8=Tibbett |first8=Mark|display-authors=3 |date=2022-12-15 |title=A critical review of Pongamia pinnata multiple applications: From land remediation and carbon sequestration to socioeconomic benefits |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |language=en |volume=324 |article-number=116297 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116297 |pmid=36174475 |bibcode=2022JEnvM.32416297D |s2cid=252558634 |issn=0301-4797|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomar |first1=O. S. |last2=Gupta |first2=R. K. |date=1985-10-01 |title=Performance of some forest tree species in saline soils under shallow and saline water-table conditions |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02181900 |journal=Plant and Soil |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1007/BF02181900 |bibcode=1985PlSoi..87..329T |s2cid=12335333 |issn=1573-5036|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱒.᱕ dS/m ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=K |date=1990 |title=Effect of soil salinity and sodicity on seedling growth and mineral composition of Pongamia pinnata and Araucaria cunninghamii |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19910653629 |journal=Tropical Ecology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=124–130 |via=CAB Direct}}</ref> [[Image:plantationpre.jpg|thumb|250px|ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱣᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱟᱥ]] ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''Jatropha'' (ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱰᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=15939268|year=2005|last1=Karmee|first1=SK|last2=Chadha|first2=A|title=Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata|volume=96|issue=13|pages=1425–9|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011|journal=Bioresource Technology|bibcode=2005BiTec..96.1425K }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱤ. ''ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halder |first1=P. K. |last2=Paul |first2=N. |last3=Beg |first3=M. R. A. |title=Prospect of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) in Bangladesh: A Sustainable Source of Liquid Fuel |journal=Journal of Renewable Energy |date=18 December 2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2014/647324 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kesari |first1=Vigya |last2=Rangan |first2=Latha |title=Development of Pongamia pinnata as an alternative biofuel crop — current status and scope of plantations in India |journal=Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology |date=September 2010 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=127–137 |doi=10.1007/s12892-010-0064-1 |s2cid=2790680 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225255623 |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱤ''. ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱴᱟ'' (ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ, ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱼᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐% ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s12155-008-9003-0|title=Pongamia pinnata: An Untapped Resource for the Biofuels Industry of the Future|year=2008|last1=Scott|first1=Paul T.|last2=Pregelj|first2=Lisette|last3=Chen|first3=Ning|last4=Hadler|first4=Johanna S.|last5=Djordjevic|first5=Michael A.|last6=Gresshoff|first6=Peter M.|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=1|issue=1 |page=2|bibcode=2008BioER...1....2S |s2cid=37994181}}</ref><ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Delagarde R., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Karanja (Millettia pinnata). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/636</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Frisaro, Freida, ''[https://apnews.com/article/pongamia-tree-citrus-florida-california-biofuel-protein-c9e781f0d1f7ea786b9748235c9dc320 Pongamia trees grow where citrus once flourished, offering renewable energy and plant-based protein]'', Associated Press, July 6, 2024</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{Bioenergy}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q2717831|from2=Q24852568|from3=Q1973585}} [[Category:Millettieae]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱞᱥ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱞ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] hq1e90pc4l5za0zwanz5gjaqwtq4p0l 0 35712 191037 2026-04-23T11:19:55Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 + 191037 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cossack fairy tales and folk-tales. Selected (1894) (14771595005).jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱹᱝ '''ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ|ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Oparenko |first=Christina |title=Oxford Myths and Legends: Ukrainian Folk-tales |date=1996 |publisher=ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ |isbn=0192741683 |location=ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰ |pages=1–2}}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ == ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>Suwyn 1997, pp. ix-xi</ref><ref>Suwyn 1997, p. xxiii</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱡᱚᱱᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱥ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">Suwyn 1997, p. xv-xxiii</ref> ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bloom |first1=Mia |last2=Moskalenko |first2=Sophia |title=How fairy tales shape fighting spirit: Ukraine's children hear bedtime stories of underdog heroes, while Russian children hear tales of magical success |url=http://theconversation.com/how-fairy-tales-shape-fighting-spirit-ukraines-children-hear-bedtime-stories-of-underdog-heroes-while-russian-children-hear-tales-of-magical-success-179630 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=ᱫᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ |language=en}}</ref> ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":4">Suwyn 1997, p. ix-xi</ref> ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱠᱤ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Stepanenko |first=K. |date=2019-11-25 |title=Means of Transition between the Worlds (based on English and Ukrainian Fairy Tales) |journal=Science and Education a New Dimension |volume=VII(211) |issue=62 |pages=54–57 |doi=10.31174/send-ph2019-211vii62-13 |issn=2308-5258|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> == ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ == ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱳᱱᱳᱱᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Suwyn |first=Barbara |title=The Magic Egg and Other Tales from Ukraine. Retold by Barbara J. Suwyn; drawings by author; edited and with an introduction by Natalie O. Kononenko |date=1997 |publisher=Libraries Unlimited, Inc. |isbn=1563084252 |location=Englewood, CO |page=xxi}}</ref> === ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ === ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ "ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ", ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ "ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ", ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Suwyn 1997, p. xxii.</ref> === ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ === ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱫᱮᱦ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kononenko |first=Natalie |date=2011-10-01 |title=The Politics of innocence: Soviet and Post-Soviet Animation on Folklore topics |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/jaf/article/124/494/272/228359/The-Politics-of-innocence-Soviet-and-Post-Soviet |journal=Journal of American Folklore |language=en |volume=124 |issue=494 |pages=272–294 |doi=10.5406/jamerfolk.124.494.0272 |issn=0021-8715|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ (censored) ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> == ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ == [[File:Books from Zinchuk's collection of Ukrainian Folk Tales.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱪᱩᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] === ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ === ==== ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ==== * ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱨᱤᱱᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "Из уст народа" (ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lashko |first=M.V. |date=July 20, 2023 |title=До 155 – річчя М. Грінченко |url=https://if.kubg.edu.ua/images/stories/Departaments/gi/events.gi/2017_2018/stattya.pdf |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ |archive-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720190331/https://if.kubg.edu.ua/images/stories/Departaments/gi/events.gi/2017_2018/stattya.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱥᱭᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱵᱷᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱚᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halley |first=Catherine |date=2022-04-15 |title=Lesya Ukrainka: Ukraine's Beloved Writer and Activist |url=https://daily.jstor.org/lesya-ukrainka-ukraines-beloved-writer-and-activist/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱒᱐Variables ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱢᱟᱵᱷᱠᱟ: ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱚᱝ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mavka's magic. How Ukrainian cartoon fascinated the whole world and why this is just the beginning |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/mavka-s-magic-how-ukrainian-cartoon-fascinated-1704885915.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=RBC-ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ |language=en}}</ref> * ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱰᱩᱱᱟᱭᱮᱵᱽᱥᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Астаф’єв |first=О. Г. |url=https://esu.com.ua/article-19542 |title=Дунаєвська Лідія Францівна |date=2008 |publisher=ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱳᱯᱮᱰᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ |isbn=978-966-02-2074-4 |volume=8 |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> * ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱪᱩᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karpenko |first=Svitlana |date=2021-05-24 |title=АСПЕКТИ ВИВЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ КАЗКИ В ОСТАННЮ ТРЕТИНУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ: ФОРМУВАННЯ НОВОЇ ШКОЛИ КАЗКОЗНАВСТВА |url=https://philology-journal.com/index.php/journal/article/view/21 |journal=Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies |volume=1 |language=uk |issue=29 |pages=10–13 |issn=2709-8494}}</ref> * ᱮ-ᱵᱟ-ᱵᱟ-ᱦᱟ-ᱞᱟ-ᱢᱟ-ᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ "100 Kazok" (᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Fairy Tales. Vol. 1 - "A-BA-BA-GA-LA-MA-GA" Publishers |url=http://ababahalamaha.com.ua/en/100_Fairy_Tales._Vol._1 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=ababahalamaha.com.ua}}</ref> ==== ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ==== * ᱤᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱮᱡᱽᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zheleznova |first=Irina |title=Ukrainian Folk Tales |publisher=ᱰᱱᱤᱯᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱥᱟᱨᱥ |year=1985 |location=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ}}</ref> * ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱮᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱴᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mitten 20th Anniversary Edition by Jan Brett |url=https://www.penguin.com.au/books/the-mitten-20th-anniversary-edition-9780399252969 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=www.penguin.com.au |language=en}}</ref> === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱠ-ᱴᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine : Stamps : Years List [Theme: Fairy Tales] |url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/years/country/222-Ukraine/theme/375-Fairy_Tales |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=colnect.com}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neplii |first=Anna |title=Ukrainian Animated Films Come into Their Own |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/16149 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ |language=en}}</ref> ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ (kazka) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-07 |title=Kazka : Ukrainian Pop Band |url=https://articles.talentsofworld.com/kazka-ukrainian-pop-band/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Talentsofworld Articles |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206034739/https://articles.talentsofworld.com/kazka-ukrainian-pop-band/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=Ukraïnsʹka usna slovesnist|trans-title=Ukrainian Oral Literature |last=Kolessa |first=Fili︠a︡ret |date=1983 |location=ᱮᱰᱢᱳᱱᱴᱚᱱ |publisher=ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤᱡᱽ, ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴᱟ |lang=Ukrainian}} {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8 List of Ukrainian fairy tales] at Wikisource (in Ukrainian) [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ]] amccfuduqrxuf8eg2puixpssi70ovq0 191038 191037 2026-04-23T11:20:52Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 (By [[meta:Indic-TechCom/Tools|FindAndReplace]]) 191038 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cossack fairy tales and folk-tales. Selected (1894) (14771595005).jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱹᱝ '''ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ|ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Oparenko |first=Christina |title=Oxford Myths and Legends: Ukrainian Folk-tales |date=1996 |publisher=ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ |isbn=0192741683 |location=ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰ |pages=1–2}}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ == ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>Suwyn 1997, pp. ix-xi</ref><ref>Suwyn 1997, p. xxiii</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱡᱚᱱᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱥ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">Suwyn 1997, p. xv-xxiii</ref> ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bloom |first1=Mia |last2=Moskalenko |first2=Sophia |title=How fairy tales shape fighting spirit: Ukraine's children hear bedtime stories of underdog heroes, while Russian children hear tales of magical success |url=http://theconversation.com/how-fairy-tales-shape-fighting-spirit-ukraines-children-hear-bedtime-stories-of-underdog-heroes-while-russian-children-hear-tales-of-magical-success-179630 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=ᱫᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ |language=en}}</ref> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":4">Suwyn 1997, p. ix-xi</ref> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱠᱤ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Stepanenko |first=K. |date=2019-11-25 |title=Means of Transition between the Worlds (based on English and Ukrainian Fairy Tales) |journal=Science and Education a New Dimension |volume=VII(211) |issue=62 |pages=54–57 |doi=10.31174/send-ph2019-211vii62-13 |issn=2308-5258|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> == ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ == ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱳᱱᱳᱱᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Suwyn |first=Barbara |title=The Magic Egg and Other Tales from Ukraine. Retold by Barbara J. Suwyn; drawings by author; edited and with an introduction by Natalie O. Kononenko |date=1997 |publisher=Libraries Unlimited, Inc. |isbn=1563084252 |location=Englewood, CO |page=xxi}}</ref> === ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ === ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ "ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ", ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ "ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ", ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Suwyn 1997, p. xxii.</ref> === ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ === ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱫᱮᱦ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kononenko |first=Natalie |date=2011-10-01 |title=The Politics of innocence: Soviet and Post-Soviet Animation on Folklore topics |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/jaf/article/124/494/272/228359/The-Politics-of-innocence-Soviet-and-Post-Soviet |journal=Journal of American Folklore |language=en |volume=124 |issue=494 |pages=272–294 |doi=10.5406/jamerfolk.124.494.0272 |issn=0021-8715|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ (censored) ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> == ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ == [[File:Books from Zinchuk's collection of Ukrainian Folk Tales.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱪᱩᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] === ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ === ==== ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ==== * ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱨᱤᱱᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "Из уст народа" (ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lashko |first=M.V. |date=July 20, 2023 |title=До 155 – річчя М. Грінченко |url=https://if.kubg.edu.ua/images/stories/Departaments/gi/events.gi/2017_2018/stattya.pdf |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ |archive-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720190331/https://if.kubg.edu.ua/images/stories/Departaments/gi/events.gi/2017_2018/stattya.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱥᱭᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱵᱷᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱚᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halley |first=Catherine |date=2022-04-15 |title=Lesya Ukrainka: Ukraine's Beloved Writer and Activist |url=https://daily.jstor.org/lesya-ukrainka-ukraines-beloved-writer-and-activist/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱒᱐Variables ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱢᱟᱵᱷᱠᱟ: ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱚᱝ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mavka's magic. How Ukrainian cartoon fascinated the whole world and why this is just the beginning |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/mavka-s-magic-how-ukrainian-cartoon-fascinated-1704885915.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=RBC-ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ |language=en}}</ref> * ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱰᱩᱱᱟᱭᱮᱵᱽᱥᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Астаф’єв |first=О. Г. |url=https://esu.com.ua/article-19542 |title=Дунаєвська Лідія Францівна |date=2008 |publisher=ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱳᱯᱮᱰᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ |isbn=978-966-02-2074-4 |volume=8 |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> * ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱪᱩᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karpenko |first=Svitlana |date=2021-05-24 |title=АСПЕКТИ ВИВЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ КАЗКИ В ОСТАННЮ ТРЕТИНУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ: ФОРМУВАННЯ НОВОЇ ШКОЛИ КАЗКОЗНАВСТВА |url=https://philology-journal.com/index.php/journal/article/view/21 |journal=Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies |volume=1 |language=uk |issue=29 |pages=10–13 |issn=2709-8494}}</ref> * ᱮ-ᱵᱟ-ᱵᱟ-ᱦᱟ-ᱞᱟ-ᱢᱟ-ᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ "100 Kazok" (᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Fairy Tales. Vol. 1 - "A-BA-BA-GA-LA-MA-GA" Publishers |url=http://ababahalamaha.com.ua/en/100_Fairy_Tales._Vol._1 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=ababahalamaha.com.ua}}</ref> ==== ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ==== * ᱤᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱮᱡᱽᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zheleznova |first=Irina |title=Ukrainian Folk Tales |publisher=ᱰᱱᱤᱯᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱥᱟᱨᱥ |year=1985 |location=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ}}</ref> * ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱮᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱴᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mitten 20th Anniversary Edition by Jan Brett |url=https://www.penguin.com.au/books/the-mitten-20th-anniversary-edition-9780399252969 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=www.penguin.com.au |language=en}}</ref> === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱠ-ᱴᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine : Stamps : Years List [Theme: Fairy Tales] |url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/years/country/222-Ukraine/theme/375-Fairy_Tales |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=colnect.com}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neplii |first=Anna |title=Ukrainian Animated Films Come into Their Own |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/16149 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ |language=en}}</ref> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ (kazka) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-07 |title=Kazka : Ukrainian Pop Band |url=https://articles.talentsofworld.com/kazka-ukrainian-pop-band/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Talentsofworld Articles |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206034739/https://articles.talentsofworld.com/kazka-ukrainian-pop-band/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=Ukraïnsʹka usna slovesnist|trans-title=Ukrainian Oral Literature |last=Kolessa |first=Fili︠a︡ret |date=1983 |location=ᱮᱰᱢᱳᱱᱴᱚᱱ |publisher=ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤᱡᱽ, ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴᱟ |lang=Ukrainian}} {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8 List of Ukrainian fairy tales] at Wikisource (in Ukrainian) [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ]] 1slc1k8g3zbqf0wrw9h319bwz75uv0d 191039 191038 2026-04-23T11:22:25Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 191039 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cossack fairy tales and folk-tales. Selected (1894) (14771595005).jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱹᱝ '''ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ|ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Oparenko |first=Christina |title=Oxford Myths and Legends: Ukrainian Folk-tales |date=1996 |publisher=ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ |isbn=0192741683 |location=ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰ |pages=1–2}}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ == ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>Suwyn 1997, pp. ix-xi</ref><ref>Suwyn 1997, p. xxiii</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱡᱚᱱᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱥ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">Suwyn 1997, p. xv-xxiii</ref> ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bloom |first1=Mia |last2=Moskalenko |first2=Sophia |title=How fairy tales shape fighting spirit: Ukraine's children hear bedtime stories of underdog heroes, while Russian children hear tales of magical success |url=http://theconversation.com/how-fairy-tales-shape-fighting-spirit-ukraines-children-hear-bedtime-stories-of-underdog-heroes-while-russian-children-hear-tales-of-magical-success-179630 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=ᱫᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ |language=en}}</ref> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":4">Suwyn 1997, p. ix-xi</ref> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱠᱤ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Stepanenko |first=K. |date=2019-11-25 |title=Means of Transition between the Worlds (based on English and Ukrainian Fairy Tales) |journal=Science and Education a New Dimension |volume=VII(211) |issue=62 |pages=54–57 |doi=10.31174/send-ph2019-211vii62-13 |issn=2308-5258|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> == ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ == ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱳᱱᱳᱱᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Suwyn |first=Barbara |title=The Magic Egg and Other Tales from Ukraine. Retold by Barbara J. Suwyn; drawings by author; edited and with an introduction by Natalie O. Kononenko |date=1997 |publisher=Libraries Unlimited, Inc. |isbn=1563084252 |location=Englewood, CO |page=xxi}}</ref> === ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ === ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ "ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ", ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ "ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ", ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Suwyn 1997, p. xxii.</ref> === ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ === ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱫᱮᱦ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kononenko |first=Natalie |date=2011-10-01 |title=The Politics of innocence: Soviet and Post-Soviet Animation on Folklore topics |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/jaf/article/124/494/272/228359/The-Politics-of-innocence-Soviet-and-Post-Soviet |journal=Journal of American Folklore |language=en |volume=124 |issue=494 |pages=272–294 |doi=10.5406/jamerfolk.124.494.0272 |issn=0021-8715|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ (censored) ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> == ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ == [[File:Books from Zinchuk's collection of Ukrainian Folk Tales.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱪᱩᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] === ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ === ==== ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ==== * ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱨᱤᱱᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "Из уст народа" (ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lashko |first=M.V. |date=July 20, 2023 |title=До 155 – річчя М. Грінченко |url=https://if.kubg.edu.ua/images/stories/Departaments/gi/events.gi/2017_2018/stattya.pdf |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ |archive-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720190331/https://if.kubg.edu.ua/images/stories/Departaments/gi/events.gi/2017_2018/stattya.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱥᱭᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱵᱷᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱚᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halley |first=Catherine |date=2022-04-15 |title=Lesya Ukrainka: Ukraine's Beloved Writer and Activist |url=https://daily.jstor.org/lesya-ukrainka-ukraines-beloved-writer-and-activist/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱒᱐Variables ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱢᱟᱵᱷᱠᱟ: ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱚᱝ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mavka's magic. How Ukrainian cartoon fascinated the whole world and why this is just the beginning |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/mavka-s-magic-how-ukrainian-cartoon-fascinated-1704885915.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=RBC-ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ |language=en}}</ref> * ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱰᱩᱱᱟᱭᱮᱵᱽᱥᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Астаф’єв |first=О. Г. |url=https://esu.com.ua/article-19542 |title=Дунаєвська Лідія Францівна |date=2008 |publisher=ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱳᱯᱮᱰᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ |isbn=978-966-02-2074-4 |volume=8 |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> * ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱪᱩᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karpenko |first=Svitlana |date=2021-05-24 |title=АСПЕКТИ ВИВЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ КАЗКИ В ОСТАННЮ ТРЕТИНУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ: ФОРМУВАННЯ НОВОЇ ШКОЛИ КАЗКОЗНАВСТВА |url=https://philology-journal.com/index.php/journal/article/view/21 |journal=Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies |volume=1 |language=uk |issue=29 |pages=10–13 |issn=2709-8494}}</ref> * ᱮ-ᱵᱟ-ᱵᱟ-ᱦᱟ-ᱞᱟ-ᱢᱟ-ᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ "100 Kazok" (᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Fairy Tales. Vol. 1 - "A-BA-BA-GA-LA-MA-GA" Publishers |url=http://ababahalamaha.com.ua/en/100_Fairy_Tales._Vol._1 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=ababahalamaha.com.ua}}</ref> ==== ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ==== * ᱤᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱮᱡᱽᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zheleznova |first=Irina |title=Ukrainian Folk Tales |publisher=ᱰᱱᱤᱯᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱥᱟᱨᱥ |year=1985 |location=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ}}</ref> * ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱮᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱴᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mitten 20th Anniversary Edition by Jan Brett |url=https://www.penguin.com.au/books/the-mitten-20th-anniversary-edition-9780399252969 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=www.penguin.com.au |language=en}}</ref> === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱠ-ᱴᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine : Stamps : Years List [Theme: Fairy Tales] |url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/years/country/222-Ukraine/theme/375-Fairy_Tales |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=colnect.com}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neplii |first=Anna |title=Ukrainian Animated Films Come into Their Own |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/16149 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ |language=en}}</ref> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ (kazka) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-07 |title=Kazka : Ukrainian Pop Band |url=https://articles.talentsofworld.com/kazka-ukrainian-pop-band/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Talentsofworld Articles |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206034739/https://articles.talentsofworld.com/kazka-ukrainian-pop-band/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=Ukraïnsʹka usna slovesnist|trans-title=Ukrainian Oral Literature |last=Kolessa |first=Fili︠a︡ret |date=1983 |location=ᱮᱰᱢᱳᱱᱴᱚᱱ |publisher=ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤᱡᱽ, ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴᱟ |lang=Ukrainian}} {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8 List of Ukrainian fairy tales] at Wikisource (in Ukrainian) [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ]] rv4kaxtkl3u5tsfyr70ft2t22x0d2or 191040 191039 2026-04-23T11:25:32Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 /* ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ */ + 191040 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cossack fairy tales and folk-tales. Selected (1894) (14771595005).jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱹᱝ '''ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ|ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Oparenko |first=Christina |title=Oxford Myths and Legends: Ukrainian Folk-tales |date=1996 |publisher=ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ |isbn=0192741683 |location=ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰ |pages=1–2}}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ == ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>Suwyn 1997, pp. ix-xi</ref><ref>Suwyn 1997, p. xxiii</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱡᱚᱱᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱥ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">Suwyn 1997, p. xv-xxiii</ref> ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bloom |first1=Mia |last2=Moskalenko |first2=Sophia |title=How fairy tales shape fighting spirit: Ukraine's children hear bedtime stories of underdog heroes, while Russian children hear tales of magical success |url=http://theconversation.com/how-fairy-tales-shape-fighting-spirit-ukraines-children-hear-bedtime-stories-of-underdog-heroes-while-russian-children-hear-tales-of-magical-success-179630 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=ᱫᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ |language=en}}</ref> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":4">Suwyn 1997, p. ix-xi</ref> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱠᱤ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Stepanenko |first=K. |date=2019-11-25 |title=Means of Transition between the Worlds (based on English and Ukrainian Fairy Tales) |journal=Science and Education a New Dimension |volume=VII(211) |issue=62 |pages=54–57 |doi=10.31174/send-ph2019-211vii62-13 |issn=2308-5258|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> == ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ == ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱳᱱᱳᱱᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Suwyn |first=Barbara |title=The Magic Egg and Other Tales from Ukraine. Retold by Barbara J. Suwyn; drawings by author; edited and with an introduction by Natalie O. Kononenko |date=1997 |publisher=Libraries Unlimited, Inc. |isbn=1563084252 |location=Englewood, CO |page=xxi}}</ref> === ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ === ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ "ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ", ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ "ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ", ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Suwyn 1997, p. xxii.</ref> === ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ === ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱫᱮᱦ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kononenko |first=Natalie |date=2011-10-01 |title=The Politics of innocence: Soviet and Post-Soviet Animation on Folklore topics |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/jaf/article/124/494/272/228359/The-Politics-of-innocence-Soviet-and-Post-Soviet |journal=Journal of American Folklore |language=en |volume=124 |issue=494 |pages=272–294 |doi=10.5406/jamerfolk.124.494.0272 |issn=0021-8715|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> == ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ == [[File:Books from Zinchuk's collection of Ukrainian Folk Tales.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱪᱩᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] === ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ === ==== ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ==== * ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱨᱤᱱᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "Из уст народа" (ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lashko |first=M.V. |date=July 20, 2023 |title=До 155 – річчя М. Грінченко |url=https://if.kubg.edu.ua/images/stories/Departaments/gi/events.gi/2017_2018/stattya.pdf |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ |archive-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720190331/https://if.kubg.edu.ua/images/stories/Departaments/gi/events.gi/2017_2018/stattya.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱥᱭᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱵᱷᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱚᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halley |first=Catherine |date=2022-04-15 |title=Lesya Ukrainka: Ukraine's Beloved Writer and Activist |url=https://daily.jstor.org/lesya-ukrainka-ukraines-beloved-writer-and-activist/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱒᱐Variables ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱢᱟᱵᱷᱠᱟ: ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱚᱝ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mavka's magic. How Ukrainian cartoon fascinated the whole world and why this is just the beginning |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/mavka-s-magic-how-ukrainian-cartoon-fascinated-1704885915.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=RBC-ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ |language=en}}</ref> * ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱰᱩᱱᱟᱭᱮᱵᱽᱥᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Астаф’єв |first=О. Г. |url=https://esu.com.ua/article-19542 |title=Дунаєвська Лідія Францівна |date=2008 |publisher=ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱳᱯᱮᱰᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ |isbn=978-966-02-2074-4 |volume=8 |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> * ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱪᱩᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karpenko |first=Svitlana |date=2021-05-24 |title=АСПЕКТИ ВИВЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ КАЗКИ В ОСТАННЮ ТРЕТИНУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ: ФОРМУВАННЯ НОВОЇ ШКОЛИ КАЗКОЗНАВСТВА |url=https://philology-journal.com/index.php/journal/article/view/21 |journal=Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies |volume=1 |language=uk |issue=29 |pages=10–13 |issn=2709-8494}}</ref> * ᱮ-ᱵᱟ-ᱵᱟ-ᱦᱟ-ᱞᱟ-ᱢᱟ-ᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ "100 Kazok" (᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Fairy Tales. Vol. 1 - "A-BA-BA-GA-LA-MA-GA" Publishers |url=http://ababahalamaha.com.ua/en/100_Fairy_Tales._Vol._1 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=ababahalamaha.com.ua}}</ref> ==== ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ==== * ᱤᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱮᱡᱽᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zheleznova |first=Irina |title=Ukrainian Folk Tales |publisher=ᱰᱱᱤᱯᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱥᱟᱨᱥ |year=1985 |location=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ}}</ref> * ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱮᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱴᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mitten 20th Anniversary Edition by Jan Brett |url=https://www.penguin.com.au/books/the-mitten-20th-anniversary-edition-9780399252969 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=www.penguin.com.au |language=en}}</ref> === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱠ-ᱴᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine : Stamps : Years List [Theme: Fairy Tales] |url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/years/country/222-Ukraine/theme/375-Fairy_Tales |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=colnect.com}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neplii |first=Anna |title=Ukrainian Animated Films Come into Their Own |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/16149 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ |language=en}}</ref> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ (kazka) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-07 |title=Kazka : Ukrainian Pop Band |url=https://articles.talentsofworld.com/kazka-ukrainian-pop-band/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Talentsofworld Articles |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206034739/https://articles.talentsofworld.com/kazka-ukrainian-pop-band/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=Ukraïnsʹka usna slovesnist|trans-title=Ukrainian Oral Literature |last=Kolessa |first=Fili︠a︡ret |date=1983 |location=ᱮᱰᱢᱳᱱᱴᱚᱱ |publisher=ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤᱡᱽ, ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴᱟ |lang=Ukrainian}} {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8 List of Ukrainian fairy tales] at Wikisource (in Ukrainian) [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ]] 58ays1r288fp35x867gg4szjydq15hw 0 35713 191041 2026-04-23T11:33:57Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 + 191041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱭᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ | native_name = Ярина Чорногуз | native_name_lang = uk | image = Yaryna Chornohuz.jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱙᱕ | birth_place = ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ | alma_mater = ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ-ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ | occupation = {{hlist|ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ|ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠ}} | awards = [[ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ]] (᱒᱐᱒᱔)<ref>{{Cite news |title=УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №143/2024 — Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/1432024-50037 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912075452/https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/1432024-50037 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України |language=uk |url-status=live }}</ref><br> [[ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ)]] (᱒᱐᱒᱒) }} '''ᱭᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱭᱟᱨᱳᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱵᱷᱱᱟ ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱕) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱠᱳᱨᱯᱳᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=An all-female group of Ukrainian soldiers is here to deliver a message to U.S. lawmakers |url=https://www.msnbc.com/know-your-value/out-of-office/war-ukraine-against-russia-how-women-soldiers-are-fighting-back-n1299012 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=MSNBC.com |language=en}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-01 |title=Ярина Чорногуз: "Протест — це інтелектуальний акт, що має сприяти розвитку" |trans-title=Yaryna Chornoguz: "Protest is an intellectual act that should contribute to development" |url=https://tyzhden.ua/iaryna-chornohuz-protest-tse-intelektualnyj-akt-shcho-maie-spryiaty-rozvytku/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=[[The Ukrainian Week]] |language=uk}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱳᱞᱮᱜᱽ ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Вінниці помер український письменник-гуморист Олег Чорногуз |trans-title=Ukrainian writer Oleg Chornoguz dies in Vinnytsia |url=https://life.pravda.com.ua/culture/2022/10/9/250757/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=[[Ukrainska Pravda|Українська правда – Життя]] |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ-ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Новини і події: 20 липня 2021 року |trans-title=News and events: July 20, 2021 |url=https://nlu.org.ua/event.php?id=1661# |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=[[Yaroslav Mudryi National Library of Ukraine]]}}</ref> == ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱮᱛ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=First: Fight the Russians. Then: Wellness Bowls |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/03/first-fight-the-russians-then-wellness-bowls |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱳᱥᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞᱟᱨᱥ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Yaryna Chornohuz |url=https://ui.org.ua/en/artists/yaryna-chornohuz-2/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Ukrainian Institute |language=en-GB}}</ref> ᱒᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱳᱱᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱵᱷᱠᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱥᱳᱨᱳᱪᱩᱠ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-13 |title=Місяць "Весни на граніті": як ізсередини виглядає акція під ОП, започаткована Яриною Чорногуз - Новинарня |url=https://novynarnia.com/2020/04/13/vesna-na-graniti/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=novynarnia.com |language=uk}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱴᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴ ᱥᱚᱞᱡᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱔᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱠᱳᱱᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱳᱫᱤᱢᱤᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱱᱥᱠᱤ ᱰᱳᱱᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱦᱟᱱᱥᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱳᱱᱮᱴᱥᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱩᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱓ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ, ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱰ-᱑᱙]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ''Як вигинається воєнне коло'' (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: ''How the War Circle Bends'') ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱥ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱳᱱᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱩᱯᱳᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱷᱢᱩᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ == ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ) ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ-ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱞᱚᱢᱱᱟᱭ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] pkrazt6e192eqtv11bklggjyj1xlh7a 191042 191041 2026-04-23T11:35:32Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 + 191042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱭᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ | native_name = Ярина Чорногуз | native_name_lang = uk | image = Yaryna Chornohuz.jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱙᱕ | birth_place = ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ | alma_mater = ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ-ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ | occupation = {{hlist|ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ|ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠ}} | awards = [[ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ]] (᱒᱐᱒᱔)<ref>{{Cite news |title=УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №143/2024 — Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/1432024-50037 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912075452/https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/1432024-50037 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України |language=uk |url-status=live }}</ref><br> [[ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ)]] (᱒᱐᱒᱒) }} '''ᱭᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱭᱟᱨᱳᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱵᱷᱱᱟ ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱕) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱠᱳᱨᱯᱳᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=An all-female group of Ukrainian soldiers is here to deliver a message to U.S. lawmakers |url=https://www.msnbc.com/know-your-value/out-of-office/war-ukraine-against-russia-how-women-soldiers-are-fighting-back-n1299012 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=MSNBC.com |language=en}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-01 |title=Ярина Чорногуз: "Протест — це інтелектуальний акт, що має сприяти розвитку" |trans-title=Yaryna Chornoguz: "Protest is an intellectual act that should contribute to development" |url=https://tyzhden.ua/iaryna-chornohuz-protest-tse-intelektualnyj-akt-shcho-maie-spryiaty-rozvytku/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=[[The Ukrainian Week]] |language=uk}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱳᱞᱮᱜᱽ ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Вінниці помер український письменник-гуморист Олег Чорногуз |trans-title=Ukrainian writer Oleg Chornoguz dies in Vinnytsia |url=https://life.pravda.com.ua/culture/2022/10/9/250757/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=[[Ukrainska Pravda|Українська правда – Життя]] |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ-ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Новини і події: 20 липня 2021 року |trans-title=News and events: July 20, 2021 |url=https://nlu.org.ua/event.php?id=1661# |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=[[Yaroslav Mudryi National Library of Ukraine]]}}</ref> == ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱮᱛ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=First: Fight the Russians. Then: Wellness Bowls |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/03/first-fight-the-russians-then-wellness-bowls |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱳᱥᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞᱟᱨᱥ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Yaryna Chornohuz |url=https://ui.org.ua/en/artists/yaryna-chornohuz-2/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Ukrainian Institute |language=en-GB}}</ref> ᱒᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱳᱱᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱵᱷᱠᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱥᱳᱨᱳᱪᱩᱠ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-13 |title=Місяць "Весни на граніті": як ізсередини виглядає акція під ОП, започаткована Яриною Чорногуз - Новинарня |url=https://novynarnia.com/2020/04/13/vesna-na-graniti/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=novynarnia.com |language=uk}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱴᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴ ᱥᱚᱞᱡᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱔᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱠᱳᱱᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱳᱫᱤᱢᱤᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱱᱥᱠᱤ ᱰᱳᱱᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱦᱟᱱᱥᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱳᱱᱮᱴᱥᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱩᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱓ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ, ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱰ-᱑᱙]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ''Як вигинається воєнне коло'' (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: ''How the War Circle Bends'') ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱥ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱳᱱᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱩᱯᱳᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱷᱢᱩᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ == ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ) ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ-ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱞᱚᱢᱱᱟᱭ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] 40p4rxill63j4yen97tfpryzejd6twr 191043 191042 2026-04-23T11:37:35Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 /* ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ */ + 191043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱭᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ | native_name = Ярина Чорногуз | native_name_lang = uk | image = Yaryna Chornohuz.jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱙᱕ | birth_place = ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ | alma_mater = ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ-ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ | occupation = {{hlist|ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ|ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠ}} | awards = [[ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ]] (᱒᱐᱒᱔)<ref>{{Cite news |title=УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №143/2024 — Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/1432024-50037 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912075452/https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/1432024-50037 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України |language=uk |url-status=live }}</ref><br> [[ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ)]] (᱒᱐᱒᱒) }} '''ᱭᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱭᱟᱨᱳᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱵᱷᱱᱟ ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱕) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱠᱳᱨᱯᱳᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=An all-female group of Ukrainian soldiers is here to deliver a message to U.S. lawmakers |url=https://www.msnbc.com/know-your-value/out-of-office/war-ukraine-against-russia-how-women-soldiers-are-fighting-back-n1299012 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=MSNBC.com |language=en}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-01 |title=Ярина Чорногуз: "Протест — це інтелектуальний акт, що має сприяти розвитку" |trans-title=Yaryna Chornoguz: "Protest is an intellectual act that should contribute to development" |url=https://tyzhden.ua/iaryna-chornohuz-protest-tse-intelektualnyj-akt-shcho-maie-spryiaty-rozvytku/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=[[The Ukrainian Week]] |language=uk}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱳᱞᱮᱜᱽ ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=У Вінниці помер український письменник-гуморист Олег Чорногуз |trans-title=Ukrainian writer Oleg Chornoguz dies in Vinnytsia |url=https://life.pravda.com.ua/culture/2022/10/9/250757/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=[[Ukrainska Pravda|Українська правда – Життя]] |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ-ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Новини і події: 20 липня 2021 року |trans-title=News and events: July 20, 2021 |url=https://nlu.org.ua/event.php?id=1661# |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=[[Yaroslav Mudryi National Library of Ukraine]]}}</ref> == ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱮᱛ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=First: Fight the Russians. Then: Wellness Bowls |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/03/first-fight-the-russians-then-wellness-bowls |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱳᱥᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞᱟᱨᱥ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Yaryna Chornohuz |url=https://ui.org.ua/en/artists/yaryna-chornohuz-2/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Ukrainian Institute |language=en-GB}}</ref> ᱒᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱳᱱᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱵᱷᱠᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱥᱳᱨᱳᱪᱩᱠ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-13 |title=Місяць "Весни на граніті": як ізсередини виглядає акція під ОП, започаткована Яриною Чорногуз - Новинарня |url=https://novynarnia.com/2020/04/13/vesna-na-graniti/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=novynarnia.com |language=uk}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱴᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴ ᱥᱚᱞᱡᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱔᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱠᱳᱱᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱳᱫᱤᱢᱤᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱱᱥᱠᱤ ᱰᱳᱱᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱦᱟᱱᱥᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱳᱱᱮᱴᱥᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱩᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱓ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ, ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱰ-᱑᱙]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ''Як вигинається воєнне коло'' (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: ''How the War Circle Bends'') ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱥ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱳᱱᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱩᱯᱳᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱷᱢᱩᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ == ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == ᱪᱳᱨᱱᱳᱦᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ) ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ-ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱞᱚᱢᱱᱟᱭ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] hnmzsrocnnmg4sfwas4og3xpnbxlprw