ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ satwiki https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ TimedText TimedText talk ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ Event Event talk 10 1834 191064 190744 2026-04-24T00:38:21Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191064 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}}| }}" | {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAME}} }}{{#if:{{{temporal_range|}}}|<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">ᱢᱮᱥᱨᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ: {{{temporal_range}}}</div>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image}}}|size={{{image_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{upright|1}}}|alt={{{image_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: {{{image_caption_align|center}}}; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2}}}|size={{{image2_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{upright2|}}}|{{{upright2}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{image2_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} |- colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{#if:{{{status|}}}|{{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |-{{#if:{{{status2|}}}|{{taxobox/species|{{{status2_system|}}}|{{{status2|}}}|{{{status2_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="min-width:15em; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|{{{virus|}}}}}}|[[Virus classification]]|{{#if:{{{ichnos|}}}|[[Trace fossil classification]]|{{#if:{{{veterovata|}}}|[[Egg fossil#Classification|Egg fossil classification]]|[[ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ<!-- Taxonomy (biology) - Scientific classification -->]]}} }} }} {{#if:{{{edit link|}}}|{{edit taxonomy|{{{parent|}}} | {{{edit link}}} }} }}{{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | <br/><span style="font-weight:normal">({{{classification_status}}})</span> | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}|{{#invoke:Autotaxobox|taxoboxList|{{{parent}}}| display_taxa={{{display_taxa|1}}}| authority={{{authority|}}}| parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}| gparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}| ggparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}| gggparent_authority={{{greatgreatgrandparent_authority|}}}| offset={{{offset|0}}}| bold_first={{{bold_first|{{#if:{{{species|}}}|link|bold}}}}}| virus={{{virus|no}}}}}}} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=group |link= {{#switch:{{lc:{{{virus_group}}} }} |i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |iii=Group III <small>([[Double-stranded RNA viruses|dsRNA]])</small> |iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus|(−)ssRNA]])</small> |vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |vi/vii=Groups VI and VII |vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superdomain}}} | auth={{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Superdomain|link={{{superdomain}}} | auth={{{superdomain_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_domain|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_domain}}} | auth={{{unranked_domain_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Domain|link={{{domain}}} | auth={{{domain_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superregnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superregnum}}} | auth={{{unranked_superregnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ|link={{{superregnum}}} | auth={{{superregnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_regnum}}} | auth={{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ <!-- Kingdom -->|link={{{regnum}}} | auth={{{regnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subregnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subregnum}}} | auth={{{unranked_subregnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ<!-- Subkingdom -->|link={{{subregnum}}} | auth={{{subregnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superdivisio}}} | auth={{{unranked_superdivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Superdivision|link={{{superdivisio}}} | auth={{{superdivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superphylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_superphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ<!-- Superphylum -->|link={{{superphylum}}} | auth={{{superphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_divisio}}} | auth={{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱥᱚᱱ <!-- Division -->|link={{{divisio}}} | auth={{{divisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_phylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ<!-- Phylum -->|link={{{phylum}}} | auth={{{phylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subdivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subdivisio}}} | auth={{{unranked_subdivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ<!-- Subdivision -->|link={{{subdivisio}}} | auth={{{subdivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subphylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_subphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ<!-- Subphylum -->|link={{{subphylum}}} | auth={{{subphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_infraphylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_infraphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ<!-- Infraphylum -->|link={{{infraphylum}}} | auth={{{infraphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_microphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_microphylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_microphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Microphylum|link={{{microphylum}}} | auth={{{microphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_nanophylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_nanophylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_nanophylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Nanophylum|link={{{nanophylum}}} | auth={{{nanophylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superclassis}}} | auth={{{unranked_superclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ<!-- Superclass -->|link={{{superclassis}}} | auth={{{superclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_classis}}} | auth={{{unranked_classis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ<!-- Class -->|link={{{classis}}} | auth={{{classis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subclassis}}} | auth={{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ<!-- Subclass -->|link={{{subclassis}}} | auth={{{subclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_infraclassis}}} | auth={{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ<!-- Infraclass -->|link={{{infraclassis}}} | auth={{{infraclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_magnordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_magnordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_magnordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Magnorder|link={{{magnordo}}} | auth={{{magnordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_superordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ<!-- Superorder -->|link={{{superordo}}} | auth={{{superordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_ordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ<!-- Order -->|link={{{ordo}}} | auth={{{ordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_subordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ<!-- Suborder -->|link={{{subordo}}} | auth={{{subordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_infraordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_infraordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ<!-- Infraorder -->|link={{{infraordo}}} | auth={{{infraordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_parvordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_parvordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_parvordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Parvorder|link={{{parvordo}}} | auth={{{parvordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_zoodivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_zoodivisio}}} | auth={{{unranked_zoodivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ<!-- Division -->|link={{{zoodivisio}}} | auth={{{zoodivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_zoosectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_zoosectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_zoosectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Section|link={{{zoosectio}}} | auth={{{zoosectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_zoosubsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_zoosubsectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_zoosubsectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Subsection|link={{{zoosubsectio}}} | auth={{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superfamilia}}} | auth={{{unranked_superfamilia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ<!-- Superfamily -->|link={{{superfamilia}}} | auth={{{superfamilia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_familia}}} | auth={{{unranked_familia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ<!-- Family -->|link={{{familia}}} | auth={{{familia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subfamilia}}} | auth={{{unranked_subfamilia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ<!-- Subfamily -->|link={{{subfamilia}}} | auth={{{subfamilia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_supertribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_supertribus}}} | auth={{{unranked_supertribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Supertribe -->|link={{{supertribus}}} | auth={{{supertribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_tribus}}} | auth={{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Tribe -->|link={{{tribus}}} | auth={{{tribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subtribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subtribus}}} | auth={{{unranked_subtribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Subtribe -->|link={{{subtribus}}} | auth={{{subtribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_alliance|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_alliance}}} | auth={{{unranked_alliance_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Alliance|link={{{alliance}}} | auth={{{alliance_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_genus}}} | auth={{{unranked_genus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ<!-- Genus -->/noitalics|link={{{genus}}}|auth={{{genus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subgenus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subgenus}}} | auth={{{unranked_subgenus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ<!-- Subgenus -->/noitalics|link={{{subgenus}}} | auth={{{subgenus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_sectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_sectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_sectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ<!-- Sectio -->/noitalics|link={{{sectio}}} | auth={{{sectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subsectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_subsectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ<!-- Subsectio -->/noitalics|link={{{subsectio}}} | auth={{{subsectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_series|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_series}}} | auth={{{unranked_series_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤ<!-- Series -->/noitalics|link={{{series}}} | auth={{{series_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subseries|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subseries}}} | auth={{{unranked_subseries_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤ<!-- Subseries -->/noitalics|link={{{subseries}}}|auth={{{subseries_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_species_group|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_species_group}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_group_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Species group -->|link={{{species_group}}} | auth={{{species_group_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_species_subgroup|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_species_subgroup}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_subgroup_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Species subgroup -->|link={{{species_subgroup}}} | auth={{{species_subgroup_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_species_complex|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_species_complex}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_complex_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Species complex|link={{{species_complex}}} | auth={{{species_complex_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_species|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_species}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱟᱹᱛ<!-- Species -->/noitalics|link={{{species}}} | auth={{{species_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subspecies|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subspecies}}} | auth={{{unranked_subspecies_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ<!-- Subspecies -->/noitalics|link={{{subspecies}}} | auth={{{subspecies_authority|}}} }} }} |- {{#if:{{{unranked_varietas|{{{unranked_variety|}}}}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_varietas|{{{unranked_variety|}}}}}} | auth={{{unranked_varietas_authority|{{{unranked_variety_authority|}}}}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{varietas|{{{variety|}}}}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ<!-- Variety -->|link={{{varietas|{{{variety}}}}}} | auth={{{varietas_authority|{{{variety_authority|}}}}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{forma|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=forma|link={{{forma}}} | auth={{{forma_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{virus_infrasp|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank={{{virus_infrasp_rank|RANK MISSING}}}|link={{{virus_infrasp}}} | auth= }} }} |- {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Binomial nomenclature|ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ<!-- Binomial name -->]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} <b><span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span></b><br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{binomial_authority|}}}</div> }} |- style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[{{#switch:{{{regnum|}}}|[[Animalia]]|[[Animal]]ia|Animalia=Trinomen|[[Plantae]]|[[Plant]]ae|Plantae|[[Fungi]]|[[Fungus|Fungi]]|Fungi|[[Archaeplastida]]|Archaeplastida=Infraspecific name (botany)|Trinomen}}|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} <b><span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span></b><br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour|}}} }}"{{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_ichnogenus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour|}}} }}"{{!}} [[Type genus|Type ichnogenus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_ichnogenus}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_ichnogenus_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_oogenus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour|}}} }}"{{!}} [[Type genus|Type oogenus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_ichnogenus}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_oogenus_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_species_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_ichnospecies|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Type species|Type ichnospecies]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_ichnospecies}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_ichnospecies_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_oospecies|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Type species|Type oospecies]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_oospecies}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_oospecies_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{possible_subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} {{{possible_subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{possible_subdivision|}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Biodiversity|Diversity]]{{{diversity_ref|}}} {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns:0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#if:{{{diversity_link|}}}|[[{{{diversity_link|}}}|{{{diversity|}}}]]|{{{diversity|}}}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map}}}|size={{{range_map_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map_upright|}}}|{{{range_map_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map2}}}|size={{{range_map2_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map2_upright|}}}|{{{range_map2_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map3}}}|size={{{range_map3_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map3_upright|}}}|{{{range_map3_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map4}}}|size={{{range_map4_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map4_upright|}}}|{{{range_map4_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} }} }} |- {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[ᱢᱤᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ (ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ)|ᱢᱤᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱠᱚ]]<!-- Synonym (taxonomy) - Synonyms -->{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}<!-- Define any categories to be displayed on the page here: -->{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}<!-- -->| [[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{colour|none}}}|{{Taxobox/Error_colour}}| [[Category:Taxoboxes with the error color]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{colour|none}}}|{{Taxobox colour|incertae sedis}}| [[Category:Taxoboxes with the incertae sedis color]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{colour|none}}}|{{Taxobox colour|}}| [[Category:Taxoboxes with no color]]}}<!-- -->}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 7jqp4rbeg6yvj2a79c38lxk6b5yotzk 191065 191064 2026-04-24T00:44:38Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191065 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}}| }}" | {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAME}} }}{{#if:{{{temporal_range|}}}|<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">ᱢᱮᱥᱨᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ: {{{temporal_range}}}</div>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image}}}|size={{{image_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{upright|1}}}|alt={{{image_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: {{{image_caption_align|center}}}; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2}}}|size={{{image2_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{upright2|}}}|{{{upright2}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{image2_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} |- colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{#if:{{{status|}}}|{{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |-{{#if:{{{status2|}}}|{{taxobox/species|{{{status2_system|}}}|{{{status2|}}}|{{{status2_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="min-width:15em; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|{{{virus|}}}}}}|[[Virus classification]]|{{#if:{{{ichnos|}}}|[[Trace fossil classification]]|{{#if:{{{veterovata|}}}|[[Egg fossil#Classification|Egg fossil classification]]|[[ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ<!-- Taxonomy (biology) - Scientific classification -->]]}} }} }} {{#if:{{{edit link|}}}|{{edit taxonomy|{{{parent|}}} | {{{edit link}}} }} }}{{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | <br/><span style="font-weight:normal">({{{classification_status}}})</span> | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}|{{#invoke:Autotaxobox|taxoboxList|{{{parent}}}| display_taxa={{{display_taxa|1}}}| authority={{{authority|}}}| parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}| gparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}| ggparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}| gggparent_authority={{{greatgreatgrandparent_authority|}}}| offset={{{offset|0}}}| bold_first={{{bold_first|{{#if:{{{species|}}}|link|bold}}}}}| virus={{{virus|no}}}}}}} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=group |link= {{#switch:{{lc:{{{virus_group}}} }} |i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |iii=Group III <small>([[Double-stranded RNA viruses|dsRNA]])</small> |iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus|(−)ssRNA]])</small> |vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |vi/vii=Groups VI and VII |vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superdomain}}} | auth={{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Superdomain|link={{{superdomain}}} | auth={{{superdomain_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_domain|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_domain}}} | auth={{{unranked_domain_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Domain|link={{{domain}}} | auth={{{domain_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superregnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superregnum}}} | auth={{{unranked_superregnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ|link={{{superregnum}}} | auth={{{superregnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_regnum}}} | auth={{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ <!-- Kingdom -->|link={{{regnum}}} | auth={{{regnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subregnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subregnum}}} | auth={{{unranked_subregnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ<!-- Subkingdom -->|link={{{subregnum}}} | auth={{{subregnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superdivisio}}} | auth={{{unranked_superdivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Superdivision|link={{{superdivisio}}} | auth={{{superdivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superphylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_superphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ<!-- Superphylum -->|link={{{superphylum}}} | auth={{{superphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_divisio}}} | auth={{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱥᱚᱱ <!-- Division -->|link={{{divisio}}} | auth={{{divisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_phylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ<!-- Phylum -->|link={{{phylum}}} | auth={{{phylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subdivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subdivisio}}} | auth={{{unranked_subdivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ<!-- Subdivision -->|link={{{subdivisio}}} | auth={{{subdivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subphylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_subphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ<!-- Subphylum -->|link={{{subphylum}}} | auth={{{subphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_infraphylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_infraphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ<!-- Infraphylum -->|link={{{infraphylum}}} | auth={{{infraphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_microphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_microphylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_microphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Microphylum|link={{{microphylum}}} | auth={{{microphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_nanophylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_nanophylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_nanophylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Nanophylum|link={{{nanophylum}}} | auth={{{nanophylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superclassis}}} | auth={{{unranked_superclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ<!-- Superclass -->|link={{{superclassis}}} | auth={{{superclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_classis}}} | auth={{{unranked_classis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ<!-- Class -->|link={{{classis}}} | auth={{{classis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subclassis}}} | auth={{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ<!-- Subclass -->|link={{{subclassis}}} | auth={{{subclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_infraclassis}}} | auth={{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ<!-- Infraclass -->|link={{{infraclassis}}} | auth={{{infraclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_magnordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_magnordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_magnordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Magnorder|link={{{magnordo}}} | auth={{{magnordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_superordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ<!-- Superorder -->|link={{{superordo}}} | auth={{{superordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_ordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ<!-- Order -->|link={{{ordo}}} | auth={{{ordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_subordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ<!-- Suborder -->|link={{{subordo}}} | auth={{{subordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_infraordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_infraordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ<!-- Infraorder -->|link={{{infraordo}}} | auth={{{infraordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_parvordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_parvordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_parvordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Parvorder|link={{{parvordo}}} | auth={{{parvordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_zoodivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_zoodivisio}}} | auth={{{unranked_zoodivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ<!-- Division -->|link={{{zoodivisio}}} | auth={{{zoodivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_zoosectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_zoosectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_zoosectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Section|link={{{zoosectio}}} | auth={{{zoosectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_zoosubsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_zoosubsectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_zoosubsectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Subsection|link={{{zoosubsectio}}} | auth={{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superfamilia}}} | auth={{{unranked_superfamilia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ<!-- Superfamily -->|link={{{superfamilia}}} | auth={{{superfamilia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_familia}}} | auth={{{unranked_familia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ<!-- Family -->|link={{{familia}}} | auth={{{familia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subfamilia}}} | auth={{{unranked_subfamilia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ<!-- Subfamily -->|link={{{subfamilia}}} | auth={{{subfamilia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_supertribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_supertribus}}} | auth={{{unranked_supertribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Supertribe -->|link={{{supertribus}}} | auth={{{supertribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_tribus}}} | auth={{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Tribe -->|link={{{tribus}}} | auth={{{tribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subtribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subtribus}}} | auth={{{unranked_subtribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Subtribe -->|link={{{subtribus}}} | auth={{{subtribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_alliance|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_alliance}}} | auth={{{unranked_alliance_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Alliance|link={{{alliance}}} | auth={{{alliance_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_genus}}} | auth={{{unranked_genus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ<!-- Genus -->/noitalics|link={{{genus}}}|auth={{{genus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subgenus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subgenus}}} | auth={{{unranked_subgenus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ<!-- Subgenus -->/noitalics|link={{{subgenus}}} | auth={{{subgenus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_sectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_sectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_sectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ<!-- Sectio -->/noitalics|link={{{sectio}}} | auth={{{sectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subsectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_subsectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ<!-- Subsectio -->/noitalics|link={{{subsectio}}} | auth={{{subsectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_series|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_series}}} | auth={{{unranked_series_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤ<!-- Series -->/noitalics|link={{{series}}} | auth={{{series_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subseries|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subseries}}} | auth={{{unranked_subseries_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤ<!-- Subseries -->/noitalics|link={{{subseries}}}|auth={{{subseries_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_species_group|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_species_group}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_group_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Species group -->|link={{{species_group}}} | auth={{{species_group_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_species_subgroup|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_species_subgroup}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_subgroup_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Species subgroup -->|link={{{species_subgroup}}} | auth={{{species_subgroup_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_species_complex|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_species_complex}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_complex_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Species complex|link={{{species_complex}}} | auth={{{species_complex_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_species|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_species}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ<!-- Species -->/noitalics|link={{{species}}} | auth={{{species_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subspecies|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subspecies}}} | auth={{{unranked_subspecies_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ<!-- Subspecies -->/noitalics|link={{{subspecies}}} | auth={{{subspecies_authority|}}} }} }} |- {{#if:{{{unranked_varietas|{{{unranked_variety|}}}}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_varietas|{{{unranked_variety|}}}}}} | auth={{{unranked_varietas_authority|{{{unranked_variety_authority|}}}}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{varietas|{{{variety|}}}}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ<!-- Variety -->|link={{{varietas|{{{variety}}}}}} | auth={{{varietas_authority|{{{variety_authority|}}}}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{forma|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=forma|link={{{forma}}} | auth={{{forma_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{virus_infrasp|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank={{{virus_infrasp_rank|RANK MISSING}}}|link={{{virus_infrasp}}} | auth= }} }} |- {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Binomial nomenclature|ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ<!-- Binomial name -->]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} <b><span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span></b><br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{binomial_authority|}}}</div> }} |- style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[{{#switch:{{{regnum|}}}|[[Animalia]]|[[Animal]]ia|Animalia=Trinomen|[[Plantae]]|[[Plant]]ae|Plantae|[[Fungi]]|[[Fungus|Fungi]]|Fungi|[[Archaeplastida]]|Archaeplastida=Infraspecific name (botany)|Trinomen}}|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} <b><span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span></b><br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour|}}} }}"{{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_ichnogenus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour|}}} }}"{{!}} [[Type genus|Type ichnogenus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_ichnogenus}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_ichnogenus_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_oogenus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour|}}} }}"{{!}} [[Type genus|Type oogenus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_ichnogenus}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_oogenus_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_species_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_ichnospecies|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Type species|Type ichnospecies]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_ichnospecies}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_ichnospecies_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_oospecies|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Type species|Type oospecies]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_oospecies}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_oospecies_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{possible_subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} {{{possible_subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{possible_subdivision|}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Biodiversity|Diversity]]{{{diversity_ref|}}} {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns:0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#if:{{{diversity_link|}}}|[[{{{diversity_link|}}}|{{{diversity|}}}]]|{{{diversity|}}}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map}}}|size={{{range_map_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map_upright|}}}|{{{range_map_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map2}}}|size={{{range_map2_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map2_upright|}}}|{{{range_map2_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map3}}}|size={{{range_map3_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map3_upright|}}}|{{{range_map3_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map4}}}|size={{{range_map4_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map4_upright|}}}|{{{range_map4_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} }} }} |- {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[ᱢᱤᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ (ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ)|ᱢᱤᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱠᱚ]]<!-- Synonym (taxonomy) - Synonyms -->{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}<!-- Define any categories to be displayed on the page here: -->{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}<!-- -->| [[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{colour|none}}}|{{Taxobox/Error_colour}}| [[Category:Taxoboxes with the error color]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{colour|none}}}|{{Taxobox colour|incertae sedis}}| [[Category:Taxoboxes with the incertae sedis color]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{colour|none}}}|{{Taxobox colour|}}| [[Category:Taxoboxes with no color]]}}<!-- -->}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 3fhzp023ojnupkan2pm1aqbhdu1o7rz 191066 191065 2026-04-24T00:50:20Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191066 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" |- ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}}| }}" | {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAME}} }}{{#if:{{{temporal_range|}}}|<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">ᱢᱮᱥᱨᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ: {{{temporal_range}}}</div>}} |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image}}}|size={{{image_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{upright|1}}}|alt={{{image_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: {{{image_caption_align|center}}}; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2}}}|size={{{image2_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{upright2|}}}|{{{upright2}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{image2_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{image2_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{image2_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} |- colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{#if:{{{status|}}}|{{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |-{{#if:{{{status2|}}}|{{taxobox/species|{{{status2_system|}}}|{{{status2|}}}|{{{status2_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} |- ! colspan=2 style="min-width:15em; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" | {{#if:{{{virus_group|{{{virus|}}}}}}|[[Virus classification]]|{{#if:{{{ichnos|}}}|[[Trace fossil classification]]|{{#if:{{{veterovata|}}}|[[Egg fossil#Classification|Egg fossil classification]]|[[ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ<!-- Taxonomy (biology) - Scientific classification -->]]}} }} }} {{#if:{{{edit link|}}}|{{edit taxonomy|{{{parent|}}} | {{{edit link}}} }} }}{{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | <br/><span style="font-weight:normal">({{{classification_status}}})</span> | }} |- {{#if:{{{parent|}}}|{{#invoke:Autotaxobox|taxoboxList|{{{parent}}}| display_taxa={{{display_taxa|1}}}| authority={{{authority|}}}| parent_authority={{{parent_authority|}}}| gparent_authority={{{grandparent_authority|}}}| ggparent_authority={{{greatgrandparent_authority|}}}| gggparent_authority={{{greatgreatgrandparent_authority|}}}| offset={{{offset|0}}}| bold_first={{{bold_first|{{#if:{{{species|}}}|link|bold}}}}}| virus={{{virus|no}}}}}}} {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=group |link= {{#switch:{{lc:{{{virus_group}}} }} |i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |iii=Group III <small>([[Double-stranded RNA viruses|dsRNA]])</small> |iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus|(−)ssRNA]])</small> |vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |vi/vii=Groups VI and VII |vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdomain|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superdomain}}} | auth={{{unranked_superdomain_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superdomain|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Superdomain|link={{{superdomain}}} | auth={{{superdomain_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_domain|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_domain}}} | auth={{{unranked_domain_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{domain|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Domain|link={{{domain}}} | auth={{{domain_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superregnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superregnum}}} | auth={{{unranked_superregnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ|link={{{superregnum}}} | auth={{{superregnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_regnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_regnum}}} | auth={{{unranked_regnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ <!-- Kingdom -->|link={{{regnum}}} | auth={{{regnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subregnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subregnum}}} | auth={{{unranked_subregnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ<!-- Subkingdom -->|link={{{subregnum}}} | auth={{{subregnum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superdivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superdivisio}}} | auth={{{unranked_superdivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Superdivision|link={{{superdivisio}}} | auth={{{superdivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superphylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_superphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ<!-- Superphylum -->|link={{{superphylum}}} | auth={{{superphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_divisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_divisio}}} | auth={{{unranked_divisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱥᱚᱱ <!-- Division -->|link={{{divisio}}} | auth={{{divisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_phylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ<!-- Phylum -->|link={{{phylum}}} | auth={{{phylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subdivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subdivisio}}} | auth={{{unranked_subdivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ<!-- Subdivision -->|link={{{subdivisio}}} | auth={{{subdivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subphylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_subphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ<!-- Subphylum -->|link={{{subphylum}}} | auth={{{subphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_infraphylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_infraphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ<!-- Infraphylum -->|link={{{infraphylum}}} | auth={{{infraphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_microphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_microphylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_microphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Microphylum|link={{{microphylum}}} | auth={{{microphylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_nanophylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_nanophylum}}} | auth={{{unranked_nanophylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Nanophylum|link={{{nanophylum}}} | auth={{{nanophylum_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superclassis}}} | auth={{{unranked_superclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ<!-- Superclass -->|link={{{superclassis}}} | auth={{{superclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_classis}}} | auth={{{unranked_classis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{classis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ<!-- Class -->|link={{{classis}}} | auth={{{classis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subclassis}}} | auth={{{unranked_subclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ<!-- Subclass -->|link={{{subclassis}}} | auth={{{subclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_infraclassis}}} | auth={{{unranked_infraclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ<!-- Infraclass -->|link={{{infraclassis}}} | auth={{{infraclassis_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_magnordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_magnordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_magnordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Magnorder|link={{{magnordo}}} | auth={{{magnordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_superordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ<!-- Superorder -->|link={{{superordo}}} | auth={{{superordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_ordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ<!-- Order -->|link={{{ordo}}} | auth={{{ordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_subordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ<!-- Suborder -->|link={{{subordo}}} | auth={{{subordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_infraordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_infraordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_infraordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ<!-- Infraorder -->|link={{{infraordo}}} | auth={{{infraordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_parvordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_parvordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_parvordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Parvorder|link={{{parvordo}}} | auth={{{parvordo_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_zoodivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_zoodivisio}}} | auth={{{unranked_zoodivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ<!-- Division -->|link={{{zoodivisio}}} | auth={{{zoodivisio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_zoosectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_zoosectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_zoosectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Section|link={{{zoosectio}}} | auth={{{zoosectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_zoosubsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_zoosubsectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_zoosubsectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Subsection|link={{{zoosubsectio}}} | auth={{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_superfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_superfamilia}}} | auth={{{unranked_superfamilia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ<!-- Superfamily -->|link={{{superfamilia}}} | auth={{{superfamilia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_familia}}} | auth={{{unranked_familia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{familia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ<!-- Family -->|link={{{familia}}} | auth={{{familia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subfamilia}}} | auth={{{unranked_subfamilia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ<!-- Subfamily -->|link={{{subfamilia}}} | auth={{{subfamilia_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_supertribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_supertribus}}} | auth={{{unranked_supertribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Supertribe -->|link={{{supertribus}}} | auth={{{supertribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_tribus}}} | auth={{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Tribe -->|link={{{tribus}}} | auth={{{tribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subtribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subtribus}}} | auth={{{unranked_subtribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Subtribe -->|link={{{subtribus}}} | auth={{{subtribus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_alliance|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_alliance}}} | auth={{{unranked_alliance_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Alliance|link={{{alliance}}} | auth={{{alliance_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_genus}}} | auth={{{unranked_genus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{genus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ<!-- Genus -->/noitalics|link={{{genus}}}|auth={{{genus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subgenus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subgenus}}} | auth={{{unranked_subgenus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ<!-- Subgenus -->/noitalics|link={{{subgenus}}} | auth={{{subgenus_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_sectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_sectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_sectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ<!-- Sectio -->/noitalics|link={{{sectio}}} | auth={{{sectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subsectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_subsectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ<!-- Subsectio -->/noitalics|link={{{subsectio}}} | auth={{{subsectio_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_series|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_series}}} | auth={{{unranked_series_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{series|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤ<!-- Series -->/noitalics|link={{{series}}} | auth={{{series_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subseries|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subseries}}} | auth={{{unranked_subseries_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subseries|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤ<!-- Subseries -->/noitalics|link={{{subseries}}}|auth={{{subseries_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_species_group|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_species_group}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_group_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Species group -->|link={{{species_group}}} | auth={{{species_group_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_species_subgroup|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_species_subgroup}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_subgroup_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ<!-- Species subgroup -->|link={{{species_subgroup}}} | auth={{{species_subgroup_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_species_complex|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_species_complex}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_complex_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=Species complex|link={{{species_complex}}} | auth={{{species_complex_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_species|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_species}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{species|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ<!-- Species -->/noitalics|link={{{species}}} | auth={{{species_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{unranked_subspecies|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_subspecies}}} | auth={{{unranked_subspecies_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ<!-- Subspecies -->/noitalics|link={{{subspecies}}} | auth={{{subspecies_authority|}}} }} }} |- {{#if:{{{unranked_varietas|{{{unranked_variety|}}}}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ <!-- unranked -->|link={{{unranked_varietas|{{{unranked_variety|}}}}}} | auth={{{unranked_varietas_authority|{{{unranked_variety_authority|}}}}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{varietas|{{{variety|}}}}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ<!-- Variety -->|link={{{varietas|{{{variety}}}}}} | auth={{{varietas_authority|{{{variety_authority|}}}}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{forma|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=forma|link={{{forma}}} | auth={{{forma_authority|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{virus_infrasp|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank={{{virus_infrasp_rank|RANK MISSING}}}|link={{{virus_infrasp}}} | auth= }} }} |- {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Binomial nomenclature|ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ<!-- Binomial name -->]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} <b><span class="binomial">{{{binomial}}}</span></b><br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{binomial_authority|}}}</div> }} |- style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} [[{{#switch:{{{regnum|}}}|[[Animalia]]|[[Animal]]ia|Animalia=Trinomen|[[Plantae]]|[[Plant]]ae|Plantae|[[Fungi]]|[[Fungus|Fungi]]|Fungi|[[Archaeplastida]]|Archaeplastida=Infraspecific name (botany)|Trinomen}}|Trinomial name]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} <b><span class="trinomial">{{{trinomial}}}</span></b><br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour|}}} }}"{{!}} [[Type genus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_ichnogenus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour|}}} }}"{{!}} [[Type genus|Type ichnogenus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_ichnogenus}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_ichnogenus_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_oogenus|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour|}}} }}"{{!}} [[Type genus|Type oogenus]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_ichnogenus}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_oogenus_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Type species]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_species_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_ichnospecies|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Type species|Type ichnospecies]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_ichnospecies}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_ichnospecies_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_oospecies|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Type species|Type oospecies]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_oospecies}}}<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{type_oospecies_authority|}}}</div> }} |- {{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Type strain]] {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{{type_strain}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{possible_subdivision|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} {{{possible_subdivision_ranks}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{possible_subdivision|}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[Biodiversity|Diversity]]{{{diversity_ref|}}} {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns:0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#if:{{{diversity_link|}}}|[[{{{diversity_link|}}}|{{{diversity|}}}]]|{{{diversity|}}}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map}}}|size={{{range_map_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map_upright|}}}|{{{range_map_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</div> 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{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map3}}}|size={{{range_map3_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map3_upright|}}}|{{{range_map3_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map3_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br/><div style="font-size: 85%;">{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</div> {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center" {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map4}}}|size={{{range_map4_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map4_upright|}}}|{{{range_map4_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map4_alt|}}}}} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}| {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" {{!}} {{{range_map4_caption}}} }} }} |- {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! colspan=2 style="text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}" {{!}} [[ᱢᱤᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ (ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ)|ᱢᱤᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱠᱚ]]<!-- Synonym (taxonomy) - Synonyms -->{{{synonyms_ref|}}} {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{synonyms}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{footer|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan=2 style="text-align: left" {{!}} {{{footer}}} {{!}}- }} |}<!-- Define any categories to be displayed on the page here: -->{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}<!-- -->| [[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{colour|none}}}|{{Taxobox/Error_colour}}| [[Category:Taxoboxes with the error color]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{colour|none}}}|{{Taxobox colour|incertae sedis}}| [[Category:Taxoboxes with the incertae sedis color]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{colour|none}}}|{{Taxobox colour|}}| [[Category:Taxoboxes with no color]]}}<!-- -->}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> o7sv4ut4wsoxacq9ijvtbw5hg22cnsd 10 3586 191071 24079 2026-04-24T01:05:10Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=familia |link=ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱤᱰᱟᱭ |parent=Feliformia |extinct= }} e7u7zb3n8t9ezi0pnx5r0l4ahvaonou 10 3587 191072 24080 2026-04-24T01:05:43Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subordo |link=ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟ |parent=Carnivora |always_display=yes }} 3vtdpjmuuidceuv6mnk4ats2b7apx91 10 3588 191073 24081 2026-04-24T01:06:24Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=ordo |link=ᱠᱟᱨᱱᱤᱵᱷᱚᱨᱟ |parent=Carnivoraformes |ref = [[Carnivoramorpha]] }} qju4nrz6ygemgj7g5mnqxl0tlrpq2fi 10 3589 191074 24082 2026-04-24T01:07:10Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=unranked |link=ᱠᱟᱨᱱᱤᱵᱷᱚᱨᱟᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱥ |parent=Carnivoramorpha |extinct= |refs={{cite journal|last1=Solé|first1=Floréal|last2=Smith|first2=Richard|last3=Coillot|first3=Tiphaine|last4=de Bast|first4=Eric|last5=Smith|first5=Thierry|title=Dental and tarsal anatomy of 'Miacis'latouriand a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=34|issue=1|year=2014|pages=1–21|issn=0272-4634|doi=10.1080/02724634.2013.793195}} {{cite journal|last1=Solé|first1=Floréal|last2=Smith|first2=Thierry|last3=De Bast|first3=Eric|last4=Codrea|first4=Vlad|last5=Gheerbrant|first5=Emmanuel|title=New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=36|issue=2|year=2016|pages=e1082480|issn=0272-4634|doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480}} }} lho2p00lhww4w4ul1s35d6w9cwlib8i 10 3590 191075 24083 2026-04-24T01:08:06Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=unranked |link=ᱠᱟᱨᱱᱤᱵᱷᱚᱨᱟᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱚ |parent=Ferae |extinct= |refs=[[Ferae]] }} 540e4tzbfc9g7oqj2s5mzyr7eru9uou 10 3591 191076 24084 2026-04-24T01:08:45Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=unranked |link=ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱭ |parent=Ferungulata |extinct= |refs=[[Ferae]] }} gvpqsqfu91e56noyah1yps1v14ty3n0 10 3592 191077 24085 2026-04-24T01:09:46Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱩᱝᱜᱩᱞᱟᱴᱟ |parent=Scrotifera |extinct= |refs=[[Ferungulata]] }} dusaurqm030lrno0n78t1v02f3fuyf0 10 3593 191078 24086 2026-04-24T01:10:38Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=ᱥᱠᱨᱚᱴᱤᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟ |parent=Laurasiatheria |extinct= |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} 46fruy6s3gfav7kdwc0vf1002knhns7 10 3594 191079 24087 2026-04-24T01:14:13Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=ᱞᱚᱨᱮᱥᱤᱛᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ |parent=Boreoeutheria |refs=Waddell et al., 1999<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Waddell | first1 = Peter J.| last2 = Okada | first2 = Norohiro| last3 = Hasegawa | first3 = Masami| doi = 10.1093/sysbio/48.1.1 | title = Towards Resolving the Interordinal Relationships of Placental Mammals | journal = [[Systematic Biology]] | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–5 | year = 1999 | pmid = 12078634| pmc = }}</ref> }} 25ow07jrhp6iq2l0wmxj4ui6hurjt77 10 19345 191097 92357 2026-04-24T10:08:04Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |parent=Fabids |rank=ordo |link=ᱨᱚᱥᱮᱞᱥ |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}} }} fll8ow3o267ga4dyaktj6okz00qi39e 10 27358 191096 148595 2026-04-24T10:07:14Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=familia |link=ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Rosales |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}} }} fdcj2cspc6t6q5f1kc0sbln728wo03p 0 29457 191056 162148 2026-04-23T17:39:59Z Symphonicallyu 10592 191056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writing system|name=ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ|sample=Limbu Alphabet Chart (ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ).png|type=[[ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ]]|languages=[[ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ]]|time=ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ. ᱑᱗᱔᱐–ᱱᱤᱛ|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1900.pdf U+1900–U+194F]|iso15924=Limb|fam1=[[ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱥᱤᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]|fam2=[[ᱯᱷᱳᱱᱮᱴᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]|fam3=[[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]|footnotes=|fam4=[[ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ]]|fam5=[[ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ]]|fam6=[[ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ]]|fam7=[[ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ]]}} [[ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ (ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱥᱟᱸᱫᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱮ-ᱚᱝᱥᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱩᱝ ᱡᱤᱱ ᱛᱷᱮᱵᱮ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱢᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ===ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱩᱝᱜᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ=== ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ-ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sprigg |first1=R. K. |date=1959 |publisher=Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, in Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=590–592 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/16711/ |language=en |chapter=Limbu books in the Kiranti Script|title=Akten des vierundzwanzigsten Internationalen Orientalisten-Kongresses München 28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sprigg |first1=R. K. |title=Original and sophisticated features of the Lepcha and Limbu scripts |date=1998 |pages=1–18 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/17412/ |language=en}}</ref> ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱩᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ [[ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱪᱟᱠᱰᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱢᱜᱟᱞ (ca. ᱑᱗᱐᱐–᱑᱗᱑᱗) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱦᱤᱨᱚ, ​​ᱛᱮ-ᱚᱝᱥᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱩᱝᱜᱟ ᱡᱤᱱ ᱛᱷᱮᱵᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ== ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱨ, ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟᱭ᱾ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱬ ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ /ᱚ/ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ-ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ᱾ {| class="wikitable" |+ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ |- |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤁ|iso=ko|ipa=/kɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤂ|iso=kho|ipa=/kʰɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤃ|iso=go|ipa=/ɡɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤄ|iso=gho|ipa=/ɡʱɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤅ|iso=ngo|ipa=/ŋɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤆ|iso=co|ipa=/t͡ɕɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤇ|iso=cho|ipa=/t͡ɕʰɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤈ|iso=jo|ipa=/d͡ʑɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤉ|iso=jho|ipa=/d͡ʑʱɔ/|note={{noteTag|name=obs|group=consonants}}}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤊ|iso=nyo|ipa=/ɲɔ/|note={{noteTag|name=obs|group=consonants}}}} |- |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤋ|iso=to|ipa=/tɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤌ|iso=tho|ipa=/tʰɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤍ|iso=do|ipa=/dɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤎ|iso=dho|ipa=/dʱɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤏ|iso=no|ipa=/nɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤐ|iso=po|ipa=/pɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤑ|iso=pho|ipa=/pʰɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤒ|iso=bo|ipa=/bɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤓ|iso=bho|ipa=/bʱɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤔ|iso=mo|ipa=/mɔ/}} |- |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤕ|iso=yo|ipa=/jɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤖ|iso=ro|ipa=/rɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤗ|iso=lo|ipa=/lɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤘ|iso=wo|ipa=/wɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤙ|iso=sho|ipa=/ʃɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤚ|iso=sso|ipa=/ʂɔ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤛ|iso=so|ipa=/sɔ/|note={{noteTag|name=obs|group=consonants|The letters {{Script|Limbu|ᤊ}}, {{Script|Limbu|ᤚ}} and {{Script|Limbu|ᤉ}} are not used in modern Limbu.}}}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch=ᤜ|iso=ho|ipa=/ɦɔ/}} | | |} {{noteFoot|group=consonants}} {| class="wikitable" |+ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ |- |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch= ᤠ|iso=a|ipa=/a/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch= ᤡ|iso=i|ipa=/i/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch= ᤢ|iso=u|ipa=/u/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch= ᤣ|iso=ee|ipa=/e/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch= ᤤ|iso=ai|ipa=/ai/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch= ᤥ|iso=oo|ipa=/o/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch= ᤦ|iso=au|ipa=/au/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch= ᤧ|iso=e|ipa=/ɛ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ch= ᤨ|iso=o|ipa=/ɔ/|note={{noteTag|name=rudundant|group=vowels}}}} |- |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|tops=z + ᤠ|ch=ᤁᤠ|ipa=/ka/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|tops=z + ᤡ|ch=ᤁᤡ|ipa=/ki/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|tops=z + ᤢ|ch=ᤁᤢ|ipa=/ku/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|tops=z + ᤣ|ch=ᤁᤣ|ipa=/ke/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|tops=z + ᤤ|ch=ᤁᤤ|ipa=/kai/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|tops=z + ᤥ|ch=ᤁᤥ|ipa=/ko/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|tops=z + ᤦ|ch=ᤁᤦ|ipa=/kau/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|tops=z + ᤧ|ch=ᤁᤧ|ipa=/kɛ/}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|tops=z + ᤨ|ch=ᤁᤨ|ipa=/kɔ/|note={{noteTag|name=rudundant|group=vowels| The diacritic {{Script|Limbu| ᤨ}} represents the vowel {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, which is the same as a consonant's inherent {{IPA|/ɔ/}} vowel. So, {{Script|Limbu|ᤁᤨ}} and {{Script|Limbu|ᤁ}} represent the same syllable, {{IPA|/kɔ/}}. Some writers avoid this diacritic entirely, considering it redundant. }}}} |} {{noteFoot|group=vowels}} Initial consonant clusters are written with small marks following the main consonant: {| class="wikitable" |+ Subjoined consonants and examples with {{angbr|{{Script|Limbu|ᤁ}}}}. |- |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|iso=y|ipa=/j/|ch=ᤩ}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|iso=r|ipa=/r/|ch=ᤪ}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|iso=w|ipa=/w/|ch=ᤫ}} |- |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ipa=/kjɔ/|tops=ᤁ + ᤩ|ch=ᤁᤩ}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ipa=/krɔ/|tops=ᤁ + ᤪ|ch=ᤁᤪ}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|l=lif|color=gold|ipa=/kwɔ/|tops=ᤁ + ᤫ|ch=ᤁᤫ}} |} {| class="wikitable" |+ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ {{angbr|{{Script|Limbu|ᤁ}}}}. |- |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|iso=-k|ipa=/k/|ch=ᤰ}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|iso=-ng |ipa=/ŋ/|ch= ᤱ}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|iso=-t |ipa=/t/|ch= ᤳ}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|iso=-n |ipa=/n/|ch= ᤴ}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|iso=-p |ipa=/p/|ch= ᤵ}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|iso=-m |ipa=/m/|ch= ᤶ}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|iso=-r|ipa=/r/|ch= ᤷ}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|iso=-l|ipa=/l/|ch= ᤸ}} |- |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|ch=ᤁᤰ|ipa=/kɔk/}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|ch=ᤁᤱ|ipa=/kɔŋ/}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|ch=ᤁᤳ|ipa=/kɔt/}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|ch=ᤁᤴ|ipa=/kɔn/}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|ch=ᤁᤵ|ipa=/kɔp/}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|ch=ᤁᤶ|ipa=/kɔm/}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|ch=ᤁᤷ|ipa=/kɔr/}} |{{letter|l=lif|s=Limbu|color=gold|ch=ᤁᤸ|ipa=/kɔl/}} |} ==ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱞ== <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; >'''ᤛᤧᤘᤠᤖᤥ᥄''' ᤀᤠᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤜᤠᤍᤠᤱᤔᤠᤛᤣ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤡᤱᤃᤥ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤰ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱᤐᤠᤴ ᤖᤧ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤡᤍᤡᤕᤠ ᤀᤥ ॥ </span> <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; >'''ᤛᤧᤘᤠᤖᤥ᥄''' ᤀᤠᤍᤠᤏᤠᤒᤠ ᤀᤠᤍᤠᤏᤠᤔ ᤀᤠᤛᤧ ᤗᤠᤶᤎ ᤀᤡᤏᤠᤃ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤠᤁᤠ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤏᤠ ᤖᤧ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤧᤍᤤ ᤀ। <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; > ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤁᤥ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤡ᤺ᤍᤡᤕᤠᤔᤠ ᤛᤫᤠᤃᤋ ᤇ।</span> <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; > ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤛᤠᤁᤨ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤡᤍᤡᤕᤠ ᤀᤜᤡᤗᤧ ᤀᤡᤴᤁᤢᤒᤧᤛᤠᤏᤠ (ᤐᤠᤖᤣᤰᤙᤠᤏ ᤘᤡᤁᤡ) ᤀᤷᤌᤠᤳ ᤁᤨᤁᤨᤔᤠ ᤇᤠ। </span> <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; >ᤕᤛᤗᤠᤀᤡ᤺ ᤀᤃᤠᤍᤡ ᤒᤎᤠᤀᤢᤏᤠᤁᤠ ᤗᤠᤃᤡ ᤁᤠᤶᤋᤡᤔᤠ ᥈ ᤛᤠᤕᤠ ᤗᤧᤰ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤔᤠ ᤜᤢᤏᤠ ᤈᤠᤖᤥᤖᤣ ᤇᤠ। </span>'''ᤋᤩᤛᤁᤠᤖᤏ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤔᤠ ᤗᤧᤂᤠᤜᤠᤖᤢ ᤗᤧᤰᤏᤠ ᤛᤢᤖᤢᤃᤠᤷᤏᤠ ᤛᤠᤒᤤ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢᤓᤠᤙᤡ ᤔᤡᤳᤖᤜᤠᤖᤢᤔᤠ ᤜᤠᤷᤍᤡᤰ ᤀᤠᤏᤢᤖᤨᤎ ᤇᤠ।'''</span> '''ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ''' '''ᱥᱮᱹᱣᱟᱨᱳ!''' ᱟᱫᱟᱶᱵᱟ ᱦᱟᱫᱟᱶᱢᱟᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱢᱫᱷᱤᱶᱜᱳ ᱞᱟᱢᱫᱷᱚᱠ ᱭᱟᱠᱛᱷᱩᱶᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱹ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱳ ᱿ ᱥᱮᱹᱣᱟᱨᱳ! ᱟᱫᱟᱱᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱫᱟᱱᱟᱢᱚ ᱟᱥᱮᱹ ᱞᱟᱢᱫᱷᱚ ᱤᱱᱟᱜᱚ ᱞᱟᱢᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱭᱟᱠᱛᱷᱩᱶ ᱯᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱹ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱮᱹᱫᱚᱤ ᱚ᱾ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱠᱳ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱻᱫᱤᱭᱟᱢᱟ ᱥᱣᱟᱜᱚᱛᱚ ᱪᱷᱚ᱾ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱠᱳ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱦᱤᱞᱮᱹ ᱤᱱᱠᱩᱵᱮᱹᱥᱟᱱᱟ (ᱯᱟᱨᱮᱠᱥᱟᱱᱚ ᱣᱤᱠᱤ) ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱠᱳᱠᱳᱢᱟ ᱪᱷᱟ᱾ ᱭᱚᱥᱚᱞᱟᱤᱻ ᱚᱜᱟᱫᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱷᱟᱩᱱᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱢᱛᱤᱢᱟ ᱒ ᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱹᱠ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱳᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟ᱾ '''ᱛᱭᱚᱥᱚᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱᱚ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱹᱠᱷᱟᱦᱟᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱹᱠᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨᱩᱜᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱤ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩᱵᱷᱟᱥᱤ ᱢᱤᱛ‌ᱨᱚᱦᱟᱨᱩᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱱᱩᱨᱳᱫᱷᱚ ᱪᱷᱟ᱾''' ==ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ== ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱫᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: <ref name="L202055" /> * <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; >{{large|ᤉ}}</span> /d͡ʑʱɔ/ * <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; >{{large|ᤊ}}</span> /ɲɔ/ * <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; >{{large|ᤚ}}</span> /ʂɔ/ ᱱᱮᱹᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱢᱴᱷᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11008-limbu-gyan-and-tra.pdf|title=L2/11-008: Proposal to Encode the Letters GYAN and TRA for Limbu in the UCS|date=2011-01-14|first=Anshuman|last=Pandey}}</ref> * <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; >{{large|ᤝ}}</span> ᱡᱭᱚ ([[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ {{large|ज्ञ}}) * <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; >{{large|ᤞ}}</span> ᱛᱨᱚ (ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ {{large|त्र}}) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱟᱱᱩᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟ (ᤲ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᤱ /ŋ/ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱡ᱾ ᥀ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᤗᤥ (/ᱞᱚ/) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ᱾ ==ᱪᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹ== ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ (॥) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (᥄) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (᥅) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==ᱮᱞ== {| class=wikitable |+ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ |{{letter|s=Limbu|top=᱐|color=gold|ch=᥆}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|top=᱑|color=gold|ch=᥇}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|top=᱒|color=gold|ch=᥈}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|top=᱓|color=gold|ch=᥉}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|top=᱔|color=gold|ch=᥊}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|top=᱕|color=gold|ch=᥋}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|top=᱖|color=gold|ch=᥌}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|top=᱗|color=gold|ch=᥍}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|top=᱘|color=gold|ch=᥎}} |{{letter|s=Limbu|top=᱙|color=gold|ch=᥏}} |} ==ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ== ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ]] ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ, ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱔.᱐ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ U+1900–U+194F: {{ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱪᱟᱨᱴ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== qfa8cbvs0ec0nb1p4oawj4p3he49l6q 0 35463 191084 191028 2026-04-24T05:18:14Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ}} [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Newport_ship.jpg|thumb|᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱣᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱣᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱡᱽ]] '''ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ''' (CHM) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CRM) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ, ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱟᱨᱠᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ "ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ "ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ == CHM ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱭᱩ ᱟᱨᱠᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱡᱤ ᱑᱖ (PPG 16) ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱾ === ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CHM) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱼᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱤᱛ" ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ" ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ "ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ" ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱳᱢᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱾<ref name="Reza2026">{{cite journal|last1=Reza|first1=Mohammad Habib|last2=Rahman|first2=Athena|title=Re-establishing the Sacredness of Somapura Mahavihara: A New Contextual Heritage Management of a Buddhist Sacred Land|journal=EdA Esempi di Architettura|date=2026|volume=13|issue=2|publisher=Aracne editrice|url=https://www.aracneeditrice.eu/it/pubblicazioni/esempi-di-architettura-olimpia-niglio-rana-p-b-singh-9791221824766.html|editor1-last=Niglio|editor1-first=Olimpia|editor2-last=Singh|editor2-first=Rana P. B.}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ == ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CHM) ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱦᱤᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱬᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ" (TCP) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱼᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ == ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ" ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ:ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱾ * ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟ:ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱾ * ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ:ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ * ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ :ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱠᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == CHM ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱢᱮᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱥᱤᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤᱣ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱰᱟᱠᱨᱟ" ᱛᱚᱝᱜᱮ᱾ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱷᱫᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Seaton carew interpretation board.jpg|alt=|thumb|ᱥᱤᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱡᱽ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ]] ᱠᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ: ᱑. ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ:ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱸᱪ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒. ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ:ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱽᱞᱩ ᱯᱞᱟᱠ" (Blue Plaques) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Heritage.rail.750pix.jpg|left|thumb|ᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱨᱥᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱝ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱳᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ '''ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ''' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Bronze_age_dwelling_at_Flag_Fen.JPG|thumb|ᱯᱞᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱳᱸᱡᱽ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ]] '''ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ''' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱨᱟᱦᱟ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references group="<ref name=&quot;Reza2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reza |first1=Mohammad Habib |last2=Rahman |first2=Athena |title=Re-establishing the Sacredness of Somapura Mahavihara: A New Contextual Heritage Management of a Buddhist Sacred Land |journal=EdA Esempi di Architettura |date=2026 |volume=13 |issue=2 |publisher=Aracne editrice 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''Norwegian Archaeological Review'' 34(2): 97–105. [https://www.academia.edu/413668/Archaeology_and_the_Governance_of_material_culture] *Smith, Laurajane. 2000. A History of Aboriginal Heritage Legislation in South-Eastern Australia. ''Australian Archaeology'' 50: 109–18. [https://www.academia.edu/2011254/A_history_of_Aboriginal_heritage_legislation_in_south-eastern_Australia] *Stapp, Darby and Julia J. Longenecker. 2009. ''Avoiding Archaeological Disasters: A Risk Management Approach''. Left Coast Press. *White, Gregory G. and Thomas F. King. 2007. ''The Archaeological Survey Manual''. Left Coast Press. *Zorzin, Nicolas. 2014. Heritage Management and Aboriginal Australians: Relations in a Global, Neoliberal Economy—A Contemporary Case Study from Victoria. ''Archaeologies: The Journal of the World Archaeological Congress'' 10(2): 132–67. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11759-014-9253-8] *Zorzin, Nicolas. 2011. Contextualising Contract Archaeology in Quebec: Political Economy and Economic Dependencies. ''Archaeological Review from Cambridge'' 26(1): 119–35. [https://www.academia.edu/698726/Contextualising_Contract_Archaeology_in_Quebec_Political-economy_and_economic_dependencies] *[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] et al. 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160330114112/http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/linguistics/guide.pdf ''ENGAGING - A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property''], Australian Government: Indigenous Culture Support. jbkdh7gpx60624tbfipdf64kic7bbry 0 35648 191054 190843 2026-04-23T17:15:26Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ}} {{italic title}} {{Infobox bibliographic database | title = ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' | image = Glottolog-logo.svg | caption = | producer = [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] | country = ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ | history = | languages = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] | providers = | cost = ᱯᱷᱨᱤ | disciplines = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ | depth = | formats = | temporal = | geospatial = | number = | updates = | p_title = | p_dates = | ISSN = | web = {{URL|https://glottolog.org/}} | titles = }} '''''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Open_access|ᱳᱯᱮᱱ-ᱮᱠᱥᱮᱥ]] ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ [[:en:Bibliographic_database|ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Leipzig|ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱡᱤᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology|ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Jena|ᱡᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Max_Planck_Institute_of_Geoanthropology|ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱣᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Harald_Hammarström|ᱦᱮᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Martin_Haspelmath|ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱮᱞᱢᱟᱛᱷ]] ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ (Overview) == ᱥᱮᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱳᱨᱰᱦᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱳᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ/ᱞᱮᱝᱰᱚᱠ (Glottolog/Langdoc) ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nordhoff |first1=Sebastian |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |date=May 2012 |title=Glottolog/Langdoc:Increasing the visibility of grey literature for low-density languages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://glottolog.org/about |website=Glottolog 4.8}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[Ethnologue|ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ (bibliography) ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |date=2015 |title=Glottolog: A Free, Online, Comprehensive Bibliography of the World's Languages}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ (catalogue) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ: * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "[[Spurious languages|spurious]]" (ᱮᱲᱮ) ᱥᱮ "[[Unattested language|unattested]]" (ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[Comparative method|ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ([[Linguonym|alternative names]]) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ([[Ethnography|ethnographic]]) ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ([[Demography|demographic]]) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ISO 639-3]] ᱠᱳᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱰ (Glottocode) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱕.᱓ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] (CLLD) ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url=http://clld.org | title=Cross-Linguistic Linked Data }}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ (Language families) == ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱷᱟᱱ (conservative) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ([[Language isolate|isolates]]) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱔.᱘ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱒᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[spoken language|ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family |title=Glottolog Families }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' [[Language family|ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ |- ! ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ !! ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ{{NoteTag|Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of ''Papua'' (New Guinea) and ''Austronesia''), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania, excluding Australia. Here it is replaced with '[[Oceania|ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]'.}} !! ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ |- | [[Atlantic-Congo languages|ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ-ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ]]|| ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱔᱑᱐ |- | [[Austronesian languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱒᱗᱒ |- | [[Indo-European languages|ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱘᱕ |- | [[Sino-Tibetan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱳ-ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱐᱖ |- | [[Afro-Asiatic languages|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱘᱒ |- | [[Nuclear Trans New Guinea languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱑᱗ |- |[[Pama-Nyungan languages|ᱯᱟᱢᱟ-ᱱᱭᱩᱝᱜᱟᱱ]]|| ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱕᱐ |- | [[Otomanguean languages|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘᱑ |- | [[Austroasiatic languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕᱘ |- | [[Tai-Kadai languages|ᱛᱟᱭ-ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙᱖ |- | [[Dravidian languages|ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘᱒ |- | [[Arawakan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱗ |- | [[Mande languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱕ |- | [[Tupian languages|ᱛᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱐ |- | [[Uto-Aztecan languages|ᱤᱣᱴᱳ-ᱟᱡᱽᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱘ |- | [[Central Sudanic languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱰᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱓ |- | [[Nilotic languages|ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱖ |- | [[Nuclear Torricelli languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱨᱤᱥᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱕ |- | [[Uralic languages|ᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱙ |- | [[Algic languages|ᱟᱞᱡᱤᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱗ |- | [[Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit languages|ᱟᱛᱷᱟᱵᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ-ᱮᱭᱟᱠ-ᱛᱞᱤᱝᱜᱤᱛ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱖ |- | [[Pano-Tacanan languages|ᱯᱟᱱᱳ-ᱛᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱕ |- | [[Quechuan languages|ᱠᱮᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Turkic languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Cariban languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Hmong-Mien languages|ᱦᱢᱳᱝ-ᱢᱤᱭᱮᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Kru languages|ᱠᱨᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱘ |- | [[Nakh-Daghestanian languages|ᱱᱟᱠᱷ-ᱫᱟᱜᱷᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Sepik languages|ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Mayan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱔ |- | [[Lower Sepik-Ramu languages|ᱞᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ-ᱨᱟᱢᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱐ |- | [[Nuclear-Macro-Je languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ-ᱢᱮᱠᱨᱳ-ᱡᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱙ |- | [[Chibchan languages|ᱪᱤᱵᱽᱪᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱗ |- | [[Tucanoan languages|ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱖ |- | [[Salishan languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱕ |- | [[Timor-Alor-Pantar languages|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ-ᱟᱞᱳᱨ-ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱓ |- | [[Dogon languages|ᱰᱳᱜᱳᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Lakes Plain languages|ᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Mixe-Zoque languages|ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱮ-ᱡᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Ta-Ne-Omotic languages|ᱛᱟ-ᱱᱮ-ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Yam languages|ᱭᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Siouan languages|ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘ |- | [[Anim languages|ᱟᱱᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Japonic languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Mongolic languages|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱳᱞᱤᱠ-ᱠᱷᱤᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Border languages|ᱵᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[North Halmahera languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱢᱟᱦᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Tungusic languages|ᱛᱩᱱᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Khoe-Kwadi languages|ᱠᱷᱳᱭᱮ-ᱠᱣᱟᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱔ |- | [[Angan languages|ᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|ᱮᱥᱠᱤᱢᱳ-ᱟᱞᱮᱣᱩᱛ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Miwok-Costanoan languages|ᱢᱤᱣᱳᱠ-ᱠᱳᱥᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Ndu languages|ᱮᱱᱰᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Nubian languages|ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Tor-Orya languages|ᱛᱳᱨ-ᱳᱨᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Totonacan languages|ᱛᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Chapacuran languages|ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Gunwinyguan languages|ᱜᱩᱱᱣᱤᱱᱭᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Cochimi-Yuman languages|ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱢᱤ-ᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Iroquoian languages|ᱤᱨᱳᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Sko languages|ᱥᱠᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Surmic languages|ᱥᱩᱨᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Western Daly languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Geelvink Bay languages|ᱜᱤᱞᱵᱷᱤᱱᱠ ᱵᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Great Andamanese languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Heiban languages|ᱦᱮᱭᱵᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Ijoid languages|ᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Maban languages|ᱢᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Nyulnyulan languages|ᱱᱭᱩᱞᱱᱭᱩᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Saharan languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Songhay languages|ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱟᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[South Bougainville languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Worrorran languages|ᱣᱳᱨᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Chocoan languages|ᱪᱳᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Dagan languages|ᱫᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Tuu languages|ᱛᱩᱣᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Kwerbic languages|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱵᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Kiowa-Tanoan languages|ᱠᱤᱭᱳᱣᱟ-ᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Koiarian languages|ᱠᱳᱭᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Mailuan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Narrow Talodi languages|ᱱᱮᱨᱳ ᱛᱟᱞᱳᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Bosavi languages|ᱵᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|ᱪᱩᱠᱳᱛᱠᱳ-ᱠᱟᱢᱪᱟᱛᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Daju languages|ᱫᱟᱡᱩᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Huitotoan languages|ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱛᱳᱛᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Matacoan languages|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Muskogean languages|ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Pomoan languages|ᱯᱳᱢᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Arawan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Baining languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Barbacoan languages|ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Chumashan languages|ᱪᱩᱢᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[East Strickland languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kadugli-Krongo languages|ᱠᱟᱫᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ-ᱠᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kiwaian languages|ᱠᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Left May languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱢᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Lengua-Mascoy languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟ-ᱢᱟᱥᱠᱳᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Nambiquaran languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[South Bird's Head Family|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Wakashan languages|ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Yanomam languages|ᱭᱟᱱᱳᱢᱟᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Zaparoan languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Abkhaz-Adyge languages|ᱟᱵᱽᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽ-ᱟᱫᱤᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Arafundi languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱯᱷᱩᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Caddoan languages|ᱠᱟᱰᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Eleman languages|ᱮᱞᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guahibo languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱤᱵᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guaicuruan languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kartvelian languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Keram languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Koman languages|ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kxa languages|ᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Mirndi languages|ᱢᱤᱨᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Misumalpan languages|ᱢᱤᱥᱩᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Nimboran languages|ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Pauwasi languages|ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Sahaptian languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱯᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[South Omotic languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[West Bird's Head languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Xincan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yareban languages|ᱭᱟᱨᱮᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yeniseian languages|ᱭᱮᱱᱤᱥᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yuat languages|ᱭᱩᱣᱟᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Aymara languages|ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mao languages|ᱵᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱣ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Jivaroan languages|ᱪᱤᱪᱟᱢ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chinookan languages|ᱪᱤᱱᱩᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chonan languages|ᱪᱳᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Jebel languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱵᱮᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Huavean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱵᱷᱮᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Iwaidjan Proper languages|ᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱰᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱟᱨ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kamakanan languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kunimaipan languages|ᱠᱩᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maiduan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱰᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mangarrayi-Maran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ-ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maningrida languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Nadahup languages|ᱱᱟᱫᱩᱦᱩᱯ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[North Bougainville languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Sentani languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Shastan languages|ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Suki-Gogodala languages|ᱥᱩᱠᱤ-ᱜᱳᱜᱳᱫᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tama languages|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tangkic languages|ᱛᱟᱝᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Turama-Kikori languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱟᱢᱟ-ᱠᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Walio languages|ᱣᱟᱞᱤᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yokutsan languages|ᱭᱳᱠᱩᱴᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yukaghir languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱟᱜᱷᱤᱨ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Ainu language (Japan)|ᱟᱭᱤᱱᱩ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bororoan languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bulaka River languages|ᱵᱩᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Charruan languages|ᱪᱟᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Dizoid languages|ᱰᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[East Bird's Head languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Giimbiyu languages|ᱜᱤᱢᱵᱤᱭᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Gumuz language|ᱜᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Jarrakan languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kalapuyan languages|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱯᱩᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Awin–Pa–Kamula languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱩᱞᱟ-ᱮᱞᱮᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Katla-Tima languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱞᱟ-ᱛᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kawesqar languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kayagar languages|ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kolopom languages|ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱯᱳᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kresh-Aja languages|ᱠᱨᱮᱥ-ᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kuliak languages|ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kwalean languages|ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Lepki–Murkim languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱠᱤ-ᱢᱩᱨᱠᱤᱢ-ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Mairasi languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Peba-Yagua languages|ᱯᱮᱵᱟ-ᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Piaroa–Saliban languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tequistlatecan languages|ᱛᱮᱠᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tsimshian languages|ᱛᱥᱤᱢᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[West Bomberai languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Western Tasmanian languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Yangmanic languages|ᱭᱟᱝᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Zamucoan languages|ᱡᱟᱢᱩᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Amto-Musan languages|ᱟᱢᱛᱳ-ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Araucanian languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱠᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Baibai-Fas languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱟᱭ-ᱯᱷᱟᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bayono-Awbono languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱱᱳ-ᱟᱣᱵᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Monumbo languages|ᱵᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Boran languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bunaban languages|ᱵᱩᱱᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Cahuapanan languages|ᱠᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱯᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chimakuan languages|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chiquitano language|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱤᱛᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Coosan languages|ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Doso-Turumsa languages|ᱫᱳᱥᱳ-ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[East Kutubu languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱴᱩᱵᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Eastern Daly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Furan languages|ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Garrwan languages|ᱜᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Haida languages|ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Harakmbut languages|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱠᱢᱵᱩᱛ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hatam-Mansim languages|ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱢ-ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hibito-Cholon languages|ᱦᱤᱵᱤᱛᱳ-ᱪᱳᱞᱳᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Huarpean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱨᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hurro-Urartian languages|ᱦᱩᱨᱳ-ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Inanwatan languages|ᱤᱱᱟᱱᱣᱟᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jarawa-Onge languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ-ᱳᱱᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jicaquean languages|ᱡᱤᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kakua-Nukak languages|ᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟ-ᱱᱩᱠᱟᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Katukinan languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱩᱠᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kaure–Kosare languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱨᱮ-ᱠᱳᱥᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Keresan languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Konda-Yahadian languages|ᱠᱳᱱᱰᱟ-ᱭᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Koreanic languages|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kwomtari languages|ᱠᱣᱳᱢᱛᱟᱨᱤ-ᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Lencan languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Limilngan languages|ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱞᱱᱜᱟᱱ-ᱣᱩᱞᱱᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Manubaran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱵᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Marrku-Wurrugu languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱩ-ᱣᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Mombum languages|ᱢᱳᱢᱵᱩᱢ-ᱠᱳᱱᱮᱨᱟᱣ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Namla-Tofanma languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱞᱟ-ᱛᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱᱢᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nivkh language|ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱠᱷ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[North-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Northern Daly languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nyimang languages|ᱱᱭᱤᱢᱟᱝ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Otomaco language|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱠᱳ-ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱨᱤᱛᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Pahoturi languages|ᱯᱟᱦᱳᱛᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Palaihnihan languages|ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱭᱱᱤᱦᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Piawi languages|ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Purian languages|ᱯᱩᱨᱤ-ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱰᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Rashad languages|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱫᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Senagi languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Somahai languages|ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱦᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[South-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Southern Daly languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Tarascan languages|ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Taulil-Butam languages|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱞᱤᱞ-ᱵᱩᱛᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Teberan languages|ᱛᱮᱵᱮᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Temein languages|ᱛᱮᱢᱮᱭᱤᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Ticuna-Yuri languages|ᱛᱤᱠᱩᱱᱟ-ᱭᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Uru-Chipaya languages|ᱩᱨᱩ-ᱪᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Wintuan languages|ᱣᱤᱱᱴᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yawa languages|ᱭᱟᱣᱟ-ᱥᱟᱣᱮᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yuki-Wappo languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱤ-ᱣᱟᱯᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Abinomn language|ᱟᱵᱤᱱᱳᱢᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Abun language|ᱟᱵᱩᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Adai language|ᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aewa language|ᱟᱭᱮᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aikanã language|ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Alsea language|ᱟᱞᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andaqui language|ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱠᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andoque language|ᱟᱱᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Anem language|ᱟᱱᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Arutani language|ᱟᱨᱩᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Suarmin language|ᱟᱥᱟᱵᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atacame language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atakapa language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱯᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bangime language|ᱵᱟᱱᱜᱤᱢᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Basque language|ᱵᱟᱥᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Beothuk language|ᱵᱤᱭᱳᱛᱷᱩᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Berta language|ᱵᱮᱨᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Betoi language|ᱵᱮᱛᱳᱭ-ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bilua language|ᱵᱤᱞᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bogaya language|ᱵᱳᱜᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burmeso language|ᱵᱩᱨᱢᱮᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burushaski language|ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱥᱟᱥᱠᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Camsá language|ᱠᱟᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Candoshi-Shapra language|ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱳᱥᱤ-ᱥᱟᱯᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Canichana language|ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱪᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayubaba language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱵᱟᱵᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayuse language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱥ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chimariko language|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chitimacha language|ᱪᱤᱛᱤᱢᱟᱪᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chono language|ᱪᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Coahuilteco language|ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩᱭᱤᱞᱴᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cofán language|ᱠᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Comecrudo language|ᱠᱳᱢᱮᱠᱨᱩᱰᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cotoname language|ᱠᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cuitlatec language|ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Culli language|ᱠᱩᱞᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Damal language|ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dem language|ᱫᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dibiyaso language|ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Duna language|ᱫᱩᱱᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elamite language|ᱮᱞᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elseng language|ᱮᱞᱥᱮᱱᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Esselen language|ᱮᱥᱮᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Etruscan language|ᱮᱴᱨᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fasu language|ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fulniô language|ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱱᱤᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fuyug language|ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱩᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gaagudju language|ᱜᱟᱜᱩᱫᱽᱡᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guachi language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱪᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guaicurian language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guamo language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱢᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guató language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gule language|ᱜᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guriaso language|ᱜᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hadza language|ᱦᱟᱫᱽᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hattic language|ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hoti language|ᱦᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hruso language|ᱦᱨᱩᱥᱳ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Iberian language|ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Irantxe-Munku" | [[Irántxe language|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱛᱥᱮ-ᱢᱩᱱᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Itonama language|ᱤᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jalaa language|ᱡᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jirajaran language|ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kaki Ae language|ᱠᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kanoê language|ᱠᱟᱱᱳᱭᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kapori language|ᱠᱟᱯᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karami language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karankawa language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kariri languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karok language|ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kehu language|ᱠᱮᱦᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kenaboi language|ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱵᱳᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kibiri language|ᱠᱤᱵᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kimki language|ᱠᱤᱢᱠᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Klamath-Modoc language|ᱠᱞᱟᱢᱟᱛᱷ-ᱢᱳᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱠᱳᱞ (ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kujarge language|ᱠᱩᱡᱟᱨᱜᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunama language|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kungarakany language|ᱠᱩᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunza language|ᱠᱩᱱᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kuot language|ᱠᱩᱭᱳᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kusunda language|ᱠᱩᱥᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kutenai language|ᱠᱩᱴᱮᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kwaza language|ᱠᱣᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laal language|ᱞᱟᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lafofa language|ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱳᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laragia language|ᱞᱟᱨᱟᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lavukaleve language|ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱩᱠᱟᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Leco language|ᱞᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lule language|ᱞᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Maku" | [[Jukude language|ᱢᱟᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maratino language|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱛᱤᱱᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Morori language|ᱢᱟᱨᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Massep language|ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Matanawí language|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱱᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mato Grosso Arára language|ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ ᱟᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mawes language|ᱢᱟᱣᱮᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maybrat language|ᱢᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱟᱛ-ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Meroitic language|ᱢᱮᱨᱳᱭᱤᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mimi-Gaudefroy language|ᱢᱤᱢᱤ-ᱜᱳᱰᱮᱯᱷᱨᱳᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Minkin language|ᱢᱤᱱᱠᱤᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mochica language|ᱢᱳᱪᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molale language|ᱢᱳᱞᱟᱞᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molof language|ᱢᱳᱞᱳᱯᱷ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mor language (Bomberai Peninsula)|ᱢᱳᱨ (ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mosetén-Chimané language|ᱢᱳᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ-ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱱᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Movima language|ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mpur language|ᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Muniche language|ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mure language|ᱢᱩᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nara language|ᱱᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Natchez language|ᱱᱟᱴᱪᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nihali language|ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱞᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Odiai language|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Omurano language|ᱳᱢᱩᱨᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ongota language|ᱳᱱᱜᱳᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oti language|ᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport language|ᱳᱭᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ-ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱥᱣᱟᱱᱯᱳᱨᱴ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Paez" | [[Páez language|ᱯᱟᱭᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pankararú language|ᱯᱟᱱᱠᱟᱨᱟᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Papi language|ᱯᱟᱯᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pawaia language|ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Payagua language|ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pele-Ata language|ᱯᱮᱞᱮ-ᱟᱴᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pirahã language|ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱦᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puelche language|ᱯᱩᱭᱮᱞᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puinave language|ᱯᱩᱭᱤᱱᱟᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pumé language|ᱯᱩᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puquina language|ᱯᱩᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Purari language|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pyu language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱯᱩᱭᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ramanos language|ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱳᱥ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Salinan language|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sandawe language|ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱟᱣᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sapé language|ᱥᱟᱯᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sause language|ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱥᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Savosavo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sechuran language|ᱥᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Seri language|ᱥᱮᱨᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shabo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shom Peng language|ᱥᱳᱢ ᱯᱮᱝ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siamou language|ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢᱳᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siuslaw language|ᱥᱤᱣᱩᱥᱞᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sulka language|ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumerian language|ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tabo language|ᱛᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taiap language|ᱛᱟᱭᱟᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Takelma language|ᱛᱟᱠᱮᱞᱢᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tallán language|ᱛᱟᱞᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tambora language|ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumeri language|ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱦᱢᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taruma language|ᱛᱟᱨᱩᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tauade language|ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱰᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taushiro language|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱨᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timote-Cuica language|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱛᱮ-ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timucua language|ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tinigua language|ᱛᱤᱱᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tiwi language|ᱛᱤᱣᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tonkawa language|ᱛᱳᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Touo language|ᱛᱳᱣᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Trumai language|ᱛᱨᱩᱢᱟᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tunica language|ᱛᱩᱱᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tuxá language|ᱛᱩᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Umbugarla language|ᱩᱢᱵᱩᱜᱟᱨᱞᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Urarina language|ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Usku language|ᱩᱥᱠᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Vilela language|ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱞᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wadjiginy language|ᱣᱟᱡᱤᱜᱤᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wageman language|ᱣᱟᱜᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Waorani language|ᱣᱟᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Warao language|ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Washo language|ᱣᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wiru language|ᱣᱤᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Xukurú language|ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yale language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yale )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Yamana" | [[Yámana language|ᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yana language|ᱭᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yele language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yele )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yerakai language|ᱭᱮᱨᱟᱠᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yetfa language|ᱭᱮᱛᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuchi language|ᱭᱩᱪᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuracaré language|ᱭᱩᱨᱟᱠᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yurumanguí language|ᱭᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Zuni language|ᱡᱩᱱᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |} ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱳᱞ (Creoles) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ [[lexicon|ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (isolates) ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' (Glottolog) ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ (non-genealogical) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/glottologinformation|title=Glottolog: About Languoids|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> * [[Pidgin|ᱯᱤᱡᱤᱱ]] (᱘᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) * [[Mixed language|ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱙) * [[Artificial language|ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱓᱑) * [[Register (sociolinguistics)|ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱕) * [[Sign language|ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (Sign languages)]] (᱒᱒᱓)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sign1238|title=Pseudo Family: Sign Language|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> * [[Unclassified language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱒᱑) * [[Attested language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱖᱘) * ᱵᱩᱠ-ᱠᱤᱯᱤᱝ (Bookkeeping): ᱮᱲᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ISO ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱓᱙᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/book1242|title=Glottolog Family: Bookkeeping|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{NoteFoot}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikidata property|P1394}} * {{Official|https://glottolog.org/}} {{Cross-Linguistic Linked Data}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ|*]] [[Category:ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] pg3cbsv1h5usj171rocl2dcaa6i0p1s 191055 191054 2026-04-23T17:16:17Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ}} {{italic title}} {{Infobox bibliographic database | title = ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' | image = Glottolog-logo.svg | caption = | producer = ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱣᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ | country = ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ | history = | languages = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] | providers = | cost = ᱯᱷᱨᱤ | disciplines = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ | depth = | formats = | temporal = | geospatial = | number = | updates = | p_title = | p_dates = | ISSN = | web = {{URL|https://glottolog.org/}} | titles = }} '''''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Open_access|ᱳᱯᱮᱱ-ᱮᱠᱥᱮᱥ]] ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ [[:en:Bibliographic_database|ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Leipzig|ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱡᱤᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology|ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Jena|ᱡᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Max_Planck_Institute_of_Geoanthropology|ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱣᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Harald_Hammarström|ᱦᱮᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Martin_Haspelmath|ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱮᱞᱢᱟᱛᱷ]] ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ (Overview) == ᱥᱮᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱳᱨᱰᱦᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱳᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ/ᱞᱮᱝᱰᱚᱠ (Glottolog/Langdoc) ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nordhoff |first1=Sebastian |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |date=May 2012 |title=Glottolog/Langdoc:Increasing the visibility of grey literature for low-density languages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://glottolog.org/about |website=Glottolog 4.8}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[Ethnologue|ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ (bibliography) ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |date=2015 |title=Glottolog: A Free, Online, Comprehensive Bibliography of the World's Languages}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ (catalogue) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ: * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "[[Spurious languages|spurious]]" (ᱮᱲᱮ) ᱥᱮ "[[Unattested language|unattested]]" (ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[Comparative method|ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ([[Linguonym|alternative names]]) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ([[Ethnography|ethnographic]]) ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ([[Demography|demographic]]) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ISO 639-3]] ᱠᱳᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱰ (Glottocode) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱕.᱓ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] (CLLD) ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url=http://clld.org | title=Cross-Linguistic Linked Data }}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ (Language families) == ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱷᱟᱱ (conservative) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ([[Language isolate|isolates]]) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱔.᱘ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱒᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[spoken language|ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family |title=Glottolog Families }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' [[Language family|ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ |- ! ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ !! ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ{{NoteTag|Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of ''Papua'' (New Guinea) and ''Austronesia''), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania, excluding Australia. Here it is replaced with '[[Oceania|ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]'.}} !! ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ |- | [[Atlantic-Congo languages|ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ-ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ]]|| ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱔᱑᱐ |- | [[Austronesian languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱒᱗᱒ |- | [[Indo-European languages|ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱘᱕ |- | [[Sino-Tibetan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱳ-ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱐᱖ |- | [[Afro-Asiatic languages|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱘᱒ |- | [[Nuclear Trans New Guinea languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱑᱗ |- |[[Pama-Nyungan languages|ᱯᱟᱢᱟ-ᱱᱭᱩᱝᱜᱟᱱ]]|| ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱕᱐ |- | [[Otomanguean languages|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘᱑ |- | [[Austroasiatic languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕᱘ |- | [[Tai-Kadai languages|ᱛᱟᱭ-ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙᱖ |- | [[Dravidian languages|ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘᱒ |- | [[Arawakan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱗ |- | [[Mande languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱕ |- | [[Tupian languages|ᱛᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱐ |- | [[Uto-Aztecan languages|ᱤᱣᱴᱳ-ᱟᱡᱽᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱘ |- | [[Central Sudanic languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱰᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱓ |- | [[Nilotic languages|ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱖ |- | [[Nuclear Torricelli languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱨᱤᱥᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱕ |- | [[Uralic languages|ᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱙ |- | [[Algic languages|ᱟᱞᱡᱤᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱗ |- | [[Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit languages|ᱟᱛᱷᱟᱵᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ-ᱮᱭᱟᱠ-ᱛᱞᱤᱝᱜᱤᱛ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱖ |- | [[Pano-Tacanan languages|ᱯᱟᱱᱳ-ᱛᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱕ |- | [[Quechuan languages|ᱠᱮᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Turkic languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Cariban languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Hmong-Mien languages|ᱦᱢᱳᱝ-ᱢᱤᱭᱮᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Kru languages|ᱠᱨᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱘ |- | [[Nakh-Daghestanian languages|ᱱᱟᱠᱷ-ᱫᱟᱜᱷᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Sepik languages|ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Mayan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱔ |- | [[Lower Sepik-Ramu languages|ᱞᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ-ᱨᱟᱢᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱐ |- | [[Nuclear-Macro-Je languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ-ᱢᱮᱠᱨᱳ-ᱡᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱙ |- | [[Chibchan languages|ᱪᱤᱵᱽᱪᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱗ |- | [[Tucanoan languages|ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱖ |- | [[Salishan languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱕ |- | [[Timor-Alor-Pantar languages|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ-ᱟᱞᱳᱨ-ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱓ |- | [[Dogon languages|ᱰᱳᱜᱳᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Lakes Plain languages|ᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Mixe-Zoque languages|ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱮ-ᱡᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Ta-Ne-Omotic languages|ᱛᱟ-ᱱᱮ-ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Yam languages|ᱭᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Siouan languages|ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘ |- | [[Anim languages|ᱟᱱᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Japonic languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Mongolic languages|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱳᱞᱤᱠ-ᱠᱷᱤᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Border languages|ᱵᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[North Halmahera languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱢᱟᱦᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Tungusic languages|ᱛᱩᱱᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Khoe-Kwadi languages|ᱠᱷᱳᱭᱮ-ᱠᱣᱟᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱔ |- | [[Angan languages|ᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|ᱮᱥᱠᱤᱢᱳ-ᱟᱞᱮᱣᱩᱛ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Miwok-Costanoan languages|ᱢᱤᱣᱳᱠ-ᱠᱳᱥᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Ndu languages|ᱮᱱᱰᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Nubian languages|ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Tor-Orya languages|ᱛᱳᱨ-ᱳᱨᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Totonacan languages|ᱛᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Chapacuran languages|ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Gunwinyguan languages|ᱜᱩᱱᱣᱤᱱᱭᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Cochimi-Yuman languages|ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱢᱤ-ᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Iroquoian languages|ᱤᱨᱳᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Sko languages|ᱥᱠᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Surmic languages|ᱥᱩᱨᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Western Daly languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Geelvink Bay languages|ᱜᱤᱞᱵᱷᱤᱱᱠ ᱵᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Great Andamanese languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Heiban languages|ᱦᱮᱭᱵᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Ijoid languages|ᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Maban languages|ᱢᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Nyulnyulan languages|ᱱᱭᱩᱞᱱᱭᱩᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Saharan languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Songhay languages|ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱟᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[South Bougainville languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Worrorran languages|ᱣᱳᱨᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Chocoan languages|ᱪᱳᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Dagan languages|ᱫᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Tuu languages|ᱛᱩᱣᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Kwerbic languages|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱵᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Kiowa-Tanoan languages|ᱠᱤᱭᱳᱣᱟ-ᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Koiarian languages|ᱠᱳᱭᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Mailuan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Narrow Talodi languages|ᱱᱮᱨᱳ ᱛᱟᱞᱳᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Bosavi languages|ᱵᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|ᱪᱩᱠᱳᱛᱠᱳ-ᱠᱟᱢᱪᱟᱛᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Daju languages|ᱫᱟᱡᱩᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Huitotoan languages|ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱛᱳᱛᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Matacoan languages|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Muskogean languages|ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Pomoan languages|ᱯᱳᱢᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Arawan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Baining languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Barbacoan languages|ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Chumashan languages|ᱪᱩᱢᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[East Strickland languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kadugli-Krongo languages|ᱠᱟᱫᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ-ᱠᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kiwaian languages|ᱠᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Left May languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱢᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Lengua-Mascoy languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟ-ᱢᱟᱥᱠᱳᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Nambiquaran languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[South Bird's Head Family|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Wakashan languages|ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Yanomam languages|ᱭᱟᱱᱳᱢᱟᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Zaparoan languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Abkhaz-Adyge languages|ᱟᱵᱽᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽ-ᱟᱫᱤᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Arafundi languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱯᱷᱩᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Caddoan languages|ᱠᱟᱰᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Eleman languages|ᱮᱞᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guahibo languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱤᱵᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guaicuruan languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kartvelian languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Keram languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Koman languages|ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kxa languages|ᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Mirndi languages|ᱢᱤᱨᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Misumalpan languages|ᱢᱤᱥᱩᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Nimboran languages|ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Pauwasi languages|ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Sahaptian languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱯᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[South Omotic languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[West Bird's Head languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Xincan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yareban languages|ᱭᱟᱨᱮᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yeniseian languages|ᱭᱮᱱᱤᱥᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yuat languages|ᱭᱩᱣᱟᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Aymara languages|ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mao languages|ᱵᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱣ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Jivaroan languages|ᱪᱤᱪᱟᱢ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chinookan languages|ᱪᱤᱱᱩᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chonan languages|ᱪᱳᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Jebel languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱵᱮᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Huavean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱵᱷᱮᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Iwaidjan Proper languages|ᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱰᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱟᱨ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kamakanan languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kunimaipan languages|ᱠᱩᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maiduan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱰᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mangarrayi-Maran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ-ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maningrida languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Nadahup languages|ᱱᱟᱫᱩᱦᱩᱯ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[North Bougainville languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Sentani languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Shastan languages|ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Suki-Gogodala languages|ᱥᱩᱠᱤ-ᱜᱳᱜᱳᱫᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tama languages|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tangkic languages|ᱛᱟᱝᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Turama-Kikori languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱟᱢᱟ-ᱠᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Walio languages|ᱣᱟᱞᱤᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yokutsan languages|ᱭᱳᱠᱩᱴᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yukaghir languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱟᱜᱷᱤᱨ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Ainu language (Japan)|ᱟᱭᱤᱱᱩ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bororoan languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bulaka River languages|ᱵᱩᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Charruan languages|ᱪᱟᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Dizoid languages|ᱰᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[East Bird's Head languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Giimbiyu languages|ᱜᱤᱢᱵᱤᱭᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Gumuz language|ᱜᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Jarrakan languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kalapuyan languages|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱯᱩᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Awin–Pa–Kamula languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱩᱞᱟ-ᱮᱞᱮᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Katla-Tima languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱞᱟ-ᱛᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kawesqar languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kayagar languages|ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kolopom languages|ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱯᱳᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kresh-Aja languages|ᱠᱨᱮᱥ-ᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kuliak languages|ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kwalean languages|ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Lepki–Murkim languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱠᱤ-ᱢᱩᱨᱠᱤᱢ-ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Mairasi languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Peba-Yagua languages|ᱯᱮᱵᱟ-ᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Piaroa–Saliban languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tequistlatecan languages|ᱛᱮᱠᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tsimshian languages|ᱛᱥᱤᱢᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[West Bomberai languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Western Tasmanian languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Yangmanic languages|ᱭᱟᱝᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Zamucoan languages|ᱡᱟᱢᱩᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Amto-Musan languages|ᱟᱢᱛᱳ-ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Araucanian languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱠᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Baibai-Fas languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱟᱭ-ᱯᱷᱟᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bayono-Awbono languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱱᱳ-ᱟᱣᱵᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Monumbo languages|ᱵᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Boran languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bunaban languages|ᱵᱩᱱᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Cahuapanan languages|ᱠᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱯᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chimakuan languages|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chiquitano language|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱤᱛᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Coosan languages|ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Doso-Turumsa languages|ᱫᱳᱥᱳ-ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[East Kutubu languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱴᱩᱵᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Eastern Daly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Furan languages|ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Garrwan languages|ᱜᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Haida languages|ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Harakmbut languages|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱠᱢᱵᱩᱛ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hatam-Mansim languages|ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱢ-ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hibito-Cholon languages|ᱦᱤᱵᱤᱛᱳ-ᱪᱳᱞᱳᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Huarpean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱨᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hurro-Urartian languages|ᱦᱩᱨᱳ-ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Inanwatan languages|ᱤᱱᱟᱱᱣᱟᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jarawa-Onge languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ-ᱳᱱᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jicaquean languages|ᱡᱤᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kakua-Nukak languages|ᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟ-ᱱᱩᱠᱟᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Katukinan languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱩᱠᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kaure–Kosare languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱨᱮ-ᱠᱳᱥᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Keresan languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Konda-Yahadian languages|ᱠᱳᱱᱰᱟ-ᱭᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Koreanic languages|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kwomtari languages|ᱠᱣᱳᱢᱛᱟᱨᱤ-ᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Lencan languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Limilngan languages|ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱞᱱᱜᱟᱱ-ᱣᱩᱞᱱᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Manubaran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱵᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Marrku-Wurrugu languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱩ-ᱣᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Mombum languages|ᱢᱳᱢᱵᱩᱢ-ᱠᱳᱱᱮᱨᱟᱣ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Namla-Tofanma languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱞᱟ-ᱛᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱᱢᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nivkh language|ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱠᱷ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[North-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Northern Daly languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nyimang languages|ᱱᱭᱤᱢᱟᱝ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Otomaco language|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱠᱳ-ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱨᱤᱛᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Pahoturi languages|ᱯᱟᱦᱳᱛᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Palaihnihan languages|ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱭᱱᱤᱦᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Piawi languages|ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Purian languages|ᱯᱩᱨᱤ-ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱰᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Rashad languages|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱫᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Senagi languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Somahai languages|ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱦᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[South-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Southern Daly languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Tarascan languages|ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Taulil-Butam languages|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱞᱤᱞ-ᱵᱩᱛᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Teberan languages|ᱛᱮᱵᱮᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Temein languages|ᱛᱮᱢᱮᱭᱤᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Ticuna-Yuri languages|ᱛᱤᱠᱩᱱᱟ-ᱭᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Uru-Chipaya languages|ᱩᱨᱩ-ᱪᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Wintuan languages|ᱣᱤᱱᱴᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yawa languages|ᱭᱟᱣᱟ-ᱥᱟᱣᱮᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yuki-Wappo languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱤ-ᱣᱟᱯᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Abinomn language|ᱟᱵᱤᱱᱳᱢᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Abun language|ᱟᱵᱩᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Adai language|ᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aewa language|ᱟᱭᱮᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aikanã language|ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Alsea language|ᱟᱞᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andaqui language|ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱠᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andoque language|ᱟᱱᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Anem language|ᱟᱱᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Arutani language|ᱟᱨᱩᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Suarmin language|ᱟᱥᱟᱵᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atacame language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atakapa language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱯᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bangime language|ᱵᱟᱱᱜᱤᱢᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Basque language|ᱵᱟᱥᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Beothuk language|ᱵᱤᱭᱳᱛᱷᱩᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Berta language|ᱵᱮᱨᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Betoi language|ᱵᱮᱛᱳᱭ-ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bilua language|ᱵᱤᱞᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bogaya language|ᱵᱳᱜᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burmeso language|ᱵᱩᱨᱢᱮᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burushaski language|ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱥᱟᱥᱠᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Camsá language|ᱠᱟᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Candoshi-Shapra language|ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱳᱥᱤ-ᱥᱟᱯᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Canichana language|ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱪᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayubaba language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱵᱟᱵᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayuse language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱥ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chimariko language|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chitimacha language|ᱪᱤᱛᱤᱢᱟᱪᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chono language|ᱪᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Coahuilteco language|ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩᱭᱤᱞᱴᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cofán language|ᱠᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Comecrudo language|ᱠᱳᱢᱮᱠᱨᱩᱰᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cotoname language|ᱠᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cuitlatec language|ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Culli language|ᱠᱩᱞᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Damal language|ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dem language|ᱫᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dibiyaso language|ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Duna language|ᱫᱩᱱᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elamite language|ᱮᱞᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elseng language|ᱮᱞᱥᱮᱱᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Esselen language|ᱮᱥᱮᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Etruscan language|ᱮᱴᱨᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fasu language|ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fulniô language|ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱱᱤᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fuyug language|ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱩᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gaagudju language|ᱜᱟᱜᱩᱫᱽᱡᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guachi language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱪᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guaicurian language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guamo language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱢᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guató language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gule language|ᱜᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guriaso language|ᱜᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hadza language|ᱦᱟᱫᱽᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hattic language|ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hoti language|ᱦᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hruso language|ᱦᱨᱩᱥᱳ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Iberian language|ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Irantxe-Munku" | [[Irántxe language|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱛᱥᱮ-ᱢᱩᱱᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Itonama language|ᱤᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jalaa language|ᱡᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jirajaran language|ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kaki Ae language|ᱠᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kanoê language|ᱠᱟᱱᱳᱭᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kapori language|ᱠᱟᱯᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karami language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karankawa language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kariri languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karok language|ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kehu language|ᱠᱮᱦᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kenaboi language|ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱵᱳᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kibiri language|ᱠᱤᱵᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kimki language|ᱠᱤᱢᱠᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Klamath-Modoc language|ᱠᱞᱟᱢᱟᱛᱷ-ᱢᱳᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱠᱳᱞ (ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kujarge language|ᱠᱩᱡᱟᱨᱜᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunama language|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kungarakany language|ᱠᱩᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunza language|ᱠᱩᱱᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kuot language|ᱠᱩᱭᱳᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kusunda language|ᱠᱩᱥᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kutenai language|ᱠᱩᱴᱮᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kwaza language|ᱠᱣᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laal language|ᱞᱟᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lafofa language|ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱳᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laragia language|ᱞᱟᱨᱟᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lavukaleve language|ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱩᱠᱟᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Leco language|ᱞᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lule language|ᱞᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Maku" | [[Jukude language|ᱢᱟᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maratino language|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱛᱤᱱᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Morori language|ᱢᱟᱨᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Massep language|ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Matanawí language|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱱᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mato Grosso Arára language|ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ ᱟᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mawes language|ᱢᱟᱣᱮᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maybrat language|ᱢᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱟᱛ-ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Meroitic language|ᱢᱮᱨᱳᱭᱤᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mimi-Gaudefroy language|ᱢᱤᱢᱤ-ᱜᱳᱰᱮᱯᱷᱨᱳᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Minkin language|ᱢᱤᱱᱠᱤᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mochica language|ᱢᱳᱪᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molale language|ᱢᱳᱞᱟᱞᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molof language|ᱢᱳᱞᱳᱯᱷ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mor language (Bomberai Peninsula)|ᱢᱳᱨ (ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mosetén-Chimané language|ᱢᱳᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ-ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱱᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Movima language|ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mpur language|ᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Muniche language|ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mure language|ᱢᱩᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nara language|ᱱᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Natchez language|ᱱᱟᱴᱪᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nihali language|ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱞᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Odiai language|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Omurano language|ᱳᱢᱩᱨᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ongota language|ᱳᱱᱜᱳᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oti language|ᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport language|ᱳᱭᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ-ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱥᱣᱟᱱᱯᱳᱨᱴ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Paez" | [[Páez language|ᱯᱟᱭᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pankararú language|ᱯᱟᱱᱠᱟᱨᱟᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Papi language|ᱯᱟᱯᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pawaia language|ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Payagua language|ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pele-Ata language|ᱯᱮᱞᱮ-ᱟᱴᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pirahã language|ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱦᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puelche language|ᱯᱩᱭᱮᱞᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puinave language|ᱯᱩᱭᱤᱱᱟᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pumé language|ᱯᱩᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puquina language|ᱯᱩᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Purari language|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pyu language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱯᱩᱭᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ramanos language|ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱳᱥ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Salinan language|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sandawe language|ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱟᱣᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sapé language|ᱥᱟᱯᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sause language|ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱥᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Savosavo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sechuran language|ᱥᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Seri language|ᱥᱮᱨᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shabo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shom Peng language|ᱥᱳᱢ ᱯᱮᱝ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siamou language|ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢᱳᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siuslaw language|ᱥᱤᱣᱩᱥᱞᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sulka language|ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumerian language|ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tabo language|ᱛᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taiap language|ᱛᱟᱭᱟᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Takelma language|ᱛᱟᱠᱮᱞᱢᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tallán language|ᱛᱟᱞᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tambora language|ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumeri language|ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱦᱢᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taruma language|ᱛᱟᱨᱩᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tauade language|ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱰᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taushiro language|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱨᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timote-Cuica language|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱛᱮ-ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timucua language|ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tinigua language|ᱛᱤᱱᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tiwi language|ᱛᱤᱣᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tonkawa language|ᱛᱳᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Touo language|ᱛᱳᱣᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Trumai language|ᱛᱨᱩᱢᱟᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tunica language|ᱛᱩᱱᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tuxá language|ᱛᱩᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Umbugarla language|ᱩᱢᱵᱩᱜᱟᱨᱞᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Urarina language|ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Usku language|ᱩᱥᱠᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Vilela language|ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱞᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wadjiginy language|ᱣᱟᱡᱤᱜᱤᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wageman language|ᱣᱟᱜᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Waorani language|ᱣᱟᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Warao language|ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Washo language|ᱣᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wiru language|ᱣᱤᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Xukurú language|ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yale language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yale )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Yamana" | [[Yámana language|ᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yana language|ᱭᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yele language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yele )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yerakai language|ᱭᱮᱨᱟᱠᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yetfa language|ᱭᱮᱛᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuchi language|ᱭᱩᱪᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuracaré language|ᱭᱩᱨᱟᱠᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yurumanguí language|ᱭᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Zuni language|ᱡᱩᱱᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |} ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱳᱞ (Creoles) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ [[lexicon|ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (isolates) ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' (Glottolog) ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ (non-genealogical) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/glottologinformation|title=Glottolog: About Languoids|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> * [[Pidgin|ᱯᱤᱡᱤᱱ]] (᱘᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) * [[Mixed language|ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱙) * [[Artificial language|ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱓᱑) * [[Register (sociolinguistics)|ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱕) * [[Sign language|ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (Sign languages)]] (᱒᱒᱓)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sign1238|title=Pseudo Family: Sign Language|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> * [[Unclassified language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱒᱑) * [[Attested language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱖᱘) * ᱵᱩᱠ-ᱠᱤᱯᱤᱝ (Bookkeeping): ᱮᱲᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ISO ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱓᱙᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/book1242|title=Glottolog Family: Bookkeeping|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{NoteFoot}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikidata property|P1394}} * {{Official|https://glottolog.org/}} {{Cross-Linguistic Linked Data}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ|*]] [[Category:ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] i8svwjuereco7853d69bj9odngbc54u 191057 191055 2026-04-23T17:40:18Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ}} {{italic title}} {{Infobox bibliographic database | title = ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' | image = Glottolog-logo.svg | caption = | producer = ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱣᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ | country = ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ | history = | languages = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] | providers = | cost = ᱯᱷᱨᱤ | disciplines = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ | depth = | formats = | temporal = | geospatial = | number = | updates = | p_title = | p_dates = | ISSN = | web = {{URL|https://glottolog.org/}} | titles = }} '''''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Open_access|ᱳᱯᱮᱱ-ᱮᱠᱥᱮᱥ]] ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ [[:en:Bibliographic_database|ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Leipzig|ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱡᱤᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology|ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Jena|ᱡᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Max_Planck_Institute_of_Geoanthropology|ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱣᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Harald_Hammarström|ᱦᱮᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Martin_Haspelmath|ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱮᱞᱢᱟᱛᱷ]] ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱪᱚᱴ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ == ᱥᱮᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱰᱦᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ/ᱞᱟᱝᱰᱚᱠ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nordhoff |first1=Sebastian |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |date=May 2012 |title=Glottolog/Langdoc:Increasing the visibility of grey literature for low-density languages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://glottolog.org/about |website=Glottolog 4.8}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[:en:Ethnologue|ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |date=2015 |title=Glottolog: A Free, Online, Comprehensive Bibliography of the World's Languages}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ: * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "[[:en:Spurious_languages|ᱮᱲᱮ]]" ᱥᱮ "[[:en:Unattested_language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱ]]" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[:en:Comparative_method|ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Linguonym|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Ethnography|ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱮ [[:en:Demography|ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ISO 639-3]] ᱠᱳᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱰ ([[:en:Glottocode|ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱠᱳᱰ]]) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱕.᱓ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Creative_Commons_license|ᱠᱨᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱥ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱔.᱐ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Max_Planck_Institute_of_Geoanthropology|ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱣᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Cross-Linguistic_Linked_Data|ᱠᱨᱚᱥᱼᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱤᱸᱠᱰ ᱰᱮᱴᱟ]] ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url=http://clld.org | title=Cross-Linguistic Linked Data }}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ (Language families) == ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱷᱟᱱ (conservative) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ([[Language isolate|isolates]]) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱔.᱘ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱒᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[spoken language|ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family |title=Glottolog Families }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' [[Language family|ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ |- ! ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ !! ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ{{NoteTag|Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of ''Papua'' (New Guinea) and ''Austronesia''), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania, excluding Australia. Here it is replaced with '[[Oceania|ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]'.}} !! ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ |- | [[Atlantic-Congo languages|ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ-ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ]]|| ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱔᱑᱐ |- | [[Austronesian languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱒᱗᱒ |- | [[Indo-European languages|ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱘᱕ |- | [[Sino-Tibetan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱳ-ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱐᱖ |- | [[Afro-Asiatic languages|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱘᱒ |- | [[Nuclear Trans New Guinea languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱑᱗ |- |[[Pama-Nyungan languages|ᱯᱟᱢᱟ-ᱱᱭᱩᱝᱜᱟᱱ]]|| ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱕᱐ |- | [[Otomanguean languages|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘᱑ |- | [[Austroasiatic languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕᱘ |- | [[Tai-Kadai languages|ᱛᱟᱭ-ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙᱖ |- | [[Dravidian languages|ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘᱒ |- | [[Arawakan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱗ |- | [[Mande languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱕ |- | [[Tupian languages|ᱛᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱐ |- | [[Uto-Aztecan languages|ᱤᱣᱴᱳ-ᱟᱡᱽᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱘ |- | [[Central Sudanic languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱰᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱓ |- | [[Nilotic languages|ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱖ |- | [[Nuclear Torricelli languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱨᱤᱥᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱕ |- | [[Uralic languages|ᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱙ |- | [[Algic languages|ᱟᱞᱡᱤᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱗ |- | [[Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit languages|ᱟᱛᱷᱟᱵᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ-ᱮᱭᱟᱠ-ᱛᱞᱤᱝᱜᱤᱛ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱖ |- | [[Pano-Tacanan languages|ᱯᱟᱱᱳ-ᱛᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱕ |- | [[Quechuan languages|ᱠᱮᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Turkic languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Cariban languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Hmong-Mien languages|ᱦᱢᱳᱝ-ᱢᱤᱭᱮᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Kru languages|ᱠᱨᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱘ |- | [[Nakh-Daghestanian languages|ᱱᱟᱠᱷ-ᱫᱟᱜᱷᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Sepik languages|ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Mayan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱔ |- | [[Lower Sepik-Ramu languages|ᱞᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ-ᱨᱟᱢᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱐ |- | [[Nuclear-Macro-Je languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ-ᱢᱮᱠᱨᱳ-ᱡᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱙ |- | [[Chibchan languages|ᱪᱤᱵᱽᱪᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱗ |- | [[Tucanoan languages|ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱖ |- | [[Salishan languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱕ |- | [[Timor-Alor-Pantar languages|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ-ᱟᱞᱳᱨ-ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱓ |- | [[Dogon languages|ᱰᱳᱜᱳᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Lakes Plain languages|ᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Mixe-Zoque languages|ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱮ-ᱡᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Ta-Ne-Omotic languages|ᱛᱟ-ᱱᱮ-ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Yam languages|ᱭᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Siouan languages|ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘ |- | [[Anim languages|ᱟᱱᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Japonic languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Mongolic languages|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱳᱞᱤᱠ-ᱠᱷᱤᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Border languages|ᱵᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[North Halmahera languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱢᱟᱦᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Tungusic languages|ᱛᱩᱱᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Khoe-Kwadi languages|ᱠᱷᱳᱭᱮ-ᱠᱣᱟᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱔ |- | [[Angan languages|ᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|ᱮᱥᱠᱤᱢᱳ-ᱟᱞᱮᱣᱩᱛ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Miwok-Costanoan languages|ᱢᱤᱣᱳᱠ-ᱠᱳᱥᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Ndu languages|ᱮᱱᱰᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Nubian languages|ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Tor-Orya languages|ᱛᱳᱨ-ᱳᱨᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Totonacan languages|ᱛᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Chapacuran languages|ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Gunwinyguan languages|ᱜᱩᱱᱣᱤᱱᱭᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Cochimi-Yuman languages|ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱢᱤ-ᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Iroquoian languages|ᱤᱨᱳᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Sko languages|ᱥᱠᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Surmic languages|ᱥᱩᱨᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Western Daly languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Geelvink Bay languages|ᱜᱤᱞᱵᱷᱤᱱᱠ ᱵᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Great Andamanese languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Heiban languages|ᱦᱮᱭᱵᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Ijoid languages|ᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Maban languages|ᱢᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Nyulnyulan languages|ᱱᱭᱩᱞᱱᱭᱩᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Saharan languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Songhay languages|ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱟᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[South Bougainville languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Worrorran languages|ᱣᱳᱨᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Chocoan languages|ᱪᱳᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Dagan languages|ᱫᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Tuu languages|ᱛᱩᱣᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Kwerbic languages|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱵᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Kiowa-Tanoan languages|ᱠᱤᱭᱳᱣᱟ-ᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Koiarian languages|ᱠᱳᱭᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Mailuan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Narrow Talodi languages|ᱱᱮᱨᱳ ᱛᱟᱞᱳᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Bosavi languages|ᱵᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|ᱪᱩᱠᱳᱛᱠᱳ-ᱠᱟᱢᱪᱟᱛᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Daju languages|ᱫᱟᱡᱩᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Huitotoan languages|ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱛᱳᱛᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Matacoan languages|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Muskogean languages|ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Pomoan languages|ᱯᱳᱢᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Arawan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Baining languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Barbacoan languages|ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Chumashan languages|ᱪᱩᱢᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[East Strickland languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kadugli-Krongo languages|ᱠᱟᱫᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ-ᱠᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kiwaian languages|ᱠᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Left May languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱢᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Lengua-Mascoy languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟ-ᱢᱟᱥᱠᱳᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Nambiquaran languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[South Bird's Head Family|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Wakashan languages|ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Yanomam languages|ᱭᱟᱱᱳᱢᱟᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Zaparoan languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Abkhaz-Adyge languages|ᱟᱵᱽᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽ-ᱟᱫᱤᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Arafundi languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱯᱷᱩᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Caddoan languages|ᱠᱟᱰᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Eleman languages|ᱮᱞᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guahibo languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱤᱵᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guaicuruan languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kartvelian languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Keram languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Koman languages|ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kxa languages|ᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Mirndi languages|ᱢᱤᱨᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Misumalpan languages|ᱢᱤᱥᱩᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Nimboran languages|ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Pauwasi languages|ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Sahaptian languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱯᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[South Omotic languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[West Bird's Head languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Xincan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yareban languages|ᱭᱟᱨᱮᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yeniseian languages|ᱭᱮᱱᱤᱥᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yuat languages|ᱭᱩᱣᱟᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Aymara languages|ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mao languages|ᱵᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱣ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Jivaroan languages|ᱪᱤᱪᱟᱢ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chinookan languages|ᱪᱤᱱᱩᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chonan languages|ᱪᱳᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Jebel languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱵᱮᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Huavean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱵᱷᱮᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Iwaidjan Proper languages|ᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱰᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱟᱨ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kamakanan languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kunimaipan languages|ᱠᱩᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maiduan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱰᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mangarrayi-Maran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ-ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maningrida languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Nadahup languages|ᱱᱟᱫᱩᱦᱩᱯ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[North Bougainville languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Sentani languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Shastan languages|ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Suki-Gogodala languages|ᱥᱩᱠᱤ-ᱜᱳᱜᱳᱫᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tama languages|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tangkic languages|ᱛᱟᱝᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Turama-Kikori languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱟᱢᱟ-ᱠᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Walio languages|ᱣᱟᱞᱤᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yokutsan languages|ᱭᱳᱠᱩᱴᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yukaghir languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱟᱜᱷᱤᱨ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Ainu language (Japan)|ᱟᱭᱤᱱᱩ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bororoan languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bulaka River languages|ᱵᱩᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Charruan languages|ᱪᱟᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Dizoid languages|ᱰᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[East Bird's Head languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Giimbiyu languages|ᱜᱤᱢᱵᱤᱭᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Gumuz language|ᱜᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Jarrakan languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kalapuyan languages|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱯᱩᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Awin–Pa–Kamula languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱩᱞᱟ-ᱮᱞᱮᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Katla-Tima languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱞᱟ-ᱛᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kawesqar languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kayagar languages|ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kolopom languages|ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱯᱳᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kresh-Aja languages|ᱠᱨᱮᱥ-ᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kuliak languages|ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kwalean languages|ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Lepki–Murkim languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱠᱤ-ᱢᱩᱨᱠᱤᱢ-ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Mairasi languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Peba-Yagua languages|ᱯᱮᱵᱟ-ᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Piaroa–Saliban languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tequistlatecan languages|ᱛᱮᱠᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tsimshian languages|ᱛᱥᱤᱢᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[West Bomberai languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Western Tasmanian languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Yangmanic languages|ᱭᱟᱝᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Zamucoan languages|ᱡᱟᱢᱩᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Amto-Musan languages|ᱟᱢᱛᱳ-ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Araucanian languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱠᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Baibai-Fas languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱟᱭ-ᱯᱷᱟᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bayono-Awbono languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱱᱳ-ᱟᱣᱵᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Monumbo languages|ᱵᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Boran languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bunaban languages|ᱵᱩᱱᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Cahuapanan languages|ᱠᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱯᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chimakuan languages|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chiquitano language|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱤᱛᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Coosan languages|ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Doso-Turumsa languages|ᱫᱳᱥᱳ-ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[East Kutubu languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱴᱩᱵᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Eastern Daly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Furan languages|ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Garrwan languages|ᱜᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Haida languages|ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Harakmbut languages|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱠᱢᱵᱩᱛ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hatam-Mansim languages|ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱢ-ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hibito-Cholon languages|ᱦᱤᱵᱤᱛᱳ-ᱪᱳᱞᱳᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Huarpean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱨᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hurro-Urartian languages|ᱦᱩᱨᱳ-ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Inanwatan languages|ᱤᱱᱟᱱᱣᱟᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jarawa-Onge languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ-ᱳᱱᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jicaquean languages|ᱡᱤᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kakua-Nukak languages|ᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟ-ᱱᱩᱠᱟᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Katukinan languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱩᱠᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kaure–Kosare languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱨᱮ-ᱠᱳᱥᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Keresan languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Konda-Yahadian languages|ᱠᱳᱱᱰᱟ-ᱭᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Koreanic languages|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kwomtari languages|ᱠᱣᱳᱢᱛᱟᱨᱤ-ᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Lencan languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Limilngan languages|ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱞᱱᱜᱟᱱ-ᱣᱩᱞᱱᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Manubaran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱵᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Marrku-Wurrugu languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱩ-ᱣᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Mombum languages|ᱢᱳᱢᱵᱩᱢ-ᱠᱳᱱᱮᱨᱟᱣ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Namla-Tofanma languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱞᱟ-ᱛᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱᱢᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nivkh language|ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱠᱷ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[North-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Northern Daly languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nyimang languages|ᱱᱭᱤᱢᱟᱝ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Otomaco language|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱠᱳ-ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱨᱤᱛᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Pahoturi languages|ᱯᱟᱦᱳᱛᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Palaihnihan languages|ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱭᱱᱤᱦᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Piawi languages|ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Purian languages|ᱯᱩᱨᱤ-ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱰᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Rashad languages|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱫᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Senagi languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Somahai languages|ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱦᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[South-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Southern Daly languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Tarascan languages|ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Taulil-Butam languages|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱞᱤᱞ-ᱵᱩᱛᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Teberan languages|ᱛᱮᱵᱮᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Temein languages|ᱛᱮᱢᱮᱭᱤᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Ticuna-Yuri languages|ᱛᱤᱠᱩᱱᱟ-ᱭᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Uru-Chipaya languages|ᱩᱨᱩ-ᱪᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Wintuan languages|ᱣᱤᱱᱴᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yawa languages|ᱭᱟᱣᱟ-ᱥᱟᱣᱮᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yuki-Wappo languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱤ-ᱣᱟᱯᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Abinomn language|ᱟᱵᱤᱱᱳᱢᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Abun language|ᱟᱵᱩᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Adai language|ᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aewa language|ᱟᱭᱮᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aikanã language|ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Alsea language|ᱟᱞᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andaqui language|ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱠᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andoque language|ᱟᱱᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Anem language|ᱟᱱᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Arutani language|ᱟᱨᱩᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Suarmin language|ᱟᱥᱟᱵᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atacame language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atakapa language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱯᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bangime language|ᱵᱟᱱᱜᱤᱢᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Basque language|ᱵᱟᱥᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Beothuk language|ᱵᱤᱭᱳᱛᱷᱩᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Berta language|ᱵᱮᱨᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Betoi language|ᱵᱮᱛᱳᱭ-ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bilua language|ᱵᱤᱞᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bogaya language|ᱵᱳᱜᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burmeso language|ᱵᱩᱨᱢᱮᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burushaski language|ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱥᱟᱥᱠᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Camsá language|ᱠᱟᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Candoshi-Shapra language|ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱳᱥᱤ-ᱥᱟᱯᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Canichana language|ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱪᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayubaba language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱵᱟᱵᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayuse language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱥ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chimariko language|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chitimacha language|ᱪᱤᱛᱤᱢᱟᱪᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chono language|ᱪᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Coahuilteco language|ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩᱭᱤᱞᱴᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cofán language|ᱠᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Comecrudo language|ᱠᱳᱢᱮᱠᱨᱩᱰᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cotoname language|ᱠᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cuitlatec language|ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Culli language|ᱠᱩᱞᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Damal language|ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dem language|ᱫᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dibiyaso language|ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Duna language|ᱫᱩᱱᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elamite language|ᱮᱞᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elseng language|ᱮᱞᱥᱮᱱᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Esselen language|ᱮᱥᱮᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Etruscan language|ᱮᱴᱨᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fasu language|ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fulniô language|ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱱᱤᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fuyug language|ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱩᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gaagudju language|ᱜᱟᱜᱩᱫᱽᱡᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guachi language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱪᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guaicurian language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guamo language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱢᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guató language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gule language|ᱜᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guriaso language|ᱜᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hadza language|ᱦᱟᱫᱽᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hattic language|ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hoti language|ᱦᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hruso language|ᱦᱨᱩᱥᱳ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Iberian language|ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Irantxe-Munku" | [[Irántxe language|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱛᱥᱮ-ᱢᱩᱱᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Itonama language|ᱤᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jalaa language|ᱡᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jirajaran language|ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kaki Ae language|ᱠᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kanoê language|ᱠᱟᱱᱳᱭᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kapori language|ᱠᱟᱯᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karami language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karankawa language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kariri languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karok language|ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kehu language|ᱠᱮᱦᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kenaboi language|ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱵᱳᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kibiri language|ᱠᱤᱵᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kimki language|ᱠᱤᱢᱠᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Klamath-Modoc language|ᱠᱞᱟᱢᱟᱛᱷ-ᱢᱳᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱠᱳᱞ (ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kujarge language|ᱠᱩᱡᱟᱨᱜᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunama language|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kungarakany language|ᱠᱩᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunza language|ᱠᱩᱱᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kuot language|ᱠᱩᱭᱳᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kusunda language|ᱠᱩᱥᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kutenai language|ᱠᱩᱴᱮᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kwaza language|ᱠᱣᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laal language|ᱞᱟᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lafofa language|ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱳᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laragia language|ᱞᱟᱨᱟᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lavukaleve language|ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱩᱠᱟᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Leco language|ᱞᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lule language|ᱞᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Maku" | [[Jukude language|ᱢᱟᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maratino language|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱛᱤᱱᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Morori language|ᱢᱟᱨᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Massep language|ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Matanawí language|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱱᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mato Grosso Arára language|ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ ᱟᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mawes language|ᱢᱟᱣᱮᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maybrat language|ᱢᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱟᱛ-ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Meroitic language|ᱢᱮᱨᱳᱭᱤᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mimi-Gaudefroy language|ᱢᱤᱢᱤ-ᱜᱳᱰᱮᱯᱷᱨᱳᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Minkin language|ᱢᱤᱱᱠᱤᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mochica language|ᱢᱳᱪᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molale language|ᱢᱳᱞᱟᱞᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molof language|ᱢᱳᱞᱳᱯᱷ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mor language (Bomberai Peninsula)|ᱢᱳᱨ (ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mosetén-Chimané language|ᱢᱳᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ-ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱱᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Movima language|ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mpur language|ᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Muniche language|ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mure language|ᱢᱩᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nara language|ᱱᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Natchez language|ᱱᱟᱴᱪᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nihali language|ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱞᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Odiai language|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Omurano language|ᱳᱢᱩᱨᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ongota language|ᱳᱱᱜᱳᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oti language|ᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport language|ᱳᱭᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ-ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱥᱣᱟᱱᱯᱳᱨᱴ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Paez" | [[Páez language|ᱯᱟᱭᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pankararú language|ᱯᱟᱱᱠᱟᱨᱟᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Papi language|ᱯᱟᱯᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pawaia language|ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Payagua language|ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pele-Ata language|ᱯᱮᱞᱮ-ᱟᱴᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pirahã language|ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱦᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puelche language|ᱯᱩᱭᱮᱞᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puinave language|ᱯᱩᱭᱤᱱᱟᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pumé language|ᱯᱩᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puquina language|ᱯᱩᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Purari language|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pyu language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱯᱩᱭᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ramanos language|ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱳᱥ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Salinan language|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sandawe language|ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱟᱣᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sapé language|ᱥᱟᱯᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sause language|ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱥᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Savosavo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sechuran language|ᱥᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Seri language|ᱥᱮᱨᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shabo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shom Peng language|ᱥᱳᱢ ᱯᱮᱝ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siamou language|ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢᱳᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siuslaw language|ᱥᱤᱣᱩᱥᱞᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sulka language|ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumerian language|ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tabo language|ᱛᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taiap language|ᱛᱟᱭᱟᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Takelma language|ᱛᱟᱠᱮᱞᱢᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tallán language|ᱛᱟᱞᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tambora language|ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumeri language|ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱦᱢᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taruma language|ᱛᱟᱨᱩᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tauade language|ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱰᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taushiro language|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱨᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timote-Cuica language|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱛᱮ-ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timucua language|ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tinigua language|ᱛᱤᱱᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tiwi language|ᱛᱤᱣᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tonkawa language|ᱛᱳᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Touo language|ᱛᱳᱣᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Trumai language|ᱛᱨᱩᱢᱟᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tunica language|ᱛᱩᱱᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tuxá language|ᱛᱩᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Umbugarla language|ᱩᱢᱵᱩᱜᱟᱨᱞᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Urarina language|ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Usku language|ᱩᱥᱠᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Vilela language|ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱞᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wadjiginy language|ᱣᱟᱡᱤᱜᱤᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wageman language|ᱣᱟᱜᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Waorani language|ᱣᱟᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Warao language|ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Washo language|ᱣᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wiru language|ᱣᱤᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Xukurú language|ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yale language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yale )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Yamana" | [[Yámana language|ᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yana language|ᱭᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yele language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yele )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yerakai language|ᱭᱮᱨᱟᱠᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yetfa language|ᱭᱮᱛᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuchi language|ᱭᱩᱪᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuracaré language|ᱭᱩᱨᱟᱠᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yurumanguí language|ᱭᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Zuni language|ᱡᱩᱱᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |} ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱳᱞ (Creoles) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ [[lexicon|ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (isolates) ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' (Glottolog) ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ (non-genealogical) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/glottologinformation|title=Glottolog: About Languoids|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> * [[Pidgin|ᱯᱤᱡᱤᱱ]] (᱘᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) * [[Mixed language|ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱙) * [[Artificial language|ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱓᱑) * [[Register (sociolinguistics)|ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱕) * [[Sign language|ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (Sign languages)]] (᱒᱒᱓)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sign1238|title=Pseudo Family: Sign Language|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> * [[Unclassified language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱒᱑) * [[Attested language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱖᱘) * ᱵᱩᱠ-ᱠᱤᱯᱤᱝ (Bookkeeping): ᱮᱲᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ISO ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱓᱙᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/book1242|title=Glottolog Family: Bookkeeping|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{NoteFoot}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikidata property|P1394}} * {{Official|https://glottolog.org/}} {{Cross-Linguistic Linked Data}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ|*]] [[Category:ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] j8cl50wwhb3s25b1wb5zhvzcxm4pah6 191058 191057 2026-04-23T17:53:25Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ}} {{italic title}} {{Infobox bibliographic database | title = ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' | image = Glottolog-logo.svg | caption = | producer = ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱣᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ | country = ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ | history = | languages = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] | providers = | cost = ᱯᱷᱨᱤ | disciplines = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ | depth = | formats = | temporal = | geospatial = | number = | updates = | p_title = | p_dates = | ISSN = | web = {{URL|https://glottolog.org/}} | titles = }} '''''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Open_access|ᱳᱯᱮᱱ-ᱮᱠᱥᱮᱥ]] ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ [[:en:Bibliographic_database|ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Leipzig|ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱡᱤᱜᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology|ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Jena|ᱡᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Max_Planck_Institute_of_Geoanthropology|ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱣᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Harald_Hammarström|ᱦᱮᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Martin_Haspelmath|ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱮᱞᱢᱟᱛᱷ]] ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱪᱚᱴ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ == ᱥᱮᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱰᱦᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ/ᱞᱟᱝᱰᱚᱠ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nordhoff |first1=Sebastian |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |date=May 2012 |title=Glottolog/Langdoc:Increasing the visibility of grey literature for low-density languages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://glottolog.org/about |website=Glottolog 4.8}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[:en:Ethnologue|ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |date=2015 |title=Glottolog: A Free, Online, Comprehensive Bibliography of the World's Languages}}</ref> ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ: * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "[[:en:Spurious_languages|ᱮᱲᱮ]]" ᱥᱮ "[[:en:Unattested_language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱ]]" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[:en:Comparative_method|ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Linguonym|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Ethnography|ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱮ [[:en:Demography|ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ISO 639-3]] ᱠᱳᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱰ ([[:en:Glottocode|ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱠᱳᱰ]]) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱕.᱓ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Creative_Commons_license|ᱠᱨᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱥ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱔.᱐ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ]] ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Max_Planck_Institute_of_Geoanthropology|ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱣᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Cross-Linguistic_Linked_Data|ᱠᱨᱚᱥᱼᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱤᱸᱠᱰ ᱰᱮᱴᱟ]] ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url=http://clld.org | title=Cross-Linguistic Linked Data }}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽᱠᱚ == ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱦᱩᱥᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱭ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ [[:en:Language_isolate|ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱔.᱘ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱒᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[:en:Spoken_language|ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢᱮᱱᱟ:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family |title=Glottolog Families }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' [[:en:Language_family|ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ |- ! ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ !! ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ{{NoteTag|Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of ''Papua'' (New Guinea) and ''Austronesia''), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania, excluding Australia. Here it is replaced with '[[Oceania|ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]'.}} !! ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ |- | [[Atlantic-Congo languages|ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ-ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ]]|| ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱔᱑᱐ |- | [[Austronesian languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑,᱒᱗᱒ |- | [[Indo-European languages|ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱘᱕ |- | [[Sino-Tibetan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱳ-ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱐᱖ |- | [[Afro-Asiatic languages|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱘᱒ |- | [[Nuclear Trans New Guinea languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱑᱗ |- |[[Pama-Nyungan languages|ᱯᱟᱢᱟ-ᱱᱭᱩᱝᱜᱟᱱ]]|| ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱕᱐ |- | [[Otomanguean languages|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘᱑ |- | [[Austroasiatic languages|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕᱘ |- | [[Tai-Kadai languages|ᱛᱟᱭ-ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙᱖ |- | [[Dravidian languages|ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘᱒ |- | [[Arawakan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱗ |- | [[Mande languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱕ |- | [[Tupian languages|ᱛᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗᱐ |- | [[Uto-Aztecan languages|ᱤᱣᱴᱳ-ᱟᱡᱽᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱘ |- | [[Central Sudanic languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱰᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖᱓ |- | [[Nilotic languages|ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕᱖ |- | [[Nuclear Torricelli languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱨᱤᱥᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕᱕ |- | [[Uralic languages|ᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱙ |- | [[Algic languages|ᱟᱞᱡᱤᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱗ |- | [[Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit languages|ᱟᱛᱷᱟᱵᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ-ᱮᱭᱟᱠ-ᱛᱞᱤᱝᱜᱤᱛ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱖ |- | [[Pano-Tacanan languages|ᱯᱟᱱᱳ-ᱛᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱕ |- | [[Quechuan languages|ᱠᱮᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Turkic languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱓ |- | [[Cariban languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Hmong-Mien languages|ᱦᱢᱳᱝ-ᱢᱤᱭᱮᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔᱒ |- | [[Kru languages|ᱠᱨᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱘ |- | [[Nakh-Daghestanian languages|ᱱᱟᱠᱷ-ᱫᱟᱜᱷᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Sepik languages|ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱖ |- | [[Mayan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓᱔ |- | [[Lower Sepik-Ramu languages|ᱞᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱯᱤᱠ-ᱨᱟᱢᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓᱐ |- | [[Nuclear-Macro-Je languages|ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ-ᱢᱮᱠᱨᱳ-ᱡᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱙ |- | [[Chibchan languages|ᱪᱤᱵᱽᱪᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱗ |- | [[Tucanoan languages|ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱖ |- | [[Salishan languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱕ |- | [[Timor-Alor-Pantar languages|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ-ᱟᱞᱳᱨ-ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱓ |- | [[Dogon languages|ᱰᱳᱜᱳᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Lakes Plain languages|ᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒᱐ |- | [[Mixe-Zoque languages|ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱮ-ᱡᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Ta-Ne-Omotic languages|ᱛᱟ-ᱱᱮ-ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Yam languages|ᱭᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱙ |- | [[Siouan languages|ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱘ |- | [[Anim languages|ᱟᱱᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Japonic languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Mongolic languages|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱳᱞᱤᱠ-ᱠᱷᱤᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱗ |- | [[Border languages|ᱵᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[North Halmahera languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱢᱟᱦᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Tungusic languages|ᱛᱩᱱᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱕ |- | [[Khoe-Kwadi languages|ᱠᱷᱳᱭᱮ-ᱠᱣᱟᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱔ |- | [[Angan languages|ᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|ᱮᱥᱠᱤᱢᱳ-ᱟᱞᱮᱣᱩᱛ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Miwok-Costanoan languages|ᱢᱤᱣᱳᱠ-ᱠᱳᱥᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Ndu languages|ᱮᱱᱰᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Nubian languages|ᱱᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Tor-Orya languages|ᱛᱳᱨ-ᱳᱨᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Totonacan languages|ᱛᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱓ |- | [[Chapacuran languages|ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Gunwinyguan languages|ᱜᱩᱱᱣᱤᱱᱭᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱒ |- | [[Cochimi-Yuman languages|ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱢᱤ-ᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Iroquoian languages|ᱤᱨᱳᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Sko languages|ᱥᱠᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Surmic languages|ᱥᱩᱨᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Western Daly languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱑ |- | [[Geelvink Bay languages|ᱜᱤᱞᱵᱷᱤᱱᱠ ᱵᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Great Andamanese languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Heiban languages|ᱦᱮᱭᱵᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Ijoid languages|ᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Maban languages|ᱢᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Nyulnyulan languages|ᱱᱭᱩᱞᱱᱭᱩᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Saharan languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Songhay languages|ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱟᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[South Bougainville languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Worrorran languages|ᱣᱳᱨᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑᱐ |- | [[Chocoan languages|ᱪᱳᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Dagan languages|ᱫᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Tuu languages|ᱛᱩᱣᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱙ |- | [[Kwerbic languages|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱵᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Kiowa-Tanoan languages|ᱠᱤᱭᱳᱣᱟ-ᱛᱟᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Koiarian languages|ᱠᱳᱭᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Mailuan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱞᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Narrow Talodi languages|ᱱᱮᱨᱳ ᱛᱟᱞᱳᱰᱤ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱘ |- | [[Bosavi languages|ᱵᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|ᱪᱩᱠᱳᱛᱠᱳ-ᱠᱟᱢᱪᱟᱛᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Daju languages|ᱫᱟᱡᱩᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Huitotoan languages|ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱛᱳᱛᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Matacoan languages|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Muskogean languages|ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Pomoan languages|ᱯᱳᱢᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱗ |- | [[Arawan languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Baining languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Barbacoan languages|ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Chumashan languages|ᱪᱩᱢᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[East Strickland languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kadugli-Krongo languages|ᱠᱟᱫᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ-ᱠᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Kiwaian languages|ᱠᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Left May languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱢᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Lengua-Mascoy languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱜᱩᱣᱟ-ᱢᱟᱥᱠᱳᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Nambiquaran languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[South Bird's Head Family|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Wakashan languages|ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Yanomam languages|ᱭᱟᱱᱳᱢᱟᱢᱤᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Zaparoan languages|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱖ |- | [[Abkhaz-Adyge languages|ᱟᱵᱽᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽ-ᱟᱫᱤᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Arafundi languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱯᱷᱩᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Caddoan languages|ᱠᱟᱰᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Eleman languages|ᱮᱞᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guahibo languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱤᱵᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Guaicuruan languages|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kartvelian languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Keram languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Koman languages|ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Kxa languages|ᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Mirndi languages|ᱢᱤᱨᱱᱰᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Misumalpan languages|ᱢᱤᱥᱩᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Nimboran languages|ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Pauwasi languages|ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Sahaptian languages|ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱯᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[South Omotic languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[West Bird's Head languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Xincan languages|ᱥᱤᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yareban languages|ᱭᱟᱨᱮᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yeniseian languages|ᱭᱮᱱᱤᱥᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Yuat languages|ᱭᱩᱣᱟᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱕ |- | [[Aymara languages|ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mao languages|ᱵᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱣ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Jivaroan languages|ᱪᱤᱪᱟᱢ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chinookan languages|ᱪᱤᱱᱩᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Chonan languages|ᱪᱳᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Jebel languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱵᱮᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Huavean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱵᱷᱮᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Iwaidjan Proper languages|ᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱰᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱟᱨ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kamakanan languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Kunimaipan languages|ᱠᱩᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭᱯᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maiduan languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱰᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Mangarrayi-Maran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ-ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Maningrida languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Nadahup languages|ᱱᱟᱫᱩᱦᱩᱯ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[North Bougainville languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱵᱳᱜᱮᱱᱵᱷᱤᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Sentani languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Shastan languages|ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Suki-Gogodala languages|ᱥᱩᱠᱤ-ᱜᱳᱜᱳᱫᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tama languages|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Tangkic languages|ᱛᱟᱝᱠᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Turama-Kikori languages|ᱛᱩᱨᱟᱢᱟ-ᱠᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Walio languages|ᱣᱟᱞᱤᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yokutsan languages|ᱭᱳᱠᱩᱴᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Yukaghir languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱟᱜᱷᱤᱨ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱔ |- | [[Ainu language (Japan)|ᱟᱭᱤᱱᱩ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bororoan languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Bulaka River languages|ᱵᱩᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Charruan languages|ᱪᱟᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Dizoid languages|ᱰᱤᱡᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[East Bird's Head languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱮᱰ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Giimbiyu languages|ᱜᱤᱢᱵᱤᱭᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Gumuz language|ᱜᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Jarrakan languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kalapuyan languages|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱯᱩᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Awin–Pa–Kamula languages|ᱠᱟᱢᱩᱞᱟ-ᱮᱞᱮᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Katla-Tima languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱞᱟ-ᱛᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kawesqar languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kayagar languages|ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kolopom languages|ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱯᱳᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kresh-Aja languages|ᱠᱨᱮᱥ-ᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kuliak languages|ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Kwalean languages|ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Lepki–Murkim languages|ᱞᱮᱯᱠᱤ-ᱢᱩᱨᱠᱤᱢ-ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Mairasi languages|ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Peba-Yagua languages|ᱯᱮᱵᱟ-ᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Piaroa–Saliban languages|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tequistlatecan languages|ᱛᱮᱠᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Tsimshian languages|ᱛᱥᱤᱢᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[West Bomberai languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Western Tasmanian languages|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Yangmanic languages|ᱭᱟᱝᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Zamucoan languages|ᱡᱟᱢᱩᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱓ |- | [[Amto-Musan languages|ᱟᱢᱛᱳ-ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Araucanian languages|ᱟᱨᱟᱣᱠᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Baibai-Fas languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱟᱭ-ᱯᱷᱟᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bayono-Awbono languages|ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱱᱳ-ᱟᱣᱵᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Monumbo languages|ᱵᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Boran languages|ᱵᱳᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Bunaban languages|ᱵᱩᱱᱟᱵᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Cahuapanan languages|ᱠᱟᱦᱩᱣᱟᱯᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chimakuan languages|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Chiquitano language|ᱪᱤᱠᱩᱭᱤᱛᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Coosan languages|ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Doso-Turumsa languages|ᱫᱳᱥᱳ-ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[East Kutubu languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱴᱩᱵᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Eastern Daly languages|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Furan languages|ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Garrwan languages|ᱜᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Haida languages|ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Harakmbut languages|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱠᱢᱵᱩᱛ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hatam-Mansim languages|ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱢ-ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱤᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hibito-Cholon languages|ᱦᱤᱵᱤᱛᱳ-ᱪᱳᱞᱳᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Huarpean languages|ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱨᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Hurro-Urartian languages|ᱦᱩᱨᱳ-ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Inanwatan languages|ᱤᱱᱟᱱᱣᱟᱛᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jarawa-Onge languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ-ᱳᱱᱜᱮ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Jicaquean languages|ᱡᱤᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kakua-Nukak languages|ᱠᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟ-ᱱᱩᱠᱟᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Katukinan languages|ᱠᱟᱛᱩᱠᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kaure–Kosare languages|ᱠᱟᱣᱨᱮ-ᱠᱳᱥᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Keresan languages|ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Konda-Yahadian languages|ᱠᱳᱱᱰᱟ-ᱭᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Koreanic languages|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Kwomtari languages|ᱠᱣᱳᱢᱛᱟᱨᱤ-ᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Lencan languages|ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Limilngan languages|ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱞᱱᱜᱟᱱ-ᱣᱩᱞᱱᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Manubaran languages|ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱵᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Marrku-Wurrugu languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱩ-ᱣᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Mombum languages|ᱢᱳᱢᱵᱩᱢ-ᱠᱳᱱᱮᱨᱟᱣ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Namla-Tofanma languages|ᱱᱟᱢᱞᱟ-ᱛᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱᱢᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nivkh language|ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱠᱷ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[North-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Northern Daly languages|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Nyimang languages|ᱱᱭᱤᱢᱟᱝ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Otomaco language|ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱠᱳ-ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱨᱤᱛᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Pahoturi languages|ᱯᱟᱦᱳᱛᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Palaihnihan languages|ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱭᱱᱤᱦᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Piawi languages|ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Purian languages|ᱯᱩᱨᱤ-ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱣᱟᱰᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Rashad languages|ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱫᱽ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Senagi languages|ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Somahai languages|ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱦᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[South-Eastern Tasmanian languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Southern Daly languages|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Tarascan languages|ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Taulil-Butam languages|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱞᱤᱞ-ᱵᱩᱛᱟᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Teberan languages|ᱛᱮᱵᱮᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Temein languages|ᱛᱮᱢᱮᱭᱤᱱᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Ticuna-Yuri languages|ᱛᱤᱠᱩᱱᱟ-ᱭᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Uru-Chipaya languages|ᱩᱨᱩ-ᱪᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Wintuan languages|ᱣᱤᱱᱴᱩᱣᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yawa languages|ᱭᱟᱣᱟ-ᱥᱟᱣᱮᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Yuki-Wappo languages|ᱭᱩᱠᱤ-ᱣᱟᱯᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱒ |- | [[Abinomn language|ᱟᱵᱤᱱᱳᱢᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Abun language|ᱟᱵᱩᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Adai language|ᱟᱫᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aewa language|ᱟᱭᱮᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Aikanã language|ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Alsea language|ᱟᱞᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andaqui language|ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱠᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Andoque language|ᱟᱱᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Anem language|ᱟᱱᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Arutani language|ᱟᱨᱩᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Suarmin language|ᱟᱥᱟᱵᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atacame language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Atakapa language|ᱟᱛᱟᱠᱟᱯᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bangime language|ᱵᱟᱱᱜᱤᱢᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Basque language|ᱵᱟᱥᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Beothuk language|ᱵᱤᱭᱳᱛᱷᱩᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Berta language|ᱵᱮᱨᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Betoi language|ᱵᱮᱛᱳᱭ-ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bilua language|ᱵᱤᱞᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Bogaya language|ᱵᱳᱜᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burmeso language|ᱵᱩᱨᱢᱮᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Burushaski language|ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱥᱟᱥᱠᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Camsá language|ᱠᱟᱢᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Candoshi-Shapra language|ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱳᱥᱤ-ᱥᱟᱯᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Canichana language|ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱪᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayubaba language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱵᱟᱵᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cayuse language|ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱥ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chimariko language|ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chitimacha language|ᱪᱤᱛᱤᱢᱟᱪᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Chono language|ᱪᱳᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Coahuilteco language|ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱦᱩᱭᱤᱞᱴᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cofán language|ᱠᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Comecrudo language|ᱠᱳᱢᱮᱠᱨᱩᱰᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cotoname language|ᱠᱳᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Cuitlatec language|ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱴᱞᱟᱴᱮᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Culli language|ᱠᱩᱞᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Damal language|ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱞ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dem language|ᱫᱮᱢ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Dibiyaso language|ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Duna language|ᱫᱩᱱᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elamite language|ᱮᱞᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Elseng language|ᱮᱞᱥᱮᱱᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Esselen language|ᱮᱥᱮᱞᱮᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Etruscan language|ᱮᱴᱨᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fasu language|ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fulniô language|ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱱᱤᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Fuyug language|ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱩᱜᱽ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gaagudju language|ᱜᱟᱜᱩᱫᱽᱡᱩ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guachi language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱪᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guaicurian language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱤᱠᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guamo language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱢᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guató language|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Gule language|ᱜᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Guriaso language|ᱜᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hadza language|ᱦᱟᱫᱽᱡᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hattic language|ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hoti language|ᱦᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Hruso language|ᱦᱨᱩᱥᱳ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Iberian language|ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Irantxe-Munku" | [[Irántxe language|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱛᱥᱮ-ᱢᱩᱱᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Itonama language|ᱤᱛᱳᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jalaa language|ᱡᱟᱞᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Jirajaran language|ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kaki Ae language|ᱠᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kanoê language|ᱠᱟᱱᱳᱭᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kapori language|ᱠᱟᱯᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karami language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karankawa language|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kariri languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Karok language|ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kehu language|ᱠᱮᱦᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kenaboi language|ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱵᱳᱭ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kibiri language|ᱠᱤᱵᱤᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kimki language|ᱠᱤᱢᱠᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Klamath-Modoc language|ᱠᱞᱟᱢᱟᱛᱷ-ᱢᱳᱰᱳᱠ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱠᱳᱞ (ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kujarge language|ᱠᱩᱡᱟᱨᱜᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunama language|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kungarakany language|ᱠᱩᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kunza language|ᱠᱩᱱᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kuot language|ᱠᱩᱭᱳᱛ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kusunda language|ᱠᱩᱥᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kutenai language|ᱠᱩᱴᱮᱱᱟᱭ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Kwaza language|ᱠᱣᱟᱡᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laal language|ᱞᱟᱞ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lafofa language|ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱳᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Laragia language|ᱞᱟᱨᱟᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lavukaleve language|ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱩᱠᱟᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Leco language|ᱞᱮᱠᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Lule language|ᱞᱩᱞᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Maku" | [[Jukude language|ᱢᱟᱠᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maratino language|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱛᱤᱱᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Morori language|ᱢᱟᱨᱳᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Massep language|ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Matanawí language|ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱱᱟᱣᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mato Grosso Arára language|ᱢᱟᱴᱳ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱳ ᱟᱨᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mawes language|ᱢᱟᱣᱮᱥ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Maybrat language|ᱢᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱟᱛ-ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱱ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Meroitic language|ᱢᱮᱨᱳᱭᱤᱴᱤᱠ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mimi-Gaudefroy language|ᱢᱤᱢᱤ-ᱜᱳᱰᱮᱯᱷᱨᱳᱭ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Minkin language|ᱢᱤᱱᱠᱤᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mochica language|ᱢᱳᱪᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molale language|ᱢᱳᱞᱟᱞᱮ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Molof language|ᱢᱳᱞᱳᱯᱷ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mor language (Bomberai Peninsula)|ᱢᱳᱨ (ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟ)]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mosetén-Chimané language|ᱢᱳᱥᱮᱴᱮᱱ-ᱪᱤᱢᱟᱱᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Movima language|ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mpur language|ᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Muniche language|ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Mure language|ᱢᱩᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nara language|ᱱᱟᱨᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Natchez language|ᱱᱟᱴᱪᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Nihali language|ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱞᱤ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Odiai language|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Omurano language|ᱳᱢᱩᱨᱟᱱᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ongota language|ᱳᱱᱜᱳᱴᱟ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oti language|ᱳᱴᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport language|ᱳᱭᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ-ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱥᱣᱟᱱᱯᱳᱨᱴ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Paez" | [[Páez language|ᱯᱟᱭᱮᱡᱽ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pankararú language|ᱯᱟᱱᱠᱟᱨᱟᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Papi language|ᱯᱟᱯᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pawaia language|ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱭᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Payagua language|ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pele-Ata language|ᱯᱮᱞᱮ-ᱟᱴᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pirahã language|ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱦᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puelche language|ᱯᱩᱭᱮᱞᱪᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puinave language|ᱯᱩᱭᱤᱱᱟᱵᱷᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pumé language|ᱯᱩᱢᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Puquina language|ᱯᱩᱠᱩᱭᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Purari language|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Pyu language (Papua New Guinea)|ᱯᱩᱭᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Ramanos language|ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱳᱥ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Salinan language|ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sandawe language|ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱟᱣᱮ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sapé language|ᱥᱟᱯᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sause language|ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱥᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Savosavo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳᱥᱟᱵᱷᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sechuran language|ᱥᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Seri language|ᱥᱮᱨᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shabo language|ᱥᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Shom Peng language|ᱥᱳᱢ ᱯᱮᱝ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siamou language|ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢᱳᱩ]] || ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Siuslaw language|ᱥᱤᱣᱩᱥᱞᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sulka language|ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumerian language|ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] || ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tabo language|ᱛᱟᱵᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taiap language|ᱛᱟᱭᱟᱯ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Takelma language|ᱛᱟᱠᱮᱞᱢᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tallán language|ᱛᱟᱞᱞᱟᱱ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tambora language|ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Sumeri language|ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱦᱢᱮᱨᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taruma language|ᱛᱟᱨᱩᱢᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tauade language|ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱰᱮ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Taushiro language|ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱨᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timote-Cuica language|ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱛᱮ-ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Timucua language|ᱛᱤᱢᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tinigua language|ᱛᱤᱱᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tiwi language|ᱛᱤᱣᱤ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tonkawa language|ᱛᱳᱱᱠᱟᱣᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Touo language|ᱛᱳᱣᱳ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Trumai language|ᱛᱨᱩᱢᱟᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tunica language|ᱛᱩᱱᱤᱠᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Tuxá language|ᱛᱩᱠᱥᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Umbugarla language|ᱩᱢᱵᱩᱜᱟᱨᱞᱟ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Urarina language|ᱩᱨᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Usku language|ᱩᱥᱠᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Vilela language|ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱞᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wadjiginy language|ᱣᱟᱡᱤᱜᱤᱱᱭ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wageman language|ᱣᱟᱜᱮᱢᱟᱱ]] || ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Waorani language|ᱣᱟᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Warao language|ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱳ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Washo language|ᱣᱟᱥᱳ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Wiru language|ᱣᱤᱨᱩ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Xukurú language|ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱩ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yale language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yale )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- |data-sort-value="Yamana" | [[Yámana language|ᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yana language|ᱭᱟᱱᱟ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yele language|ᱭᱮᱞᱮ ( Yele )]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yerakai language|ᱭᱮᱨᱟᱠᱟᱭ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yetfa language|ᱭᱮᱛᱯᱷᱟ]] || ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuchi language|ᱭᱩᱪᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yuracaré language|ᱭᱩᱨᱟᱠᱟᱨᱮ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Yurumanguí language|ᱭᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱱᱜᱩᱭ]] || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |- | [[Zuni language|ᱡᱩᱱᱤ]] || ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ || ᱑ |} [[:en:Creoles|ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱳᱞ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ [[:en:Lexicon|ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱦᱮᱡᱼᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ''ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ'' ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ [[:en:non-genealogical|ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/glottologinformation|title=Glottolog: About Languoids|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> * [[:en:Pidgin|ᱯᱤᱡᱤᱱ]] (᱘᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) * [[:en:Mixed_language|ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] (᱙) * [[:en:Artificial_language|ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] (᱓᱑) * [[:en:Register_(sociolinguistics)|ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱕) * [[:en:Sign_language|ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] (᱒᱒᱓)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sign1238|title=Pseudo Family: Sign Language|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> * [[:en:Unclassified_language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] (᱑᱒᱑) * [[:en:Attested_language|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚ]] (᱖᱘) * [[:en:Bookkeeping|ᱵᱩᱠ-ᱠᱤᱯᱤᱝ]]: ᱮᱲᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ISO ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱓᱙᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/book1242|title=Glottolog Family: Bookkeeping|website=glottolog.org|access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref> == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{NoteFoot}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikidata property|P1394}} * {{Official|https://glottolog.org/}} {{Cross-Linguistic Linked Data}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱱᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ|*]] [[Category:ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱰᱮᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Cross-Linguistic Linked Data]] cxw5n9v5ahwapno0ipr0t4k6sxktoic 0 35698 191045 190987 2026-04-23T16:24:51Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}} {{Infobox book | image = Lost in Living (Book Cover).jpg | name = ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ | title_orig = {{lang|uk|Втрачаючи, жити}} | author = ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ | translator = ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ<br />ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ | country = [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | language = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] (ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) | genre = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ | publisher = ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ | pub_date = ᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | pages = | isbn = 979-8-9865715-7-7 }} '''''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[:en:Halyna_Kruk|ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lost in Living {{!}} WSU Press {{!}} Washington State University |url=https://wsupress.wsu.edu/product/lost-in-living/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=wsupress.wsu.edu}}</ref> == ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ, ''[[:en:PEN_America|ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ''ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' (PEN Award for Poetry in Translation) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ (finalists) ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜᱼᱮ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Iryna |first=Savyuk |date=9 August 2024 |title=The War & The Self in All Their Iterations: A Review of Halyna Kruk’s Lost in Living |url=https://chytomo.com/en/the-war-the-self-in-all-their-iterations-a-review-of-halyna-kruk-s-lost-in-living/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱢᱯᱚᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ (Lost Horse Press Contemporary Poetry Series) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=lpierson3@ku.edu |first=Logan Pierson {{!}} |date=19 November 2024 |title=Ukrainian poet uplifts the power of poetry during the Russia-Ukraine war |url=https://www.kansan.com/arts_and_culture/ukrainian-poet-uplifts-the-power-of-poetry-during-the-russia-ukraine-war/article_89a8b2fe-a6bb-11ef-b51a-03251a6623fb.html |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=The University Daily Kansan |language=en}}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱚ == * ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ, ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ''ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=PEN Award / Newman Prize / Poet Inspired Walk – Poetry News Roundup April 11th > My poetic side |url=https://mypoeticside.com/news/poetry-news-roundup-april-11th-3 |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=mypoeticside.com}}</ref> * ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ([[:en:PEN_America|PEN America]] Literary Awards) (ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴᱮᱰ (Longlisted), ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱴᱚᱢᱚ'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto"/> * ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱞᱮᱢᱯᱤ (CLMP) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣᱟᱜ (ALTA) ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (National Translation Award in Poetry) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱰᱨᱟᱦᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (Drahomán Prize) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ (ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ) ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[Category:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ]] {{poetry-collection-stub}} t9gdhpp3nit354bck4sqqx0k8v5u9y3 191046 191045 2026-04-23T16:25:21Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}} {{Infobox book | image = Lost in Living (Book Cover).jpg | name = ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ | title_orig = {{lang|uk|Втрачаючи, жити}} | author = ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ | translator = ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ<br />ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ | country = [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | language = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] (ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) | genre = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ | publisher = ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ | pub_date = ᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | pages = | isbn = 979-8-9865715-7-7 }} '''''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[:en:Halyna_Kruk|ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lost in Living {{!}} WSU Press {{!}} Washington State University |url=https://wsupress.wsu.edu/product/lost-in-living/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=wsupress.wsu.edu}}</ref> == ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ, ''[[:en:PEN_America|ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ''ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜᱼᱮ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Iryna |first=Savyuk |date=9 August 2024 |title=The War & The Self in All Their Iterations: A Review of Halyna Kruk’s Lost in Living |url=https://chytomo.com/en/the-war-the-self-in-all-their-iterations-a-review-of-halyna-kruk-s-lost-in-living/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱢᱯᱚᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=lpierson3@ku.edu |first=Logan Pierson {{!}} |date=19 November 2024 |title=Ukrainian poet uplifts the power of poetry during the Russia-Ukraine war |url=https://www.kansan.com/arts_and_culture/ukrainian-poet-uplifts-the-power-of-poetry-during-the-russia-ukraine-war/article_89a8b2fe-a6bb-11ef-b51a-03251a6623fb.html |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=The University Daily Kansan |language=en}}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱚ == * ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ, ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ''ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=PEN Award / Newman Prize / Poet Inspired Walk – Poetry News Roundup April 11th > My poetic side |url=https://mypoeticside.com/news/poetry-news-roundup-april-11th-3 |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=mypoeticside.com}}</ref> * ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ([[:en:PEN_America|PEN America]] Literary Awards) (ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴᱮᱰ (Longlisted), ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱴᱚᱢᱚ'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto"/> * ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱞᱮᱢᱯᱤ (CLMP) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣᱟᱜ (ALTA) ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (National Translation Award in Poetry) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱰᱨᱟᱦᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (Drahomán Prize) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ (ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ) ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[Category:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ]] {{poetry-collection-stub}} o82znmuqoo7wy9brfbl7ugosuca2yxx 191047 191046 2026-04-23T16:26:19Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}} {{Infobox book | image = Lost in Living (Book Cover).jpg | name = ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ | title_orig = {{lang|uk|Втрачаючи, жити}} | author = ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ | translator = ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ<br />ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ | country = [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | language = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] (ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) | genre = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ | publisher = ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ | pub_date = ᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | pages = | isbn = 979-8-9865715-7-7 }} '''''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[:en:Halyna_Kruk|ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lost in Living {{!}} WSU Press {{!}} Washington State University |url=https://wsupress.wsu.edu/product/lost-in-living/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=wsupress.wsu.edu}}</ref> == ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ, ''[[:en:PEN_America|ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ''ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜᱼᱮ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Iryna |first=Savyuk |date=9 August 2024 |title=The War & The Self in All Their Iterations: A Review of Halyna Kruk’s Lost in Living |url=https://chytomo.com/en/the-war-the-self-in-all-their-iterations-a-review-of-halyna-kruk-s-lost-in-living/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱢᱯᱚᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=lpierson3@ku.edu |first=Logan Pierson {{!}} |date=19 November 2024 |title=Ukrainian poet uplifts the power of poetry during the Russia-Ukraine war |url=https://www.kansan.com/arts_and_culture/ukrainian-poet-uplifts-the-power-of-poetry-during-the-russia-ukraine-war/article_89a8b2fe-a6bb-11ef-b51a-03251a6623fb.html |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=The University Daily Kansan |language=en}}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱚ == * ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ, ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ''ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=PEN Award / Newman Prize / Poet Inspired Walk – Poetry News Roundup April 11th > My poetic side |url=https://mypoeticside.com/news/poetry-news-roundup-april-11th-3 |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=mypoeticside.com}}</ref> * ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴᱮᱰ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱴᱚᱢᱚ'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto"/> * ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱞᱮᱢᱯᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱰᱨᱟᱦᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ (ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ) ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[Category:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ]] {{poetry-collection-stub}} i2blk2q952fzmu63774olnn19q4fbtl 191048 191047 2026-04-23T16:34:12Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}} {{Infobox book | image = Lost in Living (Book Cover).jpg | name = ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ | title_orig = {{lang|uk|Втрачаючи, жити}} | author = ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ | translator = ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ<br />ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ | country = [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | language = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] (ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) | genre = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ | publisher = ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ | pub_date = ᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | pages = | isbn = 979-8-9865715-7-7 }} '''''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[:en:Halyna_Kruk|ᱦᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱠ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lost in Living {{!}} WSU Press {{!}} Washington State University |url=https://wsupress.wsu.edu/product/lost-in-living/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=wsupress.wsu.edu}}</ref> == ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ, ''[[:en:PEN_America|ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ''ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜᱼᱮ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Iryna |first=Savyuk |date=9 August 2024 |title=The War & The Self in All Their Iterations: A Review of Halyna Kruk’s Lost in Living |url=https://chytomo.com/en/the-war-the-self-in-all-their-iterations-a-review-of-halyna-kruk-s-lost-in-living/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱢᱯᱚᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=lpierson3@ku.edu |first=Logan Pierson {{!}} |date=19 November 2024 |title=Ukrainian poet uplifts the power of poetry during the Russia-Ukraine war |url=https://www.kansan.com/arts_and_culture/ukrainian-poet-uplifts-the-power-of-poetry-during-the-russia-ukraine-war/article_89a8b2fe-a6bb-11ef-b51a-03251a6623fb.html |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=The University Daily Kansan |language=en}}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱚ == * ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ, ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ''ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=PEN Award / Newman Prize / Poet Inspired Walk – Poetry News Roundup April 11th > My poetic side |url=https://mypoeticside.com/news/poetry-news-roundup-april-11th-3 |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=mypoeticside.com}}</ref> * ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴᱮᱰ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱴᱚᱢᱚ'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto"/> * ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱞᱮᱢᱯᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱰᱨᱟᱦᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱝᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ (ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱨᱞᱳᱥᱠᱤ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ) ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[Category:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ]] {{poetry-collection-stub}} sia8jd1jg2sy83pbzayj7pdkwxhy9b5 0 35714 191049 2026-04-23T16:36:58Z MT731 2184 "{{short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} {{Infobox cricketer | name = ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ | image = Jagrit-Anand-Cricketer.jpg | caption = ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|7|15|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | batting = | bowling = | role = | source = http://www.e..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} {{Infobox cricketer | name = ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ | image = Jagrit-Anand-Cricketer.jpg | caption = ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|7|15|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | batting = | bowling = | role = | source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/376245.html ESPNcricinfo | date = ᱗ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ }} '''ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱕ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱘᱙) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱫᱚᱞ|ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱣᱤᱴᱤ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/376245.html|title=Jagrit Anand|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref> ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱔-᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤᱴ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ (ᱰᱤᱰᱤᱥᱤᱮ) ᱭᱩ-᱑᱗ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱢᱟᱨᱪᱮᱸᱴ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱔-᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱕-᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱰᱤᱥᱤᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱕-᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ([[ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱠᱳᱦᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾ ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱰᱚᱨᱱ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱭᱤᱯᱤᱮᱥᱥᱤ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040417/ncr3.htm|title=Modern School beat Salwan in Turf Cricket|work=Tribune India}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱱᱥᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ, [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ-ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱟᱭᱰᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱨᱤᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱠᱟᱱᱚᱱ (ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱚᱪ) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/buchanan-on-talent-hunt-campaign-550848.html|title=Buchanan on talent hunt campaign|date=30 August 2008|work=News 18}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱱᱟᱭᱰᱩ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮ. ᱟᱱᱰᱚᱨ-᱒᱒ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱚᱬᱡᱤ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱘ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱒ ᱣᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/newcomer-anand-keeps-delhi-on-winning-track/story-i8Xs0hZKklB3OxqqTl7DeI.html|title=Newcomer Anand keeps Delhi on winning track|date=29 February 2012|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱒-᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮ. ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/unmukt-chand-hits-century-delhi-win-vijay-hazare-trophy/20130303.htm|title=Vijay Hazare Trophy|work=Rediff Cricket News}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱘ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱢᱩᱠᱛ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱑᱑᱕ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱒-᱑᱓<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/series/england-in-india-practice-matches-2012-2164/live-scores/delhi-daredevils-vs-england-xi-practice-match-11709-full-scorecard.html|title=Delhi Vs England XI Live Cricket Score - Practice match - Full Scorecard|date=8 January 2013|website=Cricket Country}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱓-᱑᱔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2164/england-in-india-practice-matches-2012/teams/81/delhi/squads|title=England in India Practice Matches 2012|website=Cricbuzz|access-date=23 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040540/http://www2.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2164/england-in-india-practice-matches-2012/teams/81/delhi/squads|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱱᱟᱭᱰᱩ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮ. ᱟᱱᱰᱚᱨ-᱒᱕ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-england-2012/shikhar-dhawan-milind-kumar-power-delhi-to-fantastic-win-over-england-xi-1542854|title=Shikhar Dhawan, Milind Kumar star as Delhi hand England XI another loss|date=8 January 2013|work=NDTV Sports}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱕ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱴ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khelnama.com/130926/cricket/news/emerging-fast-bowlers-who-are-eyeing-spot-indian-team/12798|title=Emerging Fast bowler|date=26 September 2013|website=Khelnama|access-date=23 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043654/http://www.khelnama.com/130926/cricket/news/emerging-fast-bowlers-who-are-eyeing-spot-indian-team/12798|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱭᱤᱱ ᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱟᱣᱞᱟ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hycricket.org/a-m_u_d_13.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124083055/http://www.hycricket.org/a-m_u_d_13.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2013|title=MOIN-UD-DOWLA GOLD CUP TOURNAMENT|date=2013|website=Hyderabad Cricket}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱟᱛᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮ. ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴᱥ ᱤᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮᱱ<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120921/cth2.htm|title=JP ATRAY MEMORIAL CRICKET TOURNAMENT|work=Tribune India}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱱᱡᱚᱨ ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱷᱤ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/challenger-trophy-2013-14/content/squad/673867.html|title=Challenger Trophy Squad|date=2013|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱠᱳᱦᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱯᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱯ-ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱮᱛᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱪᱮᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Jagrit-Anand-In-Action.jpg|left|thumb]] ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱭᱩ.ᱮ.ᱤ. ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/sports/cricket/anand-powers-interface-transworld-to-impressive-win-2010-08-28-1.284630|title=Anand powers Interface Transworld to impressive win|date=28 August 2010}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱟᱦ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/sport/cricket/yogi-group-win-sharjah-ramadan-tournament|title=Sharjah Ramadan Tournament|date=13 September 2010|work=Khaleej Times}}</ref> ᱨᱮ ᱯᱞᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱤ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱞᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱩᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱥᱴᱟᱨ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.superstarst20.com/season1/superstars-t20-team-details.php?teamid=13|title=Superstars T20|website=Superstars T20}}</ref> ᱴᱤ ᱒᱐ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20140428/ARTICLE/304289894/1050|title=SuperStars T20 Tournament|date=28 April 2014|work=Khaleej Times|access-date=23 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032544/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20140428/ARTICLE/304289894/1050|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱰᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱤ ᱴᱩ ᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱟᱯ ᱴᱩᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cricketingnepal.com/articles/559/nepal-lose-journey-to-world-cup|title=World Cup Tournament in Nepal|date=7 December 2013|access-date=21 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033635/http://www.cricketingnepal.com/articles/559/nepal-lose-journey-to-world-cup|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱞᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ== ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumcricketleague.com/home/ShowPlayer.aspx?pid=8038|title=Millennium Cricket League|date=19 July 2017|website=Millennium Cricket League}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱞᱟᱵᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮᱱ.ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumcricketleague.com/home/ShowTeam.aspx?tid=7|title=Millennium Cricket League|website=Millennium Cricket League}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱟᱱᱥ ᱥᱤᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wclinc.com/wclinc/viewPlayer.do?playerId=579570&clubId=670|title=Washington Cricket league|website=Washington Cricket league}}</ref> ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮᱱ.ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤ-᱒᱐ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱳᱞᱢᱰᱮᱞ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱴᱥᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱵᱷᱤᱝ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱨᱥᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱥ, ᱦᱚᱞᱢᱰᱮᱞ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱞᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱵᱷᱤᱝ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱞᱟᱵᱽ ᱪᱮᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ, ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] 3htf0fjej1mxhsaped1keqgfr2fn1nu 10 35715 191050 2026-04-23T16:38:39Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ |parent=Syzygieae |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ |parent=Syzygieae |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} dvilxxuw4ivug0v140xkt24e74biksp 10 35716 191051 2026-04-23T16:39:53Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=tribus |link=ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Myrtoideae |refs= }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=tribus |link=ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Myrtoideae |refs= }} 3rhfjlbyouc1yvpljb93tqf5wnphkb4 10 35717 191052 2026-04-23T16:42:15Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subfamilia |link=ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱴᱚᱭᱰᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Myrtaceae |extinct= |refs=[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?2423 USDA GRIN Taxonomy: Myrtoideae] }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191052 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subfamilia |link=ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱴᱚᱭᱰᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Myrtaceae |extinct= |refs=[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?2423 USDA GRIN Taxonomy: Myrtoideae] }} heirqzlw22ni2t63h8io079shg028ck 10 35718 191053 2026-04-23T16:51:49Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=familia |link=ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱴᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Myrtales |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://on..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191053 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=familia |link=ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱴᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Myrtales |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}} }} 0szkxoohde9mx77eb12ji3licej7n0m 10 35719 191059 2026-04-23T23:59:42Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱥᱤᱱᱚᱢᱳᱢᱩᱢ |parent=Lauraceae |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱥᱤᱱᱚᱢᱳᱢᱩᱢ |parent=Lauraceae |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} 8cq12jd3eezx2knv033knp9tu5r3wan 10 35720 191060 2026-04-24T00:01:01Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=familia |link=ᱞᱚᱣᱨᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Laurales |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.1..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=familia |link=ᱞᱚᱣᱨᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Laurales |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}} }} 30ettd1g4se6739tvhai4rxb67c4gfn 10 35721 191061 2026-04-24T00:02:02Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=ordo |link=ᱞᱚᱣᱨᱟᱞᱥ |parent=Magnoliids |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=ordo |link=ᱞᱚᱣᱨᱟᱞᱥ |parent=Magnoliids |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}} }} pqkr2dizdljeo9x0quphke41bowek71 10 35722 191062 2026-04-24T00:03:53Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Sister project | position = {{{position|}}} | project = species | text = [[Wikispecies]] has information related to '''''[[Wikispecies:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]'''''. }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add cats and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude>" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sister project | position = {{{position|}}} | project = species | text = [[Wikispecies]] has information related to '''''[[Wikispecies:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]'''''. }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add cats and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 7jjq57jj6p6sdfh1aqn3dn8v75merpm 191063 191062 2026-04-24T00:07:46Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 191063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sister project | position = {{{position|}}} | project = species | text = [[ᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥᱠᱚ]] has information related to '''''[[Wikispecies:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]'''''. }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add cats and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 8tmuq2y7e75tizglw5yvoi68pminbak 10 35723 191067 2026-04-24T00:58:19Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱤᱥ |parent=Felinae |refs={{Catalogue of Life|id=4JQ8|title=''Felis''|access-date=2 November 2024}} }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱤᱥ |parent=Felinae |refs={{Catalogue of Life|id=4JQ8|title=''Felis''|access-date=2 November 2024}} }} 2ue0tfkmdmcowf4fhl8yynfpbdmxgsr 10 35724 191068 2026-04-24T00:59:15Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|col|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude>" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191068 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|col|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> k8gxcreh1dy0xd3gu3aoy4u267beqhn 828 35725 191069 2026-04-24T01:00:43Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "require('strict') local p = {} local data = {} local templateArgs = {} -- contains arguments passed to cite web local target = {} -- short cut to target table, e.g. fishbase, cof, etc local function firstToUpper(str) return (str:gsub("^%l", string.upper)) end -- define citation template and custom parameters for various sources --####################### Default functions ########################## data...." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191069 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local data = {} local templateArgs = {} -- contains arguments passed to cite web local target = {} -- short cut to target table, e.g. fishbase, cof, etc local function firstToUpper(str) return (str:gsub("^%l", string.upper)) end -- define citation template and custom parameters for various sources --####################### Default functions ########################## data.default = {} -- currently being tested on Avibase, but Fossilworks, Tropicos, FNA and a few others are candidates data.default.id = function (id, source) local title = id local url = source.customArgs['baseURL'] .. (source.customArgs['searchStr'] or "") .. id return title, url end data.default.error = function() return "Minimal requirement is two of id, url and title parameters" end data.default.search = function (search, source) local title = "Search for " .. search local url = source.customArgs['baseURL'] .. source.customArgs['searchString'] .. search .. source.customArgs['searchSuffix'] return title, url end --[[ handling for ID only (unused, original concept) p.genericIdCitation = function(frame, title, url) if not templateArgs['id'] then return "no id parameter detected" end templateArgs['url']= target.CustomArgs['baseURL'] .. target.CustomArgs['searchStr'] .. templateArgs['id'] return p.citeWeb(frame, title, url) end]] --####################### FISH ##################################### --======================== Fishbase ================================= data.fishbase = { citationArgs = { ['editor1-last']="Froese", ['editor1-first']="Rainer", ['editor1-link']="Rainer Froese", ['editor2-last']="Pauly", ['editor2-first']="Daniel", ['editor2-link']="Daniel Pauly", --['last-author-amp'] ="yes", ['website'] = "[[FishBase]]", --['publisher'] = "" }, customArgs = { exclude= "order, family,genus, species, subspecies, 1, 2, 3, 4, month", baseURL = "http://www.fishbase.org/", defaultTitle = "Search FishBase" }, } data.fishbase.species = function(genus, species, subspecies) data.fishbase.version() local title = genus .. " " .. species local url = data.fishbase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=" .. genus .. "&speciesname=" .. species if subspecies then url = url .. "+" .. subspecies title = title .. " " .. subspecies end title = "''" .. title .. "''" return title, url end data.fishbase.genus = function(genus) data.fishbase.version() local title = "Species in genus ''" .. firstToUpper(genus) .. "''" local url = data.fishbase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=" .. genus return title, url end data.fishbase.order = function(order) data.fishbase.version() local title = "Order " .. firstToUpper(order) local url = data.fishbase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "summary/OrdersSummary.php?order=" .. order return title, url end data.fishbase.family = function(family) -- family names no longer redirecting -- must use code https://www.fishbase.org/summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=412 local families = { { "Acanthuridae", 412 }, { "Percidae", 306 } } local familyID = 0 for k,v in pairs(families) do if v[1] == family then familyID = v[2] end end data.fishbase.version() local title = "Family " .. firstToUpper(family) local url = data.fishbase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "summary/FamilySummary.php?family=" .. family --local url = data.fishbase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=" .. familyID return title, url end data.fishbase.error = function() return "No recognised taxon options: order, family, genus, species, subspecies." end data.fishbase.version = function() local defaultDate = false if defaultDate then -- default month and year as original template (now not used) local month = templateArgs['month'] or "April" -- default month local year = templateArgs['year'] or "2006" -- default year --if isnumber(tostring(month))) templateArgs['version'] = month .. " " .. year .. " version" templateArgs['year'] =year -- old template gave redundant version and year else --But defaulting the date to April 2006 invites errors and isn't helpful local month = templateArgs['month'] -- no default month local year = templateArgs['year'] if month and year then if tonumber(month) then local months = { "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December" } month = months[tonumber(month)] -- convert digital month to month name end templateArgs['version'] = month .. " " .. year .. " version" -- set version if month and year provided templateArgs['year'] = nil -- don't use year as well as version templateArgs['month'] = nil end end end --[[ ================================ Catalog of Fishes ================================================ Note: sequence of authors changed in Sept 2018, 4 Sept 2018: Eschmeyer, W. N. and R. Fricke, and R. van der Laan (eds). CATALOG OF FISHES: GENERA, SPECIES, REFERENCES. (http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp). Electronic version accessed dd mmm 2018. [This version was edited by Bill Eschmeyer.] 26 Sept 2018: Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & R. van der Laan (eds) 2018. CATALOG OF FISHES: GENERA, SPECIES, REFERENCES. (http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp). Electronic version accessed dd mmm 2018. --]] data.cof = { citationArgs = { --baseURL = "http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?", ['editor2-last']="Eschmeyer", ['editor2-first']="William N.", ['editor2-link']="William N. Eschmeyer", ['editor1-last']="Fricke", ['editor1-first']="Ron", ['editor3-last']="van der Laan", ['editor3-first']="Richard", ['name-list-style'] ="amp", ['website'] = "[[Catalog of Fishes]]", ['publisher'] = "[[California Academy of Sciences]]" }, customArgs = { exclude= "family,genus,species,genid,spid,id,list,1,2,3", baseURL = "http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?", defaultTitle = "CAS - Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes" } } data.cof.species = function(genus, species, subspecies) data.cof.checkDate() local taxon = genus .. " " .. species local url = data.cof.customArgs['baseURL'] .. 'tbl=species&genus=' .. genus .. '&species=' .. species local title = "Species related to " .. "''" .. firstToUpper(taxon) .. "''" -- .. "" species synonyms" return title, url end data.cof.genus = function(genus) data.cof.checkDate() local url = data.cof.customArgs['baseURL'] .. 'tbl=species&genus=' .. genus local title = "Species in the genus ''" .. firstToUpper(genus) .. "''" return title, url end -- note the family works with subfamilies using &family=SUBFAMILY data.cof.family = function(family) data.cof.checkDate() local list = templateArgs['list'] or "genus" local url = data.cof.customArgs['baseURL'] .. 'tbl=' .. list .. '&family=' .. family local title = "Species" if list == "genus" then title = "Genera" end title = title .. ' in the family ' .. firstToUpper(family) return title, url end data.cof.genid = function(genid) data.cof.checkDate() local searchStr = "genid" .. '=' .. genid local title = searchStr local url = data.cof.customArgs['baseURL'] .. searchStr return title, url end data.cof.spid = function(spid) data.cof.checkDate() local searchStr = "spid" .. '=' .. spid local title = searchStr local url = data.cof.customArgs['baseURL'] .. searchStr return title, url end data.cof.checkDate = function () local accessDate = templateArgs['access-date'] or templateArgs['accessdate'] local Date = require('Module:Date')._Date local date = Date(accessDate) if date and date < Date('5 September 2018') then -- switch author order for accessdates before 5 Sept 2018 data.cof.citationArgs['editor1-last']="Eschmeyer" data.cof.citationArgs['editor1-first']="William N." data.cof.citationArgs['editor1-link']="William N. Eschmeyer" data.cof.citationArgs['editor2-last']="Fricke" data.cof.citationArgs['editor2-first']="Ron" data.cof.citationArgs['editor2-link']=nil end end data.cof.error = function() return "Error. No recognised option set by template (need one of family, genus, species (also requires genus), spid, or genid" end --======================Fishes of the World 5=============================== data.fotw5 = { citeTemplate = "Cite book", citationArgs = { --['website'] = "[[]]", first1 = "Joseph S.", last1 = "Nelson", first2="Terry C.", last2="Grande", first3="Mark V. H.", last3="Wilson", --work = "Fishes of the World (work)", title = "Fishes of the World", edition="5th", year = 2016, publisher ="John Wiley and Sons", location="Hoboken", isbn = "978-1-118-34233-6", doi="10.1002/9781119174844" , }, customArgs = {exclude="gb-page,q,dq,1", baseURL = "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119174844", -- online library defaultTitle = "Fishes of the World", altTitle = "[[Fishes of the World]]", -- wikilinked for when using chapter/section title altURL = "https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/", -- classification }, GoogleBooks = { baseURL = "https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=", id = "E-MLDAAAQBAJ", defaultPage = "&pg=PP1" } } data.fotw5.default2 = function(targs) local title = data.fotw5.citationArgs['work'] local url = data.fotw5.customArgs['baseURL'] local chapterParams = { title = title, ['chapter-url']= data.fotw5.customArgs['googleBooks'] } --return title, url, chapterParams end data.BentonVP4 = { citeTemplate = "Cite book", citationArgs = { first1 = "Michael J.", last1 = "Benton", title = "Vertebrate Palaeontology", edition="4th", year = 2014, publisher ="John Wiley & Sons", isbn = "978-1-118-40764-6", }, customArgs = {exclude="gb-page,q,dq,1", --baseURL = "", defaultTitle = "Vertebrate Palaeontology", altTitle = "[[Vertebrate Palaeontology]]" -- wikilinked for when using chapter/section title }, GoogleBooks = { baseURL = "https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=", id = "qak-BAAAQBAJ", defaultPage = "&pg=PP1", } } --====================TODO FishWisePro================================================== data.fishwisepro = { citationArgs = { ['website'] = "[[FishWisePro]]", }, customArgs = {exclude="family,genus,species,1", baseURL = "" } } -- #################### AMPHIBIA and REPTILES ############################### -- ================= Amphibian Species of the World (ASW6) --[[Recommended citation: Frost, Darrel R. 2019. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. URL for family page: http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Allophrynidae baseURL = http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/ suffix = Amphibia/Anura/Allophrynidae note: needs the whole hierarchy (except the superfamily which is optional) Template for main taxonomic listing: {{BioRef|ASW6 |title=Amphibia |year=2019 |url=http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html |access-date=27 September 2019}} SEARCH http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/amphib/basic_search?basic_query=Atelopus&stree=&stree_id= searchSuffix = amphib/basic_search?basic_query=Atelopus&stree=&stree_id= SEARCH http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/content/search?taxon=Allophryn*&subtree=&subtree_id=&english_name=&author=&year=&country= searchSuffix = /content/search?taxon=Allophryn*&subtree=&subtree_id=&english_name=&author=&year=&country= minimul = /content/search?taxon=Allophryn*&subtree ]] data.ASW6 ={ citationArgs = { website ="Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference.", version = "Version 6.0", publisher = "American Museum of Natural History, New York", ['last1']="Frost", ['first1']="Darrel R.", ['author1-link']="Darrel R. Frost", }, customArgs = { exclude = "taxon,species,genus,family, superfamily,1,2,3", baseURL = "http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/", defaultSuffix = "index.html", defaultTitle = "ASW Home" } } data.ASW6.species = function(genus, species, subspecies) -- search for genus+species () local title = "Search for taxon: " .. "''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''" --local search = ""?action=names&taxon="" -- old version (pre ASW6) --local search = "amphib/basic_search?basic_query=" -- basic search local search = "content/search?taxon=" -- guided search for taxon name local url = data.ASW6.customArgs['baseURL'] .. search -- .. genus .. '+AND+' .. species .. '&quot;' .. genus .. '+' .. species .. '&quot;' return title, url end data.ASW6.genus = function(genus) return data.ASW6.taxon(genus) -- use genus as alias of taxon end data.ASW6.taxon = function(taxon) local title = "Search for Taxon: " .. taxon local url= data.ASW6.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "content/search?taxon=" .. taxon return title, url end data.ASW6.family = function(family) local order = data.ASW6.checkOrder(family) local url= data.ASW6.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "Amphibia/" .. order .. "/" .. firstToUpper(family) local title = firstToUpper(family) return title, url end data.ASW6.checkOrder = function(family) local gymnophiona={ "Caeciliidae", "Chikilidae", "Dermophiidae", "Herpelidae", "Ichthyophiidae", "Grandisoniidae", "Indotyphlidae", "Rhinatrematidae", "Scolecomorphidae", "Siphonopidae", "Typhlonectidae" } local caudata = { "Ambystomatidae", "Amphiumidae", "Cryptobranchidae", "Hynobiidae", "Plethodontidae", "Proteidae", "Rhyacotritonidae", "Salamandridae", "Sirenidae" } for k,v in pairs(caudata) do if v == family then return "Caudata" end end for k,v in pairs(gymnophiona) do if v == family then return "Gymnophiona" end end return "Anura" end --============================= AmphibiaWeb =================================== --[[ Citation: AmphibiaWeb. 2019. <https://amphibiaweb.org> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 27 Sep 2019. Code: {{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=Amphibia |year=2019 |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/taxonomy/AW_FamilyPhylogeny.html |access-date=27 September 2019}} --]] data.amphibiaweb = { citationArgs = { website = "AmphibiaWeb", publisher = "University of California, Berkeley", --['editor1-last']="", ['editor1-first']="", ['editor1-link']="", }, customArgs = { exclude = "taxon,species,genus,family,1,2,3", baseURL = "https://amphibiaweb.org/", defaultSuffix = "taxonomy/AW_FamilyPhylogeny.html", defaultTitle = "AmphibiaWeb Family Taxonomy" } } data.amphibiaweb.species = function (genus, species, subspecies) local title = "''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''" --https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Altiphrynoides&where-species=malcolmi local url = data.amphibiaweb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "cgi/amphib_query?rel-genus=equals&where-genus=" .. genus .. "&rel-species=equals&where-species=" .. species return title, url end data.amphibiaweb.genus = function (genus) local title = "''" .. genus .. "''" --https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Altiphrynoides&where-species=malcolmi local url = data.amphibiaweb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "cgi/amphib_query?rel-genus=equals&where-genus=" .. genus .. "&include_synonymies=Yes&show_photos=Yes" return title, url end data.amphibiaweb.family = function (family) -- if family use standardised url local url = data.amphibiaweb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "lists/" .. firstToUpper(templateArgs['family']) .. ".shtml" local title = templateArgs['family'] return title, url end --=========================== The Reptile Database data.reptileDB = { -- http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Epacrophis&species=boulengeri -- recommended citation: Uetz, P., Freed, P. & Hošek, J. (eds.) (2019) The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed [insert date here] -- newer: Uetz, P., Freed, P, Aguilar, R., Reyes, F., Kudera, J. & Hošek, J. (eds.) (2024) The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed [insert date here citationArgs = { --website="reptile-database.org", website="[[Reptile Database|The Reptile Database]]", ['editor1-last']="Uetz", ['editor1-first']="P.", --['editor1-link']="Peter Uetz", ['editor2-last']="Freed", ['editor2-first']="P.", ['editor3-last']="Hošek", ['editor3-first']="J.", --year=2019, ['display-editors'] = 1 -- shows eds as Uetz et al as number of editors has increased and is date dependent }, customArgs = { exclude = "taxon,species,genus,family,1,2,3", defaultURL = "http://reptile-database.org/", baseURL = "http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/", defaultTitle = "The Reptile Database" } } data.reptileDB.species = function(genus, species) data.reptileDB.getDate() local title = "''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''" --http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Loxocemus&species=bicolor local url = data.reptileDB.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "species?genus=" .. genus .. "&species=" .. species return title, url end data.reptileDB.genus = function(genus) data.reptileDB.getDate() local title = "''" .. genus .. "''" --http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?genus=Malayopython&submit=Search local url = data.reptileDB.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "advanced_search?genus=" .. genus .. "&exact%5B0%5D=taxon&submit=search" return title, url end data.reptileDB.family = function(family) return data.reptileDB.taxon(family) end data.reptileDB.order = function(order) return data.reptileDB.taxon(order) end data.reptileDB.taxon = function(taxon) data.reptileDB.getDate() local title = taxon --http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=Viperidae&exact%5B0%5D=taxon&submit=Search local url = data.reptileDB.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "advanced_search?taxon=" .. taxon .. "&exact%5B0%5D=taxon&submit=search" return title, url end data.reptileDB.getDate = function() if templateArgs['date'] and templateArgs['year'] then templateArgs['access-date'] = templateArgs['date'] .. " " .. templateArgs['year'] templateArgs['date'] = nil templateArgs['year'] = nil end end data.reptileDB.default = function() local url = data.reptileDB.customArgs['defaultURL'] local title = data.reptileDB.customArgs['defaultTitle'] return title, url end --################################### BIRDS ######################################## --====================Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (HBW Alive)============== data.HBWalive = { citationArgs = { website="[[Handbook of the Birds of the World|Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive]]", publisher="Lynx Edicions" }, customArgs = { exclude="order,family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://www.hbw.com/", defaultSuffix = "family/home", defaultTitle = "Family | HBW Alive" } } --############################## HBW ALIVE ######################################### -- family and species entries have mix of common name and taxon name so cannot be prempted; -- must use title + url (which uses default functions in this module) data.HBWalive.order = function(order) local title = "Order " .. firstToUpper(order) --https://www.hbw.com/order/struthioniformes local url = target.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "order/" .. order return title, url end --[[======================IOC World Bird List========================== Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2019. IOC World Bird List (v9.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.9.2. Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.1. ]] data.IOC = { citationArgs = { website="[[IOC World Bird List]]", -- version="Version 9.2", -- shouldn't default; should be hardcode so it doesn't change ['editor1-last']="Gill", ['editor1-first']="Frank", ['editor1-link']="Frank Gill (ornithologist)", ['editor2-last']="Donsker", ['editor2-first']="David", ['editor3-last']="Rasmussen", ['editor3-first']="Pamela C.", ['editor3-link']="Pamela C. Rasmussen", -- only shown from version 10.1 onwards -- doi = "10.14344/IOC.ML.9.2", -- this changes by version number and is not a useful part of the citation -- publisher="International Ornithological Congress" -- relationship confusing, see https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/history/ }, customArgs = { exclude="order,family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://www.worldbirdnames.org/", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "IOC World Bird List: Welcome" }, } data.IOC.version = function() local version = templateArgs['version'] local old = false if version then version = string.gsub( version, "[Vv]ersion ", "") local versionNumber = tonumber(version) if versionNumber < 10.1 then old = true end else local Date = require('Module:Date')._Date if Date(templateArgs['access-date']) < Date('1 January 2020') then old = true end end if old then data.IOC.citationArgs['editor3-last'] = nil data.IOC.citationArgs['editor3-first'] = nil end end data.IOC.order = function(order) data.IOC.version() local IOCorders = {Struthioniformes='ratites',Rheiformes='ratites',Apterygiformes='ratites',Casuariiformes='ratites',Tinamiformes='ratites',Galliformes='megapodes',Anseriformes='waterfowl',Caprimulgiformes='nightjars',Apodiformes='swifts',Musophagiformes='turacos',Otidiformes='turacos',Cuculiformes='turacos',Mesitornithiformes='turacos',Pterocliformes='turacos',Columbiformes='pigeons',Gruiformes='flufftails',Podicipediformes='grebes',Phoenicopteriformes='grebes',Charadriiformes='sandpipers',Eurypygiformes='loons',Phaethontiformes='loons',Gaviiformes='loons',Sphenisciformes='loons',Procellariiformes='loons',Ciconiiformes='storks',Suliformes='storks',Pelecaniformes='pelicans',Opisthocomiformes='raptors',Accipitriformes='raptors',Strigiformes='owls',Coliiformes='mousebirds',Leptosomiformes='mousebirds',Trogoniformes='mousebirds',Bucerotiformes='mousebirds',Coraciiformes='rollers',Piciformes='woodpeckers',Cariamiformes='falcons',Falconiformes='falcons',Psittaciformes='parrots', Passeriformes='nz_wrens'} -- passeriformes link not very useful local title = "Order " .. firstToUpper(order) local url = data.IOC.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "/bow/" .. IOCorders[order] return title, url end data.IOC.family = function(family) data.IOC.version() local IOCfamilies = { Struthionidae = {"ratites", 4}, Alcippeidae = {"babblers", 24989 } } -- temporary partial list for testing local title = "Family " .. firstToUpper(family) --https://www.worldbirdnames.org/Family/Struthionidae local url = data.IOC.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "Family/" .. family -- old version (might be resurrected by IOC) -- https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/babblers/#1338626516R24989 if IOCfamilies[family] then -- test version local partial list url = data.IOC.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "new/bow/" .. IOCfamilies[family][1] .. "/#1338626516R" .. IOCfamilies[family][2] end return title, url end data.IOC.default = function( title, url) data.IOC.version() return title, url end data.BOW = { citationArgs = { website="Birds of the World Online", -- doi = "", -- ['last1']="Winkler", ['first1']="David W.", -- are these always the authors in version 1? no, perhaps for family page -- ['last2']="Billerman", ['first2']="Shawn M.", -- ['last3']="Lovette", ['first3']="Irby J.", -- ['editor1-last']="Billerman", ['editor1-first']="S. M.", --['editor1-link']="", -- ['editor2-last']="Keeney", ['editor2-first']="B. K.", -- ['editor3-last']="Rodewald", ['editor3-first']="P. G.", -- ['editor4-last']="Schulenberg", ['editor4-first']="T. S.", -- ['version'] = 1, ['year'] = 2020, -- may not want to default publisher="[[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]], Ithaca, NY." }, customArgs = { exclude="citation,make,order,family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Explore Taxonomy" }, } -- function not needed of not adding anything else data.BOW.default2 = function( title, url) --data.BOW.citationArgs['version'] = "Version 1" --mw.addWarning("testing BOW.default function") return title, url end -- id works with the default function data.default.id (id, source) data.BOW.id2 = function( id) local url = data.IOC.customArgs['baseURL'] ..id local title = "BOW id=" .. id end --[[ make BOW to parse standard citation, {{BioRef|BOW|citation=CITATION}} vesrion 1 (family): Winkler, D. W., S. M. Billerman, and I.J. Lovette (2020). Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pycnon4.01 version 2 (species): Limparungpatthanakij , W. L., L. Fishpool, and J. Tobias (2020). Buff-vented Bulbul (Iole crypta), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman and B. K. Keeney, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.buvbul1.02 ]] data.BOW.citation = function( value) local citation = templateArgs['citation'] data.BOW.citationArgs['year'] = citation:match ('^%D+(%d%d%d%d)') data.BOW.citationArgs['doi'] = citation:match ('10%.2173/bow%..+') -- https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pycnon4.01 --data.BOW.citationArgs['version'] = citation:match ('version %d%.%d') -- version applies to page, not whole BOW local title = citation:match ('%d%d%d%d%)%.(.*, version %d%.%d)'); -- include version number in title local suffix = citation:match ('10%.2173/bow%.(.+%d?)%.') -- https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pycnon4.01 local version = "/cur/" -- for the current version version = citation:match ('version (%d%.%d)') -- for the cited version local url = data.BOW.customArgs['baseURL'] .. suffix .. '/' .. version .. '/' title = title:gsub( '%((%D+) (%D+)%)' , "(''%1 %2'')") local authors = citation:match ('^(%D+) %(%d%d%d%d%)') if authors then -- split authors with modified code from make cite iucn local list = {} --mw.addWarning ("author string: " .. authors) authors = authors:gsub(", Jr.", "XYZJrX") -- protect author name from splitting on comma authors = authors:gsub(", and ", ", ") -- for 3 or more authors authors = authors:gsub(" and ", ", ") -- for 2 editors list = mw.text.split (authors, ','); -- split the string on the commas into entries in list if #list == 0 then --mw.addWarning ("Zero length author list. Please report example of BOW citation at Cite BOW template talk page."); data.BOW.citationArgs['author'] = authors -- no 'names' of the proper form; return the original as a single |author= parameter else for i, name in ipairs (list) do -- for each author in list --mw.addWarning ("list " .. i .. "=" .. list[i]) if i==1 then --note the first name has last name followed by initials after comma, so takes fill first two parts of the split data.BOW.citationArgs['last1'] = data.BOW.citationArgs['last1'] or name -- don't everwrite supplied name elseif i==2 then data.BOW.citationArgs['first1'] = data.BOW.citationArgs['first1'] or name elseif i > 2 then --mw.addWarning ("name " .. i .. "=" .. name) --data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i-1] = name:match ('%s(%a-)$') --data.BOW.citationArgs['first'..i-1] = name:match ('(.+)%s%a-$') -- regex note: allow for space in names such as del Hoyo -- used supplied parameter if available (used when fixing diacrticis) or parse name or use unparsed name if that fails data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i-1] = data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i-1] or name:match ('%s([%a ]-)$') or name data.BOW.citationArgs['first'..i-1] = data.BOW.citationArgs['first'..i-1] or name:match ('(.-)%s[%a ]-$') --data.BOW.citationArgs['author'..i-1] = nil else -- something has gone wrong (use author) data.BOW.citationArgs['author'..i-1] = name end if i>1 and 1==2 then --mw.addWarning ("last" .. tostring(i-1) .. "=" .. data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i-1]) --mw.addWarning ("first".. tostring(i-1) .. "=" .. data.BOW.citationArgs['first'..i-1]) end end for i, name in ipairs (list) do -- for each author in list if data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i] then --mw.addWarning ("check " .. i .. "=" .. data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i] ) data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i] =string.gsub(data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i], "XYZJrX", ", Jr.") -- restored protected string end end end end -- now parse editors local editors = citation:match ('In Birds of the World %((.-), Editors?%)' ) -- omit editors as cite web psoitioning is weird if editors then -- split editors with modified code from make cite iucn local list = {} --mw.addWarning ("editor string: " .. editors) editors = editors:gsub(", and ", ", ") -- for 3 or more authors editors = editors:gsub(" and ", ", ") -- for 2 editors list = mw.text.split (editors, ','); -- split the string on the commas into entries in list if #list == 0 then mw.addWarning ("problem with editor splitting") data.BOW.citationArgs['editor'] = editors -- no 'names' of the proper form; return the original as a single |author= parameter else for i, name in ipairs (list) do -- for each author in list if i>0 then --note the editor names are all same format (unlike authors) -- data.BOW.citationArgs['editor-last'..i] = name:match ('%s(%a-)$') -- data.BOW.citationArgs['editor-first'..i] = name:match ('(.+)%s%a-$') data.BOW.citationArgs['editor-last'..i] = name:match ('%s([%a ]-)$') -- [%a ] for "del Hoyo" or "de Juana" data.BOW.citationArgs['editor-first'..i] = name:match ('(.-)%s[%a ]-$') --data.BOW.citationArgs['editor'..i-1] = nil else -- something has gone wrong (use editor) -- data.BOW.citationArgs['editor'..i] = name end if i>0 and 1==2 then mw.addWarning ("editor-last" .. tostring(i) .. "=" .. data.BOW.citationArgs['editor-last'..i]) mw.addWarning ("editor-first".. tostring(i) .. "=" .. data.BOW.citationArgs['editor-first'..i]) end end end end --if not url then url = data.BOW.customArgs['baseURL'] end --if not title then title = "Title parameter required" end return title, url end --[[ Birdlife International datazone BirdLife International (2024). Species factsheet: Variable Antshrike Thamnophilus caerulescens. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/variable-antshrike-thamnophilus-caerulescens on 22/10/2025 --]] data.birdlife = { citationArgs = { website="Birdlife International", --['editor1-last']="", ['editor1-first']="", --['editor1-link']="", }, customArgs = { exclude="id,1", baseURL = "https://datazone.birdlife.org/", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Species factsheet" }, } -- basic handling for Taxonomy in Flux website data.tif = { citationArgs = { website="Taxonomy in Flux", ['editor1-last']="Boyd III", ['editor1-first']="John H.", --['editor1-link']="", }, customArgs = { exclude="order,family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "http://jboyd.net/Taxo/", defaultSuffix = "List.html", defaultTitle = "Taxonomy in Flux" }, } --[[ ------------- Avibase e.g. https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=9144EF4017F2D8B1 ]] data.avibase = { citationArgs = { website="Avibase", ['editor1-last']="Lepage", ['editor1-first']="Denis", --['editor1-link']="", }, customArgs = { exclude="order,family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/", searchStr = "species.jsp?avibaseid=", defaultTitle = "Avibase - The World Bird Database" } } --[[ use default function data.avibase.id = function (id) local title = "Avibase id: " .. id local url = data.avibase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.avibase.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end --]] -- ============================= IUCN ================================================= -- for species in taxon; for species assessments, use {{cite iucn}} -- https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?query=Murexia&searchType=species -- https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?query=aonyx&searchType=species data.iucn = { citationArgs = { website="[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]", --publisher="[[IUCN]]" }, customArgs = { exclude="family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://www.iucnredlist.org", searchString = "/search?query=", searchSuffix = "&searchType=species", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle="IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" } } data.iucn.genus = function(genus) return data.iucn.taxon(genus, "TITLE_ITALICS") end data.iucn.family = function(family) return data.iucn.taxon(family) end data.iucn.order = function(order) return data.iucn.taxon(order) end data.iucn.taxon = function(taxon, titleItalics) local title = firstToUpper(taxon) if titleItalics then title = "''" .. title .. "''" end local url = data.iucn.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.iucn.customArgs['searchString'] .. taxon .. data.iucn.customArgs['searchSuffix'] return title, url end -- ============================= NatureServe/TNC ================================================= -- NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. NatureServe. -- https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.747305/Lucanus_capreolus -- https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1253051/Monarda_fistulosa data.tnc = { citationArgs = { website="[[NatureServe|NatureServe Explorer]]", publisher="NatureServe", location = "Arlington, Virginia" }, customArgs = { exclude="family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://explorer.natureserve.org/", taxonString = "Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.", defaultTitle="NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data" } } data.tnc.species = function(genus,species) local title = "''" .. firstToUpper(genus) .. " " .. species .. "''" local url = data.tnc.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.tnc.customArgs['taxonString'] .. templateArgs['id'] .. "/" .. genus .. "_" .. species return title, url end data.tnc.id = function(id) local title = data.tnc.customArgs['defaultTitle'] local url = data.tnc.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.tnc.customArgs['taxonString'] .. templateArgs['id'] return title, url end -- ============================= ASM Mammal Diversity Database ======================== data.asm = { citationArgs = { website="ASM Mammal Diversity Database", publisher="[[American Society of Mammalogists]]" }, customArgs = { exclude="family,genus,species,taxon,id,1,2,3", baseURL = "https://www.mammaldiversity.org/", defaultTitle="ASM Mammal Diversity Database" } } data.asm.species2 = function(genus, species) -- use species function below -- old url = https://mammaldiversity.org/species-account.php?genus=ursus&species=arctos -- new url = https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=Dipodomys&species=deserti&id=1001892 (only id required) local title = "''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''" local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "explore.html#genus=" .. genus .. "&species=" .. species if templateArgs['id'] then url = url .. "&id=" .. templateArgs['id'] end return title, url end data.asm.id = function(id) --local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "species-account/species-id=" .. templateArgs['id'] -- new format https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#species-id=1006310 --local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "explore.html#species-id=" .. id -- templateArgs['id'] -- newer format https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=Leopardus&species=colocola&id=1005993 (genus and species can be blank) -- newer (Mar 2024) https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006020 local title = "Species-id=" .. id local hashString = "genus=&species=&id=" .. id -- if id only, requires blank genus and species (superceded by /taxon/link) if templateArgs['genus'] and templateArgs['species'] then title = "''" .. templateArgs['genus'] .. " " .. templateArgs['species'] .. "'' (id=" .. id ..")" hashString = "genus=" .. templateArgs['genus'] .. "&species=" .. templateArgs['species'] .. "&id=" .. id end --local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "explore.html#genus=&species=&id=" .. id -- templateArgs['id'] -- url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "explore.html#" .. hashString local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "taxon/" .. id return title, url end data.asm.species = function(genus, species) if templateArgs['id'] then return data.asm.id(templateArgs['id']) -- use the ASM explore page if ID given (as permalink) end if genus and species then -- otherwisee use the treeview page with the species info local title = "''" .. firstToUpper(genus) .. " " .. species .. "''" local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "tree.html#genus=" .. genus .. "&species=" .. species return title, url end end data.asm.genus = function(genus) return data.asm.taxon(genus, "genus", "TITLE_ITALICS") end data.asm.family = function(family) return data.asm.taxon(family, "family") end data.asm.order = function(order) return data.asm.taxon(order, "order") end data.asm.taxon = function(taxon, rank, titleItalics) --https://mammaldiversity.org/#ZmVsaWRhZSZnbG9iYWxfc2VhcmNoPXRydWUmbG9vc2U9dHJ1ZQ -- Base64.encode(felidae&global_search=true&loose=true) local title = firstToUpper(taxon) if titleItalics then title = "''" .. title .. "''" end local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "tree.html" if rank then -- no rank if taxon called directly url = url .. "#" .. rank .. "=" .. taxon end return title, url end --############################## Base64 encode and decode (used for ASM##################### local b='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/' -- encoding data.asm.Base64 = {} data.asm.Base64.encode = function(data) return ((data:gsub('.', function(x) local r,b='',x:byte() for i=8,1,-1 do r=r..(b%2^i-b%2^(i-1)>0 and '1' or '0') end return r; end)..'0000'):gsub('%d%d%d?%d?%d?%d?', function(x) if (#x < 6) then return '' end local c=0 for i=1,6 do c=c+(x:sub(i,i)=='1' and 2^(6-i) or 0) end return b:sub(c+1,c+1) end)..({ '', '==', '=' })[#data%3+1]) end -- decoding data.asm.Base64.decode=function(data) data = string.gsub(data, '[^'..b..'=]', '') return (data:gsub('.', function(x) if (x == '=') then return '' end local r,f='',(b:find(x)-1) for i=6,1,-1 do r=r..(f%2^i-f%2^(i-1)>0 and '1' or '0') end return r; end):gsub('%d%d%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?', function(x) if (#x ~= 8) then return '' end local c=0 for i=1,8 do c=c+(x:sub(i,i)=='1' and 2^(8-i) or 0) end return string.char(c) end)) end --######################## Misc ################################## --[[ 3 approaches to handling DB: 1) use DB as website and use author for editors (if known) (a) use via to append WoRMS (b) use postscript to append WoRMs (c) use publisher for WoRMS 2) use WoRMS as website and designate DB as author (recommended by WoRMS) CURRENT (option) add editors [TODO see cite WoRMS for list] issue: what to do about editors changing (need to use access-date) ]] data.WoRMS = { citationArgs = { author = "WoRMS", website = "[[World Register of Marine Species]]", --['via'] = "[[World Register of Marine Species]]", --postscript = '&#32;from the [[World Register of Marine Species]].' }, customArgs = {exclude="id,db,1", baseURL = "http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?", searchStr = "p=taxdetails&id=", defaultTitle="World Register of Marine Species" } } data.WoRMS.id = function(id) --[[ Two styles 1. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14712 > WoRMS (2018). Heterobranchia. Accessed at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14712 on 2018-11-28 2. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1057249 > MolluscaBase (2018). Ringipleura. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1057249 on 2018-11-28 ]] if not templateArgs['id'] then return "no id parameter detected" end local searchStr = "p=taxdetails&id=" .. templateArgs['id'] if templateArgs['db'] then data.WoRMS.db (templateArgs['db']) --[[else -- WoRMS is primary source (note cite WoRMs uses WoRMS as publisher and the db as the work) templateArgs['via'] = nil templateArgs['postscript'] = nil]] end --templateArgs['website'] = templateArgs['db'] -- alternative (and use |postscript) --templateArgs['publisher'] = templateArgs['via'] --page <title>WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Heterobranchia</title> local title = "WoRMS taxon details: AphiaID " .. id local url = data.WoRMS.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.WoRMS.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.WoRMS.default = function() if templateArgs['db'] then data.WoRMS.db (templateArgs['db']) end end data.WoRMS.db = function(db) -- if database hosted by WoRMS db = string.lower( db ) if db == "world list of octocorallia" or db == "octocorallia" then templateArgs['author'] = "World List of Octocorallia" templateArgs['editor-last1']="McFadden"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="C.S." -- , ; , R.; Samimi-Namin, K.; , G.; , L. templateArgs['editor-last2']="Cordeiro"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="R." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Samimi-Namin"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="K." templateArgs['editor-last4']="Williams"; templateArgs['editor-first4']="G." templateArgs['editor-last5']="van Ofwegen"; templateArgs['editor-first5']="L." -- year ? (2022). elseif db == "world of copepods database" or db == "copepoda" or db == "copepods" or db == "copepod" then templateArgs['author'] = "World of Copepods Database" templateArgs['editor-last1']="Walter"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="T.C." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Boxshall"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="G." -- year ? (2022). elseif db == "world amphipoda database" or db == "amphipoda" or db == "amphipod"then templateArgs['author'] = "World Amphipoda Database" templateArgs['editor-last1']="Horton"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="T." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Lowry"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="J." templateArgs['editor-last3']="De Broyer"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="C." templateArgs['display-editors']="etal"; -- full list is about 20 names elseif db == "world isopoda database" or db == "isopoda" or db == "isopod"then templateArgs['author'] = "World Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans database" templateArgs['editor-last1']="Boyko"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="C.B." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Bruce"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="N.L." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Hadfield"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="K.A." templateArgs['editor-last4']="Merrin"; templateArgs['editor-first4']="K.L." templateArgs['editor-last5']="Ota."; templateArgs['editor-first5']="Y." templateArgs['editor-last6']="Poore"; templateArgs['editor-first6']="G.C.B." templateArgs['editor-last7']="Taiti"; templateArgs['editor-first7']="S." elseif db == "millibase" or db == "diplopoda" or db == "diplopod"then templateArgs['author'] = "MilliBase" templateArgs['editor-last1']="Sierwald"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="P." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Spelda"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="J." elseif db == "molluscabase" or db == "mollusca" or db == "mollusc" then templateArgs['author'] = "MolluscaBase" else templateArgs['author'] = templateArgs['db'] -- this is recommended by WoRMS end end --[[ Species files -- takes db parameter --https://db.speciesfile.org/otus/$ID/overview --https://plecoptera.speciesfile.org/otus/890815/overview ]] data.speciesfile = { citationArgs = { website = " Species File", --publisher = "", }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5,db", --baseURL = "https://" .. firstToUpper(templateArgs['db'] ) .. ".speciesfile.org/", --searchStr = "otus/", -- defaultSuffix = "/overview", --defaultTitle= " Species File" } } data.speciesfile.id = function(id) -- e.g. https://plecoptera.speciesfile.org/otus/890815/overview local db = data.speciesfile.db() -- customise for speciesfile local title = firstToUpper(db) .. " Species File id&#61;" .. id -- use entity &#61; for = to avoid missing pipe CS1 warning --local url = data.speciesfile.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.speciesfile.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id .. data.speciesfile.customArgs['defaultSuffix '] local url = "https://" ..db .. ".speciesfile.org/otus/" .. id .. "/overview" return title, url end data.speciesfile.default = function() local db = data.speciesfile.db () local title = firstToUpper(db) .. " Species File" local url = "https://" ..db .. ".speciesfile.org/" return title, url end data.speciesfile.db = function() local db = string.lower( templateArgs['db'] ) -- templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." if db == "zoraptera" then -- ed: Hopkins, H. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." elseif db == "dermaptera" then -- eds: Hopkins, H., Haas, F. & Deem, L.S. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Johnson"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="K.P." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Smith"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="V.S." elseif db == "plecoptera" then -- (eds) DeWalt RE, Hopkins H, Neu-Becker U, and Stueber G templateArgs['editor-last1']="DeWalt"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="R.E." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="H." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Neu-Becker"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="U." templateArgs['editor-last4']="Stueber"; templateArgs['editor-first4']="G." elseif db == "orthoptera" then --eds: Cigliano, M.M., H. Braun, D.C. Eades & D. Otte. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Cigliano"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="M.M." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Braun"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="H." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Eades"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="D.C." templateArgs['editor-last4']="Otte"; templateArgs['editor-first4']="D." elseif db == "grylloblattodea" then -- ed: Hopkins, H. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." elseif db == "mantophasmatodea" then -- ed: Hopkins, H. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." elseif db == "embioptera" then -- ed: Hopkins, H. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." elseif db == "phasmida" then -- eds: Brock PD, Büscher TH, Baker E. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Brock"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="P.D." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Büscher"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="T.H." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Baker"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="E." elseif db == "mantodea" then -- not updated yet elseif db == "cockroach" then -- ed: Beccaloni, G.W. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Beccaloni"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="G.W." elseif db == "isoptera" then -- ed: Hopkins, H. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." elseif db == "psocodea" then --eds: Hopkins, H., Johnson, K.P., & Smith, V.S. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Johnson"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="K.P." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Smith"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="V.S." elseif db == "aphid" then -- ed: Colin FAVRET templateArgs['editor-last1']="Favret"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="Colin" elseif db == "coleorrhyncha" then -- ed: Hopkins, H. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." elseif db == "coreoidea" then -- not updated yet elseif db == "lygaeoidea" then -- eds: Dellapé, Pablo M. & Thomas J. Henry templateArgs['editor-last1']="Dellapé"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="Pablo M." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Henry"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="Thomas J." elseif db == "hoppers" then -- eds: Dmitriev, D.A., Anufriev, G.A., Bartlett, C.R., Blanco-Rodríguez, E., Borodin, Oleg I., Cao, Y.-H., Deitz, L.L., Dietrich, C.H., Dmitrieva, M.O., El-Sonbati, S.A., Evangelista de Souza, O., Gjonov, I.V., Gonçalves, A.C., Hendrix, S., McKamey, S., Kohler, M., Kunz, G., Malenovský, I., Morris, B.O., Novoselova, M., Pinedo-Escatel, J.A., Rakitov, R.A., Rothschild, M.J., Sanborn, A.F., Takiya, D.M., Wallace, M.S., Zahniser, J.N. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Dmitriev"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="D.A." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Anufriev"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="G.A." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Bartlett"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="C.R." templateArgs['display-editors']="etal"; -- full list is about 28 names else --return "Species File database not recognised" end if db == "hoppers" then data.speciesfile.citationArgs['website'] = "World Auchenorrhyncha Database" else data.speciesfile.citationArgs['website'] = firstToUpper(db) .. data.speciesfile.citationArgs['website'] end return db end --[[ WaspWeb and FigWeb WaspWeb: https://www.waspweb.org/Chalcidoidea/Neodiparidae/index.htm Web authors Simon van Noort (Iziko South African Museum) Citation: van Noort, S. 2025. WaspWeb: Hymenoptera of the World. URL: www.waspweb.org (accessed on <day/month/year>). FigWeb Web authors Simon van Noort (Iziko South African Museum) and Jean-Yves Rasplus (INRA, France) Citation: van Noort, S. & Rasplus, JY. 2025. Figweb: figs and fig wasps of the world. URL: www.figweb.org(Accessed on <day-month-year>). ]] data.waspweb = { citationArgs = { website = "WaspWeb: Hymenoptera of the World", ['last1'] = "van Noort", ['first1'] = "Simon", publisher = "[[Iziko South African Museum]]", }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5", baseURL = "https://www.waspweb.org/", suffixStr = "Classification/index.htm", defaultTitle="Classification of World Hymenoptera (Wasps, Bees, Ants)", -- } } data.waspweb.default = function(title, url) -- https://www.waspweb.org/Chalcidoidea/Neodiparidae/index.htm local title = data.waspweb.customArgs['defaultTitle'] local url = data.waspweb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.waspweb.customArgs['suffixStr'] return title, url end data.figweb = { citationArgs = { website = "FigWeb", ['last1'] = "van Noort", ['first1'] = "Simon", ['last2'] = "Rasplus", ['first2'] = "Jean-Yves", publisher = "[[Iziko South African Museum]]", }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5", baseURL = "https://www.figweb.org/Fig_wasps/", suffixStr = "Classification/index.htm", defaultTitle="Classification of fig wasps" } } data.figweb.default = function(title, url) -- https://www.figweb.org/Fig_wasps/Agaonidae/Agaoninae/index.htm local title = data.figweb.customArgs['defaultTitle'] local url = data.figweb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.figweb.customArgs['suffixStr'] return title, url end --[[ Lepindex ]] data.lepindex = { citationArgs = { website = "[[The Global Lepidoptera Names Index]]", ['editor-last1'] = "Beccaloni", ['editor-first1'] = "George", ['editor-last2'] = "Scoble", ['editor-first2'] = "Malcolm", ['editor-last3'] = "Kitching", ['editor-first3'] = "Ian", ['editor-last4'] = "Simonsen", ['editor-first4'] = "Thomas", ['editor-last5'] = "Robinson", ['editor-first5'] = "Gaden", ['editor-last6'] = "Pitkin", ['editor-first6'] = "Brian", ['editor-last7'] = "Hine", ['editor-first7'] = "Adrian", ['editor-last8'] = "Lyal", ['editor-first8'] = "Chris", publisher = "[[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]]", }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5", baseURL = "https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/", suffixStr = "detail/?taxonno=", defaultTitle="Lepindex" } } data.lepindex.id = function(id) -- https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=51506 local title = "Lepindex id=" .. id local url = data.lepindex.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.lepindex.customArgs['suffixStr'] .. id return title, url end --[[ Global Lepidoptra Index ]] data.gli = { --Beccaloni, G., Scoble, M., Kitching, I., Simonsen, T., Robinson, G., Pitkin, B., Hine, A., Lyal, C., Ollerenshaw, J., Wing, P., & Hobern, D. (2024). Global Lepidoptera Index (D. Hobern, Ed.; 1.1.24.171). citationArgs = { website = "Global Lepidoptera Index", ['last1'] = "Beccaloni", ['first1'] = "George", ['last2'] = "Scoble", ['first2'] = "Malcolm", ['last3'] = "Kitching", ['first3'] = "Ian", ['last4'] = "Simonsen", ['first4'] = "Thomas", ['last5'] = "Robinson", ['first5'] = "Gaden", ['last6'] = "Pitkin", ['first6'] = "Brian", ['last7'] = "Hine", ['first7'] = "Adrian", ['last8'] = "Lyal", ['first8'] = "Chris", ['last9'] = "Ollerenshaw", ['first9'] = "Justin", ['last10'] = "Wing", ['first10'] = "Peter", ['last11'] = "Hobern", ['first11'] = "Donald", ['editor-last'] = "Hobern", ['editor-first'] = "Donald", publisher = "[[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]]", via = "ChecklistBank", }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5", baseURL = "https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/55434/", suffixStr = "taxon/", defaultTitle="Global Lepidoptera Index", defaultURL = "https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/55434/about", } } data.gli.id = function(id) -- https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/55434/taxon/233256 -- https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/DATASET_ID/taxon/TAXON_ID -- the dataset ID will change with version so need version handling or just use URL local title = "GLI id=" .. id local url = data.gli.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.gli.customArgs['suffixStr'] .. id return title, url end data.gli.default2 = function() local title = "" local url = "" return title, url end --[[ CarabCat - Ground Beetles of the World https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=95601#null https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/1146/taxon/208583 ]] data.carabcat = { citationArgs = { website = "CarabCat", ['last'] = "Lorenz", ['first'] = "Wolfgang", publisher = "ChecklistBank", version = "03 (08/2021)", year = 2021 }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5", baseURL = "https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/1146/", searchStr = "taxon/", defaultTitle="CarabCat" } } data.carabcat.id = function(id) local title = "CarabCat on ChecklistBank id=" .. id local url = data.carabcat.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.carabcat.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end --[[ ITIS - Integrated Taxonomic Information System https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=95601#null ]] data.itis = { citationArgs = { website = "[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]", --publisher = "", }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5", baseURL = "https://www.itis.gov/", searchStr = "servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=", defaultTitle="Integrated Taxonomic Information System" } } data.itis.id = function(id) local title = "ITIS id=" .. id local url = data.itis.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.itis.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end --[[ Catalogue of Life: Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., van Nieukerken E.J., Penev L. (eds.) (2020). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2020-12-01. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-8858. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2020-12-01. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-8858. ]] data.col = { db = "col", -- need rethink this citationArgs = { --author = "Catalogue of Life", --['editor-last1'] = "Roskov", ['editor-first1'] = "Y.", ['editor-last2'] = "Ower", ['editor-first2'] = "G.", ['editor-last3'] = "Orrell", ['editor-first3'] = "T.", ['editor-last4'] = "Nicolson", ['editor-first4'] = "D.", ['editor-last5'] = "Bailly", ['editor-first5'] = "N.", ['editor-last6'] = "Kirk", ['editor-first6'] = "P.M.", ['editor-last7'] = "Bourgoin", ['editor-first7'] = "T.", ['editor-last8'] = "DeWalt", ['editor-first8'] = "R.E.", ['editor-last9'] = "Decock", ['editor-first9'] = "W.", ['editor-last10'] = "van Nieukerken", ['editor-first10'] = "E.J.", ['editor-last11'] = "Penev", ['editor-first11'] = "L.", --website = "[[Catalogue of Life]]", --website = "[[Catalogue of Life|Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life]]", -- website = "[[Species 2000]] & [[ITIS]] [[Catalogue of Life]]", website = "[[Catalogue of Life]]", publisher = "[[Species 2000]]: Leiden, the Netherlands", --others = "Species 2000 & ITIS" }, customArgs = {exclude="id,db,1,2,3,4,5,legacy,option", baseURL = "https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/", searchStr = "browse?taxonKey=", defaultTitle="Catalogue of Life" } } data.col.id = function(id) --[[ Catalogue of Life browse option: https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/browse?taxonKey=4JQ8 use id for taxoKey taxon option https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6HR5M ]] local title = "Catalogue of Life taxonKey " .. id local url = data.col.customArgs['baseURL'] -- some new CoL are numbers e.g. 64553 in https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/64553 if not tonumber(id) and string.find( id, "^[0-9abcdef]+$" ) then -- if old-style id local year = "2019" -- last old-style version available if templateArgs['version'] and string.find( templateArgs['version'], "^%d%d%d%d$" ) then --if version specied year = templateArgs['version'] end if templateArgs['option'] == "browse" then url = "http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/" .. year .. "/browse/tree/id/" .. id else -- default to option=taxon url = "http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/" .. year .. "/details/species/id/" .. id end else -- else use current version if templateArgs['option'] == "browse" then url = url .. "browse?taxonKey=" .. id else -- default to option=taxon url = url .. "taxon/" .. id end end return title, url end --[[ current links https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/search?q=" Chinchilla+chinchilla&type=EXACT legacy links with redirect Species pages: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/12dca9c49741815f82400bb7bff50553 Species searches: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/search/all/key/Dracula+antonii/ old-style links http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/7539827da517bd6273a4a3836578cb24 http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/search/scientific/genus/Chinchilla/species/chinchilla/match/1/ http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/003e480e646d0e7647ab67efc1218197 year specific links 2019 http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/details/species/id/7539827da517bd6273a4a3836578cb24 http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/search/all/key/Chinchilla+chinchilla/fossil/1/match/1 http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/search/scientific/genus/Chinchilla/species/chinchilla/match/1/ ? http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/browse/tree?6d600f4985f19b1207d41d847424edd0 ? http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/003e480e646d0e7647ab67efc1218197 browse http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/browse/tree/id/003e480e646d0e7647ab67efc1218197 ]] data.col.default = function(mode) -- this handles the old style template with positional parameters (mode unused?) local para1 = templateArgs[2] local para2 = templateArgs[3] local para3 = templateArgs[4] local para4 = templateArgs[5] if para1 then para1 = mw.text.trim(para1) end if para2 then para2 = mw.text.trim(para2) end if para3 then para3 = mw.text.trim(para3) end if para4 then para4 = mw.text.trim(para4) end local title, url if para1 then --local match = "7539827da517bd6273a4a3836578cb24" local match = "^[0-9abcdef]+$" if string.find( para1, match ) then url = "http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/" .. para1 -- ""Old style id" --url ="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/search?q=" .. para1 if para2 then title = para2 else title = "Oldstyle id: " .. para1 end else --https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/search?q=" Chinchilla+chinchilla&type=EXACT if para1 ~= "" then url = "https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/search?q=" .. para1 title = "''" .. para1 if para2 then url = url .. "+" .. para2 title = title .. " " .. para2 end url = url .. "&type=EXACT" title = title .. "''" end end if para3 then title = title .. " " .. para3 end -- add authority if para4 == "nv" then templateArgs['trans-title'] = "synonym" end -- if nv add [synonym]. Note that this parameter is not used to add COinS metadata else -- no parameter 1 end return title, url end --====================== Fossilworks ======================================= data.fossilworks = { citationArgs = { website="[[Fossilworks]]", agency="Gateway to the [[Paleobiology Database]]", --publisher="Paleobiology Database", --postscript = 'none', -- postscript = "&#32;from the [[Paleobiology Database]].", -- gives maintenance warning --via="''fossilworks.org''" -- an alternative format to using |website= }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,collection,date,1", baseURL = "http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/", searchStr ="bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=", defaultTitle = "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.fossilworks.id = function(id) --[[ http://fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=83087 if not templateArgs['id'] then return "no id parameter detected" end local searchStr = "bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=" .. templateArgs['id'] templateArgs['url']= target.CustomArgs['baseURL'] .. searchStr ]] local title = "PaleoDB taxon number: " .. id local url = data.fossilworks.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.fossilworks.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.fossilworks.collection = function(collection) -- http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=20072 local title = "PaleoDB collection number: " .. collection local url = data.fossilworks.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=" .. collection return title, url end data.fossilworks.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end --====================== Paleobiology Database: paleobiodb.org ======================================= data.paleobiodb = { citationArgs = { website="[[Paleobiology Database]]" }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,collection,date,1", baseURL = "https://paleobiodb.org/classic/", searchStr ="basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=", defaultTitle = "Paleobiology Database" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.paleobiodb.id = function(id) --[[ https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=22786 if not templateArgs['id'] then return "no id parameter detected" end ]] local title = "PaleoDB taxon number: " .. id local url = data.paleobiodb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.paleobiodb.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.paleobiodb.collection = function(collection) -- https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=24193 local title = "PaleoDB collection number: " .. collection local url = data.paleobiodb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=" .. collection return title, url end data.paleobiodb.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end --======================================= PLANTS ========================= --[[ Plant authorities can end in a period. This is stripped by the citation templates. This function encloses titles ending in such authorities in double parentheses, i.e. ((title)) ]] local addAuthority = function(formattedTaxonName) if templateArgs['authority'] then local title = formattedTaxonName .. " " .. templateArgs['authority'] return string.gsub( title, "(.*%.)$", "((%1))") -- if authority ends in "." enclose ((title)) to prevent removal end return formattedTaxonName end --[[ Hassler, Michael (2004 - 2020): World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version x.xx; last update xx.xx.xxxx. - www.worldplants.de. Last accessed dd/mm/yyyy. https://www.worldplants.de/world-plants-complete-list/complete-plant-list#1599996425 Hassler, Michael (2004 - 2020): World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version x.xx; last update xx.xx.xxxx. - www.worldplants.de/ferns/. Last accessed dd/mm/yyyy. https://www.worldplants.de/world-ferns/ferns-and-lycophytes-list#1599997555 deeplinks: Genus: [https://www.worldplants.de?deeplink=Helosciadium-Koch ''Helosciadium''] Species: [https://www.worldplants.de?deeplink=Helosciadium-longipedunculatum ''Helosciadium longipedunculatum''] Genus: [https://www.worldplants.de?deeplink=Lycopodium-L. ''Lycopodium''] Species: [https://www.worldplants.de?deeplink=Lycopodium-clavatum ''Lycopodium clavatum''] --]] data.worldplants = { citationArgs = { last1 = "Hassler", first1 = "Michael", website="World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora.", --publisher="" }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,authority,family,genus,species,1", baseURL = "https://www.worldplants.de", searchStr ="/world-plants-complete-list/complete-plant-list#", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "World Plants" } } data.worldplants.genus = function(genus) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. "''") local genusString = genus if templateArgs['authority'] then genusString = genus .. "-" .. templateArgs['authority'] end local url = data.worldplants.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "?deeplink=" .. genusString return title, url end data.worldplants.species = function(genus, species) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''") local url = data.worldplants.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "?deeplink=" .. genus .. "-" .. species .. " " .. (templateArgs['authority'] or "") return title, url end --[[ experimental, don't leave live data.worldplants.taxon = function(taxon) local title = taxon .. " " .. (templateArgs['authority'] or "") local url = data.worldplants.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "?deeplink=" .. taxon return title, url end data.worldplants.family = function(family) local title = family .. " " .. (templateArgs['authority'] or "") local url = data.worldplants.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "?deeplink=" .. family return title, url end --]] data.worldferns = { citationArgs = { last1 = "Hassler", first1 = "Michael", website="World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora.", --publisher="" }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,authority,family,genus,species,1", baseURL = "https://www.worldplants.de/", searchStr ="world-ferns/ferns-and-lycophytes-list?name=", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "World Ferns" } } data.worldferns.genus = function(genus) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. "''") local genusString = genus if templateArgs['authority'] then genusString = genus .. "-" .. templateArgs['authority'] end local url = data.worldferns.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.worldferns.customArgs['searchStr'] .. genusString return title, url end data.worldferns.species = function(genus, species) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''") local url = data.worldferns.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.worldferns.customArgs['searchStr'] .. genus .. "-" .. species .. " " .. (templateArgs['authority'] or "") return title, url end --[[Plants of the World online http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30003057-2 -- use id http://powo.science.kew.org/?q=Selaginellaceae -- use search http://powo.science.kew.org/?family=Selaginellaceae -- can also use family= [gets same result as q=] http://powo.science.kew.org/?genus=Selago -- or genus http://powo.science.kew.org/?genus=Selago&species=abietina -- or genus + species http://powo.science.kew.org/?genus=Selago&f=accepted_names -- filter for accepted names http://powo.science.kew.org/?genus=Selago&f=genus_f -- filter for genus (no species selected) http://powo.science.kew.org/?genus=Selago&f=genus_f%2Caccepted_names -- filter for genus and accepted names http://powo.science.kew.org/?page.size=480&f=family_f%2Caccepted_names -- list of accepted families -- all these searches get the search result (no apparent way to target the article when unique) ]] data.POWO = { citationArgs = { website="[[Plants of the World Online]]", publisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,authority,family,genus,species,1", baseURL = "http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/", searchStr ="urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Plants of the World Online" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } --[[ http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30003057-2 ]] data.POWO.id = function(id) local id = data.POWO.getValidID() if not id then return data.POWO.error() end local title = id -- as default value local url = data.POWO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.POWO.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.POWO.family = function(family) local title = addAuthority(family) local id = templateArgs['id'] if not id then return data.POWO.error() end local url = data.POWO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.POWO.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.POWO.genus = function(genus) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. "''") local id = data.POWO.getValidID() if not id then return data.POWO.error() end local url = data.POWO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.POWO.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.POWO.species = function(genus,species) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''") local id = data.POWO.getValidID() if not id then return data.POWO.error() end local url = data.POWO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.POWO.customArgs['searchStr'] ..id return title, url end data.POWO.getValidID = function() local id = templateArgs['id'] if id then return string.gsub( id, "urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:", "") -- don't want this twice end return nil end data.POWO.error = function() return '<span style="color:red">Requires id and one of title, family, genus or species parameters</span>' end --[[Gouda, E.J., Butcher, D. & Gouda, C.S. (cont.updated) Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads, Version 4. http://bromeliad.nl/encyclopedia/ Utrecht University Botanic Gardens ]] data.bromeliad = { citationArgs = { last1="Gouda", first1="E.J.", last2="Butcher", first2="D.", last3="Gouda", first3="C.S", website="[[Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads]]", version="Version 4", publisher="Utrecht University Botanic Gardens", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,authority,family,genus,species,list,1", baseURL = "https://bromeliad.nl/", searchStr ="encyclopedia/index.php?find=", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads, Version 4" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } --[[ https://bromeliad.nl/encyclopedia/index.php?find=Hylaeaicum ]] data.bromeliad.search = function(search) local title = search -- as default value local url = data.bromeliad.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.bromeliad.customArgs['searchStr'] .. search return title, url end --[[ http://bromeliad.nl/species/Bromeliaceae ]] data.bromeliad.taxon = function(taxon) local title = addAuthority(taxon) -- as default value local url = data.bromeliad.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "species/" .. taxon return title, url end --[[ genus ]] data.bromeliad.genus = function(genus) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. "''") -- as default value local url = data.bromeliad.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "species/" .. genus if templateArgs['list'] == "species" then url = data.bromeliad.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "encyclopedia/brome.php?action=showSpeciesIndex&name=" .. genus .. "&flags=" end return title, url end --[[ ]] data.bromeliad.species = function(genus, species) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''") -- as default value local url = data.bromeliad.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "species/" .. genus .. "/" .. species return title, url end --[[ https://bromeliad.nl/encyclopedia/brome.php?action=showTaxon&id=10093 ]] data.bromeliad.id = function(id) local title = id -- as default value local url = data.bromeliad.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "encyclopedia/brome.php?action=showTaxon&id=" .. id return title, url end --[[GRIN Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2021. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?type=tribe&id=1571. Accessed 27 October 2021. Family record: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?id=440 Genus list: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenuslist?id=440&type=family Subfamily record: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?type=subfamily&id=1507 Genus list: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenuslist?id=3265&type=subfamily Tribe record: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?type=tribe&id=1551 (Millettieae) Genus list: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenuslist?id=1551&type=tribe Subtribe record: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?type=subtribe&id=1507 Genus list: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenuslist?id=1507&type=subtribe Genus record: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=191 (Genus Adenodolichos Harms) Species list: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyspecieslist?id=191&type=genus Species record: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=489203 ( Adenodolichos paniculatus) ]] data.GRIN = { citationArgs = { website="[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] (GRIN)", publisher="[[Agricultural Research Service]] (ARS), [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA)", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,authority,family,genus,species,1", baseURL = "https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal", searchStr ="/taxon/taxonomydetail?", -- for species record defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "GRIN-Global" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.GRIN.id = function(id) local title = data.GRIN.customArgs['defaultTitle'] .. ' ' .. id local url = data.GRIN.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.GRIN.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end --[[ USDA PLANTS default search page: https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/ taxon: https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/RUID (Rubus idaeus L., American red raspberry) ]] data.PLANTS = { citationArgs = { --last = "[[Natural Resources Conservation Service|NRCS]]", website="PLANTS Database", --publisher="[[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA)", publisher="[[Natural Resources Conservation Service|USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service]]", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,1", baseURL = "https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/", searchStr ="plant-profile/", -- for species profile defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Plants Database" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.PLANTS.id = function(id) local title = data.PLANTS.customArgs['defaultTitle'] .. ' ' .. id local url = data.PLANTS.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.PLANTS.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end -- IPNI --→ "Meconopsis Vig." International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. --- https://www.ipni.org/n/30149252-2 --- as {{IPNI |id=30149252-2 |taxon=((Meconopsis |authority=Vig.))}} data.IPNI = { citationArgs = { website="[[International Plant Names Index]] (IPNI)", publisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,authority,family,genus,species,1", baseURL = "https://www.ipni.org", searchStr ="/n/", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "IPNI" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.IPNI.id = function(id) local title = id local url = data.IPNI.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.IPNI.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.IPNI.species = function(genus, species) return data.IPNI.taxon(genus .. " " .. species, "TITLE_ITALICS") end data.IPNI.genus = function(genus) return data.IPNI.taxon(genus, "TITLE_ITALICS") end data.IPNI.taxon = function(taxon, italics) local title = taxon if italics then title = "''" .. title .. "''" end title = addAuthority(title) --[[ if templateArgs['authority'] then title = title .. " " .. templateArgs['authority'] title = string.gsub( title, "(.*%.)$", "((%1))") -- if authority ends in "." enclose ((title)) to prevent removal end ]] local url = data.IPNI.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.IPNI.customArgs['searchStr'] .. templateArgs['id'] return title, url end --[[World Flora Online http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000012284 -- id ]] data.WFO = { citationArgs = { website="[[World Flora Online]]", --publisher="Missouri Botanical Gardens", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,family,genus,species,authority,1", baseURL = "http://www.worldfloraonline.org", searchStr ="/taxon/wfo-", -- not strictly search string defaultSuffix = "", --defaultTitle = "World Flora Online" defaultTitle = "An Online Flora of All Known Plants" } } data.WFO.getValidID = function() local id = templateArgs['id'] if id then return string.gsub( id, "wfo%-", "") -- don't want this twice (must escape -) end mw.addWarning("Citations for WFO require a valid ID") return "" end data.WFO.id = function(id) --[[ http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000012284 ]] id = data.WFO.getValidID() local title = id local url = data.WFO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.WFO.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.WFO.family = function(family) local title = addAuthority(family) local url = data.WFO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.WFO.customArgs['searchStr'] .. data.WFO.getValidID() return title, url end data.WFO.genus = function(genus) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. "''") local url = data.WFO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.WFO.customArgs['searchStr'] .. data.WFO.getValidID() return title, url end data.WFO.species = function(genus,species) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''") local url = data.WFO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.WFO.customArgs['searchStr'] ..data.WFO.getValidID() return title, url end data.WFO.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end data.Tropicos = { citationArgs = { website="[[Tropicos]]", --publisher="Missouri Botanical Gardens", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,1", baseURL = "http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/", searchStr ="", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Tropicos" } } data.Tropicos.id = function(id) --[[ hhttp://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100444532 ]] local title = id local url = data.Tropicos.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.Tropicos.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.Tropicos.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end data.FNA = { citationArgs = { website="[[Flora of North America]]", --publisher="http://www.efloras.org", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,1", baseURL = "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx", searchStr ="?flora_id=1&taxon_id=", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Flora of North America" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.FNA.id = function(id) --[[ http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=125683 ]] local title = id local url = data.FNA.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.FNA.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.FNA.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end -- Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) data.APNI = { citationArgs = { website="[[Australian Plant Name Index]]", publisher="[[Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research]]", -- IBIS database --version = "Edition 8", }, customArgs = { exclude = "name, qid, authority, genus, species,authority, id,1", baseURL = "https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/", searchURL = "https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search/names?product=APNI&tree.id=&name=", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "APNI" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.APNI.id = function(id) local title = addAuthority( templateArgs['taxon'] ) local url = data.APNI.customArgs['baseURL'] .. id return title, url end data.APNI.taxon = function(taxon) local title = addAuthority( taxon ) local url = data.APNI.customArgs['baseURL'] .. templateArgs['id'] return title, url end -- SEARCH --https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search/names?product=APNI&tree.id=&name=ficus --https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search/names?product=APNI&tree.id=&name=ficus&inc._scientific=&inc.scientific=on&inc._cultivar=&inc._other=&max=100&display=apni&search=true data.APNI.search = function(taxon) local title = addAuthority( taxon ) local url = data.APNI.customArgs['searchURL'] .. taxon:gsub(" ","+") return title, url end -- ATRP: Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants data.ATRP = { citationArgs = { website="[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]]", publisher="[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO)", version = "Edition 8", year = 2020, --postscript = 'none', last1= "Zich", first1="F. A.", last2= "Hyland", first2= "B. P. M.", ['author2-link']="Bernard Hyland", last3= "Whiffin", first3= "T.", last4= "Kerrigan", first4= "R.A.", --['display-authors']=3, }, customArgs = { exclude = "genus, species,authority, id,1", baseURL = "https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest", searchStr ="/text/entities/", defaultSuffix = ".htm", defaultTitle = "[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]]" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.ATRP.species = function(genus,species) --[[ https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/buckinghamia_celsissima.htm ]] local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''") --"''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''" local url = data.ATRP.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.ATRP.customArgs['searchStr'] .. genus .. "_" .. species .. data.ATRP.customArgs['defaultSuffix'] return title, url end data.ATRP.error = function() return "Requires genus and species parameters" end --[[ ============================= Bryonames (Mosses etc) The Bryophyte Nomenclator ================================================= https://www.bryonames.org/nomenclator?group=Bryidae&group_id=35210272 (A Classification of the Bryidae) https://www.bryonames.org/nomenclator?group=Hedwigiales (A Classification of the Hedwigiale) https://www.bryonames.org/nomenclator?group=Rhacocarpus (A synopsis of Rhacocarpus) --]] data.bryonames = { citationArgs = { ['editor1-first']="John C.", ['editor1-last']="Brinda", ['editor2-first']="John J.", ['editor2-last']="Atwood", website="The Bryophyte Nomenclator" --publisher="[[xxx]]" }, customArgs = { exclude="family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://www.bryonames.org/", searchString = "nomenclator?group=", defaultTitle="Classification of the Bryophyta" } } data.bryonames.genus = function(genus) return data.bryonames.taxon(genus, "GENUS") end data.bryonames.family = function(family) return data.bryonames.taxon(family, "FAMILY") end data.bryonames.order = function(order) return data.bryonames.taxon(order, "ORDER") end data.bryonames.taxon = function(taxon, rank) taxon = firstToUpper(taxon) local title = "A Classification of the " .. taxon -- default title for suprafamilia taxa local url = data.bryonames.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.bryonames.customArgs['searchString'] .. taxon -- url if rank == "GENUS" then taxon = "''" .. taxon .. "''" end -- italicise genus if rank == "GENUS" or rank == "FAMILY" then title = "A synopsis of " .. taxon end -- title for genus and familiees return title, url end -- ============================= Mosses (Goffinet's site) ================================================= -- https://bryology.uconn.edu/classification/#Hypnanae -- https://bryology.uconn.edu/classification/#Bryales data.goffinet = { citationArgs = { first1="B.", last1="Goffinet", first2="W.R.", last2="Buck", website="Classification of extant moss genera" --publisher="[[xxx]]" }, customArgs = { exclude="family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://bryology.uconn.edu/classification/", searchString = "#", searchSuffix = "", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle="Classification of the Bryophyta" } } data.goffinet.genus = function(genus) return data.goffinet.taxon(genus, "GENUS") end data.goffinet.family = function(family) return data.goffinet.taxon(family, "FAMILY") end data.goffinet.order = function(order) return data.goffinet.taxon(order, "ORDER") end data.goffinet.taxon = function(taxon, rank) local title = firstToUpper(taxon) if rank == "GENUS" then title = "''" .. title .. "''" end if not (rank == "GENUS" or rank == "FAMILY") then -- upper case anchors for orders and above if taxon ~= "Bryanae" and taxon ~= "Hypnanae" and taxon ~= "Bryales" and taxon ~= "Bryidae" then -- check for exceptions (inconsistencies at website) taxon = taxon:upper() end end local url = data.goffinet.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.goffinet.customArgs['searchString'] .. taxon .. data.goffinet.customArgs['searchSuffix'] return title, url end --[[ AlgaeBase (old) taxonomy browser url (Volvox) = https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=6898 taxonomy browser url (Volvox) = https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?#6898 genus article url (Volvox) = https://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=43497 (different id) genus article url (Torodinium)= https://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=44698 Please cite this record as: M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2020. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org; searched on 10 May 2020. ]] data.AlgaeBase = { citationArgs = { website="[[AlgaeBase]]", ['editor1-last']="Guiry", ['editor1-first']="M.D.", ['editor2-last']="Guiry", ['editor2-first']="G.M.", publisher="National University of Ireland, Galway", }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,1,genus_id,species_id,spid,genid", baseURL = "https://www.algaebase.org/", --searchStr ="browse/taxonomy/?id=", (old) searchStr ="browse/taxonomy/?#", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "AlgaeBase" } } data.AlgaeBase.id = function(id) --[[ https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=6898 (id for taxonomy page) ]] local title = id local url = data.AlgaeBase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.AlgaeBase.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.AlgaeBase.genid = function(genid) --[[ https://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=43497 (different id for genus page) ]] local title = genid local url = data.AlgaeBase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "search/genus/detail/?genus_id=" .. genid return title, url end data.AlgaeBase.spid = function(spid) --[[ https://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=52713 (id for species page) ]] local title = spid local url = data.AlgaeBase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "search/species/detail/?species_id=" .. spid return title, url end data.AlgaeBase.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end --[[================= Bacteria (LPSN) ========= -- LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ]] data.lpsn = { citationArgs = { website="LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature", --['editor1-last']="xx", ['editor1-first']="xx", --['editor2-last']="xx", ['editor2-first']="xx", publsiher="Leibniz Institute DSMZ", }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,1,rank", baseURL = "https://lpsn.dsmz.de/", searchStr ="", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature" } } data.lpsn.taxon = function(taxon) --[[ general form: https://lpsn.dsmz.de/RANK/TAXON_NAME e.g. https://lpsn.dsmz.de/phylum/cyanobacteriota (for phyla) https://lpsn.dsmz.de/class/cyanophyceae (for classes) use title and url parameters ]] local title = taxon local rank =templateArgs['rank'] local url if rank then url = data.lpsn.customArgs['baseURL'] .. rank .. '/' .. taxon end return title, url end --================= Viruses ========= data.ictv = { citationArgs = { website="ictv.global", --['editor1-last']="xx", ['editor1-first']="xx", --['editor2-last']="xx", ['editor2-first']="xx", author="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)", }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,1", baseURL = "https://ictv.global/taxonomy/", searchStr ="taxondetails?taxnode_id=", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Taxonomy Browser" } } data.ictv.id = function(id) --[[ https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202308917&taxon_name=Campanilevirus%20YC (for species Campanilevirus YC) https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202308917 (also works with just the id) ]] local title = id local url = data.ictv.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.ictv.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.ictv.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end --############################## General Functions ######################################## local function getArgs (frame, args) local parents = mw.getCurrentFrame():getParent() for k,v in pairs(parents.args) do --check content if v and v ~= "" then args[k]=v --parents.args[k] end end for k,v in pairs(frame.args) do --check content if v and v ~= "" then args[k]=v end end end local function initialise(frame, sourceDB) target=sourceDB templateArgs = sourceDB.citationArgs -- get custom arguments for target (fishbase, cof etc getArgs(frame, templateArgs) -- get template arguments from parent frame and frane local url = (target.customArgs['baseURL'] or "") .. (target.customArgs['defaultSuffix'] or "") local title = target.customArgs['defaultTitle'] or "" return title, url end -- moved up top for scope local function firstToUpper2(str) return (str:gsub("^%l", string.upper)) end -- clear template arguments that won't be recognised by {{cite web}} local function clearCustomArgs() local excludeTable = { 'genus', 'species', 'subspecies', 'family', 'order', 'taxon', 'id', 'search' , 'citation', 1, 2, 3, 4 } -- add defaults ? if target.customArgs['exclude'] then local customTable = mw.text.split (target.customArgs['exclude'] , "%s*,%s*"); for k,v in pairs(customTable) do table.insert (excludeTable, v ) end end for k,v in pairs(excludeTable) do if tonumber (v) then v = tonumber (v) --convert positional parameters (numbers as string) to a number end templateArgs[v]=nil --clear content end end -- function handling the cite web template p.citeWeb = function(frame, title, url) -- set url and title if not provided (template parameters override above) if not templateArgs['url'] and url then templateArgs['url']= url end if not templateArgs['title'] and title then templateArgs['title'] = title end clearCustomArgs()--blank template parameters not for cite web local citeTemplate = 'cite web' -- use Template:Cite web unless specified --if target.citeTemplate then citeTemplate = target.citeTemplate end return frame:expandTemplate{ title = citeTemplate, args = templateArgs } end -- p.CiteBook -- for reasons of consisitency within BioRef/FishRef the title parameter is the section-title of {{cite book}} p.citeBook = function(frame, title, url, chapterParams) -- very much a msw3 function --if (1==1) then return templateArgs['title'] end -- set url and title if not provided (template parameters override above) if not templateArgs['url'] and url then templateArgs['url']= url if target.GoogleBooks then templateArgs['url'] = target.GoogleBooks['baseURL'] .. target.GoogleBooks['id'] .. (target.GoogleBooks['defaultPage'] or "&pg=PP1") end end if not templateArgs['title'] and title then -- templateArgs['title'] = title end if templateArgs['title'] ~= title or templateArgs['taxon-title'] then -- do we have a section title provided templateArgs['section'] = templateArgs['title'] -- chapter/section title passed as title parameter templateArgs['title'] = title -- the work is the book title given in the source data if target.GoogleBooks then templateArgs['section-url'] = target.GoogleBooks['baseURL'] .. target.GoogleBooks['id'] local pageSuffix = target.GoogleBooks['defaultPage'] or "" if templateArgs['page'] or templateArgs['gb-page'] then pageSuffix = "&pg=PT" .. (templateArgs['gb-page'] or templateArgs['page'] ) end local searchStr = "" -- quoted search {{#if:{{{text|{{{dq|}}}}}}|&dq={{urlencode:{{{text|{{{dq|}}}}}}}}}} if templateArgs['q'] then searchStr = "&q=" .. mw.text.encode( templateArgs['q'] ) end -- search #if:{{{keywords|{{{q|}}}}}}|&q={{urlencode:{{{keywords|{{{q|}}}}}}}}}} if templateArgs['dq'] then searchStr = "&dq=" .. mw.text.encode( templateArgs['dq'] ) end templateArgs['section-url'] = templateArgs['section-url'] .. pageSuffix .. searchStr templateArgs['url'] = nil -- no need for second link to google books end -- if the chapter/section is linked, we can link the main book chapter differently if target.customArgs['altTitle'] then -- if we are using a chapter/section, we can wikilink the book title templateArgs['title'] = target.customArgs['altTitle'] -- alternative to allow wikilink elseif target.customArgs['altURL'] then templateArgs['url'] = target.customArgs['altURL'] end end -- end if using supplied title for chapter/section clearCustomArgs()--blank template parameters not for cite web local citeTemplate = 'cite book' -- use Template:Cite web unless specified --if target.citeTemplate then citeTemplate = target.citeTemplate end return frame:expandTemplate{ title = citeTemplate, args = templateArgs } end -- common function for genus and species local function getGenusSpecies() --TODO standardise genus species handling local genus, species, subspecies if (templateArgs['genus'] or templateArgs[2] ) then genus = templateArgs['genus'] or templateArgs[2] genus = firstToUpper(mw.text.trim(genus)) end if (templateArgs['species'] or templateArgs[3] ) then species = templateArgs['species'] or templateArgs[3] species = mw.text.trim(species) end if (templateArgs['subspecies'] or templateArgs[4] ) then subspecies = templateArgs['subspecies'] or templateArgs[4] subspecies = mw.text.trim(subspecies) end return genus, species, subspecies end --#################### MSW3 -- uses cite book p.MSW3 = function(frame) local msw = require('Module:FishRef/MSW') initialise(frame, msw.MSW3) return msw.MSW3.main(frame,templateArgs) end p.MSW3merged = function(frame) local data = require('Module:FishRef/MSW') return p._main(frame, data.MSW3) end p.MSW3_standalone = function(frame) local data = require('Module:FishRef/MSW') initialise(frame, data.MSW3) local url = target.CustomArgs['baseURL'] if templateArgs['title'] and templateArgs['id'] then templateArgs['chapter-url']= url .. target.CustomArgs['searchStr'] .. templateArgs['id'] templateArgs['chapter'] = templateArgs['title'] templateArgs['title'] = target.CustomArgs['bookTitle'] if templateArgs['page'] then templateArgs['url'] = target.CustomArgs['googleBooksURL'] .. templateArgs['page'] else --return "Page number for google books required" end elseif templateArgs['order'] then templateArgs['chapter'] = "Order " .. templateArgs['order'] local chapter = target.chapters[templateArgs['order']] for k,v in pairs(chapter) do -- add chapter specific parameters templateArgs[k] = v end templateArgs['chapter-url']= url .. target.CustomArgs['searchStr'] .. templateArgs['id'] templateArgs['url']= target.CustomArgs['googleBooksURL'] .. templateArgs['page'] if templateArgs['pages'] and templateArgs['page'] then templateArgs['page'] = nil end else -- default output templateArgs['url']= target.CustomArgs['googleBooksURL'] .. "1" -- default to book templateArgs['url']= url end -- using cite book clearCustomArgs()--blank template parameters not for cite web return frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'cite book', args = templateArgs } end --########################### Functions for access (using invoke) ############################################## --================ Fishbase, Catalog of Fishes (cof) ================ p.fishbase = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.fishbase) end p.cof = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.cof) end p.fotw5 = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.fotw5) end --=================== ASW6, AmphibiaWeb, ReptileDB p.reptileDB = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.reptileDB) end p.ASW6 = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.ASW6) end p.amphibiaweb = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.amphibiaweb) end --=========== Birds p.HBWa = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.HBWalive) end p.HBWalive = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.HBWalive) end p.IOC = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.IOC) end p.BOW = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.BOW) end --======= Mammals p.asm = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.asm) end --======= Plants p.WFO = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.WFO) end p.POWO = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.POWO) end -- MSW3 has custom handling (see above) --=========== Other p.fossilworks = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.fossilworks) end p.worms = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.WoRMS) end p.WoRMS = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.WoRMS) end p.col = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.col) end --fallback = function() return "hello" end --######################################################### p.main = function(frame) local source = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1]) --TODO force to lower case and use lower case for all functions above if source == "MSW3" then return p.MSW3(frame) end if source == "ref" or source == "reference" then source = "Reference" end -- aliases if source == "Reference" then return p.Reference(frame) end if source == "HBWa" then source = "HBWalive" end -- aliases if source == "powo" then source = "POWO" end -- aliases if source == "wfo" then source = "WFO" end -- aliases if source == "mdd" then source = "asm" end -- aliases if source == "PBDB" then source = "paleobiodb" end -- aliases --return p[source]['test'] if source == "fishbase" -- unnecessary? or source == "cof" or source == "fotw5" or source == "Fotw5" or source == "reptileDB" or source == "amphibiaweb" or source == "BOW" or source == "ASW6" or source == "asm" or source == "HBWalive" or source == "HBWa" or source == "fossilworks" or source == "WoRMS" or source == "worms" or source == "POWO" or source == "powo" or source == "WFO" or source == "wfo" or source == "AlgaeBase" -- and so on then return p._main(frame,data[source]) else -- -- is there a point in the default if it needs the named object/table? return p._main(frame,data[source]) end end p._main = function(frame, source) --TODO in modular version source will be provided in frame arguments --local source = mw.getCurrentFrame():getParent().args[1] local chapterParams = {} -- used for cite book (only MSW3 at moment) if not source then return "Error: unrecognised source." end local title, url = initialise(frame, source) --taxon related parameters local genus, species, subspecies if source.db ~= "col" then -- col legacy uses positional parameters differently genus, species, subspecies = getGenusSpecies() end local family = templateArgs['family'] local order = templateArgs['order'] local taxon = templateArgs['taxon'] local id = templateArgs['id'] --id related parameters local spid = templateArgs['spid'] or templateArgs['species_id'] local genid = templateArgs['genid'] or templateArgs['genus_id'] local citation = templateArgs['citation'] local collection = templateArgs['collection'] or templateArgs['collection_no'] local search = templateArgs['search'] local mode, value -- the functions if genus and species and source.species then title, url = source.species(genus,species,subspecies) else -- functions with just their own name as parameter if taxon then mode = "taxon"; value = taxon elseif order then mode = "order"; value = order elseif family then mode = "family"; value = family elseif genus then mode = "genus"; value = genus elseif id then mode = "id"; value = id elseif spid then mode = "spid"; value = spid elseif genid then mode = "genid"; value = genid elseif search then mode = "search"; value = search elseif citation then mode = "citation"; value = citation elseif collection then mode = "collection"; value = collection else -- no suitable parameter (use default page) if source.default then title, url, chapterParams = source.default(title, url) end end end if mode then if source[mode] then title, url, chapterParams = source[mode](value) elseif data.default[mode] then title, url, chapterParams = data.default[mode](value, source) else if source.error then return source.error() end -- custom error message return "Error: parameter not supported for this source" .. " (" .. mode .. ")" end else -- if no mode then use the default title and url set by initialize() end if source.citeTemplate == "Cite book" then return p.citeBook(frame, title, url, chapterParams) end return p.citeWeb(frame, title, url) end -- End the function. p.Reference = function(frame) local refs = require('Module:FishRef/refs') getArgs(frame, templateArgs) if templateArgs[2] then local reference = mw.text.trim(templateArgs[2]) if reference ~= "" and refs[reference] then if templateArgs['pages'] then refs[reference] = refs[reference]:gsub("}}", "|pages="..templateArgs['pages'].."}}") refs[reference] = refs[reference]:gsub("|pages=[^|{}%[%]]*(|[^|{}}%[%]]*|pages=)", "%1") end if templateArgs['reftags'] == "yes" then refs[reference] = '<ref name=' .. templateArgs[2] ..'>' .. refs[reference] .. '</ref>' end if templateArgs['expand'] and templateArgs['expand']=='no' or templateArgs['raw'] then return refs[reference] else return frame:preprocess(refs[reference]) end else return 'Reference not found: "' .. templateArgs[2] .. '"' end end return "Reference parameter missing." end -- End the function. -- All modules end by returning the variable containing its functions to Wikipedia. return p 0ueatp7xu75w0unui1ihvclb7vp6wd7 10 35726 191070 2026-04-24T01:04:21Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subfamilia |link=ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭ |parent=Felidae }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subfamilia |link=ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭ |parent=Felidae }} pfjort6sux4jof5gqjahtkhcfag3bzh 0 35727 191080 2026-04-24T04:39:54Z Sunia Marndi 8165 "{{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ | image = Indian_bay_leaf_-_tejpatta_-_indisches_Lorbeerblatt.jpg | image_caption = ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=de Kok |first1=R. |year=2020 |title=''Cinnamomum tamala'' |volum..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ | image = Indian_bay_leaf_-_tejpatta_-_indisches_Lorbeerblatt.jpg | image_caption = ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=de Kok |first1=R. |year=2020 |title=''Cinnamomum tamala'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T145404427A145416586 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T145404427A145416586.en |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> | genus = Cinnamomum | species = tamala | authority = ([[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]]) [[Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck|T.Nees]] & [[Carl Heinrich Ebermaier|C.H.Eberm.]] |synonyms = * ''Cinnamomum albiflorum'' Nees * ''Cinnamomum cassia'' D.Don nom. illeg. * ''Cinnamomum lindleyi'' Lukman. * ''Cinnamomum macrocarpum''<ref>Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants</ref> * ''Cinnamomum pauciflorum'' var. ''tazia'' (Buch.-Ham.) [[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]] * ''Cinnamomum reinwardtii'' Nees * ''Cinnamomum veitchii'' Lukman. * ''Cinnamomum zwartzii'' Lukman. * ''Laurus tamala'' Buch.-Ham. | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2721651|title=The Plant List: A Working List of all Plant Species}}</ref> }} '''''ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (Cinnamomum tamala)''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ(ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛ,<ref name=GRIN/> ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱛᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱠ,<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 12 December 2017}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ,<ref name="GRIN" /> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Lauraceae|ᱞᱚᱨᱮᱥᱤ]] (Lauraceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ([[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[Western Himalayas|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]]), [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]], ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=Cinnamomum tamala |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:463718-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="GRIN" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FoC">{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008729 |title=''Cinnamomum tamala'' |author=Xi-wen Li, Jie Li & Henk van der Werff |work=Flora of China |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA |access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|author=Umberto Quattrocchi|title=CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-37OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA959|year=2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-5064-0|pages=959+}}</ref> == ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[Hindi|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱛᱟ'', [[Nepali language|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], [[Maithili language|ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[Assamese language|ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛ'', [[Bengali language|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱟ'', [[Malayalam|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞᱟ/ᱮᱰᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞᱟ,''[[Kannada|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ'' , [[Gujarati language|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟ'' [[Marathi language|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Mughlai cuisine|ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱞᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱝᱢᱟ(''tsheringma)'' ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱞ ᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Telugu language|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱤᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱠᱩ/ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱩ'' ᱟᱨ [[Odia language|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ'' ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Sikkim|ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]] ᱨᱤᱱ [[Lepcha people|ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ {{lang|lep|ᱱᱟᱯ ᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱩᱝ}} ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamsang |first1=K.P. |title=The Lepcha-English Encyclopaedic Dictionary |date=1980 |publisher=Mrs. Mayel Clymit Tamsang |location=Kalimpong |page=509| isbn = 9632535979}}</ref> [[File:Wrapped Kumbilappam - Kerala - IMG 20210331 171153.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱟ-ᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ" ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ "ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ (Bay laurel) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱬ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite book|author1=P N Ravindran|author2=K Nirmal-Babu|author3=M Shylaja|title=Cinnamon and Cassia: The Genus Cinnamomum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZa8aPxR_-wC&pg=PA199|date=29 December 2003|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-59087-4|pages=199+}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ [[File:Cinnamomum tamala W IMG 2433.jpg|thumb|190px|[[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] [[File:Cinnamomum tamala W IMG 2436.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] == ᱥᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == * ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ<ref name=eocs>{{cite journal| last1 = Ahmed| first1 = Aftab| title = Essential oil constituents of the spice ''Cinnamomum tamala'' (Ham.) Nees & Eberm.| journal = Flavour and Fragrance Journal| volume = 15| issue = 6| pages = 388–390| year = 2000| doi = 10.1002/1099-1026(200011/12)15:6<388::AID-FFJ928>3.0.CO;2-F| last2 = Choudhary| first2 = M. Iqbal | last3 = Farooq | first3 = Afgan| last4 =Demirci | first4 = Betül| last5 = Demirci| first5 = Fatih| last6 = Can Başer| first6 = K. Hüsnü |display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}}</ref> * ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱞᱩᱞ<ref name=eocs /> * ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ * ᱤᱣᱡᱮᱱᱳᱞ<ref name=qdec>{{cite journal| last1 = Dighe| first1 = V. V.| title = Quantitative Determination of Eugenol from ''Cinnamomum tamala'' Nees and Eberm. Leaf Powder and Polyherbal Formulation Using Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography| journal = Chromatographia| volume = 61| issue = 9–10| pages = 443–446| year = 2005 | doi = 10.1365/s10337-005-0527-6| last2 = Gursale| first2 = A. A.| last3 = Sane| first3 = R. T.| last4 = Menon| first4 = S.| last5 = Patel| first5 = P. H.| s2cid = 97399632|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=aase>{{cite journal| last1 = Rao| first1 = Chandana Venkateswara| title = Antidiarrhoeal activity of the standardised extract of ''Cinnamomum tamala'' in experimental rats| journal = Journal of Natural Medicines| volume = 62| issue = 4| pages = 396–402| year = 2008| doi = 10.1007/s11418-008-0258-8| pmid = 18493839 | last2 = Vijayakumar | first2 = M | last3 = Sairam | first3 = K| last4 = Kumar| first4 = V| s2cid = 8641540|display-authors=etal}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == [[Malabar region|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱢᱟᱞᱟ' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 'ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱵᱩᱨᱩ" ᱾ "ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱛᱛᱨᱟᱢ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ-ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ" ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ == * ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ * ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ * ᱥᱟᱭᱜᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Vasundhara |last2=Rao |first2=Lingamallu Jagan Mohan |title=An Overview on Chemical Composition, Bioactivity and Processing of Leaves of Cinnamomum tamala |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |date=January 2014 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=433–448 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.587615 |pmid=24236996 |s2cid=46178245 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. K. |last2=Mishra |first2=A. K. |last3=Mishra |first3=A. |title=Antifungal and antioxidative potential of oil and extracts derived from leaves of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum tamala |journal=Cellular and Molecular Biology |date=22 December 2012 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=142–147 |pmid=23273204 |url=https://cellmolbiol.org/index.php/CMB/article/view/589 }} * [http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Cinn_tam.html Indian bay-leaf page from Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages] {{Commons category|Cinnamomum tamala}} {{Wikispecies|Cinnamomum tamala}} {{Herbs & spices}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1661611}} [[Category:Cinnamomum|tamala]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ]] fsod5ts81vr6knqclp0jj5bv7mqeoyk 191081 191080 2026-04-24T04:49:42Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ | image = Indian_bay_leaf_-_tejpatta_-_indisches_Lorbeerblatt.jpg | image_caption = ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=de Kok |first1=R. |year=2020 |title=''Cinnamomum tamala'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T145404427A145416586 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T145404427A145416586.en |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> | genus = Cinnamomum | species = tamala | authority = ([[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]]) [[Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck|T.Nees]] & [[Carl Heinrich Ebermaier|C.H.Eberm.]] |synonyms = * ''Cinnamomum albiflorum'' Nees * ''Cinnamomum cassia'' D.Don nom. illeg. * ''Cinnamomum lindleyi'' Lukman. * ''Cinnamomum macrocarpum''<ref>Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants</ref> * ''Cinnamomum pauciflorum'' var. ''tazia'' (Buch.-Ham.) [[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]] * ''Cinnamomum reinwardtii'' Nees * ''Cinnamomum veitchii'' Lukman. * ''Cinnamomum zwartzii'' Lukman. * ''Laurus tamala'' Buch.-Ham. | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2721651|title=The Plant List: A Working List of all Plant Species}}</ref> }} '''''ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (Cinnamomum tamala)''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ(ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛ,<ref name=GRIN/> ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱛᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱠ,<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 12 December 2017}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ,<ref name="GRIN" /> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱨᱮᱥᱤ (Lauraceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ([[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ), [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]], ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=Cinnamomum tamala |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:463718-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="GRIN" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FoC">{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008729 |title=''Cinnamomum tamala'' |author=Xi-wen Li, Jie Li & Henk van der Werff |work=Flora of China |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA |access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|author=Umberto Quattrocchi|title=CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-37OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA959|year=2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-5064-0|pages=959+}}</ref> == ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱛᱟ'', [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛ'', [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱟ'', [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞᱟ/ᱮᱰᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞᱟ,''[[ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ'' , [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟ'' [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱞᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱝᱢᱟ (''tsheringma)'' ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱞ ᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱤᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱠᱩ/ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱩ'' ᱟᱨ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ'' ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]] ᱨᱤᱱ [[ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ {{lang|lep|ᱱᱟᱯ ᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱩᱝ}} ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamsang |first1=K.P. |title=The Lepcha-English Encyclopaedic Dictionary |date=1980 |publisher=Mrs. Mayel Clymit Tamsang |location=Kalimpong |page=509| isbn = 9632535979}}</ref> [[File:Wrapped Kumbilappam - Kerala - IMG 20210331 171153.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱟ-ᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ" ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ "ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ (Bay laurel) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱬ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite book|author1=P N Ravindran|author2=K Nirmal-Babu|author3=M Shylaja|title=Cinnamon and Cassia: The Genus Cinnamomum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZa8aPxR_-wC&pg=PA199|date=29 December 2003|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-59087-4|pages=199+}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ [[File:Cinnamomum tamala W IMG 2433.jpg|thumb|190px|[[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] [[File:Cinnamomum tamala W IMG 2436.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] == ᱥᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == * ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ<ref name=eocs>{{cite journal| last1 = Ahmed| first1 = Aftab| title = Essential oil constituents of the spice ''Cinnamomum tamala'' (Ham.) Nees & Eberm.| journal = Flavour and Fragrance Journal| volume = 15| issue = 6| pages = 388–390| year = 2000| doi = 10.1002/1099-1026(200011/12)15:6<388::AID-FFJ928>3.0.CO;2-F| last2 = Choudhary| first2 = M. Iqbal | last3 = Farooq | first3 = Afgan| last4 =Demirci | first4 = Betül| last5 = Demirci| first5 = Fatih| last6 = Can Başer| first6 = K. Hüsnü |display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}}</ref> * ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱞᱩᱞ<ref name=eocs /> * ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ * ᱤᱣᱡᱮᱱᱳᱞ<ref name=qdec>{{cite journal| last1 = Dighe| first1 = V. V.| title = Quantitative Determination of Eugenol from ''Cinnamomum tamala'' Nees and Eberm. Leaf Powder and Polyherbal Formulation Using Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography| journal = Chromatographia| volume = 61| issue = 9–10| pages = 443–446| year = 2005 | doi = 10.1365/s10337-005-0527-6| last2 = Gursale| first2 = A. A.| last3 = Sane| first3 = R. T.| last4 = Menon| first4 = S.| last5 = Patel| first5 = P. H.| s2cid = 97399632|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=aase>{{cite journal| last1 = Rao| first1 = Chandana Venkateswara| title = Antidiarrhoeal activity of the standardised extract of ''Cinnamomum tamala'' in experimental rats| journal = Journal of Natural Medicines| volume = 62| issue = 4| pages = 396–402| year = 2008| doi = 10.1007/s11418-008-0258-8| pmid = 18493839 | last2 = Vijayakumar | first2 = M | last3 = Sairam | first3 = K| last4 = Kumar| first4 = V| s2cid = 8641540|display-authors=etal}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱢᱟᱞᱟ' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 'ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱵᱩᱨᱩ" ᱾ "ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱛᱛᱨᱟᱢ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ-ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ" ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ == * ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ * ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ * ᱥᱟᱭᱜᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Vasundhara |last2=Rao |first2=Lingamallu Jagan Mohan |title=An Overview on Chemical Composition, Bioactivity and Processing of Leaves of Cinnamomum tamala |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |date=January 2014 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=433–448 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.587615 |pmid=24236996 |s2cid=46178245 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. K. |last2=Mishra |first2=A. K. |last3=Mishra |first3=A. |title=Antifungal and antioxidative potential of oil and extracts derived from leaves of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum tamala |journal=Cellular and Molecular Biology |date=22 December 2012 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=142–147 |pmid=23273204 |url=https://cellmolbiol.org/index.php/CMB/article/view/589 }} * [http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Cinn_tam.html Indian bay-leaf page from Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages] {{Commons category|Cinnamomum tamala}} {{Wikispecies|Cinnamomum tamala}} {{Herbs & spices}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1661611}} [[Category:Cinnamomum|tamala]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ]] bfo9v909yeq7lksj05n9jg0ueflu2go 191082 191081 2026-04-24T05:09:15Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ | image = Indian_bay_leaf_-_tejpatta_-_indisches_Lorbeerblatt.jpg | image_caption = ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=de Kok |first1=R. |year=2020 |title=''Cinnamomum tamala'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T145404427A145416586 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T145404427A145416586.en |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> | genus = Cinnamomum | species = tamala | authority = ([[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]]) [[Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck|T.Nees]] & [[Carl Heinrich Ebermaier|C.H.Eberm.]] |synonyms = * ''Cinnamomum albiflorum'' Nees * ''Cinnamomum cassia'' D.Don nom. illeg. * ''Cinnamomum lindleyi'' Lukman. * ''Cinnamomum macrocarpum''<ref>Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants</ref> * ''Cinnamomum pauciflorum'' var. ''tazia'' (Buch.-Ham.) [[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]] * ''Cinnamomum reinwardtii'' Nees * ''Cinnamomum veitchii'' Lukman. * ''Cinnamomum zwartzii'' Lukman. * ''Laurus tamala'' Buch.-Ham. | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2721651|title=The Plant List: A Working List of all Plant Species}}</ref> }} '''''ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' (Cinnamomum tamala)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ (ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛ,<ref name=GRIN/> ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱛᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱠ,<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 12 December 2017}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ,<ref name="GRIN" /> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱨᱮᱥᱤ (Lauraceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ([[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ), [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]], ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=Cinnamomum tamala |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:463718-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="GRIN" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FoC">{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008729 |title=''Cinnamomum tamala'' |author=Xi-wen Li, Jie Li & Henk van der Werff |work=Flora of China |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA |access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|author=Umberto Quattrocchi|title=CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-37OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA959|year=2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-5064-0|pages=959+}}</ref> == ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱛᱟ'', [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛ'', [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱟ'', [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞᱟ/ᱮᱰᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞᱟ,''[[ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ'' , [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟ'' [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱞᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱝᱢᱟ (''tsheringma)'' ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱞ ᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱤᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱠᱩ/ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱩ'' ᱟᱨ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ'' ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]] ᱨᱤᱱ [[ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ {{lang|lep|ᱱᱟᱯ ᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱩᱝ}} ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamsang |first1=K.P. |title=The Lepcha-English Encyclopaedic Dictionary |date=1980 |publisher=Mrs. Mayel Clymit Tamsang |location=Kalimpong |page=509| isbn = 9632535979}}</ref> [[File:Wrapped Kumbilappam - Kerala - IMG 20210331 171153.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱟ-ᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ" ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ "ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ (Bay laurel) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱬ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite book|author1=P N Ravindran|author2=K Nirmal-Babu|author3=M Shylaja|title=Cinnamon and Cassia: The Genus Cinnamomum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZa8aPxR_-wC&pg=PA199|date=29 December 2003|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-59087-4|pages=199+}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ [[File:Cinnamomum tamala W IMG 2433.jpg|thumb|190px|[[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] [[File:Cinnamomum tamala W IMG 2436.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] == ᱥᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == * ᱵᱤᱴᱟ-ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ<ref name=eocs>{{cite journal| last1 = Ahmed| first1 = Aftab| title = Essential oil constituents of the spice ''Cinnamomum tamala'' (Ham.) Nees & Eberm.| journal = Flavour and Fragrance Journal| volume = 15| issue = 6| pages = 388–390| year = 2000| doi = 10.1002/1099-1026(200011/12)15:6<388::AID-FFJ928>3.0.CO;2-F| last2 = Choudhary| first2 = M. Iqbal | last3 = Farooq | first3 = Afgan| last4 =Demirci | first4 = Betül| last5 = Demirci| first5 = Fatih| last6 = Can Başer| first6 = K. Hüsnü |display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}}</ref> * ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱞᱩᱞ<ref name=eocs /> * ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ * ᱤᱣᱡᱮᱱᱳᱞ<ref name=qdec>{{cite journal| last1 = Dighe| first1 = V. V.| title = Quantitative Determination of Eugenol from ''Cinnamomum tamala'' Nees and Eberm. Leaf Powder and Polyherbal Formulation Using Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography| journal = Chromatographia| volume = 61| issue = 9–10| pages = 443–446| year = 2005 | doi = 10.1365/s10337-005-0527-6| last2 = Gursale| first2 = A. A.| last3 = Sane| first3 = R. T.| last4 = Menon| first4 = S.| last5 = Patel| first5 = P. H.| s2cid = 97399632|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=aase>{{cite journal| last1 = Rao| first1 = Chandana Venkateswara| title = Antidiarrhoeal activity of the standardised extract of ''Cinnamomum tamala'' in experimental rats| journal = Journal of Natural Medicines| volume = 62| issue = 4| pages = 396–402| year = 2008| doi = 10.1007/s11418-008-0258-8| pmid = 18493839 | last2 = Vijayakumar | first2 = M | last3 = Sairam | first3 = K| last4 = Kumar| first4 = V| s2cid = 8641540|display-authors=etal}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱢᱟᱞᱟ' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 'ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱵᱩᱨᱩ" ᱾ "ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱛᱛᱨᱟᱢ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ-ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ" ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ == * ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ * ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ * ᱥᱟᱭᱜᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Vasundhara |last2=Rao |first2=Lingamallu Jagan Mohan |title=An Overview on Chemical Composition, Bioactivity and Processing of Leaves of Cinnamomum tamala |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |date=January 2014 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=433–448 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.587615 |pmid=24236996 |s2cid=46178245 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. K. |last2=Mishra |first2=A. K. |last3=Mishra |first3=A. |title=Antifungal and antioxidative potential of oil and extracts derived from leaves of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum tamala |journal=Cellular and Molecular Biology |date=22 December 2012 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=142–147 |pmid=23273204 |url=https://cellmolbiol.org/index.php/CMB/article/view/589 }} * [http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Cinn_tam.html Indian bay-leaf page from Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages] {{Commons category|Cinnamomum tamala}} {{Wikispecies|Cinnamomum tamala}} {{Herbs & spices}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1661611}} [[Category:Cinnamomum|tamala]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ]] 01m8b29bhi498narv24haka6euq0rb6 191083 191082 2026-04-24T05:11:32Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ | image = Indian_bay_leaf_-_tejpatta_-_indisches_Lorbeerblatt.jpg | image_caption = ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=de Kok |first1=R. |year=2020 |title=''Cinnamomum tamala'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T145404427A145416586 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T145404427A145416586.en |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> | genus = Cinnamomum | species = tamala | authority = ([[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]]) [[Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck|T.Nees]] & [[Carl Heinrich Ebermaier|C.H.Eberm.]] |synonyms = * ''Cinnamomum albiflorum'' Nees * ''Cinnamomum cassia'' D.Don nom. illeg. * ''Cinnamomum lindleyi'' Lukman. * ''Cinnamomum macrocarpum''<ref>Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants</ref> * ''Cinnamomum pauciflorum'' var. ''tazia'' (Buch.-Ham.) [[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]] * ''Cinnamomum reinwardtii'' Nees * ''Cinnamomum veitchii'' Lukman. * ''Cinnamomum zwartzii'' Lukman. * ''Laurus tamala'' Buch.-Ham. | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2721651|title=The Plant List: A Working List of all Plant Species}}</ref> }} '''''ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' (Cinnamomum tamala)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ (ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛ,<ref name=GRIN/> ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱛᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱠ,<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 12 December 2017}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ,<ref name="GRIN" /> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱨᱮᱥᱤ (Lauraceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ([[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ), [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]], ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=Cinnamomum tamala |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:463718-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="GRIN" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FoC">{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008729 |title=''Cinnamomum tamala'' |author=Xi-wen Li, Jie Li & Henk van der Werff |work=Flora of China |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA |access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|author=Umberto Quattrocchi|title=CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-37OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA959|year=2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-5064-0|pages=959+}}</ref> == ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱛᱟ'', [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛ'', [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱟ'', [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞᱟ/ᱮᱰᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞᱟ,''[[ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ'' , [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟ'' [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱞᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱝᱢᱟ (''tsheringma)'' ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱞ ᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱤᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱠᱩ/ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱩ'' ᱟᱨ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ'' ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]] ᱨᱤᱱ [[ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ {{lang|lep|ᱱᱟᱯ ᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱩᱝ}} ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamsang |first1=K.P. |title=The Lepcha-English Encyclopaedic Dictionary |date=1980 |publisher=Mrs. Mayel Clymit Tamsang |location=Kalimpong |page=509| isbn = 9632535979}}</ref> [[File:Wrapped Kumbilappam - Kerala - IMG 20210331 171153.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱟᱼᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ" ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ "ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ (Bay laurel) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱬ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite book|author1=P N Ravindran|author2=K Nirmal-Babu|author3=M Shylaja|title=Cinnamon and Cassia: The Genus Cinnamomum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZa8aPxR_-wC&pg=PA199|date=29 December 2003|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-59087-4|pages=199+}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ [[File:Cinnamomum tamala W IMG 2433.jpg|thumb|190px|[[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] [[File:Cinnamomum tamala W IMG 2436.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] == ᱥᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == * ᱵᱤᱴᱟᱼᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ<ref name=eocs>{{cite journal| last1 = Ahmed| first1 = Aftab| title = Essential oil constituents of the spice ''Cinnamomum tamala'' (Ham.) Nees & Eberm.| journal = Flavour and Fragrance Journal| volume = 15| issue = 6| pages = 388–390| year = 2000| doi = 10.1002/1099-1026(200011/12)15:6<388::AID-FFJ928>3.0.CO;2-F| last2 = Choudhary| first2 = M. Iqbal | last3 = Farooq | first3 = Afgan| last4 =Demirci | first4 = Betül| last5 = Demirci| first5 = Fatih| last6 = Can Başer| first6 = K. Hüsnü |display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}}</ref> * ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱞᱩᱞ<ref name=eocs /> * ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ * ᱤᱣᱡᱮᱱᱳᱞ<ref name=qdec>{{cite journal| last1 = Dighe| first1 = V. V.| title = Quantitative Determination of Eugenol from ''Cinnamomum tamala'' Nees and Eberm. Leaf Powder and Polyherbal Formulation Using Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography| journal = Chromatographia| volume = 61| issue = 9–10| pages = 443–446| year = 2005 | doi = 10.1365/s10337-005-0527-6| last2 = Gursale| first2 = A. A.| last3 = Sane| first3 = R. T.| last4 = Menon| first4 = S.| last5 = Patel| first5 = P. H.| s2cid = 97399632|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=aase>{{cite journal| last1 = Rao| first1 = Chandana Venkateswara| title = Antidiarrhoeal activity of the standardised extract of ''Cinnamomum tamala'' in experimental rats| journal = Journal of Natural Medicines| volume = 62| issue = 4| pages = 396–402| year = 2008| doi = 10.1007/s11418-008-0258-8| pmid = 18493839 | last2 = Vijayakumar | first2 = M | last3 = Sairam | first3 = K| last4 = Kumar| first4 = V| s2cid = 8641540|display-authors=etal}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱢᱟᱞᱟ' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 'ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱵᱩᱨᱩ" ᱾ "ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱛᱛᱨᱟᱢ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮᱼᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ" ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ == * ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ * ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ * ᱥᱟᱭᱜᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Vasundhara |last2=Rao |first2=Lingamallu Jagan Mohan |title=An Overview on Chemical Composition, Bioactivity and Processing of Leaves of Cinnamomum tamala |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |date=January 2014 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=433–448 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.587615 |pmid=24236996 |s2cid=46178245 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. K. |last2=Mishra |first2=A. K. |last3=Mishra |first3=A. |title=Antifungal and antioxidative potential of oil and extracts derived from leaves of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum tamala |journal=Cellular and Molecular Biology |date=22 December 2012 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=142–147 |pmid=23273204 |url=https://cellmolbiol.org/index.php/CMB/article/view/589 }} * [http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Cinn_tam.html Indian bayᱼleaf page from Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages] {{Commons category|Cinnamomum tamala}} {{Wikispecies|Cinnamomum tamala}} {{Herbs & spices}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1661611}} [[Category:Cinnamomum|tamala]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ]] ozwhyw6uf4vp9ckzfs85g53th1tho7q 0 35728 191085 2026-04-24T07:44:26Z ᱥᱤᱵᱚ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ ᱙ 8942 "'''ᱠᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽᱠᱟ''' ({{lang-uk|колядка}}; {{lang-be|калядка}}; {{lang-ru|колядка}}; {{lang-pl|kolęda}}) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ|ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ]] ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱠᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽᱠᱟ''' ({{lang-uk|колядка}}; {{lang-be|калядка}}; {{lang-ru|колядка}}; {{lang-pl|kolęda}}) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ|ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ]] ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟᱫᱩᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ (koliaduvannia) ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱠᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱢᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ]] ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱯᱩᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ == ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ == ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱫᱮᱵᱽ-ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ (Mythology) ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ (History) ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ (Agriculture) ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ (Love and marriage) ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱱᱟᱹᱭ (Everyday life and humour) == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == [[ᱠᱳᱞᱮᱫᱟ]] [[ᱥᱪᱮᱫᱽᱨᱤᱠ (ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ)|ᱥᱪᱮᱫᱽᱨᱤᱠ]] [[ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱛᱮᱯ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[Category:Christmas carols]] [[Category:Ukrainian folk music]] [[Category:Eastern Slavic culture]] o8c8aj0rgfo0rnbu4q9lq0gskpxtgtg 0 35729 191086 2026-04-24T07:55:43Z Sunia Marndi 8165 "{{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{speciesbox |image = Ficus hispida Linn. f.jpg |image_caption = |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Shao, Q. |author2=Zhao, L. |author3=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author4=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |year=2019 |title=''Ficus hispida'' |article-number..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{speciesbox |image = Ficus hispida Linn. f.jpg |image_caption = |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Shao, Q. |author2=Zhao, L. |author3=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author4=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |year=2019 |title=''Ficus hispida'' |article-number=e.T147494318A147645751 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147494318A147645751.en |language=en}}</ref> |genus = Ficus |parent = Ficus subg. Sycomorus |species = hispida |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]{{R|POWO}} |synonyms = *''Covellia hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]}} *''Gonosuke hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]}} |synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}} }} [[File:Ficus oppositifolia.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] '''''(ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ-Ficus hispida)''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱨᱮᱥᱤ (Moraceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱭᱱᱚᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (gynodioecious) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (dioecious) (ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00704.x|title=Fine-scale Population Genetic Structure of Two Dioecious Indian Keystone Species, ''Ficus hispida'' and ''Ficus exasperata'' (Moraceae)|year=2011|last1=Dev|first1=Suma A.|last2=Kjellberg|first2=Finn|last3=Hossaert-Mckey|first3=Martine|last4=Borges|first4=Renee M.|journal=Biotropica|volume=43|issue=3|pages=309–316}}</ref> ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴ (staminate) ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ (pollen) ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥ ᱴᱤᱠᱮᱴ (pistillate) ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ (wasp) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miao |first1=Bai-Ge |last2=Liu |first2=Ming-Xin |last3=Wang |first3=Bo |last4=Peng |first4=Yan-Qiong |last5=Lesne |first5=Annick |last6=Kjellberg |first6=Finn |last7=Jandér |first7=K．Charlotte |date=May 2023 |title=Active pollination in a functionally dioecious Ficus species: An interplay between pollinator behaviour and floral morphology |url=https://hal.science/hal-04182812/file/Manuscript%20_Flora_active%20pollination.pdf |journal=Flora |volume=302 |doi=10.1016/j.flora.2023.152274 |publisher=Elsevier B.V. }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Ficus hispida |url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |website=ZipcodeZoo |publisher=BayScience Foundation, Inc. |access-date=April 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830031335/http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |archive-date=August 30, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biotik.org|url=http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|work=Ficus hispida|access-date=April 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725113045/http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|archive-date=July 25, 2010}}</ref> ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ (ficus) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱼᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱳᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ-ᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱜᱽ ᱯᱮᱨᱚᱴ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᬬᱮ) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱷᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱚᱥᱮᱨᱠᱚᱯᱥ ᱯᱟᱭᱠᱩᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱞᱟ (''Melanocercops ficuvorella)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱮᱯᱚᱠᱤᱯᱴᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱨᱤ( ''Apocrypta bakeri'' ) ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯ''. ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴᱚᱥᱚᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱢᱥᱤ (''Ceratosolen solmsi)'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ (parasitize) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱮᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱰ (nematode) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱚᱦᱟᱵᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱤ ᱓᱕ (''Caenorhabditis sp. 35)'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Commons category}} {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852981-1 |title=''Ficus hispida'' L.f. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3349206}} [[Category:Ficus|hispida]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱰᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] {{Moraceae-stub}} cr3dhnkry5raha8ww91t7hplehfwn75 191087 191086 2026-04-24T08:11:04Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{speciesbox |image = Ficus hispida Linn. f.jpg |image_caption = |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Shao, Q. |author2=Zhao, L. |author3=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author4=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |year=2019 |title=''Ficus hispida'' |article-number=e.T147494318A147645751 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147494318A147645751.en |language=en}}</ref> |genus = Ficus |parent = Ficus subg. Sycomorus |species = hispida |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]{{R|POWO}} |synonyms = *''Covellia hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]}} *''Gonosuke hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]}} |synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}} }} [[File:Ficus oppositifolia.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''''ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱚᱥ ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ''' (Ficus hispida)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱨᱮᱥᱤ (Moraceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱭᱱᱚᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00704.x|title=Fine-scale Population Genetic Structure of Two Dioecious Indian Keystone Species, ''Ficus hispida'' and ''Ficus exasperata'' (Moraceae)|year=2011|last1=Dev|first1=Suma A.|last2=Kjellberg|first2=Finn|last3=Hossaert-Mckey|first3=Martine|last4=Borges|first4=Renee M.|journal=Biotropica|volume=43|issue=3|pages=309–316}}</ref> ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ (pollen) ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ (wasp) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miao |first1=Bai-Ge |last2=Liu |first2=Ming-Xin |last3=Wang |first3=Bo |last4=Peng |first4=Yan-Qiong |last5=Lesne |first5=Annick |last6=Kjellberg |first6=Finn |last7=Jandér |first7=K．Charlotte |date=May 2023 |title=Active pollination in a functionally dioecious Ficus species: An interplay between pollinator behaviour and floral morphology |url=https://hal.science/hal-04182812/file/Manuscript%20_Flora_active%20pollination.pdf |journal=Flora |volume=302 |doi=10.1016/j.flora.2023.152274 |publisher=Elsevier B.V. }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Ficus hispida |url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |website=ZipcodeZoo |publisher=BayScience Foundation, Inc. |access-date=April 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830031335/http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |archive-date=August 30, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biotik.org|url=http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|work=Ficus hispida|access-date=April 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725113045/http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|archive-date=July 25, 2010}}</ref> ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ (ficus) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱼᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱳᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ-ᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱜᱽ ᱯᱮᱨᱚᱴ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᬬᱮ) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱷᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱚᱥᱮᱨᱠᱚᱯᱥ ᱯᱟᱭᱠᱩᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱞᱟ (''Melanocercops ficuvorella)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱮᱯᱚᱠᱤᱯᱴᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱨᱤ( ''Apocrypta bakeri'' ) ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯ''. ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴᱚᱥᱚᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱢᱥᱤ (''Ceratosolen solmsi)'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ (parasitize) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱮᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱰ (nematode) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱚᱦᱟᱵᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱤ ᱓᱕ (''Caenorhabditis sp. 35)'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Commons category}} {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852981-1 |title=''Ficus hispida'' L.f. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3349206}} [[Category:Ficus|hispida]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱰᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] {{Moraceae-stub}} o41wda7cyxub2j3ly27wty5a6g6j24n 191098 191087 2026-04-24T10:09:58Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{speciesbox |image = Ficus hispida Linn. f.jpg |image_caption = |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Shao, Q. |author2=Zhao, L. |author3=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author4=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |year=2019 |title=''Ficus hispida'' |article-number=e.T147494318A147645751 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147494318A147645751.en |language=en}}</ref> |genus = Ficus |parent = Ficus subg. Sycomorus |species = hispida |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]{{R|POWO}} |synonyms = *''Covellia hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]}} *''Gonosuke hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]}} |synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}} }} [[File:Ficus oppositifolia.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''''ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱚᱥ ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ''' (Ficus hispida)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱨᱮᱥᱤ (Moraceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱭᱱᱚᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00704.x|title=Fine-scale Population Genetic Structure of Two Dioecious Indian Keystone Species, ''Ficus hispida'' and ''Ficus exasperata'' (Moraceae)|year=2011|last1=Dev|first1=Suma A.|last2=Kjellberg|first2=Finn|last3=Hossaert-Mckey|first3=Martine|last4=Borges|first4=Renee M.|journal=Biotropica|volume=43|issue=3|pages=309–316}}</ref> ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ (pollen) ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ (wasp) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miao |first1=Bai-Ge |last2=Liu |first2=Ming-Xin |last3=Wang |first3=Bo |last4=Peng |first4=Yan-Qiong |last5=Lesne |first5=Annick |last6=Kjellberg |first6=Finn |last7=Jandér |first7=K．Charlotte |date=May 2023 |title=Active pollination in a functionally dioecious Ficus species: An interplay between pollinator behaviour and floral morphology |url=https://hal.science/hal-04182812/file/Manuscript%20_Flora_active%20pollination.pdf |journal=Flora |volume=302 |doi=10.1016/j.flora.2023.152274 |publisher=Elsevier B.V. }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Ficus hispida |url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |website=ZipcodeZoo |publisher=BayScience Foundation, Inc. |access-date=April 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830031335/http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |archive-date=August 30, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biotik.org|url=http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|work=Ficus hispida|access-date=April 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725113045/http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|archive-date=July 25, 2010}}</ref> ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ (ficus) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱼᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱳᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞᱼᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱜᱽ ᱯᱮᱨᱚᱴ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᬬᱮ) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱷᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱚᱥᱮᱨᱠᱚᱯᱥ ᱯᱟᱭᱠᱩᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱞᱟ (''Melanocercops ficuvorella)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱮᱯᱚᱠᱤᱯᱴᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱨᱤ( ''Apocrypta bakeri'' ) ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯ''. ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴᱚᱥᱚᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱢᱥᱤ (''Ceratosolen solmsi)'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ (parasitize) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱮᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱰ (nematode) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱚᱦᱟᱵᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱤ ᱓᱕ (''Caenorhabditis sp. 35)'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Commons category}} {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852981-1 |title=''Ficus hispida'' L.f. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3349206}} [[Category:Ficus|hispida]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱰᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] {{Moraceae-stub}} lb0c7z851q742tcrtohmoip44mh5fc7 191099 191098 2026-04-24T10:11:47Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ */ 191099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{speciesbox |image = Ficus hispida Linn. f.jpg |image_caption = |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Shao, Q. |author2=Zhao, L. |author3=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author4=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |year=2019 |title=''Ficus hispida'' |article-number=e.T147494318A147645751 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147494318A147645751.en |language=en}}</ref> |genus = Ficus |parent = Ficus subg. Sycomorus |species = hispida |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]{{R|POWO}} |synonyms = *''Covellia hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]}} *''Gonosuke hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]}} |synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}} }} [[File:Ficus oppositifolia.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''''ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱚᱥ ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ''' (Ficus hispida)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱨᱮᱥᱤ (Moraceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱭᱱᱚᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00704.x|title=Fine-scale Population Genetic Structure of Two Dioecious Indian Keystone Species, ''Ficus hispida'' and ''Ficus exasperata'' (Moraceae)|year=2011|last1=Dev|first1=Suma A.|last2=Kjellberg|first2=Finn|last3=Hossaert-Mckey|first3=Martine|last4=Borges|first4=Renee M.|journal=Biotropica|volume=43|issue=3|pages=309–316}}</ref> ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ (pollen) ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ (wasp) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miao |first1=Bai-Ge |last2=Liu |first2=Ming-Xin |last3=Wang |first3=Bo |last4=Peng |first4=Yan-Qiong |last5=Lesne |first5=Annick |last6=Kjellberg |first6=Finn |last7=Jandér |first7=K．Charlotte |date=May 2023 |title=Active pollination in a functionally dioecious Ficus species: An interplay between pollinator behaviour and floral morphology |url=https://hal.science/hal-04182812/file/Manuscript%20_Flora_active%20pollination.pdf |journal=Flora |volume=302 |doi=10.1016/j.flora.2023.152274 |publisher=Elsevier B.V. }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Ficus hispida |url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |website=ZipcodeZoo |publisher=BayScience Foundation, Inc. |access-date=April 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830031335/http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |archive-date=August 30, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biotik.org|url=http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|work=Ficus hispida|access-date=April 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725113045/http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|archive-date=July 25, 2010}}</ref> ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ (ficus) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱼᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱳᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞᱼᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱜᱽ ᱯᱮᱨᱚᱴ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᬬᱮ) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱷᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱚᱥᱮᱨᱠᱚᱯᱥ ᱯᱟᱭᱠᱩᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱞᱟ (''Melanocercops ficuvorella)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱮᱯᱚᱠᱤᱯᱴᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱨᱤ ( ''Apocrypta bakeri'') ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯ''. ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴᱚᱥᱚᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱢᱥᱤ (''Ceratosolen solmsi)'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱮᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱰ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱚᱦᱟᱵᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱤ ᱓᱕ (''Caenorhabditis sp. 35)'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Commons category}} {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852981-1 |title=''Ficus hispida'' L.f. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3349206}} [[Category:Ficus|hispida]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱰᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] {{Moraceae-stub}} 1v3oe300q27wbigtqth055eundsl7jq 191100 191099 2026-04-24T10:12:08Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ */ 191100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{speciesbox |image = Ficus hispida Linn. f.jpg |image_caption = |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Shao, Q. |author2=Zhao, L. |author3=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author4=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |year=2019 |title=''Ficus hispida'' |article-number=e.T147494318A147645751 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147494318A147645751.en |language=en}}</ref> |genus = Ficus |parent = Ficus subg. Sycomorus |species = hispida |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]{{R|POWO}} |synonyms = *''Covellia hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]}} *''Gonosuke hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]}} |synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}} }} [[File:Ficus oppositifolia.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''''ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱚᱥ ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ''' (Ficus hispida)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱨᱮᱥᱤ (Moraceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱭᱱᱚᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00704.x|title=Fine-scale Population Genetic Structure of Two Dioecious Indian Keystone Species, ''Ficus hispida'' and ''Ficus exasperata'' (Moraceae)|year=2011|last1=Dev|first1=Suma A.|last2=Kjellberg|first2=Finn|last3=Hossaert-Mckey|first3=Martine|last4=Borges|first4=Renee M.|journal=Biotropica|volume=43|issue=3|pages=309–316}}</ref> ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ (pollen) ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ (wasp) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miao |first1=Bai-Ge |last2=Liu |first2=Ming-Xin |last3=Wang |first3=Bo |last4=Peng |first4=Yan-Qiong |last5=Lesne |first5=Annick |last6=Kjellberg |first6=Finn |last7=Jandér |first7=K．Charlotte |date=May 2023 |title=Active pollination in a functionally dioecious Ficus species: An interplay between pollinator behaviour and floral morphology |url=https://hal.science/hal-04182812/file/Manuscript%20_Flora_active%20pollination.pdf |journal=Flora |volume=302 |doi=10.1016/j.flora.2023.152274 |publisher=Elsevier B.V. }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Ficus hispida |url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |website=ZipcodeZoo |publisher=BayScience Foundation, Inc. |access-date=April 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830031335/http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |archive-date=August 30, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biotik.org|url=http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|work=Ficus hispida|access-date=April 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725113045/http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|archive-date=July 25, 2010}}</ref> ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ (ficus) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱼᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱳᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞᱼᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱜᱽ ᱯᱮᱨᱚᱴ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᬬᱮ) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱷᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱚᱥᱮᱨᱠᱚᱯᱥ ᱯᱟᱭᱠᱩᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱞᱟ (''Melanocercops ficuvorella)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱮᱯᱚᱠᱤᱯᱴᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱨᱤ (''Apocrypta bakeri'') ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯ''. ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴᱚᱥᱚᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱢᱥᱤ (''Ceratosolen solmsi)'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱮᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱰ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱚᱦᱟᱵᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱤ ᱓᱕ (''Caenorhabditis sp. 35)'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Commons category}} {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852981-1 |title=''Ficus hispida'' L.f. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3349206}} [[Category:Ficus|hispida]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱰᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] {{Moraceae-stub}} m67susp6n9886pf69vwbv6n78lym85e 191101 191100 2026-04-24T10:12:47Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{speciesbox |image = Ficus hispida Linn. f.jpg |image_caption = |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Shao, Q. |author2=Zhao, L. |author3=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author4=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |year=2019 |title=''Ficus hispida'' |article-number=e.T147494318A147645751 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147494318A147645751.en |language=en}}</ref> |genus = Ficus |parent = Ficus subg. Sycomorus |species = hispida |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]{{R|POWO}} |synonyms = *''Covellia hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]}} *''Gonosuke hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]}} |synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}} }} [[File:Ficus oppositifolia.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''''ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱚᱥ ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ''' (Ficus hispida)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱨᱮᱥᱤ (Moraceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱭᱱᱚᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00704.x|title=Fine-scale Population Genetic Structure of Two Dioecious Indian Keystone Species, ''Ficus hispida'' and ''Ficus exasperata'' (Moraceae)|year=2011|last1=Dev|first1=Suma A.|last2=Kjellberg|first2=Finn|last3=Hossaert-Mckey|first3=Martine|last4=Borges|first4=Renee M.|journal=Biotropica|volume=43|issue=3|pages=309–316}}</ref> ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ (pollen) ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ (wasp) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miao |first1=Bai-Ge |last2=Liu |first2=Ming-Xin |last3=Wang |first3=Bo |last4=Peng |first4=Yan-Qiong |last5=Lesne |first5=Annick |last6=Kjellberg |first6=Finn |last7=Jandér |first7=K．Charlotte |date=May 2023 |title=Active pollination in a functionally dioecious Ficus species: An interplay between pollinator behaviour and floral morphology |url=https://hal.science/hal-04182812/file/Manuscript%20_Flora_active%20pollination.pdf |journal=Flora |volume=302 |doi=10.1016/j.flora.2023.152274 |publisher=Elsevier B.V. }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Ficus hispida |url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |website=ZipcodeZoo |publisher=BayScience Foundation, Inc. |access-date=April 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830031335/http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |archive-date=August 30, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biotik.org|url=http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|work=Ficus hispida|access-date=April 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725113045/http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|archive-date=July 25, 2010}}</ref> ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ (ficus) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱼᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱳᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞᱼᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱜᱽ ᱯᱮᱨᱚᱴ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᬬᱮ) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱷᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱚᱥᱮᱨᱠᱚᱯᱥ ᱯᱟᱭᱠᱩᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱞᱟ (''Melanocercops ficuvorella)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱮᱯᱚᱠᱤᱯᱴᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱨᱤ (''Apocrypta bakeri'') ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯ''. ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴᱚᱥᱚᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱢᱥᱤ (''Ceratosolen solmsi)'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱮᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱰ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱚᱦᱟᱵᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱤ ᱓᱕ (''Caenorhabditis sp. 35)'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Commons category}} {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852981-1 |title=''Ficus hispida'' L.f. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3349206}} [[Category:Ficus|hispida]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱰᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] {{Moraceae-stub}} 2ewdvoku54qg4m1rnlxdsdm2hisc7gc 0 35730 191088 2026-04-24T08:23:59Z Sunia Marndi 8165 "{{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} :''ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''Cassia tora'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[taxon|ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ''[[Senna obtusifolia]]'' ᱞ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} :''ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''Cassia tora'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[taxon|ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ''[[Senna obtusifolia]]'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Speciesbox |image = Senna tora Blanco1.122-cropped.jpg |genus = Senna |species = tora |authority = ([[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|L.]]) Roxb. |synonyms = Numerous, see [[#Synonyms|text]] }} '''''Senna tora''''' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ '''''Cassia tora''''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ) ᱫᱚ [[Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ [[Caesalpinioideae|ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱞᱯᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱭᱰᱤ]] ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[Sinhalese language|ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ **tora** (ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟ - ތෝර) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ [[tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱥ-ᱯᱟᱛᱟᱲ (weed) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=POWO>{{cite web | title = ''Senna tora'' (L.) Roxb. | work = [[Plants of the World Online]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] | url = http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:518369-1 | access-date = 7 May 2018}}</ref> ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ **sickle senna**<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SETO4|taxon=Senna tora|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ **sickle wild sensitive-plant** ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>NatureServe (2007)</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ **sickle pod**, **tora**, **coffee pod** ᱟᱨ **foetid cassia** ᱾<ref name=EPPO>{{cite web | title = ''Senna tora'' | url = https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CASTO | publisher = [[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) | access-date = 23 October 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱯᱚᱰ, ''[[Senna obtusifolia]]'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taxonomy (biology)|ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Senna (plant)|Senna]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Cassia (genus)|Cassia]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ''S. tora'' ᱟᱨ ''S. obtusifolia'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ—ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ [[species|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ [[taxa|ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>ILDIS (2005)</ref> * ''Cassia boreensis'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Cassia borneensis'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Cassia gallinaria'' <small>Collad.</small> * ''Cassia numilis'' <small>Collad.</small> :ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Cassia humilis'' ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''[[Senna obtusifolia]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Chamaecrista kunthiana]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> :ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ''Cassia tora'' ᱫᱚ ''Senna obtusifolia'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> var. ''borneensis'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small> :''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> var. ''b'', var. ''humilis'', ᱟᱨ var. ''obtusifolia'' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ''Senna obtusifolia'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Emelista tora'' <small>Britton & Rose</small> == ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == [[New Caledonia|ᱱᱤᱣ-ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱᱠᱟᱨᱤ (invasive) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf|title=Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie|last=Hequet|first=Vanessa|year=2009|pages=17|language=fr}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Cassia Tora (young plant).JPG|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ File:Cassia Tora (the seeds).JPG|ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ File:தகரை1.jpg|ᱡᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱱᱤ File:Pollens of Senna tora 2.jpg|''Senna tora'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ (Pollen) File:Pollens of Senna tora.jpg|''Senna tora'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ File:Young 'Senna Tora'.jpg|ᱡᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ </gallery> == ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == * {{aut|International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS)}} (2005): [http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~697&genus~Cassia&species~tora ''Senna tora'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small>]. Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2007-DEC-20. * {{aut|[[NatureServe]]}} (2007): [https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.145000/Senna_tora ''Senna tora'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> species factsheet]1 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022. {{Taxonbar|from=Q2739004}} [[Category:Senna (plant)|tora]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] bz3i02lr6k2jdofdl14szvbq9gansd3 191089 191088 2026-04-24T08:24:39Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Senna tora Blanco1.122-cropped.jpg |genus = Senna |species = tora |authority = ([[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|L.]]) Roxb. |synonyms = Numerous, see [[#Synonyms|text]] }} '''''Senna tora''''' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ '''''Cassia tora''''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ) ᱫᱚ [[Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ [[Caesalpinioideae|ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱞᱯᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱭᱰᱤ]] ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[Sinhalese language|ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ **tora** (ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟ - ތෝර) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ [[tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱥ-ᱯᱟᱛᱟᱲ (weed) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=POWO>{{cite web | title = ''Senna tora'' (L.) Roxb. | work = [[Plants of the World Online]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] | url = http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:518369-1 | access-date = 7 May 2018}}</ref> ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ **sickle senna**<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SETO4|taxon=Senna tora|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ **sickle wild sensitive-plant** ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>NatureServe (2007)</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ **sickle pod**, **tora**, **coffee pod** ᱟᱨ **foetid cassia** ᱾<ref name=EPPO>{{cite web | title = ''Senna tora'' | url = https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CASTO | publisher = [[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) | access-date = 23 October 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱯᱚᱰ, ''[[Senna obtusifolia]]'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taxonomy (biology)|ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Senna (plant)|Senna]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Cassia (genus)|Cassia]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ''S. tora'' ᱟᱨ ''S. obtusifolia'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ—ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ [[species|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ [[taxa|ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>ILDIS (2005)</ref> * ''Cassia boreensis'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Cassia borneensis'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Cassia gallinaria'' <small>Collad.</small> * ''Cassia numilis'' <small>Collad.</small> :ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Cassia humilis'' ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''[[Senna obtusifolia]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Chamaecrista kunthiana]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> :ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ''Cassia tora'' ᱫᱚ ''Senna obtusifolia'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> var. ''borneensis'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small> :''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> var. ''b'', var. ''humilis'', ᱟᱨ var. ''obtusifolia'' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ''Senna obtusifolia'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Emelista tora'' <small>Britton & Rose</small> == ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == [[New Caledonia|ᱱᱤᱣ-ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱᱠᱟᱨᱤ (invasive) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf|title=Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie|last=Hequet|first=Vanessa|year=2009|pages=17|language=fr}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Cassia Tora (young plant).JPG|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ File:Cassia Tora (the seeds).JPG|ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ File:தகரை1.jpg|ᱡᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱱᱤ File:Pollens of Senna tora 2.jpg|''Senna tora'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ (Pollen) File:Pollens of Senna tora.jpg|''Senna tora'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ File:Young 'Senna Tora'.jpg|ᱡᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ </gallery> == ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == * {{aut|International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS)}} (2005): [http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~697&genus~Cassia&species~tora ''Senna tora'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small>]. Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2007-DEC-20. * {{aut|[[NatureServe]]}} (2007): [https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.145000/Senna_tora ''Senna tora'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> species factsheet]1 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022. {{Taxonbar|from=Q2739004}} [[Category:Senna (plant)|tora]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] qr7o7lb7c87cyyjm7uvvcrlskdc1yv9 191090 191089 2026-04-24T08:39:37Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Senna tora Blanco1.122-cropped.jpg |genus = Senna |species = tora |authority = ([[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|L.]]) Roxb. |synonyms = Numerous, see [[#Synonyms|text]] }} '''''Senna tora''''' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ '''''Cassia tora''''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ) ᱫᱚ [[Fabaceae|ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ [[Caesalpinioideae|ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱞᱯᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱭᱰᱤ]] ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[Sinhalese language|ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ [[tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱥ-ᱯᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=POWO>{{cite web | title = ''Senna tora'' (L.) Roxb. | work = [[Plants of the World Online]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] | url = http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:518369-1 | access-date = 7 May 2018}}</ref> ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱱᱱᱟ <ref>{{PLANTS|id=SETO4|taxon=Senna tora|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞ ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱞᱰ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤᱵ-ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>NatureServe (2007)</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞ ᱯᱚᱰ, ᱛᱚᱨᱟ, ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱯᱚᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱴᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=EPPO>{{cite web | title = ''Senna tora'' | url = https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CASTO | publisher = [[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) | access-date = 23 October 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞ ᱯᱚᱰ, ''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱵᱴᱚᱥᱤᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taxonomy (biology)|ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱥ''. ᱴᱚᱨᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥ''. ᱚᱵᱴᱚᱥᱤᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ—ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>ILDIS (2005)</ref> * ''Cassia boreensis'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Cassia borneensis'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Cassia gallinaria'' <small>Collad.</small> * ''Cassia numilis'' <small>Collad.</small> :ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Cassia humilis'' ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱵᱴᱚᱥᱤᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Chamaecrista kunthiana]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> :ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ''Cassia tora'' ᱫᱚ ''Senna obtusifolia'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> var. ''borneensis'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small> :''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> var. ''b'', var. ''humilis'', ᱟᱨ var. ''obtusifolia'' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ''Senna obtusifolia'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Emelista tora'' <small>Britton & Rose</small> == ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱱᱤᱣ-ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱᱠᱟᱨᱤ (invasive) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf|title=Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie|last=Hequet|first=Vanessa|year=2009|pages=17|language=fr}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Cassia Tora (young plant).JPG|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ File:Cassia Tora (the seeds).JPG|ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ File:தகரை1.jpg|ᱡᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱱᱤ File:Pollens of Senna tora 2.jpg|''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ (Pollen) File:Pollens of Senna tora.jpg|''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ File:Young 'Senna Tora'.jpg|ᱡᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ </gallery> == ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == * {{aut|International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS)}} (2005): [http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~697&genus~Cassia&species~tora ''Senna tora'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small>]. Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2007-DEC-20. * {{aut|[[NatureServe]]}} (2007): [https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.145000/Senna_tora ''Senna tora'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> species factsheet]1 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022. {{Taxonbar|from=Q2739004}} [[Category:Senna (plant)|tora]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] t8i57emlr6otuikvuutwrs5sdlgpjvx 191091 191090 2026-04-24T08:41:12Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Senna tora Blanco1.122-cropped.jpg |genus = Senna |species = tora |authority = ([[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|L.]]) Roxb. |synonyms = Numerous, see [[#Synonyms|text]] }} '''''Senna tora''''' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ ('''''Cassia tora)'''''ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱮᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱞᱯᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱭᱰᱤ ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱥ-ᱯᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=POWO>{{cite web | title = ''Senna tora'' (L.) Roxb. | work = [[Plants of the World Online]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] | url = http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:518369-1 | access-date = 7 May 2018}}</ref> ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱱᱱᱟ <ref>{{PLANTS|id=SETO4|taxon=Senna tora|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞ ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱞᱰ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤᱵ-ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>NatureServe (2007)</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞ ᱯᱚᱰ, ᱛᱚᱨᱟ, ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱯᱚᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱴᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=EPPO>{{cite web | title = ''Senna tora'' | url = https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CASTO | publisher = [[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) | access-date = 23 October 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞ ᱯᱚᱰ, ''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱵᱴᱚᱥᱤᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taxonomy (biology)|ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱥ''. ᱴᱚᱨᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥ''. ᱚᱵᱴᱚᱥᱤᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ—ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>ILDIS (2005)</ref> * ''Cassia boreensis'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Cassia borneensis'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Cassia gallinaria'' <small>Collad.</small> * ''Cassia numilis'' <small>Collad.</small> :ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''Cassia humilis'' ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱵᱴᱚᱥᱤᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Chamaecrista kunthiana]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> :ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ''Cassia tora'' ᱫᱚ ''Senna obtusifolia'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> var. ''borneensis'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small> :''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> var. ''b'', var. ''humilis'', ᱟᱨ var. ''obtusifolia'' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ''Senna obtusifolia'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Emelista tora'' <small>Britton & Rose</small> == ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱱᱤᱣ-ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱᱠᱟᱨᱤ (invasive) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf|title=Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie|last=Hequet|first=Vanessa|year=2009|pages=17|language=fr}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Cassia Tora (young plant).JPG|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ File:Cassia Tora (the seeds).JPG|ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ File:தகரை1.jpg|ᱡᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱱᱤ File:Pollens of Senna tora 2.jpg|''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ (Pollen) File:Pollens of Senna tora.jpg|''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ File:Young 'Senna Tora'.jpg|ᱡᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ </gallery> == ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == * {{aut|International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS)}} (2005): [http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~697&genus~Cassia&species~tora ''Senna tora'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small>]. Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2007-DEC-20. * {{aut|[[NatureServe]]}} (2007): [https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.145000/Senna_tora ''Senna tora'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> species factsheet]1 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022. {{Taxonbar|from=Q2739004}} [[Category:Senna (plant)|tora]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] 1cnikjxan08lo55phkr46894kxqa4eo 191105 191091 2026-04-24T10:28:38Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{Speciesbox |image = Senna tora Blanco1.122-cropped.jpg |genus = Senna |species = tora |authority = ([[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|L.]]) Roxb. |synonyms = ᱟᱭᱢᱟ, ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ [[#ᱢᱤᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ_ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱠᱚ|ᱢᱤᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱠᱚ]] }} '''''ᱡᱷᱚᱱᱡᱷᱩᱱᱤ''' (Senna tora)'' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ'' (''Cassia tora)'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ) ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱚᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱞᱯᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱭᱰᱤ ᱩᱯᱼᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱥᱼᱯᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=POWO>{{cite web | title = ''Senna tora'' (L.) Roxb. | work = [[Plants of the World Online]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] | url = http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:518369-1 | access-date = 7 May 2018}}</ref> ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱱᱱᱟ <ref>{{PLANTS|id=SETO4|taxon=Senna tora|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞ ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱞᱰ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤᱵᱼᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>NatureServe (2007)</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞ ᱯᱚᱰ, ᱛᱚᱨᱟ, ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱯᱚᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱴᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=EPPO>{{cite web | title = ''Senna tora'' | url = https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CASTO | publisher = [[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) | access-date = 23 October 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱞ ᱯᱚᱰ, ''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱵᱴᱚᱥᱤᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taxonomy (biology)|ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱥ''. ᱴᱚᱨᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥ''. ᱚᱵᱴᱚᱥᱤᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>ILDIS (2005)</ref> * ''Cassia boreensis'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Cassia borneensis'' <small>Miq.</small> * ''Cassia gallinaria'' <small>Collad.</small> * ''Cassia numilis'' <small>Collad.</small> :ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱩᱢᱤᱞᱤᱥ'' ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱵᱴᱚᱥᱤᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱮᱢᱮᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱠᱩᱱᱴᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> :ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ''Cassia tora'' ᱫᱚ ''Senna obtusifolia'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> var. ''borneensis'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small> :''Cassia tora'' <small>L.</small> var. ''b'', var. ''humilis'', ᱟᱨ var. ''obtusifolia'' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ''Senna obtusifolia'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''Emelista tora'' <small>Britton & Rose</small> == ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱱᱤᱣᱼᱠᱮᱞᱮᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱᱠᱟᱨᱤ (invasive) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf|title=Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie|last=Hequet|first=Vanessa|year=2009|pages=17|language=fr}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Cassia Tora (young plant).JPG|ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ File:Cassia Tora (the seeds).JPG|ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ File:தகரை1.jpg|ᱡᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱱᱤ File:Pollens of Senna tora 2.jpg|''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ (Pollen) File:Pollens of Senna tora.jpg|''ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ File:Young 'Senna Tora'.jpg|ᱡᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ </gallery> == ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == * {{aut|International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS)}} (2005): [http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~697&genus~Cassia&species~tora ''Senna tora'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small>]. Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2007ᱼDECᱼ20. * {{aut|[[NatureServe]]}} (2007): [https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.145000/Senna_tora ''Senna tora'' <small>(L.) Roxb.</small> species factsheet]1 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022. {{Taxonbar|from=Q2739004}} [[Category:Senna (plant)|tora]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] rmykri0mv3ep12snt7rj1edhsahy4hv 10 35731 191092 2026-04-24T10:01:48Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subgenus |link=ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱚᱥ#ᱡᱚᱜᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱳᱥ|ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱳᱥ |parent=Ficus |refs= <!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subgenus |link=ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱚᱥ#ᱡᱚᱜᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱳᱥ|ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱳᱥ |parent=Ficus |refs= <!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} qh968rfewyt2fqhytklx9u10yoxj5wt 10 35732 191093 2026-04-24T10:02:48Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 Redirected page to [[ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Taxonomy/Ficus (plant)]] 191093 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Taxonomy/Ficus (plant)]] tapxn7rsxxbtr1zix9t90dnipowqqn4 10 35733 191094 2026-04-24T10:04:17Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥ |parent=Ficeae |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥ |parent=Ficeae |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} fmlx7so7rwqj4xogzi7cuxeovc7zngw 10 35734 191095 2026-04-24T10:06:16Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=tribus |link=ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥ|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Moraceae |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=tribus |link=ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥ|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Moraceae |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} g8mlf3qgtgsdospuoeto50r51v4ypuy 10 35735 191102 2026-04-24T10:15:08Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱥᱮᱱᱟ (ᱫᱟᱨᱮ)|ᱥᱮᱱᱟ |parent=Cassieae |refs= }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=ᱥᱮᱱᱟ (ᱫᱟᱨᱮ)|ᱥᱮᱱᱟ |parent=Cassieae |refs= }} 4rkrxpm88uxurnguq6p8nj4rcibikgc 10 35736 191103 2026-04-24T10:15:59Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=tribus |link=ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Caesalpinioideae |refs=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG), 2017 }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=tribus |link=ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Caesalpinioideae |refs=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG), 2017 }} g8hbbia2ryieynf2kliey7ynxckjun5 0 35737 191104 2026-04-24T10:25:42Z MT731 2184 "{{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱘᱖)}} '''ᱥᱩᱵᱽᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱔ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱘᱖)<ref name="espn cricinfo">{{Cite web |title=Subramanian Anand Profile – Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/s..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱘᱖)}} '''ᱥᱩᱵᱽᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱔ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱘᱖)<ref name="espn cricinfo">{{Cite web |title=Subramanian Anand Profile – Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/subramanian-anand-426173 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱴᱥᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ-ᱵᱨᱮᱠ ᱵᱚᱣᱞᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱩᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱭᱱᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱱᱰᱮᱥᱠᱨᱤᱴᱥ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱱᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱔ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱙-᱒᱐ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱩᱰᱩᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱫᱚᱞ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱜᱷᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱒᱐᱑᱙-᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱮᱫᱽ ᱢᱩᱥᱛᱟᱠ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱣᱮᱱᱴᱤ-᱒᱐ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205739.html |title=Group D, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Mumbai, Nov 9 2019 |accessdate=9 November 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="espn cricinfo" /> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/175/175112/175112.html Subramanian Anand] at Cricket Archive {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ, ᱥᱩᱵᱽᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱞᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱩᱰᱩᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] 6kjnnqweal2qrjqw7l1ggoybgupj9d3