ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ satwiki https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ TimedText TimedText talk ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ Event Event talk 0 343 191806 191443 2026-05-14T06:42:08Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191806 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mount Everest as seen from Drukair2 PLW edit.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱥᱴ]] '''ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱥᱴ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱡᱚᱨᱨᱡᱽ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱟᱜ [[ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ (Peak XV) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱡᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨᱢᱚᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱚᱢᱩᱞᱟᱝᱢᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {{Short description|Earth's highest mountain}} {{redirect-multi|2|Everest|Sagarmatha}} {{Pp-semi-indef}} {{Pp-move-indef}} {{Prone to spam|date=ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱕}} {{EngvarB|date=ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖}} {{Use dmy dates|date=ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱒}} {{Infobox mountain | fetchwikidata = ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ | name = ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱥᱴ | photo = Mount Everest as seen from Drukair2 PLW edit Cropped.jpg | photo_size = 300 | photo_caption = Aerial photo from the south, with Mount Everest rising above the ridge connecting [[Nuptse]] and [[Lhotse]] | native_name = {{native name list|tag1=ne|name1=सगरमाथा|postfix1=&nbsp;{{transliteration|ne|(''Sagarmāthā'')}}|tag2=bo|name2=ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ|postfix2=&nbsp;{{transliteration|bo|(''Chomolungma'')}}|tag3=zh|name3=珠穆朗玛峰|postfix3=&nbsp;{{transliteration|zh|(''Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng'')}}}} | translation = Holy Mother | etymology = [[George Everest]] | elevation_ref = <!-- This elevation, and the reasons for supporting it, are laid out and referenced in the measurement section, but some editors believe we should support 8844 m or 8850 m instead. If any editor thinks we should change it, could they please make the case on the talk page and allow time for discussion before making the change. -->{{NoteTag|Based on the 2020 surveys of elevation of snow cap, not rock head. For more details, see ''[[#Surveys|Surveys]]''.}}<br /> [[List of highest mountains on Earth|Ranked 1st]] | prominence_ref = <br />[[List of mountain peaks by prominence|Ranked 1st]]<br />[[Topographic prominence#Definitions|(Special definition for Everest)]] | isolation = n/a <!-- Topographic isolation can not be measured to itself but an other peak by definition. Giving a value here to show the circumstances of Earth is not correct --> | map = Nepal#Nepal Province1#China#China Tibet topography#Asia | map_caption = Location on the border between [[Koshi Province]], Nepal and [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], China | label = Mount Everest | label_position = left | location = [[Solukhumbu District]], [[Koshi Province]], [[Nepal]];<ref>''Geography of Nepal: Physical, Economic, Cultural and Regional'' by Netra Bahadur Thapa, D.P. Thapa Orient Longmans, 1969.</ref><br />[[Tingri County]], [[Xigazê]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[China]]{{NoteTag|The position of the summit of Everest on the international border is clearly shown on detailed topographic mapping, including official Nepali mapping.}} | country_type = Countries | country = [[China]] and [[Nepal]] | parent = [[Mahalangur Himal]], [[Himalayas]] | coordinates = {{Coord|27|59|17|N|86|55|31|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = {{NoteTag|The [[World Geodetic System]] coordinates given here were calculated using detailed topographic mapping and are in agreement with [http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/8000ergeo.shtml adventurestats]. They are unlikely to be in error by more than 2". Coordinates showing Everest to be more than a minute further east that appeared on this page until recently, and still appear in Wikipedia in several other languages, are incorrect.}} | first_ascent = 29 May 1953<br />[[Edmund Hillary]] and [[Tenzing Norgay]] {{NoteTag|It remains unclear whether [[George Mallory]] and [[Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)|Andrew Irvine]] reached the summit in 1924 or not. For more details, see ''[[1924 British Mount Everest expedition]]''.}}<br /> [[List of highest mountains on Earth|Ranked 1st]] | normal_route = [[South Col|Southeast ridge]] (Nepal) }} {{contains special characters|Indic}} {{contains special characters|Tibetan}} [[File:Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg|thumb|North Face as seen from the path to North Base Camp]] [[File:Mount Everest morning.jpg|thumb|Everest and [[Lhotse]] from the south. In the foreground are [[Thamserku]], [[Kangtega]], and [[Ama Dablam]].]] '''ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱥᱴ''' ({{Lang-ne|सगरमाथा|translit=Sagarmāthā}}; [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]]: ''Chomolungma'' {{lang|bo-Tibt|ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ}}; {{zh |s = 珠穆朗玛峰 |p = Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng }}) is [[List of highest mountains on Earth|Earth's highest mountain]] above [[sea level]], located in the [[Mahalangur Himal]] sub-range of the [[Himalayas]]. The [[China–Nepal border]] runs across its [[summit|summit point]].<ref name="Bishart">{{cite magazine |last = Bishart |first = Andrew |title = China's New Road May Clear a Path for More Everest Climbers |url = https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/04/how-the-everest-experience-is-different-in-china-versus-nepal/ |magazine=National Geographic |date=4 May 2016}}</ref> Its elevation (snow height) of {{convert|8848.86|m|ftin|frac=2|abbr=on}} was most recently established in 2020 by the Chinese and Nepali authorities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mount Everest is two feet taller, China and Nepal announce|work=[[National Geographic]]|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/12/new-height-of-mount-everest-announced-by-china-and-nepal/|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="LiveScience">{{cite web |url= https://www.livescience.com/tallest-mountain-on-earth |title= Is Mount Everest really the tallest mountain on Earth? It depends how you measure height. |author= Joe Phelan |date= Oct 28, 2022 |website= livescience.com |publisher= Future US, Inc. |access-date= April 27, 2023 |quote= "Researchers have measured Mount Everest many times over the past few decades, but the latest assessment, announced in November 2021, puts it at 29,031.69 feet (8,848.86 meters), which is almost 5.5 miles (8.8 kilometers) tall."}}</ref> ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Influence_of_Mountain-Attraction_on_heights_of_Mount_Everest_(IA_dli.pahar.0507).pdf|thumb|right|ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱶᱴ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱥᱴ]] ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱳᱞᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢᱟ (ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ, lit. "ᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱢᱟᱢᱚ") ᱾ ᱠᱤᱝ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ Kangxi ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱒᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Kangxi ᱟᱴᱞᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱩᱜᱽᱯᱚᱛᱤ D'Anville ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱗᱓᱓ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ Tchoumour Lancma ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱳᱢᱳᱞᱩᱝᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ (ᱣᱟᱭᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ) ᱡᱳ-ᱢᱳ-ᱜᱞᱟᱝ-ᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱴᱮᱫ == ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱸᱫ ᱴᱩᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱙ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ (᱘,᱘᱔᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) <ref name="ReferenceB">Based on the 1999 and 2005 surveys of elevation of snow cap, not rock head. For more details, see ''[[:en:Surveys|Surveys]]''.</ref> ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱩᱰᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱴᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱢ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱧᱪᱚᱱᱡᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱠᱳᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱰᱣᱤᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱤᱱ, ᱫᱷᱚᱣᱲᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ, ᱱᱚᱱᱫᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱱᱚᱯᱩᱨᱱᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ == ᱦᱚᱨ == ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱨᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ== ᱑᱙᱕᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱒᱙ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱟᱸᱰ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮᱰᱢᱚᱸᱰ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱨᱤᱱᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ ᱱᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱱᱚᱨᱜᱮ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱴᱩᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱰᱢᱚᱸᱰ ᱦᱤᱞᱥᱨᱤᱝᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱮᱡᱞᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱪᱮᱱᱫᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱩᱪᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱮᱢᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref name="britannica">cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1912159/Bachendri-Pal|title=Bachendri Pal (Indian mountaineer) – Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=11 January 2014</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱲ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱭᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱩᱭ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱵᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/everest/ ''National Geographic'' site on Mt. Everest] * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/ NOVA site on Mt. Everest] * [http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Concepts/Imaging_Everest/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423064736/http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Concepts/Imaging_Everest/ |date=23 April 2009 }} * [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ASIA/Everest-North.gif North] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531055643/http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ASIA/EVEREST-North.gif |date=31 May 2023 }} *[http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ASIA/Everest-South.gif South] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102081646/http://viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ASIA/EVEREST-South.gif |date=2 January 2022 }} * [http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/everest/interactive/interactive.html Interactive climb of Everest] from Discovery Channel * [http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150230/everest.html Mount Everest on Summitpost] * [http://www.8000ers.com/cms/content/view/52/185/ Full list of all ascents of Everest up to and including 2008 (in pdf format)] * [http://hikinginmountain.com/where-is-mount-everest Where is Mount Everest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519043118/http://hikinginmountain.com/where-is-mount-everest |date=19 May 2012 }} * [http://basecamptrekking.com/nepal-info/where-is-mount-everest Where is Mount Everest located]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://nepalesetrekking.com/ Mount Everest fact] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603084213/http://nepalesetrekking.com/ |date=3 June 2012 }} * [http://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summitsbyyear.htm Summits and deaths per year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720183726/http://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summitsbyyear.htm |date=20 July 2015 }} * [http://www.yetizone.com/Everest/Trek/Everest_Trek.shtml The Everest Trek guidebook] * [http://www.durbay.com/drb-index.asp?id=1 Expeditions tracking on line in the different routes of ascent of Mount Everest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418023835/http://www.durbay.com/drb-index.asp?id=1 |date=18 April 2010 }} * [http://thegreatindian.tripod.com/mountEverest.htm Mount Everest panorama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531104744/https://thegreatindian.tripod.com/mountEverest.htm |date=31 May 2023 }}, [http://www.panoramas.dk/fullscreen2/full22.html Mount Everest interactive panorama (Quicktime format)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410141725/http://www.panoramas.dk/fullscreen2/full22.html |date=10 April 2013 }}, Virtual panoramasᱹ == ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[Category:!Main category]] [[Category:ᱚᱛᱱᱚ]] 09xdz59u5zchj2odqop66pdrqw51jtd 0 2423 191790 186399 2026-05-14T00:41:40Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = '''ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ''' | official_name = {{lang|fa|تهران}} {{Transl|fa|DIN|Tehrān}} | native_name_lang = |image_skyline = Tehran skyline may 2007.jpg | imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Tehran skyline |subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} |subdivision_type1 =[[Provinces of Iran|Province]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Tehran Province|Tehran]] |subdivision_type2 =[[Counties of Iran|County]] |subdivision_name2 =[[Tehran County|Tehran]]<br />[[Shemiranat County|Shemiranat]] |subdivision_type3 =[[Bakhsh]] |subdivision_name3 =[[Central District (Tehran County)|Central]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Mohammad-Bagher Ghalibaf]] |established_date = 1906 |leader_title1 = City Council |leader_name1 = Chairman: [[Mehdi Chamran]] |area_metro_km2 = 1274 |area_urban_km2 = 730 |population_as_of = 2012 |population_note = Population Data from 2006 Census and Tehran Municipality.<ref>[http://www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_sci_en/sci_en/sel/year85/f2/CS_02_8.HTM Statistical Center of Iran – 2006 Census]{{dead link|date=November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inro.ca/en/pres_pap/international/ieug07/Day1_2.pdf |title=Microsoft PowerPoint – Day1_2_Network, Transit & Travel Demand Modelling in Iran Using EMME2 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-11-12 |archive-date=2011-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706182942/http://www.inro.ca/en/pres_pap/international/ieug07/Day1_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Metro area figure refers to [[Tehran Province]]. |population = 8,429,807<ref name="data.un.org">http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=city+population&d=POP&f=tableCode:240</ref> |population_metro = 13,828,365<ref>{{Cite web |title=''PopulationData.net'' – Iran |url=http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=102&nom=iran |access-date=2018-11-30 |archive-date=2013-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121211608/http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=102&nom=iran |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_density_sq_mi = 26748.3 |population_blank1_title = Population Rank in Iran |population_blank1 = [[List of Iran cities by population|1st]] |timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] |utc_offset = +03:30 |timezone_DST = [[Iran Standard Time|IRDT]] |utc_offset_DST = +04:30 |coordinates_display = % |latd = 35 | latm = 41 | lats = 46 | latNS = N |longd = 51 | longm = 25 | longs = 23 | longEW = E |elevation_m = 1200 |elevation_ft = 3900 |area_code = 021 |website = [http://en.tehran.ir/ www.tehran.ir] |footnotes = }} '''ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ᱹ᱔ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗᱙᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱜᱷᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱷᱟᱰᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱒ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚ== ===ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ=== ==ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ== ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱦᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ, ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ [[ᱪᱚᱨᱪ]], [[ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱩᱨᱯᱫᱣᱟᱨ]] ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤᱭ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱵᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ, [[ᱪᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ==ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ== ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱠ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱴ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱴᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ== [https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8 ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱤᱠᱤ] ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons|Tehran}} * [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=Tehran%20Google%20maps&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&startIndex=&startPage=1&um=1&sa=N&tab=wl Google Map: Tehran] * [http://en.tehran.ir/ Tehran Municipality website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503163727/http://en.tehran.ir/ |date=2017-05-03 }} * [http://www.tehrangis.com/ Tehran Geographic Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320040732/http://tehrangis.com/ |date=2018-03-20 }} * [http://www.tehrantraffic.com/ Tehran Traffic Control Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104125720/http://www.tehrantraffic.com/ |date=2013-11-04 }} * [http://www.avval.ir/ Official Tehran Yellow pages (Ketabe Avval)]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.tehranimages.org/ Tehranimages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114074909/http://tehranimages.org/ |date=2012-11-14 }} * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Tehran}} ;Videos * [http://www.presstv.com/Program/245327.html Tehran's detailed development plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913023632/https://www.presstv.com/Program/245327.html |date=2019-09-13 }} [[PressTV]] (2012) * [http://www.presstv.com/Program/154500.html Tehran's hazardous air quality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826195714/https://www.presstv.com/Program/154500.html |date=2019-08-26 }} PressTV (2010) https://basalam.com/search?q=webamozan.ir{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} https://www.inchand.com/seller-register {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009001632/https://www.inchand.com/seller-register |date=2020-10-09 }} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] 1k9ifq9qfob3in4sebnajap47imnt4x 0 2837 191799 191730 2026-05-14T04:27:20Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191799 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱠᱩᱸᱡᱚᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ''' ᱯᱩᱨᱟ. ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ '''ᱱᱚᱢᱚᱭᱨᱚᱠᱯᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱸᱡᱚᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ : ᱑ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱖᱘) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟ. ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱵᱳᱨᱳ== ᱠᱩᱸᱡᱚᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱨᱟ.ᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ(1st March 1968) ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱤᱢᱯᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱟ.ᱭᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱭᱤ ᱞᱮᱭᱠᱟᱭᱤ ᱟ.ᱛᱩᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱢᱯᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱥᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱮᱭᱟᱭᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱨᱟ.ᱞ (1978) ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱺᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱸᱡᱚᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫᱚᱜ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱠᱟ. ᱥᱟᱛᱞᱟᱜᱼᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱤᱢᱯᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱚ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ. ᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟ.ᱛ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱜᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟ.ᱛ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ (CRPF) ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟ.ᱠᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫᱚᱜ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱱᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱠᱟ. ᱧᱮᱞᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ (1996-98) ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱟ.ᱜᱩᱣᱟ.ᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤᱭᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.ᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (Gold Medal) ᱜᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱔kg,᱔᱖kg ᱟᱨ ᱔᱘ kg ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱔᱘kg ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟ.ᱫ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱨᱤᱵᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤᱭᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱔᱔kg ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱔᱖kg ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.(Gold Medal) ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱬᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱮᱱ ᱔᱘ kg ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱩᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.(Silver Medal) ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱸᱜᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱪᱮᱥᱴᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.ᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱠᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.ᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. (Gold medal ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.(Silver Medal) ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱤᱡᱤᱸ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.(Bronze Medal) ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱸᱠᱚᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ== {|class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2 width=40|ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ! rowspan=2 width=250|ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ! rowspan=2 width=60|ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ !colspan=4| Snatch (kg) !colspan=4| Clean & Jerk (kg) !rowspan=2 width=40| Total !rowspan=2 width=40| Rank |- ! width=40|1!! width=40|2!! width=40|3!! width=40|Rank!! width=40|1!! width=40|2!! width=40|3!! width=40|Rank |- ! colspan=13|[[World Weightlifting Championships|World Championships]] |- |[[2005 World Weightlifting Championships|᱒᱐᱐᱕]] || align=left|{{flagicon|ᱠᱟᱛ}} [[ᱫᱳᱦᱟ]], [[ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ]]|| [[2005 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 48 kg|᱔᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ]] ||᱗᱕||'''᱗᱘'''||<s> 79||᱗||95||98||'''100'''||᱗||'''178.0'''||7 |- |[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships|᱒᱐᱐᱓]] || align=left|{{flagicon|ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ}} [[ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱚᱣᱵᱚᱨ]], [[ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ]] || [[2003 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 48 kg|᱔᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ]] ||᱗᱕||᱗᱗.᱕||'''᱘᱐'''||᱖||97.5||'''102.5'''||<s>105||4||'''182.5'''||5 |- |[[1999 World Weightlifting Championships|᱑᱙᱙᱙]] || align=left|{{flagicon|ᱜᱨᱤᱥ}} [[ᱱᱯᱤᱨᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱜᱨᱤᱥ]] || [[᱑᱙᱙᱙ World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 48 kg|᱔᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ]] ||'''᱗᱕'''||<s>80||<s>80||᱑᱐||95||100||'''105'''||{{sica}}||'''180'''||5 |} ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 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Marks the end of [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]] [[Sawm|fasting]] |date = 1 [[Shawwal]]<ref name="ummalqura"/> |date2019 = 4 June<ref name="ummalqura"/> (Saudi Arabia and some other countries)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2020/May/?type=Gregorian|title=Gregorian vs Hijri Calendar|accessdate=2019-06-04 |publisher=islamicfinder.org}}</ref> 5 June (Pakistan and some other countries) |date2020 = 24 May (expected<ref name="ummalqura">{{cite web|url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm|title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia|publisher=|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621105742/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_adjust.htm|title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia&nbsp;– adjustment|first=R.H. van|last=Gent|publisher=}}</ref>&nbsp;– may differ 1 day dependent on sighting of lunar crescent) |celebrations = [[Eid prayers]], charity, social gatherings, festive meals, [[Eidi (gift)|gift-giving]] |observances = [[Eid prayers]], [[zakāt|charity-giving]] |relatedto = [[Ramadan]], [[Eid al-Adha]] }} [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Istiqlal_Mosque_Eid_ul_Fitr_Jamaah_1.JPG|thumb|ᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱼᱯᱷᱤᱛᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ, ᱤᱥᱛᱤᱠᱞᱟᱞ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ, ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨᱛᱟ, ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] '''ᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱼᱯᱷᱤᱛᱚᱨ''' (/iːd əl ˈfɪtər/ eed əl FIT-ər; Arabic: عيد الفطر‎ ʻĪd al-Fiṭr, IPA: [ʕiːd al fitˤr]), ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱡᱟ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱳᱡᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱼᱯᱷᱤᱛᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱱᱟᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱛᱮ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱠᱚ == * ᱟᱪᱮ – Uroë Raya Puasa Rojar Eid ("ᱨᱳᱡᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ") * ᱟᱞᱵᱮᱱᱤᱭᱳ – Fitër Bajrami, Bajrami i madh ("ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ") * ᱟᱨᱵᱤ – عيد الفطر (ᱤᱫᱩᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱴᱚᱨ) * ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ – রোজার ঈদ, ঈদুল ফিতর (ᱨᱳᱡᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱽ, ᱤᱫᱩᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱛᱚᱨ) * ᱪᱤᱱᱟ – 開齋節; 开斋节 / Kāi zhāi jié ("ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ") * ᱜᱨᱤᱠ – Σεκέρ Μπαϊράμ^[২][৩] * ᱦᱤᱵᱨᱩ – עיד אל-פיטר * ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ – ईद उल-फ़ित्र ("ᱤᱫᱩᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱛᱚᱨ") * ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – রোজার ঈদ * ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ – நோன்பு பெருநாள் / Nōṉpu perunāḷ == ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ == ᱦᱤᱡᱽᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱢᱡᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱞ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱼᱯᱷᱤᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱸᱡᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱢᱡᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱜ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱞᱟᱭᱞᱟᱛᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱟ' (ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱳᱱᱟᱭᱟ᱾ == ᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ == ᱤᱫᱽ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹᱠᱚ ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱭᱡᱚᱝᱼᱟ᱾ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱒ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱖ ᱛᱟᱠᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱴᱷᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱯᱷᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱼᱯᱷᱤᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱩᱛᱵᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱚᱠᱩ ᱤᱢᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ᱾ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱚᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱣᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱩ ᱠᱳᱞᱟᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱝᱟ ᱟᱨ 'ᱤᱫᱽ ᱢᱩᱵᱟᱨᱟᱠ' ᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱚᱝᱟ᱾ == ᱯᱷᱤᱛᱨᱟ == ᱨᱳᱡᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱩ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱩ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱜ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱸᱪ ᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱩ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱯᱚᱭᱥᱟ ᱠᱩ ᱮᱢᱟᱣ ᱠᱳᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱛᱨᱟ ᱠᱩ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱛᱨᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ == ᱤᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ == ᱤᱫᱽ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱪ ᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱜᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ᱾ ᱤᱱ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱢᱟᱭ᱾ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱟᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} * Media related to [[c:Category:Eid_al-Fitr|Eid al-Fitr]] at Wikimedia Commons * The dictionary definition of ''[[wiktionary:Eid_al-Fitr|Eid al-Fitr]]'' at Wiktionary [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱫᱽ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱳᱡᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ]] btoqq9uhk6polwm7jadrmzv0hu0z4d4 0 9688 191814 50697 2026-05-14T09:38:39Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191814 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱨᱚᱢᱡᱟᱱ''' ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱮ '''ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱫᱟᱱ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱡᱚ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱚᱵᱤᱛᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱡ ᱥᱤᱠᱱᱟᱸᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱵᱤ ᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ [[ᱨᱳᱡᱟ]] ᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱦᱟᱱᱤ == ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ *᱒ ᱨᱚᱢᱡᱟᱱ-[[ᱤᱥᱟ (ᱟᱺ) ᱛᱟᱣᱨᱟᱛ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ *᱑᱐ ᱨᱚᱢᱡᱟᱱ -ᱢᱩᱡᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ [[ᱠᱷᱟᱛᱤᱡᱟ ᱵᱤᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱩᱣᱣ-ᱤᱞᱤᱫ]] ᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ *᱒᱐ ᱨᱚᱢᱡᱟᱱ- [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ]] [[ᱢᱚᱠᱠᱟ]] ᱮᱭ [[ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ (ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱲᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ) [[ᱞᱟᱭᱞᱟᱛᱩᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ-ᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱛᱟᱸᱜᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱤᱣᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱢ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱣᱟ᱾ ᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱞᱟᱛᱩᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱤᱵᱟᱫᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ(᱘᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ) ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱚᱣᱟᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ-ᱟ᱾ == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ == *[[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱤᱠᱟ]] == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == == ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱟᱛ == * [http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/islam_tabcal.htm Islamic-Western Calendar Converter (Based on the Arithmetical or Tabular Calendar)] * [http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621105742/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm |date=2020-06-21 }} * [http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/islam_lunvis.htm Predicting the First Visibility of the Lunar Crescent (with lunar crescent visibility maps to 2019)] {{IslamicMonths}} {{Ramadan}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramadan (Calendar Month)}} [[Category:Sawm]] [[Category:Months of the Islamic calendar|9]] [[Category:Ramadan| ]] nmyb5m2jc834z6ojjaa42d0cn6gpz48 0 9844 191784 122057 2026-05-13T13:18:14Z ~2026-28764-15 11050 191784 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:1925 Ford Model T touring.jpg|thumb|The [[Ford Model T]], produced from 1908 to 1927, is widely credited with being the first mass-affordable automobile, and it remains one of the [[List of best-selling automobiles|best-selling cars of all time]].]] '''ᱜᱟᱰᱤ''' ᱢᱳᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱴᱳᱢᱳᱵᱟᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱪᱟᱠᱟᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚ]] ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱢᱳᱴᱚᱨᱡᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱮᱡᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱮᱡᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ [[ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱ]] ᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱣ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱨᱟ.ᱞᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱹ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱜᱤᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱳᱴᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱴᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱐ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱖᱐ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱩ-ᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱨᱴᱨᱚᱞ]] ᱵᱟᱝ [[ ᱜᱳᱥᱞᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ]] ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱝᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱑᱖᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱴᱮᱢ-ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱣᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ( steam powered ) ᱠᱟᱨᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰᱤᱱᱟᱱᱰ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱵᱤᱮᱥᱴ (Ferdinand Verbiest) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱡᱩᱣᱮᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱢᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱝᱠᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱖ ᱤᱱᱪ) ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱰᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱵᱤᱮᱥᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱯᱷᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref><nowiki>https://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1596.htm#:~:text=The%20earliest%20steam%2Dpowered%20car,by%20springs%20and%20compressed%20air</nowiki>.</ref> ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} h3gnwglm2jw3l2dw1pkber3cd5fou6b 10 11732 191796 59457 2026-05-14T02:29:38Z CommonsDelinker 91 Replacing FNL_Flag.svg with [[File:Flag_of_the_National_Liberation_Front_of_South_Vietnam,_Flag_of_South_Vietnam_(1975–1976).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningl 191796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = South Vietnam | flag alias = Flag of South Vietnam.svg | flag alias-1975 = Flag of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, Flag of South Vietnam (1975–1976).svg | flag alias-war = War flag of South Vietnam.svg | flag alias-air force = Flag of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force.svg | flag alias-army = Flag of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam.svg | flag alias-naval = Naval ensign of South Vietnam.svg | link alias-air force = Republic of Vietnam Air Force | link alias-army = Army of the Republic of Vietnam | link alias-naval = Republic of Vietnam Navy | flag alias-military = Flag of the RVNMF.svg | link alias-military = Republic of Vietnam Military Forces | flag alias-navy = Flag of the Republic of Vietnam Navy.svg | link alias-navy = Republic of Vietnam Navy | flag alias-marines = Flag of the Republic of Vietnam Marine Division.svg | link alias-marines = Republic of Vietnam Marine Division | link alias-tennis = Vietnam {{{mw}}} Cup team | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1975 | var2 = war | related1 = Vietnam </noinclude> }} ht2xq3ngig2ai31f47za7r8lviqu2fg 0 13179 191793 178439 2026-05-14T01:36:27Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | altname = Low Saxon | nativename = Plattdütsch, Plattdüütsch | states = [[ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ]] [[ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]][[ᱰᱮᱱᱢᱟᱨᱠ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱰᱮᱱᱢᱟᱨᱠ]] | ethnicity = ᱰᱟᱪ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱥ ([[:en:East Frisians|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱸ);<br>ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[:en:Saxons|ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ]]<br>and modern regional subgroup of Germans) | speakers = ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱖.᱗ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ{{efn|5 million in northern Germany and 1.7 million in eastern Netherlands}}<br>᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ [[ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ (᱒᱐᱐᱑) | date = [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nds Saxon, Low] ''Ethnologue''. | nation = [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ]]{{lang-de|[http://bundesrecht.juris.de/vwvfg/__23.html §&nbsp;23 Absatz&nbsp;1 Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (Bund)].<br>Die Frage, ob unter deutsch rechtlich ausschließlich die hochdeutsche oder auch die [[niederdeutsche Sprache]] subsumiert wird, wird juristisch uneinheitlich beantwortet: Während der [[Federal Court of Justice|BGH]] in einer Entscheidung zu [[Gebrauchsmuster]]einreichung beim [[Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt|Deutschen Patent- und Markenamt]] in plattdeutscher Sprache das Niederdeutsche einer Fremdsprache gleichstellt („Niederdeutsche (plattdeutsche) Anmeldeunterlagen sind im Sinn des §&nbsp;4a Abs.&nbsp;1 Satz&nbsp;1 [[Gebrauchsmustergesetz|GebrMG]] nicht in deutscher Sprache abgefaßt.“ – BGH-Beschluss vom 19.&nbsp;November 2002, Az. X ZB 23/01), ist nach dem Kommentar von Foerster/Friedersen/Rohde zu §&nbsp;82a des Landesverwaltungsgesetzes Schleswig-Holstein unter Verweis auf Entscheidungen höherer Gerichte zu §&nbsp;184 des Gerichtsverfassungsgesetzes seit 1927 (OLG Oldenburg, 10.&nbsp;Oktober 1927 – K 48, HRR 1928, 392) unter dem Begriff deutsche Sprache sowohl Hochdeutsch wie auch Niederdeutsch zu verstehen.}} :<small>[[File:Flag of Schleswig-Holstein.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱥᱞᱮᱥᱵᱷᱤᱜᱼᱦᱳᱞᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ]]</small> :<small>[[File:Flag of Hamburg.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱦᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ]]</small> :<small>[[File:Flag of Lower Saxony.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ]]</small> :<small>[[File:Flag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱢᱮᱠᱞᱮᱱᱵᱩᱨᱜᱼᱵᱷᱳᱨᱯᱳᱢᱢᱮᱨᱱ]]{{lang|de|Unterschiedliche Rechtsauffassungen, ob Niederdeutsch in Deutschland insgesamt Amtssprache ist – siehe dazu: [[Amtssprache (Deutschland)]]; zumindest aber in [[Schleswig-Holstein]] und [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]}}</small> :<small>[[File:Flag of Brandenburg.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱵᱨᱟᱱᱰᱮᱱᱵᱟᱨᱜ]]<ref>[https://www.platt-in-brandenburg.de Verein für niederdeutsche Sprachen in Brandenburg]</ref><ref>[https://www.niederdeutschsekretariat.de/category/aus-den-laendern/brandenburg Bundesrat für niederdeutsche Sprache, Neuigkeiten aus Brandenburg]</ref></small> [[File:Flag of Netherlands.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Maas | first = Sabine | title = Twents op sterven na dood? : een sociolinguïstisch onderzoek naar dialectgebruik in Borne | publisher = Waxmann | location = Münster New York | year = 2014 | page = 19 | isbn = 978-3830980339 }}</ref> | minority = [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱢᱮᱱᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] (᱑00,000){{cite news|last=Cascante|first=Manuel M.|title=Los menonitas dejan México|url=http://www.abc.es/20121007/sociedad/abci-menonitas-mexico-201210071635.html|accessdate=19 February 2013|newspaper=ABC|date=8 August 2012|language=Spanish|quote={{lang|es|Los cien mil miembros de esta comunidad anabaptista, establecida en Chihuahua desde 1922, se plantean emigrar a la república rusa de Tartaristán, que se ofrece a acogerlos}} }} [[File:Flag of Bolivia.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱵᱨᱟᱱᱰᱮᱱᱵᱟᱨᱜ]] (᱗᱐,᱐᱐᱐)<ref>[http://mexico.cnn.com/videos/2012/06/07/los-menonitas-en-bolivia Los Menonitas en Bolivia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203073427/http://mexico.cnn.com/videos/2012/06/07/los-menonitas-en-bolivia |date=3 December 2013 }} ''CNN en Español''</ref> [[File:Flag of Paraguay.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭ]] (᱓᱐,000)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elcomercio.com/sociedad/menoitas-paraguay-aniversario-asuncion_0_815318535.html |title=El Comercio: Menonitas cumplen 85 años en Paraguay con prosperidad sin precedentes |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-date=2013-04-10 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/20130410183252/www.elcomercio.com/sociedad/menoitas-paraguay-aniversario-asuncion_0_815318535.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] | fam3 = [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] | fam4 = [[:en:North Sea Germanic|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] | ancestor = ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ | ancestor2 = [[:en:Middle Low German|ᱞᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ]] | dia1 = [[:en:West Low German|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ]] | dia2 = [[:en:East Low German|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ]] | iso2 = nds | iso3 = nds | iso3comment = (Dutch varieties and Westphalian have separate codes) | lingua = 52-ACB | map = Low_Saxon_Dialects.svg | mapcaption = ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ/ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ([[:en:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ]]). | glotto = lowg1239 | glottoname = Low German | notice = IPA }} '''ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ''' ([[ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ]]: Plattdeutsch) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ== ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ 'ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Gechattet wird auf Plattdeusch">{{cite web|url=http://www.noz.de/deutschland-welt/kultur/artikel/10731/gechattet-wird-auch-auf-plattdeutsch |title=Gechattet wird auf Plattdeusch |date=21 August 2013 |publisher=Noz.de |access-date=2014-03-14}}</ref> ==ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== '''ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱚᱱ''' ᱟᱞᱴᱥᱟᱠᱥᱚᱱ (Altsächsisch), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱴᱤᱱᱮᱰᱟᱨᱰᱩᱥᱪ (Altniederdeutsch) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱒ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱰ ᱟᱝᱞᱳ-ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ (Old Frisian, Old English) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱜᱽᱞᱳ-ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱯᱟᱭᱨᱟᱱᱴ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹᱛᱟᱭᱱᱚᱢ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱞᱰ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱥᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱪ, ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ (ᱥᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ===ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱤᱱ ᱰᱤᱠᱥᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ=== * [https://plattmakers.de/en Plattmakers dictionary] with more than 20,000 word entries, with translations and interface available in several languages (English too) * [http://www.drentswoordenboek.nl/ Dictionary of the Drents dialect] (ᱰᱟᱪ) * [http://www.mennolink.org/doc/lg/index.html Mennonite Low German-English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815221503/http://www.mennolink.org/doc/lg/index.html |date=2000-08-15 }} ===ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱳᱨᱢᱮᱥᱟᱱ=== * [http://taal.phileon.nl/nds/ Streektaal.net], information in and about various Low German dialects * [http://lowlands-l.net/plattewelt/ Nu is de Welt platt!] International resources in and about Low German * [http://www.plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net/ Niederdeutsch/Plattdeutsch in Westfalen], by Olaf Bordasch * [http://www.plattdeutsch.net/ Mönsterlänner Plat], by Klaus-Werner Kahl * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070328154446/http://www.ins-bremen.de/Geschichte/ndintroh.htm Plattdeutsch heute] * [http://lowlands-l.net/grammar/ Building Blocks of Low Saxon (Low German)], an introductory grammar in English and German ===ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱟᱱ=== * [http://www.TwentseWelle.nl/ TwentseWwelle]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Twente, the Netherlands) * [http://www.ijsselacademie.nl/ IJsselacademie] (Overijssel and Veluwe, the Netherlands) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060220164820/http://www.staringinstituut.nl/ Staring Instituut] (Achterhoek, the Netherlands) * [http://www.drentsetaol.nl/ Drentse Taol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213183847/http://www.drentsetaol.nl/ |date=2006-02-13 }} (Drenthe, the Netherlands) * [http://www.stellingwarfs.nl/ Stichting Stellingwarver Schrieversronte] (Friesland, the Netherlands) * [http://www.sont.nl/ SONT] (General, the Netherlands) * [http://www.oostfreeske-taal.de/ Oostfreeske Taal] (Eastern Friesland, Germany) * [http://www.ins-bremen.de/ Institut für niederdeutsche Sprache e.V.] (General, Germany) * [http://www.diesel-online.de/ Diesel - dat oostfreeske Bladdje] (Eastern Friesland, Germany) ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{Wikivoyage|ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ phrasebook}} {{InterWiki|code=nds|ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ (ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ)}} {{InterWiki|code=nds-nl|Low Saxon (Netherlands)}} * http://www.plattmaster.de/ * http://www.platt-online.de/ * http://www.niederdeutschzentrum.de/ * http://www.deutsch-plattdeutsch.de/ [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] 265bee7xpkecqhtvib6m1gyfstlgtcc 0 18069 191783 86348 2026-05-13T13:14:32Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* */ 191783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ | image = | imagesize = | alt = | caption = ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ | nationality = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | office = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ | term_start = ᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ | term_end = ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ | constituency = [[ᱯᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ|ᱯᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ]] | successor = ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ | predecessor = [[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]] | office1 = | term_start1 = | term_end1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | residence = | website = | spouse = | children = | party = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] | profession = | alma_mater = | education = ᱑᱒ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱥ | date = | year = | signature = | bodyclass = }} '''ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-full-list-of-winners/2243718/ | title=West Bengal assembly election 2021: Full list of winners | publisher=Financial Express | date=3 May 2021 | accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/phansidewa-election-result-2021-live-updates-phansidewa-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695960.html | title=Phansidewa Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Durga Murmu of BJP Wins | publisher=News18 | date=2 May 2021 | accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/phansidewa-west-bengal-election-result-2021 | title=Phansidewa Election Result 2021| publisher=Times Now | accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ, ᱒᱐᱒᱑]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]] ᱒᱗,᱗᱑᱑ ᱵᱷᱳᱴ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ== [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]] 9pvueu5zzy2h21kzz4dmoa0sswkskj1 0 18394 191795 190220 2026-05-14T02:22:00Z CommonsDelinker 91 Replacing OpenSpeaks-pcj-Gorum-Boloram_Muduli-OG-Use_of_Gorum_Language.webm with [[File:OpenSpeaks-pcj-Gorum-Balaram_Muduli-OG-Use_of_Gorum_Language.webm]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: corrected name 191795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢ |nativename=ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱤ | image = OpenSpeaks-Pcj-Gorum-Opino Gomango-Boloram Muduli-Language in Children's Education.webm | imagealt =ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ | imagecaption = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ |states=[[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] |region=[[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]], [[ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] |ethnicity=᱙,᱔᱔᱕ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ (᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ)<ref>{{e19|pcj|Parenga}}</ref> |speakers=᱒᱐ (᱒᱐᱑᱑) |date= |ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1206.html|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|website=www.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> |familycolor=Austroasiatic |fam1=[[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] |fam2=[[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] |fam3=[[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ#ᱦᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ]] |fam4=ᱥᱳᱨᱟ-ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢ |iso3=pcj |glotto=pare1266 |glottorefname=Gorum-Parenga }} '''ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== [[File:OpenSpeaks-pcj-Gorum-Balaram Muduli-OG-Use of Gorum Language.webm|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱫᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱰ-ᱥᱣᱤᱪ]] ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ/ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱟᱫ ᱜᱳᱼ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱼᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ "ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱮᱢᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱮᱢᱳ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱘:᱓᱘᱑)᱾ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱤ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ== ᱖᱐% ᱜᱟᱱ '''ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4953 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117014958/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4953 |date=2021-11-17 }} Endangered Language Project</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱑᱙᱓᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>Sitapati, G.V. 1933. “Pareng.” A Miscellany of Papers Presented to Rao Sahib Mahopadhyaya Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthi. Madras. 145-65</ref> ==ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ== ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ== ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱤᱥᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱘:᱓᱘᱑)᱾ *[[ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱯᱩᱴ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱯᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]]: ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱱᱫᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱴᱴᱟᱝᱜᱤ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱩᱠ *[[ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]]: ᱢᱩᱱᱪᱤᱝᱯᱩᱴ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱜᱩᱴᱳᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹ]] ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4953 Endangered Language Project Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117014958/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4953 |date=2021-11-17 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/user/worldlanguagemovies/search?query=Parangi ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱟ] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ok9p0N81iKE ᱥᱳᱨᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱜᱳᱢᱟᱝᱜᱳ] * [http://www.isfas.uni-kiel.de/de/linguistik/forschung/southasiabibliography/bibliography/austroasiatic/munda/gorum Bibliography on the Gorum language] * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Gorum ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢ ᱰᱤᱠᱥᱮᱱᱟᱨᱤ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323202342/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Gorum |date=2021-03-23 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] igxle9rol9v5j4302mdgt06ivyst4kr 0 25382 191794 144939 2026-05-14T01:55:20Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ}}{{infobox ethnic group||group=ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ|image=File:Blacksmiths, Hindoos, Lahore (NYPL b13409080-1125469).jpg|popplace=• ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ • ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ}} '''ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ''' ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱜᱟᱸᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱢᱤᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱞᱤᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱛᱷᱤᱝ ᱜᱟᱸᱛᱟᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱵᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱸᱛᱟᱠ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref>In Annex I, Bhattarai lists the Lohar as ''iron-workers'' under the Madhesi as 0.36% of the Nepalese population. {{Cite journal|last=Bhattarai|first=Hari Prasad|year=2004|title=Cultural Diversity and Pluralism in Nepal: Emerging Issues and the Search for a New Paradigm|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_31_02_05.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Contributions to Nepalese Studies|volume=31|issue=2|pages=293–340, page 339|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515214450/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_31_02_05.pdf|archive-date=2011-05-15}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == === ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ === ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱸᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱠᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱵᱚᱭᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱣᱡᱤᱭᱟ, ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱭ, ᱢᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ᱾ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ho |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hoc |access-date=2013-05-02 |publisher=Ethnologue}}</ref> ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱚᱣᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱣᱟᱫᱷᱤ]] [ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ] ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ [[ᱦᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾  === ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ === [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱸᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱳ.ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱢᱚᱨ (ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱮᱹ)|ᱩᱯᱚ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱸᱛᱟᱠ (EBC) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱴᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, 'ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ' ᱥᱮ 'ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ' 'ᱞᱳᱦᱚᱨ' ᱥᱮ 'ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨᱟ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱳᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱪ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱦᱲᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱶ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार: अब लोहार जाति को नहीं मिलेगी एसटी की सुविधाएं, सामान्य प्रशासन विभाग ने निरस्त की सेवाएं |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-news-now-blacksmith-caste-will-not-get-facilities-of-st-general-administration-department-canceled-services-supreme-court-6316214.html |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Caught between Loharas & Kamars, Bihar’s Lohars shun caste survey |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/caught-between-loharas-kamars-bihars-lohars-shun-caste-survey-8588309/ |access-date=17 July 2023 |website=Indian express}}</ref> === ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ === ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ <ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Paper for 3 rd SCONLI 2008 (JNU, New Delhi) Comparative study of Nagpuri Spoken by Chik-Baraik & Oraon’s of Jharkhand Sunil Baraik Senior Research Fellow. |url=https://slideplayer.com/slide/4455653/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=slideplayer.com |archive-date=2018-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005120/https://slideplayer.com/slide/4455653/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=15 December 2013 |publisher=Census India |page=12}}</ref> ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱳ.ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ == ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ == ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, '''ᱢᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ''' ᱟᱨ '''ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢᱳᱣᱟᱞ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ'''᱾ ᱢᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ, ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱢᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱸᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱨᱡᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢᱳᱣᱟᱞ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱨᱦᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜᱼᱟ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱸᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱷᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱼᱡᱟᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱱᱟᱞᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷ]] * [[ᱠᱩᱪᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{Cite web |title=Indigenous Communities from India: Lohara |url=http://www.nativeplanet.org/indigenous/ethnicdiversity/asia/india/indigenous_data_india_lohara.shtml |publisher=Native Planet |access-date=2024-02-16 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126170348/https://www.nativeplanet.org/indigenous/ethnicdiversity/asia/india/indigenous_data_india_lohara.shtml |url-status=dead }} * [http://www.lohars.org lohars.org] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] gmqf8nraf6nq5q3no37e0etdpfdlx9p 0 25829 191820 179090 2026-05-14T10:55:50Z Symphonicallyu 10592 191820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox writing system | name = ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ | languages = [[ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ]] | type = [[ᱮᱞᱯᱷᱟᱵᱮᱴ]] | time = ᱑᱙᱙᱙&ndash;ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ{{ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ? |date=June 2023}} | fam1= ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ | sample=Tolong Siki Aksharamala.png | imagesize=250px | iso15924=Tols | note=none }} '''ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱳᱨᱟᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱞᱯᱷᱟᱵᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Anshuman |date=2010-04-08 |title=Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Tolong Siki Script in the UCS |url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10106-n3811-tolongsiki.pdf |access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref>ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ager |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Ager |title=Tolong Siki alphabet and the Kurukh language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tolongsiki.htm |access-date=2019-12-19 |website=[[Omniglot]]}}</ref> [[File:ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ==ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ== ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last=Pandey |first=Anshuman |title=Proposal to encode Tolong Siki in Unicode |date=2023-01-05 |access-date=2023-06-28 |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23024-tolong-siki.pdf}}</ref> ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 8akf7ro44a4gid0ofvaimdbz5z7rwg0 0 26467 191791 141830 2026-05-14T01:06:14Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱜᱤᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱨᱤᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ<!-- include middle initial, if not specified in birth_name --> | image = Keralaliteraturefestival 08775.JPG | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1954}}<!-- {{Birth date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Birth-date and age|Month DD, YYYY}} --> | birth_place = ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱢᱵᱟᱴᱩᱨ, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|df=yes|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | death_cause = | nationality = | other_names = | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱮᱛ | known_for = ''The Thousand Faces of Night''<br/>''[[I Have Become the Tide]]'' | website = {{url|https://githahariharan.com/}} }} '''''ᱜᱤᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱨᱤᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ''''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ 1954) [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ <ref name="Mukherjee 2015">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/niyjWR5JElOTjaNkFcm9jM/Nonfiction-a-fiction-writers-gift.html|title=Non-fiction: a fiction writer's gift|last=Mukherjee|first=Sumana|date=February 21, 2015|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ'ᱫᱟ ᱛᱚᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱮᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ' ᱫᱚ 1993 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱳᱭᱮᱞ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱰᱟᱭᱝ (1993) 'ᱳᱭᱮᱱ ᱰᱨᱤᱢᱥ ᱴᱨᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞ' (1994ᱼ1999-'ᱳᱭᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱨᱤᱢᱥ ᱴᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱞ')''ᱤᱱ ᱴᱟᱭᱚᱢᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱤᱮᱡ''' (2003ᱼ2003ᱼᱯᱷᱩᱡᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤᱡᱽ ' (2009ᱼ2009ᱼ9) ᱟᱨ' ᱟᱭ ᱦᱮᱵᱷ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟ ᱴᱟᱭᱰ ' (2019ᱼ19) ᱟᱨ' ᱮᱞᱳᱥᱴ ᱦᱳᱢᱼᱥᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱫᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱥ ' (2014ᱼ14) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱦᱨᱤᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱥᱳᱨᱤ, ᱵᱮᱹᱥᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱰ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱼᱥᱤᱪᱷᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ (1997). ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱼᱫᱩᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱼᱫᱨᱚᱱ (1993) ᱼᱯᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱩ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱᱼ ᱮᱥᱮᱥ ᱤᱱ ᱥᱳᱞᱤᱰᱟᱨᱴᱤ (2014) ᱼ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱴᱞᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱼ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱴᱤᱥᱚᱱᱥ ᱨᱤᱰᱟᱨ (2019) ᱼ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱᱤ == ᱜᱤᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱨᱤᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ 1954 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱚᱭᱟᱢᱵᱟᱴᱩᱨ|ᱠᱳᱭᱮᱢᱵᱟᱴᱳᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱵᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟᱼᱵᱚᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ''ᱴᱟᱭᱟᱢᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱰᱚᱜᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱴᱟᱭᱟᱢᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bharat 2003" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Bharat 2003" /> 1974 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱹ ᱮᱹ ᱟᱨ 1977 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱡᱳᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢᱹ ᱮᱹ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149846|title=The 1994 Neustadt International Prize for Literature: jurors and candidates.|last=Riggan|first=William|date=Winter 1994|work=[[World Literature Today]]|access-date=30 August 2022|jstor=40149846}}</ref><ref name="Gao bio">{{Cite web |title=EGO 127 Reading and Writing Conflict ( 1 credit course- 15 hours) By Githa Hariharan, Visiting Chair Professor, Kavivarya Bakibaab Borkar Chair in Literature, Goa University |url=https://vrpp.unigoa.ac.in/eg-127-ego-127-reading-and-writing-conflict-1-credit-course-15-hours-by-ms-githa-hariharan-visiting-chair-professor-kavivarya-bakibaab-borkar-chair-in-literature-goa-university/ |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=Visiting Research Professors Programme |publisher=[[Goa University]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱮᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱴᱮᱨᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱜᱤᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱨᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱼᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱮᱱᱥᱟᱥᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 1980 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱞᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱥᱫᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ 'ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱪᱤᱞᱰᱟᱨᱮᱱ' ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref name="Atlantic 2007" /> 1992 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱨᱤᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ 'ᱫᱟ ᱛᱚᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱮᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ' ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾  ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱭ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱠᱠᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱯᱛᱚᱡᱤᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷᱩᱠ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ" ᱟᱨ ᱦᱨᱤᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ "ᱫᱚ" ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ "ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱛᱷᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾" ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ 1993 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ 'ᱫᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱰᱟᱭᱝ' ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Bharat 2003" /> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ,ᱤᱱᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱭᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱭᱟᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ, ᱦᱨᱤᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 14 ᱟᱨ 15 ᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱼᱵᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱼᱵᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/Its-sad-we-needed-the-law-to-tell-us-that-the-mothers-a-natural-guardian-Githa-Hariharan/articleshow/48033836.cms|title=It's sad we needed the law to tell us that the mother's a natural guardian: Githa Hiraharan|last=Fernandes|first=Joeanna Rebello|date=July 12, 2015|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="LII">{{Cite web |title=Hariharan v. Reserve Bank of India |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/women-and-justice/resource/githa_hariharan_v_reserve_bank_of_india |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=[[Cornell University]]}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱵᱽᱵᱟᱨᱵᱷ ᱵᱮᱱᱠ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱴᱤᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="LII" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=SC redefined Hindu Guardianship Law |url=https://www.indianbarassociation.org/sc-redefined-hindu-guardianship-law/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Indian National Bar Association |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Rajagopal 2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/there-is-no-one-single-authority-in-my-stories-githa-hariharan/article26735107.ece|title='There is no one single authority in my stories': Githa Hariharan|last=Rajagopal|first=Bulbul|date=April 6, 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> ᱠᱳᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, "ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/3ZthPR7wFkUljODEQlO46N/Five-cases-where-courts-have-given-secular-laws-precedence-o.html|title=Five cases where courts have given secular laws precedence over personal codes|last=Masoodi|first=Ashwaq|date=March 1, 2016|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> == ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱚᱞ == === ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ === === ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ === == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == 89qyt2xktle8vemex4wmm7a8g5l23r9 0 26769 191803 186414 2026-05-14T06:19:46Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱ | image = Malavika Mohanan, 6th Nykaa Femina Beauty Awards 2020 (21) (cropped).jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱ | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|08|04|df=yes}} | birth_place = ᱯᱟᱭᱭᱟᱱᱩᱨ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | nationality = | alma_mater = ᱣᱤᱞᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ, ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ | occupation = ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱳᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ | years_active = 2013–ᱱᱤᱛ | father = [[ᱠ. ᱭᱩ. ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] }} '''ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ 4 ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ 1993) ᱢᱤᱫᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱫ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]]ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱹ ᱤᱭᱩ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ''ᱯᱟᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱳᱞ'' (2013) ᱼᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱤᱭᱚᱱᱰ ᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱣᱰᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's a dream debut: Malavika Mohanan on her role in 'Beyond the Clouds' |url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/its-a-dream-debut-malavika-mohanan-on-her-role-in-beyond-the-clouds-3920.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224074125/https://www.connectedtoindia.com/its-a-dream-debut-malavika-mohanan-on-her-role-in-beyond-the-clouds-3920.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seema Sinha |date=17 April 2018 |title=Malavika Mohanan on Beyond The Clouds: 'Majid Majidi took me to creative spaces I hadn't gone to before' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/malavika-mohanan-on-beyond-the-clouds-majid-majidi-took-me-to-creative-spaces-i-hadnt-gone-to-before-4434603.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073954/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/malavika-mohanan-on-beyond-the-clouds-majid-majidi-took-me-to-creative-spaces-i-hadnt-gone-to-before-4434603.html |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |publisher=Firstpost.com}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱛᱨᱟᱭᱞᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱫᱟᱨ (2017) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ''ᱯᱮᱴᱴᱟ'' (2019) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ (2021) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ 1993 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱤᱭᱩ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-malavika-mohanan-here-are-10-best-pictures-of-petta-actor/story-eJfHKyzjkbywMiRflUav7M.html|title=Happy birthday Malavika Mohanan: Here are 10 best pictures of the Petta actor|date=4 August 2020|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 January 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-special-malavika-mohanan-left-us-swooning-with-her-scintillating-looks-photos/photostory/77332081.cms|title=Birthday Special! Malavika Mohanan left us swooning with her scintillating looks (PHOTOS)|date=4 August 2020|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 January 2021|language=en}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱱᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2020 |title=മാളവിക മോഹനന്റെ കിടിലൻ ഹോട്ട് ഗ്ലാമറസ് ചിത്രങ്ങൾ കാണാം |url=https://www.actressphotosnews.com/malavika-mohanan-height-biography-age-boyfriend-family-movies-list/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004140636/https://www.actressphotosnews.com/malavika-mohanan-height-biography-age-boyfriend-family-movies-list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |date=4 January 2022 |title=Malavika mohanan note photos about personal life and movie career |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/malavika-mohanan-note-photos-about-personal-life-and-movie-career-600991/ |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=ml}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == === 2013-2017: ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ === ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱤᱞᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilson College - Notable Alumni |url=https://wilsoncollege.edu/Alumi.html |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=[[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]] |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210114418/https://wilsoncollege.edu/Alumi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱨᱟᱡᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱢᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱩᱞᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="pp1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/malavika-mohan-a-breath-of-fresh-air-in-mollywood/article5264977.ece|title=Malavika Mohan: a breath of fresh air in Mollywood|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=23 October 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news-and-interviews/38434758_1_pattam-pole-dulquer-salmaan-archana-kavi|title=Dulquer Salmaan and Archana Kavi in Pattam Pole|date=28 December 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414125045/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news-and-interviews/38434758_1_pattam-pole-dulquer-salmaan-archana-kavi|archive-date=14 April 2013}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱟᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱳᱞ'' (2013) ᱼᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱚᱛᱛᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱜᱮᱭ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱢ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="pp1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2013 |title=Alagappan: Pattam Pole is an out an out commercial film - Rediff.com Movies |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-slide-show-1-alagappan-pattam-pole-is-an-out-an-out-commercial-film/20131009.htm#4 |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/romance-and-after/article5048576.ece|title=Romance and after|last=George|first=Vijay|date=22 August 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱵᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱴᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ Rediff.com ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱦᱚᱲ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ, ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱜ "ᱯᱮᱯᱤ ᱜᱟᱨᱞ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱯᱮᱠᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ", ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱭᱟᱢᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ "ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ" ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/pattom-pole/movie-review/24096986.cms|title=Pattom Pole Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Pattom Pole by Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2013 |title=Review: Pattam Pole is old wine in new bottle - Rediff.com Movies |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-pattam-pole-is-old-wine-in-new-bottle/20131014.htm |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> ᱚᱠᱛᱚ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱩᱠᱤᱥᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱫᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱞᱮᱴ ᱩᱭᱤᱱᱰᱳ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Scarlet Window |url=http://thescarletwindow.tumblr.com/about |access-date=24 December 2018 |publisher=Thescarletwindow.tumblr.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-malavika-mohanan-who-has-replaced-deepika-padukone-in-majid-majidis-film/articleshow/57664362.cms|title=Malavika Mohanan: 5 Things you didn't know about Malavika Mohanan who has replaced Deepika Padukone in Majid Majidi's film|date=16 March 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> 2018 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱛᱤᱠ ᱥᱩᱵᱽᱵᱟᱨᱚᱡ ''ᱯᱮᱴᱴᱟ'' (2019) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱱᱤᱠᱚᱱ,ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱥᱮᱛᱷᱩᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟᱡᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱫᱤᱠᱤᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajini-sir-is-an-absolute-delight-to-work-with-malavika-mohanan/articleshow/66316817.cms|title=Rajini sir is an absolute delight to work with: Malavika Mohanan|last=LAkshmi|first=V|date=22 October 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/malavika-mohanan-couldnt-get-up-from-my-chair-when-i-met-shah-rukh-khan-for-the-first-time/articleshow/66557457.cms|title=Malavika Mohanan: Couldn't get up from my chair when I met Shah Rukh Khan for the first time|last=Sharma|first=Riya|date=10 November 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱨᱟᱭᱞᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ (2021) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱨᱩᱞᱚᱛᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2021 |title=When I think of Vijay sir, the word 'dhairyam' comes to mind: Malavika Mohanan on 'Master' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/when-i-think-of-vijay-sir-the-word-dhairyam-comes-to-mind-malavika-mohanan-on-master/article33550181.ece/amp/ |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title='Master' Box Office Collection: Vijay-Vijay Sethupathi starrer makes it to top 10 Tamil grossers |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-master-box-office-collection-vijay-vijay-sethupathi-lokesh-kanagaraj-film-makes-it-to-top-10-tamil-grossers-2875568/amp |access-date=16 May 2021 |publisher=DNA India}}</ref> 2022 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ 'ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ' ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱱᱚᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱰᱤᱥᱱᱤ + ᱦᱚᱴᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ 'ᱤᱭᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚᱨᱟ' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱫᱷᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱪᱚᱛᱩᱨᱵᱷᱤᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ 2022 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2021 |title=D43: Dhanush-Karthick Naren film goes on floors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/d43-dhanush-karthick-naren-movie-goes-on-floors-7138371/lite/ |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=Yudhra: Siddhant Chaturvedi, Malavika Mohanan Promise Thrilling Romance with Intense Teaser |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/siddhant-chaturvedi-malavika-mohanan-to-star-in-yudhra-3435182.html |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱳᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ == === ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ === === ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ === == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ == == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == 6iz7baettpvdl7vx8aq0igz7pweywrr 191804 191803 2026-05-14T06:19:47Z KiranBOT 9533 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.9s 191804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱ | image = Malavika Mohanan, 6th Nykaa Femina Beauty Awards 2020 (21) (cropped).jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱ | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|08|04|df=yes}} | birth_place = ᱯᱟᱭᱭᱟᱱᱩᱨ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | nationality = | alma_mater = ᱣᱤᱞᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ, ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ | occupation = ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱳᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ | years_active = 2013–ᱱᱤᱛ | father = [[ᱠ. ᱭᱩ. ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱟᱱ]] }} '''ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ 4 ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ 1993) ᱢᱤᱫᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱫ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]]ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱹ ᱤᱭᱩ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ''ᱯᱟᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱳᱞ'' (2013) ᱼᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱤᱭᱚᱱᱰ ᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱣᱰᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's a dream debut: Malavika Mohanan on her role in 'Beyond the Clouds' |url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/its-a-dream-debut-malavika-mohanan-on-her-role-in-beyond-the-clouds-3920.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224074125/https://www.connectedtoindia.com/its-a-dream-debut-malavika-mohanan-on-her-role-in-beyond-the-clouds-3920.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seema Sinha |date=17 April 2018 |title=Malavika Mohanan on Beyond The Clouds: 'Majid Majidi took me to creative spaces I hadn't gone to before' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/malavika-mohanan-on-beyond-the-clouds-majid-majidi-took-me-to-creative-spaces-i-hadnt-gone-to-before-4434603.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073954/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/malavika-mohanan-on-beyond-the-clouds-majid-majidi-took-me-to-creative-spaces-i-hadnt-gone-to-before-4434603.html |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |publisher=Firstpost.com}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱛᱨᱟᱭᱞᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱫᱟᱨ (2017) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ''ᱯᱮᱴᱴᱟ'' (2019) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ (2021) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ 1993 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱤᱭᱩ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-malavika-mohanan-here-are-10-best-pictures-of-petta-actor/story-eJfHKyzjkbywMiRflUav7M.html|title=Happy birthday Malavika Mohanan: Here are 10 best pictures of the Petta actor|date=4 August 2020|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 January 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-special-malavika-mohanan-left-us-swooning-with-her-scintillating-looks-photos/photostory/77332081.cms|title=Birthday Special! Malavika Mohanan left us swooning with her scintillating looks (PHOTOS)|date=4 August 2020|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 January 2021|language=en}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱱᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2020 |title=മാളവിക മോഹനന്റെ കിടിലൻ ഹോട്ട് ഗ്ലാമറസ് ചിത്രങ്ങൾ കാണാം |url=https://www.actressphotosnews.com/malavika-mohanan-height-biography-age-boyfriend-family-movies-list/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004140636/https://www.actressphotosnews.com/malavika-mohanan-height-biography-age-boyfriend-family-movies-list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |date=4 January 2022 |title=Malavika mohanan note photos about personal life and movie career |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/malavika-mohanan-note-photos-about-personal-life-and-movie-career-600991/ |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=ml}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == === 2013-2017: ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ === ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱤᱞᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilson College - Notable Alumni |url=https://wilsoncollege.edu/Alumi.html |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=[[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]] |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210114418/https://wilsoncollege.edu/Alumi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱨᱟᱡᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱢᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱩᱞᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="pp1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/malavika-mohan-a-breath-of-fresh-air-in-mollywood/article5264977.ece|title=Malavika Mohan: a breath of fresh air in Mollywood|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=23 October 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news-and-interviews/38434758_1_pattam-pole-dulquer-salmaan-archana-kavi|title=Dulquer Salmaan and Archana Kavi in Pattam Pole|date=28 December 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414125045/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news-and-interviews/38434758_1_pattam-pole-dulquer-salmaan-archana-kavi|archive-date=14 April 2013}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱟᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱳᱞ'' (2013) ᱼᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱚᱛᱛᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱜᱮᱭ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱢ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="pp1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2013 |title=Alagappan: Pattam Pole is an out an out commercial film - Rediff.com Movies |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-slide-show-1-alagappan-pattam-pole-is-an-out-an-out-commercial-film/20131009.htm#4 |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/romance-and-after/article5048576.ece|title=Romance and after|last=George|first=Vijay|date=22 August 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱵᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱴᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ Rediff.com ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱦᱚᱲ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ, ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱜ "ᱯᱮᱯᱤ ᱜᱟᱨᱞ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱯᱮᱠᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ", ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱭᱟᱢᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ "ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ" ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/pattom-pole/movie-review/24096986.cms|title=Pattom Pole Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Pattom Pole by Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2013 |title=Review: Pattam Pole is old wine in new bottle - Rediff.com Movies |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-pattam-pole-is-old-wine-in-new-bottle/20131014.htm |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> ᱚᱠᱛᱚ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱩᱠᱤᱥᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱫᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱞᱮᱴ ᱩᱭᱤᱱᱰᱳ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Scarlet Window |url=http://thescarletwindow.tumblr.com/about |access-date=24 December 2018 |publisher=Thescarletwindow.tumblr.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-malavika-mohanan-who-has-replaced-deepika-padukone-in-majid-majidis-film/articleshow/57664362.cms|title=Malavika Mohanan: 5 Things you didn't know about Malavika Mohanan who has replaced Deepika Padukone in Majid Majidi's film|date=16 March 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> 2018 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱛᱤᱠ ᱥᱩᱵᱽᱵᱟᱨᱚᱡ ''ᱯᱮᱴᱴᱟ'' (2019) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱱᱤᱠᱚᱱ,ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱥᱮᱛᱷᱩᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟᱡᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱫᱤᱠᱤᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajini-sir-is-an-absolute-delight-to-work-with-malavika-mohanan/articleshow/66316817.cms|title=Rajini sir is an absolute delight to work with: Malavika Mohanan|last=LAkshmi|first=V|date=22 October 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/malavika-mohanan-couldnt-get-up-from-my-chair-when-i-met-shah-rukh-khan-for-the-first-time/articleshow/66557457.cms|title=Malavika Mohanan: Couldn't get up from my chair when I met Shah Rukh Khan for the first time|last=Sharma|first=Riya|date=10 November 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱨᱟᱭᱞᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ (2021) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱨᱩᱞᱚᱛᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2021 |title=When I think of Vijay sir, the word 'dhairyam' comes to mind: Malavika Mohanan on 'Master' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/when-i-think-of-vijay-sir-the-word-dhairyam-comes-to-mind-malavika-mohanan-on-master/article33550181.ece/ |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title='Master' Box Office Collection: Vijay-Vijay Sethupathi starrer makes it to top 10 Tamil grossers |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-master-box-office-collection-vijay-vijay-sethupathi-lokesh-kanagaraj-film-makes-it-to-top-10-tamil-grossers-2875568/amp |access-date=16 May 2021 |publisher=DNA India}}</ref> 2022 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ 'ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱ' ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱱᱚᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱰᱤᱥᱱᱤ + ᱦᱚᱴᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ 'ᱤᱭᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚᱨᱟ' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱫᱷᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱪᱚᱛᱩᱨᱵᱷᱤᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ 2022 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2021 |title=D43: Dhanush-Karthick Naren film goes on floors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/d43-dhanush-karthick-naren-movie-goes-on-floors-7138371/lite/ |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=Yudhra: Siddhant Chaturvedi, Malavika Mohanan Promise Thrilling Romance with Intense Teaser |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/siddhant-chaturvedi-malavika-mohanan-to-star-in-yudhra-3435182.html |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱳᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ == === ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ === === ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ === == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ == == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == g2tffusx3h7u9peds5b1cka7afi3v4i 0 29219 191810 191568 2026-05-14T08:15:55Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | name = ᱥᱟᱱᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ | image = Sanu Sharma.jpg | imagesize = | alt = ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ. ᱥᱟᱱᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ | caption = ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱱᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ | birth_date = | birth_place = [[ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱱᱟᱨᱥ | notable_works = {{bulleted list|''ᱟᱨᱠᱳ ᱫᱮᱥᱢᱟ''|''ᱩᱛᱥᱟᱨᱜᱟ''|''ᱮᱠᱟᱫᱮᱥᱢᱟ''|''ᱵᱤᱯᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ''|''ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟ''}} | nationality = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]]ᱤ, [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]]ᱹᱱ | education = | alma_mater = | movement = | spouse = | children = | parents = | relatives = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | native_name = सानु शर्मा | native_name_lang = ne }} '''ᱥᱟᱱᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ''' (Nepali: सानु शर्मा) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ, ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="onlinek">{{cite web|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2018/04/671112|title=०७४ सालका चर्चित १० महिला साहित्यकार|trans-title=Popular Women Writers of the Year 2074 BS|first=|last=|date=9 April 2018|access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref name="nagarik1">{{cite web|url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/others/467221-1614396955.html| script-title=ne:मानसिक विम्बमा प्रेम|language=ne|trans-title= Love in Mental Image |first=रञ्जना|last=निरौला|date=27 February 2021|access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref name="kantipur1">{{cite web|url=https://ekantipur.com/koseli/2017/11/25/20171125091934.html|script-title=ne:नारी–पुरुष सम्बन्धबारे साहसिक दृष्टि|language=ne|trans-title=Courageous View Towards Male-Female Relationship|first=Geeta|last=Tripathee|author-link=Geeta Tripathee|date=25 November 2017|access-date=2022-11-13|archive-date=2022-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113040901/https://ekantipur.com/koseli/2017/11/25/20171125091934.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="poetry1">{{cite journal|url= https://grey-sparrow-press.com/43-two-poems-the-descendants-the-same-heart-nowadays-sanu-sharma-translator-suman-pokhrel |title= The Descendants |journal=Grey Sparrow Journal|issue=43|editor=Daine Smith|language=en|location=Minnesota |trans-title=|first=Sanu|last=Sharma|translator-last1=Pokhrel|translator-first1=Suman|translator-link1=Suman Pokhrel|date=2024-01-31|access-date=2024-04-28}}</ref><ref name="spillwords1">{{cite magazine |author= |title=Sanu Sharma |url=https://spillwords.com/author/sanusharma |magazine=Spillwords |location=New York |publisher=Spill Words Press |date= |access-date=2023-12-19 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="portu">{{cite web|url= https://allpoetry.com/poem/18070329-Posso-Te-Conhecer-Algum-Dia-Assim-by-Sanu-Sharma |title=Posso Te Conhecer Algum Dia Assim|language=pt|trans-title=May I Meet You Someday Like This |first=Sanu|last= Sharma|translator-first1= Luiz |translator-last1= Alberto Machado |date=|access-date=2024-11-02}}</ref><ref name="poetry2">{{cite web |access-date=28 April 2024 |date=30 November 2023 |editor=Dagmara K |first=Sanu |language=en |last=Sharma |location=New York |magazine=Spillwords |publisher=Spill Words Press |title=May I Meet You Someday Like This |translator-first1=Suman |translator-last1=Pokhrel |translator-link1=Suman Pokhrel |url=https://spillwords.com/may-i-meet-you-someday-like-this |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226220020/https://spillwords.com/may-i-meet-you-someday-like-this/ |url-status=dead }}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱪᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱫᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ, ᱟᱨᱠᱳ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ - ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ - ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚᱥᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱵᱤᱰᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱴᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="onlinek" /><ref name="tamsaling">{{cite web|url=https://www.tamsalingkhabar.com/?p=7692|title=मदन पुरस्कारको लागि सात वटा पुस्तक सिफारिस|trans-title=Seven Books are Shortlisted for Madan Puraskar|first=|last=|date=12 July 2019|access-date=2022-11-13|archive-date=2023-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031113309/https://www.tamsalingkhabar.com/?p=7692|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="padmkantipur">{{cite web|url=https://ekantipur.com/literature/2024/07/30/the-list-of-the-best-five-books-for-the-padma-shri-literary-award-has-been-announced-30-33.html|title=पद्‍मश्री साहित्य पुरस्कारका लागि उत्कृष्ट पाँच पुस्तकको सूची सार्वजनिक|trans-title=Five Books are Shortlisted for Padmashree Sahitya Award|first= |last=|date=2024-07-30|access-date=2024-11-02}}</ref><ref name="sahityap1">{{cite web|url=https://english.sahityapost.com/kavidanda-national-fiction-award-2080-announced-for-gautams-adwait/|title=Kavidanda National Fiction Award 2080 Announced | first= |last=|date=30 July 2024|access-date=2024-11-02}}</ref> ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱥᱟᱱᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱩᱴᱤ ᱜᱷᱨᱤᱦᱟ, ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="baahrakhari">{{cite web|url=https://baahrakhari.com/detail/53165|title=लेख्ने हुटहुटी|trans-title=Impatience to Write|first=Sanu|last=Sharma|date=14 April 2018|access-date=2022-11-13|archive-date=2022-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113042404/https://baahrakhari.com/detail/53165|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ== ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱟᱨᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="break">{{cite web|url=https://breaknlinks.com/nepali/news/35117737|script-title=ne:जियाको कथा बोल्ने 'अर्थ' |first=Rumu|last=Neupane|date=24 February 2021|access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱵᱤᱯᱞᱚᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱥᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱤᱠᱟᱫᱮᱥᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱫᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="kantipur1"/><ref name="tamsaling"/><ref name="narad">{{cite web|url=https://nepaldristi.com/read/post/1848|script-title=ne:उही पुरानै प्रवृतिको वास्तविक चित्रण – 'एकादेशमा'|first=Narad|last=Nishthuri|date=|access-date=2022-11-13|archive-date=2022-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113150156/https://nepaldristi.com/read/post/1848|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="biplavi3">{{cite news |url=https://annapurnapost.com/story/84348|script-title=ne:पुस्तक समीक्षा- विप्लवी – नारी नियतिको परिदृश्य |newspaper=[[Annapurna Post]] |date=19 November 2017|access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref><ref name="enepalese">{{cite web|url= https://www.enepalese.com/2020/05/271716.html|title=दिमाग हल्लाइदिने एउटी कथाकार|trans-title=A Mind Blowing Storyteller|first=|last=|date=14 June 2020|access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> ᱮᱠᱟᱫᱮᱥᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱩᱛᱥᱟᱨᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ ᱯᱩᱥᱛᱚᱠ ᱵᱷᱚᱸᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ, ᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱛ ᱫᱤᱱ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ, ᱟᱨᱠᱳ ᱫᱮᱥᱢᱟ, ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Utsarga23">{{cite web|url= https://annapurnapost.com/story/175341|title=उत्सर्ग – स्वअस्तित्वको संघर्ष|trans-title=Utsarga: Struggle for Self-existence |publisher =[[Annapurna Post]]|first=Raman|last=Ghimire|date=2021-02-20|access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref><ref name="sahityap">{{cite web|url= https://sahityapost.com/gair-aakhyan/gair-aakhyan-samicha/29253|title= अभिभावकले पढ्नै पर्ने पुस्तक 'उत्सर्ग'|trans-title='Utsarga', A Book Every Parent Should Read|first=Geeta|last=Regmi|date=24 February 2021|access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref name="utsarga04">{{cite web|url=https://ekantipur.com/koseli/2021/03/20/16162088920269896.html|title=एक्ला बालबालिकाका बेचैनी|trans-title=Unease of Forsaken Children|publisher=[[Kantipur (daily)]]|first=Gyanu|last=Adhikari|date=20 March 2021|access-date=2023-11-16|archive-date=2022-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114040759/https://ekantipur.com/koseli/2021/03/20/16162088920269896.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="raman">{{cite web|url=https://ekantipur.com/koseli/2022/09/24/166398411093383853.html|title=पृथक् गन्तव्य|trans-title=A Distinct Destination|first=Raman|last=Ghimire|publisher=[[Kantipur (daily)]]|date=24 September 2022|access-date=2022-11-13|archive-date=2023-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104033420/https://ekantipur.com/koseli/2022/09/24/166398411093383853.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="pharak5">{{cite web|url=https://baahrakhari.com/detail/360528|title=नारी चरित्रहरूको उत्खनन|trans-title=Exploration of Women Characters|publisher=Baahrakhari|first=Sudha|last=Sharma|date=20 August 2022|access-date=2023-11-16|archive-date=2022-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114040801/https://baahrakhari.com/detail/360528|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Goodreads8">{{cite book |last=Sharma|first=Sanu |date=September 2023|title=ती सात दिन |trans-title= Tee Saat Din|url= https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/198973068-te-saat-din|language=Nepali|location=Kathmandu |publisher=[[Ratna Pustak Bhandar]]|isbn=978-9937-790-20-8}}</ref><ref name="Arko1">{{cite book |last=Sharma|first=Sanu|date=April 2024|title=अर्को देशमा |trans-title=Arko Deshma|url=https://thuprai.com/book/arko-deshma|language=Nepali|location=Kathmandu |publisher=FinePrint|isbn=978-9937-790-20-8}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱱᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟ. ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ. ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱡᱚᱞ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ. ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱡᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱟᱭᱯᱷᱤᱭᱚᱛ ᱒' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="sanusong">{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/sanu-sharma-223383573/s0012|title=ए समय मलाई पनि|trans-title=O Time, to Me Too|first=Sanu|last=Sharma|date=|access-date=2023-10-25}}</ref><ref name="sanupoem">{{cite web|url=https://allpoetry.com/poem/17433021-On-This-Side-of-Life-by-Sanu-Sharma |title=On This Side of Life|trans-title=|first=Sanu|last=Sharma|translator-last1=Pokhrel|translator-first1=Suman|translator-link1=Suman Pokhrel|date=|access-date=2023-10-25}}</ref><ref name="poetry2"/> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== ===ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ=== *ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱵᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ *ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ *ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ *ᱵᱤᱯᱞᱚᱵᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ *ᱩᱥᱟᱨᱜᱟ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ *ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ *ᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱛ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ==ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ== *ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱥᱢᱟ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ *ᱟᱨᱠᱳ ᱫᱮᱥᱢᱟ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ==ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱟᱹᱡᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱚ== *ᱠᱟᱭᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱒ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [https://www.breaknlinks.com/nepali/news/35142627 आँखा रसाउने उत्सर्ग], breaknlinks.com 3l5jklcjd0bqf9jjzf4h6qrz14fuwai 0 33371 191798 182125 2026-05-14T03:51:20Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ | native_name = काठमाडौं विश्वविद्यालय | native_name_lang = ne | image = Kathmandu University.jpg | caption = ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ | other_name = ᱠᱮᱭᱩ | motto = ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱱᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ | motto_lang = en | endowment = NPR ᱓᱐᱑,᱑᱙᱒,᱐᱘᱔.᱐᱐ | established = 1991 | type = ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱛᱷᱟ | founders = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] | chancellor = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ]] | students = ᱒᱑᱐᱐᱐+ | logo = [[File:Kathmandu University Logo.svg|200px]] | city = [[ᱫᱷᱩᱞᱤᱠᱷᱮᱞ]] | country = ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ | coordinates = {{coord|27.6196|85.5386|type:edu|display=inline,title}} | website = {{URL|ku.edu.np}} | vice_chancellor = ᱰᱨ. ᱚᱪᱭᱩᱛ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫ ᱣᱟᱜᱞᱮ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Achyut Wagle appointed as vice chancellor of Kathmandu University |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/03/17/achyut-wagle-appointed-as-vice-chancellor-of-kathmandu-university|website=The Kathmandu Post |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref> }} '''ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ''' ('''ᱠᱮᱭᱩ''') ([[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]]: काठमाण्डौ विश्वविद्यालय) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱡ, [[ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱨᱮᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱪᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱫᱷᱩᱞᱤᱠᱷᱮᱞ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ "ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱱᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ" ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱭᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱮᱱ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱷᱩᱞᱤᱠᱷᱮᱞ]], [[ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ|ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱠᱷᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱚᱨᱜᱮᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ, ᱜᱮᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱥᱴᱜᱮᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kathmandu University|url=https://edusanjal.com/university/kathmandu-university/|website=Edu Sanjal}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱚᱥ (ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱡᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱚᱥ) ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ (ISc) ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱥ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱑᱑ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱧᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ===ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ=== ᱱᱚᱵᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚ, ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ<ref>{{cite web | title=SCIENCE, RESEARCH, AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL | work=Bajracharya, Dayanand; Bhuju, Dinesh Raj; Pokhrel, Jiba Raj. UNESCO Kathmandu Office. | url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001461/146117e.pdf | access-date=3 November 2007 }}</ref> , ᱠᱮᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱤᱡᱤ ᱨᱩᱯᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moe.gov.np/article/545/kathmandu-university-act-2048.html|title=KU Act 2048/1991|work=Ministry of Education, Nepal|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202180337/http://www.moe.gov.np/article/545/kathmandu-university-act-2048.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱚᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱡᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱚᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱡᱽଞᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ (I. SC) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱮᱥᱤ, ᱡᱤᱣ ᱵᱤᱜᱽᱭᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ (ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠᱥ, ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥᱤᱠ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱜᱽᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱵᱤᱡᱱᱮᱥ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ (BBA) ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱵᱤᱡᱱᱮᱥ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ (BBIS) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱚᱨᱜᱮᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kathmandu University School of Management|title=About Us|url=https://som.ku.edu.np/about-us|access-date=17 October 2023|website=Kathmandu University School of Management Website}}</ref> ᱮᱢ.ᱯᱷᱤᱞ. ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱪ.ᱰᱤ. ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kathmandu University School of law|title=About Us|url=https://sol.ku.edu.np/about-us|access-date=10 January 2022|website=Kathmandu University School of law Website}}</ref> === ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ === ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ku.edu.np/university/index.php?go=his|title=Important Milestones of Kathmandu University|website=ku.edu.np|access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> *'''ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱘᱕''' ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ᱾ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ᱾ *'''ᱱᱚᱵᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱑''' ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱪᱟᱨᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ *'''ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱑''' ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱫᱩᱯᱲᱩᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ, [[ᱜᱤᱨᱤᱡᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱭᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱰᱨ. ᱥᱩᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱡ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱼᱠᱩᱞᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞᱤ᱾ *'''ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱙᱒''' ᱰᱨ. ᱥᱤᱛᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞᱤ᱾ *'''ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱙᱒''' ᱴᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱡᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱨᱚ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞᱤ᱾ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ᱾ *'''ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱙᱓''' ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱵᱟᱱᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤᱱᱟᱛᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞᱤ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱵᱤᱡᱱᱮᱥ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ᱾ *'''ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱙᱔''' ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤ.ᱮ./ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱥᱤ. ᱯᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱮᱨᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤ.ᱮ., ᱵᱤ.ᱤ. ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱮᱨᱟᱢ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Kathmandu University and Important Milestone|url=https://edusanjal.com/news/history-of-kathmandu-university-and-important-milestone/|website=Edu Sanjal}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100721100409/http://nepalscholarships.com/2010/07/ku-nepal-undergraduate-admission-scholarships-invitations-2010/ Kathmandu University Scholarships for Undergraduate Students] 65858kjnwua972v6ialxiw0l9e0bglj 0 33780 191800 184011 2026-05-14T05:04:53Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | type = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | name = ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ | native_name = खोटाङ जिल्ला | nickname = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | motto = | image_skyline = View of Maratika ~ Halesi.jpg | image_size = 270 | image_alt = | image_caption = View of [[Halesi-Maratika Caves|Maratika-Halesi]], a famous pilgrimage site | image_map = Khotang_district_locator map.png | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Khotang in dark yellow | image_map1 = Khotang District division map.jpg | mapsize1 =300 | map_caption1 = Khotang District with local level body | coordinates = {{Coord|27|12|N|86|47|E|type:adm2nd_region:NP_source:enwiki|display=title, inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{NPL}} | subdivision_type1 = ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱠᱳᱥᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | parts_type = ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ | parts_style = coll | p1 = | p2 = | established_title = ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ | established_date = ᱑᱙᱖᱓ | seat_type = ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ | seat = [[ᱫᱤᱠᱛᱮᱞ]] | leader_title = Head Mr. Iraj Khadka | leader_name = | leader_party = | leader_title1 = ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ-ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ | leader_name1 = ᱢᱨ. ᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱰᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱨᱥ. ᱯᱩᱡᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱰᱠᱟ | leader_title2 = ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | leader_name2 = ᱑ ᱢᱥ ᱤᱨᱩᱡᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱰᱠᱟ | leader_title3 = ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | leader_name3 = ᱒ | government_footnotes = | government_type = [[ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱰᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ|ᱠᱚᱨᱰᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ]] | governing_body = [[ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱰᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ|ᱰᱤᱥᱤᱥᱤ]], ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 1591 | area_note = | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 175298 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱒᱑ | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_rank = | population_blank1_title = Households | population_blank1 = 42,647 | blank_name_sec1 = ᱢᱩᱬ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | blank_info_sec1 = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], ᱪᱟᱢᱞᱤᱝ , ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱨ, ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | blank_name_sec2 = ᱢᱩᱬ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ | blank_info_sec2 = [[ᱯᱩᱥᱯᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱨᱢᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ]] | demographics_type1 = ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ | demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nepalmap.org/profiles/district-37-khotang/|title=NepalMap profile: Khotang|access-date=2025-11-30|archive-date=2023-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409184838/https://nepalmap.org/profiles/district-37-khotang/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = Ethnic groups | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]], [[ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]] | demographics1_title2 = Ethnic castes | demographics1_info2 ={{hlist|[[ᱨᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱨᱟᱭ]]|[[ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱝ]]|[[ᱪᱷᱮᱛᱨᱤ]]|[[ᱵᱟᱦᱩᱱ]]| [[ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱨ]]|[[ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ]]|}} | demographics1_title3 = ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ [[♀]] | demographics1_info3 = ᱕᱓ % | demographics1_title4 = ᱠᱚᱲᱟ [[♂]]/᱑᱐᱐ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ | demographics1_info4 = ᱘᱘.᱙᱐ | demographics_type2 = [[Human Development Index]] | demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npc.gov.np/human_development_indicators_by_district/ | title=Nepal Human Development Report 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Income per capicta | demographics2_info1 = 1,132 US$ | demographics2_title2 = Poverty rate | demographics2_info2 = 29.47 | demographics2_title3 = ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ | demographics2_info3 = ᱖᱙% | demographics2_title4 = Life Expectancy | demographics2_info4 = 70.24% | timezone1 = [[Nepal Time|NPT]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱔᱕ | postal_code_type = ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱞ ᱠᱳᱰ | postal_code = ᱐᱓᱖ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱕᱖᱒᱐᱐ (ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ) | website = {{URL|ddckhotang.gov.np/en/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ''' ([[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]]: [[:ne:खोटाङ जिल्ला|खोटाङ जिल्ला]]{{Audio|Khotang district.ogg|ᱟᱧᱡᱚᱢ}}) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱥᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱑,᱕᱙᱑ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱒,᱒᱖,᱓᱑᱒ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾<ref name="CBS">[http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/VDC_Municipality.pdf Household and population by districts, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Nepal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927102414/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/VDC_Municipality.pdf |date=2013-09-27 }}</ref> ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ [[ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱳᱠᱷᱟᱞᱫᱷᱩᱝᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱳᱞᱩᱠᱷᱩᱢᱵᱩ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Briefintro">{{cite web |url=http://dcckhotang.gov.np/en/brief-introduction/ |title=Brief Introduction of Khotang District |access-date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203094028/http://dcckhotang.gov.np/en/brief-introduction |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ/ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱡᱷᱟ ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱵᱷᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱩᱫᱷ ᱠᱳᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱨᱩᱬ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱡᱷᱟ ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱟᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hamrokhotang.com/3976/ |title=खोटाङ जिल्लाको इतिहास |date=8 December 2013 |access-date=20 January 2020 |trans-title=History of Khotang District |language=ne }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>[[File:Eastern Nepal.png|thumb|290px|A map of Nepal of 1942 shows current Khotang was part of Okhaldhunga (East No. 3) and Bhojpur (East No. 4)|left]] ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ== ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ 260° 50" ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 270° 28" ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ 860° 26" ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 860° 58" ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱰᱤᱱᱟᱸᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 27° 11' 60.00" ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ 86° 46' 59.99" ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱑,᱕᱙᱑ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱖᱑᱔ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://latitude.to/articles-by-country/np/nepal/65934/khotang-district |title=Latitude and longitude of Khotang District |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref> ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱴᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱒ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱖᱒ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dcckhotang.gov.np/ne-brief-introduction/ |title=संक्षिप्त परिचय |access-date=21 January 2020 |trans-title=Short Introduction |language=ne |archive-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116145705/http://dcckhotang.gov.np/ne-brief-introduction |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== {{Historical populations |align=center |percentages=pagr |1981 |212,571 |1991 |215,965 |2001 |231,385 |2011 |206,312 |2021 |175,298 |footnote= Sources:<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepal: Provinces and Districts |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/nepal/admin/ |website=www.citypopulation.de|language=en}}</ref> }} ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱕,᱒᱙᱘ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱖.᱐᱐% ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱒᱓ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱗᱐,᱐᱘᱖ (᱓᱙.᱙᱘%) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="provincialreport">{{Cite web |title=Provincial/District/Local reports: Koshi Province |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/provincial/1 |access-date= |website=Census Nepal 2021 |publisher=[[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> {{Pie chart |thumb=left |caption=ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ/ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ (᱒᱐᱒᱑)<ref name="caste"/> |label1 = [[ᱨᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱨᱟᱭ]] |value1 = 40.98 |color1 = royalblue |label2 = [[ᱪᱷᱮᱛᱨᱤ]] |value2 = 19.13 |color2 = red |label3 = [[ᱵᱟᱦᱩᱱ]] |value3 = 5.62 |color3 = orange |label4 = [[ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ]] |value4 = 5.22 |color4 = pink |label5 = [[ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱨ]] |value5 = 5.19 |color5 = darkturquoise |label6 = [[ᱠᱟᱢᱤ (ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ)|ᱠᱟᱢᱤ]] |value6 = 4.96 |color6 = salmon |label7 = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ]] |value7 = 3.76 |color7 = orchid |label8 = [[ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱤ (ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ)|ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱤ]] |value8 = 3.50 |color8 = lightsalmon |label9 = [[ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱭ]] |value9 = 3.01 |color9 = darksalmon |label10 = [[ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱮᱞ]] |value10 = 1.82 |color10 = cornsilk |label11 = [[ᱫᱟᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱨᱟᱫᱟᱭᱟ|ᱥᱟᱱᱭᱟᱥᱤ]] |value11 = 1.38 |color11 = brown |label12 = [[ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱝ]] |value12 = 1.08 |color12 = darkorchid |label13 = ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ|value13 = 4.14 |color13 = teal |label14 = ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ|value14 = 0.21 |color14 = grey }} ᱡᱟᱹᱛ/ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔᱐.᱙᱘% [[ᱨᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱨᱟᱭ]], ᱑᱙.᱑᱓% [[ᱪᱷᱮᱛᱨᱤ]], ᱕.᱖᱒% [[ᱵᱟᱦᱩᱱ]], ᱕.᱒᱒% [[ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ]], ᱕.᱑᱙% [[ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱨ]], ᱔.᱙᱖% [[ᱠᱟᱢᱤ (ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ)|ᱠᱟᱢᱤ]], ᱔.᱙᱐% [[ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱓.᱒᱓% [[ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱤ (ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ)|ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱤ]], ᱓.᱐᱑% [[ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱭ]], ᱑.᱘᱒% [[ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱮᱞ]], ᱑.᱓᱘% [[ᱫᱟᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱨᱟᱫᱟᱭᱟ|ᱥᱟᱱᱭᱟᱥᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱑.᱐᱘% [[ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱝ]] ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="caste">{{Cite web |title=Table 1: Caste/Ethnicity and sex |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Census Nepal 2021 |publisher=[[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> {{Pie chart |caption = ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (᱒᱐᱒᱑)<ref name="mothertongue"/> |thumb = right |label1 = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] |value1 = 47.63 |color1 = orange |label2 = [[ᱪᱟᱢᱞᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱟᱢᱞᱤᱝ]] |value2 = 17.52 |color2 = lightsteelblue |label3 = [[ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱩᱛ]] |value3 = 4.52 |color3 = orchid |label4 = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ]] |value4 = 3.85 |color4 = turquoise |label5 = [[ᱵᱟᱱᱴᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱱᱴᱟᱣᱟ]] |value5 = 3.82 |color5 = cornflowerblue |label6 = [[ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱟᱝ]] |value6 = 3.62 |color6 = #70b5d1 |label7 = [[ᱰᱩᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱰᱩᱢᱤ]] |value7 = 2.71 |color7 = lightsteelblue |label8 = [[ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ]] |value8 = 2.27 |color8 = mediumvioletred |label9 = [[ᱯᱩᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱩᱢᱟ]] |value9 = 2.13 |color9 = #afd2ee |label10 = [[ᱛᱷᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱷᱩᱞᱩᱝ]] |value10 = 2.09 |color10 = #a6cff2 |label11 = [[ᱣᱟᱢᱵᱩᱞᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱣᱟᱢᱵᱩᱞᱮ]] |value11 = 1.94 |color11 = #bde1f0 |label12 = [[ᱱᱟᱪᱦᱤᱨᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱟᱪᱦᱤᱨᱤᱝ]] |value12 = 1.35 |color12 = #5a7fe0 |label13 = [[ᱠᱳᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱳᱭᱤ]] |value13 = 1.27 |color13 = #2b86aa |label14 = ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ|value14 = 5.28 |color14 = grey }} ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱔᱗.᱖᱓% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱑᱗.᱕᱒% [[ᱪᱟᱢᱞᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱟᱢᱞᱤᱝ]], ᱔.᱕᱒% [[ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱩᱛ]], ᱓.᱘᱕% [[ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱓.᱘᱒% [[ᱵᱟᱱᱴᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱱᱴᱟᱣᱟ]], ᱓.᱖᱒% [[ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱒.᱗᱑% [[ᱰᱩᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱰᱩᱢᱤ]], ᱒.᱒᱗% [[ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨᱤ]], ᱒.᱑᱓% [[ᱯᱩᱢᱟ|ᱯᱩᱢᱟ]], ᱒.᱐᱙% [[ᱛᱷᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱷᱩᱞᱩᱝ]], ᱑.᱙᱔% [[ᱣᱟᱢᱵᱩᱞᱮ|ᱣᱟᱢᱵᱩᱞᱮ]], ᱑.᱓᱕% [[ᱱᱟᱪᱦᱤᱨᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱟᱪᱦᱤᱨᱤᱝ]] ᱟᱨ ᱑.᱒᱗% [[ᱠᱳᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱳᱭᱤ]] ᱾<ref name="mothertongue">{{Cite web |title=Table 5: Mother tongue and sex |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity |access-date= |website=Census Nepal 2021 |publisher=[[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐.᱑᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social characteristics tables |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2020/07/National-Population-and-Housing-Census-2011-Caste-ethnicity-and-mother-tongue.pdf |publisher=[[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=2024-03-17 |archive-date=2024-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923053412/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2020/07/National-Population-and-Housing-Census-2011-Caste-ethnicity-and-mother-tongue.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{bar box | title = ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (᱒᱐᱒᱑)<ref name="religion"/> | titlebar = #Fcd116 | left1 = ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ | right1 = ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ | float = left | bars = {{bar percent|[[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]]|darkorange|52.20}} {{bar percent|[[ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱷᱩᱢ]]|red|36.20}} {{bar percent|[[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ]]|Yellow|8.34}} {{bar percent|[[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]]|dodgerblue|3.07}} {{bar percent|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ|black|0.19}} }} ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ: ᱕᱒.᱒᱐% [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]], ᱓᱖.᱒᱐% [[ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱷᱩᱢ|ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱴᱤ]], ᱘.᱓᱔% [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ]], ᱓.᱐᱗% [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]], ᱐.᱑% [[ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱤᱥᱢ|ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱨ ᱐.᱓% ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |title=Table 5: Religion and sex |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Census Nepal 2021 |publisher=[[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ== ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ (ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱥᱤ.) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱰᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱤᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱰᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * {{statoids|id=ynp|title=ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ}} {{Commons category|position=left}} {{Geographic location |Centre = |North = [[ᱥᱳᱞᱩᱠᱷᱩᱢᱵᱩ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱳᱞᱩᱠᱷᱩᱢᱵᱩ]] |Northeast = |East = [[ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ|ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ]] |Southeast = |South = [[ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ]] |Southwest = [[ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ]] |West = |Northwest = [[ᱳᱠᱷᱟᱞᱫᱷᱩᱝᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱳᱠᱷᱟᱞᱫᱷᱩᱝᱜᱟ]] }} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱷᱳᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱥᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ]] 6b44xkfkaxojwkxvzojab1wt9nqm9ia 0 34786 191811 187999 2026-05-14T08:20:30Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson | name = ᱪᱚᱰᱚᱞᱟᱵᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱷᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱚᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱣᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱤ | image = Bhavani Devi at 2020 Olympics.jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱴᱳᱠᱭᱳ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱣᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱤ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|8|27}} | birth_place = ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | height = ᱑.᱖᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ | weight = ᱕᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | sport = ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ (Fencing) | event = ᱥᱮᱵᱽᱨᱮ (Sabre) | coach = ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱚᱴᱴᱤ | awards = [[ᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ]] (᱒᱐᱒᱑) }} '''ᱪᱚᱰᱚᱞᱟᱵᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱷᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱚᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱣᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱤ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱒᱗ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱙᱓), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ '''ᱵᱷᱟᱣᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱤ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ (fencer) ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱞᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ <ref name="olympics_first">{{Cite web |title=Bhavani Devi: The first Indian fencer to qualify for Olympics |url=https://olympics.com |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Olympics.com |language=en}}</ref>᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱽᱨᱮ (Sabre) ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱵᱷᱟᱣᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱩᱨᱳᱦᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ <ref name="family_bio">{{Cite news |last=Selvaraj |first=A. |title=Father a priest, mother a pillar of support: Bhavani Devi's journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com |work=The Times of India |date=2021-03-14}}</ref>᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱸᱵᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱷᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱮᱠᱴᱤᱥ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref name="struggle">{{Cite web |title=How Bhavani Devi overcame financial hurdles |url=https://www.bbc.com |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=BBC News |language=en}}</ref>᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱥᱮᱨᱤ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ SAI (Sports Authority of India) ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == ᱵᱷᱟᱣᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱫᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref name="asian_medal">{{Cite news |title=Bhavani Devi wins silver at Asian Championship |url=https://www.thehindu.com |work=The Hindu |date=2014-10-10}}</ref>᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱴᱳᱠᱭᱳ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱞᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱮᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱱᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱱ ᱟᱡᱤᱡᱤ ᱑᱕-᱓ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱵᱨᱩᱱᱮᱴ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ <ref name="olympic_match">{{Cite news |title=Tokyo Olympics: Bhavani Devi wins historic first match |url=https://indianexpress.com |work=Indian Express |date=2021-07-26}}</ref>᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱫᱚᱠ <ref name="asian_2023">{{Cite web |title=Bhavani Devi wins historic bronze at Asian Fencing Championships |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Sportstar}}</ref>᱾ == ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ == ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ '''ᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ''' ᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ <ref name="arjuna">{{Cite news |title=Bhavani Devi conferred with Arjuna Award |url=https://www.aninews.in/ |work=ANI News |date=2021-11-13 |access-date=2026-02-27 |archive-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730135357/https://www.aninews.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱓ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] qn2e93f46m5uunuysa9uitri06ag1ot 0 35463 191797 191084 2026-05-14T03:11:02Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ}} [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Newport_ship.jpg|thumb|᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱣᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱣᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱡᱽ]] '''ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ''' (CHM) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405095657/https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl |date=2020-04-05 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CRM) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ, ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱟᱨᱠᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ "ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ "ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ == CHM ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱭᱩ ᱟᱨᱠᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱡᱤ ᱑᱖ (PPG 16) ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱾ === ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CHM) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱼᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱤᱛ" ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ" ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ "ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ" ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱳᱢᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱾<ref name="Reza2026">{{cite journal|last1=Reza|first1=Mohammad Habib|last2=Rahman|first2=Athena|title=Re-establishing the Sacredness of Somapura Mahavihara: A New Contextual Heritage Management of a Buddhist Sacred Land|journal=EdA Esempi di Architettura|date=2026|volume=13|issue=2|publisher=Aracne editrice|url=https://www.aracneeditrice.eu/it/pubblicazioni/esempi-di-architettura-olimpia-niglio-rana-p-b-singh-9791221824766.html|editor1-last=Niglio|editor1-first=Olimpia|editor2-last=Singh|editor2-first=Rana P. B.}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ == ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ (CHM) ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱦᱤᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱬᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ" (TCP) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱼᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ == ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ" ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ:ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱾ * ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟ:ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱾ * ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ:ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ * ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ :ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱠᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == CHM ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱢᱮᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱥᱤᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤᱣ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱰᱟᱠᱨᱟ" ᱛᱚᱝᱜᱮ᱾ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱷᱫᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Seaton carew interpretation board.jpg|alt=|thumb|ᱥᱤᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱹᱡᱽ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱠᱷᱭᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ]] ᱠᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ: ᱑. ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ:ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱸᱪ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒. ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ:ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱽᱞᱩ ᱯᱞᱟᱠ" (Blue Plaques) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Heritage.rail.750pix.jpg|left|thumb|ᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱨᱥᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱝ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱳᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ '''ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ''' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Bronze_age_dwelling_at_Flag_Fen.JPG|thumb|ᱯᱞᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱳᱸᱡᱽ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ]] '''ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ''' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱨᱟᱦᱟ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references group="<ref name=&quot;Reza2026&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reza |first1=Mohammad Habib |last2=Rahman |first2=Athena |title=Re-establishing the Sacredness of Somapura Mahavihara: A New Contextual Heritage Management of a Buddhist Sacred Land |journal=EdA Esempi di Architettura |date=2026 |volume=13 |issue=2 |publisher=Aracne editrice 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''Norwegian Archaeological Review'' 34(2): 97–105. [https://www.academia.edu/413668/Archaeology_and_the_Governance_of_material_culture] *Smith, Laurajane. 2000. A History of Aboriginal Heritage Legislation in South-Eastern Australia. ''Australian Archaeology'' 50: 109–18. [https://www.academia.edu/2011254/A_history_of_Aboriginal_heritage_legislation_in_south-eastern_Australia] *Stapp, Darby and Julia J. Longenecker. 2009. ''Avoiding Archaeological Disasters: A Risk Management Approach''. Left Coast Press. *White, Gregory G. and Thomas F. King. 2007. ''The Archaeological Survey Manual''. Left Coast Press. *Zorzin, Nicolas. 2014. Heritage Management and Aboriginal Australians: Relations in a Global, Neoliberal Economy—A Contemporary Case Study from Victoria. ''Archaeologies: The Journal of the World Archaeological Congress'' 10(2): 132–67. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11759-014-9253-8] *Zorzin, Nicolas. 2011. Contextualising Contract Archaeology in Quebec: Political Economy and Economic Dependencies. ''Archaeological Review from Cambridge'' 26(1): 119–35. [https://www.academia.edu/698726/Contextualising_Contract_Archaeology_in_Quebec_Political-economy_and_economic_dependencies] *[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] et al. 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160330114112/http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/linguistics/guide.pdf ''ENGAGING - A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property''], Australian Government: Indigenous Culture Support. 39rk2p2kqn672scuk553udu25l405az 0 35768 191789 191339 2026-05-14T00:37:27Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱛᱩᱲ | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Eocene|Recent|Late [[Eocene]] – Recent}} | image = Sciuridae.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = Sciuridae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ {{aligned table|cols=3 | ''[[Prevost's squirrel|Callosciurus prevostii]]'' | ''[[Siberian chipmunk|Eutamias sibiricus]]'' | ''[[American red squirrel|Tamiasciurus hudsonicus]]'' | ''[[Fox squirrel|Sciurus niger]]'' | ''[[Urocitellus columbianus]]'' | ''[[Smith's bush squirrel|Paraxerus cepapi]]'' | ''[[Cape ground squirrel|Geosciurus inauris]]'' | ''[[Marmot]]a'' sp. | ''[[Black-tailed prairie dog|Cynomys ludovicianus]]'' }} | taxon = Sciuridae | authority = [[Johann Fischer von Waldheim|Fischer de Waldheim]], 1817 | type_genus = ''[[Sciurus]]'' | type_genus_authority = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ | subdivision = * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Ratufinae]] * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Sciurillinae]] * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Sciurinae]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Sciurini]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Pteromyini]] * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Callosciurinae]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Callosciurini]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Funambulini]] * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Xerinae]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Xerini]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Protoxerini]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Marmotini]] | range_map = File:Sciuridae distribution.png | range_map_caption = Sciuridae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ }} '''ᱛᱩᱲ''' (ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ-'''Sciuridae)''' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[tree squirrel|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ]], [[ground squirrel|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[chipmunk|ᱪᱤᱯᱢᱟᱝᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[prairie dog|ᱯᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱰᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ), ᱟᱨ [[flying squirrel|ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ [[introduced species|ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱾<ref name=Seebeck>{{cite web|last=Seebeck|first=J. H.|title=Sciuridae|url=http://www.scarysquirrel.org/vacation/australia/fauna.pdf|work=Fauna of Australia|access-date=2013-11-24|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117031835/http://www.scarysquirrel.org/vacation/australia/fauna.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱵᱽᱼᱡᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱚᱥᱮᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ [[mountain beaver|ᱢᱟᱶᱴᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[dormouse|ᱰᱳᱨᱢᱟᱣᱩᱥ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kay |first1=Emily H. |last2=Hoekstra |first2=Hopi E. |date=20 May 2008 |title=Rodents |journal=Current Biology |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=R406–R410 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.019 |pmid=18492466 |bibcode=2008CBio...18.R406K |issn=0960-9822}}</ref> == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ''ᱥᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨᱮᱞ (Squirrel'') ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱓᱒᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱮᱝᱜᱽᱞᱳ-ᱱᱳᱨᱢᱟᱱ {{lang|xno|esquirel}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱞᱰ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ {{lang|fro|escureil}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="OED1933_squirrel">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Squirrel|encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|year=1933|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120833/page/n368/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]]|publisher=The Clarendon Press |publication-place=Oxford, UK |edition=1 Corrected re-issue |volume=10 (Sole–Sz) |page=749 |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|la|sciurus}} ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="OED1933_squirrel"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|grc|σκίουρος}} ({{transliteration|grc|skiouros}}; {{lang|grc|σκιᾱ́}} ('ᱩᱢᱩᱞ') ᱟᱨ {{lang|grc|οὐᱨᾱ́}} ('ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="OED1933_squirrel"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia =[[The Oxford English Dictionary]] | title = squirrel, ''n''. | url = http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50235460 | access-date =8 November 2010 | edition = 2nd. | year = 1989 | publisher = Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{sfn|Whitaker|Elman|1980|p=370}} ''Sciurus'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ (genera) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Whitaker|Elman|1980|p=370}} ᱛᱩᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱳᱞᱰ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|ang|ācweorna}} ᱫᱚ [[Middle English language|ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱞ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱨᱮ {{lang|enm|aquerne}} ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="OED1913_aquerne">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Aquerne|encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher=The Clarendon Press |publication-place=Oxford, UK |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99992/page/n460/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]] |year=1913 |volume=1 (A–B) |edition=1 Corrected re-issue, 1970 reprint |page=422 |language=en}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱳᱞᱰ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[Common Germanic|ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[Germanic languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - [[German language|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ]] {{lang|de|Eichhörnchen}}; [[Norwegian language|ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] {{lang|no|ikorn}}/{{lang|no|ekorn}}; [[Dutch language|ᱰᱟᱪ]] {{lang|nl|eekhoorn}}; [[Swedish language|ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ]] {{lang|sv|ekorre}} ᱟᱨ [[Danish language|ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] {{lang|da|egern}} ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[Terms of venery|ᱜᱩᱴ]] ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ "ᱰᱨᱟᱭ"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipton|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVNazQEACAAJ|title=An Exaltation of Larks|date=1991|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-30044-0|language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ "ᱥᱠᱚᱨᱤ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>''Universe in Your Pocket'' by Joel Levy, published by Barnes & Noble, Inc.</ref> == ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Sciurus carolinensis -British Columbia, Canada-8.jpg|left|thumb|ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱱᱩᱭ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] [[File:Ratufa skull.JPG|thumb|left|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Oriental giant squirrel|ᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱭન્ટ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ''Ratufa'') ᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ—ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱜ [[zygomatic arch|ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱳᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ [[sciuromorphous]] ᱨᱩᱯ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾]] ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ [[African pygmy squirrel|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱟᱨ [[least pygmy squirrel|ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱐-᱑᱔ ᱥᱮ.ᱢᱤ. ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱒-᱒᱖ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ,<ref name=Kingdon1997>{{cite book | author=Kingdon, J. | author-link=Jonathan Kingdon | year=1997 | title=The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals | publisher=Academic Press Limited, London | isbn=0-12-408355-2 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/kingdonfieldguid00jona }}</ref><ref name=Payne1998>{{cite book| author1=Payne, J. | author2=C.F. Francis | year=1998 | title=A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo | page=243 | publisher=The Sabah Society | edition=3 | isbn=967-99947-1-6 }}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ [[Bhutan giant flying squirrel|ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭન્ટ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱒᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Choudhury2002>{{cite journal | author=Choudhury, A. | year=2002 | title=Petaurista nobilis singhei: First record in India and a note on its taxonomy | journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume=99 | issue=1 | pages=30–34 }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ [[marmot|ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱚᱴ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Krystufek2013>{{cite journal | author1=Kryštufek, B. | author2=B. Vohralík | year=2013 | title=Taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic rodents (Rodentia). Part 2. Sciuridae: Urocitellus, Marmota and Sciurotamias | journal=Lynx, N. S. (Praha) | volume=44 | pages=27–138 }}</ref><ref name=Armitage2002>{{cite book | author1=Armitage, K.B. | author2=Blumstein, D.T. | year=2002 | chapter=Body-mass diversity in marmots. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity | editor1=K.B. Armitage | editor2=V.Yu. Rumiantsev | title=Holarctic Marmots as a Factor of Biodiversity | publisher=ABF Publishing House | pages=22–32 }}</ref> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ [[fur|ᱩᱵ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/squirrels.html Tree Squirrels], ''Wildlife Online'', 23 November 2010.</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[thumb|ᱵᱩᱲᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱩᱵ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ (pads) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ<ref name=EoM>Milton (1984)</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ [[claw|ᱨᱟᱢᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ [[tree climbing|ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animals.howstuffworks.com/mammals/squirrel-info.htm|title=Rodents|date=22 April 2008|publisher=How Stuff Works|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, [[Tree squirrels|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱟ ᱑᱘᱐ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorington|first1=Richard W.|last2=Koprowski|first2=John L.|last3=Steele|first3=Michael A.|last4=Whatton|first4=James F.|year=2012|page=8|title=Squirrels of the World|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0469-1}}</ref> === ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ === ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[Visual perception|ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ [[whiskers|ᱜᱩᱪᱩ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=EoM /> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[incisor|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ]] (ᱜᱮᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱤᱫᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ $ \frac{1.0.1.3}{1.0.1.3} $ ᱾<ref>''The Beginning of the Age of Mammals'' Kenneth D. Rose (2006) {{ISBN|978-0-801-88472-6}} p. 326</ref> === ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ === ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nutsaboutsquirrels.com/1695/why-do-squirrels-have-bushy-tails/|title=Why do squirrels have bushy tails? &#124; Nuts About Squirrels|access-date=2026-05-02|archive-date=2023-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324041200/http://www.nutsaboutsquirrels.com/1695/why-do-squirrels-have-bushy-tails/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ, ᱦᱚᱭ, ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ * ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ, ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱟᱲᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ * ᱫᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ [[parachute|ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱩᱴ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ * ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱤᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱫᱚ [[fishing flies|ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Genova |first=Cosmo |date=2022-01-11 |title=How to Preserve a Squirrel Pelt For Fly Tying |url=https://www.fieldandstream.com/fishing/preserve-squirrel-pelt-fly-tying/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Field & Stream |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱩᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Valla |first=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AVDDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22squirrel+tail%22+%22guard+hair%22&pg=PA45 |title=Tying and Fishing Bucktails and Other Hair Wings: Atlantic Salmon Flies to Steelhead Flies |date=2016-09-05 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8117-6532-9 |language=en}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ == ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ [[rainforest|ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[desert|ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ [[Polar regions of Earth|ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[herbivorous|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢ]] ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ [[insects|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ-ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="squirrels">[http://www.squirrels.org/faq.html Squirrel Place] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227025300/http://www.squirrels.org/faq.html |date=27 December 2010 }}. squirrels.org. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorington|first1=Richard W.|last2=Koprowski|first2=John L.|last3=Steele|first3=Michael A.|last4=Whatton|first4=James F.|year=2012|page=12|title=Squirrels of the World|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0469-1}}</ref> ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[wildlife rehabilitator|ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.squirrel-rehab.org/|title=Squirrel Rehab|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱛᱮ [[animal euthanasia|ᱜᱚᱡ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Squirrel enjoying in the sun.jpg|ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ File:Squirrel in Chandigarh.jpg|[[ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚᱲ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ File:Squirrel near Chandigarh.jpg|ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ File:Squirrel on mango tree.jpg|[[ᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ </gallery> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Baby of squirrel.jpg|thumb|upright|ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ [[wikt:kit#Etymology_2|kits]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ]] ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱯᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[gestation|ᱜᱚᱨᱵᱷᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱵ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ, ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱬᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ, ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ [[weaning|ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=EoM /> ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[Diurnality|ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ]] ᱥᱮ [[crepuscular|ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ-ᱥᱤᱢᱨᱟᱹ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name=MassWild>{{cite web|title=Red & Gray Squirrels in Massachusetts|url=http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/wildlife/living/living_with_squirrels.htm|work=MassWildlife|publisher=Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife|access-date=3 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517191120/http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/wildlife/living/living_with_squirrels.htm|archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ [[Nocturnality|ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ— ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Törmälä | first=Timo | author2=Vuorinen, Hannu | author3=Hokkanen, Heikki | year=1980 | title=Timing of circadian activity in the flying squirrel in central Finland | journal=Acta Theriologica | volume=25 | issue=32–42 | pages=461–474 | doi=10.4098/at.arch.80-42 | doi-access=free |issn = 0001-7051 }}</ref> ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱵᱮᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=McNamee|first=Kai|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1185092056/squirrels-splooting-heat-wave-climate-change|title=The heat is making squirrels 'sploot' — a goofy act that signals something serious|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=June 29, 2023|access-date=August 8, 2023}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Andersson Krebs 1978 pp. 707–711">{{cite journal | last1=Andersson | first1=Malte | last2=Krebs | first2=John | title=On the evolution of hoarding behaviour | journal=Animal Behaviour | volume=26 | year=1978 | issn=0003-3472 | doi=10.1016/0003-3472(78)90137-9 | pages=707–711| bibcode=1978AnBeh..26..707A | s2cid=53154232 }}</ref> ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ-ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last1=HADJ-CHIKH | first1=LEILA Z. | last2=STEELE | first2=MICHAEL A. | last3=SMALLWOOD | first3=PETER D. | title=Caching decisions by grey squirrels: a test of the handling time and perishability hypotheses | journal=Animal Behaviour | volume=52 | issue=5 | year=1996 | issn=0003-3472 | doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0242 | pages=941–948| bibcode=1996AnBeh..52..941H | doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱚᱫᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱣ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ, ᱥᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name ="mould">{{cite journal | last1=Xiao | first1=Zhishu | last2=Gao | first2=Xu | last3=Zhang | first3=Zhibin | title=The combined effects of seed perishability and seed size on hoarding decisions by Pére David's rock squirrels | journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | volume=67 | issue=7 | date=2013-04-05 | issn=0340-5443 | doi=10.1007/s00265-013-1531-8 | pages=1067–1075| bibcode=2013BEcoS..67.1067X | s2cid=253815798 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ, ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱭᱮ (mushrooms) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name ="mould"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Cyclobalanopsis]], ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱲᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟ ᱾<ref name="fix nut">{{cite journal | last1=Xu | first1=Han | last2=Xia | first2=Lian | last3=Spence | first3=John R | last4=Lin | first4=Mingxian | last5=Lu | first5=Chunyang | last6=Li | first6=Yanpeng | last7=Chen | first7=Jie | last8=Luo | first8=Tushou | last9=Li | first9=Yide | last10=Fang | first10=Suqin | title=Flying squirrels use a mortise-tenon structure to fix nuts on understory twigs | journal=eLife | volume=12 | date=2023-06-13 | article-number=e84967 | issn=2050-084X | doi=10.7554/elife.84967| pmid=37309191 | pmc=10328505 | doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ, [[particolored flying squirrel]] ᱟᱨ [[Hainan flying squirrel]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ 'ᱢᱚᱨᱴᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ-ᱴᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ' ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="fix nut"/> === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ === [[File:Squirrel, Manyara National Park, Tanzania (2010).jpg|thumb|right|[[Tanzania|ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Manyara National Park|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[File:Squirrel in Seurasaari autumn.JPG|thumb|right|[[Finland|ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Helsinki|ᱦᱮᱞᱥᱤᱝᱠᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Seurasaari]] ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Red squirrel|ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Merja Laavola: Eläinten elintasosairaudet näkyvät Seurasaaressa. Vartti Etelä-Helsinki, Sanoma Kaupunkilehdet, 2010. (in Finnish)</ref>]] [[File:Squirrel eating pumpkin seeds.webm|thumb|thumbtime=0|ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ [[pumpkin|ᱠᱩᱢᱰᱟᱹ]] ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱩᱞᱳᱡᱽ (cellulose) ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[protein|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]], [[carbohydrates|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[fat|ᱪᱚᱨᱵᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ-ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ [[Hoarding (animal behavior)|ᱩᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ]] ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ), ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ (buds) ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[herbivores|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢ]] ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ-ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ, ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱠᱳᱱ, ᱡᱚ, ᱠᱟᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="squirrels" /><ref>{{cite news |website=[[bbc.co.uk]] |access-date=13 July 2018 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4489792.stm |title=Russian squirrel pack 'kills dog' |date=1 December 2005}}</ref> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[bird|ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]], ᱵᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ-ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>Richard W. Thorington, Katie Ferrell – [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7cuEWCWpLMC&pg=PA75 ''Squirrels: the animal answer guide''], JHU Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-8018-8402-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8018-8402-3}}, p. 75.</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ [[synanthropes]] ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱱᱼᱟᱨᱵᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ' (synurbanization) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="peim">{{cite journal |last1=Peiman |first1=Kathryn |title=Sublethal consequences of urban life for wild vertebrates |journal=Environmental Reviews |date=June 2016 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=416–425 |doi=10.1139/er-2016-0029|bibcode=2016EnvRv..24..416B |hdl=1807/74036 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[New York City|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮ [[Industrial Revolution|ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ- ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ), ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[thirteen-lined ground squirrel]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Friggens | first=M. | title=Carnivory on Desert Cottontails by Texas Antelope Ground Squirrels | jstor=3672818 | journal=The Southwestern Naturalist | volume=47 | issue=1 | pages=132–133 | year=2002 | doi=10.2307/3672818| bibcode=2002SWNat..47..132F }}</ref> ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱮᱭᱞᱤ (Bernard Bailey) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱞ-ᱯᱮ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ (thirteen-lined ground squirrel) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bailey | first=B. | title=Meat-eating propensities of some rodents of Minnesota | journal=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=4 | issue= 2| page=129 | year=1923 | doi = 10.1093/jmammal/4.2.129 }}</ref> ᱣᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱵᱤᱧ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wistrand | first=E.H. | title=Predation on a Snake by ''Spermophilus tridecemlineatus'' | jstor=2424389 | journal=American Midland Naturalist | volume=88 | issue=2 | pages=511–512 | year=1972 | doi=10.2307/2424389}}</ref> ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ: ᱒᱐᱐environment᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[Lazo, Russia|ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[dog|ᱥᱮᱛᱟ]] ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbcn">{{cite news |title=Russian Squirrel Pack Kills Dog |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4489792.stm |website=BBC News |date=December 2005 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc2">{{cite news |title=Cornwall squirrel 'pack' attacks boy, three |work=BBC News |date=14 July 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-36792959 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="atl1">{{cite web |last1=Lafrance |first1=Adrienne |title=When Squirrels Attack – A cautionary tale |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/when-squirrels-attack/531129/ |website=The Atlantic |date=21 June 2017 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> ᱣᱤᱴᱮᱠᱚᱨ ᱑᱓᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱞ-ᱯᱮ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ (thirteen-lined ground squirrels) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ-ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ [[shrew|ᱪᱩᱸᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ; ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱞᱤ (Bradley) ᱖᱐᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[white-tailed antelope squirrel|ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱳᱯ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱑᱐% ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ [[lizard|ᱪᱮᱨᱚ]] ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Whitaker | first=J.O. | title=Food and external parasites of ''Spermophilus tridecemlineatus'' in Vigo County, Indiana | jstor=1379067 | journal=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=53 | issue=3 | pages=644–648 | year=1972 | doi=10.2307/1379067}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Bradley | first=W. G. | title=Food habits of the antelope ground squirrel in southern Nevada | jstor=1377723 | journal=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=14–21 | doi=10.2307/1377723 | year=1968}}</ref> ᱢᱳᱨᱜᱟᱨᱴ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱳᱯ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ [[Perognathus flavus|ᱥᱤᱞᱠᱤ ᱯᱚᱠᱮᱴ ᱪᱩᱸᱫᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Morgart | first=J. R. | title=Carnivorous behavior by a white-tailed antelope ground squirrel ''Ammospermophilus leucurus'' | jstor=3670745 | journal=The Southwestern Naturalist | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=304–305 | doi=10.2307/3670745 |date=May 1985| bibcode=1985SWNat..30..304M }}</ref> == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱤᱱᱭᱟᱥ == [[File:One squirrel open mouth.jpg|thumb|[[Cleveland Museum of Art|ᱠᱞᱤᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴ]] ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[fox squirrel|ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱥ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (''Sciurus niger'')]] [[File:Taiwanrisu-2009.ogv|thumb|[[Japan|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ (''Callosciurus erythraeus thaiwanensis'')]] [[File:Prevostova vjeverica u Zagrebu.2.jpg|thumb|[[Croatia|ᱠᱨᱳᱣᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Zagreb Zoo|ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱮᱵᱽ ᱪᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮ-ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ [[Prevost's Squirrel|ᱯᱨᱮᱵᱷᱳᱥᱴ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (''Callosciurus prevostii'')]] ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[subfamilies|ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] (subfamilies) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[genera|ᱜᱚᱱ]] (genera) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱒᱘᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[species|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] (species) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Wilson, D.E. |author2=Reeder, D.M. | title=Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness | journal=Zootaxa| volume=3148| year=2011| pages=56–60|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.9 | url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p060.pdf}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ (fossil), ''Hesperopetes'', ᱫᱚ [[Chadronian]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱞᱮᱴ [[Eocene|ᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ]], ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱔᱐–᱓᱕ [[million years ago|ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ]]), ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Emry | first1 = R. J. | last2 = Korth | first2 = W. W. | title = A new genus of squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae) from the mid-Cenozoic of North America | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 693–698 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[693:ANGOSR]2.0.CO;2 | s2cid = 85847849 }}</ref> ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[Miocene|ᱢᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ "ᱟᱹᱫᱤ-ᱛᱩᱲ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = tolweb>Steppan & Hamm (2006)</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ (fossil) ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[phylogeny|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱛᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ]] (phylogeny) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: [[Ratufinae]] (Oriental giant squirrels), Sciurillinae ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱾ Ratufinae ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ [[Asia|ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ [[South America|ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱫᱚ Sciurillinae ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ [[evolutionary radiation|ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ [[Eurasia|ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ [[Africa|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = tolweb /> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ: [[Callosciurinae]], ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ [[South East Asia|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ; [[Ratufinae]], ᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[South Asia|ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ; [[Sciurinae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[flying squirrel|ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (Pteromyini) ᱟᱨ [[Sciurini|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱘᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ;<ref>Steppan, S. J. B. L. Storz, and R. S. Hoffmann. 2004. [http://www.bio.fsu.edu/~steppan/Steppan_et_al_Sciuridae.pdf Nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels (Mammalia: Rodentia) and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30:703-719.</ref> [[Sciurillinae]], ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ; ᱟᱨ [[Xerinae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ [[Tribe (biology)|ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] (tribes) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Marmotini]] ([[marmot|ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱳᱴ]], [[chipmunk|ᱪᱤᱯᱢᱟᱝᱠ]], [[prairie dog|ᱯᱨᱮᱭᱨᱤ ᱰᱚᱜᱽ]], ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ), [[Xerini]] (ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ), ᱟᱨ [[Protoxerini]] (ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ) ᱾ === ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱤᱱᱭᱟᱥ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ === * [[Basal (evolution)|ᱵᱮᱥᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱨ ''[[incertae sedis]]'' Sciuridae (ᱡᱚᱛᱚ [[fossil|ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]]) ** ''[[Hesperopetes]]'' ** ''[[Kherem (genus)|Kherem]]'' ** ''[[Lagrivea]]'' ** ''[[Oligosciurus]]'' ** ''[[Plesiosciurus]]'' ** ''[[Prospermophilus]]'' ** ''[[Sciurion]]'' ** ''[[Similisciurus]]'' ** ''[[Sinotamias]]'' ** ''[[Vulcanisciurus]]'' * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Cedromurinae]] (ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Ratufinae]] – ᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱑ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱔ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Sciurillinae]] – ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ ([[monotypic|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱱ]]) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Sciurinae]] ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Sciurini]] – ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱕ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱓᱘ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Pteromyini]] – ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱑᱕ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱔᱕ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Callosciurinae]] – ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Callosciurini]] (᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱖᱐ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Funambulini]] ᱛᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ/ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱑ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱕ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Xerinae]] – ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Xerini]] – ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱓ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱖ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Protoxerini]] (᱖ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱕᱐ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Marmotini]] – ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ, ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱳᱴ, ᱪᱤᱯᱢᱟᱝᱠ, ᱯᱨᱮᱭᱨᱤ ᱰᱚᱜᱽ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ (᱖ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱙᱐ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) == ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == {{Portal|Mammals}} * ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]] ([[Kuru (disease)|ᱠᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ]]) ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blakeslee |first1=Sandra |title=Kentucky Doctors Warn Against a Regional Dish: Squirrels' Brains |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/29/us/kentucky-doctors-warn-against-a-regional-dish-squirrels-brains.html |access-date=18 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 August 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livescience.com/63831-squirrel-brains-rare-disorder-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html |title=Man Dies from Extremely Rare Disease After Eating Squirrel Brains |first1=Rachael |last1=Rettner |date=October 15, 2018 |publisher=[[LiveScience]] |access-date=April 9, 2022}}</ref> {{Anchor|Notes|reason="Notes" is the old section name, which was changed to "References" on 6 June 2018}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Anchor|References|reason="References" is the old section name, which was changed to "Further reading" on 6 June 2018}} == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ == * {{cite book| last1 = Whitaker | first1= John O. Jr. |last2= Elman|first2=Robert|date=1980|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals|edition=2nd|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf, Jr.| location = New York|isbn=0-394-50762-2}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * Milton, Katherine (1984): "Family Sciuridae". In: Macdonald, D. (ed.): ''The Encyclopedia of Mammals'': 612–623. Facts on File, New York. {{ISBN|0-87196-871-1}}. * Steppan, Scott J. and Hamm, Shawn M. (2006): [[Tree of Life Web Project]] – [http://tolweb.org/Sciuridae/16456/2006.05.13 "Sciuridae (Squirrels)"]. Version of 13 May 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2007. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Steppan | first1 = S. J. | last2 = Storz | first2 = B. L. | last3 = Hoffmann | first3 = R. S. | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00204-5 | title = Nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels (Mammalia: Rodentia) and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 703–719 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15012949| bibcode = 2004MolPE..30..703S }} * Thorington, R.W. and Hoffmann, R.S. (2005): "Family Sciuridae". In: ''Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference'': 754–818. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons|Sciuridae}} {{Wikispecies|Sciuridae}} {{Wiktionary|squirrel}} * {{wikiquote-inline}} * [http://tolweb.org/Sciuridae/16456 ᱴᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱷ: Sciuridae] * [http://northernbushcraft.com/animalTracks/squirrel/notes.htm ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ]: ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614105921/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/squirrel.html ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131206211135/http://squirrels.org/names.html ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ] {{Rodents}} {{S. Ratufinae-Sciurillinae nav}} {{S. Callosciurinae nav}} {{S. Sciurinae1 nav}} {{S. Sciurinae2 nav}} {{S. Xerinae nav}} {{Marmotini nav}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q9482}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱛᱩᱲ| ]] [[Category:Sciuromorpha]] [[Category:ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱞᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]] [[Category:Rodents by common name]] [[Category:Taxa named by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim]] 3rx2wd6iq7dakmlqxoynog7b51a0eq8 0 35794 191809 191405 2026-05-14T07:37:50Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ}} {{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox Indian political party | eci = ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱟᱱᱨᱮᱠᱚᱜᱽᱱᱟᱭᱡᱽᱰ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ | abbreviation = ISF | logo = ISF–Logo.png | colorcode = {{party color|Indian Secular Front}} | chairman = [[ᱱᱟᱶᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱤᱠᱤ]] | secretary = ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱚᱡᱤᱛ ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱤ | founder = [[ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱤᱠᱤ]] | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2021|01|21}} | loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Indian Secular Front}}}} | rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Indian Secular Front}}}} | state_seats_name = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] | state_seats = {{Composition bar|1|294|hex={{party color|Indian Secular Front}}}} | headquarters = [[ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱯᱷᱩᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱤᱯᱷ]], [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | ideology = {{Nowrap|[[ᱥᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ]]<br>[[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱭᱟᱭ]]}} | position = [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ-ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://isf.org.in/about|title=About ISF|publisher=ISF|quote=Siddiqui launched ISF as a secular, centre-left alternative to existing parties with a mission centered around social justice and inclusion. The party's stated goals include the "upliftment of backward masses – Muslims, tribals and Dalits" and fighting for the "deceived, deprived and downtrodden" of Bengal.|access-date=8 April 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | colours = {{Colorsample|{{Party color|Indian Secular Front}}}} [[ᱞᱤᱞ]] | alliance = [[ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ-ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱴ|ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ+]] (᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ)<br>[[ᱥᱚᱸᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱪᱟ]] (᱒᱐᱒᱑–᱒᱐᱒᱔) | flag = [[File:ISF flag.svg|200px|border]] | symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Envelope.jpg|100px]] }} '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ''' ('''ISF'''),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/kolkata-nawsad-siddiques-isf-demonstrates-over-attacks-on-minorities-in-bangladesh-3297414|title=Kolkata: Nawsad Siddique's ISF demonstrates over attacks on minorities in Bangladesh|publisher=deccanherald|date=29 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISF MLA Naushad Siddiqui gets bail after protest against Sirajuddin Waqf Board in Kolkata |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/isf-mla-naushad-siddiqui-bail-protest-sir-waqf-10202852/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |date=22 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISF MLA Naushad Siddique gets bail a day after arrest over protest against Sir in Kolkata |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/isf-mla-nawsad-siddique-gets-bail-a-day-after-arrest-over-protest-against-sir-in-kolkata/article69960315.ece/ |website=The Hindu |date=22 January 2023}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ''' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{cite web |title=Contribution Report and Audit for the year 2021–2022 – All India Secular Front |url=https://ceowestbengal.nic.in/Expenditure/year_9/ContributionReport/Party58.pdf |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, West Bengal |date=31 March 2025 |access-date=27 June 2025 |format=PDF}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ-ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱟᱶᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱯᱷᱩᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱤᱯᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/west-bengal-elections-isf-naushad-siddiqui-letter-alliance-cpi-m-10215490/|title=Rise of Indian Secular Front in Bengal: Furfura Sharif outfit to TMC rival in Muslim pockets|publisher=Indian Express|date=31 Aug 2025|access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ISF ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wire.in|first=The|date=28 Feb 2021|title=Bengal: As Left and Congress Ally With Muslim Cleric's Party, Will BJP Be the Winner?|url=https://thewire.in/politics/west-bengal-left-congress-abbas-siddiqui-isf-bjp-elections}}</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ (ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ)|ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]]<ref name=":0" /> ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱪᱟ]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=India|first=Outlook|date=28 February 2021|title=With Brigade Rally, Left-Congress-ISF's 'Sanyukta Morcha' Kicks Of Bengal Poll Campaign|work=Outlook.India|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/photos/photoessay/with-brigade-rally-left-congress-isfs-sanyukta-morcha-kicks-of-bengal-poll-campaign/2628}}</ref> ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, [[ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal: In Left-Congress Brigade Ground Rally, ISF Emerged as the Biggest Mobiliser|url=https://thewire.in/politics/in-left-congress-brigade-ground-rally-isf-emerged-as-the-biggest-mobiliser|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The Wire}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=30-seat deal with Left: ISF cleric Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-30-seat-deal-with-leftsays-indian-secular-front-cleric-abbas-siddiqui/cid/1807955|access-date=2021-03-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ, ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱡᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ISF ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ CPI(M)-ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ [[ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ (ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ)|ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ]] ᱡᱚᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/isf-leader-nawsad-siddique-speaks-out-about-isf-and-left-front-alliance-in-west-bengal-assembly-elections-rdp-2555596.html|title=ISF-Left Front Alliance: বামেদের সঙ্গেই সর্বাত্মক জোটে আইএসএফ! বুধবারের মধ্যেই কাটবে আসন রফা নিয়ে জট, ঘোষণা নওশাদের|publisher=News18 Bangla|date=24 Feb 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ|ECI]] ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ISF ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/election-commisions-new-symbol-rule-to-aid-parties-in-poll-bound-states/articleshow/129960465.cms|title=Election Commission's new symbol rule to aid parties in poll-bound states|publisher=The Economic Times|date=2 April 2026|access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> ==ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ== [[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ISF ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱵᱟᱫᱤ)]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱪᱟ]]᱾ [[ᱱᱟᱶᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ MLA ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ISF ᱫᱚ CPI(M)-ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ [[ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ (ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ)|ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ]] ᱡᱚᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ {|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center;" !Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ !style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ !style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱴ ! style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱴ ! style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱴ ! style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | ᱥᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ +/- ! style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱳᱴ !Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱳᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ % !Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | ᱵᱷᱳᱴ ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ +/- !Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ |- ! colspan="9" |[[ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱒᱔]] | Rowspan="1" | [[ᱱᱟᱶᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱤᱠᱤ]] | :--- | | ᱑᱗ | ᱐ | {{Steady}} | ᱖᱕᱐᱒᱒᱙ | | {{up}} | {{Steady}} | - <br> ! colspan="9" |[[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] | - | [[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ | ᱒᱐᱒᱑]] | Rowspan="2" | [[ᱱᱟᱶᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱤᱠᱤ]] | [[ᱥᱚᱸᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱪᱟ | SM]] | ᱓᱒ | ᱑ | {{up}}᱑ | ᱘᱑᱓,᱔᱘᱙ | ᱑.᱓᱕% | {{up}} | ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ | - | [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ | ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] | [[ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ-ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱴ | LF+]] | | | {{up}} | | | {{up}} | | - |} == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{reflist|2}} {{Indian political parties}} [[Category:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ]] 51p94qumc5d5wy0fyxsg6ofy9o57oa2 0 35822 191792 191517 2026-05-14T01:23:11Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}} {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 290 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/1 | image1 = Darjeeling Himalayan Railway.jpg | image2 = Sunrise at Tiger hill.jpg | image3 = Peace Pagoda,Darjeeling.jpg | image4 = Batasia Loop War Memorial, Darjeeling.jpg | image5 = Himalayas from Darjeeling DSCN5313.jpg | image6 = Darjeeling - The City View.jpg }} | image_caption = ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ:<br />[[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ]]; [[ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞ, ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ|ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱧᱮᱞ; [[ᱯᱤᱥ ᱯᱮᱜᱳᱰᱟ, ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]]; [[ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱩᱯ]]; ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ; [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ | nickname = "ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ" | image_map = Gorkhaland in West Bengal (India).svg | image_seal = Gorkhaland Territorial Administration seal.png | seal_size = 122px | seal_alt = ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱞ | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|27|02|N|88|16|E|region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | established_title = ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ | established_date = ᱒᱐᱑᱒ | seat_type = ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ | seat = [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] | area_total_km2 = 7000 | population_total = 1850000 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] | demographics1_title2 = ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ | demographics1_info2 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], [[ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ]], [[ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ]], [[ᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱟᱭ]], [[ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ]],[[ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ]] | timezone1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱴᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ (IST)]] | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | postal_code_type = ᱯᱤᱱ | postal_code = 734xxx | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = +91-354 | registration_plate = WB-76, WB-77, WB-78 | website = | footnotes = }} {{Infobox legislature | name = ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | coa_pic = Gorkhaland Territorial Administration seal.png | coa_res = 150px | coa_alt = ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱜᱳ | coa_caption = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ|ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱞ]] | house_type = [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ]] | foundation = {{start date and age|2012}} | disbanded = | preceded_by =[[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ]] | succeeded_by = | leader1_type = ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠᱤᱭᱩᱴᱤᱵᱷ | leader1 = ᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ | party1 =[[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ|ᱵᱤ.ᱡᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱢ (BGPM)]] | election1 = ᱒᱐᱒᱒ | leader2_type = ᱰᱮᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠᱤᱭᱩᱴᱤᱵᱷ | leader2 = ᱥᱟᱱᱪᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱵᱽᱵᱟ | party2 =[[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ|ᱵᱤ.ᱡᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱢ (BGPM)]] | election2 = ᱒᱐᱒᱒ | leader3_type = ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ | leader3 = ᱚᱱᱡᱩᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱦᱟᱱ | party3 =[[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ|ᱵᱤ.ᱡᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱢ (BGPM)]] | election3 = ᱒᱐᱒᱒ | leader4 = ᱨᱟᱡᱮᱥ ᱪᱚᱣᱦᱟᱱ | leader4_type = ᱰᱮᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ | party4 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ|ᱵᱤ.ᱡᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱢ (BGPM)]] | election4 = ᱒᱐᱒᱒ |term_limits=᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ |footnotes=*'''ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ''': ᱓,᱓᱐᱓.᱙᱘ km² *'''ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ''' : ᱘᱗᱘,᱐᱐᱒ *'''ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ''' : ᱒᱗᱐/km² |logo_pic=Gorkhaland in West Bengal (India).svg |logo_caption=ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ (ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) |logo_res= |logo_alt= |structure1=File: GTAApril2024.svg |structure1_res=300px |political_groups1='''[[ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] (᱓᱖)''' :{{legend|FFFF00|[[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ|ᱵᱤ.ᱡᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱢ (BGPM)]] (᱒᱙)}} :{{legend|#20C646|[[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱥᱤ (TMC)]] (᱔)}} :{{legend|#DCDCDC|[[ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ|ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ (IND)]] (᱓)}} '''[[ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ|ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ]] (᱙)''' :{{legend|{{party color|Hamro Party}}|[[ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱥᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ|ᱟᱭ.ᱡᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱮᱯᱷ (IGJF)]] (᱖)}} :{{legend|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ|ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ (IND)]] (᱓)}} '''ᱮᱴᱟᱜ (᱕)''' :{{legend|#000001|ᱱᱳᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴᱮᱰ (᱕)}} | meeting_place = [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]], [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] |website=[https://gtadarjeeling.wb.gov.in/ gtadarjeeling.wb.gov.in] |voting_system1=[[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱴ-ᱯᱟᱥᱴ-ᱫᱟ-ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱵᱷᱳᱴᱤᱝ]] |last_election1=[[᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱒᱒]] |next_election1=᱒᱐᱒᱗|seats=᱕᱐}} '''ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ''' ('''ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ [[ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728097|title=Gorkhaland Territorial Administration Agreement signed|publisher=Outlook|date=18 July 2011|access-date=16 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603154514/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728097|archive-date=3 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2246756.ece|title=Pact signed for Gorkhaland Territorial Administration|work=The Hindu|date=18 July 2011|access-date=16 March 2012|location=Chennai, India|first=Ananya|last=Dutta}}</ref> ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ|ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]], [[ᱠᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ|ᱠᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱚᱝ]], [[ᱢᱤᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ|ᱢᱤᱨᱤᱠ]], ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱯᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Gorkhaland Territorial Administration |url=http://gtadmin.org/ |website=gtadmin.org |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803065422/http://gtadmin.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == {{main|ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ}} ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱚᱡᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱯᱚᱝ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ [[ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]]-ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱐᱙ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱞᱢᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱴᱚᱯ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱤᱱᱴᱳ-ᱢᱳᱨᱞᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱢᱥ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱢᱳᱨᱮᱱᱰᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ''ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ'' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱤᱵᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱩᱵᱷᱟᱥ ᱜᱷᱤᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/news/Interviews/Interview-with-subash-ghisingh.html|title=Interview with Subhash Ghisingh|work=Darjeeling Times|date=11 January 2008|access-date=16 March 2012|archive-date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312041229/http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/news/Interviews/Interview-with-subash-ghisingh.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ]] (ᱰᱤ.ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱪ.ᱥᱤ) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤ.ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱪ.ᱥᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱵᱷᱟᱥ ᱜᱷᱤᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/11/stories/2008031154731100.htm|title=Subhas Ghising resigns|work=The Hindu|date=11 March 2008|access-date=16 March 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱤᱢᱚᱞ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱝ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞ [[ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ]] (ᱡᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱮᱢ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/column/2010/jun/03/gjm-leader-bimal-gurung-utterly-self-possessed-and-apparently-ruthless.htm|title=GJM leader Bimal Gurung|work=The Hindu|date=3 June 2010|access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> === ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ === ᱡᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱮᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱢᱤ-ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱵᱚᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article432036.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224934/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article432036.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2014|title=Darjeeling issue solved: Mamata|publisher=Express Buzz|date=8 June 2011|access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> ᱒ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/GTA-Bill-passed-with-54-amendments/articleshow/9842647.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106070457/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-03/kolkata/30110031_1_territorial-administration-bill-harka-bahadur-chhetri-gjm|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2012|title=GTA Bill passed with 54 amendments|date=3 September 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ, ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠᱤᱭᱩᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ (legislative) ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱡᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱑᱐-ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱮᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110730/jsp/frontpage/story_14309540.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505034659/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110730/jsp/frontpage/story_14309540.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2012|title=Ex-judge to head hill committee|work=The Telegraph|date=30 July 2011|access-date=16 March 2012|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> === ᱢᱮᱢᱳᱨᱮᱱᱰᱚᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ === ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱢᱳᱨᱮᱱᱰᱚᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/images/stories/news_images/2011/jul11/jul15/finalmos.pdf|title=Full text of GTA MoA|work=Darjeeling Times|date=15 July 2011|access-date=16 March 2012}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱢ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ [[ᱯᱤ. ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ]], ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱢᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱡᱤ]], ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ.ᱯᱤ [[ᱡᱚᱥᱣᱚᱸᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ]] ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.indiangorkhas.in/2011/07/gorkhaland-territorial-administration.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003752/http://www.indiangorkhas.in/2011/07/gorkhaland-territorial-administration.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 5 March 2016|title = Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA)|work = Indian Gorkhas}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱦᱳᱢ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱜᱚᱣᱛᱚᱢᱟ, ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱢ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱮ.ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ]] ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?728097|title=Gorkhaland Territorial Administration Agreement signed|publisher=Outlook|date=18 July 2011|access-date=16 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719180442/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?728097|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> === ᱡᱤ.ᱮ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ === ᱒᱙ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱷᱤᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ (ᱮ.ᱵᱤ.ᱮ.ᱵᱷᱤ.ᱯᱤ), ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱢᱚᱝᱯᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱑᱘-ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ. ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ (GATA) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱵᱚᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱳᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/plea-to-rename-gorkha-council_738966.html|title=Plea to rename Gorkha council|publisher=Zee News|date=30 October 2011|access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> ᱮ.ᱵᱤ.ᱮ.ᱵᱷᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱙᱖ ᱢᱳᱣᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱙᱙ ᱢᱳᱣᱡᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱳᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ GATA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=388679&catid=72|title=GJMM-ABAVP joint deputation on GATA|publisher=The Statesman|date=2 November 2011|access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> === ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱭ-ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ === [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ]] [[ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱵᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱴᱤᱞ]] ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱵᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-IndiaSectionPage-TopStories/President-gives-her-assent-to-the-GTA-Bill/Article1-822330.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308083707/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/Chunk-HT-UI-IndiaSectionPage-TopStories/President-gives-her-assent-to-the-GTA-Bill/Article1-822330.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2012|title=President gives her assent to the GTA Bill|work=Hindustan Times|date=7 March 2012|access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱟᱠᱴ (Act) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱡᱮᱴ ᱱᱳᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Gorkha-Territory-readies-for-polls/articleshow/12269627.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422181836/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-15/kolkata/31196654_1_darjeeling-hills-gorkha-janmukti-morcha-gjm|url-status=live|archive-date=22 April 2012|title=Gorkha territory readies for polls|date=15 March 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> ᱒᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱮᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/WestBengal/High-powered-committee-on-GTA-emerges-as-a-perfect-instrument-to-resolve-impasse/Article1-830368.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420153434/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/WestBengal/High-powered-committee-on-GTA-emerges-as-a-perfect-instrument-to-resolve-impasse/Article1-830368.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2013|title=High-powered committee on GTA emerges as a perfect instrument to resolve impasse|work=Hindustan Times|date=24 March 2012|access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=757073|title=GJM climbs down GTA demand, says polls in June–July|publisher=Outlook|date=24 March 2012|access-date=24 March 2012|archive-date=25 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325101912/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=757073|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱖ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔᱕ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Gorkhaland-Territorial-Administration-draft-lists-17-new-constituencies/articleshow/13548203.cms|title=Gorkhaland Territorial Administration draft lists 17 new constituencies|work=The Times of India|date=27 May 2012|access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref> ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ᱡᱚᱡᱽ [[ᱥᱭᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱭ-ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱳᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱢᱳᱣᱡᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱢᱮᱱᱰ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱙᱘ ᱢᱳᱣᱡᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/darjeeling-might-be-violent-again/articleshow/13966042.cms|title=Darjeeling might be violent again|work=The Economic Times|date=9 June 2012|access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱢᱮᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮ-ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ "ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ" ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/govt-to-setfact-verification-committeegjm-demand/21365/|title=Govt to set up Fact Verification committee on GJM demand|work=Business Standard|date=16 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ]] ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱤᱵᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱵᱷᱟᱥ ᱜᱷᱤᱥᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱧᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱫᱤᱯᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱛᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱩᱦᱤᱭᱤᱡ – ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ, ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ – ᱜᱷᱤᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱯᱷᱤᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱴ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120620/jsp/siliguri/story_15631990.jsp#.T-H8sbWES8o|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623154144/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120620/jsp/siliguri/story_15631990.jsp#.T-H8sbWES8o|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2012|title=HC allows Ghisingh GTA plea – Affidavit order for govts & Morcha|work=The Telegraph|date=20 June 2012|access-date=20 June 2012|location=Calcutta, India|first=Our|last=Legal}}</ref> == ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ == === ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ === ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/State-sets-July-29-date-for-GTA-polls/articleshow/14399090.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103173246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/kolkata/32424010_1_gorkha-janmukti-morcha-gjm-shyamal-sen-committee-report|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=State sets July 29 date for GTA polls|date=26 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ ᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱮᱱ-ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱢᱮᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱚᱭᱠᱚᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/WestBengal/Gorkha-Janmukti-Morcha-to-contest-GTA-elections/Article1-881430.aspx|title=Gorkha Janmukti Morcha to contest GTA elections|work=The Hindustan Times|date=30 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701015423/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/WestBengal/Gorkha-Janmukti-Morcha-to-contest-GTA-elections/Article1-881430.aspx|archive-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ ᱟᱡᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120706/jsp/siliguri/story_15697611.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709015747/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120706/jsp/siliguri/story_15697611.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2012|title=GTA list of 32 but no Gurung|work=The Telegraph|date=5 July 2012|access-date=7 July 2012|location=Calcutta, India|first=Vivek|last=Chhetri}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120707/jsp/frontpage/story_15700400.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717083719/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120707/jsp/frontpage/story_15700400.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2012|title=Gurung in GTA fray|work=The Telegraph|date=6 July 2012|access-date=7 July 2012|location=Calcutta, India|first=Vivek|last=Chhetri}}</ref> ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱟᱥᱠ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ([[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱨ.ᱮᱢ]], [[ᱮ.ᱵᱤ.ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱞ]], [[ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱤᱵᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ (ᱥᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱ)|ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱱ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮᱯᱷ (ᱥᱤ)]], ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱟᱬ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ) ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/gjm-faces-heat-rival-parties-strong-arm-tactics-144738644.html|title=GJM faces heat from rival parties for strong-arm tactics|publisher=Yahoo News|date=7 July 2012|access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref> [[ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/darjeeling-gta-election-is-taking-one-sided-shape/articleshow/14717481.cms|title=Darjeeling GTA election is taking one sided shape|work=The Economic Times|date=6 July 2012|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref> ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱱ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱚᱭᱠᱚᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱧᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/article3583517.ece|title=Gurung challenges Ghising to contest GTA polls|work=The Hindu|date=29 June 2012|access-date=7 July 2012|location=Chennai, India|first=Marcus|last=Dam}}</ref> ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱠ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱓ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱳᱢᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/07/12/254--All-CPI-M-candidates-pull-out-of-Gorkhaland-polls-.html|title=All CPI-M candidates pull out of Gorkhaland polls|publisher=News track India/IANS|date=12 July 2012|access-date=15 July 2012}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱴ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120713/jsp/siliguri/story_15722547.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716000322/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120713/jsp/siliguri/story_15722547.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Morcha gets 28, Gurung thanks CPM|work=The Telegraph|date=13 July 2012|access-date=15 July 2012|location=Calcutta, India|first1=Vivek|last1=Chhetri|first2=Avijit|last2=Sinha}}</ref> ᱒᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱤ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/main-news/politics/4936-gjm-sweeps-maiden-gta-polls-not-to-give-up-gorkhaland-demand.html|title=GJM sweeps maiden GTA polls, not to give up Gorkhaland demand|publisher=Darjeeling Times/IANS|date=2 August 2012|access-date=5 August 2012|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101133246/http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/main-news/politics/4936-gjm-sweeps-maiden-gta-polls-not-to-give-up-gorkhaland-demand.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱜᱤᱛᱫᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱝ-ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱷᱤ [[ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ]] ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱱᱪᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱵᱽᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱬ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖᱗᱗ ᱵᱷᱳᱴ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120803/jsp/siliguri/story_15806782.jsp#.UB4clk0gfao|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231036/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120803/jsp/siliguri/story_15806782.jsp#.UB4clk0gfao|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2014|title=Lone rebel Subba loses|work=The Telegraph|date=3 August 2012|access-date=5 August 2012|location=Calcutta, India|first=Rajeev|last=Ravidas}}</ref> ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱔ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱳᱢ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ [[ᱥᱩᱥᱤᱞᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ]] [[ᱢᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱡᱤ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gorkha-Territorial-Administration-members-sworn-in-Shinde-Mamata-assure-support/articleshow/15352094.cms |title=Gorkha Territorial Administration members sworn in; Shinde, Mamata assure support |work=The Times of India |date=5 August 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804212156/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gorkha-Territorial-Administration-members-sworn-in-Shinde-Mamata-assure-support/articleshow/15352094.cms |archive-date=4 August 2012 }}</ref> {{election table|title=᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ|sortable=yes}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://darjeeling.gov.in/GTAelected_candidates.html|title=GTA Elections 2012|work=Darjeeling.gov.in|access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> |- ||ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ |ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱴ |ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱴ |ᱥᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ |- | {{Party name with colour|Gorkha Janmukti Morcha}} ||᱔᱕||᱔᱕||-|ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ |- | {{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}} ||᱑᱗||᱐||-|ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ |- |} === ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ === ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/26/2017-the-year-when-darjeeling-hills-simmered-in-gorkhaland-movement-1737026.html|title=2017: The year when Darjeeling hills simmered in Gorkhaland movement|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 December 2017|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> ᱡᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱮᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱢᱮᱢᱳᱨᱮᱱᱰᱚᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱟᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/kolkata-249553|title=Violence in Hills: GJM burns copies of GTA Accord and Act|work=Millennium Post|date=28 June 2017|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱷᱤ ᱡᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱮᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱱᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱯᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-reconstitutes-gta-appoints-binoy-tamang-chairperson/article19721768.ece|title=Mamata reconstitutes GTA, appoints Binoy Tamang chairperson|work=The Hindu|date=20 September 2017|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱙ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱭ-ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱤᱱᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ-ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/tamang-resigns-from-post-of-gta-chairman-350510|title=Tamang resigns from post of GTA chairman|work=Millennium Post|date=25 April 2019|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> [[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨᱥ ᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/gta-board-dissolved-administration-handed-over-to-principal-secretary|title=GTA Board Dissolved, Administration Handed Over to Principal Secretary|work=Kalimpong News|date=29 March 2021|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> === ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ === {{Main|᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ}} ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (᱒᱐᱑᱗-᱒᱐᱒᱒) ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱖ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/gta-election-2022-bengal-election-commission-announces-gorkhaland-territorial-administration-poll-dates-1534091|title=GTA Election 2022: Bengal Election Commission Announces Gorkhaland Territorial Administration Poll Dates|work=ABP Live|date=27 May 2022|access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱢᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱥᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ]]) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱕, [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱖, [[ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱒, [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖᱙ [[ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ|ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ]] ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱒᱗᱗ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/gorkha-territorial-administration-gta-elections-candidates-independents-7953267|title=GTA elections: 210 of 318 candidates are Independents|work=The Indian Express|date=27 June 2022|access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱢᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱡᱤ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/national/2022/07/13/want-friendship-no-fight-mamata-banerjee-to-new-gorkhaland-admin/|title=Want friendship, no fight: Mamata Banerjee to new Gorkhaland admin|work=East Mojo|date=13 July 2022|access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> ᱑᱔ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚᱯᱟᱞ [[ᱡᱚᱜᱽᱫᱤᱯ ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱠᱷᱚᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠᱤᱭᱩᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/wb-governor-administers-oath-to-gta-office-bearers-warns-of-yearly-audit/article65640420.ece|title=WB Governor administers oath to GTA office bearers, warns of yearly audit|work=The Hindu|date=15 July 2022|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref> ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱳᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱕ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/5-nominated-gta-sabhasads-take-oath-490862?infinitescroll=1|title=5 nominated GTA Sabhasads take oath|work=Millennium Post|date=26 August 2022|access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref> ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱢᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞᱚᱨ ᱕ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Two Hamro Party GTA Sabhasads cross over to BGPM|date=6 November 2022 |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/two-hamro-party-gta-sabhasads-cross-over-to-bgpm-498199|publisher=Millennium Post|accessdate=28 November 2022}}</ref> ᱵᱤᱱᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱥᱤ ᱴᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱫᱟ, ᱒᱖ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay |title=Prominent Gorkha leader Binay Tamang joins Congress|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/prominent-gorkha-leader-binay-tamang-joins-congress/article67577353.ece|work=The Hindu|date=26 November 2023 |accessdate=27 November 2023}}</ref> ᱒᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Congress expels Gorkha leader Binoy Tamang for 6 years for supporting BJP's Darjeeling candidate| work=The Economic Times | date=23 April 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/west-bengal/congress-expels-gorkha-leader-binoy-tamang-for-6-years-for-supporting-bjps-darjeeling-candidate/articleshow/109540456.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=4 May 2024}}</ref> {{election table|title=᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ|sortable=yes}} |- ||ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ |ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱴ |ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱴ |ᱥᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ |- | {{Party name with colour|Hamro Party|no_link=y}} ([[ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱥᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ|ᱟᱭ.ᱡᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱮᱯᱷ]]) | ᱔᱕ | ᱘ | ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ |- |- |- | {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}} | ᱓᱖ | ᱒᱗ | ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ |- |- |- | {{Party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}} | ᱑᱐ | ᱕ | +᱕ |- |- |- | {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} | ᱑᱒ | ᱐ | ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ |- |- |- | {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} | ᱕ | ᱐ | ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ |- |- |- | {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}} (᱑᱖᱙ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ) | ᱔᱕ | ᱕ | +᱕ |- |- |} == ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ == * [[ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ]] (GJM) * [[ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱤᱵᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ]] (GNLF) * [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ]] (BGPM) * [[ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱥᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ]] (IGJF) * [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ]] (CPRM) * [[ᱚᱠᱷᱤᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ]] (ABGL) * ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱟᱬ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ (GRNM) * [[ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] (GRC) * [[ᱡᱚᱱᱚ ᱟᱱᱫᱳᱞᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] (JAP) === ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ === * [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱚ]] (ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱳᱯ) == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ]] * [[ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|30em}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == *[https://www.facebook.com/GorkhalandTerritorialAdministration ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ] {{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}} {{Proposed states and territories of India}} {{Darjeeling}} [[Category:Politics of Gorkhaland]] [[Category:Government of West Bengal]] [[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]] [[Category:2011 in Indian politics]] [[Category:Politics of Darjeeling district]] [[Category:Darjeeling district]] [[Category:Kalimpong district]] [[Category:2012 establishments in West Bengal]] sixr68in69ddhgtq406kzuing08cb9f 0 35867 191805 191711 2026-05-14T06:36:52Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ | other_name = | settlement_type = ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Maynaguri@night by Tirtha.jpg | photo2a = New Maynaguri Railway Station (NMX).jpg | photo2b = Jalpesh Temple.jpg | photo3a = Radhika Library (Maynaguri).jpg | photo3b = Jatileswar Temple (Maynaguri).jpg | spacing = 1 | color_border = white | color = white | size = 300 | foot_montage = ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ: ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱮᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱡᱟᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ, [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] }} | image_alt = | image_caption = | nickname = ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3#Asia | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26|33|57|N|88|49|17|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = [[ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟ]] | government_type = ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ | governing_body = [[ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ]] | leader_title1 = ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ | leader_name1 = ᱢᱟᱱᱳᱡᱽ ᱨᱳᱭ | leader_title2 = ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | leader_name2 = ᱥᱳᱢᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ (ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱱ) | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 12.38 | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 84 | population_total = 45,045 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = | population_demonym = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614062657/https://wb.gov.in/404-page.aspx?aspxerrorpath=%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fguest%2F404-page.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=14 August 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ&ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info2 = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]<ref name="wblangoff"/> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱕᱒᱒᱔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/WEST_BENGAL/JALPAIGURI/Maynaguri_PINCODE|title=Maynaguri Pin Code, Search Maynaguri JALPAIGURI PinCode|website=www.citypincode.in|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127224747/http://www.citypincode.in/WEST_BENGAL/JALPAIGURI/MAYNAGURI_PINCODE|url-status=live}}</ref> | registration_plate = | blank1_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank1_info_sec1 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | website = [https://www.maynagurimunicipality.in/ www.maynagurimunicipality.in] | footnotes = | blank2_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank2_info_sec1 = [[ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] }} '''ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/new-civic-bodies-for-jalpaiguri-and-alipurduar-districts/cid/1821504|title=Two new civic bodies for Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar districts|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184633/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/new-civic-bodies-for-jalpaiguri-and-alipurduar-districts/cid/1821504|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱨᱫᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱮᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ== ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱚᱰᱟᱝᱜᱟ-᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱜᱽᱲᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ-᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱳᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱᱤ-᱑ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/north-bengal/district-of-jalpaiguri-got-2-new-municipalities-in-falakata-and-mainaguri/cid/1291302|title=পুরসভার মর্যাদা পেল দু'জেলার দুই শহর|access-date=2 April 2023|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402134404/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/north-bengal/district-of-jalpaiguri-got-2-new-municipalities-in-falakata-and-mainaguri/cid/1291302|url-status=live}}</ref> ===ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ=== ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = live }}</ref> ===ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ=== [[ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=map>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work = Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Jalpaiguri district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 July 2020| archive-date = 15 February 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200215051029/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ== ===ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ=== ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱩᱡᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ===ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ=== ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱜᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱳᱭᱥᱚᱠᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟ, ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱯᱩᱡᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟ, ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐,᱔᱙᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕,᱔᱘᱗ (᱕᱑%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱕,᱐᱐᱓ (᱔᱙%) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱙᱕᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱔,᱔᱐᱘ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱘᱘.᱖᱓% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html | title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work = West Bengal – District-wise | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 July 2020 | archive-date = 21 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161221211050/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html | url-status = live }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱗,᱐᱘᱖ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱑% ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱙% ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱕% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱕᱙.᱕% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐% ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐% ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱚᱰᱟᱝᱜᱟ-᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱜᱽᱲᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ-᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱳᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱᱤ-᱑ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱕,᱐᱔᱕ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ=== {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (᱒᱐᱑᱑)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref> |label1= [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] |value1= 96.2 |color1 = orange |label2= [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] |value2 = 3.1 |color2 = red |label3 = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] |value3 = 0.4 |color3 = yellow |label4 = ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ |value4 = 0.3 |color4 = white }} ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=400| height=300| zoom=9 | coord={{coord|26|37|0|N|88|47|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ, ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱚᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱩᱯᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|43|10|N|88|27|41|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Dabgram| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱜᱨᱟᱢ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|39|7|N|88|30|56|E}}| label-pos2=bottom|label2=Chakiabhita| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱠᱤᱵᱷᱤᱛᱟ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|39|35|N|88|28|7|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Binnaguri 2| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱵᱤᱱᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] (CT) |mark-coord4={{coord|26|31|52|N|88|42|8|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Kharia| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|34|0|N|88|49|12|E}}| label-pos5=top|label5=Mainaguri| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|32|50|N|88|50|17|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6=Dakshin Khagrabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱜᱽᱲᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|40|48|N|89|1|48|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Gairkata| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱜᱟᱭᱨᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|46|40|N|89|2|26|E}}| label-pos8=right|label8=Banarhat| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord9={{coord|26|43|30|N|89|3|6|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Telipara TG| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (CT) |mark-coord10={{coord|26|30|10|N|88|43|48|E}}| label-pos10=right |label10=Jalpaiguri| numbered10=M| mark-title10= [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (M)| shape-color10=#800000 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|36|10|N|89|0|25|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Dhupguri| numbered11=M| mark-title11= ᱫᱷᱩᱯᱜᱩᱲᱤ (M) | shape-color11=#800000 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|45|20|N|89|3|20|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Binnaguri 1| numbered12=C| mark-title12=[[ᱵᱤᱱᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (C)|shape-color12=#AA6666 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|38|19|N|88|24|59|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13=Phulbari|labela13=checkpoint| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|34|50|N|88|31|43|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Rajganj| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|35|24|N|88|35|20|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Belakoba| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱠᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|33|31|N|88|41|57|E}}| label-pos16= left |label16= Danguajhar TE | numbered16=TE| mark-title16= [[Danguajhar Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color16=#87A96B |mark-coord17={{coord|26|48|17|N|89|0|13|E}}| label-pos17= right |label17= Gandrapara TE | numbered17=TE| mark-title17= [[ᱜᱟᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱤᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color17=#87A96B |mark-coord18={{coord|26|49|45|N|89|0|53|E}}| label-pos18= top |label18= Lakhipara TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱜᱟᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱤᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|41|20|N|88|25|50|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=New Jalpaiguri JRS| numbered19=F| mark-title19= [[ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] (F)| shape-color19= #A40000 |mark-coord20={{coord|26|43|10|N|88|48|10|E}}| label-pos20=bottom|label20=Gorumara |labela20= National| labelb20= Park| numbered20=NP| mark-title20= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color20=#228B22 |mark-coord21={{coord|26|52|40|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos21=bottom|label21=Chapramari |labela21= Wildlife| labelb21= Sanctuary| numbered21=NP| mark-title21= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color21=#228B22 |mark-coord22={{coord|26|43|43|N|88|35|40|E}}|label22= Teesta| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=60| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none |mark-coord23={{coord|26|38|0|N|88|39|40|E}}|label23= River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=50| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none |mark-coord24={{coord|26|39|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label24= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ | labela24=ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=80| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none |arc-coordA={{coord|26|30|0|N|88|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=28| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4 |arc-coordB={{coord|26|56|30|N|89|6|30|E}}|arc-textB= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=20| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}} ===ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ=== ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ, ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱖ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Gazette Notification|url=https://www.wburbanservices.gov.in/upload_file/circular/895-UDMA_Gazette_-_constitution_of_Maynaguri_Municipality.pdf|publisher=Department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs|access-date=9 October 2024|date=6 July 2021}}</ref> ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ=== ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱩᱵᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |author=Debnath, S. |year=2010 |title=The Dooars in Historical Transition |publisher=Shiv Mandir: N. L. Publishers|url=http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/885/1/THE%20DOOARS%20IN%20HISTORICAL%20TRANSITION.pdf}}</ref><ref>Dinerstein, E., Loucks, C. (2001). {{WWF ecoregion|name=Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands|id=im0701}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱒.᱐᱑% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱓᱗.᱙᱙% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |access-date = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | access-date = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | access-date = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ / ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ {{Coord|26.57|N|88.82|E|}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Mainaguri.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Mainaguri, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814153907/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Mainaguri.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱘᱔ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱒᱗᱕ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱤ.ᱢᱤ. ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐ ᱠᱤ.ᱢᱤ. ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱹᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱞᱯᱮᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ, [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱠᱞᱮᱵᱽ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱰᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/-West-Bengal/Mainaguri-71007.htm|title=Mainaguri in Mainaguri India|website=www.india9.com|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927042551/https://www.india9.com/i9show/-West-Bengal/Mainaguri-71007.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ # [[ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ]], [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (ᱯᱟᱪᱮ) # [[ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ]], [[ᱠᱩᱪ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ) # [[ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱽᱲᱟᱵᱟᱸᱫᱷᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱷᱚᱸᱜᱟ]] (ᱮᱛᱚᱢ) # [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]], [[ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ) # ᱨᱟᱢᱥᱟᱹᱭ (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ) ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypincode.in/WEST_BENGAL/JALPAIGURI/Maynaguri_PINCODE |title=Mainaguri Pincode |publisher=citypincode.in |access-date=19 May 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132405/http://www.citypincode.in/WEST_BENGAL/JALPAIGURI/Maynaguri_PINCODE |url-status=live }}</ref> ==ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ== ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱨᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =2 July 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref> ==ᱤᱱᱯᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚᱠᱪᱚᱨ== [[File:Himalayan Peaks from Maynaguri.jpg|thumb|ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ, ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱑᱒.᱓᱘ ᱠᱤ.ᱢᱤ.᱒ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱸᱠ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱩᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓,᱔᱕᱘ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ, ᱕᱑᱘ ᱥᱚᱸᱡᱷᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱥᱟ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱦᱚᱥᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞ, ᱓ ᱰᱤᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ/ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, ᱓᱐ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱒ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ, ᱕ ᱢᱤᱰᱮᱞ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ, ᱕ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ, ᱕ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱛᱚᱨ, ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ, ᱒᱔ ᱱᱚᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ (ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱥᱟ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ), ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱟᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ, ᱨᱚᱢᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱤᱪᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ, ᱑ ᱚᱰᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤᱭᱚᱢ/ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱞ, ᱑ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱪᱟᱨ, ᱡᱩᱴ ᱥᱩᱛᱩᱨ, ᱪᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Section II Town Directory, Pages 451-453: Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 454-455: Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 456-457: Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 458-459: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 460—463: Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 464: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal | access-date = 26 June 2020 | archive-date = 15 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200215051029/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> * ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ, ᱑᱙᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱱᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱥᱢᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱑ ᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/townlib/districts/jalpaiguri/radhika-library.html|title=Town Library Automation " Radhika Library|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035833/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/townlib/districts/jalpaiguri/radhika-library.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://vvsindia.com/scllibrary/books31/index.php/site/index/2128| title = RADHIKA LIBRARY (T.L.), MAYNAGURI| publisher = VVS| access-date = 6 October 2024}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== <!---♦♦♦ Only add an institution to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---> * [[ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱵᱽ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ|ᱢᱚᱱᱳᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱰ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ]] ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱚᱜᱩᱨᱤ ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱰ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ WBUTTEPA ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ (ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱴᱤᱪᱚᱨ ᱮᱰᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ) ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮᱰᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.msmbec.in/| title = Manoranjan Saha Memorial B.ed College| publisher = MSMBC|access-date = 6 October 2024}}</ref> *[[ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ]], ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ; ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://maynaguricollege.ac.in/| title = Maynaguri College| publisher = MC|access-date = 6 October 2024}}</ref> * ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ, ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭᱤᱥᱤᱴᱤᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱵᱤᱮᱥᱴᱤᱭᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ, ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱨᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱢᱟ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱥ (᱑᱐+᱓) ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱠ ᱠᱮᱯᱟᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://polytechnic.wbtetsd.gov.in/maynagurigovpoly| title = Maynaguri Government Polytechnic| publisher = MGP|access-date = 6 October 2024}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ== '''ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ:''' [[File:NH31 From Maynaguri.jpg|thumb|[[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱒᱗ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)]]]] ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱡᱷᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱸᱡᱷᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱒᱗ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱜᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱜᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤ-ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱨᱮᱞ:''' [[File:New Maynaguri Railway Station.jpg|thumb|left|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱭᱩ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ @ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ (ᱠᱳᱰ: ᱮᱱᱡᱮᱯᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱕ ᱠᱤ.ᱢᱤ. ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ (ᱮᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱠᱥ) ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱰ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ (ᱮᱢᱣᱟᱭᱡᱤᱰᱤ) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱠᱤ.ᱢᱤ. ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ-ᱪᱟᱝᱨᱟᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱡ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱦᱚᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{clear}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ngujx5x6ed1jdw1s4kx2riu9poqlq3p 0 35881 191808 191761 2026-05-14T07:34:58Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hospital | name = ᱤᱱᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱤᱞᱰ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ | org_group = <!-- optional --> | image = | image_alt = <!-- optional --> | caption = <!-- optional --> | pushpin_map = | logo = | logo_size = | location = | region = [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ]] | state = [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | coordinates = | healthcare = | funding = [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ | type = <!-- Community, District, General, District General, Teaching, Specialist --> | speciality = <!-- if devoted to a speciality (ie not a broad spectrum of specialities) and Type=Specialist/Teaching --> | standards = <!-- optional if no national standards --> | emergency = <!-- UK/IR/HK/SG: Yes/No, CA/US: I/II/III for Trauma certification level --> | affiliation = ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥᱮᱥ<ref>{{cite web|title=Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health |url=http://www.entrancebook.com/indira-gandhi-institute-of-child-health-bangalore.php|website=www.entrancebook.com|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312194405/http://www.entrancebook.com/indira-gandhi-institute-of-child-health-bangalore.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> | patron = <!-- 'None' or the individual who acts as the hospital patron --> | network = <!-- optional --> | beds = ᱔᱗᱕ | founded = ᱑᱙᱙᱑ | closed = <!-- optional --> | website = [https://igich.karnataka.gov.in/english] | other_links = <!-- optional --> }} '''ᱤᱱᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱤᱞᱰ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ''' ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref>{{cite web|title=The Karnataka Societies Registration Act, 1960.|url=http://dpal.kar.nic.in/17%20of%201960%20(E).pdf|website=dpal.kar.nic|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱰᱮᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Directorate of Medical Education Government of Karnataka|url=http://www.karnataka.gov.in/dmekarnataka/Pages/home.aspx|website=www.karnataka.gov.in/dmekarnataka|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Treatment for rare diseases like hemophilia, thalassemia, immuno-deficiency and few other diseases for children at free of cost|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-treatment-for-rare-diseases-to-be-free-soon-at-indira-gandhi-institute-of-child-health-1985054|access-date=12 March 2017|publisher=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ಶಿಶುಗಳ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆಗೆ ಬಾಲ ಸಂಜೀವಿನಿ|url=http://www.icarelive.com/bedra/index.php?action=coverage&type=496|access-date=12 March 2017|publisher=www.icarelive.com/bedra|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312201115/http://www.icarelive.com/bedra/index.php?action=coverage&type=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱗᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ (᱓᱕ ᱵᱮᱰ) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱ.ᱮᱱ.ᱮᱯ. ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱓ᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱤᱞᱰ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱮᱢᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱚᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱞᱚᱰ-ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ --- == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱤᱱᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱤᱞᱰ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱨ. ᱰᱤ.ᱡᱤ. ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱠᱟᱯᱟ (ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱳᱭ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱢᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ) ᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩ.ᱠᱮ. ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱭᱥᱩᱨ, ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱠᱟᱯᱟ ᱪᱤᱞᱰᱨᱮᱱ ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱥᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱤᱞᱰ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱤᱞᱰ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨ-ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ IGICH ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠᱥ (MD/DCh) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱣᱮᱴ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨ-ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ, ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱠᱨᱤᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ, ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱱᱮᱴᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ, ᱰᱟᱨᱢᱟᱴᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱳᱯᱮᱰᱤᱠᱥ, ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱮᱱᱮᱥᱛᱷᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱳᱥᱤᱯ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚ == * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ * ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱱᱮᱴᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱨᱤ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ (ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ, ᱢᱩ, ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ) * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱠᱨᱤᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱰᱟᱨᱢᱟᱴᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱣᱢᱟᱴᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱮᱱᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱱᱮᱯᱷᱨᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱩᱞᱢᱳᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱳᱯᱮᱰᱤᱠᱥ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱱᱴᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ (ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱡᱽ) * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱚᱯᱷᱛᱷᱟᱞᱢᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ (ᱢᱮᱫ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱡᱽ) * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱮᱥᱛᱷᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ <ref>{{cite web|title=Department-list Indira Gandhi Institute Of Child Health Hospital|url=https://igich.karnataka.gov.in//department-list|website=igich.karnataka.gov.in/|access-date=12 March 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ == * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱾ * ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱾ * ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ, ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨ, ᱥᱤᱢᱯᱳᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱣᱟᱨᱠᱥᱚᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱾ * ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Functions|url=https://igich.karnataka.gov.in//|website=igich.karnataka.gov.in//|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192649/https://igich.karnataka.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{coord|12.937318|77.592016|type:edu_region:IN-KA|display=title}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ]] f7uez0z8yfkqrjjarjxy8eb6sx3iq3p 0 35884 191802 191779 2026-05-14T05:45:59Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ}} {{Infobox holiday |holiday_name = ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ |type = |image = Nursing students.jpg |imagesize = |caption = ᱪᱮᱠ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ (᱒᱐᱐᱖) |official_name = |nickname = ICN |observedby = ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ |litcolor = |longtype = |significance = |firsttime = ᱑᱙᱖᱕ |ends = |date = ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ |scheduling = ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ |duration = ᱑ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ |frequency = ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ |celebrations = |observances = |relatedto = }} '''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ''' ('''IND''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ) ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=International Nurses Day |url=https://www.icn.ch/what-we-do/campaigns/international-nurses-day |publisher=International Council of Nurses |access-date=10 May 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519044608/http://www.icn.ch/publications/international-nurses-day/ |archive-date=19 May 2013 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱚᱯ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱮᱥ (ICN) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱳᱨᱳᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱰᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱰᱤ. ᱟᱭᱤᱡᱮᱱᱦᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ "ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ" ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chung|first1=King-Thom|title=Women Pioneers of Medical Research: Biographies of 25 Outstanding Scientists. Chapter 2. Florence Nightingale (1820–1910). Founder of Modern Nursing|date=2009|publisher=McFarland|page=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Florence Nightingale: the medical superstar|url=http://www.express.co.uk/expressyourself/170640/Florence-Nightingale-the-medical-superstar|publisher=Daily Express|date=12 May 2016}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ, ICN ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱤᱴ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kit" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱘ ᱢᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ !! ᱛᱷᱤᱢ !! ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ |- | 1988 || ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱦᱚᱲ (Safe Motherhood) || <ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=International Nurses Day |url=http://www.icn.ch/indkit_themes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209100339/http://www.icn.ch/indkit_themes.htm |archive-date=9 December 2006 |access-date=2 December 2006 |work=International Council of Nurses}}</ref> |- | 1989 || [[School nursing|ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1990 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫ (Nurses and Environment) || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1991 || ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ – ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1992 || ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ (Healthy Aging) || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1993 || ᱜᱩᱱ, ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1994 || ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1995 || ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ: ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1996 || [[Nursing research|ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱛᱷᱩᱛ]] ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1997 || ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1998 || ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1999 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2000 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ – ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱭᱟ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2001 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ, ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ: ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱱ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2002 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ, ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ: ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2003 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: [[AIDS|ᱮᱰᱥ]] [[social stigma|ᱦᱤᱱᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2004 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ; [[poverty reduction|ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱛ]] ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2005 || ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: [[counterfeit medicine|ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2006 || ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2007 || ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫ: ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ = ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ || |- | 2008 || ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ: [[Primary health care|ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ || |- | 2009 || ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ: ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ || |- | 2010 || ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ: ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ || |- | 2011 || ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱢᱮ: ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ [[equity (legal concept)|ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱣ || |- | 2012 || ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱢᱮ: [[evidence-based medicine|ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ || |- | 2013 || ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱢᱮ: [[Millennium Development Goals|ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱮᱵᱽᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱳᱞᱥ]] || |- | 2014 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ – ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ || |- | 2015 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ: ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ, ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱥᱟᱥᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ || |- | 2016 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ: ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱟᱹᱪᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Resilience (organizational)|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ]] || <ref name="Kit">{{Cite web|title=2016 – Nurses: A Force for Change: Improving health systems' resilience |url=http://www.icn.ch/publications/2016-nurses-a-force-for-change-improving-health-systems-resilience/ |website=www.icn.ch |access-date=9 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215223738/http://www.icn.ch/publications/2016-nurses-a-force-for-change-improving-health-systems-resilience/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2017 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ – [[Sustainable Development Goals|ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱮᱱᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱰᱮᱵᱽᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱳᱞᱥ]] ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2017 |url=https://www.icn.ch/international-nurses-day-2017 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2018 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ – [[right to health|ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2018 |url=https://www.icn.ch/international-nurses-day-2018 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2019 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ – ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2019 |url=https://www.icn.ch/international-nurses-day-2019 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2020 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ – ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ || <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=Happy international Nurses Day |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/11-05-2020-happy-international-nurses-day |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=WHO}}</ref> |- | 2021 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ - ᱟᱜᱟᱢ [[Healthcare|ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2021 |url=https://www.icn.ch/international-nurses-day-2021 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2022 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱯᱮ (Make a Difference) || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2022 |url=https://www.icn.ch/international-nurses-day-2022 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2023 || ᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ, ᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2023 |url=https://www.icn.ch/international-nurses-day-2023 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2024 || ᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ, ᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ: ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2024 |url=https://www.icn.ch/how-we-do-it/campaigns/international-nurses-day/international-nurses-day-2024 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2025 || ᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ, ᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ: ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day |url=https://www.icn.ch/how-we-do-it/campaigns/international-nurses-day |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |} == ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ == === ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ === ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2020 |title=International Nurses Day 2020 |url=https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/international-nurses-day-2020 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=health.gov.au}}</ref> === ᱪᱤᱱ === ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝᱥᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱤᱪᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Nurses Day – china.org.cn |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/health/210571.htm |website=www.china.org.cn |access-date=9 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515061437/http://www.china.org.cn/english/health/210571.htm |archive-date=15 May 2015 }}</ref> === ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ === ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱡᱚᱵᱽᱥ ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱨᱤᱥ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ) ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖-᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱣᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱵᱩᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ''ᱥᱮᱞᱤᱵᱨᱮᱴ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱮᱥ'' ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱤ-ᱵᱩᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clinton |first=Orlaith |date=10 May 2020 |title=International Nurses Day to be marked with special 'shine a light' tribute |url=https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/international-nurses-day-marked-special-18228714 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=belfastlive}}</ref> === ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ === ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_499_2004-12-30.html|title=Nurses Day {{!}} Infopedia|last=Singapore|first=National Library Board|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|access-date=2017-08-01}}</ref> ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ, ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱦᱳᱞᱤ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱤᱥᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱱᱟᱱ (nuns) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱘᱘᱕ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱨᱟᱢ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱯᱳᱭ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |title=More than a calling : nursing in Singapore since 1885. |date=1997 |publisher=Ministry of Health |others=Singapore. Ministry of Health |isbn=9971-88-574-3 |location=Singapore |oclc=222309929}}</ref> === ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ === ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱨᱥ (SARS) ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱪᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱭ-ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱓ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Chen Inspects the Quarantine Wards of Taipei Veterans General Hospital |url=https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/220 |website=Office of the [[President of Taiwan]] |date=12 May 2003 |access-date=29 May 2018 }}</ref> [[File:05.12 總統出席「106年國際護師節聯合慶祝大會」，與傑出護理人員獲獎者一同合影 (34608299625).jpg|thumb|ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱤᱝ-ᱵᱮᱱ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ]] === ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ === ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ {{lang|th|ᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱭᱮᱝ ᱪᱟᱴ}} (Wan Phayaban Haeng Chat) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱥᱨᱤᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabinet.soc.go.th/soc/Program2-3.jsp?top_serl=119564|title=เรื่อง วันพยาบาลแห่งชาติ|work=Secretariat of the Cabinet website|language=th|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801211014/http://www.cabinet.soc.go.th/soc/Program2-3.jsp?top_serl=119564|url-status=dead}}</ref> === ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ === ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ [[ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱥᱴᱢᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱮᱵᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱱ (Dean) ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱᱰᱮᱞ (High Altar) ᱨᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} === ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ (ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ) === [[File:President Trump Welcomes Heath Care and Nursing Association Representatives to the White House (49866369328).jpg|thumb|ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱰᱚᱱᱟᱞᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱢᱯ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ]] ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱖ ᱢᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=International Nurses Day 2020: Know history, theme and significance of Florence Nightingale's birth anniversary |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/lifestyle/international-nurses-day-2020-know-history-theme-and-significance-of-florence-nightingales-birth-anniversary-10011701 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=Jagran}}</ref> === ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ === ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱱᱳᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱰᱩᱠ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ === ᱤᱨᱟᱱ === ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱤᱱᱛ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=Iranian Nurses Day |url=https://pezeshkan.org/events/nurses-day/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010130251/https://pezeshkan.org/events/nurses-day/ |archive-date=10 October 2025 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=pezeshkan.org}}</ref> == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱞ * ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ * ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ * ᱫᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|30em}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *[https://www.icn.ch/what-we-do/campaigns/international-nurses-day ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512070819/https://www.icn.ch/what-we-do/campaigns/international-nurses-day |date=12 May 2022 }} * [https://www.icn.ch/how-we-do-it/campaigns/international-nurses-day IND] ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱱ (ICN) ᱨᱮ [[International Council of Nurses]] {{Authority control}} {{Nursing}} [[Category:ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ]] 7pa9yvrd1pr3vmqd9prfgu1p48qldpd 0 35887 191801 191768 2026-05-14T05:24:57Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ}} {{Infobox protected area | name = ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ | alt_name = | iucn_category = II | image = Elephant safari.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱪᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨᱤ | image_size = | map = India West Bengal#India | map_alt = | map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | map_width = | mapframe-zoom = 9 | location = [[ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | nearest_city = [[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤᱦᱟᱴ]], [[ᱵᱤᱨᱯᱟᱲᱟ]] | coordinates = {{coord|26.6909|N|89.2763|E|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 216.51 | established = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | relief = 1 | mapframe = Yes | governing_body = | url = www.jaldaparanationalprk.org }} [[File:MAP of Jaldapara Wildlife Division.jpg|thumb|406x406px]] '''ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ''' (Pron: ˌʤʌldəˈpɑ:rə) ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱑ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱑᱖.᱕᱑ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱚ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱘᱓.᱕᱙ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱚ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=nptoi>{{cite news |date=2012 |title=National Park status for Jaldapara Sanctuary |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/National-Park-status-for-Jaldapara-Sanctuary/articleshow/13087511.cms |access-date=11 May 2012}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱔᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱵᱮᱥᱛᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary |url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/Jaldapara_Sanctuary/}}</ref> ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱱᱰᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Jalpaiguri Tourism">{{cite web|url=https://www.alipurduar.org/district-profile/tourist-destinations/|title=Alipurduar Tourism|work=Alipurduar District Tourism|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627035857/http://www.alipurduar.org/district-profile/tourist-destinations/}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱴᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱪ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ (ᱵᱳᱰᱳ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱴᱳᱴᱳᱯᱟᱨᱟ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱱᱰᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Ghosh2021>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=C. |last2=Ghatak |first2=S. |last3=Biswas |first3=K. |last4=Das |first4=A. P. |date=2021 |title=Status of tree diversity of the Jaldapara National Park in West Bengal, India |journal=Trees, Forests and People |volume=3 |article-number=100061 |doi=10.1016/j.tfp.2020.100061 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==ᱯᱷᱞᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱩᱱᱟ== ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱧᱮᱢᱮᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱡᱤᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱰᱳ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱡᱤᱞ, ᱪᱤᱴᱟᱞ, ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱣᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱖-᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱟᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱘᱙ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱖᱓ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱙᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱢᱱᱟᱥᱯᱚᱨᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Ghosh2021/> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== <references> https://www.alipurduar.org/district-profile/tourist-destinations/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627035857/http://www.alipurduar.org/district-profile/tourist-destinations/ |date=2015-06-27 }} </references> ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{commons category|ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ}} {{Wikivoyage|ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ}} * {{official website|jaldapara.in}} * ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [https://web.archive.org/web/20050310000618/http://www.wbtourism.com/wildlife/jaldapara.htm ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ] {{ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ}} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱔᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] nb907yr9u4dwiozhkurmc4zhfykltyb 0 35891 191780 2026-05-13T13:00:58Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 "{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ | native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per Wikipedia:INDISCRIPT policy --> | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ | native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per Wikipedia:INDISCRIPT policy --> | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.5891|N|88.3713|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | timezone1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱴᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[ᱯᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱔᱔᱓᱔ | area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱕᱓ | registration_plate = | blank1_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ | blank1_info_sec1 = [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ (ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)|ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ | blank2_info_sec1 = [[ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ (ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)|ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ]] | website = {{URL|darjeeling.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=350| height=270| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|38|20|N|88|19|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ''' CT: ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱟᱥ ᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ, R: ᱟᱹᱛᱩ/ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, F: ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|42|40|N|88|19|34|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= ᱰᱩᱢᱨᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱰᱩᱢᱨᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|39|30|N|88|11|58|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱨᱟᱢ | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱨᱟᱢ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|40|0|N|88|18|40|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3=ᱮᱛᱚᱢ|labela3= ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱰᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟ | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱰᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟ]] |mark-coord4={{coord|26|40|20|N|88|12|35|E}}| label-pos4=right|label4= ᱜᱮᱱᱤ | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱜᱮᱱᱤ, ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|33|43|N|88|11|22|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5= ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱤᱵᱟᱲᱤ | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱤᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|41|40|N|88|21|0|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6= ᱞᱟᱞᱢᱟᱱ | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱞᱟᱞᱢᱟᱱ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|35|42|N|88|10|0|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= ᱥᱭᱟᱢᱫᱷᱚᱱ | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱥᱭᱟᱢᱫᱷᱚᱱ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|41|40|N|88|18|30|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8= ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱰᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟ| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱰᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟ]] (CT) |mark-coord9={{coord|26|40|55|N|88|19|5|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱰᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟ| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱰᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟ]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|43|40|N|88|18|22|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=ᱵᱮᱝᱰᱩᱵᱤ| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱵᱮᱝᱰᱩᱵᱤ]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|40|15|N|88|11|30|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11= ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|38|0|N|88|10|12|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12= ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱴᱟᱝᱠᱤ| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱴᱟᱝᱠᱤ]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|35|0|N|88|22|16|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ| numbered13=R| mark-title13= ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ, ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ (R)| shape-color13=black| label-size13=13|label-color13=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord14={{coord|26|36|40|N|88|10|49|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14= ᱵᱚᱛᱟᱥᱤ| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[ᱵᱚᱛᱟᱥᱤ]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|40|10|N|88|19|43|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱰᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱯᱚᱨᱴ| numbered15=F| mark-title15= [[ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱰᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱯᱚᱨᱴ]] (F) |shape-color15=#967117 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|44|20|N|88|12|20|E}}|label16= ᱢᱮᱪᱤ| labela16= ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=-80| label-pos16=top| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none |mark-coord17={{coord|26|45|40|N|88|16|30|E}}|label17= ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=30| label-pos17=top| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17=none |mark-coord18={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|25|30|E}}|label18= ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱟ |labela18 = ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=-70| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18=none |arc-coordA={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4 |arc-coordB={{coord|26|29|30|N|88|22|0|E}}|arc-textB= ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-20| arc-gapB=3.0| arc-radiusB=0.4}} ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{coord|26.5891|N|88.3713|E|display=inline}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱰᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠᱴ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱟᱥ ᱦᱮᱱᱰᱵᱩᱠ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱓᱒᱗ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱪᱷ ᱢᱳᱣᱡᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 327: Phansidewa CD block| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 22 February 2020}}</ref> ===ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ=== ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱕᱕.᱑᱑% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱔᱔.᱘᱙% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱮᱪᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 13: Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Pages 15-17: Drainage| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref> <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾</small> ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱪᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱓,᱘᱙᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱒᱐ (᱕᱒%) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑,᱘᱗᱑ (᱔᱘%) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱓᱘᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱪᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒,᱘᱒᱕ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱗᱒.᱖᱐%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 February 2020 }}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ== ===ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ=== ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ]] ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 22 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | title = District Profile - Darjeeling | publisher = District administration | access-date = 22 February 2020 | archive-date = 17 August 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150817064946/http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> ===ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ=== ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Darjiling | work= Map of District Darjiling with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 22 February 2020 }}</ref> ==ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ== ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ [[ᱦᱟᱵᱽᱲᱟ-ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱡᱽᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱡᱽᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/malda-town-new-jalpaiguri-passenger-55711/14042/441/444#st | title= 55711/ Malda Town-New Jalpaiguri Passenger| work= Time Table |publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 22 February 2020}}</ref> ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱖᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ-ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ-ᱮᱰᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱪᱟᱱᱚᱪ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱱᱚᱪ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ, ᱑,᱕᱒᱐ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱢᱟᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/phansidewa-high-school-o93kvz | title = Phansidewa High School |access-date = 22 February 2020}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱈᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ-ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱪᱟᱱᱚᱪ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱱᱚᱪ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱢᱟᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/phansidewa-govt-s-a-type-h-s-for-girls-eylp30| title = Phansidewa Govt. S.A. type H.S. for girls High School| publisher = ICBSE|access-date = 22 February 2020}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{reflist}} {{Darjeeling District}} [[Category:ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] k8yisgfkzlp8n5ep4ze15jyvc0pzxji 0 35892 191781 2026-05-13T13:13:28Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 "{{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ}} {{onesource|date=May 2026}} '''ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ}} {{onesource|date=May 2026}} '''ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ|ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ|ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (ST)]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ {{Infobox Indian constituency | name = ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ | type = SLA | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Phansidewa.map}} | map_caption = ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱢᱮᱯ | map_alt = | state = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | district = [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] | loksabha_cons = [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ (ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)|ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] | constituency_no = ᱒᱗ | established = ᱑᱙᱖᱒ | reservation = ST | abolished = | mla = [[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]] | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}} | latest_election_year = [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱒᱖]] | electors = }} {{Pie chart|value1=43.75|value2=43.75|value3=12.5|label1=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ) (᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ (᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ)]]|label3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ)]]|color1={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color3={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|caption='''ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ (ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ) ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ'''}} ==ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ== [[ᱰᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ|ᱰᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮᱞ ᱒᱗ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ (ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ (ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ)|ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱤᱵᱟᱲᱤ (ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ)|ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱤᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 30 June 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞ ᱔ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ (ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)|ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ (ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name =delimitation/> == ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ !ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮ ! colspan="2" |ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ |- |[[᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱖᱒]] | rowspan="2" |ᱛᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱤ | rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | | rowspan="5" | [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱖৭]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱖᱙]] || rowspan="3" |ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |- |[[᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱗᱑]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱗᱒]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱗᱗]]|| rowspan="2" |ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ | rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"| |rowspan="7" | [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ]] [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|(ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱘᱒]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱘᱗]]|| rowspan="4" |ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |- |[[᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱙᱑]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱙᱖]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱐᱑]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱐᱖]]||[[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱑᱑]]|| rowspan="2" |[[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]] | rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | | rowspan="2" | [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱑᱖]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱒᱑]]|| rowspan="2" |[[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]] | rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | | rowspan="2" | [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ]] [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱒᱖]] |- |} {| style="width=70%; text-align:center;" |+ |- style="color:white;" | style="background:red; width:43.8%;" | '''᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ''' | style="background:DeepSkyBlue; width:43.8%;" | '''᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ''' | style="background:orange; width:12.5%;" | '''᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ''' |- | <span style="color:red;">'''CPI(M)'''</span> | <span style="color:DeepSkyBlue;">'''INC'''</span> | <span style="color:orange;">'''BJP'''</span> |} ==ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ== ===᱒᱐᱒᱖=== [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|'''ᱵᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱯᱤ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''[[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]]''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱯᱯᱚ ᱮᱠᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin|title=[[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate = [[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,18,241 |percentage = 56.92 |change = {{Up}}6.03 }} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱯᱯᱚ ᱮᱠᱠᱟ|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=72,978|percentage=35.13|change={{Down}}2.42}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱱᱚᱵᱚᱱᱤᱛᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,948|percentage=2.38|change={{Down}}3.79}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱚᱢᱤᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱲᱟ|party=Independent|votes=3,503|percentage=1.69|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱥᱩᱢᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱮᱠᱠᱟ|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|votes=2,229|percentage=1.07|change={{Down}}0.27}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱚᱭ|party=Independent|votes=1,769|percentage=0.85|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱨᱮᱱᱩᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱰᱤ|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes=1,090|percentage=0.52|change={{New}}}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱛᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=781|percentage=0.38|change={{Down}}0.5}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=2,193|percentage=1.06|change={{Down}}0.18}} {{Election box majority||votes=45,263|percentage=21.79|change={{Up}}8.45}} {{Election box turnout||votes=207,732|percentage=|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }} {{Election box end}} === ᱒᱐᱒᱑ === [[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|'''ᱵᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱯᱤ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''[[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]]''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]] ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title=[[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate = [[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]] |votes = 1,05,651 |percentage = 50.89 |change = {{Up}}32.75 }} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]]|votes=77,940|percentage=37.55|change={{Up}}1.1}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]]|votes=12,815|percentage=6.17|change={{Down}}34.18}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)|candidate=ᱥᱩᱢᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱮᱠᱠᱟ|votes=2,787|percentage=1.34|change={{Down}}0.46}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=ᱠᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ|votes=2,291|percentage=1.10|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ|votes=1,832|percentage=0.88|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Tribal Party|candidate=ᱚᱢᱤᱛ ᱞᱟᱠᱲᱟ|votes=1,699|percentage=0.82|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ|None of the Above]]|votes=2,575|percentage=1.24|change={{Down}}0.21}} {{Election box majority||votes=27,711|percentage=13.34|change={{Up}}9.44}} {{Election box turnout||votes=2,07,590|percentage=86.32|change=}} {{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} === ᱒᱐᱑᱖ === [[᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''[[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]]''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱞᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = [[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]] |votes = 73,158 |percentage = 40.35 |change = {{Down}}2.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱞᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱲᱟ|votes=66,084|percentage=36.45|change={{New}}}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]]|votes=32,894|percentage=18.14|change={{Up}}14.17}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=ᱡᱮᱢᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ|votes=2,072|percentage=1.14|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)|candidate=ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ|votes=1,596|percentage=0.88|change={{Down}}0.6}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Mukti Party|candidate=ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱩ|votes=1,474|percentage=0.81|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=ᱥᱩᱥᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱲᱟ|votes=1,373|percentage=0.75|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ|None of the Above]]|votes=2,629|percentage=1.45|change=}} {{Election box majority||votes=7,074|percentage=3.90|change={{Up}}2.32}} {{Election box turnout||votes=1,81,280|percentage=87.85|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link | |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱒᱐᱑᱑=== [[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''[[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]]''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]] ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = [[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]] |votes = 61,388 |percentage = 42.55 |change = {{Up}}11.35 }} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]]|votes=59,151|percentage=41.00|change={{Down}}9.22}} {{Election box candidate| |party = Rashtriya Deshaj Party |candidate = ᱡᱩᱱᱟᱥ ᱠᱮᱨᱠᱮᱴᱴᱟ |votes = 7,536 |percentage = 5.22 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=ᱫᱤᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱳ|votes=5,734|percentage=3.97|change={{Down}}3.95}} {{Election box candidate | |party = [[Kamtapur People's Party|KPP]] |candidate = ᱦᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱮᱠᱠᱟ |votes = 4,114 |percentage = 2.85 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)|candidate=ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ|votes=2,138|percentage=1.48|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱤᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ|votes=1,896|percentage=1.31|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|candidate=ᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ|votes=1,286|percentage=0.89|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ|votes=1,028|percentage=0.71|change=}} {{Election box majority||votes=2,237|percentage=1.58|change={{Down}}17.44}} {{Election box turnout||votes=144,271|percentage=87.49|change=}} {{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱒᱐᱐᱖=== [[᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''[[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]]''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱡᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = [[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]] |votes = 93,689 |percentage = 50.22 |change = {{Up}}2.77 }} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱡᱩᱨ|votes=58,185|percentage=31.2|change={{Up}}1.28}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=ᱫᱤᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱳ|votes=14,788|percentage=7.92|change={{Up}}4.42}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=ᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ|votes=8,337|percentage=4.5|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Gorkha National Liberation Front|candidate=ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨᱤᱫᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟ|votes=4,556|percentage=2.44|change={{Down}}0.29}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)|candidate=ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱽᱴᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ|votes=2,365|percentage=1.3|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱤᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟ|votes=2,346|percentage=1.25|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱛ|votes=2,273|percentage=1.22|change=}} {{Election box majority||votes=35,504|percentage=19.02|change={{Up}}1.49}} {{Election box turnout||votes=1,86,539|percentage=|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱒᱐᱐᱑=== [[᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱡᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 77,507 |percentage = 47.45 |change = {{Down}}3.34 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱡᱩᱨ |votes = 48,870 |percentage = 29.92 |change = {{Down}}9.98 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱤᱜᱽᱜᱟ |votes = 17,915 |percentage = 10.97 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ |votes = 6,977 |percentage = 4.27 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate = ᱥᱩᱠᱷᱫᱮᱣ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱛ |votes = 5,723 |percentage = 3.5 |change = {{Down}}2.16 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Gorkha National Liberation Front |candidate = ᱟᱠᱩᱞ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ |votes = 4,467 |percentage = 2.73 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱛ |votes = 1,870 |percentage = 1.14 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 28,637 |percentage = 17.53 |change = {{Up}}6.64 }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 1,63,329 |percentage = 71.86 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱙᱖=== [[᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱷᱚᱵᱤᱞᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 85,845 |percentage = 50.79 |change = {{Up}}3.78 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱪᱷᱚᱵᱤᱞᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 67,439 |percentage = 39.9 |change = {{Up}}0.09 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate = ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟ |votes = 9,559 |percentage = 5.66 |change = {{Down}}2.25 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ |votes = 3,936 |percentage = 2.33 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link | |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |candidate = ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ |votes = 1,379 |percentage = 0.82 |change = {{Down}}0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |candidate = ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱽᱴᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ |votes = 592 |percentage = 0.35 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱮᱠᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ (ᱯᱤᱱᱴᱩ) |votes = 279 |percentage = 0.17 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 18,406 |percentage = 10.89 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 1,69,029 |percentage = 82.79 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱙᱑=== [[᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 62,076 |percentage = 47.01 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 52,574 |percentage = 39.81 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate = ᱛᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱳ |votes = 10,441 |percentage = 7.91 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ |votes = 2,203 |percentage = 1.67 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link | |party = Independent |candidate = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ (ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ) |votes = 1,916 |percentage = 1.45 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |candidate = ᱵᱟᱵᱩᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ |votes = 1,502 |percentage = 1.14 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱵᱤᱜᱩ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ |votes = 1,096 |percentage = 0.83 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱥᱩᱠᱞᱟᱞ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |votes = 247 |percentage = 0.19 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 9,502 |percentage = 7.2 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 1,32,055 |percentage = 72.4 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱘᱗=== [[᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 53,685 |percentage = 49.44 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 47,344 |percentage = 43.6 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ (ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ) |votes = 3,254 |percentage = 3 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 2,045 |percentage = 1.88 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link | |party = Independent |candidate = ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱵᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ |votes = 1,054 |percentage = 0.97 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ |votes = 630 |percentage = 0.58 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱩᱨᱟᱶ ᱢᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨᱟᱢ |votes = 569 |percentage = 0.52 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 6,341 |percentage = 5.84 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 1,08,581 |percentage = 66.61 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱘᱒=== [[᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 41,362 |percentage = 45.76 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 36,076 |percentage = 39.92 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Janata Party |candidate = ᱛᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱳ |votes = 5,120 |percentage = 5.66 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱮᱰᱣᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 3,973 |percentage = 4.4 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link | |party = Independent |candidate = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ |votes = 2,725 |percentage = 3.03 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱟ |votes = 1,114 |percentage = 1.23 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 5,286 |percentage = 5.84 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 90,370 |percentage = 73.69 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱗᱗=== [[᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱳ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 20,819 |percentage = 41.9 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Janata Party |candidate = ᱛᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱳ |votes = 13,354 |percentage = 26.87 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 11,969 |percentage = 24.09 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India |candidate = ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ᱨᱚᱢᱮᱥ |votes = 3,550 |percentage = 7.14 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 7,465 |percentage = 15.03 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 49,692 |percentage = 52.13 |change = }} {{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱗᱒=== [[᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ (ᱟᱨ)|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ(ᱟᱨ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress (Requisitionists) |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 27,894 |percentage = 62.26 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 16,912 |percentage = 37.74 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 10,907 |percentage = 24.52 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 44,806 |percentage = 55.21 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱗᱑=== [[᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 19,259 |percentage = 43.76 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 14,678 |percentage = 33.35 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = All India Forward Bloc |candidate = ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟ |votes = 3,415 |percentage = 7.76 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Bangla Congress |candidate = ᱩᱨᱟᱶ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱴᱤᱜᱽᱜᱟ |votes = 2,169 |percentage = 4.93 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link | |party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |candidate = ᱡᱳᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱠᱩᱱᱰᱟ |votes = 1,968 |percentage = 4.47 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation)|NCO |candidate = ᱴᱤᱢᱵᱟ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ |votes = 1,799 |percentage = 4.09 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱟᱱᱡᱩᱞᱩᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ |votes = 725 |percentage = 1.65 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 4,581 |percentage = 10.41 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 44,013 |percentage = 57.35 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱖᱙=== [[᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 20,974 |percentage = 65.13 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 11,228 |percentage = 34.86 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 9,746 |percentage = 30.27 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 32,202 |percentage = |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱖᱗=== [[᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱛᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱡᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]] ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱛᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱤ |votes = 16,227 |percentage = 60.75 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = [[ᱡᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]] |votes = 10,484 |percentage = 39.25 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 5,743 |percentage = 21.5 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 26,711 |percentage = |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱖᱒=== [[᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱛᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱡᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]] ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱛᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱤ |votes = 10,389 |percentage = 53.21 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India |candidate = [[ᱡᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]] |votes = 9,132 |percentage = 46.78 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 1,257 |percentage = |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 19,521 |percentage = |change = }} {{Election box new seat win| |winner = Indian National Congress }} {{Election box end}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{reflist}} {{Darjeeling}} {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}} {{West Bengal elections}} [[Category:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] 7dswytfcrje82spfz4v7hog5cww0y8d 191782 191781 2026-05-13T13:13:48Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* */ 191782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ}} '''ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ|ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ|ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (ST)]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ {{Infobox Indian constituency | name = ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ | type = SLA | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Phansidewa.map}} | map_caption = ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱢᱮᱯ | map_alt = | state = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | district = [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] | loksabha_cons = [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ (ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)|ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] | constituency_no = ᱒᱗ | established = ᱑᱙᱖᱒ | reservation = ST | abolished = | mla = [[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]] | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}} | latest_election_year = [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱒᱖]] | electors = }} {{Pie chart|value1=43.75|value2=43.75|value3=12.5|label1=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ) (᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ (᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ)]]|label3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ)]]|color1={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color3={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|caption='''ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ (ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ) ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ'''}} ==ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ== [[ᱰᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ|ᱰᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮᱞ ᱒᱗ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ (ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ (ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ)|ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱤᱵᱟᱲᱤ (ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ)|ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱤᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 30 June 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱥᱤᱫᱮᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞ ᱔ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ (ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)|ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ (ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name =delimitation/> == ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ !ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮ ! colspan="2" |ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ |- |[[᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱖᱒]] | rowspan="2" |ᱛᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱤ | rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | | rowspan="5" | [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱖৭]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱖᱙]] || rowspan="3" |ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |- |[[᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱗᱑]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱗᱒]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱗᱗]]|| rowspan="2" |ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ | rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"| |rowspan="7" | [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ]] [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|(ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱘᱒]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱘᱗]]|| rowspan="4" |ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |- |[[᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱙᱑]] |- |[[᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱑᱙᱙᱖]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱐᱑]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱐᱖]]||[[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱑᱑]]|| rowspan="2" |[[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]] | rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | | rowspan="2" | [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱑᱖]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱒᱑]]|| rowspan="2" |[[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]] | rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | | rowspan="2" | [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ]] [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] |- |[[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|᱒᱐᱒᱖]] |- |} {| style="width=70%; text-align:center;" |+ |- style="color:white;" | style="background:red; width:43.8%;" | '''᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ''' | style="background:DeepSkyBlue; width:43.8%;" | '''᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ''' | style="background:orange; width:12.5%;" | '''᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ''' |- | <span style="color:red;">'''CPI(M)'''</span> | <span style="color:DeepSkyBlue;">'''INC'''</span> | <span style="color:orange;">'''BJP'''</span> |} ==ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ== ===᱒᱐᱒᱖=== [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|'''ᱵᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱯᱤ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''[[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]]''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱯᱯᱚ ᱮᱠᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin|title=[[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate = [[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,18,241 |percentage = 56.92 |change = {{Up}}6.03 }} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱯᱯᱚ ᱮᱠᱠᱟ|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=72,978|percentage=35.13|change={{Down}}2.42}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱱᱚᱵᱚᱱᱤᱛᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,948|percentage=2.38|change={{Down}}3.79}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱚᱢᱤᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱲᱟ|party=Independent|votes=3,503|percentage=1.69|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱥᱩᱢᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱮᱠᱠᱟ|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|votes=2,229|percentage=1.07|change={{Down}}0.27}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱚᱭ|party=Independent|votes=1,769|percentage=0.85|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱨᱮᱱᱩᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱰᱤ|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes=1,090|percentage=0.52|change={{New}}}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱛᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=781|percentage=0.38|change={{Down}}0.5}} {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=2,193|percentage=1.06|change={{Down}}0.18}} {{Election box majority||votes=45,263|percentage=21.79|change={{Up}}8.45}} {{Election box turnout||votes=207,732|percentage=|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }} {{Election box end}} === ᱒᱐᱒᱑ === [[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|'''ᱵᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱯᱤ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''[[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]]''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]] ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title=[[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate = [[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]] |votes = 1,05,651 |percentage = 50.89 |change = {{Up}}32.75 }} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]]|votes=77,940|percentage=37.55|change={{Up}}1.1}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]]|votes=12,815|percentage=6.17|change={{Down}}34.18}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)|candidate=ᱥᱩᱢᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱮᱠᱠᱟ|votes=2,787|percentage=1.34|change={{Down}}0.46}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=ᱠᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ|votes=2,291|percentage=1.10|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ|votes=1,832|percentage=0.88|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Tribal Party|candidate=ᱚᱢᱤᱛ ᱞᱟᱠᱲᱟ|votes=1,699|percentage=0.82|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ|None of the Above]]|votes=2,575|percentage=1.24|change={{Down}}0.21}} {{Election box majority||votes=27,711|percentage=13.34|change={{Up}}9.44}} {{Election box turnout||votes=2,07,590|percentage=86.32|change=}} {{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} === ᱒᱐᱑᱖ === [[᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''[[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]]''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱚᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱞᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = [[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]] |votes = 73,158 |percentage = 40.35 |change = {{Down}}2.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱞᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱲᱟ|votes=66,084|percentage=36.45|change={{New}}}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]]|votes=32,894|percentage=18.14|change={{Up}}14.17}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=ᱡᱮᱢᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ|votes=2,072|percentage=1.14|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)|candidate=ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ|votes=1,596|percentage=0.88|change={{Down}}0.6}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Mukti Party|candidate=ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱩ|votes=1,474|percentage=0.81|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=ᱥᱩᱥᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱲᱟ|votes=1,373|percentage=0.75|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ|None of the Above]]|votes=2,629|percentage=1.45|change=}} {{Election box majority||votes=7,074|percentage=3.90|change={{Up}}2.32}} {{Election box turnout||votes=1,81,280|percentage=87.85|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link | |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱒᱐᱑᱑=== [[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''[[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]]''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]] ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = [[ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ]] |votes = 61,388 |percentage = 42.55 |change = {{Up}}11.35 }} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]]|votes=59,151|percentage=41.00|change={{Down}}9.22}} {{Election box candidate| |party = Rashtriya Deshaj Party |candidate = ᱡᱩᱱᱟᱥ ᱠᱮᱨᱠᱮᱴᱴᱟ |votes = 7,536 |percentage = 5.22 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=ᱫᱤᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱳ|votes=5,734|percentage=3.97|change={{Down}}3.95}} {{Election box candidate | |party = [[Kamtapur People's Party|KPP]] |candidate = ᱦᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱮᱠᱠᱟ |votes = 4,114 |percentage = 2.85 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)|candidate=ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ|votes=2,138|percentage=1.48|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱤᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ|votes=1,896|percentage=1.31|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|candidate=ᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ|votes=1,286|percentage=0.89|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ|votes=1,028|percentage=0.71|change=}} {{Election box majority||votes=2,237|percentage=1.58|change={{Down}}17.44}} {{Election box turnout||votes=144,271|percentage=87.49|change=}} {{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱒᱐᱐᱖=== [[᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''[[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]]''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱡᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = [[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱳᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]] |votes = 93,689 |percentage = 50.22 |change = {{Up}}2.77 }} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱡᱩᱨ|votes=58,185|percentage=31.2|change={{Up}}1.28}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=ᱫᱤᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱳ|votes=14,788|percentage=7.92|change={{Up}}4.42}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=ᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ|votes=8,337|percentage=4.5|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Gorkha National Liberation Front|candidate=ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨᱤᱫᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟ|votes=4,556|percentage=2.44|change={{Down}}0.29}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)|candidate=ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱽᱴᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ|votes=2,365|percentage=1.3|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱤᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟ|votes=2,346|percentage=1.25|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱛ|votes=2,273|percentage=1.22|change=}} {{Election box majority||votes=35,504|percentage=19.02|change={{Up}}1.49}} {{Election box turnout||votes=1,86,539|percentage=|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱒᱐᱐᱑=== [[᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱡᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 77,507 |percentage = 47.45 |change = {{Down}}3.34 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱡᱩᱨ |votes = 48,870 |percentage = 29.92 |change = {{Down}}9.98 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱤᱜᱽᱜᱟ |votes = 17,915 |percentage = 10.97 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ |votes = 6,977 |percentage = 4.27 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate = ᱥᱩᱠᱷᱫᱮᱣ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱛ |votes = 5,723 |percentage = 3.5 |change = {{Down}}2.16 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Gorkha National Liberation Front |candidate = ᱟᱠᱩᱞ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ |votes = 4,467 |percentage = 2.73 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱛ |votes = 1,870 |percentage = 1.14 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 28,637 |percentage = 17.53 |change = {{Up}}6.64 }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 1,63,329 |percentage = 71.86 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱙᱖=== [[᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱷᱚᱵᱤᱞᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 85,845 |percentage = 50.79 |change = {{Up}}3.78 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱪᱷᱚᱵᱤᱞᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 67,439 |percentage = 39.9 |change = {{Up}}0.09 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate = ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟ |votes = 9,559 |percentage = 5.66 |change = {{Down}}2.25 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ |votes = 3,936 |percentage = 2.33 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link | |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |candidate = ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ |votes = 1,379 |percentage = 0.82 |change = {{Down}}0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |candidate = ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱽᱴᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ |votes = 592 |percentage = 0.35 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱮᱠᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ (ᱯᱤᱱᱴᱩ) |votes = 279 |percentage = 0.17 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 18,406 |percentage = 10.89 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 1,69,029 |percentage = 82.79 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱙᱑=== [[᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 62,076 |percentage = 47.01 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 52,574 |percentage = 39.81 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate = ᱛᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱳ |votes = 10,441 |percentage = 7.91 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ |votes = 2,203 |percentage = 1.67 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link | |party = Independent |candidate = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ (ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ) |votes = 1,916 |percentage = 1.45 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |candidate = ᱵᱟᱵᱩᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ |votes = 1,502 |percentage = 1.14 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱵᱤᱜᱩ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ |votes = 1,096 |percentage = 0.83 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱥᱩᱠᱞᱟᱞ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |votes = 247 |percentage = 0.19 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 9,502 |percentage = 7.2 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 1,32,055 |percentage = 72.4 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱘᱗=== [[᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 53,685 |percentage = 49.44 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 47,344 |percentage = 43.6 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ (ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ) |votes = 3,254 |percentage = 3 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 2,045 |percentage = 1.88 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link | |party = Independent |candidate = ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱵᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ |votes = 1,054 |percentage = 0.97 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ |votes = 630 |percentage = 0.58 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱩᱨᱟᱶ ᱢᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨᱟᱢ |votes = 569 |percentage = 0.52 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 6,341 |percentage = 5.84 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 1,08,581 |percentage = 66.61 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱘᱒=== [[᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 41,362 |percentage = 45.76 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 36,076 |percentage = 39.92 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Janata Party |candidate = ᱛᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱳ |votes = 5,120 |percentage = 5.66 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱮᱰᱣᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 3,973 |percentage = 4.4 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link | |party = Independent |candidate = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ |votes = 2,725 |percentage = 3.03 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱟ |votes = 1,114 |percentage = 1.23 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 5,286 |percentage = 5.84 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 90,370 |percentage = 73.69 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱗᱗=== [[᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|'''ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱳ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 20,819 |percentage = 41.9 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Janata Party |candidate = ᱛᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱳ |votes = 13,354 |percentage = 26.87 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 11,969 |percentage = 24.09 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India |candidate = ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ᱨᱚᱢᱮᱥ |votes = 3,550 |percentage = 7.14 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 7,465 |percentage = 15.03 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 49,692 |percentage = 52.13 |change = }} {{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱗᱒=== [[᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ (ᱟᱨ)|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ(ᱟᱨ)''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress (Requisitionists) |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 27,894 |percentage = 62.26 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 16,912 |percentage = 37.74 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 10,907 |percentage = 24.52 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 44,806 |percentage = 55.21 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱗᱑=== [[᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 19,259 |percentage = 43.76 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 14,678 |percentage = 33.35 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = All India Forward Bloc |candidate = ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟ |votes = 3,415 |percentage = 7.76 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Bangla Congress |candidate = ᱩᱨᱟᱶ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱴᱤᱜᱽᱜᱟ |votes = 2,169 |percentage = 4.93 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link | |party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |candidate = ᱡᱳᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱠᱩᱱᱰᱟ |votes = 1,968 |percentage = 4.47 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation)|NCO |candidate = ᱴᱤᱢᱵᱟ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ |votes = 1,799 |percentage = 4.09 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Independent |candidate = ᱟᱱᱡᱩᱞᱩᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ |votes = 725 |percentage = 1.65 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 4,581 |percentage = 10.41 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 44,013 |percentage = 57.35 |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱖᱙=== [[᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱠᱤ |votes = 20,974 |percentage = 65.13 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = ᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱸᱡᱽ |votes = 11,228 |percentage = 34.86 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 9,746 |percentage = 30.27 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 32,202 |percentage = |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱖᱗=== [[᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱛᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ)|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ(ᱮᱢ)]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱡᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]] ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱛᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱤ |votes = 16,227 |percentage = 60.75 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |candidate = [[ᱡᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]] |votes = 10,484 |percentage = 39.25 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 5,743 |percentage = 21.5 |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 26,711 |percentage = |change = }} {{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===᱑᱙᱖᱒=== [[᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|'''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''']] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ '''ᱛᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ|ᱥᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱡᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]] ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ {{Election box begin | title= [[᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Phansidewa (ST) constituency}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = ᱛᱮᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱤ |votes = 10,389 |percentage = 53.21 |change = Winner }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Communist Party of India |candidate = [[ᱡᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]] |votes = 9,132 |percentage = 46.78 |change = }} {{Election box majority| |votes = 1,257 |percentage = |change = }} {{Election box turnout| |votes = 19,521 |percentage = |change = }} {{Election box new seat win| |winner = Indian National Congress }} {{Election box end}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{reflist}} {{Darjeeling}} {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}} {{West Bengal elections}} [[Category:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] 4qtbey5aw0ii2mp50l314bb8vgp8e67 0 35893 191785 2026-05-13T16:50:53Z Sunia Marndi 8165 "{{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ}} {{Infobox protected area | name = ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ | iucn_category = IV | map = India Odisha#India | relief = 1 | mapframe = Yes | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_width = | image = Chandaka Forest and Elephant Reserve 01...." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ}} {{Infobox protected area | name = ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ | iucn_category = IV | map = India Odisha#India | relief = 1 | mapframe = Yes | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_width = | image = Chandaka Forest and Elephant Reserve 01.JPG | image_caption = ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ | mapframe-zoom = 10 | nearest_city = [[ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ]] | coordinates = {{coord|20|21|N|85|40|E|region:IN_type:landmark_dim:30000|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|175.79|km2|sqmi}} | established = ᱑᱙᱘᱒ | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ, ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽᱠᱟ<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandaka eco-tourism project stuck in land transfer|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/developmental-issues/chandaka-eco-tourism-project-stuck-in-land-transfer/articleshow/47102766.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2015}}</ref> }} '''ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱫᱷᱟ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱫᱷᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱫᱷᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ {{cvt|175.79|km2}} ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱤᱨ, ''[[Xylia xylocarpa]]'' ᱵᱤᱨ, ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ ([[Shorea robusta]]) ᱵᱤᱨ, ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱫ ([[Bambusa bambos]]) ᱵᱤᱨ, ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ|ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ''[[Eupatorium]]'' ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱠᱩᱪᱤᱞᱟᱹ]], ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱪᱟ, ᱵᱮᱞ, ᱠᱟᱝᱜᱟᱲᱟ, ''[[Pterospermum]] xylocarpum'', ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱷᱤ, ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱩ, [[ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ]], [[ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ|ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱫ (''[[Dendrocalamus strictus]]'') ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ''[[Mucuna pruriens]]'' (ᱟᱛᱠᱤᱨ), ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱟᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟ, ᱵᱷᱩᱭᱤᱸᱞᱤᱢᱵᱚ, [[Tinospora cordifolia|ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱪᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟ]], ᱥᱟᱞᱯᱟᱨᱱᱤ (''[[Desmodium gangeticum]]''), ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱟᱨᱤ, ᱵᱷᱩᱭᱤᱸ-ᱠᱟᱠᱷᱟᱨᱩ, ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱡᱟᱵᱟ, ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱠᱩᱰᱤ, ᱟᱯᱟᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱟ, [[Holarrhena floribunda|ᱠᱩᱨᱪᱤ]], ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ [[Orchid|ᱚᱨᱠᱤᱰ]], [[Fern|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱ]], [[Moss|ᱢᱚᱥ]], [[Bryophyte|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] ᱟᱨ [[Lichen|ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱠᱮᱱ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{cn|date=November 2025}} == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ == [[File:Chandaka Bhubaneswar.me.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱢᱯᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Deras Dam Bhubaneswar.me.jpg|thumb|ᱰᱮᱨᱟᱥ ᱰᱮᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Pachyderm Census to Begin from May 25|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Pachyderm-Census-to-Begin-from-May-25/2015/04/27/article2785217.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203123623/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Pachyderm-Census-to-Begin-from-May-25/2015/04/27/article2785217.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2015|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=80-year-old elephant dies in Orissa reserve|url=http://www.topnews.in/80yearold-elephant-dies-orissa-reserve-2236376|work=TopNews|date=15 November 2009}}</ref> [[ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ]] (Leopard) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱽᱭᱚ ᱪᱮᱱ (biological pyramid) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ [[ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱞ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱭᱟᱨ]] (ᱥᱮᱞᱮ ᱢᱤᱨᱩᱜᱽ), [[ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱰᱤᱭᱟᱨ]] (ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱤᱨᱩᱜᱽ), [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ]], [[ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤ]], [[ᱨᱮᱥᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟᱥ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱣᱞᱮ]], [[ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱣᱞᱮ]], [[ᱵᱚᱡᱽᱨᱚᱠᱤᱴ]] (ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱤᱱ), [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱩᱭᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ᱛᱩᱭᱩ]] (Hyena) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱓-᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱨ, ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ, ᱜᱟᱥ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ, ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱛᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱹᱭᱩ ᱠᱩᱞ (Tigress) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱩ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ; ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱜ]], [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ]], [[ᱠᱚᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] (Crested serpent eagle), [[ᱦᱩᱴᱩᱢ]], [[ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ-ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] (Black-hooded oriole), [[ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] (Paradise flycatcher), [[ᱠᱩᱠᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] (Stone curlew) ᱾ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ-ᱧᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Garganey]], [[Common teal]], [[Eaton's pintail]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱟᱪᱟ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ]] (Indian spot-billed duck), [[Brahminy duck]] ᱟᱨ [[Baer's pochard]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ [[Lesser whistling teal]], [[Little grebe]], [[Cotton teal]], ᱱᱟᱠᱴᱟ, ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Cormorant]], [[Bronze-winged jacana]], [[White-breasted waterhen]], ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱨᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ (Kingfisher) ᱟᱨ [[Red wattled lapwing]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Open-billed stork]], [[Pond heron]], [[Egret]] ᱟᱨ [[Cormorant]] ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Reptiles) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, [[Asiatic rock python|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱧ]] ᱟᱨ [[Monitor lizard|ᱜᱩᱭᱦᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Chameleon|ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ]], [[Skink|ᱪᱮᱨᱚ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱚ, [[Russell's viper|ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱚᱰᱷᱮᱞ]], [[Bamboo pit viper|ᱢᱟᱫ ᱵᱤᱧ]], [[Common krait|ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱧ]] ᱟᱨ [[Indian bronze back]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Mugger crocodile|ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ [[Zoological Survey of India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱗ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱑᱖᱗ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱓᱓ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱑᱓ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱚᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Amphibians) ᱟᱨ ᱒᱘ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.vedamsbooks.in/no29020.htm Vertebrate Fauna of Chandaka Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary Odisha ]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Protected areas of Odisha}} [[Category:ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱷᱩᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ]] lwkb33ur7xddnmuyk4xxdx6j7lum2n1 191786 191785 2026-05-13T16:56:22Z Sunia Marndi 8165 Sunia Marndi ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱡ [[ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ: Misspelled title 191785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ}} {{Infobox protected area | name = ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ | iucn_category = IV | map = India Odisha#India | relief = 1 | mapframe = Yes | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_width = | image = Chandaka Forest and Elephant Reserve 01.JPG | image_caption = ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ | mapframe-zoom = 10 | nearest_city = [[ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ]] | coordinates = {{coord|20|21|N|85|40|E|region:IN_type:landmark_dim:30000|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|175.79|km2|sqmi}} | established = ᱑᱙᱘᱒ | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ, ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽᱠᱟ<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandaka eco-tourism project stuck in land transfer|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/developmental-issues/chandaka-eco-tourism-project-stuck-in-land-transfer/articleshow/47102766.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2015}}</ref> }} '''ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱫᱷᱟ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱫᱷᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱫᱷᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ {{cvt|175.79|km2}} ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱤᱨ, ''[[Xylia xylocarpa]]'' ᱵᱤᱨ, ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ ([[Shorea robusta]]) ᱵᱤᱨ, ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱫ ([[Bambusa bambos]]) ᱵᱤᱨ, ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ|ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ''[[Eupatorium]]'' ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱠᱩᱪᱤᱞᱟᱹ]], ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱪᱟ, ᱵᱮᱞ, ᱠᱟᱝᱜᱟᱲᱟ, ''[[Pterospermum]] xylocarpum'', ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱷᱤ, ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱩ, [[ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ]], [[ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ|ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱫ (''[[Dendrocalamus strictus]]'') ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ''[[Mucuna pruriens]]'' (ᱟᱛᱠᱤᱨ), ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱟᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟ, ᱵᱷᱩᱭᱤᱸᱞᱤᱢᱵᱚ, [[Tinospora cordifolia|ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱪᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟ]], ᱥᱟᱞᱯᱟᱨᱱᱤ (''[[Desmodium gangeticum]]''), ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱟᱨᱤ, ᱵᱷᱩᱭᱤᱸ-ᱠᱟᱠᱷᱟᱨᱩ, ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱡᱟᱵᱟ, ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱠᱩᱰᱤ, ᱟᱯᱟᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱟ, [[Holarrhena floribunda|ᱠᱩᱨᱪᱤ]], ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ [[Orchid|ᱚᱨᱠᱤᱰ]], [[Fern|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱ]], [[Moss|ᱢᱚᱥ]], [[Bryophyte|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] ᱟᱨ [[Lichen|ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱠᱮᱱ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{cn|date=November 2025}} == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ == [[File:Chandaka Bhubaneswar.me.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱢᱯᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Deras Dam Bhubaneswar.me.jpg|thumb|ᱰᱮᱨᱟᱥ ᱰᱮᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Pachyderm Census to Begin from May 25|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Pachyderm-Census-to-Begin-from-May-25/2015/04/27/article2785217.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203123623/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Pachyderm-Census-to-Begin-from-May-25/2015/04/27/article2785217.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2015|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=80-year-old elephant dies in Orissa reserve|url=http://www.topnews.in/80yearold-elephant-dies-orissa-reserve-2236376|work=TopNews|date=15 November 2009}}</ref> [[ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ]] (Leopard) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱽᱭᱚ ᱪᱮᱱ (biological pyramid) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ [[ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱞ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱭᱟᱨ]] (ᱥᱮᱞᱮ ᱢᱤᱨᱩᱜᱽ), [[ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱰᱤᱭᱟᱨ]] (ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱤᱨᱩᱜᱽ), [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ]], [[ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤ]], [[ᱨᱮᱥᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟᱥ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱣᱞᱮ]], [[ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱣᱞᱮ]], [[ᱵᱚᱡᱽᱨᱚᱠᱤᱴ]] (ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱤᱱ), [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱩᱭᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ᱛᱩᱭᱩ]] (Hyena) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱓-᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱨ, ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ, ᱜᱟᱥ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ, ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱛᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱹᱭᱩ ᱠᱩᱞ (Tigress) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱩ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ; ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱜ]], [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ]], [[ᱠᱚᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] (Crested serpent eagle), [[ᱦᱩᱴᱩᱢ]], [[ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ-ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] (Black-hooded oriole), [[ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] (Paradise flycatcher), [[ᱠᱩᱠᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] (Stone curlew) ᱾ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ-ᱧᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Garganey]], [[Common teal]], [[Eaton's pintail]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱟᱪᱟ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ]] (Indian spot-billed duck), [[Brahminy duck]] ᱟᱨ [[Baer's pochard]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ [[Lesser whistling teal]], [[Little grebe]], [[Cotton teal]], ᱱᱟᱠᱴᱟ, ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Cormorant]], [[Bronze-winged jacana]], [[White-breasted waterhen]], ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱨᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ (Kingfisher) ᱟᱨ [[Red wattled lapwing]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Open-billed stork]], [[Pond heron]], [[Egret]] ᱟᱨ [[Cormorant]] ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Reptiles) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, [[Asiatic rock python|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱧ]] ᱟᱨ [[Monitor lizard|ᱜᱩᱭᱦᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Chameleon|ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ]], [[Skink|ᱪᱮᱨᱚ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱚ, [[Russell's viper|ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱚᱰᱷᱮᱞ]], [[Bamboo pit viper|ᱢᱟᱫ ᱵᱤᱧ]], [[Common krait|ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱧ]] ᱟᱨ [[Indian bronze back]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Mugger crocodile|ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ [[Zoological Survey of India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱗ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱑᱖᱗ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱓᱓ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱑᱓ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱚᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Amphibians) ᱟᱨ ᱒᱘ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.vedamsbooks.in/no29020.htm Vertebrate Fauna of Chandaka Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary Odisha ]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Protected areas of Odisha}} [[Category:ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱷᱩᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ]] lwkb33ur7xddnmuyk4xxdx6j7lum2n1 191788 191786 2026-05-13T17:03:51Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ}} {{Infobox protected area | name = ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ | iucn_category = IV | map = India Odisha#India | relief = 1 | mapframe = Yes | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_width = | image = Chandaka Forest and Elephant Reserve 01.JPG | image_caption = ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ | mapframe-zoom = 10 | nearest_city = [[ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ]] | coordinates = {{coord|20|21|N|85|40|E|region:IN_type:landmark_dim:30000|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|175.79|km2|sqmi}} | established = ᱑᱙᱘᱒ | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ, ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽᱠᱟ<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandaka eco-tourism project stuck in land transfer|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/developmental-issues/chandaka-eco-tourism-project-stuck-in-land-transfer/articleshow/47102766.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2015}}</ref> }} '''ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱫᱷᱟ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱫᱷᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱫᱷᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ {{cvt|175.79|km2}} ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱤᱨ, ''[[Xylia xylocarpa]]'' ᱵᱤᱨ, ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ ([[Shorea robusta]]) ᱵᱤᱨ, ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱫ ([[Bambusa bambos]]) ᱵᱤᱨ, ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ|ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ''[[Eupatorium]]'' ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱠᱩᱪᱤᱞᱟᱹ]], ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱪᱟ, ᱵᱮᱞ, ᱠᱟᱝᱜᱟᱲᱟ, ''[[Pterospermum]] xylocarpum'', ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱷᱤ, ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱩ, [[ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ]], [[ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ|ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱫ (''[[Dendrocalamus strictus]]'') ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ''[[Mucuna pruriens]]'' (ᱟᱛᱠᱤᱨ), ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱟᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟ, ᱵᱷᱩᱭᱤᱸᱞᱤᱢᱵᱚ, [[Tinospora cordifolia|ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱪᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟ]], ᱥᱟᱞᱯᱟᱨᱱᱤ (''[[Desmodium gangeticum]]''), ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱟᱨᱤ, ᱵᱷᱩᱭᱤᱸ-ᱠᱟᱠᱷᱟᱨᱩ, ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱡᱟᱵᱟ, ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱠᱩᱰᱤ, ᱟᱯᱟᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱟ, [[Holarrhena floribunda|ᱠᱩᱨᱪᱤ]], ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ [[Orchid|ᱚᱨᱠᱤᱰ]], [[Fern|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱ]], [[Moss|ᱢᱚᱥ]], [[Bryophyte|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] ᱟᱨ [[Lichen|ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱠᱮᱱ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ == [[File:Chandaka Bhubaneswar.me.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱢᱯᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Deras Dam Bhubaneswar.me.jpg|thumb|ᱰᱮᱨᱟᱥ ᱰᱮᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Pachyderm Census to Begin from May 25|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Pachyderm-Census-to-Begin-from-May-25/2015/04/27/article2785217.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203123623/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Pachyderm-Census-to-Begin-from-May-25/2015/04/27/article2785217.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2015|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=80-year-old elephant dies in Orissa reserve|url=http://www.topnews.in/80yearold-elephant-dies-orissa-reserve-2236376|work=TopNews|date=15 November 2009}}</ref> [[ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ]] (Leopard) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱽᱭᱚ ᱪᱮᱱ (biological pyramid) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ [[ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱞ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱭᱟᱨ]] (ᱥᱮᱞᱮ ᱢᱤᱨᱩᱜᱽ), [[ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱰᱤᱭᱟᱨ]] (ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱤᱨᱩᱜᱽ), [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ]], [[ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤ]], [[ᱨᱮᱥᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟᱥ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱣᱞᱮ]], [[ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱣᱞᱮ]], [[ᱵᱚᱡᱽᱨᱚᱠᱤᱴ]] (ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱤᱱ), [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱩᱭᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ᱛᱩᱭᱩ]] (Hyena) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱓-᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱨ, ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ, ᱜᱟᱥ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ, ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱛᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱹᱭᱩ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱩ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ; ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱜ]], [[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ]], [[ᱠᱚᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] (Crested serpent eagle), [[ᱦᱩᱴᱩᱢ]], [[ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ-ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] (Black-hooded oriole), [[ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] (Paradise flycatcher), [[ᱠᱩᱠᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] (Stone curlew) ᱾ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ-ᱧᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Garganey]], [[Common teal]], [[Eaton's pintail]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱟᱪᱟ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ]] (Indian spot-billed duck), [[Brahminy duck]] ᱟᱨ [[Baer's pochard]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ [[Lesser whistling teal]], [[Little grebe]], [[Cotton teal]], ᱱᱟᱠᱴᱟ, ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Cormorant]], [[Bronze-winged jacana]], [[White-breasted waterhen]], ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱨᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ (Kingfisher) ᱟᱨ [[Red wattled lapwing]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Open-billed stork]], [[Pond heron]], [[Egret]] ᱟᱨ [[Cormorant]] ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Reptiles) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, [[Asiatic rock python|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱧ]] ᱟᱨ [[Monitor lizard|ᱜᱩᱭᱦᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Chameleon|ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ]], [[Skink|ᱪᱮᱨᱚ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱚ, [[Russell's viper|ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱚᱰᱷᱮᱞ]], [[Bamboo pit viper|ᱢᱟᱫ ᱵᱤᱧ]], [[Common krait|ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱧ]] ᱟᱨ [[Indian bronze back]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Mugger crocodile|ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ [[Zoological Survey of India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱗ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱑᱖᱗ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱓᱓ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱑᱓ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱚᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Amphibians) ᱟᱨ ᱒᱘ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.vedamsbooks.in/no29020.htm Vertebrate Fauna of Chandaka Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary Odisha ]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Protected areas of Odisha}} [[Category:ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱷᱩᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ]] lg7ozkfkbywmsqw2tyo92uplkhb1jwm 0 35894 191787 2026-05-13T16:56:22Z Sunia Marndi 8165 Sunia Marndi ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱡ [[ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ: Misspelled title 191787 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]] 7dk7u7x4k80rs2usbz7q6mpibgcygyt 0 35895 191812 2026-05-14T08:31:57Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 + 191812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox journal | title = ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱰᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ | cover = | caption = | former_name = <!-- or |former_names= --> | abbreviation = Health Educ. Res. | discipline = [[ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ]] | peer-reviewed = | language = ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ | editor = ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥᱮᱱ | publisher = [[ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ]] | country = | history = ᱑᱙᱘᱖-ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ | frequency = ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ | openaccess = | license = | impact = ᱑.᱖᱖᱗ | impact-year = ᱒᱐᱑᱕ | ISSNlabel = | ISSN = 0268-1153 | eISSN = 1465-3648 | CODEN = HERPE2 | JSTOR = | LCCN = sn87022130 | OCLC = 12824066 | website = http://her.oxfordjournals.org/ | link1 = http://her.oxfordjournals.org/content/current | link1-name = ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ | link2 = http://her.oxfordjournals.org/content/by/year | link2-name = ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱠᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ | boxwidth = }} '''''ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱰᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱨ-ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱣ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱯᱨᱳᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱮᱰᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥᱮᱱ (ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ''ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴᱥ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱠᱴ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱖᱖᱗ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=WoS>{{cite book |year=2016 |chapter=Health Education Research |title=2015 [[Journal Citation Reports]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] |edition=Science |series=[[Web of Science]]}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *{{Official website|http://her.oxfordjournals.org/}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] a5lmjh0e59mo22gp6tdal0xev73ixri 191813 191812 2026-05-14T08:33:37Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 191813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱰᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱨ-ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱣ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱯᱨᱳᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱮᱰᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥᱮᱱ (ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ''ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴᱥ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱠᱴ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱖᱖᱗ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=WoS>{{cite book |year=2016 |chapter=Health Education Research |title=2015 [[Journal Citation Reports]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] |edition=Science |series=[[Web of Science]]}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *{{Official website|http://her.oxfordjournals.org/}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] bktwqrubsc8y3f2r0a19xb5jilgiby6 0 35896 191815 2026-05-14T10:20:28Z Sunia Marndi 8165 "{{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[Annonaceae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=[https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa]()|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱮᱞ''' (sugar apples) ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' (sweetsops) ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱮᱞ''' (custard apples) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{cite web|url=[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214]()|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214]()|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}} (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ प्राय: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ){{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}} ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{cite web| url = [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html]()| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= [https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html]()| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}} ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =[http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa](http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa) | access-date =5 September 2019}} ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Soursop|ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ]] (''[[Annona muricata]]'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{cite web | url = [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm]() | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm]()| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Americas|ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropical climate|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Spanish Filipino|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html]()|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}} [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|[[Michał Boym]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ''[[Flora Sinensis]]'' (᱑᱖᱕᱕) ᱨᱮ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱪᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ (custard) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱳᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱨ (core) ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱥᱨᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=[http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214]()|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214]()|archive-date=14 March 2007}} ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ (stems) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[Reuleaux triangle]] ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱥᱨᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ (pressure) ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Taiwan|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Tropical|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ (spring) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ (early summer) ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ [[Nitidulidae|ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ]] ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ [[Annona|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[food energy|ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] (energy) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C]] ᱟᱨ [[manganese|ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Thiamine|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1]] ᱟᱨ [[Vitamin B6|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Riboflavin|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2]], [[Vitamin B3|B3]], [[Pantothenic acid|B5]], [[Folate|B9]], [[iron|ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[Diterpenoid|ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[Alkaloid|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> [[Bayer AG]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ [[Biopesticide|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[Annona]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (invasive species) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''[[Neotropic|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == {{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}} ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ (tropical or subtropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Nitidulidae]], [[Staphylinidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Curculionidae]] ᱟᱨ [[Scarabaeidae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB/> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat|ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ]] (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ (decoction) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Dysentery|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urinary tract infection|ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> [[Ayurveda|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> [[Haiti|ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ (juice) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" ([[atemoya]]) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taitung City|ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Goiânia|ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] naed60cbte34zc9gmb6585xyl4bj91k 191816 191815 2026-05-14T10:38:29Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[Annonaceae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱮᱞ''' (sugar apples) ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' (sweetsops) ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱮᱞ''' (custard apples) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Soursop|ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ]] (''[[Annona muricata]]'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropical climate|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Spanish Filipino|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|[[Michał Boym]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱪᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ (custard) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱳᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱨ (core) ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱥᱨᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=[http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214]()|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214]()|archive-date=14 March 2007}} ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ (stems) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[Reuleaux triangle]] ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱥᱨᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ (pressure) ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Taiwan|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Tropical|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ (spring) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ (early summer) ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ [[Nitidulidae|ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ]] ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ [[Annona|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[food energy|ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] (energy) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C]] ᱟᱨ [[manganese|ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Thiamine|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1]] ᱟᱨ [[Vitamin B6|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Riboflavin|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2]], [[Vitamin B3|B3]], [[Pantothenic acid|B5]], [[Folate|B9]], [[iron|ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[Diterpenoid|ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[Alkaloid|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> [[Bayer AG]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ [[Biopesticide|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[Annona]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (invasive species) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''[[Neotropic|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == {{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}} ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ (tropical or subtropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Nitidulidae]], [[Staphylinidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Curculionidae]] ᱟᱨ [[Scarabaeidae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB/> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat|ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ]] (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ (decoction) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Dysentery|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urinary tract infection|ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> [[Ayurveda|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> [[Haiti|ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ (juice) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" ([[atemoya]]) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taitung City|ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Goiânia|ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] 6m99ad82ezdigm6nnl4libxm6kkmf9i 191817 191816 2026-05-14T10:41:38Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[Annonaceae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱮᱞ''' (sugar apples) ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' (sweetsops) ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱮᱞ''' (custard apples) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Soursop|ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ]] (''[[Annona muricata]]'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropical climate|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Spanish Filipino|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|[[Michał Boym]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱪᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ (custard) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱳᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱨ (core) ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱥᱨᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=[http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214]()|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214]()|archive-date=14 March 2007}} ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ (stems) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[Reuleaux triangle]] ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱥᱨᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ (pressure) ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Taiwan|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Tropical|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ (spring) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ (early summer) ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ [[Nitidulidae|ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ]] ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ [[Annona|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[food energy|ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] (energy) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C]] ᱟᱨ [[manganese|ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Thiamine|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1]] ᱟᱨ [[Vitamin B6|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Riboflavin|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2]], [[Vitamin B3|B3]], [[Pantothenic acid|B5]], [[Folate|B9]], [[iron|ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[Diterpenoid|ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[Alkaloid|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> [[Bayer AG]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ [[Biopesticide|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[Annona]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (invasive species) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''[[Neotropic|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == {{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}} ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ (tropical or subtropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Nitidulidae]], [[Staphylinidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Curculionidae]] ᱟᱨ [[Scarabaeidae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat|ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ]] (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ (decoction) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Dysentery|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urinary tract infection|ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> [[Ayurveda|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> [[Haiti|ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ (juice) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" ([[atemoya]]) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taitung City|ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Goiânia|ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] 1yely36wfgb52zk89cnej4gly1151dk 191819 191817 2026-05-14T10:52:31Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[Annonaceae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱮᱞ''' (sugar apples) ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' (sweetsops) ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱮᱞ''' (custard apples) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Soursop|ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ]] (''[[Annona muricata]]'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropical climate|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Spanish Filipino|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|[[Michał Boym]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ [[Custard|ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Morton/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[Reuleaux triangle]] ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Taiwan|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Tropical|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ (spring) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ (early summer) ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ [[Nitidulidae|ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ]] ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ [[Annona|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[food energy|ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] (energy) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C]] ᱟᱨ [[manganese|ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Thiamine|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1]] ᱟᱨ [[Vitamin B6|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Riboflavin|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2]], [[Vitamin B3|B3]], [[Pantothenic acid|B5]], [[Folate|B9]], [[iron|ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[Diterpenoid|ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[Alkaloid|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> [[Bayer AG]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ [[Biopesticide|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[Annona]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (invasive species) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''[[Neotropic|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == {{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}} ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ (tropical or subtropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Nitidulidae]], [[Staphylinidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Curculionidae]] ᱟᱨ [[Scarabaeidae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat|ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ]] (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ (decoction) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Dysentery|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urinary tract infection|ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> [[Ayurveda|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> [[Haiti|ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ (juice) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" ([[atemoya]]) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taitung City|ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Goiânia|ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] e42tkcntqyfqonpok7bdbnrc6uk9lbj 191824 191819 2026-05-14T11:13:11Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[:en:Annonaceae|''ᱮᱱᱚᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ'']] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Soursop|ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ]] (''[[Annona muricata]]'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropical climate|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Spanish Filipino|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|[[Michał Boym]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ [[Custard|ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Morton/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[Reuleaux triangle]] ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Taiwan|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Tropical|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ (spring) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ (early summer) ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ [[Nitidulidae|ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ]] ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ [[Annona|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[food energy|ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] (energy) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C]] ᱟᱨ [[manganese|ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Thiamine|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1]] ᱟᱨ [[Vitamin B6|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Riboflavin|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2]], [[Vitamin B3|B3]], [[Pantothenic acid|B5]], [[Folate|B9]], [[iron|ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[Diterpenoid|ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[Alkaloid|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> [[Bayer AG]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ [[Biopesticide|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[Annona]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (invasive species) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''[[Neotropic|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == {{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}} ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ (tropical or subtropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Nitidulidae]], [[Staphylinidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Curculionidae]] ᱟᱨ [[Scarabaeidae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat|ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ]] (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ (decoction) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Dysentery|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urinary tract infection|ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> [[Ayurveda|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> [[Haiti|ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ (juice) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" ([[atemoya]]) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taitung City|ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Goiânia|ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] icdrn344fnjge84si2exdyiqc662r35 191825 191824 2026-05-14T11:16:59Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[:en:Annonaceae|''ᱮᱱᱚᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ'']] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Soursop|ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ]] (''[[Annona muricata]]'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropical climate|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Spanish Filipino|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|[[Michał Boym]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ [[Custard|ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Morton/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[Reuleaux triangle]] ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Taiwan|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱚᱯᱟᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Tropical|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ (spring) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ (early summer) ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ [[Nitidulidae|ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ]] ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ [[Annona|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[food energy|ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] (energy) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C]] ᱟᱨ [[manganese|ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Thiamine|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1]] ᱟᱨ [[Vitamin B6|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Riboflavin|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2]], [[Vitamin B3|B3]], [[Pantothenic acid|B5]], [[Folate|B9]], [[iron|ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[Diterpenoid|ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[Alkaloid|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> [[Bayer AG]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ [[Biopesticide|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[Annona]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (invasive species) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''[[Neotropic|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == {{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}} ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ (tropical or subtropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Nitidulidae]], [[Staphylinidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Curculionidae]] ᱟᱨ [[Scarabaeidae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat|ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ]] (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ (decoction) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Dysentery|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urinary tract infection|ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> [[Ayurveda|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> [[Haiti|ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ (juice) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" ([[atemoya]]) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taitung City|ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Goiânia|ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] 2io1z96gtp7ak4j8l5db7jzs32hnlvm 191826 191825 2026-05-14T11:19:26Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[:en:Annonaceae|''ᱮᱱᱚᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ'']] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Soursop|ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ]] (''[[Annona muricata]]'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropical climate|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Spanish Filipino|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|[[Michał Boym]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ [[Custard|ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Morton/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[Reuleaux triangle]] ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Taiwan|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱚᱯᱟᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Tropical|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ (spring) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ (early summer) ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ [[Nitidulidae|ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ]] ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ [[Annona|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[food energy|ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] (energy) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C]] ᱟᱨ [[manganese|ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Thiamine|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1]] ᱟᱨ [[Vitamin B6|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Riboflavin|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2]], [[Vitamin B3|B3]], [[Pantothenic acid|B5]], [[Folate|B9]], [[iron|ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[Diterpenoid|ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[Alkaloid|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> [[Bayer AG]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ [[Biopesticide|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[Annona]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (invasive species) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''[[Neotropic|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == {{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}} ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ (tropical or subtropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Nitidulidae]], [[Staphylinidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Curculionidae]] ᱟᱨ [[Scarabaeidae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat|ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ]] (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ (decoction) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Dysentery|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urinary tract infection|ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> [[Ayurveda|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> [[Haiti|ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ (juice) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" ([[atemoya]]) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taitung City|ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Goiânia|ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] nzycq9q4pmf7p49twidzpjald18vwlb 191828 191826 2026-05-14T11:22:13Z Sunia Marndi 8165 /* ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ */ 191828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[:en:Annonaceae|''ᱮᱱᱚᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ'']] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Soursop|ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ]] (''[[Annona muricata]]'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropical climate|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Spanish Filipino|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|[[Michał Boym]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ [[Custard|ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Morton/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[Reuleaux triangle]] ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Taiwan|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱚᱯᱟᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Tropical|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ (spring) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ (early summer) ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ [[Nitidulidae|ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ]] ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ [[Annona|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[food energy|ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] (energy) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C]] ᱟᱨ [[manganese|ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Thiamine|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1]] ᱟᱨ [[Vitamin B6|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Riboflavin|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2]], [[Vitamin B3|B3]], [[Pantothenic acid|B5]], [[Folate|B9]], [[iron|ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[Diterpenoid|ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[Alkaloid|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> [[Bayer AG]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ [[Biopesticide|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[Annona]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (invasive species) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''[[Neotropic|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ (tropical or subtropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Nitidulidae]], [[Staphylinidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Curculionidae]] ᱟᱨ [[Scarabaeidae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat|ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ]] (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ (decoction) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Dysentery|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urinary tract infection|ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> [[Ayurveda|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> [[Haiti|ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ (juice) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" ([[atemoya]]) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taitung City|ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Goiânia|ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] 2onwy5dz6eypn2jwucg9ni2wnqnk57b 10 35897 191818 2026-05-14T10:43:15Z ~2026-29030-27 11053 "<includeonly>{{#if:{{{ID|{{{id|}}}}}} | {{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon | url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value={{{ID|{{{id|}}}}}} | title = {{{taxon|Report}}} | publisher = [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] }} | {{Citation error|You must specify the {{para|id}} when using {{tl|ITIS}}.|nocat={{{template doc demo|}}}}} }}</i..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191818 wikitext 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