ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ satwiki https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ TimedText TimedText talk ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ Event Event talk 0 1321 191845 139552 2026-05-14T15:03:58Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191845 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱮ''' (᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱙᱕-᱑᱕ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ᱑᱙᱘᱒) [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱱᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱱᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟᱜᱟᱸᱫᱷᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱠᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱨᱡᱮᱸᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱰᱤᱥᱤᱯᱞᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱞᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱮ [[File: Vinobabhaveji.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱮ]] ==[[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]]== '''ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ :-''' ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱮ, ᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱙᱕, ᱜᱟᱜᱳᱰᱮ, ᱯᱮᱱ, ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ - ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱚᱰ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱾ '''ᱜᱩᱨ :-''' ᱑᱕ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱒, (ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱘᱗) ᱯᱳᱱᱟᱨ, ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱷᱟ ᱾ '''ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱮᱛᱮᱫ :-''' ᱵᱷᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱾ '''ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ :-''' ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱑᱙᱕᱘, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱾ [[File: Gandhi and Vinoba.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ]] ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ== ᱵᱤᱱᱚᱵᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱱᱚᱨᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱸᱠᱚᱬ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱜᱟᱜᱳᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱯᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱚᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱨᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱮ ᱾ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱥᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱪ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱨᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱧᱤᱸᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱸᱵᱽᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱨᱩᱠᱢᱤᱬᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱢᱚᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱸᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱦᱤᱲᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱞᱩ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱰᱩᱵᱵᱩᱡ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱚᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱙᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱚᱵᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱵᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱱᱚᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱣᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱢᱤᱬᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞᱠᱳᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱞᱠᱳᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧᱤᱡ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱱᱚᱵᱟ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱸᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤᱭ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ 'ᱵᱟ' ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱠᱳᱵᱟ, ᱵᱤᱴᱷᱳᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱟ ᱾ ==ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ== ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱱᱤᱡᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱢᱤᱬᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱮ [[ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ, ᱥᱩᱠ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱠᱚᱧ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳᱭ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱨᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ==ᱥᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ== ==ᱜᱟᱱᱜᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ== ==ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ== ==ᱵᱷᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ== ==ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥ== ==ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ== ==ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ-ᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ== ==ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱱᱟ== ==ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peace_activists https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhism https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanza_del_Vasto ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== http://www.markshep.com/nonviolence/GT_Vinoba.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114025951/http://www.markshep.com/nonviolence/GT_Vinoba.html |date=2010-01-14 }} http://gandhiashramsevagram.org/pdf-books/nature-cure.pdf http://www.aarogya.com/complementary-medicine/naturopathy/the-nisargopachar-ashram-naturopathic-centre-urulikanchan-pune.html http://www.rmaf.org.ph/newrmaf/main/awardees/awardee/biography/252 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307183043/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/newrmaf/main/awardees/awardee/biography/252 |date=2020-03-07 }} https://books.google.com/books?id=4VnuMXLK8z8C&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=%22balkoba+bhave%22&source=bl&ots=gA4A-Wna5N&sig=CkSNVQpLFXqeCKMgFzJIwp1gDcI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjexZW5i_PUAhVCej4KHRyiAms4ChDoAQgjMAE#v=onepage&q=%22balkoba%20&f=false http://web.b.ebscohost.com.authenticate.library.duq.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=83796f4c-f7c4-414a-b689-b82a34818d4c%40sessionmgr115&vid=7&hid=119 ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== https://archive.org/details/Gitaai-AcharyaVinobaBhave-MarathiAudiobook https://archive.org/details/GITAI http://www.vinobabhave.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718134118/http://vinobabhave.org/ |date=2013-07-18 }} http://www.markshep.com/nonviolence/GT_Vinoba.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114025951/http://www.markshep.com/nonviolence/GT_Vinoba.html |date=2010-01-14 }} http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationBhaveVin.htm http://www.bioscand.se/kron/Vinoba.htm http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,935318-1,00.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107133500/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,935318-1,00.html |date=2012-11-07 }} [[Category:!Main category]] mhu1zw2iarxgw2kvb031wkkfgsh49u2 0 20982 191838 160122 2026-05-14T13:03:07Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available-->| name = ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ | settlement_type = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Dakar - Panorama urbain.jpg | photo2a = Gorée-MaisonEsclaves1.jpg | photo2b = | photo3a = Soumbedioune Boats (5405595088).jpg | photo3b = Ngor Beach.jpg | size = 280 | color = white | color_border = white | foot_montage = '''ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ''' Place de l'Indépendance, [[Gorée]], Mosque of the Divinity, Soumbedioune boats of [[:en:Médina, Dakar|Médina]], [[Ngor, Dakar|Ngor beach]]}} | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Dakar, Senegal.svg | image_seal = Coat of arms of Dakar, Senegal.svg | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_map = Dakar districts.svg | map_caption = ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱑᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ''communes d'arrondissement'' ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ | pushpin_map = Senegal#Africa | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Senegal | coordinates = {{Coord|14|41|34|N|17|26|48|W|region:SN-DK_type:city(115,000)|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱞ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[:en:Departments of Senegal|ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[:en:Dakar Department|ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ]] | established_title = ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ | established_date = ᱑᱕ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ | parts_type = Communes d'arrondissement | parts = 19 | p1 = Cambérène | leader_party = [[:en:United to Boost Senegal|BSS]]/PS | leader_title = [[:en:List of mayors of Dakar|ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ]] | leader_name = [[Soham El Wardini]] (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.teles-relay.com/senegal-soham-el-wardini-est-elue-maire-de-dakar-par-le-conseil-municipal-jeuneafrique-com/|title=AFP. 2018-09-29|access-date=Jul 26, 2020|archive-date=2018-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002024646/https://en.teles-relay.com/senegal-soham-el-wardini-est-elue-maire-de-dakar-par-le-conseil-municipal-jeuneafrique-com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 83 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dakar.climatemps.com/map.php| title = climatemps.com| access-date = 2022-09-06| archive-date = 2016-05-03| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062229/http://www.dakar.climatemps.com/map.php| url-status = dead}}</ref> | elevation_m = 22 | population_total = 1146052 | population_as_of = 2013 Census | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ansd.sn/ressources/publications/Rapport_projection_version_12fev06.pdf|title=Population Projections 2013–2063|access-date=January 3, 2021|author=National Statistics Agency|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115222659/http://www.ansd.sn/ressources/publications/Rapport_projection_version_12fev06.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 12510 | population_metro = 3938358<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ansd.sn/ressources/publications/Rapport_projection_version_12fev06.pdf|title=Population Projections 2013–2063|access-date=January 3, 2021|author=National Statistics Agency|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115222659/http://www.ansd.sn/ressources/publications/Rapport_projection_version_12fev06.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_density_metro_km2 = 4484 | population_note = Data here are for the administrative Dakar ''région'', which matches almost exactly the limits of the metropolitan area | postal_code_type = 12500 | postal_code = | area_code = | website = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20180701000000*/http://www.villededakar.org/|villededakar.org}} ''(archived)'' | footnotes = | p2 = Parcelles Assaines | p3 = Pattie d'Oies | p4 = Hann Bel-Air | p5 = Dieuppeul Derklé | p6 = HLM | p7 = Biscuiterie | p8 = Grand Dakar | p9 = Plateau | p10 = Médina | p11 = Fass-Gueule Tapée-Colobane | p12 = Fann Point-E | p13 = Mermoz-Sacré-Coeur | p14 = Ouakam | p15 = Yoff | p16 = Ngor | p17 = Liberté | p18 = Grand-Yoff | p19 = Cape Verde Peninsula | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = +0 | official_name = | population_est = 1,438,725 | pop_est_as_of = 2021 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ansd.sn/ressources/publications/Rapport_projection_version_12fev06.pdf|title=Population Projections 2013–2063|access-date=January 3, 2021|author=National Statistics Agency|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115222659/http://www.ansd.sn/ressources/publications/Rapport_projection_version_12fev06.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} '''ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱞ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱑᱐,᱓᱐,᱕᱙᱔, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓᱙.᱔ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱠᱟᱯ-ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱴ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥᱩᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱵᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱳᱞᱳᱯᱷ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱣᱟᱠᱞᱚᱪᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱜᱽᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ⁇ ᱣᱩᱠᱟᱢ, ᱝᱳᱨ, ᱭᱳᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱱ ⁇ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱵᱩ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱔᱔᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱔᱕᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱜᱳᱜᱳ ᱜᱳᱢᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱭ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱡᱮᱜᱩᱭᱮᱪ" (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱮᱡᱮᱜᱩᱭᱤᱥ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱢᱟᱰᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱴᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱴᱤᱱᱟᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱚᱯ-ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱰ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ (᱑᱕᱐᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱚᱯ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱵᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱜᱳ ᱵᱷᱮᱥᱯᱩᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ "ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ" ᱦᱟᱭᱯᱷᱳᱴᱮᱥ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== [[File:DakarHarbourAerial.JPG|220x124px|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟ.ᱨ ᱾]] ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱯ-ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱴ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ]] ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱑᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱖.᱒ ᱤᱱᱪ) ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Dakar International Airport, Senegal (1961–1990) |metric first= Y |single line= Y |temperature colour = |Jan record high C= 36.5 |Feb record high C= 39.8 |Mar record high C= 40.4 |Apr record high C= 34.7 |May record high C= 33.8 |Jun record high C= 39.4 |Jul record high C= 33.5 |Aug record high C= 34.5 |Sep record high C= 34.8 |Oct record high C= 37.8 |Nov record high C= 40.3 |Dec record high C= 39.5 |Jan high C = 26.1 |Feb high C = 25.0 |Mar high C = 25.7 |Apr high C = 25.3 |May high C = 26.4 |Jun high C = 29.0 |Jul high C = 30.3 |Aug high C = 30.6 |Sep high C = 31.1 |Oct high C = 31.5 |Nov high C = 30.4 |Dec high C = 28.3 |year high C = 28.3 |Jan mean C = 19.9 |Feb mean C = 20.5 |Mar mean C = 20.9 |Apr mean C = 21.4 |May mean C = 22.7 |Jun mean C = 25.5 |Jul mean C = 26.9 |Aug mean C = 27.3 |Sep mean C = 27.4 |Oct mean C = 27.4 |Nov mean C = 25.4 |Dec mean C = 22.5 |year mean C = 24.0 |Jan low C = 18.6 |Feb low C = 18.2 |Mar low C = 18.6 |Apr low C = 19.4 |May low C = 20.9 |Jun low C = 23.8 |Jul low C = 25.3 |Aug low C = 25.3 |Sep low C = 25.3 |Oct low C = 25.7 |Nov low C = 23.8 |Dec low C = 21.2 |year low C = 22.0 |Jan record low C= 14.0 |Feb record low C= 15.0 |Mar record low C= 16.0 |Apr record low C= 16.5 |May record low C= 17.2 |Jun record low C= 19.5 |Jul record low C= 21.5 |Aug record low C= 21.3 |Sep record low C= 18.9 |Oct record low C= 17.5 |Nov record low C= 17.9 |Dec record low C= 17.0 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 2.0 |Feb rain mm = 1.0 |Mar rain mm = 0.0 |Apr rain mm = 0.0 |May rain mm = 0.0 |Jun rain mm = 10.0 |Jul rain mm = 61.0 |Aug rain mm = 165.0 |Sep rain mm = 134.0 |Oct rain mm = 37.0 |Nov rain mm = 1.0 |Dec rain mm = 1.0 |year rain mm = 411 |Jan rain days = 1.9 |Feb rain days = 1.1 |Mar rain days = 1.1 |Apr rain days = 0.3 |May rain days = 0.5 |Jun rain days = 2.0 |Jul rain days = 7.0 |Aug rain days = 12.8 |Sep rain days = 9.4 |Oct rain days = 2.9 |Nov rain days = 1.4 |Dec rain days = 1.4 |Jan humidity = 69 |Feb humidity = 75 |Mar humidity = 76 |Apr humidity = 79 |May humidity = 79 |Jun humidity = 78 |Jul humidity = 77 |Aug humidity = 79 |Sep humidity = 81 |Oct humidity = 79 |Nov humidity = 74 |Dec humidity = 66 |Jan sun = 244.9 |Feb sun = 245.8 |Mar sun = 285.2 |Apr sun = 288.0 |May sun = 291.4 |Jun sun = 252.0 |Jul sun = 232.5 |Aug sun = 223.2 |Sep sun = 219.0 |Oct sun = 257.3 |Nov sun = 249.0 |Dec sun = 238.7 |year sun = 3031.6 |source 1 = DWD<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_616410_kt.pdf | title = Climate Averages for Dakar International Airport | language = de | publisher = DWD | access-date = 7 September 2022}}</ref> }} ==ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ== ==ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ== ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== [[File:Theatre_de_l'infanterie_de_marine_a_Dakar_1894.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱚ "ᱠᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱠ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ' ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱵᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ (Cebbu Jën) ᱟᱨ ᱭᱟᱥᱟ (Yassa) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱑᱐ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟ. ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ|ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱷᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱮᱞ, ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱩ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ, ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱛᱟᱯ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== c9k2kt5ecsm4skjxtmhpo5ff9wvjk0c 0 25359 191841 187297 2026-05-14T13:58:38Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|23.8562|N|85.0309|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱪᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱪᱟᱛᱨᱟ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 6475 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | demographics1_title1 = ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱘᱒᱕᱓᱒᱑ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ/ ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱐᱖᱕᱕᱑ | registration_plate = JH 13 | blank1_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank1_info_sec1 = [[ᱪᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱪᱟᱛᱨᱟ]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank2_info_sec1 = [[ᱥᱤᱢᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱥᱤᱢᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] | website = {{URL|chatra.nic.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ]] [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{coord|23.8562|N|85.0309|E|display=inline}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ=== ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖᱐% ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ (ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮ) ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱟᱹ ᱚᱛᱮᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱴᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑,᱔᱗᱖ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="blocks">{{cite web | url = http://chatra.nic.in/blocks.html | title = Chatra - the official website | work = Blocks, Circles & Panchayats – List of villages under Panchayats | publisher = Chatra district authority | access-date = 15 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160627231221/http://chatra.nic.in/blocks.html | archive-date = 27 June 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱮᱱ.ᱴᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ (᱓x᱖᱖᱐ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱣᱟᱴ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/pandemic-delays-ntpcs-mega-project-in-chatra/articleshow/78004765.cms|title = Pandemic delays NTPC's Karanpura mega project in Chatra | publisher= The Times of India, 9 September 2020 | access-date = 15 January 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱞᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰᱥ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱠᱳᱭᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱒᱓᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔᱗᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱔ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱭᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱞ. ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱤᱸᱠ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150516093809/http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2015 |title=The North Karanpura Coalfields |work=Jharkhand |publisher=sinclair-environmental |access-date=15 January 2021 }}</ref> ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ (ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱳᱰ ᱓᱔᱙᱕᱐) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱖,᱔᱗᱕ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓,᱔᱓᱘ (᱕᱓%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓,᱐᱓᱗ (᱔᱗%) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐-᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑,᱐᱘᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓,᱙᱔᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱗᱓.᱑᱙%) ᱾<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url =https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2002_PART_B_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Chatra, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 228: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 12 January 2021}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ== ===ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ=== ᱴᱩᱸᱰᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱸᱰᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url= https://jhpolice.gov.in/chatra | title= District Police Profile – Chatra | work= Contact Number | publisher= Jharkhand Police | access-date= 12 January 2021 | archive-date= 17 January 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210117060335/https://jhpolice.gov.in/chatra | url-status= dead }}</ref> ===ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ=== ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ff4d5fbbafdf976cfdc032e3bde78de5/uploads/2017/06/2018030936.jpg | title= Administrative Boundary Map, Chatra District, Jharkhand|publisher= Chatra district administration| access-date = 12 January 2021}}</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ===ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ=== ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱯᱤᱥᱤ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓ x ᱖᱖᱐ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱣᱟᱴ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ (᱒᱐᱑᱕) ᱑᱔,᱓᱖᱖.᱕᱘ ᱠᱚᱨᱳᱲ (᱑᱔᱓,᱖᱖᱕,᱘᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐) ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news-topic/north-karanpura-super-thermal-power-project/| title = North Karanpura Super Thermal Power Project| access-date = 28 November 2015 | publisher = Money Control}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/pandemic-delays-ntpcs-mega-project-in-chatra/articleshow/78004765.cms|title = Pandemic delays NTPC's Karanpura mega project in Chatra | publisher= The Times of India, 9 September 2020 | access-date = 15 January 2021}}</ref> ===ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ=== ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ, ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ, ᱪᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱮᱦᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱑,᱒᱓᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱫᱟᱢᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ|ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱠᱚᱴᱴᱟ, ᱠᱮᱰᱤ ᱦᱮᱥᱟᱞᱳᱝ, ᱢᱟᱱᱠᱤ, ᱪᱩᱨᱤ, ᱵᱚᱪᱨᱟ ᱭᱩᱡᱤ, ᱵᱚᱪᱨᱟ ᱳᱥᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱨᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱳᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱝᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱫᱷᱟᱫᱩ, ᱯᱩᱨᱱᱟᱰᱤᱦ, ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱫᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱨᱚᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱞᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰᱥ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm | title = The North Karanpura Coalfields | work = Jharkhand | publisher = sinclair-environmental | access-date = 29 November 2015 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20150516093809/http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm | archive-date = 16 May 2015 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱜᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱫᱷ ᱚᱯᱮᱱᱠᱟᱥᱴ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱕᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱗᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱢᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱚᱯᱮᱱᱠᱟᱥᱴ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱓᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱤᱛᱨᱟ ᱚᱯᱮᱱᱠᱟᱥᱴ ᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱗ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱚᱯᱮᱱᱠᱟᱥᱴ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/cmpny/mgaprjts.php |title=Mega projects |publisher= Central Coalfields Limited | access-date = 1 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://docplayer.net/38769705-Annexure-a-the-extent-of-existing-and-new-mining-projects.html#show_full_text | title = The Extent of Existing and New Mining Projects | publisher = doc player | access-date = 27 December 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210121071021/https://docplayer.net/38769705-Annexure-a-the-extent-of-existing-and-new-mining-projects.html#show_full_text | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱪᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱵᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://vananchalcollege.com/about-us/ | title = Vananchal College | publisher = VC | access-date = 19 January 2021 | archive-date = 28 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210128004616/https://vananchalcollege.com/about-us/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ== ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱗ ᱫᱚ (ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ-ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ-ᱴᱟᱝᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱚᱰ) ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Google maps</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] e2ag2ofi7730vxg7xxesppdkabiun8f 0 29441 191840 191601 2026-05-14T13:16:46Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = ᱱᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|09|01}} | birth_place = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | fields = {{ublist | [[ᱢᱮᱠᱮᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱨ]] }} | workplaces = {{ublist | [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] | [[ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱮᱰᱢᱤ]] | [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱵᱚᱨᱴᱚᱨᱤ]] | [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱨᱚᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱵᱚᱨᱴᱚᱨᱤᱡᱽ]]}} | alma_mater = {{ublist | [[ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] | [[ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] | [[ᱟᱭᱤ ᱟᱭᱤ ᱴᱤ (ᱵᱤ ᱮᱪ ᱭᱩ) ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤ]] }} | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = ᱢᱚᱲᱮ ᱮᱠᱥᱤᱥ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ | awards = {{ublist|2012&nbsp;ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱟᱨ.-ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱚᱥᱤᱯ |2012&nbsp; CSIR@70 Recognition |2012&nbsp; National Design Award |2015&nbsp; VASVIK Award (Mechanical & Structural Sciences & Technology) |2019&nbsp; Fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE) |2022&nbsp; [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]}} }} '''ᱱᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ''' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱭ.ᱟᱨ.-ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱪ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ, [[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director |url=https://www.cmeri.res.in/user-designation-scientists/director |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Profile Details {{!}} CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute |url=https://www.cmeri.res.in/user-details/1171 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=www.cmeri.res.in}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱱᱱᱳᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱱ (ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://acsir.res.in/senate/ |title=Senate AcSIR-Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research |publisher=acsir.res.in |access-date=19 January 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱜᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱪ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute |url=https://www.cgcri.res.in/about-us/governance/director/ |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=www.cgcri.res.in}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱟᱨ.-ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞᱚᱨᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱵᱚᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱢᱥᱮᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱝ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱪᱟᱨᱡᱽ) ᱾<ref>Additional Director CSIR-NML Jamshedpur https://www.nmlindia.org/director-csir-nml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811101339/https://www.nmlindia.org/director-csir-nml |date=2025-08-11 }}.</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱟᱨ.-ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱪ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ, ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱟᱨ.-ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱮᱭᱨᱚᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱵᱚᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨᱤᱡᱽ, ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱽᱞᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Naresh Chandra Murmu joins as the Director, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1898819 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱨᱞᱮᱱᱡᱮᱱ–ᱱᱩᱨᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ, ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱨᱛᱷᱣᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨᱱ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ, ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naresh Chandra Murmu, PhD |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=XD6ToikAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=scholar.google.co.in}}</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naresh-Murmu. Researchgate Naresh Chandra Murmu</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C |url=https://www.springer.com/journal/40032/editors |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Springer |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103161207/https://www.springer.com/journal/40032/editors |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sivan |first1=K. |last2=Murmu |first2=Naresh Ch. |date=2017-12-01 |title=Special Theme: India's Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator: The Future of Space Transportation System |journal=Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series C |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=645–647 |doi=10.1007/s40032-017-0426-2|bibcode=2017JIEIC..98..645S |doi-access=free }} </ref> ==ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱪ== ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱪ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱢᱟᱨᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱩᱯᱷᱮᱠᱪᱚᱨᱤᱝ, ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱚᱡᱤᱴ, ᱤᱝᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠᱮᱱᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱱ ᱩᱞᱴᱨᱟᱠᱮᱯᱟᱥᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=CSIR-CMERI R&D to focus on futuristic technologies and climate change: Director Naresh Chandra Murmu |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/csir-cmeri-rd-to-focus-on-futuristic-technologies-and-climate-change-director-naresh-chandra-murmu/98269364 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref> ᱰᱨ. ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ [[ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ, ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ (ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱚᱰ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ) ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱾<ref name="Dictionary & Grammar">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary & Grammar |url=https://wesanthals.tripod.com/id54.html |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=wesanthals.tripod.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱰᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Dictionary & Grammar"/> <ref> {{cite web |url=https://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Santali |title=Santali |publisher=wiki.apertium.org |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Santali/Santali_infores.html |title=Santali Annoted Bibliography LIS-India |publisher=lisindia.ciil.org |access-date=2024-07-09 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ== * ᱰᱨ. ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ (INAE) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ (NASI) ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱚᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾). <ref>{{cite web |url= https://nasi.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Year-Book-2024.pdf |title= Year Book 2024 The National Academy of Science India |publisher= The National Academy of Science India |access-date= 19 January 2025 |archive-date= 19 January 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250119141312/https://nasi.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Year-Book-2024.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inae.in/storage/2022/05/INAE_Year_Book_2022_Med.pdf|title= THE YEAR BOOK 2022 Indian NationalAcademy of Engineering|publisher=inae.in |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref> <ref> {{cite web |url= https://www.csir.res.in/sites/default/files/2024-07/csir-annual-report-2022-23-eng.pdf|title=Annual Report |publisher=csir.res.in|access-date= 19 January 2025}} </ref> * ᱰᱨ. ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱵᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ-᱒᱐᱑᱕, ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱒᱐᱑᱒), ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱟᱨ.-ᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱪ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱳᱥᱤᱯ (᱒᱐᱑᱑), ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮ.ᱰᱤ. ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱳᱥᱤᱯ (ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱮᱠᱥᱪᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱤᱥ)-᱒᱐᱐᱐, ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ ᱮᱠᱥᱤᱥ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱒) ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱟᱨ@᱗᱐ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱥ.ᱤ.ᱵᱤ. ᱵᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱮᱯᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ, ᱒᱐᱑᱔ (ᱮᱞᱥᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨ) ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref> {{cite web|url=https://cmeri.res.in/file/6924/download?token=UbxJGAAf |title= Curriculum Vitae|publisher=cmeri.res.in |access-date= 19 January 2025}} </ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱮᱛ]] bnhzg6lo9qqu4ii8crsw652ogeng2zc 0 35182 191882 189340 2026-05-15T09:16:11Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱡ [[ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ: ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱹᱣ 189340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}}{{Infobox ethnic group|group=ᱛᱳᱰᱟ (Toda)|total=᱒,᱐᱐᱒ (᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ)|image=Elderly Toda Couple, William E. Marshall, 1873.jpg|image_caption=ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱰᱷᱤ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ, ᱑᱘᱗᱓|total_ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>|popplace=[[Nilgiris district|ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ]], ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ|languages=[[Toda language|ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]|religions=ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ [[animistic|ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[Hinduism|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rivers |first1=William Halse Rivers |title=The Todas |date=1906}}</ref>|related=[[Kota people (India)|ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[Dravidian languages|ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ}} '''ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱟ, ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱙᱐᱐ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ-ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Emeneau|1984|pp=1–2}} ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱭᱠᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="britannica-toda">"Toda", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. (2007)</ref> ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ UNESCO ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="UNESCO">World Heritage sites, UNESCO.</ref> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_Tribal_Hut_(5008551878).jpg|thumb|[[Nilgiris|ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (ᱫᱚᱜᱞᱮ)]] ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱤ. ᱮᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱑᱘᱗᱑ (᱖᱙᱓), ᱑᱘᱘᱑ (᱖᱗᱕), ᱑᱘᱙᱑ (᱗᱓᱙), ᱑᱙᱐᱑ (᱘᱐᱗), ᱑᱙᱑᱑ (᱖᱗᱖), ᱑᱙᱕᱑ (᱘᱗᱙), ᱑᱙᱖᱑ (᱗᱕᱙), ᱑᱙᱗᱑ (᱘᱑᱒) ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ:<blockquote>"ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱗᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ (᱖᱔᱐), ᱑᱙᱓᱑ (᱕᱙᱗), ᱑᱙᱔᱑ (᱖᱓᱐)) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ... ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"{{sfnp|Emeneau|1984|pp=1–2}}</blockquote> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:The_Tude_or_sacred_bush,_weapons._bow_&_arrow._Used_at_weddings_&_funerals_imitation_buffalo_horns.jpg|thumb|'ᱛᱩᱰᱮ' ᱥᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ, ᱟᱜ-ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_Maiden.jpg|left|thumb|ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱫ]] === ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱯᱟᱫ === ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱠᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱫᱷᱩᱛᱤ'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱞ ᱪᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ === ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ === ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ === ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾{{sfnp|Walker|2004}} ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ (᱓) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ (᱕) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_Hut.JPG|right|thumb|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾]] ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kasturi2007">{{cite book|last1=Kasturi|first1=Prema|title=South India Heritage: An Introduction|date=2007|publisher=East West Books|page=194|language=English}}</ref> ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱞᱮ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ-ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱞᱟᱭᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ-ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=The Siddhanta Deepika Or the Light of Truth|date=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=232}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱞᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱓ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ, ᱑᱘ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱕.᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱙ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱒.᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱞᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱪᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ (ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱙᱑ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱲᱫᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ === ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱢᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱦᱩᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱠᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱛᱚᱢ, ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ, ᱯᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K. S.|title=The Scheduled Tribes|date=1994|page=6|language=en}}</ref> == ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Cathredral_of_Todas_in_1900s.jpg|thumb|᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ - ᱯᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_green_funeral1871.jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱗᱑-᱗᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:TodaTemple1.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱴᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱢᱩᱛᱷᱩᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱢᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱾]] ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ 'ᱛᱳᱠᱤᱥᱤ' ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ 'ᱳᱱ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Anthony R.|date=2018|title=The Diverse Faces of Toda Religion|journal=Anthropos}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ-ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ 'ᱱᱳᱫᱽᱨᱳᱪᱤ' ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=183}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑,᱖᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱘᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=443}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤ (ᱢᱩᱱᱰ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ: 'ᱯᱟᱞᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ' ( ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ 'ᱯᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toda Temple|url=https://templesofindia.org/temple-view/toda-temple-nilgiris-tamil-nadu-595gyl}}</ref> ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱳᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱠᱩᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱱᱰᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱲᱦᱮᱫ ᱰᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ 'ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ' ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱠᱩᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱣᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=184}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ganesh|first1=Balasubramanian|title=Particularly vulnerable tribal groups of Tamil Nadu|journal=Indian Journal of Public Health}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱯᱩᱱ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=446}}</ref> ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ "ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱩᱦᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ, ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Emeneau|first=M. B.|date=July 1958|title=Oral Poets of South India: The Todas|journal=The Journal of American Folklore}}</ref> ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ: ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱛᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱞᱤ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱩᱫᱽᱨᱚᱯᱟᱞᱤ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ 'ᱠᱩᱫᱽᱨᱚᱯᱟᱞᱤ' ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱴᱤ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=40}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱣᱳᱴᱳ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Peter|first=Prince|title=Men and Cultures|pages=485–489}}</ref> ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=340}}</ref> ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ-ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱱ-ᱡᱩᱜᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱹᱱ-ᱡᱩᱜᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[Badagas|ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱜᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|pages=255–261}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ == ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ 'ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Emeneau|1984|pp=1–2}} [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Dhoda_(Toda)Dancers.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] == ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ == === ᱞᱮᱠᱴᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ === ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ 'ᱞᱮᱠᱴᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ' (ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚ-ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱯ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱗.᱘% ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite bioRxiv|last1=Kerdoncuff|title=Revisiting the Evolution of Lactase Persistence|date=2025}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ == ᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱸᱠᱨᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Walker|2004}} ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ-ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱴᱮᱰ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Harvp|Chhabra|2005a}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_people_in_front_of_their_hut_in_the_Nilgiri_Hills_(c._1870).jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱾]] ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤ.ᱟᱭ. ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>"GI certificate for Toda embroidery", ''The Hindu'' (15 June 2013).</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} exrluow09z0k8vuyb1dh6yk3q7ius4w 191887 191882 2026-05-15T09:17:18Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 191887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}}{{Infobox ethnic group|group=ᱴᱳᱰᱟ (Toda)|total=᱒,᱐᱐᱒ (᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ)|image=Elderly Toda Couple, William E. Marshall, 1873.jpg|image_caption=ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱰᱷᱤ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ, ᱑᱘᱗᱓|total_ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>|popplace=[[Nilgiris district|ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ]], ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ|languages=[[Toda language|ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]|religions=ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ [[animistic|ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[Hinduism|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rivers |first1=William Halse Rivers |title=The Todas |date=1906}}</ref>|related=[[Kota people (India)|ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[Dravidian languages|ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ}} '''ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱟ, ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱙᱐᱐ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ-ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Emeneau|1984|pp=1–2}} ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱭᱠᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="britannica-toda">"Toda", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. (2007)</ref> ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ UNESCO ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="UNESCO">World Heritage sites, UNESCO.</ref> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_Tribal_Hut_(5008551878).jpg|thumb|[[Nilgiris|ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (ᱫᱚᱜᱞᱮ)]] ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱤ. ᱮᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱑᱘᱗᱑ (᱖᱙᱓), ᱑᱘᱘᱑ (᱖᱗᱕), ᱑᱘᱙᱑ (᱗᱓᱙), ᱑᱙᱐᱑ (᱘᱐᱗), ᱑᱙᱑᱑ (᱖᱗᱖), ᱑᱙᱕᱑ (᱘᱗᱙), ᱑᱙᱖᱑ (᱗᱕᱙), ᱑᱙᱗᱑ (᱘᱑᱒) ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ:<blockquote>"ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱗᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ (᱖᱔᱐), ᱑᱙᱓᱑ (᱕᱙᱗), ᱑᱙᱔᱑ (᱖᱓᱐)) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ... ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"{{sfnp|Emeneau|1984|pp=1–2}}</blockquote> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:The_Tude_or_sacred_bush,_weapons._bow_&_arrow._Used_at_weddings_&_funerals_imitation_buffalo_horns.jpg|thumb|'ᱛᱩᱰᱮ' ᱥᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ, ᱟᱜ-ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_Maiden.jpg|left|thumb|ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱫ]] === ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱯᱟᱫ === ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱠᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱫᱷᱩᱛᱤ'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱞ ᱪᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ === ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ === ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ === ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾{{sfnp|Walker|2004}} ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ (᱓) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ (᱕) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_Hut.JPG|right|thumb|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾]] ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kasturi2007">{{cite book|last1=Kasturi|first1=Prema|title=South India Heritage: An Introduction|date=2007|publisher=East West Books|page=194|language=English}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱞᱮ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ-ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱞᱟᱭᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ-ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=The Siddhanta Deepika Or the Light of Truth|date=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=232}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱞᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱓ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ, ᱑᱘ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱕.᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱙ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱒.᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱞᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱪᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ (ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱙᱑ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱲᱫᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ === ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱢᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱦᱩᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱠᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱛᱚᱢ, ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ, ᱯᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K. S.|title=The Scheduled Tribes|date=1994|page=6|language=en}}</ref> == ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Cathredral_of_Todas_in_1900s.jpg|thumb|᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ - ᱯᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_green_funeral1871.jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱗᱑-᱗᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:TodaTemple1.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱴᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱢᱩᱛᱷᱩᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱢᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱾]] ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ 'ᱛᱳᱠᱤᱥᱤ' ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ 'ᱳᱱ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Anthony R.|date=2018|title=The Diverse Faces of Toda Religion|journal=Anthropos}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ-ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ 'ᱱᱳᱫᱽᱨᱳᱪᱤ' ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=183}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑,᱖᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱘᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=443}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤ (ᱢᱩᱱᱰ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ: 'ᱯᱟᱞᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ' ( ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ 'ᱯᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toda Temple|url=https://templesofindia.org/temple-view/toda-temple-nilgiris-tamil-nadu-595gyl}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱳᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱠᱩᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱱᱰᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱲᱦᱮᱫ ᱰᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ 'ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ' ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱠᱩᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱣᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=184}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ganesh|first1=Balasubramanian|title=Particularly vulnerable tribal groups of Tamil Nadu|journal=Indian Journal of Public Health}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱯᱩᱱ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=446}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ "ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱩᱦᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ, ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Emeneau|first=M. B.|date=July 1958|title=Oral Poets of South India: The Todas|journal=The Journal of American Folklore}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ: ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱛᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱞᱤ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱩᱫᱽᱨᱚᱯᱟᱞᱤ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ 'ᱠᱩᱫᱽᱨᱚᱯᱟᱞᱤ' ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱴᱤ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=40}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱣᱳᱴᱳ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Peter|first=Prince|title=Men and Cultures|pages=485–489}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=340}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ-ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱱ-ᱡᱩᱜᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱹᱱ-ᱡᱩᱜᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[Badagas|ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱜᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|pages=255–261}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ == ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ 'ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Emeneau|1984|pp=1–2}} [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Dhoda_(Toda)Dancers.jpg|thumb|ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] == ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ == === ᱞᱮᱠᱴᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ === ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ 'ᱞᱮᱠᱴᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ' (ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚ-ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱯ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱗.᱘% ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite bioRxiv|last1=Kerdoncuff|title=Revisiting the Evolution of Lactase Persistence|date=2025}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ == ᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱸᱠᱨᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Walker|2004}} ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ-ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱴᱮᱰ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Harvp|Chhabra|2005a}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_people_in_front_of_their_hut_in_the_Nilgiri_Hills_(c._1870).jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱾]] ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤ.ᱟᱭ. ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>"GI certificate for Toda embroidery", ''The Hindu'' (15 June 2013).</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} 8d0no9dx3ia5mz7plmt17rvrc5xxaaa 191889 191887 2026-05-15T09:19:17Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* */ 191889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}}{{Infobox ethnic group|group=ᱴᱳᱰᱟ (Toda)|total=᱒,᱐᱐᱒ (᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ)|image=Elderly Toda Couple, William E. Marshall, 1873.jpg|image_caption=ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱰᱷᱤ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ, ᱑᱘᱗᱓|total_ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>|popplace=[[Nilgiris district|ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ]], ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ|languages=[[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]|religions=ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ [[ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rivers |first1=William Halse Rivers |title=The Todas |date=1906}}</ref>|related=[[ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ}} '''ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱟ, ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱙᱐᱐ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ-ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Emeneau|1984|pp=1–2}} ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱭᱠᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="britannica-toda">"Toda", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. (2007)</ref> ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ UNESCO ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="UNESCO">World Heritage sites, UNESCO.</ref> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_Tribal_Hut_(5008551878).jpg|thumb|[[Nilgiris|ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (ᱫᱚᱜᱞᱮ)]] ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱤ. ᱮᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱑᱘᱗᱑ (᱖᱙᱓), ᱑᱘᱘᱑ (᱖᱗᱕), ᱑᱘᱙᱑ (᱗᱓᱙), ᱑᱙᱐᱑ (᱘᱐᱗), ᱑᱙᱑᱑ (᱖᱗᱖), ᱑᱙᱕᱑ (᱘᱗᱙), ᱑᱙᱖᱑ (᱗᱕᱙), ᱑᱙᱗᱑ (᱘᱑᱒) ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ:<blockquote>"ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱗᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ (᱖᱔᱐), ᱑᱙᱓᱑ (᱕᱙᱗), ᱑᱙᱔᱑ (᱖᱓᱐)) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ... ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"{{sfnp|Emeneau|1984|pp=1–2}}</blockquote> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:The_Tude_or_sacred_bush,_weapons._bow_&_arrow._Used_at_weddings_&_funerals_imitation_buffalo_horns.jpg|thumb|'ᱛᱩᱰᱮ' ᱥᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ, ᱟᱜ-ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_Maiden.jpg|left|thumb|ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱫ]] === ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱯᱟᱫ === ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱠᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱫᱷᱩᱛᱤ'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱞ ᱪᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ === ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ === ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ === ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾{{sfnp|Walker|2004}} ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ (᱓) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ (᱕) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_Hut.JPG|right|thumb|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾]] ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kasturi2007">{{cite book|last1=Kasturi|first1=Prema|title=South India Heritage: An Introduction|date=2007|publisher=East West Books|page=194|language=English}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱞᱮ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ-ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱞᱟᱭᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ-ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=The Siddhanta Deepika Or the Light of Truth|date=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=232}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱞᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱓ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ, ᱑᱘ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱕.᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱙ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱒.᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱞᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱪᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ (ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱙᱑ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱲᱫᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ === ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱢᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱦᱩᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱠᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱛᱚᱢ, ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ, ᱯᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K. S.|title=The Scheduled Tribes|date=1994|page=6|language=en}}</ref> == ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Cathredral_of_Todas_in_1900s.jpg|thumb|᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ - ᱯᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_green_funeral1871.jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱗᱑-᱗᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:TodaTemple1.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱴᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱢᱩᱛᱷᱩᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱢᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱾]] ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ 'ᱛᱳᱠᱤᱥᱤ' ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ 'ᱳᱱ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Anthony R.|date=2018|title=The Diverse Faces of Toda Religion|journal=Anthropos}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ-ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ 'ᱱᱳᱫᱽᱨᱳᱪᱤ' ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=183}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑,᱖᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱘᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=443}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤ (ᱢᱩᱱᱰ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ: 'ᱯᱟᱞᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ' ( ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ 'ᱯᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toda Temple|url=https://templesofindia.org/temple-view/toda-temple-nilgiris-tamil-nadu-595gyl}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱳᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱠᱩᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱱᱰᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱲᱦᱮᱫ ᱰᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ 'ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ' ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱠᱩᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱣᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=184}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ganesh|first1=Balasubramanian|title=Particularly vulnerable tribal groups of Tamil Nadu|journal=Indian Journal of Public Health}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱯᱩᱱ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=446}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ "ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱩᱦᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ, ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Emeneau|first=M. B.|date=July 1958|title=Oral Poets of South India: The Todas|journal=The Journal of American Folklore}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ: ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱛᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱞᱤ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱩᱫᱽᱨᱚᱯᱟᱞᱤ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ 'ᱠᱩᱫᱽᱨᱚᱯᱟᱞᱤ' ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱴᱤ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=40}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱣᱳᱴᱳ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Peter|first=Prince|title=Men and Cultures|pages=485–489}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|year=1906|page=340}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ-ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱱ-ᱡᱩᱜᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱹᱱ-ᱡᱩᱜᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[Badagas|ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱜᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|pages=255–261}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ == ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ 'ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Emeneau|1984|pp=1–2}} [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Dhoda_(Toda)Dancers.jpg|thumb|ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] == ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ == === ᱞᱮᱠᱴᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ === ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ 'ᱞᱮᱠᱴᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ' (ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚ-ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱯ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱗.᱘% ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite bioRxiv|last1=Kerdoncuff|title=Revisiting the Evolution of Lactase Persistence|date=2025}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ == ᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱸᱠᱨᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Walker|2004}} ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ-ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱴᱮᱰ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Harvp|Chhabra|2005a}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_people_in_front_of_their_hut_in_the_Nilgiri_Hills_(c._1870).jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱾]] ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤ.ᱟᱭ. ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>"GI certificate for Toda embroidery", ''The Hindu'' (15 June 2013).</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} 3501celsg7u8z3kzayv5rb4e9d5tbn2 1 35186 191884 189339 2026-05-15T09:16:11Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱡ [[ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ:ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ:ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ: ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱹᱣ 189339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱽᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖}} r8zwgx1lagynrz0pl4ft214m21ak0ta 0 35807 191844 191478 2026-05-14T14:43:22Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India Odisha#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|20.38|N|85.53|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ]] | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 48 | population_total = 17,521 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱕᱔᱐᱐᱘ | registration_plate = OR/OD 05 XX XXXX | website = | footnotes = }} '''ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱢᱩᱱᱫᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ, ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮ. ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devi Ranjan Tripathy, BJD Candidate from Banki Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/odisha/devi-ranjan-tripathy-assembly-candidate-s18aed2008a088e2024c003/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> ==ᱴᱚᱯᱳᱱᱤᱢ== ''ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ''ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤᱜᱟᱲ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱚᱠᱨᱟ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱽ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱵᱚᱠᱨᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱠ/ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱟ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱽ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱟ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱸᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱱᱚᱫᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱔᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱘᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱖,᱙᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱩᱠᱟᱰᱮᱭᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱩᱨᱫᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱟᱰᱮᱭᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ, ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱩᱨᱫᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱩᱨᱫᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱠᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱩᱨᱫᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ{{Coord|20.38|N|85.53|E|}}<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/21/Banki2.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Banki]</ref> ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱱᱚᱫᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱔᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱕᱗ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱩᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥᱚᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱩᱨᱫᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱷᱮᱝᱠᱟᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖᱔ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{cn|date=February 2026}} ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱓ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱢᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐ ° ᱥᱮᱞᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ° ᱥᱮᱞᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{cn|date=February 2026}} ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗,᱕᱒᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱒% ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱘% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘᱒% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱗᱔.᱐᱔% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱕᱕% ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱔᱕% ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱙.᱑᱖% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾{{cn|date=February 2026}} ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{cn|date=February 2026}} ᱑. ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱙᱖.᱘᱖% ᱒. ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱒.᱔% ᱓. ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱑.᱑᱐% ᱔. ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷ ᱐.᱕% ==ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ== ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱟᱱᱥᱩᱯᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ, ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱟᱠᱟ ᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱟᱱᱪᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ, ᱨᱟᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱤᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱯᱟᱴᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱷᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱟᱨᱟᱪᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱫᱟᱯᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬ ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱮᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱮᱭ ᱦᱤᱞ, ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ, ᱜᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱸᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱟ, ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱳᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱠᱷᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱨᱰ ᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (ᱦᱟᱨᱤᱜᱟᱡᱯᱩᱨ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞ (ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱨ) ᱾{{cn|date=February 2026}} ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ (ᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟ.ᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ । ᱨᱩᱥ, ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ), ᱦᱟᱥᱟ, ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ, ᱢᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱟᱦᱤ ᱵᱩᱱᱰᱤ, ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱜᱚᱞᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱢᱪᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{cn|date=February 2026}} ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱩᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱼᱟ, ᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱱᱚᱫᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱞᱤᱪ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{cn|date=February 2026}} ===ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ=== ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govt of Odisha |first=tourism/tourist-places/banki-charchika |title=Banki Charchika |url=https://cuttack.odisha.gov.in/tourism/tourist-places/banki-charchika }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱨᱩᱪᱤᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱩᱠᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-05 |title=INTACH restores and recreates Charchika shrine’s carved canopy in Odisha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/Sep/17/intach-restores-and-recreates-charchika-shrines-carved-canopy-in-odisha-2499451.html |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱽᱜᱟ, ᱥᱩᱞᱟ, ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱫᱟᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟ. ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱛᱷᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱾{{cn|date=February 2026}} ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ== ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮ. ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banki Assembly Election Results 2024: Banki Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/banki-constituency-result-18088 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱤᱡᱩ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ]] ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮ. ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱔, ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟ.ᱰᱤ. ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱵᱟᱥᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱤᱱ.ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮ.ᱰᱤ. ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱱᱟᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱦᱩ, ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱ.ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱ.ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱨ. ᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱜᱮᱥ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱨᱩᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/March2004/pollupd/ac/states/s18/Partycomp46.htm |title = State Elections 2004 - Partywise Comparison for 46-Banki Constituency of Odisha |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2008-09-24 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱮᱱ. ᱮ. ᱥᱤ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Banki NAC {{!}} Cuttack,Odisha |url=http://www.bankinac.in/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=www.bankinac.in}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱫᱟᱯᱟᱫᱟ, ᱯᱟᱴᱟᱯᱩᱨ, ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨ, ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱤᱯᱤᱴᱟ, ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱠᱟ, ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ, ᱨᱟᱬᱟᱯᱩᱨ, ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱽ, ᱵᱮᱰᱟᱯᱩᱨ, ᱥᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱠᱟᱯᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱤ ᱮᱱ. ᱮ. ᱥᱤ. ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱩ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾{{cn|date=February 2026}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [https://www.latlong.net/place/banki-odisha-india-26119.html A website on Banki, Orissa] {{ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] do17iumzzzhhlqwe8n89ytvcl9rowad 0 35832 191846 191531 2026-05-14T15:10:36Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hospital | name = ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ | org_group = [[ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ]] | image = Brahmananda_Narayana_Multispeciality_Hospital,_Jamshedpur.jpg | location = ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ-᱓᱓, ᱯᱟᱨᱰᱤᱦ ᱪᱷᱚᱠ ᱥᱩᱨ, ᱛᱟᱢᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱚᱨᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱥᱚᱶᱟ | region = [[ᱡᱟᱢᱥᱮᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ]] | state = [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | network = [[ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ]] | emergency = ᱒᱔x᱗ | website = {{URL | https://www.narayanahealth.org/hospitals/jamshedpur/brahmananda-narayana-multispeciality-hospital | narayanahealth.org}} }} '''ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ''', ᱡᱟᱢᱥᱮᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱰᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱷᱨᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱠᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ,<ref>{{cite news|work= indiatimes.com |title= Oncology department at Steel City hospital|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Oncology-department-at-Steel-City-hospital/articleshow/47957230.cms}}</ref> ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱟᱨᱤ, ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ, ᱜᱟᱭᱱᱮᱠᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱱᱴᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |work= avenuemail.in |title= 170 benefit from Brahmananda Hospital free heath camp |url= http://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/170-benefit-brahmananda-hospital-free-heath-camp/94947/ |access-date= 2026-05-07 |archive-date= 2019-11-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191122112837/https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/170-benefit-brahmananda-hospital-free-heath-camp/94947/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱢᱥᱮᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱱ ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,<ref>{{cite news|work= telegraphindia.com |title= Steel city to health city|url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080719/jsp/jharkhand/story_9570955.jsp}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱴᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱢᱥᱮᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱤᱨᱜᱤ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite news|work= indiatimes.com |title= Steel city gets its first epilepsy clinic|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Steel-city-gets-its-first-epilepsy-clinic/articleshow/26379804.cms}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱰᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |work= avenuemail.in |title= Newborn baby undergoes ‘Life Saving’ surgery at Brahmananda |url= http://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/newborn-baby-undergoes-life-saving-surgery-brahmananda/96925/ |access-date= 2026-05-07 |archive-date= 2020-08-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200805220453/https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/newborn-baby-undergoes-life-saving-surgery-brahmananda/96925/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ ᱠᱳᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱮᱢᱵᱩᱞᱮᱱᱥ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ, ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ, ᱒᱔/᱗ ᱤᱢᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱳᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ,<ref>{{cite news|work= avenuemail.in|title= Specialists at BNMH perform miracle|url= http://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/specialists-at-bnmh-perform-miracle/85656/|access-date= 2026-05-07|archive-date= 2019-08-24|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190824232120/https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/specialists-at-bnmh-perform-miracle/85656/|url-status= dead}}</ref> ᱙᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://www.narayanahealth.org/hospitals/jamshedpur/brahmananda-narayana-multispeciality-hospital/ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] 4nbtpjn9mn7hiipn16hn213je6o78pa 0 35844 191843 191735 2026-05-14T14:36:32Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ}} '''ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱤ.ᱟᱨ.ᱥᱤ. ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱰᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-05 |title=BRC AND SCH SIGN COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENT |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/newsroom/BRC/BRC-and-SCH-sign-collaborative-agreement |website=www.qu.edu.qa |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328153821/http://www.qu.edu.qa/newsroom/BRC/BRC-and-SCH-sign-collaborative-agreement |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Biomedical Research Center {{!}} Qatar University |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/brc |website=www.qu.edu.qa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Qatar puts the pursuit of knowledge front and centre |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d42473-018-00045-9 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == [[ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Research {{!}} Qatar Genome Programme |url=https://www.qatargenome.org.qa/research |website=www.qatargenome.org.qa |access-date=2026-05-08 |archive-date=2024-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413092216/https://www.qatargenome.org.qa/research |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ, ᱦᱟᱨᱴ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭᱵᱮᱴᱤᱥ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=Qatar |url=https://www.healthdata.org/qatar |website=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-19 |title=Health and Biomedical Sciences |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/research-priorities/health-and-biomedical-sciences |website=Qatar University |access-date=2026-05-08 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314083010/http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/research-priorities/health-and-biomedical-sciences |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤ.ᱟᱨ.ᱥᱤ. ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2008 |title=Qatar National Vision 2030 {{!}} General Secretariat For Development Planning |url=https://www.gco.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/GCO-QNV-English.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-19 |title=Research Pillars and Priorities {{!}} Qatar University |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/research-priorities |website=www.qu.edu.qa}}</ref> BRC ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ American Association for Laboratory Accreditation ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ISO/IEC 17025|ISO/IEC - 17025]] ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-01 |title=QU BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER AND LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTER AWARDED ISO IEC - 17025 ACCREDITATION |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/newsroom/LARC/QU-Biomedical-Research-Center-and-Laboratory-Animal-Research-Center-awarded-ISO-IEC-%E2%80%93-17025-accreditation |website=www.qu.edu.qa |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328153821/http://www.qu.edu.qa/newsroom/LARC/QU-Biomedical-Research-Center-and-Laboratory-Animal-Research-Center-awarded-ISO-IEC-%E2%80%93-17025-accreditation |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ (ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳᱵᱟᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ), ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱵᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱰᱤᱥᱚᱨᱰᱚᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ [[Omics|ᱳᱢᱤᱠᱥ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divisions and Researches {{!}} Qatar University |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/brc/about/divisions-and-researches |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=www.qu.edu.qa |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314053948/http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/brc/about/divisions-and-researches |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ == ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, BRC ᱫᱚ ᱕᱓᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=BRC Publications |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/brc/about/publications |website=Qatar University |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315055508/http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/brc/about/publications |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Qatar University Institutional Repository {{!}} Biomedical Research Center |url=https://qspace.qu.edu.qa/handle/10576/62 |website=qspace.qu.edu.qa |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-date=2025-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614082745/https://qspace.qu.edu.qa/handle/10576/62 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: # ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱵᱟᱭᱳᱴᱤᱠ-ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱵᱟᱭᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=El Zowalaty ME, Al Thani AA, Webster TJ, El Zowalaty AE, Schweizer HP, Nasrallah GK, Marei HE, Ashour HM |date=2015-10-01 |title=Pseudomonas aeruginosa: arsenal of resistance mechanisms, decades of changing resistance profiles, and future antimicrobial therapies |journal=Future Microbiology |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1683–1706 |doi=10.2217/fmb.15.48 |pmid=26439366}}</ref> # ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱒ ᱰᱟᱭᱵᱮᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Al-Sulaiti H, Diboun I, Agha MV, Mohamed FF, Atkin S, Dömling AS, Elrayess MA, Mazloum NA |date=October 2019 |title=Metabolic signature of obesity-associated insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes |journal=Journal of Translational Medicine |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=348 |doi=10.1186/s12967-019-2096-8 |pmc=6805293 |pmid=31640727 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # COVID-19 ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ,<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Younes N, Al-Sadeq DW, Al-Jighefee H, Younes S, Al-Jamal O, Daas HI, Yassine HM, Nasrallah GK |date=May 2020 |title=Challenges in Laboratory Diagnosis of the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Viruses |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=582 |doi=10.3390/v12060582 |pmc=7354519 |pmid=32466458 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱢᱤᱠᱨᱳᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ # ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱰᱤ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱟᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱩᱜᱳᱝ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ ᱾ # ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱱᱳ-ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱾<ref name="pmid36851305">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohamed NA, Zupin L, Mazi SI, Al-Khatib HA, Crovella S |date=February 2023 |title=Nanomedicine as a Potential Tool against Monkeypox |journal=Vaccines |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=428 |doi=10.3390/vaccines11020428 |pmc=9963669 |pmid=36851305 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == ᱡᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ == [[File:Zebrafish Graphics from Qatar University.jpg|alt=BRC Introduced the use of zebrafish as an animal model in biomedical research at Qatar University|thumb|BRC ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ]] ᱵᱤᱨ.ᱟᱨ.ᱥᱤ. ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zakaria ZZ, Benslimane FM, Nasrallah GK, Shurbaji S, Younes NN, Mraiche F, Da'as SI, Yalcin HC | display-authors = 6 | title = Using Zebrafish for Investigating the Molecular Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity | journal = BioMed Research International | volume = 2018 | article-number = 1642684 | date = 2018-09-27 | pmid = 30363733 | doi = 10.1155/2018/1642684 | pmc = 6180974 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Facilities | work = Qatar University |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/research/brc/facilities }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱰᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Policy on Zebrafish Research, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Research Regulation |url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/static_file/qu/research/documents/qu_iacuc/Policy%20on%20Zebrafish%20Research.pdf }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [http://www.qu.edu.qa/research ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱩᱣᱮᱴ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ] * [http://www.qu.edu.qa/newsroom ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱱᱤᱣᱩᱡᱽᱨᱩᱢ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱳᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ]] 1nzda5i9cm6s8jlsua89zkbaone18c4 0 35849 191834 191731 2026-05-14T12:47:02Z MT731 2184 191834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ | other_name = ᱢᱟᱞ | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ | image_skyline = Murti-malbazar.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3#Asia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.85|N|88.75|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ<br/>ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱭᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱛᱤ | governing_body = {{hlist|ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ|ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱭᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱛᱤ}} | leader_title = ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ | leader_name = ᱩᱛᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱷᱩᱨᱤ | leader_title1 = ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱯᱟᱛᱤ | leader_name1 = ᱥᱩᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Malbazar Info|url=https://malmunicipality.org/placestovisite.php|website=malmunicipality.org|access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 3.50 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = ᱒᱕,᱒᱑᱘<ref name="census2011.co.in">{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801639-mal.html | title=Mal Municipality City Population Census 2011-2022 &#124; West Bengal }}</ref> | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = ᱙᱘᱕᱑ | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=14 August 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ&nbsp;ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info2 = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]<ref name="wblangoff"/> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱕᱒᱒᱑ | registration_plate = | blank1_name_sec1 = ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ | blank1_info_sec1 = ᱙᱕᱐/᱙᱖᱘ [[ᱠᱚᱲᱟ|♂]]/[[ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ|♀]]<ref name="census2011.co.in"/> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank2_info_sec1 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ (ᱮᱥ.ᱥᱤ.)]] | blank3_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank3_info_sec1 = [[ᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱢᱟᱞ (ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ)]] | blank1_name_sec2 = ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚᱨ | blank1_info_sec2 = ᱘᱘.᱖᱘% | website = [http://www.malmunicipality.org/ www.malmunicipality.org] | footnotes = }} '''ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ''', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱟᱞ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]]<ref>[http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/MAP2.htm Administrative setup of Jalpaiguri district] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208201633/http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/MAP2.htm |date=8 December 2008 }} from official website of [[Jalpaiguri District]]</ref> ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤ ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱮᱨᱡᱤ, ᱰᱨᱹ ᱚᱢᱚᱞᱮᱱᱫᱩ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥ (ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ), ᱫᱮᱵᱟᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱜᱳᱥ (ᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱩ), ᱰᱨᱹ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱚᱨᱡᱤ, ᱱᱨᱤᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱰᱷᱟᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=410| height=350| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞ, ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱞᱟᱴᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ (R)|shape-color8= #A42222 |mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|10|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱰᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱢ]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱟᱝᱡᱷᱳᱲᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|5|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222 |mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222 |mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B |mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B |mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B |mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B |mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B |mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B |mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22 |mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22 |mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= ᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none |mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= ᱜᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none |mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}} ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{coord|26.85|N|88.75|E|}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=26.85017&lon=88.74724&zoom=14&q1=mal%252C%2520west%2520bengal%252C%2520india |title = Yahoo maps of Mal |publisher = Yahoo maps |access-date = 29 November 2008 |archive-date = 13 March 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090313184016/http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=26.85017&lon=88.74724&zoom=14&q1=mal%252C%2520west%2520bengal%252C%2520india |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨᱱ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ – ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱣᱤᱞᱰᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱽ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱚᱝ, ᱵᱤᱱᱫᱩ, ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ, ᱥᱩᱱᱛᱟᱞᱮᱠᱷᱳᱞᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱚᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱞᱚᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ ᱥᱠᱳᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ=== ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | access-date = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | access-date = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱘.᱖᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑.᱓᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |access-date = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | access-date = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | access-date = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱤ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕,᱒᱑᱘ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱒,᱘᱑᱔ (᱕᱑%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒,᱔᱐᱔ (᱔᱙%) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑᱖᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐,᱓᱕᱔ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱘᱔.᱖᱑%) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓,᱒᱑᱒ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱒,᱑᱑᱑ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑,᱑᱐᱑ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱓.᱘᱑%, [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱑.᱕᱒% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱨᱚᱛᱷ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗.᱘᱔% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_2.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Jalpaiguri District |access-date=23 August 2007 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040713/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_2.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> ===ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ=== {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = ᱢᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (᱒᱐᱑᱑)<ref name=Census_Language/> |label1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] |value1 = 64.07 |color1 = red |label2 = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] |value2 = 16.43 |color2 = orange |label3 = [[ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ]] |value3 = 5.65 |color3 = green |label4 = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] |value4 = 5.53 |color4 = pink |label5 = [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ]] |value5 = 3.68 |color5 = black |label6 = ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ |value6 = 4.61 |color6 = white }} [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], [[ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Census_Language>{{cite web |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10245/download/13357/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=29 June 2024}}</ref> ==ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ== ᱢᱟᱞ ᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱣᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wbdma.gov.in/htm/DIS%5CMUNI_ULB_Mal.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312094524/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Mal.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 March 2016 |title=Mal municipality |publisher=Official website of the Department of Municipal Affairs, West Bengal |access-date=29 November 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=জল্পনা কল্পনার অবসান ঘটিয়ে, মাল পুরসভার নাম ঘোষণা |url=https://khabarindiaonline.in/2022/03/16/announcing-the-name-of-mal-municipality-putting-an-end-to-speculation/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=Khabar India Online |date=16 March 2022}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ== ===ᱨᱮᱞ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ=== [[File:Board Showing New Mal Junction railway station.jpg|thumb|[[ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]]]] [[File:Malbazar Railway Station Board.jpg|thumb|[[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ]]]] ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] (ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ MLBZ) ᱟᱨ [[ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ]] (ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ NMZ) ᱾ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] (MLBZ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱭᱩ. ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ, ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱩᱠᱛᱚᱞᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱚᱰᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱪᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱚᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱩᱪ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ-ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]-[[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱚᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ=== ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱭᱜᱟᱶ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱭᱜᱟᱶ, ᱦᱟᱥᱤᱢᱟᱨᱟ, ᱵᱤᱨᱯᱟᱨᱟ, ᱵᱤᱱᱱᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ, [[ᱜᱟᱝᱴᱚᱠ]], [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱯᱳᱝ]], ᱨᱚᱝᱯᱳ, ᱥᱤᱝᱴᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚᱨᱮᱛᱷᱚᱝ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱭᱳᱝ, ᱱᱟᱢᱪᱤ, ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱝ, [[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]], ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱴᱟᱱᱠᱤ, [[ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ]], ᱢᱮᱭᱱᱜᱩᱲᱤ, ᱫᱷᱩᱯᱜᱩᱲᱤ, ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱠᱟᱴᱟ, [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]], ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ, ᱠᱩᱪ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱯᱤ/ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱟᱴᱤ, ᱥᱤᱞᱚᱝ, ᱡᱚᱨᱦᱟᱴ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ, ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱟ, ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱨᱟ, ᱯᱮᱰᱚᱝ, ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱯᱚᱝ, ᱨᱮᱱᱚᱠ, ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱚᱝ, ᱟᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱗᱑᱗ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/may/28/doklam-effect-sikkim-to-get-new-all-weather-highway-1820559.html| title = Doklam effect: Sikkim to get new all-weather highway |date=28 May 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=19 February 2022}} </ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱥ, ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱨᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱵᱤᱨᱯᱟᱨᱟ]], [[ᱦᱟᱥᱤᱢᱟᱨᱟ]], [[ᱡᱚᱭᱜᱟᱶ]], [[ᱠᱩᱪ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ]], [[ᱫᱷᱩᱯᱜᱩᱲᱤ]], [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ=== ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ]] ᱗᱔ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨᱟ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱜᱳ, ᱜᱳ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱥᱴ, ᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ, ᱮᱭᱤ ᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚᱱᱮᱠᱴ, ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱯᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨᱩᱠ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ (ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱜᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱛᱮ [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱜᱚᱰᱟ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ]], [[ᱥᱟᱨᱫᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱞᱚᱵᱽᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱴᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱨᱟᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱜᱟᱹᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱨᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], [[ᱤᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱳ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱯᱟᱨᱳ]] (ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ), [[ᱞᱚᱠᱯᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱚᱯᱤᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱵᱚᱨᱰᱚᱞᱚᱭ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱟᱴᱤ]], [[ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱡᱤ ᱥᱩᱵᱷᱟᱥ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱳᱥ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]], [[ᱰᱤᱵᱽᱨᱩᱜᱚᱲ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱰᱤᱵᱽᱨᱩᱜᱚᱲ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱚᱠ (ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== * ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ (CBSE, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ)(ᱮᱪ.ᱮᱥ.) * [[ᱢᱟᱞ ᱟᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ]] (WBCHSE, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ)(ᱮᱪ.ᱮᱥ.) * [https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19021600404 ᱥᱩᱵᱷᱟᱥᱤᱱᱤ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ] (WBCHSE, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ) (ᱮᱪ.ᱮᱥ.) * [[ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱢᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱛᱨᱟ ᱥᱢᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] c86ggkvrirg6wg2px4dzpe6b3xzm3f4 0 35880 191837 191769 2026-05-14T12:50:59Z MT731 2184 191837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3 | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.8685|N|88.8045|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 6.5095 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 5394 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱕᱒᱐᱖ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ/ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱕᱖᱒ | registration_plate = WB | blank1_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank1_info_sec1 = [[ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank2_info_sec1 = [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] | website = {{URL|jalpaiguri.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ]] [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=410| height=350| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞ, ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱞᱟᱴᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ]] (R)|shape-color8= #A42222 |mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|10|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱰᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱢ]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱟᱝᱡᱷᱳᱲᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|5|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222 |mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222 |mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B |mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B |mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B |mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B |mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B |mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B |mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22 |mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22 |mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= ᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none |mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= ᱜᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none |mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}} ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ {{coord|26.8685|N|88.8045|E|display=inline}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ=== [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱘.᱖᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑.᱓᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ / ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱕,᱓᱙᱔ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱙᱗᱒ (᱕᱐%) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒,᱙᱖᱒ (᱕᱐%) ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱖᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱓,᱗᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱗᱐.᱓᱖% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 4 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱤᱱᱯᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚᱠᱪᱚᱨ== ''ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ'', ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱖.᱕᱐᱙᱕ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱡᱷᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱦᱮᱰ ᱴᱮᱝᱠ, ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱟᱢᱯ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱘᱓᱑ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱕᱐ ᱥᱚᱸᱡᱷᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱥᱟ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱚᱥᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱰᱤᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ/ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱣᱮᱴᱮᱨᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱥᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱞ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 451-453: Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 454-455: Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 456-457: Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 458-459: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 460—463: Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 464: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 26 June 2020}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * {{Wikivoyage inline|ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ}} * {{Wikivoyage inline|ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ}} {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] 0lnp9w7ord2u847bx2rm6spb45ed8vj 0 35888 191842 191773 2026-05-14T14:23:16Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 191842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = Bagrakote village in the Malbazar subdivision of the Jalpaiguri district 08.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰ | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.8994|N|88.5846|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 9971 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱔᱕᱐᱑ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ/ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱕᱖᱒ | registration_plate = WB | blank1_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank1_info_sec1 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank2_info_sec1 = [[ᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱢᱟᱞ]] | website = {{URL|jalpaiguri.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱟᱞ]] [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱸᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱳᱭᱮᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ) ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱫᱚ NH 717A ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ NH 17 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=410| height=350| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞ, ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱞᱟᱴᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ (R)|shape-color8= #A42222 |mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|10|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱰᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱢ]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱰᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱟᱝᱡᱷᱳᱲᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|5|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222 |mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222 |mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B |mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B |mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B |mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B |mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B |mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B |mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22 |mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22 |mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= ᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none |mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= ᱜᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none |mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}} ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱫᱚ {{coord|26.8994|N|88.5846|E|display=inline}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ=== [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱘.᱖᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑.᱓᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ / ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱙,᱙᱗᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱔,᱙᱐᱗ (᱔᱙%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱐᱖᱔ (᱕᱑%) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱙᱕ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱖,᱘᱗᱘ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 6 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱗᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱩᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱪᱟ ᱖᱐% ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/13-years-too-late-for-many-in-north-bengals-tea-gardens/ | title = 13 years too late for many in North Bengal's tea gardens | work= Bagrakote Tea Garden in Jalpaiguri district |first= Esha| last= Roy| date = 22 November 2015 | publisher = The Indian Express, 22 November 2015 |accessdate = 16 July 2020}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱭᱱᱠᱟ ᱰᱟᱸᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱘᱓ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱔ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱓.᱕ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/kolkata-stick-with-your-didi-cm-tells-tea-garden-workers-in-dooars/story-wZIhxPtRH86een5G8iQJvO.html | title = Kolkata: Stick with your did, CM tells tea garden workers in Dooars | date = 5 November 2015 | publisher = Hindustan Times, 5 November 2015 |accessdate = 8 July 2020}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱘᱙.᱙᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱯᱷᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱑.᱓᱒ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱘-᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱔᱑᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.duncans-tea.com/tea.htm | title = Tea Garden | publisher = Duncans | accessdate = 8 July 2020 | archive-date = 31 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200731211244/http://duncans-tea.com/tea.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ== ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱪᱮᱱᱡᱩᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱨᱮᱠᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱮᱜᱟᱣᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ== [[ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱢᱩᱛᱚᱞᱟ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱗᱑᱗ᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱑᱗ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ== ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱥᱟᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ-ᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱸᱡᱷᱮ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱯᱨᱚᱱᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ NH-31A ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/army-to-boost-north-bengal-infrastructure/articleshow/5717601.cms|title=Army to boost North Bengal infrastructure &#124; Kolkata News - Times of India}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱚᱨᱰᱟᱱᱥ ᱰᱤᱯᱳ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱥᱴᱨᱤᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bidassist.com/west-bengal-tenders/military-engineer-services/providers-96c012aa-c36f-448b-aa4f-e7ed3cdf7bee|title = MES Tender - SPL Repair ''To bldg'' no sp 03 T 1098 and T 943 at Bagrakote Mil STN Under Ge Sevoke Road - West Bengal}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] hia7seg236u527i4ck2ruo6bluxyjh2 0 35889 191832 191774 2026-05-14T12:41:22Z MT731 2184 191832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ}} {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India#Asia | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.8869|N|88.9067|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 214 | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|accessdate=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=10 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ&nbsp;ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info2 = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]<ref name="wblangoff"/> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱕᱒᱒᱕ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱕᱖᱕ | registration_plate = WB | blank1_name_sec1 = ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ | blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}} | blank2_name_sec1 = ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | blank2_info_sec1 = ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank3_info_sec1 = [[ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ]] | blank4_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank4_info_sec1 = [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] | website = {{URL|https://jalpaiguri.gov.in/}} }} '''ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱑᱗ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱠᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=410| height=350| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞ, ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱞᱟᱴᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ (R)|shape-color8= #A42222 |mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|10|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱰᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱢ]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱟᱝᱡᱷᱳᱲᱟ ᱪᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|5|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222 |mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222 |mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B |mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B |mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B |mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B |mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B |mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B |mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22 |mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22 |mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= ᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none |mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= ᱜᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none |mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}} ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱑᱔ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ {{Coord|26.8869|N|88.9067|E}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Nagrakata.html Map and weather of Nagrakata]</ref> ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱓᱑ ᱥᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱠᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ=== [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱘.᱖᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑.᱓᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ / ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ== ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 5 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="map">{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Jalpaiguri district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 5 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱗᱐᱕᱐᱐ (᱕᱐%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱗᱐᱕᱐᱐ (᱕᱐%) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐,᱕᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱕᱐%) ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 4 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ== [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱚᱢᱩᱠᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Nagrakata-70941.htm ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ] * [http://www.maplandia.com/india/west-bengal/jalpaiguri/nagrakata/ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱴᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ] * {{Wikivoyage-inline|ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ}} {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] 3eyjnd1q5ok1e7j61md05srjhtfthp9 191835 191832 2026-05-14T12:47:54Z MT731 2184 191835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ}} {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India#Asia | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.8869|N|88.9067|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 214 | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|accessdate=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=10 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ&nbsp;ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info2 = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]<ref name="wblangoff"/> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱕᱒᱒᱕ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱕᱖᱕ | registration_plate = WB | blank1_name_sec1 = ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ | blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}} | blank2_name_sec1 = ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | blank2_info_sec1 = ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank3_info_sec1 = [[ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ]] | blank4_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank4_info_sec1 = [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] | website = {{URL|https://jalpaiguri.gov.in/}} }} '''ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱑᱗ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱠᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=410| height=350| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞ, ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱞᱟᱴᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ (R)|shape-color8= #A42222 |mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|10|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱰᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱢ]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱟᱝᱡᱷᱳᱲᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|5|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222 |mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222 |mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B |mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B |mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B |mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B |mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B |mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B |mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22 |mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22 |mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= ᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none |mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= ᱜᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none |mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}} ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱑᱔ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ {{Coord|26.8869|N|88.9067|E}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Nagrakata.html Map and weather of Nagrakata]</ref> ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱓᱑ ᱥᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱠᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ=== [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱘.᱖᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑.᱓᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ / ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ== ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 5 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="map">{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Jalpaiguri district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 5 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱗᱐᱕᱐᱐ (᱕᱐%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱗᱐᱕᱐᱐ (᱕᱐%) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐,᱕᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱕᱐%) ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 4 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ== [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱚᱢᱩᱠᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Nagrakata-70941.htm ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ] * [http://www.maplandia.com/india/west-bengal/jalpaiguri/nagrakata/ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱴᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ] * {{Wikivoyage-inline|ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ}} {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] rb0at2c0nt5mmzb0k4ubtloqkvz5f8m 191852 191835 2026-05-15T07:59:39Z MT731 2184 191852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ}} {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India#Asia | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.8869|N|88.9067|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 214 | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|accessdate=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=10 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ&nbsp;ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info2 = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]<ref name="wblangoff"/> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱕᱒᱒᱕ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱕᱖᱕ | registration_plate = WB | blank1_name_sec1 = ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ | blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}} | blank2_name_sec1 = ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | blank2_info_sec1 = ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank3_info_sec1 = [[ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ]] | blank4_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank4_info_sec1 = [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] | website = {{URL|https://jalpaiguri.gov.in/}} }} '''ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱑᱗ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱠᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=410| height=350| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞ, ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱞᱟᱴᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ]] (R)|shape-color8= #A42222 |mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|10|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱰᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱢ]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱟᱝᱡᱷᱳᱲᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|5|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222 |mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222 |mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B |mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B |mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B |mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B |mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B |mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B |mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22 |mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22 |mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= ᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none |mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= ᱜᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none |mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}} ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱑᱔ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ {{Coord|26.8869|N|88.9067|E}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Nagrakata.html Map and weather of Nagrakata]</ref> ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱓᱑ ᱥᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱠᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ=== [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱘.᱖᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑.᱓᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ / ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ== ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 5 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="map">{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Jalpaiguri district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 5 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱗᱐᱕᱐᱐ (᱕᱐%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱗᱐᱕᱐᱐ (᱕᱐%) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐,᱕᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱕᱐%) ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 4 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ== [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱚᱢᱩᱠᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Nagrakata-70941.htm ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ] * [http://www.maplandia.com/india/west-bengal/jalpaiguri/nagrakata/ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱴᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ] * {{Wikivoyage-inline|ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ}} {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] 2kxw2gzh5t93zbydwpexkontuy07h0e 191893 191852 2026-05-15T11:54:13Z MT731 2184 191893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ}} {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India#Asia | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.8869|N|88.9067|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 214 | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|accessdate=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=10 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ&nbsp;ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info2 = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]<ref name="wblangoff"/> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱕᱒᱒᱕ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱕᱖᱕ | registration_plate = WB | blank1_name_sec1 = ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ | blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}} | blank2_name_sec1 = ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | blank2_info_sec1 = ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank3_info_sec1 = [[ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ]] | blank4_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank4_info_sec1 = [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] | website = {{URL|https://jalpaiguri.gov.in/}} }} '''ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱑᱗ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱠᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=410| height=350| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞ, ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱞᱟᱴᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ]] (R)|shape-color8= #A42222 |mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|10|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱰᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱢ]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱝᱡᱷᱳᱨᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|5|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222 |mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222 |mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B |mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B |mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B |mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B |mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B |mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B |mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22 |mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22 |mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= ᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none |mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= ᱜᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none |mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}} ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱑᱔ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ {{Coord|26.8869|N|88.9067|E}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Nagrakata.html Map and weather of Nagrakata]</ref> ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱓᱑ ᱥᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱠᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ=== [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱘.᱖᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑.᱓᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ / ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ== ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 5 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="map">{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Jalpaiguri district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 5 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱗᱐᱕᱐᱐ (᱕᱐%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱗᱐᱕᱐᱐ (᱕᱐%) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐,᱕᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱕᱐%) ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 4 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ== [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ-ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱚᱢᱩᱠᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Nagrakata-70941.htm ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ] * [http://www.maplandia.com/india/west-bengal/jalpaiguri/nagrakata/ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱴᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ] * {{Wikivoyage-inline|ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ}} {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] 8am3t67zvk6r1wfozaaib3o6tf3w5ry 0 35896 191847 191828 2026-05-15T05:07:39Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[:en:Annonaceae|''ᱮᱱᱚᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ'']] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Soursop|ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ]] (''[[Annona muricata]]'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropical climate|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Spanish Filipino|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|[[Michał Boym]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Morton/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[Reuleaux triangle]] ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Taiwan|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱚᱯᱟᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Tropical|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ (spring) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ (early summer) ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ [[Nitidulidae|ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ]] ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ [[Annona|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[food energy|ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] (energy) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C]] ᱟᱨ [[manganese|ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Thiamine|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1]] ᱟᱨ [[Vitamin B6|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Riboflavin|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2]], [[Vitamin B3|B3]], [[Pantothenic acid|B5]], [[Folate|B9]], [[iron|ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[Diterpenoid|ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[Alkaloid|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> [[Bayer AG]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ [[Biopesticide|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[Annona]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (invasive species) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''[[Neotropic|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ (tropical or subtropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Nitidulidae]], [[Staphylinidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Curculionidae]] ᱟᱨ [[Scarabaeidae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat|ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ]] (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ (decoction) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Dysentery|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urinary tract infection|ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> [[Ayurveda|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> [[Haiti|ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ (juice) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" ([[atemoya]]) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taitung City|ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Goiânia|ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] 8rdvugndzfjopm666kbiii39hv4du8i 191848 191847 2026-05-15T05:15:54Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[:en:Annonaceae|''ᱮᱱᱚᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ'']] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Soursop|ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ]] (''[[Annona muricata]]'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropical climate|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Spanish Filipino|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|[[Michał Boym]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Morton/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[Reuleaux triangle]] ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Taiwan|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱚᱯᱟᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ [[Nitidulidae|ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ]] ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ [[Annona|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[food energy|ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] (energy) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C]] ᱟᱨ [[manganese|ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Thiamine|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1]] ᱟᱨ [[Vitamin B6|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Riboflavin|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2]], [[Vitamin B3|B3]], [[Pantothenic acid|B5]], [[Folate|B9]], [[iron|ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[Diterpenoid|ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[Alkaloid|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> [[Bayer AG]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ [[Biopesticide|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[Annona]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (invasive species) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''[[Neotropic|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ (tropical or subtropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Nitidulidae]], [[Staphylinidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Curculionidae]] ᱟᱨ [[Scarabaeidae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat|ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ]] (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ (decoction) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Dysentery|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urinary tract infection|ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> [[Ayurveda|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> [[Haiti|ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ (juice) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" ([[atemoya]]) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taitung City|ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Goiânia|ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] gdyfnetih8kcoh1lf211kgvxmt4mmjw 191849 191848 2026-05-15T05:19:11Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[:en:Annonaceae|''ᱮᱱᱚᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ'']] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Soursop|ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ]] (''[[Annona muricata]]'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropical climate|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Spanish Filipino|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|[[Michał Boym]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Morton/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[Reuleaux triangle]] ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Taiwan|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱚᱯᱟᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ [[Nitidulidae|ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ]] ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ [[Annona|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C]] ᱟᱨ [[manganese|ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Thiamine|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1]] ᱟᱨ [[Vitamin B6|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Riboflavin|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2]], [[Vitamin B3|B3]], [[Pantothenic acid|B5]], [[Folate|B9]], [[iron|ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[Diterpenoid|ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[Alkaloid|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> [[Bayer AG]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ [[Biopesticide|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[Annona]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (invasive species) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''[[Neotropic|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ (tropical or subtropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Nitidulidae]], [[Staphylinidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Curculionidae]] ᱟᱨ [[Scarabaeidae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat|ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ]] (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ (decoction) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Dysentery|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urinary tract infection|ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> [[Ayurveda|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> [[Haiti|ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ (juice) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" ([[atemoya]]) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taitung City|ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Goiânia|ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] qgp6imbnvot6532yx7tv985tn40xtzx 191850 191849 2026-05-15T05:31:28Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[:en:Annonaceae|''ᱮᱱᱚᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ'']] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''[[Annona reticulata]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Annona cherimola]]'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Soursop|ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ]] (''[[Annona muricata]]'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Tropical climate|ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Spanish Filipino|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Philippines|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|[[Michał Boym]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Morton/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[Reuleaux triangle]] ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Taiwan|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱚᱯᱟᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ [[Nitidulidae|ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ]] ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ [[Annona|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[vitamin C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C]] ᱟᱨ [[manganese|ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Thiamine|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1]] ᱟᱨ [[Vitamin B6|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Riboflavin|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2]], [[Vitamin B3|B3]], [[Pantothenic acid|B5]], [[Folate|B9]], [[iron|ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], [[magnesium|ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]], [[phosphorus|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[potassium|ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[Diterpenoid|ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] [[Alkaloid|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[Flavonoid|ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> [[Bayer AG]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ [[Biopesticide|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[Annona]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''[[Neotropic|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Nitidulidae]], [[Staphylinidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Curculionidae]] ᱟᱨ [[Scarabaeidae]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat|ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ]] (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Dysentery|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urinary tract infection|ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> [[Ayurveda|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> [[Haiti|ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" ([[atemoya]]) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Taitung City|ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Goiânia|ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] dn1c26bxerlmcpdgywrn8l4dscidxwp 191851 191850 2026-05-15T05:37:11Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[:en:Annonaceae|''ᱮᱱᱚᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ'']] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=100 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''Annona reticulata'' ᱟᱨ ''Annona cherimola'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert |editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ (''Annona muricata'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|Michał Boym ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Morton/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ Reuleaux triangle ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱚᱯᱟᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1 ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6 ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2, B3, B5, B9, ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ, ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> Bayer AG ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ Annona ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ, ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ, [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - Nitidulidae, Staphylinidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae ᱟᱨ Scarabaeidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''Graphium agamemnon'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" (atemoya) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] jfizdsfklymv9aeb1h2lky25l57tlhy 0 35903 191830 2026-05-14T12:27:11Z MT731 2184 "{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.8645|N|88.9064|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 4.192 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 5,682 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱕᱒᱒᱕ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ/ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = 03562 | registration_plate = WB | blank1_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank1_info_sec1 = [[ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank2_info_sec1 = [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] | website = {{URL|jalpaiguri.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=410| height=350| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞ, ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱞᱟᱴᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ (R)|shape-color8= #A42222 |mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|10|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱰᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱢ]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱰᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱟᱝᱡᱷᱳᱲᱟ ᱪᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|5|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ (R)|shape-color16= #A42222 |mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222 |mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B |mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B |mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B |mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B |mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B |mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B |mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22 |mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22 |mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= ᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none |mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= ᱜᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none |mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}} ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ {{coord|26.8645|N|88.9064|E|display=inline}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ=== [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱘.᱖᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑.᱓᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ / ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱕,᱖᱘᱒ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒,᱙᱘᱖ (᱕᱓%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒,᱖᱙᱖ (᱔᱗%) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱑᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱓,᱔᱒᱙ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱖᱘.᱙᱗% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 6 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ== ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal|accessdate = 6 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] tlfi14df1715bjyqczq3fin760l83gt 191833 191830 2026-05-14T12:42:03Z MT731 2184 191833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.8645|N|88.9064|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 4.192 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 5,682 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱕᱒᱒᱕ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ/ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = 03562 | registration_plate = WB | blank1_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank1_info_sec1 = [[ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank2_info_sec1 = [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] | website = {{URL|jalpaiguri.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=410| height=350| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞ, ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱞᱟᱴᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ (R)|shape-color8= #A42222 |mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|10|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱰᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱢ]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱟᱝᱡᱷᱳᱲᱟ ᱪᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|5|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ (R)|shape-color16= #A42222 |mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222 |mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B |mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B |mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B |mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B |mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B |mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B |mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22 |mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22 |mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= ᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none |mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= ᱜᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none |mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}} ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ {{coord|26.8645|N|88.9064|E|display=inline}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ=== [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱘.᱖᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑.᱓᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ / ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱕,᱖᱘᱒ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒,᱙᱘᱖ (᱕᱓%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒,᱖᱙᱖ (᱔᱗%) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱑᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱓,᱔᱒᱙ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱖᱘.᱙᱗% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 6 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ== ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal|accessdate = 6 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] 4pwlnbr8srafqjdy9r3vlxlmnyovtuc 191836 191833 2026-05-14T12:48:35Z MT731 2184 191836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.8645|N|88.9064|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 4.192 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 5,682 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱕᱒᱒᱕ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ/ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = 03562 | registration_plate = WB | blank1_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank1_info_sec1 = [[ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank2_info_sec1 = [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] | website = {{URL|jalpaiguri.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=410| height=350| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞ, ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱞᱟᱴᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ (R)|shape-color8= #A42222 |mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|10|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱰᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱢ]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱟᱝᱡᱷᱳᱲᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|5|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ (R)|shape-color16= #A42222 |mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222 |mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B |mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B |mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B |mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B |mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B |mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B |mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22 |mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22 |mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= ᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none |mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= ᱜᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none |mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}} ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ {{coord|26.8645|N|88.9064|E|display=inline}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ=== [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱘.᱖᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑.᱓᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ / ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱕,᱖᱘᱒ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒,᱙᱘᱖ (᱕᱓%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒,᱖᱙᱖ (᱔᱗%) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱑᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱓,᱔᱒᱙ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱖᱘.᱙᱗% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 6 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ== ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal|accessdate = 6 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] iffxzku586lelun1r0ybwp520y04yd1 0 35904 191831 2026-05-14T12:40:47Z AMurmu 8962 + 191831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱦᱚᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱞᱟᱱ | native_name = ھۆمایون ئەردەڵان | native_name_lang = ku | image = Homayoun_Ardalan.jpg | image_size = 220 | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = ᱒ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ | birth_place = [[ᱥᱟᱠᱠᱮᱡᱽ]], [[ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1992|09|17|1950|02|02|df=yes}} | death_place = [[ᱵᱟᱨᱞᱤᱱ]], [[ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] | death_cause = ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ (Assassination) | resting_place = [[ᱯᱮᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱪᱷᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]] | resting_place_coordinates = | citizenship = [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | education = | alma_mater = | title = ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] (PDKI) ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ | term = ᱑᱙᱘᱙–᱑᱙᱙᱒ | predecessor = | successor = | party = [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] (PDKI) | spouse = | children = }} '''ᱦᱚᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱞᱟᱱ''' (ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ: ھۆمایون ئەردەڵان; ᱒ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ – ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱒) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (PDKI) ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱞᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱳᱱᱳᱥ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱳᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱮᱠ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱯᱷᱠᱟᱱᱫᱤ, ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱛᱟᱦ ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱳᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱨᱤ ᱫᱮᱦᱠᱳᱨᱫᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾<ref>[https://kurdpa.net/en/news/us-virtual-embassy-reminds-the-iranian-people-of-mykonos-terror US Virtual Embassy reminds the Iranian people of Mykonos Terror], Kurdpa, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.iranrights.org/library/document/3702 Murder at Maykonos: Anatomy of a Political Assessination], Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, 2007.</ref> == ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱦᱚᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱯᱷᱩᱞᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱯᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱜᱨᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱠᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾<ref>[https://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/assassins-of-the-turquoise-palace Assassins of the Turquoise Palace], Roya Hakakian, 2011.</ref> == ᱜᱩᱨ == ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱳᱱᱳᱥ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱳᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱑᱐:᱔᱗ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱫ-ᱢᱩᱸ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱳᱱᱳᱥ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱳᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱰᱨ. ᱥᱟᱫᱮᱠ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱯᱷᱠᱟᱱᱫᱤ, ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱛᱟᱦ ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱳᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱩᱨᱤ ᱫᱮᱦᱠᱳᱨᱫᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱳᱱᱳᱥ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱟᱡᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤ (ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ (ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱡᱮᱦᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://besacenter.org/mideast-security-and-policy-studies/iran-political-assassinations/ Iran’s Killing Machine: Political Assassinations by the Islamic Regime] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ardalan, Homayon}} [[Category:᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[Category:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ]] [[Category:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] 7q0bhlrjkoll5rsk2d4yq2tpekllygo 0 35905 191839 2026-05-14T13:10:53Z MT731 2184 "{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ | other_name = ᱜᱳᱡᱚᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption =..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ | other_name = ᱜᱳᱡᱚᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.7515|N|88.5856|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 2644 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱕᱑᱓᱓ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ/ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱕᱖᱒ | registration_plate = WB | blank1_name_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank1_info_sec1 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | blank2_info_sec1 = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] | website = {{URL|jalpaiguri.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱜᱳᱡᱚᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=410| height=350| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞ, ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱞᱟᱴᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ (R)|shape-color8= #A42222 |mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|10|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱰᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱢ]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱟᱝᱡᱷᱳᱲᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|5|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222 |mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222 |mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B |mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B |mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B |mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B |mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B |mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B |mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22 |mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22 |mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= ᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none |mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= ᱜᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none |mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}} ===ᱴᱷᱟᱶ=== ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ {{coord|26.7515|N|88.5856|E|display=inline}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ=== [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱘.᱖᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑.᱓᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ / ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱳᱡᱚᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱕,᱑᱘᱔ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱖᱘᱐ (᱕᱒%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒,᱐᱕᱔ (᱔᱘%) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱘᱗ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱡᱚᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱓,᱑᱖᱖ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗᱐.᱔᱐% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks| publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 8 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ== [[File:Gajoldoba Barrage on Teesta river in Gajoldoba 13.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱤᱥᱛᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱡᱽ]] ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, '''ᱛᱤᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱡᱽ''' ᱡᱮᱥᱚᱯ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ '''ᱵᱟᱭᱠᱩᱱᱴᱷᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ''' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ '''ᱨᱩᱠᱢᱟᱱᱤ''' ᱠᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] 5cjmh0ecj0xlsyzj1yi2ytxf1r8q86w 0 35906 191853 2026-05-15T08:07:39Z AMurmu 8962 + 191853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞ ᱟᱡᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱡᱟᱫᱟ | image = | honorific_prefix = [[ᱢᱩᱯᱷᱛᱤ]] | office1 = [[ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | term_start1 = ᱑᱙᱗᱙ | term_end1 = ᱑᱙ ৮০ | predecessor1 = | successor1 = [[:fa:عبدالمالک ملازاده|ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱚᱞᱢᱟᱞᱮᱠ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱡᱟᱫᱟ]] | office2 = [[ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱧᱮᱞᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱮᱢᱵᱽᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ | term_start2 = ᱑᱘ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ | term_end2 = ᱑᱕ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ |birth_date = ᱑᱙᱑᱗ |birth_place = [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ (ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴᱤ)]], [[ᱥᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱞᱩᱪᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] |death_date = ᱑᱙᱘᱗ |nationality= [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] |alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[ᱫᱟᱨᱩᱞ ᱩᱞᱩᱢ ᱫᱮᱣᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ]]|[[ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]}} |main_interests = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ |notable_works = {{bulleted list|[[ᱢᱚᱠᱠᱤ ᱡᱟᱢᱮ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ]]|[[ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱩᱞ ᱩᱞᱩᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱮᱫᱟᱱ]]|[[ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]]}} |teachers = [[ᱠᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱟᱛᱩᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱫᱮᱦᱞᱟᱣᱤ]] |influenced = [[ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱚᱞᱦᱟᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱮᱞᱡᱟᱦᱤ]], [[ᱟᱦᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱱᱟᱨᱚᱣᱮᱭᱤ]] |denomination = [[ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ]] |Madh'hab = [[ᱦᱟᱱᱟᱯᱷᱤ]] |movement = [[ᱫᱮᱣᱵᱚᱸᱫᱤ]] |Sufi_order = [[ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱚᱵᱚᱸᱫᱤ]] }} }} '''ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞ ᱟᱡᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱡᱟᱫᱟ''' (᱑᱙᱑᱗ – ᱑᱙᱘᱗) ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱮᱛ, ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Qalandarzahi |first=Abdul Wahed |date=2014-04-20 |title=All about Hazrat Maulana Abdul Aziz Molazad |url=http://sunnionline.us/balochi/2014/04/86 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=SunniOnline |language=fa}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱥᱲᱟᱭ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱩᱞ ᱩᱞᱩᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱮᱫᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱷᱩᱵᱽ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱧᱮᱞᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱮᱢᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝᱟᱱ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱞᱩᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alim-e Rabbani and great reformer Hazrat Maulana Abdulaziz Molazade |url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/245917/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B2-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=ensani.ir |language=fa}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱭᱟᱛᱢᱤᱠ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Durrani |first=Abdul Ghafoor |title=Investigating the impact of Deobandi thought on the social and intellectual situation of Baluchistan |date=1970 |page= |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Sistan and Baluchestan]] |url=https://www.virascience.com/thesis/555411/ |pages=89–90 |language=fa |access-date=14 February 2023 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214181425/https://www.virascience.com/thesis/555411/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞ ᱟᱡᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱡᱟᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱞᱩᱪᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱯᱠᱳᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱣᱵᱚᱸᱫᱤ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ]] * [[ᱫᱮᱣᱵᱚᱸᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱑᱗ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱮᱣᱵᱚᱸᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱟᱱᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱷ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱟᱱᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱛᱩᱨᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱨᱩᱞ ᱩᱞᱩᱢ ᱫᱮᱣᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱦᱮᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] k1hwxa442nyj4aucpfsr2wl1c18xkvo 0 35907 191854 2026-05-15T08:11:57Z Sunia Marndi 8165 "{{Short description|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Triassic | recent}} | image = Cicada - Neotibicen linnei, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg | image_caption = ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ''[[Neotibicen linnei]]'' | image2 = Calling song of Magicicada cassini - pone.0000892.s002.oga | image2_c..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Triassic | recent}} | image = Cicada - Neotibicen linnei, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg | image_caption = ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ''[[Neotibicen linnei]]'' | image2 = Calling song of Magicicada cassini - pone.0000892.s002.oga | image2_caption = ''[[Magicicada cassini]]'' ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | taxon = Cicadoidea | authority = [[Pierre André Latreille]], 1802 | subdivision_ranks = ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ | subdivision = {{plainlist| * [[Tettigarctidae]] * [[Cicadidae]] }} }} '''ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ''' (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: Cicadas) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱛᱤᱡᱩ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ (superfamily), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''Cicadoidea''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ]] (Hemiptera) ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[Auchenorrhyncha]] ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱚᱳᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Tettigarctidae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Cicadidae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] (periodical cicada), ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ-ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ [[Antenna (biology)|ᱮᱱᱴᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ (membranous) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Tymbal|ᱴᱤᱢᱵᱟᱞ]] (tymbal) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ (Cicadomorpha) [[Fossil|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱫᱚ [[Upper Permian|ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ; ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, [[Xylem|ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ]] ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ [[Crypsis|ᱩᱠᱩ]] ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ, ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' (ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Nymph (biology)|ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷ]] (nymph) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ [[Predation|ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱹᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |last2=Cooley |first2=John R. |title=Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of Thirteen- and Seventeen-year periodical cicadas |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=2022 |volume=67|pages=457–482 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-072121-061108|pmid=34623904 |s2cid=238529885 |issn=0066-4170 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entomologytoday.org/2016/03/22/how-do-cicadas-know-when-to-emerge-from-the-ground/|title=How Do Cicadas Know When to Emerge from the Ground?|last=Fitzgerals|first=Kevin|date=22 March 2016|website=Entomology Today|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱳᱢᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱰ]]'' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://orthsoc.org/sina/c700lm29sec01.pdf Insect singers] orthsoc.org</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱢᱚᱨ (immortality) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱦᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳᱰ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[Shield of Heracles|ᱥᱤᱞᱰ]]'' (Shield) ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱱᱰᱞᱤ]] (millet) ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱛᱟᱞᱟ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitsuhashi |first=Jun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5W_DQAAQBAJ |title=Edible Insects of the World |date=2016-12-19 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-315-35088-2 |pages=2009–2010 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == {{wiktionary}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''cicada'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ (onomatopoeic) ᱾<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=cicada |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cicada |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Words To Remember Every 13 Years Or So|url=http://www.dictionary.com/e/cicadas/|website=Dictionary.com|date=22 May 2011|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>{{efn|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱮᱴᱤᱰᱤᱰ]] (katydid) ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾}} [[File:Cicada, 1939 Film.webm|thumb|''Cicada'' (ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] == ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ == [[File:Snodgrass Magicicada septendecim.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Magicicada cassinii|᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ''ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ'', [[Robert Evans Snodgrass]], ᱑᱙᱓᱐<ref>{{cite book |last1=Snodgrass |first1=Robert Evans |author-link1=Robert Evans Snodgrass |title=Insects Their Ways and Means of Living |year=1930 |publisher=Smithsonian |page=Facing page 198 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/stream/39088001578236#page/n239/mode/2up/search/cicada}}</ref>]] Cicadoidea ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] (Cercopoidea) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: Tettigarctidae ᱟᱨ Cicadidae ᱾ Tettigarctidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[Extant taxon|ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ [[Tasmania|ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ Cicadidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Cicadettinae]], [[Cicadinae]], [[Derotettiginae]], [[Tibicininae]] (ᱥᱮ Tettigadinae), ᱟᱨ [[Tettigomyiinae]] ᱾<ref name=phylo2018>{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=DC |last2=Moulds |first2=M |last3=Hill |first3=KBR |last4=Price |first4=BW |last5=Wade |first5=EJ |last6=Owen |first6=CO |last7=Goemans |first7=G |last8=Marathe |first8=K |last9=Sarkar |first9=V |last10=Cooley |first10=JR |last11=Sanborn |first11=AF |last12=Kunte |first12=K |last13=Villet |first13=MH |last14=Simon |first14=C |author14-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |year=2018 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4424 |issue=1 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1 |pmid=30313477 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[Tibiceninae]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱨᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (emperor cicada) ''[[Megapomponia imperatoria]]''; ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Carwardine2008">{{cite book |last=Carwardine |first=Mark |title=Animal Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3FEKopUFkUC&pg=PA224 |year=2008 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-4027-5623-8 |page=224}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Burton2002">{{cite book|author1=Burton, Maurice |author2=Burton, Robert |title=International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Chickaree - crabs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BumyQJ14n8sC&pg=PA455 |year=2002 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7270-4 |pages=455–457}}</ref> ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (deciduous trees) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ (tropics) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Endemism|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] (endemism) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ (biogeography) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh>{{cite book |last1=Resh |first1=Vincent H. |last2=Cardé |first2=Ring T. |title=Encyclopedia of Insects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk0Hym1yF0cC&pg=PA56 |year=2009 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-092090-0 |pages=56–63}}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[New Zealand|ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{efn|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ, ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen F. |last2=Phillips |first2=Polly K. |title=Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico |journal=Diversity |date=2013 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=166–239 |doi=10.3390/d5020166 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013Diver...5..166S }}</ref> ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱘᱐᱐,<ref name="Hogue1993">{{cite book |last=Hogue |first=Charles Leonard |title=Latin American Insects and Entomology |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07849-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC/page/n244 233]}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒００ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |title=The Current Status of Cicada Taxonomy on a Region-by-Region Basis |url=http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php |publisher=University of Connecticut |date=2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009192742/http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php }}</ref> [[Palearctic realm|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Burton2002"/> ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[Cicadetta montana|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] (New Forest cicada), ''Cicadetta montana'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marren |first1=Peter |last2=Mabey |first2=Richard|author1-link=Peter Marren|author2-link=Richard Mabey |title=Bugs Britannica |date=2010 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-8180-2 |page=189}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱬ (acoustic analysis) ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{cladogram|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |label1= |1={{clade |label1=[[Cicadidae]] |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Cicadinae]] |2=[[Cicadettinae]] }} }} |2=[[Tettigomyiinae]] }} |2=[[Tibicininae]] }} |2=[[Tettigarctidae]] }} }}|caption=᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱷᱟᱬ (Phylogenetic treatment)<ref name=phylo2018 />}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ (jarfly) ᱥᱮ [[ᱰᱚᱜᱽ-ᱰᱮ]] (dog-day) ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''[[Neotibicen]]'', ''[[Megatibicen]]'', ᱥᱮ ''[[Hadoa]]'' ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name= "Milne">{{cite book |author1-link=Lorus Milne |author2-link=Margery Milne |last1=Milne |first1=Lorus |last2=Milne |first2=Margery |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-394-50763-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00miln }}</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ|periodical cicadas]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Milne" /><ref name=magicicada>{{Cite web| url = http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/| title = Periodical Cicadas| website = magicicada.org| access-date = 23 August 2018| archive-date = 11 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183653/http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/}}</ref> [[List of cicadas of Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ, ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱚᱛ, [[New South Wales|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[Victoria (Australia)|ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ (alpine) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[Sydney|ᱥᱤᱰᱱᱤ]], [[Melbourne|ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[Brisbane|ᱵᱨᱤᱥᱵᱮᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱡᱽ (cherry nose), ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱵᱮᱠᱟᱨ (brown baker), [[Psaltoda moerens|ᱨᱮᱰ ᱟᱭ]] (red eye), ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱟᱨ (greengrocer), ᱭᱮᱞᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ (yellow Monday), ᱣᱤᱥᱠᱤ ᱰᱨᱤᱝᱠᱟᱨ (whisky drinker), [[Double drummer|ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨ]], ᱟᱨ ᱵᱽᱞᱟᱠ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥ (black prince) ᱾ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱟᱨ, ''[[Cyclochila australasiae]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web | title=Cicadas: Superfamily Cicadoidea| publisher=Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/cicadas-superfamily-cicadoidea/ |access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> [[File:Chorus cicada.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Chorus cicada|ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] [[File:Cicada - Japan - August 2021.webm|thumb|[[Japan|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱳᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ([[Kermadec Islands]], [[Chatham Islands]]) [[Endemism|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱱᱳᱨᱯᱷᱳᱠ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cicadas/page-1|title=Introducing cicadas|website=Teara.govt.nz|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Mesogereon superbum 2.jpg|thumb|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''[[Mesogereon superbum]]'' ᱟᱜ [[Mesozoic|ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ]] === ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱᱴᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ === ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ (Cicadomorpha) [[Fossil|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Late Triassic|ᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] (Late Triassic) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Palaeontinoidea]] ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Dunstaniidae ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Upper Triassic|ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Mesogereonidae ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Wang>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Bo |last2=Zhang |first2=Haichun |last3=Szwedo |first3=Jacek |title=Jurassic Palaeontinidae From China and the Higher Systematics of Palaeontinoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) |journal=Palaeontology |date=2009 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=53–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00826.x|bibcode=2009Palgy..52...53W |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szwedo |first1=Jacek |title=The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |date=June 2016 |volume=107 |issue=2–3 |pages=109–128 |doi=10.1017/s175569101700038x |bibcode=2016EESTR.107..109S |s2cid=134243346 }}</ref> [[File:Prolystra lithographica.JPG|thumb|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ''[[Prolystra lithographica]]'', [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱔᱕–᱑᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ]] [[Palaeontinidae]] ᱥᱮ "ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ" (ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Lower Cretaceous|ᱞᱳᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] (Lower Cretaceous) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=Wang/> ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰᱥᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Taynton Limestone Formation]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ (fore wing) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''[[Palaeontina oolitica]]'' ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="butler">{{cite book |author=Arthur Gardiner Butler |year=1869–1874 |title=Lepidoptera Exotica; or, Descriptions and Illustrations of Exotic Lepidoptera |publisher=E. W. Jansen |url=https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl/page/126 126]–127}}</ref> Tettigarctidae ᱟᱨ Cicadidae ᱫᱚ [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ (ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱖᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (mid Cretaceous) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Burmese amber|ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Hui |last2=Szwedo |first2=Jacek |last3=Labandeira |first3=Conrad C. |last4=Chen |first4=Jun |last5=Moulds |first5=Maxwell S. |last6=Mähler |first6=Bastian |last7=Muscente |first7=A. Drew |last8=Zhuo |first8=De |last9=Nyunt |first9=Thet Tin |last10=Zhang |first10=Haichun |last11=Wei |first11=Cong |last12=Rust |first13=Jes |last13=Wang |first13=Bo |date=2024-01-08 |title=Mesozoic evolution of cicadas and their origins of vocalization and root feeding |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=376 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-44446-x |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10774268 |pmid=38191461|bibcode=2024NatCo..15..376J }}</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ (Cenozoic) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Moulds2018">{{cite journal |last1=Moulds |first1=M. S. |title=Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae |journal=Zootaxa |date=22 June 2018 |volume=4438 |issue=3 |pages=443–470 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2 |pmid=30313130 |s2cid=52973182 |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/download/zootaxa.4438.3.2/33643 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (modern cicadid) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''Davispia bearcreekensis'' (Tibicininae ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Paleocene|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱕᱖–᱕᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poinar |first1=George |last2=Kritsky |first2=Gene |title=Morphological conservatism in the foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen., n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) |journal=Historical Biology |date=October 2012 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=461–466 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2011.603421 |bibcode=2012HBio...24..461P |s2cid=82426789 }}</ref> <references /> knruz6p2octua5pyvzxedfbaxdn12bz 191858 191854 2026-05-15T08:25:11Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Triassic | recent}} | image = Cicada - Neotibicen linnei, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg | image_caption = ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ''[[Neotibicen linnei]]'' | image2 = Calling song of Magicicada cassini - pone.0000892.s002.oga | image2_caption = ''[[Magicicada cassini]]'' ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | taxon = Cicadoidea | authority = [[Pierre André Latreille]], 1802 | subdivision_ranks = ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ | subdivision = {{plainlist| * [[Tettigarctidae]] * [[Cicadidae]] }} }} '''ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ''' (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: Cicadas) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱛᱤᱡᱩ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''Cicadoidea''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ]] (Hemiptera) ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[Auchenorrhyncha]] ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱚᱳᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Tettigarctidae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Cicadidae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ-ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ [[Antenna (biology)|ᱮᱱᱴᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ (membranous) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Tymbal|ᱴᱤᱢᱵᱟᱞ]] (tymbal) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ (Cicadomorpha) [[Fossil|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱫᱚ [[Upper Permian|ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ; ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, [[Xylem|ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ]] ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ [[Crypsis|ᱩᱠᱩ]] ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ, ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' (ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Nymph (biology)|ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷ]] (nymph) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ [[Predation|ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱹᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |last2=Cooley |first2=John R. |title=Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of Thirteen- and Seventeen-year periodical cicadas |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=2022 |volume=67|pages=457–482 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-072121-061108|pmid=34623904 |s2cid=238529885 |issn=0066-4170 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entomologytoday.org/2016/03/22/how-do-cicadas-know-when-to-emerge-from-the-ground/|title=How Do Cicadas Know When to Emerge from the Ground?|last=Fitzgerals|first=Kevin|date=22 March 2016|website=Entomology Today|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱳᱢᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱰ]]'' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://orthsoc.org/sina/c700lm29sec01.pdf Insect singers] orthsoc.org</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱢᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱦᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳᱰ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[Shield of Heracles|ᱥᱤᱞᱰ]]'' (Shield) ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱱᱰᱞᱤ]] (millet) ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱛᱟᱞᱟ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitsuhashi |first=Jun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5W_DQAAQBAJ |title=Edible Insects of the World |date=2016-12-19 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-315-35088-2 |pages=2009–2010 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == {{wiktionary}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''cicada'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ (onomatopoeic) ᱾<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=cicada |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cicada |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Words To Remember Every 13 Years Or So|url=http://www.dictionary.com/e/cicadas/|website=Dictionary.com|date=22 May 2011|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>{{efn|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱮᱴᱤᱰᱤᱰ]] (katydid) ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾}} [[File:Cicada, 1939 Film.webm|thumb|''Cicada'' (ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] == ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ == [[File:Snodgrass Magicicada septendecim.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Magicicada cassinii|᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ''ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ'', [[Robert Evans Snodgrass]], ᱑᱙᱓᱐<ref>{{cite book |last1=Snodgrass |first1=Robert Evans |author-link1=Robert Evans Snodgrass |title=Insects Their Ways and Means of Living |year=1930 |publisher=Smithsonian |page=Facing page 198 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/stream/39088001578236#page/n239/mode/2up/search/cicada}}</ref>]] Cicadoidea ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] (Cercopoidea) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: Tettigarctidae ᱟᱨ Cicadidae ᱾ Tettigarctidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[Extant taxon|ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ [[Tasmania|ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ Cicadidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Cicadettinae]], [[Cicadinae]], [[Derotettiginae]], [[Tibicininae]] (ᱥᱮ Tettigadinae), ᱟᱨ [[Tettigomyiinae]] ᱾<ref name=phylo2018>{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=DC |last2=Moulds |first2=M |last3=Hill |first3=KBR |last4=Price |first4=BW |last5=Wade |first5=EJ |last6=Owen |first6=CO |last7=Goemans |first7=G |last8=Marathe |first8=K |last9=Sarkar |first9=V |last10=Cooley |first10=JR |last11=Sanborn |first11=AF |last12=Kunte |first12=K |last13=Villet |first13=MH |last14=Simon |first14=C |author14-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |year=2018 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4424 |issue=1 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1 |pmid=30313477 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[Tibiceninae]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱨᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (emperor cicada) ''[[Megapomponia imperatoria]]''; ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Carwardine2008">{{cite book |last=Carwardine |first=Mark |title=Animal Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3FEKopUFkUC&pg=PA224 |year=2008 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-4027-5623-8 |page=224}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Burton2002">{{cite book|author1=Burton, Maurice |author2=Burton, Robert |title=International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Chickaree - crabs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BumyQJ14n8sC&pg=PA455 |year=2002 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7270-4 |pages=455–457}}</ref> ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (deciduous trees) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ (tropics) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Endemism|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] (endemism) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ (biogeography) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh>{{cite book |last1=Resh |first1=Vincent H. |last2=Cardé |first2=Ring T. |title=Encyclopedia of Insects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk0Hym1yF0cC&pg=PA56 |year=2009 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-092090-0 |pages=56–63}}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[New Zealand|ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{efn|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ, ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen F. |last2=Phillips |first2=Polly K. |title=Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico |journal=Diversity |date=2013 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=166–239 |doi=10.3390/d5020166 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013Diver...5..166S }}</ref> ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱘᱐᱐,<ref name="Hogue1993">{{cite book |last=Hogue |first=Charles Leonard |title=Latin American Insects and Entomology |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07849-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC/page/n244 233]}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒００ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |title=The Current Status of Cicada Taxonomy on a Region-by-Region Basis |url=http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php |publisher=University of Connecticut |date=2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009192742/http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php }}</ref> [[Palearctic realm|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Burton2002"/> ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[Cicadetta montana|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] (New Forest cicada), ''Cicadetta montana'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marren |first1=Peter |last2=Mabey |first2=Richard|author1-link=Peter Marren|author2-link=Richard Mabey |title=Bugs Britannica |date=2010 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-8180-2 |page=189}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱬ (acoustic analysis) ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{cladogram|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |label1= |1={{clade |label1=[[Cicadidae]] |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Cicadinae]] |2=[[Cicadettinae]] }} }} |2=[[Tettigomyiinae]] }} |2=[[Tibicininae]] }} |2=[[Tettigarctidae]] }} }}|caption=᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱷᱟᱬ (Phylogenetic treatment)<ref name=phylo2018 />}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ (jarfly) ᱥᱮ [[ᱰᱚᱜᱽ-ᱰᱮ]] (dog-day) ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''[[Neotibicen]]'', ''[[Megatibicen]]'', ᱥᱮ ''[[Hadoa]]'' ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name= "Milne">{{cite book |author1-link=Lorus Milne |author2-link=Margery Milne |last1=Milne |first1=Lorus |last2=Milne |first2=Margery |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-394-50763-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00miln }}</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ|periodical cicadas]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Milne" /><ref name=magicicada>{{Cite web| url = http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/| title = Periodical Cicadas| website = magicicada.org| access-date = 23 August 2018| archive-date = 11 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183653/http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/}}</ref> [[List of cicadas of Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ, ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱚᱛ, [[New South Wales|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[Victoria (Australia)|ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ (alpine) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[Sydney|ᱥᱤᱰᱱᱤ]], [[Melbourne|ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[Brisbane|ᱵᱨᱤᱥᱵᱮᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱡᱽ (cherry nose), ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱵᱮᱠᱟᱨ (brown baker), [[Psaltoda moerens|ᱨᱮᱰ ᱟᱭ]] (red eye), ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱟᱨ (greengrocer), ᱭᱮᱞᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ (yellow Monday), ᱣᱤᱥᱠᱤ ᱰᱨᱤᱝᱠᱟᱨ (whisky drinker), [[Double drummer|ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨ]], ᱟᱨ ᱵᱽᱞᱟᱠ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥ (black prince) ᱾ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱟᱨ, ''[[Cyclochila australasiae]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web | title=Cicadas: Superfamily Cicadoidea| publisher=Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/cicadas-superfamily-cicadoidea/ |access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> [[File:Chorus cicada.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Chorus cicada|ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] [[File:Cicada - Japan - August 2021.webm|thumb|[[Japan|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱳᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ([[Kermadec Islands]], [[Chatham Islands]]) [[Endemism|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱱᱳᱨᱯᱷᱳᱠ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cicadas/page-1|title=Introducing cicadas|website=Teara.govt.nz|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Mesogereon superbum 2.jpg|thumb|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''[[Mesogereon superbum]]'' ᱟᱜ [[Mesozoic|ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ]] === ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱᱴᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ === ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ (Cicadomorpha) [[Fossil|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Late Triassic|ᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] (Late Triassic) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Palaeontinoidea]] ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Dunstaniidae ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Upper Triassic|ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Mesogereonidae ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Wang>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Bo |last2=Zhang |first2=Haichun |last3=Szwedo |first3=Jacek |title=Jurassic Palaeontinidae From China and the Higher Systematics of Palaeontinoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) |journal=Palaeontology |date=2009 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=53–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00826.x|bibcode=2009Palgy..52...53W |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szwedo |first1=Jacek |title=The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |date=June 2016 |volume=107 |issue=2–3 |pages=109–128 |doi=10.1017/s175569101700038x |bibcode=2016EESTR.107..109S |s2cid=134243346 }}</ref> [[File:Prolystra lithographica.JPG|thumb|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ''[[Prolystra lithographica]]'', [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱔᱕–᱑᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ]] [[Palaeontinidae]] ᱥᱮ "ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ" (ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Lower Cretaceous|ᱞᱳᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] (Lower Cretaceous) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=Wang/> ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰᱥᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Taynton Limestone Formation]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ (fore wing) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''[[Palaeontina oolitica]]'' ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="butler">{{cite book |author=Arthur Gardiner Butler |year=1869–1874 |title=Lepidoptera Exotica; or, Descriptions and Illustrations of Exotic Lepidoptera |publisher=E. W. Jansen |url=https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl/page/126 126]–127}}</ref> Tettigarctidae ᱟᱨ Cicadidae ᱫᱚ [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ (ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱖᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (mid Cretaceous) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Burmese amber|ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Hui |last2=Szwedo |first2=Jacek |last3=Labandeira |first3=Conrad C. |last4=Chen |first4=Jun |last5=Moulds |first5=Maxwell S. |last6=Mähler |first6=Bastian |last7=Muscente |first7=A. Drew |last8=Zhuo |first8=De |last9=Nyunt |first9=Thet Tin |last10=Zhang |first10=Haichun |last11=Wei |first11=Cong |last12=Rust |first13=Jes |last13=Wang |first13=Bo |date=2024-01-08 |title=Mesozoic evolution of cicadas and their origins of vocalization and root feeding |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=376 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-44446-x |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10774268 |pmid=38191461|bibcode=2024NatCo..15..376J }}</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ (Cenozoic) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Moulds2018">{{cite journal |last1=Moulds |first1=M. S. |title=Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae |journal=Zootaxa |date=22 June 2018 |volume=4438 |issue=3 |pages=443–470 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2 |pmid=30313130 |s2cid=52973182 |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/download/zootaxa.4438.3.2/33643 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (modern cicadid) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''Davispia bearcreekensis'' (Tibicininae ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Paleocene|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱕᱖–᱕᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poinar |first1=George |last2=Kritsky |first2=Gene |title=Morphological conservatism in the foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen., n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) |journal=Historical Biology |date=October 2012 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=461–466 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2011.603421 |bibcode=2012HBio...24..461P |s2cid=82426789 }}</ref> <references /> 2p4d2p737rt572jsaqr89uynoa2jyf1 191863 191858 2026-05-15T08:29:34Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Triassic | recent}} | image = Cicada - Neotibicen linnei, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg | image_caption = ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ''[[Neotibicen linnei]]'' | image2 = Calling song of Magicicada cassini - pone.0000892.s002.oga | image2_caption = ''[[Magicicada cassini]]'' ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | taxon = Cicadoidea | authority = [[Pierre André Latreille]], 1802 | subdivision_ranks = ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ | subdivision = {{plainlist| * [[Tettigarctidae]] * [[Cicadidae]] }} }} '''ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ''' (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: Cicadas) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱛᱤᱡᱩ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''Cicadoidea''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ]] (Hemiptera) ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[Auchenorrhyncha]] ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱚᱳᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Tettigarctidae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Cicadidae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ-ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ [[Antenna (biology)|ᱮᱱᱴᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ (membranous) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Tymbal|ᱴᱤᱢᱵᱟᱞ]] (tymbal) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ (Cicadomorpha) [[Fossil|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱫᱚ [[Upper Permian|ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ; ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, [[Xylem|ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ]] ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ [[Crypsis|ᱩᱠᱩ]] ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ, ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' (ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Nymph (biology)|ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷ]] (nymph) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ [[Predation|ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱹᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |last2=Cooley |first2=John R. |title=Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of Thirteen- and Seventeen-year periodical cicadas |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=2022 |volume=67|pages=457–482 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-072121-061108|pmid=34623904 |s2cid=238529885 |issn=0066-4170 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entomologytoday.org/2016/03/22/how-do-cicadas-know-when-to-emerge-from-the-ground/|title=How Do Cicadas Know When to Emerge from the Ground?|last=Fitzgerals|first=Kevin|date=22 March 2016|website=Entomology Today|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱳᱢᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱰ]]'' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://orthsoc.org/sina/c700lm29sec01.pdf Insect singers] orthsoc.org</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱢᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱦᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳᱰ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[Shield of Heracles|ᱥᱤᱞᱰ]]'' (Shield) ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱱᱰᱞᱤ]] (millet) ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱛᱟᱞᱟ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitsuhashi |first=Jun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5W_DQAAQBAJ |title=Edible Insects of the World |date=2016-12-19 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-315-35088-2 |pages=2009–2010 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == {{wiktionary}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=cicada |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cicada |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Words To Remember Every 13 Years Or So|url=http://www.dictionary.com/e/cicadas/|website=Dictionary.com|date=22 May 2011|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>{{efn|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱮᱴᱤᱰᱤᱰ]] (katydid) ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾}} [[File:Cicada, 1939 Film.webm|thumb|''Cicada'' (ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] == ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ == [[File:Snodgrass Magicicada septendecim.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Magicicada cassinii|᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ''ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ'', [[Robert Evans Snodgrass]], ᱑᱙᱓᱐<ref>{{cite book |last1=Snodgrass |first1=Robert Evans |author-link1=Robert Evans Snodgrass |title=Insects Their Ways and Means of Living |year=1930 |publisher=Smithsonian |page=Facing page 198 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/stream/39088001578236#page/n239/mode/2up/search/cicada}}</ref>]] Cicadoidea ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] (Cercopoidea) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: Tettigarctidae ᱟᱨ Cicadidae ᱾ Tettigarctidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[Extant taxon|ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ [[Tasmania|ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ Cicadidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Cicadettinae]], [[Cicadinae]], [[Derotettiginae]], [[Tibicininae]] (ᱥᱮ Tettigadinae), ᱟᱨ [[Tettigomyiinae]] ᱾<ref name=phylo2018>{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=DC |last2=Moulds |first2=M |last3=Hill |first3=KBR |last4=Price |first4=BW |last5=Wade |first5=EJ |last6=Owen |first6=CO |last7=Goemans |first7=G |last8=Marathe |first8=K |last9=Sarkar |first9=V |last10=Cooley |first10=JR |last11=Sanborn |first11=AF |last12=Kunte |first12=K |last13=Villet |first13=MH |last14=Simon |first14=C |author14-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |year=2018 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4424 |issue=1 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1 |pmid=30313477 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[Tibiceninae]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱨᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (emperor cicada) ''[[Megapomponia imperatoria]]''; ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Carwardine2008">{{cite book |last=Carwardine |first=Mark |title=Animal Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3FEKopUFkUC&pg=PA224 |year=2008 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-4027-5623-8 |page=224}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Burton2002">{{cite book|author1=Burton, Maurice |author2=Burton, Robert |title=International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Chickaree - crabs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BumyQJ14n8sC&pg=PA455 |year=2002 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7270-4 |pages=455–457}}</ref> ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (deciduous trees) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ (tropics) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Endemism|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] (endemism) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ (biogeography) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh>{{cite book |last1=Resh |first1=Vincent H. |last2=Cardé |first2=Ring T. |title=Encyclopedia of Insects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk0Hym1yF0cC&pg=PA56 |year=2009 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-092090-0 |pages=56–63}}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[New Zealand|ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{efn|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ, ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen F. |last2=Phillips |first2=Polly K. |title=Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico |journal=Diversity |date=2013 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=166–239 |doi=10.3390/d5020166 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013Diver...5..166S }}</ref> ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱘᱐᱐,<ref name="Hogue1993">{{cite book |last=Hogue |first=Charles Leonard |title=Latin American Insects and Entomology |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07849-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC/page/n244 233]}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒００ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |title=The Current Status of Cicada Taxonomy on a Region-by-Region Basis |url=http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php |publisher=University of Connecticut |date=2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009192742/http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php }}</ref> [[Palearctic realm|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Burton2002"/> ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[Cicadetta montana|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] (New Forest cicada), ''Cicadetta montana'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marren |first1=Peter |last2=Mabey |first2=Richard|author1-link=Peter Marren|author2-link=Richard Mabey |title=Bugs Britannica |date=2010 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-8180-2 |page=189}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱬ (acoustic analysis) ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{cladogram|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |label1= |1={{clade |label1=[[Cicadidae]] |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Cicadinae]] |2=[[Cicadettinae]] }} }} |2=[[Tettigomyiinae]] }} |2=[[Tibicininae]] }} |2=[[Tettigarctidae]] }} }}|caption=᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱷᱟᱬ (Phylogenetic treatment)<ref name=phylo2018 />}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ (jarfly) ᱥᱮ [[ᱰᱚᱜᱽ-ᱰᱮ]] (dog-day) ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''[[Neotibicen]]'', ''[[Megatibicen]]'', ᱥᱮ ''[[Hadoa]]'' ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name= "Milne">{{cite book |author1-link=Lorus Milne |author2-link=Margery Milne |last1=Milne |first1=Lorus |last2=Milne |first2=Margery |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-394-50763-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00miln }}</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ|periodical cicadas]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Milne" /><ref name=magicicada>{{Cite web| url = http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/| title = Periodical Cicadas| website = magicicada.org| access-date = 23 August 2018| archive-date = 11 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183653/http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/}}</ref> [[List of cicadas of Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ, ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱚᱛ, [[New South Wales|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[Victoria (Australia)|ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ (alpine) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[Sydney|ᱥᱤᱰᱱᱤ]], [[Melbourne|ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[Brisbane|ᱵᱨᱤᱥᱵᱮᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱡᱽ (cherry nose), ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱵᱮᱠᱟᱨ (brown baker), [[Psaltoda moerens|ᱨᱮᱰ ᱟᱭ]] (red eye), ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱟᱨ (greengrocer), ᱭᱮᱞᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ (yellow Monday), ᱣᱤᱥᱠᱤ ᱰᱨᱤᱝᱠᱟᱨ (whisky drinker), [[Double drummer|ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨ]], ᱟᱨ ᱵᱽᱞᱟᱠ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥ (black prince) ᱾ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱟᱨ, ''[[Cyclochila australasiae]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web | title=Cicadas: Superfamily Cicadoidea| publisher=Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/cicadas-superfamily-cicadoidea/ |access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> [[File:Chorus cicada.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Chorus cicada|ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] [[File:Cicada - Japan - August 2021.webm|thumb|[[Japan|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱳᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ([[Kermadec Islands]], [[Chatham Islands]]) [[Endemism|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱱᱳᱨᱯᱷᱳᱠ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cicadas/page-1|title=Introducing cicadas|website=Teara.govt.nz|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Mesogereon superbum 2.jpg|thumb|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''[[Mesogereon superbum]]'' ᱟᱜ [[Mesozoic|ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ]] === ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱᱴᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ === ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ (Cicadomorpha) [[Fossil|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Late Triassic|ᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] (Late Triassic) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Palaeontinoidea]] ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Dunstaniidae ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Upper Triassic|ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Mesogereonidae ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Wang>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Bo |last2=Zhang |first2=Haichun |last3=Szwedo |first3=Jacek |title=Jurassic Palaeontinidae From China and the Higher Systematics of Palaeontinoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) |journal=Palaeontology |date=2009 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=53–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00826.x|bibcode=2009Palgy..52...53W |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szwedo |first1=Jacek |title=The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |date=June 2016 |volume=107 |issue=2–3 |pages=109–128 |doi=10.1017/s175569101700038x |bibcode=2016EESTR.107..109S |s2cid=134243346 }}</ref> [[File:Prolystra lithographica.JPG|thumb|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ''[[Prolystra lithographica]]'', [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱔᱕–᱑᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ]] [[Palaeontinidae]] ᱥᱮ "ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ" (ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Lower Cretaceous|ᱞᱳᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] (Lower Cretaceous) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=Wang/> ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰᱥᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Taynton Limestone Formation]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ (fore wing) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''[[Palaeontina oolitica]]'' ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="butler">{{cite book |author=Arthur Gardiner Butler |year=1869–1874 |title=Lepidoptera Exotica; or, Descriptions and Illustrations of Exotic Lepidoptera |publisher=E. W. Jansen |url=https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl/page/126 126]–127}}</ref> Tettigarctidae ᱟᱨ Cicadidae ᱫᱚ [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ (ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱖᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (mid Cretaceous) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Burmese amber|ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Hui |last2=Szwedo |first2=Jacek |last3=Labandeira |first3=Conrad C. |last4=Chen |first4=Jun |last5=Moulds |first5=Maxwell S. |last6=Mähler |first6=Bastian |last7=Muscente |first7=A. Drew |last8=Zhuo |first8=De |last9=Nyunt |first9=Thet Tin |last10=Zhang |first10=Haichun |last11=Wei |first11=Cong |last12=Rust |first13=Jes |last13=Wang |first13=Bo |date=2024-01-08 |title=Mesozoic evolution of cicadas and their origins of vocalization and root feeding |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=376 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-44446-x |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10774268 |pmid=38191461|bibcode=2024NatCo..15..376J }}</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ (Cenozoic) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Moulds2018">{{cite journal |last1=Moulds |first1=M. S. |title=Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae |journal=Zootaxa |date=22 June 2018 |volume=4438 |issue=3 |pages=443–470 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2 |pmid=30313130 |s2cid=52973182 |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/download/zootaxa.4438.3.2/33643 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (modern cicadid) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''Davispia bearcreekensis'' (Tibicininae ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Paleocene|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱕᱖–᱕᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poinar |first1=George |last2=Kritsky |first2=Gene |title=Morphological conservatism in the foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen., n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) |journal=Historical Biology |date=October 2012 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=461–466 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2011.603421 |bibcode=2012HBio...24..461P |s2cid=82426789 }}</ref> <references /> gqfsclxpsvkxqiqc64px14615k3jo12 191865 191863 2026-05-15T08:32:57Z Sunia Marndi 8165 191865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Triassic | recent}} | image = Cicada - Neotibicen linnei, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg | image_caption = ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ''[[Neotibicen linnei]]'' | image2 = Calling song of Magicicada cassini - pone.0000892.s002.oga | image2_caption = ''[[Magicicada cassini]]'' ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | taxon = Cicadoidea | authority = [[Pierre André Latreille]], 1802 | subdivision_ranks = ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ | subdivision = {{plainlist| * [[Tettigarctidae]] * [[Cicadidae]] }} }} '''ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ''' (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: Cicadas) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱛᱤᱡᱩ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''Cicadoidea''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ]] (Hemiptera) ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[Auchenorrhyncha]] ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱚᱳᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Tettigarctidae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Cicadidae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ-ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ [[Antenna (biology)|ᱮᱱᱴᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ (membranous) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Tymbal|ᱴᱤᱢᱵᱟᱞ]] (tymbal) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ (Cicadomorpha) [[Fossil|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱫᱚ [[Upper Permian|ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ; ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, [[Xylem|ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ]] ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ [[Crypsis|ᱩᱠᱩ]] ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ, ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' (ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Nymph (biology)|ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷ]] (nymph) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ [[Predation|ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱹᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |last2=Cooley |first2=John R. |title=Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of Thirteen- and Seventeen-year periodical cicadas |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=2022 |volume=67|pages=457–482 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-072121-061108|pmid=34623904 |s2cid=238529885 |issn=0066-4170 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entomologytoday.org/2016/03/22/how-do-cicadas-know-when-to-emerge-from-the-ground/|title=How Do Cicadas Know When to Emerge from the Ground?|last=Fitzgerals|first=Kevin|date=22 March 2016|website=Entomology Today|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱳᱢᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱰ]]'' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://orthsoc.org/sina/c700lm29sec01.pdf Insect singers] orthsoc.org</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱢᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱦᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳᱰ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[Shield of Heracles|ᱥᱤᱞᱰ]]'' (Shield) ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱱᱰᱞᱤ]] (millet) ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱛᱟᱞᱟ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitsuhashi |first=Jun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5W_DQAAQBAJ |title=Edible Insects of the World |date=2016-12-19 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-315-35088-2 |pages=2009–2010 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == {{wiktionary}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=cicada |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cicada |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Words To Remember Every 13 Years Or So|url=http://www.dictionary.com/e/cicadas/|website=Dictionary.com|date=22 May 2011|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>{{efn|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱮᱴᱤᱰᱤᱰ]] (katydid) ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾}} [[File:Cicada, 1939 Film.webm|thumb|''Cicada'' (ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] == ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ == [[File:Snodgrass Magicicada septendecim.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Magicicada cassinii|᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ''ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ'', [[Robert Evans Snodgrass]], ᱑᱙᱓᱐<ref>{{cite book |last1=Snodgrass |first1=Robert Evans |author-link1=Robert Evans Snodgrass |title=Insects Their Ways and Means of Living |year=1930 |publisher=Smithsonian |page=Facing page 198 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/stream/39088001578236#page/n239/mode/2up/search/cicada}}</ref>]] ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] (Cercopoidea) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: Tettigarctidae ᱟᱨ Cicadidae ᱾ Tettigarctidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[Extant taxon|ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ [[Tasmania|ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ Cicadidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Cicadettinae]], [[Cicadinae]], [[Derotettiginae]], [[Tibicininae]] (ᱥᱮ Tettigadinae), ᱟᱨ [[Tettigomyiinae]] ᱾<ref name=phylo2018>{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=DC |last2=Moulds |first2=M |last3=Hill |first3=KBR |last4=Price |first4=BW |last5=Wade |first5=EJ |last6=Owen |first6=CO |last7=Goemans |first7=G |last8=Marathe |first8=K |last9=Sarkar |first9=V |last10=Cooley |first10=JR |last11=Sanborn |first11=AF |last12=Kunte |first12=K |last13=Villet |first13=MH |last14=Simon |first14=C |author14-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |year=2018 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4424 |issue=1 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1 |pmid=30313477 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[Tibiceninae]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱨᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (emperor cicada) ''[[Megapomponia imperatoria]]''; ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Carwardine2008">{{cite book |last=Carwardine |first=Mark |title=Animal Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3FEKopUFkUC&pg=PA224 |year=2008 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-4027-5623-8 |page=224}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Burton2002">{{cite book|author1=Burton, Maurice |author2=Burton, Robert |title=International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Chickaree - crabs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BumyQJ14n8sC&pg=PA455 |year=2002 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7270-4 |pages=455–457}}</ref> ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (deciduous trees) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ (tropics) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Endemism|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] (endemism) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ (biogeography) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh>{{cite book |last1=Resh |first1=Vincent H. |last2=Cardé |first2=Ring T. |title=Encyclopedia of Insects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk0Hym1yF0cC&pg=PA56 |year=2009 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-092090-0 |pages=56–63}}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[New Zealand|ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{efn|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ, ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen F. |last2=Phillips |first2=Polly K. |title=Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico |journal=Diversity |date=2013 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=166–239 |doi=10.3390/d5020166 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013Diver...5..166S }}</ref> ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱘᱐᱐,<ref name="Hogue1993">{{cite book |last=Hogue |first=Charles Leonard |title=Latin American Insects and Entomology |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07849-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC/page/n244 233]}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒００ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |title=The Current Status of Cicada Taxonomy on a Region-by-Region Basis |url=http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php |publisher=University of Connecticut |date=2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009192742/http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php }}</ref> [[Palearctic realm|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Burton2002"/> ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[Cicadetta montana|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] (New Forest cicada), ''Cicadetta montana'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marren |first1=Peter |last2=Mabey |first2=Richard|author1-link=Peter Marren|author2-link=Richard Mabey |title=Bugs Britannica |date=2010 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-8180-2 |page=189}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱬ (acoustic analysis) ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{cladogram|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |label1= |1={{clade |label1=[[Cicadidae]] |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Cicadinae]] |2=[[Cicadettinae]] }} }} |2=[[Tettigomyiinae]] }} |2=[[Tibicininae]] }} |2=[[Tettigarctidae]] }} }}|caption=᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱷᱟᱬ (Phylogenetic treatment)<ref name=phylo2018 />}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ (jarfly) ᱥᱮ [[ᱰᱚᱜᱽ-ᱰᱮ]] (dog-day) ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''[[Neotibicen]]'', ''[[Megatibicen]]'', ᱥᱮ ''[[Hadoa]]'' ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name= "Milne">{{cite book |author1-link=Lorus Milne |author2-link=Margery Milne |last1=Milne |first1=Lorus |last2=Milne |first2=Margery |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-394-50763-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00miln }}</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ|periodical cicadas]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Milne" /><ref name=magicicada>{{Cite web| url = http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/| title = Periodical Cicadas| website = magicicada.org| access-date = 23 August 2018| archive-date = 11 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183653/http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/}}</ref> [[List of cicadas of Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ, ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱚᱛ, [[New South Wales|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[Victoria (Australia)|ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ (alpine) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[Sydney|ᱥᱤᱰᱱᱤ]], [[Melbourne|ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[Brisbane|ᱵᱨᱤᱥᱵᱮᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱡᱽ (cherry nose), ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱵᱮᱠᱟᱨ (brown baker), [[Psaltoda moerens|ᱨᱮᱰ ᱟᱭ]] (red eye), ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱟᱨ (greengrocer), ᱭᱮᱞᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ (yellow Monday), ᱣᱤᱥᱠᱤ ᱰᱨᱤᱝᱠᱟᱨ (whisky drinker), [[Double drummer|ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨ]], ᱟᱨ ᱵᱽᱞᱟᱠ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥ (black prince) ᱾ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱟᱨ, ''[[Cyclochila australasiae]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web | title=Cicadas: Superfamily Cicadoidea| publisher=Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/cicadas-superfamily-cicadoidea/ |access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> [[File:Chorus cicada.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Chorus cicada|ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] [[File:Cicada - Japan - August 2021.webm|thumb|[[Japan|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱳᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ([[Kermadec Islands]], [[Chatham Islands]]) [[Endemism|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱱᱳᱨᱯᱷᱳᱠ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cicadas/page-1|title=Introducing cicadas|website=Teara.govt.nz|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Mesogereon superbum 2.jpg|thumb|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''[[Mesogereon superbum]]'' ᱟᱜ [[Mesozoic|ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ]] === ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱᱴᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ === ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ (Cicadomorpha) [[Fossil|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Late Triassic|ᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] (Late Triassic) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Palaeontinoidea]] ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Dunstaniidae ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Upper Triassic|ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Mesogereonidae ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Wang>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Bo |last2=Zhang |first2=Haichun |last3=Szwedo |first3=Jacek |title=Jurassic Palaeontinidae From China and the Higher Systematics of Palaeontinoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) |journal=Palaeontology |date=2009 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=53–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00826.x|bibcode=2009Palgy..52...53W |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szwedo |first1=Jacek |title=The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |date=June 2016 |volume=107 |issue=2–3 |pages=109–128 |doi=10.1017/s175569101700038x |bibcode=2016EESTR.107..109S |s2cid=134243346 }}</ref> [[File:Prolystra lithographica.JPG|thumb|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ''[[Prolystra lithographica]]'', [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱔᱕–᱑᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ]] [[Palaeontinidae]] ᱥᱮ "ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ" (ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Lower Cretaceous|ᱞᱳᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] (Lower Cretaceous) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=Wang/> ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰᱥᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Taynton Limestone Formation]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ (fore wing) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''[[Palaeontina oolitica]]'' ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="butler">{{cite book |author=Arthur Gardiner Butler |year=1869–1874 |title=Lepidoptera Exotica; or, Descriptions and Illustrations of Exotic Lepidoptera |publisher=E. W. Jansen |url=https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl/page/126 126]–127}}</ref> Tettigarctidae ᱟᱨ Cicadidae ᱫᱚ [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ (ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱖᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (mid Cretaceous) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Burmese amber|ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Hui |last2=Szwedo |first2=Jacek |last3=Labandeira |first3=Conrad C. |last4=Chen |first4=Jun |last5=Moulds |first5=Maxwell S. |last6=Mähler |first6=Bastian |last7=Muscente |first7=A. Drew |last8=Zhuo |first8=De |last9=Nyunt |first9=Thet Tin |last10=Zhang |first10=Haichun |last11=Wei |first11=Cong |last12=Rust |first13=Jes |last13=Wang |first13=Bo |date=2024-01-08 |title=Mesozoic evolution of cicadas and their origins of vocalization and root feeding |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=376 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-44446-x |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10774268 |pmid=38191461|bibcode=2024NatCo..15..376J }}</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ (Cenozoic) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Moulds2018">{{cite journal |last1=Moulds |first1=M. S. |title=Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae |journal=Zootaxa |date=22 June 2018 |volume=4438 |issue=3 |pages=443–470 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2 |pmid=30313130 |s2cid=52973182 |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/download/zootaxa.4438.3.2/33643 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (modern cicadid) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''Davispia bearcreekensis'' (Tibicininae ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Paleocene|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱕᱖–᱕᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poinar |first1=George |last2=Kritsky |first2=Gene |title=Morphological conservatism in the foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen., n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) |journal=Historical Biology |date=October 2012 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=461–466 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2011.603421 |bibcode=2012HBio...24..461P |s2cid=82426789 }}</ref> <references /> 627s37tiu5albdwward7u6bpxh6w2wn 0 35908 191855 2026-05-15T08:13:13Z AMurmu 8962 + 191855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱯᱷᱥᱟᱨᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|علی افشاری}}; ᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱝᱛᱷᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱤᱨᱠᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=جمهوری ایرانی {{!}} مسئولین تشکیلات |url=https://iranian-republic.org/fa/member |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=iranian-republic.org}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱣᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱰᱮᱢᱳᱠᱨᱮᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱜᱟᱱ-ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱮᱞ ᱰᱮᱢᱳᱠᱨᱮᱥᱤ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱳ ᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-10-04 |title=NED Welcomes Fall 2006 Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellows |url=https://www.ned.org/ned-welcomes-fall-2006-reagan-fascell-democracy-fellows/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY |language=en-US}}</ref> ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ== ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱟᱯᱷᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱤᱨᱠᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱴᱩ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴᱤ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ (ᱫᱟᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ- ᱛᱟᱦᱠᱤᱢ-ᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱦᱫᱟᱛ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱟᱯᱷᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱛᱟᱢᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱛᱟᱢᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱩᱴᱷᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-30 |title=Fellowship Program |url=http://www.ned.org/forum/current.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130034439/http://www.ned.org/forum/current.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-11-30 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=www.ned.org}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱟᱯᱷᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱚᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱳ-ᱰᱮᱢᱳᱠᱨᱮᱥᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱩᱴᱷᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱒᱘ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱖ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱞᱚᱴ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱮᱱᱮᱭᱤ, ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-05-21 |title=Iran: Further information on Prisoners of Conscience |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/017/2001/en/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stifling Dissent: |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/iran/Iran0501-05.htm |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱯᱷᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱞ, ᱫᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱠ, ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱠ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="iranhrdc">{{Cite web |last=IHRDC |date=2011-05-04 |title=Witness Testimony: Ali Afshari |url=https://iranhrdc.org/witness-testimony-ali-afshari/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center |language=en-US}}</ref> ==ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱳᱠᱮᱥᱤ== ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱤᱨᱠᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ (ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱯᱷᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱯᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱡᱽᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱤᱥᱤ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBCPersian.com |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/story/2006/03/060303_wmt-iran-congress-afshari-atri |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref> ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤ ᱟᱭᱨᱤᱥ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱛᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ. ᱠᱮᱯᱤᱴᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱳᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱳ ᱞᱤᱵᱚᱨᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱠᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱤ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱰᱮᱢᱳᱠᱨᱮᱥᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱱᱴᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱰᱮᱢᱳᱠᱨᱮᱥᱤ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱚᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱳ-ᱰᱮᱢᱳᱠᱨᱮᱥᱤ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱕–᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱯᱷᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱳᱨᱤ, ᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱤᱢ ᱟᱥᱜᱷᱟᱨᱡᱟᱫᱮᱦ, ᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱳᱨᱤ-ᱨᱟᱫᱽ, ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱢᱳᱢᱮᱱᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱦᱫᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱢᱳᱫᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱜᱮᱥ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱢᱢᱟᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>https://kar-online.com/112089/</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱡᱤᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == *[http://www.radiofarda.com/iran_article/2006/3/8d799552-f2bc-42ec-8ecd-5d18b91e7d90.html ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱫᱟ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ]{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/story/2006/03/060303_wmt-iran-congress-afshari-atri ᱵᱤᱵᱤᱥᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ] *[http://www.peiknet.com/1384/01esfand/061284/pag/37haghighat.htm ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱤᱠᱱᱮᱴ] *[http://www.mannevesht.blogfa.com ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱯᱷᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱞᱚᱜᱽ] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060423001221/http://raha.payaan.com/ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱯᱷᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨᱠᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱤᱜᱟᱱ-ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱮᱞ ᱰᱮᱢᱳᱠᱨᱮᱥᱤ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱳ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱝᱛᱷᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] k801anj5byk7ulfqmgk96iba35fy45s 0 35909 191856 2026-05-15T08:19:18Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟᱫᱚᱨᱚᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ}}{{Infobox person | name = ᱱᱟᱡᱟᱱᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ | birth_name = ᱱᱟᱡᱟᱱᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1989|2}} | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[ᱢᱟᱱᱪᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] * [[ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ]] }} | occupation = ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ | website = {{official website|nazaalakija.com}} }} '''ᱱᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱡᱟ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱡᱟᱱᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱳᱯᱤᱥᱴ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naza ALAKIJA personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/FBZ2XIgs0P3WvKW8W00YRsIbgQA/appointments |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Folarin Alakija's Wife, Naza (Pictures & Biography) |url=https://paperng.com/2024/07/meet-folarin-alakijas-wife-naza.html |website=Paper Nigeria |access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Nazanin Alakija |url=https://womenmovingmillions.org/stories/meet-nazanin-alakija/ |website=Women Moving Millions |accessdate=28 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ᱪᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://motherhoodinstyle.net/2017/06/15/meet-folarin-alakijas-beautiful-new-wife-naza-jafarian/|title=Meet Folarin Alakija'a Beautiful New Wife: Naza Jafarian|work=Motherhood In-Style Magazine|first=Amaka|last=Adigwe|date=15 June 2017|accessdate=24 December 2024}}</ref> ᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱪᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naza-alakija-2021.webflow.io/about|title=About|website=Naza Alakija|accessdate=24 December 2024}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱞᱳᱨᱩᱱᱥᱳ ᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱡᱟ ᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱳᱞᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱡᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Step inside a Nigerian oil billionaire's son's incredibly lavish £5 million wedding at a British palace |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/nigerian-billionaire-sons-5-million-wedding-blenheim-palace-2017-6 |website=Business Insider |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The OTT wedding that cost over 8 million |url=[https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/news/expensive-wedding-costs-over-8-million-35935846.html](https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/news/expensive-wedding-costs-over-8-million-35935846.html) |website=Yahoo Life |access-date=24 March 2023 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Step inside a Nigerian oil billionaire's son's incredibly lavish £5 million wedding |url=[https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/step-inside-a-nigerian-oil-billionaire-s-son-s-incredibly-lavish-ps5-million-wedding-at-a-british-palace-a7789906.html](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/step-inside-a-nigerian-oil-billionaire-s-son-s-incredibly-lavish-ps5-million-wedding-at-a-british-palace-a7789906.html) |website=The Independent |access-date=24 March 2023 |language=en |date=14 June 2017}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱠᱡᱚᱢᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱞᱮᱱᱦᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzmaurice |first=Rosie |date=2017-06-11 |title=Step inside a Nigerian oil billionaire's son's incredibly lavish £5 million wedding at a British palace |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/nigerian-billionaire-sons-5-million-wedding-blenheim-palace-2017-6 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Flynn |first=Caitlin |date=2017-06-10 |title=This Wedding Actually Cost $6.3 Million & The Pictures Are Stunning |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2017/06/159735/billionaire-wedding-photos |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.refinery29.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Liz |date=2017-06-13 |title=Billionaire weds model girlfriend in £5m ceremony at Blenheim Palace |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/move-over-pippa-middleton-billionaire-weds-model-girlfriend-in-ps5m-ceremony-at-blenheim-palace-a3564276.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱣᱚᱠᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥ.ᱮ.ᱡᱤ.ᱤ. ᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Naza Alakija: I want to make sure that women and girls are given priority in the midst of these crises |url=https://marieclairearabia.com/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9/naza-alakija-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B5-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3 |website=marieclairearabia.com |accessdate=28 December 2022}}</ref> ᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱳᱵᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mobile Libraries in Afghanistan |url=https://www.nazaalakija.com/all-projects/mobile-libraries-in-afghanistan |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Naza Alakija |language=en-GB}}</ref> === ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ === ᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱡᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱰᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱣᱚᱠᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ''ᱳᱵᱷᱚᱨᱦᱤᱴᱮᱰ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱜᱤ ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱡᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ ᱭᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Villamil |first1=Valentina |title='Overheated': el nuevo documental sobre cambio climático protagonizado por Billie Eilish |url=https://es.rollingstone.com/overheated-el-nuevo-documental-sobre-cambio-climatico-protagonizado-por-billie-eilish/ |website=Rolling Stone en Español |accessdate=28 December 2022 |language=es |date=10 June 2022}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ'' ᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱥᱟ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱳᱦᱥᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vivarelli |first=Nick |date=2023-03-20 |title=Iranian Activist Naza Alakija Pays Tribute to Mahsa Amini With Short Film ‘Rise’ Where a Young Woman is Abducted by Tehran’s Morality Police: Watch Clip (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/iranian-activist-naza-alakija-mahsa-amini-short-film-rise-tehran-morality-police-1235558784/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2023-04-22 |title=“Rise” by Naza Alakija - New York Kurdish Cultural Center |url=https://nykcc.org/rise-by-naza-alakija/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱱᱪᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] 5844e7bgqv76z1z4ki0vkpla1kq66hi 0 35910 191857 2026-05-15T08:23:51Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱗᱒–᱒᱐᱑၀)}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ-ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱞᱤ-ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ | native_name = محمدرضا علی‌زمانی | native_name_lang = | image = Mohammad-Reza_Ali-Zamani.png | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱗᱒ | birth_place = [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | death_date = ᱒᱘ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ (ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱓᱘) | death_place = | death_cause = | occupation = | nationality = | years_active = | partner = | children = }} '''ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ-ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱞᱤ-ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|محمدرضا علی‌زمانی}}; ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ – ᱒᱘ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱐) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ "ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱳᱱᱟᱨᱠᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ"<ref name="Tait">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/08/mohammad-reza-ali-amani-death "Iran activist sentenced to death for election protests"], Robert Tait, ''The Guardian'' (8 October 2009).</ref> ᱥᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱟᱥᱮᱢᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱨᱮ ''ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱮᱵᱮᱦ'' – "ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ" – ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱘ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱞᱤ-ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱪᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ" ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱟᱥᱮᱢᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ-ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱟᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ" ᱟᱨ "''[[ᱫᱤ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ|ᱫᱤ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱮᱥ]]'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱯᱤ", ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ "ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱨᱜᱮᱴ" ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tait"/> ᱫᱳᱨᱫᱟᱱᱮᱦ ᱯᱷᱳᱣᱞᱟᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱱᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ — ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱮᱢᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱦᱚᱲ—ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ-ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tait"/> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ: "ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱚᱰᱠᱟᱥᱴ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ" ᱾<ref name="Tait"/> ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱞᱤ-ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱚᱥ ᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱳᱣᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8484478.stm "Iran 'executes two over post-election unrest{{'"}}], ''BBC News'' (28 January 2010).</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,<ref name="Times">[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/world/middleeast/09tehran.html "Iranian Site Reports a Death Sentence for Protester"], Michael Slackman, ''The New York Times'' (8 October 2009).</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱫᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ" ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tait"/> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱩᱥᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ <ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-opposition-sentence/reformist-website-iran-protester-gets-death-sentence-idUSTRE59715T20091008 |title= Reformist website: Iran protester gets death sentence. |website= [[Reuters]] }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.france24.com/en/20100128-two-post-election-rioters-iran-ahmedinejad-hanging |title= Two post-election 'rioters' hanged. |date= 28 January 2010 }}</ref> ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.voanews.com/archive/iranian-revolutionary-court-sentences-monarchist-death |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210625110826/https://www.voanews.com/archive/iranian-revolutionary-court-sentences-monarchist-death |url-status= dead |archive-date= June 25, 2021 |title= Iranian Revolutionary Court Sentences Monarchist to Death. }}</ref> ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱮᱡᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱯᱷᱤᱴᱡᱽᱯᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱞᱤ-ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ: "ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ," ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱴᱡᱽᱯᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Times" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references/> [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑-ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑-ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱳᱱᱟᱨᱠᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]] mq1i6ug0xgobu5n028lu65h4ftzdimm 10 35911 191859 2026-05-15T08:25:15Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=superfamilia |link=ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ|ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱚᱭᱰᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Cicadomorpha |extinct=<!--leave blank for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=109168 }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=superfamilia |link=ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ|ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱚᱭᱰᱮᱭᱟᱭ |parent=Cicadomorpha |extinct=<!--leave blank for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=109168 }} fny8uvujz44ebs7bnbl0vk3u2tmyyc5 10 35912 191860 2026-05-15T08:26:26Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=infraordo |link=ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱚᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱟ |parent=Auchenorrhyncha |refs={{Cite speciesfile|hoppers|id=320|title=Cicadomorpha Evans, 1946|access-date=25 January 2025}} }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=infraordo |link=ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱚᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱟ |parent=Auchenorrhyncha |refs={{Cite speciesfile|hoppers|id=320|title=Cicadomorpha Evans, 1946|access-date=25 January 2025}} }} pdmslwdqb2evlxyyjx108r47kqaa3fg 0 35913 191861 2026-05-15T08:28:21Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱒᱐᱑᱙)}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱟᱞᱤᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱤ | native_name = علیرضا شیرمحمدعلی | image = Alireza_Shir_Mohammad_Ali.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱙᱘ | birth_place = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]], ᱤᱨᱟᱱ | death_date = ᱑᱐ ᱡᱩᱱ {{death year and age|2019|1998}} | death_place = [[ᱜᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤ]], ᱤᱨᱟᱱ | death_cause = ᱪᱷᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴᱩ | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = }} '''ᱟᱞᱤᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|علیرضا شیرمحمدعلی}}) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤ (ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱦ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://iranintl.com/en/iran/iranian-political-prisoner-reportedly-murdered-prison|title=Iranian political prisoner reportedly murdered in prison|date=11 June 2019|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_voa-news-iran_detained-iranian-activist-dies-prison-apparent-brutal-killing-inmates/6169862.html|title=Detained Iranian Activist Dies in Prison in Apparent Brutal Killing by Inmates|date=11 June 2019|website=Voice of America|language=en|access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> == ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ == ᱟᱞᱤᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ-ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ “ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ, ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱜᱮᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱟᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ” ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱟᱨᱡᱟᱱ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱢᱢᱟᱫᱤ, ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱛᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranintl.com/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%C2%AB%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%C2%BB-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87|title=اخبار غیررسمی از "کشته شدن یک زندانی سیاسی" در زندان فشافویه|date=11 June 2019|website=ایران اینترنشنال|language=fa|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820160653/https://iranintl.com/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%C2%AB%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%C2%BB-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iranhr.net/en/articles/3775/|title=Iran: 21-Year-old Political Prisoner murdered in Prison|date=11 June 2019|website=iranhr.net|language=en|access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> == ᱜᱩᱨ == ᱑᱐ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ “ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱜᱮᱭ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-human-rights/4954067.html|title=علیرضا شیرمحمدعلی، زندانی سیاسی در زندان فشافویه "کشته" شد|website=صدای آمریکا|date=11 June 2019 |language=fa|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iran-hrm.com/index.php/2019/06/11/alireza-shir-mohammad-ali-21-murdered-in-greater-tehran-penitentiary/|title=Alireza Shir-Mohammad-Ali, 21, murdered in Greater Tehran Penitentiary|date=11 June 2019|website=Iran HRM|language=en-US|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-48595611|title=قتل یک زندانی سیاسی ۲۱ ساله در زندان فشافویه|date=11 June 2019|access-date=11 June 2019|publisher=BBC Farsi|language=fa}}</ref> == ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ == ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱣᱟᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱦ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-human-rights-prisoner-killed/4954827.html|title=دیدبان حقوق بشر خواستار تحقیق فوری درباره نقش مقامات قضائی ایران در قتل علیرضا شیرمحمدعلی شد|website=صدای آمریکا|date=11 June 2019 |language=fa|access-date=15 June 2019}}</ref> ᱑᱓ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱢᱱᱮᱥᱴᱤ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱤ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] 2dawu1rplih2t31ljvj1cdd65d5wfut 10 35914 191862 2026-05-15T08:28:35Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subordo |link=ᱟᱣᱠᱮᱱᱚᱨᱨᱟᱭᱱᱠᱟ |parent=Hemiptera |always_display=true |refs={{Cite speciesfile|hoppers|id=319|title=Auchenorrhyncha Duméril, 1805|access-date=25 January 2025}} }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191862 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=subordo |link=ᱟᱣᱠᱮᱱᱚᱨᱨᱟᱭᱱᱠᱟ |parent=Hemiptera |always_display=true |refs={{Cite speciesfile|hoppers|id=319|title=Auchenorrhyncha Duméril, 1805|access-date=25 January 2025}} }} gv97mhh41u1k2yr9hfxrpodwuzb8qh0 0 35915 191864 2026-05-15T08:31:59Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱐᱓–᱑᱙᱔᱐)}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱛᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ | image = Taghierani.jpg | native_name = تقی ارانی | native_name_lang = fa | birth_date = {{birth date|1903|09|05|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ]], [[ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱞᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1940|02|04|1903|09|05|df=y}} | death_place = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]], [[ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | alma_mater = [[ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱥᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱮᱴ ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ]] | occupation = ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴ, ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ | criminal_charge = ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ ᱥᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ }} '''ᱛᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|تقی ارانی}}; ᱕ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱐᱓ – ᱔ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱔᱐), ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ, ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ-ᱣᱤᱝ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ''ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ'' (''ᱫᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ'') ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jxd2Zr9Ilw8C|title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History|last=Daryaee|first=Touraj|year=2012 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199732159|page=352}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="mrg90">{{cite journal |author=M. Reza Ghods |date=October 1990 |title=The Iranian Communist Movement under Reza Shah |journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]] |volume=26 |issue=4 |page=508 |jstor=4283395}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨ ᱩᱞ-ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱳᱴᱮᱱᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱥᱮ ᱦᱳᱪᱥᱩᱞᱮ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱥᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱮᱴ ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ''ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ''ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱕᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱤᱡ, ᱫᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱯᱷᱴᱤ-ᱛᱷᱨᱤ, ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Afshari|first=Reza |title=Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran (review)|journal=[[Human Rights Quarterly]]|year=2002|volume=24 |issue=1|pages=290–297|doi=10.1353/hrq.2002.0001|s2cid=145509961|issn=1085-794X}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ (ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤᱭᱟ, ᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ) ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sarmayeh.net/ShowNews.php?43667|title=Sarmayeh.net - سرمایه Resources and Information|access-date=15 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054633/http://www.sarmayeh.net/ShowNews.php?43667|archivedate=24 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|author=Michael Pye|title=In the belly of the bear?: Soviet-Iranian relations during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9501|location=[[University of St Andrews]]|page=65|degree=PhD|date=2015}}</ref> [[File:Illustration of Taghi Arani trial by Samila.jpg|thumb|ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱫᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱯᱷᱴᱤ-ᱛᱷᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱔᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱫᱮᱦ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,<ref>{{Cite web|website=www.iranchamber.com |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/history/tudeh/tudeh_party01.php|title=History of Iran: History of the Tudeh Party of Iran |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghods|first=M. Reza |year=1990|title=The Iranian Communist Movement under Reza Shah|journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]]|volume=26 |issue=4|pages=506–513|doi=10.1080/00263209008700833|jstor=4283395|issn=0026-3206}}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ == ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ<ref name=aliman>{{cite thesis|author=Ali Massoud Ansari|title=Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the myth of imperial authority|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1951728471|isbn=978-0-355-37592-3|id={{ProQuest|1951728471}}|location=SOAS, University of London|page=63|degree=PhD|year=1998}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱱ-ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱥᱴ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmadi|first1=Hamid|editor1-last=Kamrava|editor1-first=Mehran|title=The Great Game in West Asia: Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0190869663|pages=297-298 (note 102)|chapter=The Clash of Nationalisms: Iranian response to Baku's irredentism}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=aliman/> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Abrahamian|first=E.|author-link=Ervand Abrahamian|last2=Alavi|first2=B.|title=ARĀNĪ, TAQĪ|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arani-taqi|volume=2|fascicle=3|pages=263-265}} * {{citation|first=Younes|last=Jalali|title=Taghi Erani, a Polymath in Interwar Berlin: Fundamental Science, Psychology, Orientalism, and Political Philosophy|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=978-3-319-97837-6|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97837-6|s2cid=189356398}} * {{cite book|last1=Mirsepassi|first1=Ali|title=The Discovery of Iran: Taghi Arani, a Radical Cosmopolitan|year=2021|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-1503629141}} * {{cite journal |last1=Saffari |first1=Siavash |title=Taqi Erāni, Bizhan Jazani, and a Marxian Framework for the Critique of Religion in Twentieth Century Iranian Political Thought |journal=Iranian Studies |year=2021 |volume=54 |issue=5–6 |pages=859–877 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2020.1855970|s2cid=234069935 }} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == *{{Commons-inline}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐-ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱐᱓ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ (ᱦᱚᱲ)]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱥᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱮᱴ ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] 2qd64b1rfuiza36xo6krj2m4ci9rmfn 0 35916 191866 2026-05-15T08:35:54Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} '''ᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱠᱟᱨᱯᱷ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ "ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nobel">[https://nobelwomensinitiative.org/meet-yasaman-aryani-iran/ Meet Yasaman Aryani, Iran] ''[[Nobel Women's Initiative]]''. Accessed 11 February 2020.</ref> ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ. ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ "ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ" ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/iran-evin-prison-ansar-hezbollah-face-sanctions-180531132138656.html Iran's Evin prison, Ansar-e Hezbollah face new US sanctions] ''Aljazeera News'', 31 May 2018.</ref> ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Nobel/><ref name=IHRM>[https://iran-hrm.com/index.php/2019/02/02/iranian-political-prisoners-react-state-run-media-claims/ Iranian political prisoners react state-run media claims] ''Iran Human Rights Monitor'', 2 February 2019.</ref> ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ-ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱠᱟᱨᱯᱷ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=Amnesty2>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/get-involved/take-action/w4r-2019-iran-yasamin-aryani/ Jailed for protesting forced veiling] ''Amnesty International''. Accessed 11 February 2020.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://womensagenda.com.au/latest/yasaman-aryani-took-off-her-headscarf-was-sentenced-to-16-years-in-prison/ |title = Yasaman Aryani took off her headscarf & was sentenced to 16 years in prison|date = 2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/three-women-sentenced-to-55-years-for-defying-compulsory-hijab-in-iran/30088712.html |title = Three Women Sentenced to 55 Years for Defying Compulsory Hijab in Iran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thearabweekly.com/node/44775|title=In Iran, some take off their hijabs as hard-liners push back {{!}}|website=AW|language=en|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱠᱟᱨᱯᱷ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ-ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, "ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ" ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱞ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ "ᱩᱱᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱝ" ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱩᱥᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Amnesty>[https://action.amnesty.org.au/act-now/help-release-yasaman Help release Yasaman from prison] ''Amnesty International''. Accessed 11 February 2020.</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱰᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱳᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Amnesty /> ᱒᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱣᱟᱨᱪᱟᱠ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱥᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ (ᱠᱣᱟᱨᱪᱟᱠ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱩᱥᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranfocus.com/en/women-mainmenu-28/33754-women-political-prisoners-attacked-in-iran-s-qarchak-prison|title=Women Political Prisoners Attacked in Iran’s Qarchak Prison|author=Jubin Katiraie|date=1 August 2019 |publisher=iranfocus.com|access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱳᱵᱮᱞ ᱳᱢᱮᱱᱥ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ... ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱩᱴᱷᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟനᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ 'ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ' ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱯᱚᱥᱛᱟᱣᱟ' ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾"<ref name=Nobel /> ᱮᱢᱱᱮᱥᱴᱤ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=Amnesty /> ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Amnesty |date=2023-03-17 |title=Good news: Women’s rights defenders, Yasaman and her mother Monireh, were released from prison early |url=https://www.amnesty.org.au/good-news-womens-rights-defenders-yasaman-and-her-mother-monireh-were-released-from-prison-early/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Amnesty International Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|33em}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱤᱡᱟᱵᱽ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ)]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] jgvcvoksy1t1bnzc4vx41qrm689fbkj 10 35917 191867 2026-05-15T08:36:50Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=ordo |link=ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ |parent=Condylognatha }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191867 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=ordo |link=ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ |parent=Condylognatha }} 8m4ng1a4y6kdrzpnkfdhasbg0j93jc7 10 35918 191868 2026-05-15T08:39:10Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=superordo |link=ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱤᱞᱚᱜᱽᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟ |parent=Paraneoptera }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191868 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=superordo |link=ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱤᱞᱚᱜᱽᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟ |parent=Paraneoptera }} gusnwgawp06dwu8v58ou0dd1egn3ag8 0 35919 191869 2026-05-15T08:40:02Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱭᱤᱡ}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱟᱛᱮᱯᱷᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱤ | image = WS_PR_Atefe_Asadi_C_sq-sw-kl.jpg | birth_date = ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ | birth_place = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]], ᱤᱨᱟᱱ | education = ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱚᱨ }} '''ᱟᱛᱮᱯᱷᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱤ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱙᱔, [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]], ᱤᱨᱟᱱ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, [[ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ|ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱭᱤᱡ]], ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neue Hannah-Arendt-Stipendiatin, die iranische Autorin Atefe Asadi |url=https://presse.hannover-stadt.de/pmDetail.cfm?pmid=20502 |website=Press Service Hannover |date=2024-11-16 |access-date=2024-11-18 |language=de }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱱᱟᱦ ᱟᱨᱮᱱᱰᱴ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱳᱥᱤᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sehnsucht nach Teheran: Ein Gespräch mit Atefe Asadi |url=https://yellowpost.blog/2023/10/09/sehnsucht-nach-teheran-ein-gespraech-mit-atefe-asadi/ |website=Yellowpost Blog |date=2023-10-09 |access-date=2024-11-18 |language=de }}</ref> == ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱟᱛᱮᱯᱷᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Power of Literature in Challenging Totalitarianism |url=https://www.icorn.org/stories/atefe-asadi-the-power-of-literature-in-challenging-totalitarianism |website=ICORN |date=2024-07-12 |access-date=2024-11-18 |language=en }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ [[ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ "ᱥᱟᱭᱮᱦ-ᱦᱟ", "ᱠᱳᱱᱥᱮᱯᱷᱨ", "ᱠᱮᱛᱟᱵᱽᱪᱤ", ᱟᱨ "ᱢᱳᱨᱵᱷᱟ" ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Wanted to Hear the Voice Telling Me That All Was Temporary |url=https://www.platformb.art/work/i-wanted-to-hear-the-voice-telling-me-that-all-was-temporary/ |website=Platform B |access-date=2024-11-18 |language=en }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ, ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ, ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atefe Asadi: Weiter Schreiben Profile |url=https://weiterschreiben.jetzt/kuenstlerinnen/autorinnen/atefe-asadi/ |website=Weiter Schreiben |access-date=2024-11-18 |language=de }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱮ "ᱞᱤᱴᱮᱨᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱤᱱ ᱮᱠᱡᱟᱭᱤᱞ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱥᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Literatures in Exile: Atefe Asadi & Sam Zamrik |url=https://www.goethe.de/prj/gex/en/ver.cfm?event_id=25817722 |website=Goethe-Institut |access-date=2024-11-18 |language=en }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ == ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱱᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Das leise Lächeln der Atefe Asadi: Wie die Exilautorin in Hannover zurecht kommt |url=https://www.haz.de/kultur/regional/das-leise-laecheln-der-atefe-asadi-wie-die-exilautorin-in-hannover-zurecht-kommt-HOE6RKIN5VCB5EB67OFNS5JC7I.html |website=HAZ |date=2024-11-15 |access-date=2024-11-18 |language=de }}</ref> ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, "ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ, ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ, ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ" ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱨᱰ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱛᱚᱝᱠᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exilautorin Atefe Asadi: Die Menschen im Iran haben alles getan, was in ihrer Macht lag |url=https://www.fr.de/kultur/literatur/exilautorin-atefe-asadi-die-menschen-im-iran-haben-alles-getan-was-in-ihrer-macht-lag-93382505.html |website=Frankfurter Allgemeine |date=2024-10-29 |access-date=2024-11-18 |language=de }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ, ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱛᱮᱯᱷᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''"ᱟᱞᱮ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱞᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ"'' (We, the people of Iran, have always been alone), ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ-ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'' ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-20 |title=Exil-Autorin Atefe Asadi über den Krieg zwischen Israel und Iran |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/exil-autorin-atefe-asadi-ueber-den-krieg-zwischen-israel-und-iran-110547709.html |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=FAZ.NET |language=de}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asadi |first=Atefe |date=2025-06-25 |title=Atefe Asadi : “Nous, le peuple iranien, avons de tout temps été seuls” |url=https://k-larevue.com/atefe-asadi-iran/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=K. Les Juifs, l’Europe, le XXIe siècle |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ''Perlentaucher'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱰᱚᱭᱮᱪᱞᱮᱱᱰᱯᱷᱟᱝᱠ ᱠᱩᱞᱴᱩᱨ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunkkultur.de |date=2025-06-20 |title=Kulturpresseschau |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/kulturpresseschau-346.html |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In puncto kognitive Rigidität |url=https://www.perlentaucher.de/9punkt/2025-06-21.html |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Perlentaucher}}</ref> == ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ "Krommel" ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ "ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ, ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ, ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ" ᱢᱚᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱥᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schullesungen auf Englisch mit der iranischen Autorin Atefe Asadi |url=https://fbk-niedersachsen.de/schullesungen-auf-englisch-mit-der-iranischen-autorin-atefe-asadi/ |website=FBK Niedersachsen |access-date=2024-11-18 |language=de }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] aqbchm91jcw86c08b91ap3e0kfmhpkx 10 35920 191870 2026-05-15T08:40:25Z ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ 1102 "<noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=unranked |link=ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱱᱮᱣᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ |parent=Eumetabola }}" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191870 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=unranked |link=ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱱᱮᱣᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ |parent=Eumetabola }} b7z58ausaij78brt54jhquejwtpcruc 0 35921 191871 2026-05-15T08:44:12Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ, ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱘᱐)}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱮᱦ ᱵᱳᱠᱟᱭᱮ ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱜᱚᱨ | image = | caption = ᱢᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱳᱫᱤᱨᱤ ''ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ ᱤᱱ ᱫᱤ ᱟᱯᱷᱴᱟᱨᱱᱩᱱ'' ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ | imagesize = 200px | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|8|6}} | birth_place = [[ᱟᱨᱟᱠ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | birth_name = | occupation = {{hlist|ᱩᱠᱤᱞ|ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ|ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ|ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} | years_active = ᱑᱙᱙᱙–ᱱᱤᱛ | children = | height = | signature = }} '''ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱮᱦ ᱵᱳᱠᱟᱭᱮ ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱜᱚᱨ''' ({{langx|fa| آزاده بُکایی دادگر}}, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱖ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱘᱐) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ [[ᱩᱠᱤᱞ]], ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱮᱦ ᱵᱳᱠᱟᱭᱮ ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱜᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱞᱳᱠᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱣᱚᱠᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ''ᱞᱟᱞᱮᱦ ᱥᱳᱨᱠᱷ'' ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱟᱛᱨᱮᱭᱟᱥ'' ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://atreyas.ir/ |title=پایگاه خبری روزنامه عطریاس - آخرین اخبار استان مرکزی |access-date=February 2, 2018 |archive-date=February 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206165023/http://atreyas.ir/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱜᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱰᱚᱭᱮᱪᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.dw.com/fair/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C/a-39010411/PersianRadioDeutschland Persian Radio Deutschland] {{Dead link|date=October 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>[https://humanrightsiniran.com/1396/41919/humanrightsiniran) Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217124304/https://humanrightsiniran.com/1396/41919/humanrightsiniran|date=February 17, 2022}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>[https://www.ilna.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-3/494292-%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%B1-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AF/ خبرنگار روزنامه عطر یاس اراک آزاد شد] ILNA (in Persian) {{webarchive|date=31 May 2017|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531143931/https://www.ilna.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-3/494292-%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%B1-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AF/}}</ref><ref>[https://bashariyathalgheh.wordpress.com/2017/05/27/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%B1/bashariyathalgheh.wordpress.com Bashariyat Halgheh] {{Dead link|date=October 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱡᱤ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.radiozamaneh.com/342964/radiozamaneh Radio Zamaneh] {{Dead link|date=December 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ilna.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-3/494292-%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%B1-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AF/www.ilna.ir خبرنگار روزنامه عطر یاس اراک آزاد شد] {{webarchive|date=3 February 2018|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064248/http://www.ilna.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-3/494292-%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%B1-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AF/www.ilna.ir}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱮ, ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱜᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑-ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱨᱟᱠ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] 6dlpzsh697ye9kwizpik61tljgngmou 0 35922 191872 2026-05-15T08:48:21Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ-ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} [[Image:Parvin Darabi.jpg|thumb|ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤ (᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ)]] '''ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|پروین دارابی}}; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱔᱑, [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]]) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allianceofiranianwomen.org/2019/09/an-iranian-woman-sacrifices-herself-for-womens-rights-where-are-western-womens-rights-activists/|title=An Iranian Woman Sacrifices Herself for Women's Rights: Where Are Western Women's Rights Activists? -|last1=Zand|first1=Banafsheh|last2=Baron|first2=Sophie|date=2019-09-18|website=Alliance of Iranian Women|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lichter|first=Ida|url=http://evergreen.lib.in.us/opac/extras/unapi?id=tag:open-ils.org,2016-11-25:biblio-record_entry/19280089/-&format=opac|title=Muslim women reformers: inspiring voices against oppression|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-59102-716-4|location=Amherst, N.Y|oclc=262889534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Goodwin|first=Jan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVp5AAAAQBAJ&dq=Parvin+Darabi&pg=PT105|title=Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World|date=2002-12-31|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-698-15779-8|language=en}}</ref> == ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱛᱷᱨᱤᱡᱽ, ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷᱟᱨᱱ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱯᱟᱨᱰᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Crimp|first1=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tc0lV0kZTGIC&dq=Parvin+Darabi&pg=PA178|title=Why We Left Islam: Former Muslims Speak Out|last2=Richardson|first2=Joel|date=2008|publisher=WND Books|isbn=978-0-9792671-0-9|language=en}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ, ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱚᱨ, ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ, ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱯᱤᱴᱤ ᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱯᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱥ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱮᱥᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱴᱳ (NATO) ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱨᱟᱰᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱴᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱭ, ᱦᱳᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤ, ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱡᱽᱨᱤᱥ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/fd9d5fbf0478dab92faf99daba7ef757/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35529|title=Rage Against the Veil: The Courageous Life and Death of an Islamic Dissident|last=|first=|date=|website=ProQuest|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref> ᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱮᱜᱮᱱᱥᱴ ᱫᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱭᱤᱞ'' ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱞᱳᱠᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Vertinsky|first1=Patricia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LV_AgAAQBAJ&dq=Parvin+Darabi&pg=PT138|title=Physical Culture, Power, and the Body|last2=Hargreaves|first2=Jennifer|date=2006-11-28|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-22704-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://womensenews.org/2002/02/womens-share-at-olympic-competitions-drops/|title=Women's Share at Olympic Competitions Drops|last=Good|first=Regan|date=February 22, 2002|website=Women's eNews|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱯᱟᱨᱠᱥᱣᱚᱨᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ''"ᱳᱢᱮᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱨᱟᱠᱤ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱝ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ"'' ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱨᱟᱠᱤ, ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.tahoedailytribune.com/news/book-chronicles-lives-of-truckee-women/ Book chronicles lives of Truckee women] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035521/http://www.tahoedailytribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20031027%2FNews%2F110270003%2F-1%2FNEWS|date=2007-09-28}} - [[Tahoe Daily Tribune]]</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ == === ᱳᱢᱮᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱨᱟᱠᱤ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱝ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ === '''''ᱳᱢᱮᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱨᱟᱠᱤ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱝ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱨᱟᱠᱤ, ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="SS">[https://www.sierrasun.com/opinion/truckee-women-honored-in-book/ Truckee women honored in book] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928001025/http://www.sierrasun.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?Site=SS&Date=20021205&Category=COMMUNITY&ArtNo=212050302&Ref=AR|date=2007-09-28}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱨᱟᱠᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ, ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ [https://www.sierrasun.com/news/meet-your-neighbor-lydia-sparksworthy/ ᱞᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱯᱟᱨᱠᱥᱣᱚᱨᱛᱷᱤ] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ, ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="SS" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sierrasun.com/opinion/book-release-celebrated/|title=Book release celebrated|last=Morris|first=Katherine|date=December 20, 2002|website=www.sierrasun.com|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱳᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="SS" /> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱨᱟᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tahoedailytribune.com/news/book-chronicles-lives-of-truckee-women/|title=Book chronicles lives of Truckee women|last=Shadforth|first=Renee|date=23 October 2003|website=www.tahoedailytribune.com|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref> ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱨᱟᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ "ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕, ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱐ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == *[http://www.homa.org/ ᱰᱨ. ᱦᱳᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ] *[https://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/1994fall/tehran.php ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱡᱽᱨᱤᱥ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜᱚᱜ] - OnTheIssues.com, the Progressive Woman's Quarterly *[http://www.rozanehmagazine.com/allarticles/AmanpourChristine.htm ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱢᱟᱱᱯᱳᱣᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ: "ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ?" ᱪᱮᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ?] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ]] 863rpew1f9aczou53hll98x1fn8auvp 0 35923 191873 2026-05-15T08:52:37Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱯᱤᱨᱚᱣᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ | image = Pirooz Davani.jpg | alt = | caption = ᱯᱤᱨᱚᱣᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth year|1961}} | birth_place = [[ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ|ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | disappeared_date = ᱒᱘ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ (ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱓᱗)<!-- {{Disappeared date and age|1998|8|28|1961|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --> | disappeared_place = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | disappeared_status = {{Missing for|1998|8|28}} | nationality = | height = | known_for = | occupation = | education = | parents = }} '''ᱯᱤᱨᱚᱣᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|پیروز دوانی}}; ᱑᱙᱖᱑–᱑᱙᱙᱘~) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱤᱨᱚᱣᱡᱽ'' ([[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ]]: ''"ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥ"'') ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ) ᱾ ᱒᱘ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=payvand>{{Cite news |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/03/aug/1151.html |title=Iranian journalist Pirouz Davani, missing for 5 years, is glaring case of impunity |work=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |date=2003-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801131823/https://www.payvand.com/news/03/aug/1151.html |archive-date=2022-08-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱯᱤᱨᱚᱣᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱘᱑ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱳᱥ" ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=payvand/> ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ "᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱤᱨᱚᱣᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱩᱴᱷᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ" ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱛᱟᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱵᱩᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱰᱮᱢᱳᱠᱨᱮᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾"<ref>[http://www.greenleft.org.au/2003/556/29471 Write On: Letters to Green Left Weekly - Pirooz Davani] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622133245/http://www.greenleft.org.au/2003/556/29471 |date=2009-06-22 }} letter by Ardeshir Gholipoor</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱤᱨᱚᱣᱡᱽ'' [[ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ == ᱟᱫᱚᱜ == ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ "ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱚᱥᱟᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ" ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮᱠᱚ "ᱠᱤᱰᱱᱮᱯ" ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPS">[http://www.iran-press-service.com/articles/arrests_continue.html ''Meanwhile, arbitrary arrests continue unabated''] ([[Iran Press Service]], 3 September 1998)</ref> ᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ "ᱪᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ" ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=RSF/> ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.iran-press-service.com/ips/articles-2004/july/hunger_strike_22704.shtml ''A dozen of prominent Iranian political prisoners observes hunger strike''] by Safa Haeri ([[Iran Press Service]], 21 July 2004)</ref> ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱤᱠᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱷᱳᱞᱟᱢ-ᱦᱳᱥᱮᱱ ᱢᱳᱦᱥᱮᱱᱤ-ᱮᱡᱮᱭᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱡᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-11-30 |title=Iranian journalist names names |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1048502.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=2024-05-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱢᱱᱮᱥᱴᱤ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱴ ᱟᱴᱮᱠ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="amnesty">[https://www.amnesty.org/es/documents/mde13/023/1998/es/ ''Amnesty International calls for independent investigation into killings''] ([[Amnesty International]], 3 December 1998)</ref> ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴᱚᱨᱥ ᱣᱤᱫᱟᱣᱩᱴ ᱵᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨᱥ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ:<ref name="RSF">[http://www.ifex.org/iran/2004/11/25/impunity_continues_to_triumph_in/ ''Impunity continues to triumph in Iranian justice system, says RSF''] - Press Release, [[Reporters Without Borders]] (Reprint: [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]], 25 November 2004)</ref> :''ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱦᱟᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱳᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱑᱒ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱫᱮᱦ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ...'' == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙৯০ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱤᱰᱱᱮᱯ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱩᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] gvlqi1tn0ejfw4kz61zuu4swm0dfvtx 0 35924 191874 2026-05-15T08:58:12Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ | image = Masoud Dehnamaki at Amirkabir University.jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱢᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ | native_name = مسعود ده‌نمکی | native_name_lang = Fa | imagesize = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1969|12|29}} | birth_place = [[ᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴᱤ|ᱟᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | occupation = ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ, ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ, [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ|ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | years_active = ᱒᱐᱐᱔–ᱱᱤᱛ | party = [[ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ-ᱮ-ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran|first=Mehdi|last=Moslem |date=2002|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0815629788|page=136}}</ref> | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = }} '''ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|مسعود ده‌نمکی}}, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱟᱦᱟᱨ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱟᱢᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ-ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱟᱨᱱᱤᱝ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ekathimerini.com">[http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_559206_06/06/2006_70588 ekathimerini.com | Confessions of a fundamentalist in Ahmadinejad’s Iran of today<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ== ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ-ᱮ-ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="iran-press-service.com">[http://www.iran-press-service.com/articles/students_killed_12899.html Students Demonstration In Tabriz Crushed With Utter Violence<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱩᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>[http://www.krsi.net/news/detail.asp?NewsID=1585 KRSI: Radio Sedaye Iran راديو صدای ايران<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤᱯᱩᱨᱩᱱ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ-ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱥ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roozonline.com/english/archives/2007/02/002385.php |accessdate=June 17, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519073923/http://www.roozonline.com/english/archives/2007/02/002385.php |archivedate=May 19, 2007 |title=A Liberal and a Thug (ROOZ :: English) }}</ref> ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ "ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="iran-press-service.com"/> ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ" (holy war) ᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱠᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱳᱴ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱰᱤᱭᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱾"<ref>[http://ak4mc.us/2c/2002/9713.html Hard-Line Unit Vows War with Reformers; Associated Press, 2002] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811064925/http://ak4mc.us/2c/2002/9713.html |date=August 11, 2011 }}</ref> ==ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱫᱳ-ᱠᱳᱣᱦᱮᱦ'' ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ''ᱡᱮᱵᱷᱮᱦ'' ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ''ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢᱪᱮᱦ'' ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ-ᱮ-ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱭᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱥᱳᱵᱷ'' ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱝ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱭᱰᱤᱭᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢᱪᱮᱦ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱡᱮᱵᱷᱮᱦ'' ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢᱪᱮᱦ'' ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱢᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱜᱮᱨ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iran/1999/48-061299.html RFE/RL Iran Report<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱷᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱴᱤ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱥᱚᱱ'' ᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱵᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱪ ᱵᱽᱞᱩ, ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱪ ᱨᱮᱰ'' (᱒᱐᱐᱔) ᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ]] ''ᱮᱠᱷᱨᱟᱡᱤᱦᱟ (ᱫᱤ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱠᱟᱥᱴᱥ)'' (᱒᱐᱐᱖), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱮᱞᱰ'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱝᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱤᱨᱡᱟ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱜᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱨᱜᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ <!-- Commented out: [[Image:Esarat.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Bibliography of imprisonment]] --> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ-ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190808/http://www.cinemaema.com/NewsArticle2074.html سينمای ما - اخراجی ها یک میلیارد را رد کرد<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[File:15,9,2009 - Masoud Dehnamaki - Meeting with Iran's supreme leader Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as Artist active in the art of Holy defense.jpg|thumb|ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ [[ᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱮᱱᱮᱭᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ]] ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ, ''ᱮᱠᱷᱨᱟᱡᱤᱦᱟ ᱓'' (ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱠᱟᱥᱴᱥ ᱓) (᱒᱐᱑᱑), ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ-ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱴᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱲᱮᱭᱟ, ᱠᱤᱱ ᱴᱷᱚᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱤᱞᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱨ ᱦᱳᱥᱮᱱ ᱢᱳᱣᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱦᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱨᱳᱣᱵᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ''ᱮᱠᱷᱨᱟᱡᱤᱦᱟ ᱓'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱳᱴ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ-ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱴᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱢᱡᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ-ᱱᱳᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱤ ''ᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ (ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ) ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱚᱭᱠᱚᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>Thomas Erdbink, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/irans-political-struggle-hits-the-box-office/2011/05/01/AGiRkxiH_story.html Iran's political struggle hits the box office] ''The Washington Post'', 24 June 2011.</ref> ==ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ== ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱰᱟᱨᱱᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ-ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾" "ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾"<ref name="nytimes.com">[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/26/international/middleeast/26dehnamaki.html?ei=5090&en=9b13e03ffb753873&ex=1290661200&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=print A Revolutionary Channels His Inner Michael Moore – New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱧᱤᱧ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱥᱴᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/29/style/filmmaker.php Iran's Michael Moore, criticized on 2 fronts - International Herald Tribune<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416095552/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/29/style/filmmaker.php |date=April 16, 2007 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱟᱦᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱮᱡᱟᱫᱽ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ "ᱠᱚᱴᱴᱚᱨᱯᱚᱱᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ" ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱵᱚᱱᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾"<ref name="nytimes.com"/> ==ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ== ==* ''ᱠᱮᱛᱟᱵᱽᱥᱮᱱᱟᱥᱤ-ᱮ ᱮᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛ'' ([[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ]]: ''{{lang|fa|کتاب‌شناسی اسارت}}''; ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ.: ''ᱠᱮᱯᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ)''== ==ᱱᱳᱴᱥ== {{Reflist}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070416095552/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/29/style/filmmaker.php ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱢᱩᱨ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ] *[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/irans-political-struggle-hits-the-box-office/2011/05/01/AGiRkxiH_story.html ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ-ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ-ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱚᱱᱴᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱᱮᱞ]] cst73249xc284gh0nb7o32ou2pqqgrd 191875 191874 2026-05-15T08:58:37Z ~2026-29293-79 11058 /* * ᱠᱮᱛᱟᱵᱽᱥᱮᱱᱟᱥᱤ-ᱮ ᱮᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛ (ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ: کتاب‌شناسی اسارت; ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ.: ᱠᱮᱯᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ) */ 191875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ | image = Masoud Dehnamaki at Amirkabir University.jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱢᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ | native_name = مسعود ده‌نمکی | native_name_lang = Fa | imagesize = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1969|12|29}} | birth_place = [[ᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴᱤ|ᱟᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | occupation = ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ, ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ, [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ|ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | years_active = ᱒᱐᱐᱔–ᱱᱤᱛ | party = [[ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ-ᱮ-ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran|first=Mehdi|last=Moslem |date=2002|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0815629788|page=136}}</ref> | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = }} '''ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|مسعود ده‌نمکی}}, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱟᱦᱟᱨ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱟᱢᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ-ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱟᱨᱱᱤᱝ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ekathimerini.com">[http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_559206_06/06/2006_70588 ekathimerini.com | Confessions of a fundamentalist in Ahmadinejad’s Iran of today<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ== ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ-ᱮ-ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="iran-press-service.com">[http://www.iran-press-service.com/articles/students_killed_12899.html Students Demonstration In Tabriz Crushed With Utter Violence<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱩᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>[http://www.krsi.net/news/detail.asp?NewsID=1585 KRSI: Radio Sedaye Iran راديو صدای ايران<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤᱯᱩᱨᱩᱱ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ-ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱥ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roozonline.com/english/archives/2007/02/002385.php |accessdate=June 17, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519073923/http://www.roozonline.com/english/archives/2007/02/002385.php |archivedate=May 19, 2007 |title=A Liberal and a Thug (ROOZ :: English) }}</ref> ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ "ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="iran-press-service.com"/> ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ" (holy war) ᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱠᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱳᱴ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱰᱤᱭᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱾"<ref>[http://ak4mc.us/2c/2002/9713.html Hard-Line Unit Vows War with Reformers; Associated Press, 2002] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811064925/http://ak4mc.us/2c/2002/9713.html |date=August 11, 2011 }}</ref> ==ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱫᱳ-ᱠᱳᱣᱦᱮᱦ'' ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ''ᱡᱮᱵᱷᱮᱦ'' ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ''ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢᱪᱮᱦ'' ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ-ᱮ-ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱭᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱥᱳᱵᱷ'' ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱝ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱭᱰᱤᱭᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢᱪᱮᱦ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱡᱮᱵᱷᱮᱦ'' ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢᱪᱮᱦ'' ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱢᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱜᱮᱨ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iran/1999/48-061299.html RFE/RL Iran Report<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱷᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱴᱤ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱥᱚᱱ'' ᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱵᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱪ ᱵᱽᱞᱩ, ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱪ ᱨᱮᱰ'' (᱒᱐᱐᱔) ᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ]] ''ᱮᱠᱷᱨᱟᱡᱤᱦᱟ (ᱫᱤ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱠᱟᱥᱴᱥ)'' (᱒᱐᱐᱖), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱮᱞᱰ'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱝᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱤᱨᱡᱟ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱜᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱨᱜᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ <!-- Commented out: [[Image:Esarat.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Bibliography of imprisonment]] --> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ-ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190808/http://www.cinemaema.com/NewsArticle2074.html سينمای ما - اخراجی ها یک میلیارد را رد کرد<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[File:15,9,2009 - Masoud Dehnamaki - Meeting with Iran's supreme leader Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as Artist active in the art of Holy defense.jpg|thumb|ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ [[ᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱮᱱᱮᱭᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ]] ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ, ''ᱮᱠᱷᱨᱟᱡᱤᱦᱟ ᱓'' (ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱠᱟᱥᱴᱥ ᱓) (᱒᱐᱑᱑), ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ-ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱴᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱲᱮᱭᱟ, ᱠᱤᱱ ᱴᱷᱚᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱤᱞᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱨ ᱦᱳᱥᱮᱱ ᱢᱳᱣᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱦᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱨᱳᱣᱵᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ''ᱮᱠᱷᱨᱟᱡᱤᱦᱟ ᱓'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱳᱴ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ-ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱴᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱢᱡᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ-ᱱᱳᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱤ ''ᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ (ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ) ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱚᱭᱠᱚᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>Thomas Erdbink, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/irans-political-struggle-hits-the-box-office/2011/05/01/AGiRkxiH_story.html Iran's political struggle hits the box office] ''The Washington Post'', 24 June 2011.</ref> ==ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ== ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱰᱟᱨᱱᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ-ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾" "ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾"<ref name="nytimes.com">[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/26/international/middleeast/26dehnamaki.html?ei=5090&en=9b13e03ffb753873&ex=1290661200&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=print A Revolutionary Channels His Inner Michael Moore – New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱧᱤᱧ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱥᱴᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/29/style/filmmaker.php Iran's Michael Moore, criticized on 2 fronts - International Herald Tribune<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416095552/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/29/style/filmmaker.php |date=April 16, 2007 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱟᱦᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱮᱡᱟᱫᱽ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ "ᱠᱚᱴᱴᱚᱨᱯᱚᱱᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ" ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱵᱚᱱᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾"<ref name="nytimes.com"/> ==ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ== * ''ᱠᱮᱛᱟᱵᱽᱥᱮᱱᱟᱥᱤ-ᱮ ᱮᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛ'' ([[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ]]: ''{{lang|fa|کتاب‌شناسی اسارت}}''; ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ.: ''ᱠᱮᱯᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ)'' ==ᱱᱳᱴᱥ== {{Reflist}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070416095552/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/29/style/filmmaker.php ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱢᱩᱨ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ] *[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/irans-political-struggle-hits-the-box-office/2011/05/01/AGiRkxiH_story.html ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ-ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ-ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱚᱱᱴᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱᱮᱞ]] rsf6nmps3ifwqa8kk3oojuxg3nubaqq 0 35925 191876 2026-05-15T09:03:02Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱗᱕-᱑᱙᱙᱙)}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟᱛ ᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱤᱢ-ᱱᱮᱡᱟᱫᱽ | image = Ezzat Ebrahim-Nejad.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth year|᱑᱙᱗᱕}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|᱑᱙᱙᱙|᱐᱗|᱐᱙|᱑᱙᱗᱕}} | death_place = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | other_names = | occupation = ᱩᱠᱤᱞ | known_for = ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱜᱚᱡ }} '''ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟᱛ ᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱤᱢ-ᱱᱮᱡᱟᱫᱽ''' (ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ '''ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟᱛ ᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱤᱢᱱᱮᱡᱟᱫᱽ''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱣᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱰᱚᱨᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱤᱢ-ᱱᱮᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱡᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱥ-ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱥᱤ,'' ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱚᱥᱟᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱥᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱥᱚᱨᱴᱦᱮᱱᱰ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.payvand.com/news/01/jan/1151.html Payvand's Iran News ...1/25/01 Majlis commission receives complaints on various cases ]</ref><ref>Ebadi, Shirin, with Azadeh Moaveni, ''Iran Awakening'', Random House New York, 2006, pp. 156, 158.</ref> ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱤᱢ-ᱱᱮᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ''ᱫᱤ ᱤᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤᱥᱴ'' ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱦᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱛᱮᱵᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱫᱽ ᱪᱟᱢᱨᱟᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱦᱵᱷᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranrights.org/english/memorial-case--5108.php|title=Mr. Ezzatollah Ebrahimnejad|publisher=Abdorrahman Boroumand Foundation|access-date=June 1, 2013}}</ref> [[ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱵᱟᱫᱤ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱤᱢ-ᱱᱮᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱳ ᱵᱳᱱᱳ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱤᱢ-ᱱᱮᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ "ᱴᱮᱞᱮᱱᱴᱮᱰ, ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱥᱟᱱ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ – ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱩᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>Ebadi, ''Iran Awakening'' (2006), pp. 156, 158.</ref> ᱮᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ "ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱡᱟᱛ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref>Ebadi, ''Iran Awakening'' (2006), p. 177.</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱮᱦᱮᱥᱛ-ᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranrights.org/english/memorial-case--5108.php|title=Mr. Ezzatollah Ebrahimnejad|publisher=Abdorrahman Boroumand Foundation|access-date=June 1, 2013}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == {{Reflist}} == ᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ == * [http://www.payvand.com/news/01/jan/1151.html Payvand's Iran News ...1/25/01 Majlis commission receives complaints on various cases ] * Ebadi, Shirin, with Azadeh Moaveni, ''Iran Awakening'', Random House New York, 2006, pp. 156–7 [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚ]] haqea2m7ujjnxjpeo718xue2h9ceung 0 35926 191877 2026-05-15T09:06:51Z AMurmu 8962 "{{Short description|ᱵᱟᱞᱳᱪ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱗)}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱮᱞᱟᱦᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱵᱟᱨᱤ | image = Elahe Ejbari (cropped).jpg | alt = ᱵᱟᱞᱳᱪᱤ ᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱚᱭᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱨᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ | caption..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱞᱳᱪ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱗)}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱮᱞᱟᱦᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱵᱟᱨᱤ | image = Elahe Ejbari (cropped).jpg | alt = ᱵᱟᱞᱳᱪᱤ ᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱚᱭᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱨᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ | caption = | other_names = | birth_name = ᱮᱞᱟᱦᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱵᱟᱨᱤ | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|5|24}} | birth_place = [[ᱡᱟᱵᱳᱞ]], [[ᱥᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱞᱩᱪᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], ᱤᱨᱟᱱ | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = | alma_mater = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] | occupation = [[ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | years_active = | known_for = ᱵᱟᱞᱳᱪ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱣᱚᱠᱤᱞᱤ }} '''ᱮᱞᱟᱦᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱵᱟᱨᱤ''' (الهه اجباری) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱟᱞᱳᱪ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ|ᱵᱟᱞᱳᱪ]] ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |date=March 9, 2024 |title=Elahe Ejbari: Systematic oppression of people, especially Baloch women, benefits the government |url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/7520123.html |website=Voice of America |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 26, 2024 |title=Interview with Elahe Ejbari, Baloch women's rights activist |url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/7584746.html |website=Voice of America |language=fa}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱮᱞᱟᱦᱮ ᱮᱡᱽᱵᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱞᱩᱪᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱟᱵᱳᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |date=July 20, 2023 |title=Iranian female prisoners speak of filmed strip searches |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66258415 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ]] ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱟᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱩᱴᱷᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |date=September 15, 2023 |title=The protester who was kidnapped in the midst of the "Women, Life, Freedom" movement; what happened to the Baloch student in captivity? |url=https://parsi.euronews.com/2023/09/15/the-protester-who-was-kidnapped-in-the-midst-of-the-women-life-freedom-movement-what |website=Euronews |language=fa}}</ref> == ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ == ᱕ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱢᱟᱦᱥᱟ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱡᱽᱵᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱰᱱᱮᱯ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |date=December 11, 2022 |title=Student Council's account of the violent abduction of Elahe Ejbari |url=https://iranwire.com/fa/news-1/111153-روایت-شورای-صنفی-دانشجویان-از-ربایش-خشونتآمیز-الهه-جباری/ |website=IranWire |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 15, 2023 |title=Repression in Iran: They took my clothes off and cut my hair |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20230915-repression-in-iran-they-took-my-clothes-off-and-cut-my-hair |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=July 21, 2023 |title=Iranian prisoners: During searches in prison, they stripped us and recorded a video |url=https://www.bbc.com/pashto/articles/cp4n7p25v51o |website=BBC |language=ps}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 8, 2022 |title=Aramita Paveer released on bail as Elahe Ejbari is arrested |url=https://www.hra-news.org/2022/hranews/a-38240/ |website=HRANA News Agency |language=fa-IR}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * {{Instagram|elaheejbari}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [‍[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] pie0btvj8y7bax5j98g7tq5hlbn1wzq 0 35927 191878 2026-05-15T09:11:07Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱮᱦᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱱ | image = Image:Ehsan Fatahian.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = ᱮᱦᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱱ | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱘᱒ | birth_place = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱢᱟᱱᱥᱟᱦ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | death_date = ᱑᱑ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ | death_place = [[ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ, [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | death_cause = ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ | occupation = ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱮᱱᱴ | spouse = }} '''ᱮᱦᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱱ''' ({{langx|fa|احسان فتاحیان}}; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱢᱟᱱᱥᱟᱦ ᱨᱮ - ᱜᱩᱨ ᱑᱑ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ), ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ, ᱑᱑ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱫᱳᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱦ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱾<ref name="Mideast">{{cite web |author=Fatima (Saudi Arabia) |url=http://www.mideastyouth.com/2009/11/11/ehsan-fattahian-was-hanged-this-morning-in-iran/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113075621/http://www.mideastyouth.com/2009/11/11/ehsan-fattahian-was-hanged-this-morning-in-iran/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-11-13 |title=Ehsan Fattahian was Hanged this Morning in Iran |publisher=Mideast Youth |accessdate=2012-12-03 }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Times">{{cite web|last=Fathi |first=Nazila |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/middleeast/12iran.html |title=Iran Executes Kurdish Activist Who Was Accused of 'Armed Struggle' |location=Iran |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2009-11-11 |accessdate=2012-12-03}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱢᱟᱱᱥᱟᱦ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="letter">{{Cite web|url=http://hra-iran.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2101:i-never-feared-death-the-plight-of-ehsan-fattahian&catid=66:304&Itemid=293|title=Hra-iran.net}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱢᱭᱤᱭᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱳᱢᱮᱞᱮᱦ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ "ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱟᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ" ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Times" /> ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱣᱟᱪ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱢᱚᱨᱥᱚᱠ ᱳᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱢᱮᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: “ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱮᱨ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾”<ref name="Times" /> ᱮᱢᱱᱮᱥᱴᱤ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱣᱟᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱤᱴᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Mideast" /> ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱯᱷᱤ, ᱟᱫᱽᱱᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱᱯᱳᱣᱨ, ᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨᱫᱽ ᱦᱳᱥᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱦᱤ, ᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱮᱵᱷᱞᱤᱭᱟᱭᱤ, ᱡᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱳᱭᱤ, ᱨᱳᱱᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟᱡᱟᱫᱮᱦ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱮᱢᱮᱦ ᱜᱳᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/16667 |title=Hunger Strike of Political Prisoners in Sanandaj Prison in Support of Ehsan Fatahiyan |publisher=Canadafreepress.com |date=2009-11-09 |accessdate=2012-12-03}}</ref> ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱭᱤᱥᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱱᱜᱟᱨ, ᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱮᱭᱫᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱦᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/16715 |title=Latest News from Sanandaj Prison and Ehsan Fatahiyan (November 10, 2009) |publisher=Canadafreepress.com |date=2009-11-10 |accessdate=2012-12-03}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱤ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟᱦᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱢᱮᱨ ᱜᱳᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱳ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱽᱱᱟᱥᱟᱵᱽ, ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/16815 |title=Further Arrests in the City of Sanandaj Following Ehsan Fatahiyan's Execution |publisher=Canadafreepress.com |date=2009-11-13 |accessdate=2012-12-03}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/102/2009/en/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20100115122720/http://www.mideastyouth.com/2009/11/09/iran-set-to-execute-kurdish-political-prisoner-ehsan-fattahian-on-november-11/ [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱢᱟᱱᱥᱟᱦ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑-ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] 40q51wwk2041dag63z2zaf95fbobo9u 0 35928 191879 2026-05-15T09:11:08Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 "{{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{Use dmy dates|date=ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱐}} {{Use Indian English|date=ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱐}} {{Infobox language | name = ᱴᱳᱰᱟ | altname = | nativename = | pronunciation = | states = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | region..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{Use dmy dates|date=ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱐}} {{Use Indian English|date=ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱐}} {{Infobox language | name = ᱴᱳᱰᱟ | altname = | nativename = | pronunciation = | states = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | region = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ([[ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ]]) | speakers = {{sigfig|᱑᱕᱖᱐|᱒}} | date = ᱒᱐᱐᱑ | ref = e18 | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ | fam3 = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱑]] | fam4 = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]]–[[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]] | fam5 = ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ–[[ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] | fam6 = ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ–ᱴᱳᱰᱟ | script = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ<ref name=ELP>{{cite web |title=Did you know Toda is endangered? |url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5103 |access-date=᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ |work=Endangered Languages }}</ref><br />ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ([[ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱠᱚ|ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ]]) ᱟᱨ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/toda.htm|work=Omniglot|title=Toda language and script|access-date=᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱕}}</ref> | iso3 = tcx | glotto = toda1252 | glottorefname = Toda | notice = Indic | notice2 = IPA | map2 = Lang Status 20-CR.svg | mapscale = 1.0 | mapcaption2 = {{center|<small>[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱳ]] ''[[ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱞᱟᱥ]]''</small><ref>{{cite report |title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |work=[[UNESCO]] |edition=3rd |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026/PDF/187026eng.pdf.multi |date=2010 |page=31}}</ref>}} | ethnicity = [[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] }} '''ᱴᱳᱰᱟ''' ({{ipa|tcx|t̪od͡z|lang}}) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] [[ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ (ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱠᱚ)|ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ|ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱴᱨᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ|ᱴᱨᱤᱞᱥ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ-ᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱤᱨᱟᱡᱩ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ-ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]]-ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfn|ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ|᱒᱐᱐᱓}} kjuuvjbv1ki9ds1jn67nynis4ndw6wp 191880 191879 2026-05-15T09:11:41Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* */ 191880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{Use dmy dates|date=ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱐}} {{Use Indian English|date=ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱐}} {{Infobox language | name = ᱴᱳᱰᱟ | altname = | nativename = | pronunciation = | states = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | region = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ([[ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ]]) | speakers = {{sigfig|᱑᱕᱖᱐|᱒}} | date = ᱒᱐᱐᱑ | ref = e18 | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ | fam3 = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱑]] | fam4 = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]]–[[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]] | fam5 = ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ–[[ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] | fam6 = ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ–ᱴᱳᱰᱟ | script = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ<ref name=ELP>{{cite web |title=Did you know Toda is endangered? |url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5103 |access-date=᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ |work=Endangered Languages }}</ref><br />ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ([[ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱠᱚ|ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ]]) ᱟᱨ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/toda.htm|work=Omniglot|title=Toda language and script|access-date=᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱕}}</ref> | iso3 = tcx | glotto = toda1252 | glottorefname = Toda | notice = Indic | notice2 = IPA | map2 = Lang Status 20-CR.svg | mapscale = 1.0 | mapcaption2 = {{center|<small>[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱳ]] ''[[ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱞᱟᱥ]]''</small><ref>{{cite report |title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |work=[[UNESCO]] |edition=3rd |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026/PDF/187026eng.pdf.multi |date=2010 |page=31}}</ref>}} | ethnicity = [[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] }} '''ᱴᱳᱰᱟ''' ({{ipa|tcx|t̪od͡z|lang}}) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] [[ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ (ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱠᱚ)|ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ|ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱴᱨᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ|ᱴᱨᱤᱞᱥ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ-ᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱤᱨᱟᱡᱩ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ-ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]]-ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfn|ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ|᱒᱐᱐᱓}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== 3wrsfg7cil6chdk322rz4cdveozz1ix 191881 191880 2026-05-15T09:14:00Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 191881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{Use dmy dates|date=ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱐}} {{Use Indian English|date=ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱐}} {{Infobox language | name = ᱴᱳᱰᱟ | altname = | nativename = | pronunciation = | states = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | region = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ([[ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ]]) | speakers = {{sigfig|᱑᱕᱖᱐|᱒}} | date = ᱒᱐᱐᱑ | ref = e18 | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ | fam3 = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱑]] | fam4 = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]]–[[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]] | fam5 = ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ–[[ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] | fam6 = ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ–ᱴᱳᱰᱟ | script = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ<ref name=ELP>{{cite web |title=Did you know Toda is endangered? |url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5103 |access-date=᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ |work=Endangered Languages }}</ref><br />ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ([[ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱠᱚ|ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ]]) ᱟᱨ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/toda.htm|work=Omniglot|title=Toda language and script|access-date=᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱕}}</ref> | iso3 = tcx | glotto = toda1252 | glottorefname = Toda | notice = Indic | notice2 = IPA | map2 = Lang Status 20-CR.svg | mapscale = 1.0 | mapcaption2 = {{center|<small>[[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱳ]] ''[[ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱞᱟᱥ]]''</small><ref>{{cite report |title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |work=[[UNESCO]] |edition=3rd |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026/PDF/187026eng.pdf.multi |date=2010 |page=31}}</ref>}} | ethnicity = [[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] }} '''ᱴᱳᱰᱟ''' ({{ipa|tcx|t̪od͡z|lang}}) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] [[ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ (ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱠᱚ)|ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ|ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱴᱨᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ|ᱴᱨᱤᱞᱥ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ-ᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱤᱨᱟᱡᱩ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ-ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]]-ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfn|ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ|᱒᱐᱐᱓}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱠᱱᱟᱲᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== 9gojf2x965rg484znjqxwnnxd1mcq9o 0 35929 191883 2026-05-15T09:16:11Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱡ [[ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ: ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱹᱣ 191883 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] 1qaz4rwc0p4soeq8wiozed50qz8fozs 1 35930 191885 2026-05-15T09:16:11Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱡ [[ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ:ᱛᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ:ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ: ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱹᱣ 191885 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ:ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] sd3iujikfs991fkvlpoewdoc21d5b4m 0 35931 191886 2026-05-15T09:17:13Z MT731 2184 "{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱱᱫᱟᱭᱟ | image_skyline = File:Samsing, Sikkim, near West Bengal border, the..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱱᱫᱟᱭᱟ | image_skyline = File:Samsing, Sikkim, near West Bengal border, the river and the valley 2012.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱞᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱟᱥ ᱯᱤᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱚᱴ | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.9901|N|88.8117|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ/ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱨᱚᱲ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number| PIN]] --> | postal_code = ᱗᱓᱕᱒᱒᱓ | registration_plate = | website = | footnotes = }} '''ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ (ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{OSM Location map | width=410| height=350| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞ, ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ'''<br/>CT: ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, R: ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, N: ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ, C: ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ, NP: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ/ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, TE: ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ<br/>ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ – TG ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ / ᱟᱹᱛᱩ), TE ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ, JRS: ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ<br/>ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ |mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (CT) |mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[ᱞᱟᱴᱟᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[ᱢᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] (CT) |mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱳᱰᱞᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ]] (CT) |mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴ]] (R)|shape-color8= #A42222 |mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|10|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱵᱟᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222 |mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱰᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱢ]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222 |mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[ᱜᱟᱡᱳᱞᱰᱳᱵᱟ]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222 |mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱟᱝᱡᱷᱳᱲᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222 |mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|5|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222 |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222 |mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ (R)|shape-color15= #A42222 |mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[ᱥᱩᱞᱠᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222 |mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222 |mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B |mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[ᱢᱤᱝᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B |mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B |mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[ᱦᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B |mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B |mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B |mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱣᱱᱤ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B |mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22 |mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[ᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22 |mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= ᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none |mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= ᱜᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none |mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}} ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ=== [[ᱜᱳᱨᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱫᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱘.᱖᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑.᱓᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ CT (ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ R (ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ / ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ TE ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> ===ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ=== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱨᱤ, ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱦᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱞᱤ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱘ ᱠᱤ.ᱢᱤ. ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱭᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱦᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱮᱦᱨᱟ ᱯᱤᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱚᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱟᱥ, ᱨᱚᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱞᱟᱸᱰ, ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱛᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱳᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱞᱤ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ, ᱜᱟᱰᱟ, ᱵᱤᱨ, ᱪᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://northbengaltourism.com/offbeat-destinations/dooars/samsing/|title=Samsing Dooars {{!}} North Bengal Tourism|website=northbengaltourism.com|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱥᱢᱟᱦᱟᱞ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱤ, ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤ, ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤ, ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱮᱞ ᱜᱟᱣᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤ- ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱴᱤ, ᱠᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱨᱠᱟᱞᱟᱸᱰ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ :- ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱴᱚᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱴᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱜᱩᱢᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱮᱢᱵᱤᱯᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱮᱥᱵᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱯᱤᱯᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱚᱝᱴᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ,ᱢᱚᱪᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ,ᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱨᱩᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱹᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱩᱡᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ, ᱜᱟᱨᱰᱮᱱᱣᱩᱰ ᱮᱠᱮᱰᱮᱢᱤ, ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱱᱤᱠᱮᱛᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱨᱮᱥ ᱮᱠᱮᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱰᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ== ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱢᱟᱞ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱝ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱥᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱱᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱡᱤ ᱴᱤ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱝᱜᱮᱞᱤ, ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱚ-ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ (ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱯᱩᱭᱥᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ== ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱘ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱑,᱓᱖᱐ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱞᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱴᱮᱞᱞᱤ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱠᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱤ. ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱣᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱴ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱑᱒᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱮᱭᱟᱨ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱙᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cec-india.org/libpdf/1437543260Behind-Closed-and-Abandoned-Tea-Gardens-Status-Report-of-India,-2007.pdf | title = Behind Closed and Abandoned Tea Gardens- Status Report of India| publisher = Centre for Education and Communication |accessdate = 21 July 2020}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns9=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&redirs=1&search=Samsing%2C+Duars&limit=250&offset=0 ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ, ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱟ, ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ] * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Butterflies_of_Dooars ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱠᱥᱟ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱞᱤ] * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Dooars ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱠᱥᱟ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱟ] * [http://www.bengalbirds.info/Samsing_suntalekhola_chalsa_birds.php ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱛᱟᱞᱮᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱰᱤᱝ ᱴᱨᱤᱯ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112111240/http://www.bengalbirds.info/Samsing_suntalekhola_chalsa_birds.php |date=12 January 2018 }} *[https://northbengaltourism.com/samsing-dooars/ ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ] {{ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] 4soj6kwuormhrl3nwts53ppo586jy0p 0 35932 191888 2026-05-15T09:19:03Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} {{Infobox writer | name = ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ | imagesize = | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱘᱕ | birth_place = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱢᱟᱱᱥᱟᱦ]], ᱤᱨᱟᱱ | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ | nationality = [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] | alma_mater = | language = | partner = | spouse = | children = | subject = | period = | genre = | movement = | notableworks = | awards = | signature = | image = PFMain.jpg | native_name = پیام فیلی | native_name_lang = fa }} '''ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ''' ({{Langx|fa|پیام فیلی}}; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱠᱮᱨᱢᱟᱱᱥᱟᱦ ᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱢᱟᱱᱥᱟᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱽ|ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱮ‌ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ]] ᱛᱮᱭ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ [[ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱭᱯᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Tercatin |first=Rossella |date=2025-07-07 |title=Iranian dissident poet in Israel prays recent war marks beginning of regime’s end |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/iranian-dissident-poet-in-israel-prays-recent-war-marks-beginning-of-regimes-end/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ, ''ᱫᱤ ᱥᱚᱱᱥ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ'', ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2013/08/being-a-gay-writer-in-iran-writing-on-the-edge-of-crisis/ | title=Being a gay poet in Iran: 'Writing on the edge of crisis' | date=14 August 2013 | publisher=Index on Censorship | accessdate=1 December 2015}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ, ''ᱴᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱚᱱᱰ'', ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ, ''ᱠᱨᱤᱢᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱴᱤᱱᱮᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱠᱤᱝ ᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨᱥ'', ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱩᱞᱩ (ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ)|ᱞᱩᱞᱩ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ''ᱟᱭᱤ ᱣᱤᱞ ᱜᱨᱳ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱩᱴ.. ᱯᱷᱤᱜᱽᱥ'' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱨᱰᱩᱱ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱥᱚᱨᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hands.media/books/?book_publishers=gardoon | title=Gardoon Publishers books | accessdate=1 December 2015 | archive-date=8 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110132/http://www.hands.media/books/?book_publishers=gardoon | url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ''ᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱤ ᱠᱞᱟᱣᱰᱤ ᱤᱭᱚᱨᱥ'' ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ, ''ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱᱟᱠ,'' ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱭᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱢ ᱡᱳᱱᱟ'' ("Madam Whore," מדאם זונה), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱥᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱦᱤᱵᱽᱨᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱵᱽᱨᱩ]] ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾''<ref>{{Cite web |last=המגדלור |title=מאדאם זונה / פיאם פיילי - המגדלור ספרים |url=https://www.hamigdalor.co.il/item/585-1804/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9D-%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622202306/https://www.hamigdalor.co.il/item/585-1804/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9D-%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94/ |archive-date=22 June 2025 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.hamigdalor.co.il |language=he-IL |url-status=live }}</ref>'' == ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ == ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱞᱮᱠᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱞᱮᱠᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/exiled-iranian-poet-in-israel-this-is-the-best-place-on-earth/ | title=Exiled Iranian poet in Israel | publisher=Times of Israel | accessdate=1 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.iranwire.com/features/2086/ | title=Being a Gay Writer in Iran: Lying to Liars | publisher=Iran Wire | accessdate=1 December 2015 | author=Mehrnaz Samimi | archive-date=8 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208074323/http://en.iranwire.com/features/2086/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/03/iranian-poet-blacklisted-for-being-gay.html | title=Iranian Poet Blacklisted for Being Gay | newspaper=The daily Beast | accessdate=1 December 2015 | author=Nina Strochlic| date=3 July 2014 }}</ref> ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pen.org/blog/young-iranian-poet-seeks-refuge | title=Young Iranian Poet Seeks Refuge | date=18 July 2014 | publisher=PEN America | accessdate=1 December 2015}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱮᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮᱵᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱞᱳᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/.premium-1.694587 | title=The Iranian Writer Who Gives Israelis the Self-love They Need| publisher=haaretz.com | accessdate=7 January 2016 | author=Eli Eliahu| newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/1.691359 | title=Iranian Gay Poet Visits Israel – a 'Dream Come True' | publisher=haaretz.com | accessdate=7 January 2016 | author=Isaac Scarf| newspaper=Haaretz }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ "ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱟᱱ, ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ "ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref>[https://time.com/4243583/payam-feili-iranian-poet-israel/ Meet the Gay Iranian Poet Who Has Taken Refuge in an Unlikely Place: Israel]</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱭ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://europe.newsweek.com/israel-extends-visa-gay-iranian-poet-payam-feili-434612?rm=eu | title=Israel has extended the visa of a gay Iranian poet | publisher=Newsweek. | accessdate=29 May 2016 | author=Jack Moore| date=8 March 2016 }}</ref> ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱭ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱺᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vilnai |first1=Orly |title=Israel Promised This Persecuted Iranian Poet Asylum. |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-iranian-poet-promised-asylum-in-israel-but-no-response-three-years-in-1.6174983 |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |date=14 June 2018}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱦᱮᱨᱳᱭᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱢ ᱡᱳᱱᱟ'' ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=alex |date=2020-04-07 |title=Madam Zona: A Memoir - Tel Aviv Review of Books |url=https://www.tarb.co.il/madam-zona-a-memoir/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/tarbutagentkan/videos/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A8-%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99/1024503342998987/ |title=iranian poet and author Payam Feili {{!}} persecuted in his country for being LGBT, he found asylum in Israel of all places. In Tel Aviv he found himself living in the fringe of society, ending up institutionalized, addicted to drugs... {{!}} By ‎סוכן תרבות‎ {{!}} Facebook |date=2025-06-08 |type=Video |language=hebrew, english |access-date=2025-06-26 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Ghost-Haunted Poet: Payam Feili (Iran/Israel) in Conversation with Ron Dahan - mishkenot sh'ananim festival |url=https://fest.mishkenot.org.il/en/events/a/view/Default.aspx?ContentID=1833 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=fest.mishkenot.org.il |language=he}}</ref> ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ-ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱮᱱᱮᱭᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱤᱞᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱡᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱜᱚᱯᱚᱲᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == *[http://payamfeili.blogspot.ca/ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱵᱽᱞᱚᱜᱽ] *[https://www.guernicamag.com/daily/payam-feili-walking-on-water/ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ: ᱣᱟᱠᱤᱝ ᱚᱱ ᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ] *[[ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ (ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ)|ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ]] ᱨᱮ [https://time.com/4243583/payam-feili-iranian-poet-israel/ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱞᱤ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ LGBTQ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ LGBTQ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱢᱟᱱᱥᱟᱦ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ LGBTQ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱮᱭ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱮᱭ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱥᱯᱳᱨᱟ]] 7dod1qlpcm21njl4p7d6moqzo21ipm5 0 35933 191890 2026-05-15T09:24:55Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ}} {{Infobox artist | honorific_prefix = | name = ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ | honorific_suffix = | image = Parastou Forouhar, Museum Gunzenhauser.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = {{lang|fa|پرستو فروهر}} | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1962}} | birth_place = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]], ᱤᱨᱟᱱ | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | education = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]], ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱳᱯᱷᱮᱱᱵᱟᱪ, ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ | alma_mater = | known_for = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ | notable_works = | style = | movement = | spouse = | awards = <!-- {{awd|award|year|title|role|name}} (optional) --> | elected = | patrons = | memorials = | website = http://www.parastou-forouhar.de/ | module = | native_name = | native_name_lang = }} '''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ''' (ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ; پرستو فروهر) (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱖᱒)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Parastou Forouhar: Art, Life and Death in Iran|last=Parastou|first=Foruhar|publisher=Saqi Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0-86356-448-2|location=London, UK|pages=6}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ, ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱷᱚᱞᱠᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://courses.washington.edu/femart/final_project/wordpress/laurens-test-post/|title=Parastou Forouhar {{!}} Feminist Art Archive|website=courses.washington.edu|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ, ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱭᱩᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱱᱮᱦ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ, ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱫᱳᱥ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ, ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ, ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ, ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == === ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ === ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱱᱮᱦ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱮᱥᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱭᱩᱥ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ, ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Vita">{{cite web|last=Forouhar|first=Parastou|title=Vita|url=http://www.parastou-forouhar.de/vita.html|accessdate=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213806/http://www.parastou-forouhar.de/vita.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱽ-ᱮ-ᱢᱮᱞᱞᱟᱛ-ᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ (ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ) ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱚᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱰᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-10 |title=‘Creating Suspension Between Contradictory States': An interview with artist Parastou Forouhar |url=https://globalvoices.org/2019/12/10/creating-suspension-between-contradictory-states-an-interview-with-artist-parastou-forouhar/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Global Voices |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱓᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑৭ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤ.ᱮ. (B.A.) ᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱳᱯᱷᱮᱱᱵᱟᱪ ᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱪᱥᱩᱞᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱟᱞᱴᱩᱝ (ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ.ᱮ. (M.A.) ᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Vita" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?83|title=Parastou Forouhar artist portrait - culturebase.net|last=culturebase.net|website=www.culturebase.net|access-date=2017-04-24}}</ref> === ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ === ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|title=Parastou Forouhar: Art, Life, and Death in Iran|last=Forouhar|first=Parastou|publisher=SAQI|year=2010|isbn=978-0-86356-448-2|location=lONDON, uk|pages=5}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱰᱤয়া ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treibsand.ch|title=TREIBSAND|website=TREIBSAND|language=de-CH|access-date=2017-10-05}}</ref> ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱰᱨᱚᱭᱤᱝ, ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ, ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱣᱟᱞᱯᱮᱯᱟᱨ, ᱯᱷᱞᱤᱯᱵᱩᱠ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨᱚᱭᱤᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ, ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.piartworks.com/english/sanatcilar_det1.php?recordID=Parastou%20FOROUHAR|title=Parastou FOROUHAR|website=www.piartworks.com|access-date=2017-04-24}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱢᱳᱴᱤᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱭᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱱᱴᱤᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ [https://parastou-forouhar.de/wp-content/uploads/Papillon_kahrizak.jpg ᱠᱟᱦᱨᱤᱡᱟᱠ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱦᱨᱤᱡᱟᱠ ᱰᱤᱴᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱯ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ, ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱱᱮᱦ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱴᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ; ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱨᱫᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱥᱚᱱ, ''ᱵᱽᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱰ ᱥᱯᱚᱴ'' ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ-ᱱᱤᱣᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱫᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Book" /> ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟᱭᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{cite web|author=Lauren|title=Parastou Forouhar|url=http://courses.washington.edu/femart/final_project/wordpress/laurens-test-post/|website=Feminist Art Archive|accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱳᱯᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱳᱱ ᱞᱟ ᱨᱳᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17352052|title=Artist from Iran wins Sophie von La Roche award - BBC News|work=BBC News |language=en-GB|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ, ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮ; ᱜᱳᱞᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ, ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ; ᱦᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱱᱦᱳᱯᱷ - ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮᱜᱮᱱᱣᱟᱨᱴ, ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ; ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱞᱥᱦᱟᱭᱤᱢ, ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ; ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱮᱰᱨᱟᱞ, ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Book">{{cite book|title=Global Feminisms|publisher=Merrell Publishers Limited|location=London|isbn=978-1-8589-4390-9|page=273|editor=Maura Reilly, Linda Nochlin|year=2007}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢᱰ, ᱟᱢᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ, ᱥᱠᱤᱢ ᱠᱩᱱᱥᱴᱦᱟᱞᱮ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ; ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱣᱮᱱᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱱ; ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱳᱰᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱴ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ; ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱮᱥᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱳᱟᱱᱮᱭᱩᱢ, ᱜᱨᱟᱡᱽ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ; ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨᱥ, ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ; ᱰᱤᱭᱩᱪᱮᱥ ᱦᱟᱭᱡᱤᱱ-ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱰᱨᱮᱥᱰᱮᱱ; ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ; ᱢᱮᱠᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ, ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ [https://www.macalester.edu/gallery/pastexhibits/2012-13/ornamentandcrime/ ᱞᱚ ᱣᱟᱨᱥᱟᱣ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ]; ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱠᱳ ᱾<ref name="Book" /> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ: ᱫᱤ ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ; ᱵᱮᱞᱵᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟ; ᱵᱟᱰᱤᱥᱪᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱮᱥᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱥᱨᱩᱦᱮ; ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱳᱰᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱴ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ; ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱭᱩᱪᱮ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱴᱜᱟᱨᱥ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱳᱰᱥᱠᱤ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒૦᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤ ᱟᱨᱴᱣᱚᱨᱠᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱵᱩᱞ/ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ (ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱢᱯᱳᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱵᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/artist/parastou-forouhar|title=Parastou Forouhar - 10 Artworks, Bio & Shows on Artsy|website=www.artsy.net|access-date=2017-04-24}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * ᱳᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱢᱮᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ, '[https://globalvoices.org/2019/12/10/creating-suspension-between-contradictory-states-an-interview-with-artist-parastou-forouhar/ Creating Suspension Between Contradictory States: An interview with artist Parastou Forouhar]', [[Global Voices (NGO)|ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱚᱭᱮᱥᱮᱥ]], ᱑᱐ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱾ * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ha5097mIMXQ Art21 video interview with Parvaneh Forouhar] * [http://www.qagoma.qld.gov.au/exhibitions/past/2012/apt7_asia_pacific_triennial_of_contemporary_art/artists/parastou_forouhar Parastou Forouhar art collection at the Queensland Art Gallery of Modern Art (QAGOMA)] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐-ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑-ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱳᱪᱥᱩᱞᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱟᱞᱴᱩᱝ ᱳᱯᱷᱮᱱᱵᱟᱪ ᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] 3jg63s767j19zjzfbsbkqrb5kcek2q7 0 35934 191891 2026-05-15T09:29:28Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} [[File:Hadi ghabel 3.jpg|thumb|right|140px|ᱦᱟᱫᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱵᱮᱞ (᱒᱐᱑᱓)]]'''ᱦᱟᱫᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱵᱮᱞ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱤᱯᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱔᱐-ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱗ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ, ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱠᱣᱤᱡᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾" == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱨᱩᱡᱽᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ "ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ" ᱜᱷᱟᱵᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ "ᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱴᱷᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾" ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱦᱟᱫᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱵᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱞᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ "ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ" ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ "ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾"<ref>[http://www.roozonline.com/english/archives/2008/04/ghabel_ends_up_in_prison_too.html Ghabel Ends Up in Prison Too. A Judgment Calculated to be Implemented after Elections - 2008.04.09] </ref> ᱜᱷᱟᱵᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ “ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ” ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ, “ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱟᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ” ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ, “ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱽ” ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱕ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ, “ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱜᱮᱨ” ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ, ᱟᱨ “ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱯᱚᱢᱟᱱ” ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ($᱕᱕᱐ USD) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="ICHRIescalates">[http://www.iranhumanrights.org/themes/rights-crisis-escalates.html RIGHTS CRISIS ESCALATES, September 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116043726/http://www.iranhumanrights.org/themes/rights-crisis-escalates.html |date=2009-01-16 }}</ref> ᱜᱷᱟᱵᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ "ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱥᱤᱥ ᱮᱥᱠᱟᱞᱮᱴᱥ, ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱮᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱮᱥᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱦᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱮᱡᱟᱫᱽᱥ ᱠᱨᱮᱠᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ" ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ICHRIescalates"/> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] * [[ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱞᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090116043726/http://www.iranhumanrights.org/themes/rights-crisis-escalates.html ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱥᱤᱥ ᱮᱥᱠᱟᱞᱮᱴᱥ, ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱘] * [http://www.roozonline.com/english/archives/2008/04/ghabel_ends_up_in_prison_too.html ᱜᱷᱟᱵᱮᱞ ᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱟᱯ ᱤᱱ ᱯᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱩ. ᱮ ᱡᱟᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱮᱞᱠᱩᱞᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱴᱩ ᱵᱤ ᱤᱢᱯᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴᱮᱰ ᱟᱯᱷᱴᱟᱨ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱᱥ - ᱒᱐᱐᱘.᱐᱔.᱐᱙] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱤᱯᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱟᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ)]] qvww4p696hz4kvsu3pfot455wo0x7sz 0 35935 191892 2026-05-15T09:33:47Z AMurmu 8962 ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ 191892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} [[File:Abolfazl Ghadyani.jpg|thumb]] '''ᱟᱵᱳᱞᱯᱷᱟᱡᱚᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟᱱᱤ''' ([[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ]]: ابوالفضل قدیانی; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱔᱕) ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱡᱟᱦᱮᱫᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾{{cn|date=ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱖}} == ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ == ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ-ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ "ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/09/20129101185135214.html|title=A Persian letter to Arab revolutionaries|last=Dabashi|first=Hamid|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> == ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ == ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ, {{as of|2012|lc=yes}}, ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/09/20129101185135214.html Al-jazeera 18 september 2012. ''A Persian letter to Arab revolutionaries'']</ref> ᱑᱔ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒０᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱷᱮᱡᱮᱞ ᱦᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://morningstaronline.co.uk/news/content/view/full/128662 |title=Morning Star 24 January 2013. ''The Nightmare behind the prison walls.'' |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127183119/http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/news/content/view/full/128662 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱮᱱᱮᱭᱤ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱮᱱᱮᱭᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱯᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/khamenei-opponent-sentenced-to-three-years-ordered-to-hand-copy-three-books/29812964.html|title=Khamenei Opponent Sentenced To Three Years, Ordered To Hand-Copy Three Books|website=RFE/RL|date=10 March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> == ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ == ᱒᱘ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟᱱᱤ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤᱵᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱤᱨᱥᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱵᱷᱳᱣᱫᱤ, ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱜᱷᱟᱫᱮᱨᱤ, ᱢᱮᱦᱫᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱢᱳᱣᱫᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱢᱳᱢᱮᱱᱤ, ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱱᱟᱡᱟᱯᱷᱤ, ᱡᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱦᱤ, ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱥᱳᱣᱞᱳᱯᱷ, ᱱᱟᱥᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱳᱛᱳᱣᱫᱮᱦ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫᱤᱜᱷᱮᱦ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱢᱟᱜᱷᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱜᱮᱥ ᱢᱳᱦᱟᱢᱢᱟᱫᱤ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, [[ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱜᱨᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱮᱱᱮᱭᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱔᱕ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱡᱟᱦᱮᱫᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱳᱥᱤ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] gwx71eerhdpfa7wz9nvqnta17juy017 0 35936 191894 2026-05-15T11:55:45Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 "{{Infobox musical artist | name = ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ <br/>Nirmala Kisku | image = <!-- ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱢᱮ --> | alt = | caption = | native_name = ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ | background = solo_singer | birth_name = | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYY..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 191894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ <br/>Nirmala Kisku | image = <!-- ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱢᱮ --> | alt = | caption = | native_name = ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ | background = solo_singer | birth_name = | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = | origin = | genre = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ | occupation = ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ | instrument = ᱟᱲᱟᱝ | years_active = | label = | website = <!-- ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱞᱤᱸᱠ ᱮᱢ ᱢᱮ --> }} 4zf9dhrlgfia2sst8ca8b38arw6yd1w 191895 191894 2026-05-15T11:58:12Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* */ 191895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ <br/>Nirmala Kisku | image = <!-- ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱢᱮ --> | alt = | caption = | native_name = ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ | background = solo_singer | birth_name = | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = | origin = | genre = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ | occupation = ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ | instrument = ᱟᱲᱟᱝ | years_active = | label = | website = <!-- ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱞᱤᱸᱠ ᱮᱢ ᱢᱮ --> }} '''ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://open.spotify.com/artist/6p2fgME3wKN0D3BMDguy16?si=5WvT7088SDaWbdtFZu9DBA ᱥᱯᱚᱴᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ]</ref> == ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱯᱚᱴᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ, ᱮᱯᱚᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ, ᱡᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱱ, ᱜᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ ᱮᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://music.apple.com/in/artist/nirmala-kisku/1554286593 ᱮᱯᱚᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ]</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/nirmala-kisku-soren-songs/q7XvDgyppFU_ ᱡᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ]</ref> == ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ == ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ: * '''ᱥᱯᱚᱴᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ''' * '''ᱮᱯᱚᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ''' * '''ᱡᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱱ''' * '''ᱜᱟᱱᱟ''' <ref>[https://gaana.com/artist/nirmala-kisku-soren ᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ]</ref> * '''ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ''' <ref>[https://music.youtube.com/channel/UCEMf4sXnnCARhRZh_4wq7fQ?si=OhIuLtTkcoy8RhnF ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ]</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references /> == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://open.spotify.com/artist/6p2fgME3wKN0D3BMDguy16?si=5WvT7088SDaWbdtFZu9DBA ᱥᱯᱚᱴᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ - ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ] * [https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/nirmala-kisku-soren-songs/q7XvDgyppFU_ ᱡᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱱ - ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ] * [https://music.apple.com/in/artist/nirmala-kisku/1554286593 ᱮᱯᱚᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ - ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ] * [https://gaana.com/artist/nirmala-kisku-soren ᱜᱟᱱᱟ - ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ] * [https://music.youtube.com/channel/UCEMf4sXnnCARhRZh_4wq7fQ?si=OhIuLtTkcoy8RhnF ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ - ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱠᱩ] r8wx0vjys03dyl40ge5jgxa84now1a2